Full text of Third Quarter 2003 : Text File, USDL 04-896
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Technical Information: (202) 691-6467 USDL 04-896
http://www.bls.gov/bdm/
For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Media Contact: 691-5902 Thursday, May 20, 2004
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: THIRD QUARTER 2003
From June to September 2003, the number of job gains from opening and
expanding establishments was 7.4 million, and the number of job losses
from closing and contracting establishments was 7.3 million, according to
preliminary data released today by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the
U.S. Department of Labor. This release of the Business Employment Dynamics
series includes major industry sectors for the first time. During the third
quarter of 2003, gross job losses exceeded gross job gains in goods-produc-
ing sectors, while gross job gains surpassed gross job losses in service-
providing sectors.
Business Employment Dynamics statistics are derived from the Quarterly
Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), also known as the ES-202 program.
Gross job gains are defined as increases in employment resulting from ex-
pansions of employment at existing establishments or from the opening of
establishments. Gross job losses are defined as declines in employment at
existing establishments or from the closing of establishments. The differ-
ence between the number of gross jobs gained and the number of gross jobs
lost is the net change in employment.
Private Sector Gross Job Gains and Job Losses
Opening and expanding private sector business establishments gained 7.4
million jobs in the third quarter of 2003, or 164,000 less than in the se-
cond quarter of 2003. Over the quarter, expanding establishments added
5.9 million jobs, while opening establishments added 1.5 million.
Gross job losses totaled 7.3 million in the third quarter of 2003, down
by 378,000 from the second quarter of 2003. The drop in gross job losses
during the quarter more than offset the drop in gross job gains, resulting
in the first net employment gain since the fourth quarter of 2000. Gross
job losses have been on a downward trend since the third quarter of 2001.
In the third quarter of 2003, contracting establishments lost 5.9 million
jobs, while closing establishments accounted for a loss of 1.4 million
jobs. (See tables A, 1, and 3.)
From June to September 2003, gross job gains represented 6.9 percent of
private sector employment, while gross job losses represented 6.8 percent
of private sector employment. (See tables A and 2.) These gross job gain
and loss statistics demonstrate that a sizable number of jobs appear and
disappear in the relatively short time frame of one quarter.
- 2 -
Table A. 3-month private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally
adjusted
(In thousands)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 3 months ended
|--------------------------------------
Category | Sept. | Dec. | Mar. | June | Sept.
| 2002 | 2002 | 2003 | 2003 | 2003
|--------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands)
----------------------------------|--------------------------------------
Gross job gains...................| 7,763 | 7,702 | 7,472 | 7,560 | 7,396
At expanding establishments.....| 6,083 | 6,059 | 5,932 | 6,033 | 5,897
At opening establishments.......| 1,680 | 1,643 | 1,540 | 1,527 | 1,499
Gross job losses..................| 7,974 | 7,877 | 7,876 | 7,702 | 7,324
At contracting establishments...| 6,345 | 6,267 | 6,321 | 6,138 | 5,893
At closing establishments.......| 1,629 | 1,610 | 1,555 | 1,564 | 1,431
|--------------------------------------
Net employment change 1/..........| -211 | -175 | -404 | -142 | 72
|--------------------------------------
| As a percent of employment
|--------------------------------------
Gross job gains...................| 7.3 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 6.9
At expanding establishments.....| 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.5
At opening establishments.......| 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4
Gross job losses..................| 7.4 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.2 | 6.8
At contracting establishments...| 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 5.5
At closing establishments.......| 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.3
|--------------------------------------
Net employment change 1/..........| -0.1 | -0.2 | -0.5 | -0.2 | 0.1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1/ The net employment change is the difference between total gross job
gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical Note for further
information.
Major Industry Sector Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses
In the goods-producing sector, manufacturing job losses exceeded job
gains during the third quarter for a net loss of 152,000 jobs. Quarter-
ly job gains in this sector declined throughout 2001, reaching a low of
547,000 in the second quarter of 2003. Since peaking at 1,082,000 in
the second quarter of 2001, gross job losses in manufacturing declined to
701,000 in the third quarter of 2003, the lowest level since the third
quarter of 1992. (See tables B and 3.) In construction, gross job gains
exceeded gross job losses in the third quarter of 2003, registering the
first net employment gain since the second quarter of 2001.
In the service-providing sector, gross job gains in education and health
services have exceeded gross job losses continuously since the beginning of
the series on Business Employment Dynamics in September 1992. In the third
quarter of 2003, this sector gained 731,000 jobs and lost 670,000 for a net
change of +61,000 jobs. The net change in financial activities has been pos-
itive in almost all quarters since the beginning of the series. Since the
third quarter of 2002, this growth has been due to a steady level of gross
job gains and a slow decline in job losses.
- 3 -
In the information sector, quarterly gross job gains peaked in the second
quarter of 2000 at 306,000 jobs. Since then, gross job gains in this sector
have been on a downward trend and reached a low of 149,000 jobs in the third
quarter of 2003. Gross job losses rose from 222,000 jobs in the second quar-
ter of 2000 to a high of 334,000 jobs in the second quarter of 2001. Gross
job losses in this sector returned to a pre-recession level of 185,000 jobs
by the third quarter of 2003.
Table B. 3-month private sector job gains and losses by industry,
seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Gross job gains | Gross job losses
|-----------------------------|-----------------------------
Industry | 3 months ended | 3 months ended
|-----------------------------|-----------------------------
|Sept.|Dec. |Mar. |June |Sept.|Sept.|Dec. |Mar. |June |Sept.
|2002 |2002 |2003 |2003 |2003 |2002 |2002 |2003 |2003 |2003
-------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----
Total | | | | | | | | | |
private 1/.......|7,763|7,702|7,472|7,560|7,396|7,974|7,877|7,876|7,702|7,324
Goods-producing....|1,682|1,652|1,692|1,657|1,605|1,880|1,889|1,932|1,897|1,755
Natural resources| | | | | | | | | |
and mining.....| 290| 294| 310| 299| 272| 285| 297| 309| 294| 292
Construction.....| 778| 778| 782| 811| 784| 812| 800| 829| 822| 762
Manufacturing....| 614| 580| 600| 547| 549| 783| 792| 794| 781| 701
Service- | | | | | | | | | |
providing 1/.....|6,081|6,050|5,780|5,903|5,791|6,094|5,988|5,944|5,805|5,569
Wholesale | | | | | | | | | |
trade..........| 316| 321| 320| 314| 308| 342| 348| 348| 334| 323
Retail trade.....|1,050|1,057| 962|1,039|1,019|1,111|1,109|1,060| 996| 989
Transportation | | | | | | | | | |
and ware- | | | | | | | | | |
housing........| 255| 239| 227| 230| 235| 254| 270| 237| 283| 239
Utilities........| 20| 13| 15| 14| 16| 20| 23| 15| 19| 19
Information......| 165| 174| 166| 153| 149| 243| 208| 201| 194| 185
Financial | | | | | | | | | |
activities.....| 464| 488| 442| 455| 444| 455| 451| 428| 418| 417
Professional | | | | | | | | | |
and business | | | | | | | | | |
services.......|1,472|1,422|1,406|1,367|1,356|1,486|1,450|1,469|1,416|1,287
Education and | | | | | | | | | |
health | | | | | | | | | |
services.......| 761| 776| 760| 745| 731| 676| 659| 680| 698| 670
Leisure and | | | | | | | | | |
hospitality....|1,148|1,151|1,083|1,166|1,125|1,151|1,126|1,161|1,105|1,095
Other services...| 304| 300| 296| 303| 286| 315| 308| 305| 305| 309
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1/ Includes unclassified sector, not shown separtely.
- 4 -
Number of Establishments Gaining and Losing Employment
In the third quarter of 2003, the number of establishments gaining jobs
exceeded the number of establishments losing jobs for the first time since
March 2001. Out of 6.4 million active private sector establishments, a to-
tal of 1.8 million establishments gained jobs from June to September 2003.
(See table C.) Of these, 1.5 million were expanding establishments and
328,000 were opening establishments. During the third quarter of 2003, 1.8
million establishments lost jobs. Of these, 1.5 million were contracting
establishments and 318,000 were closing establishments.
Table C. Number of private sector establishments by direction of employ-
ment change, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 3 months ended
Category |---------------------------------------
| Sept. | Dec. | Mar. | June | Sept.
| 2002 | 2002 | 2003 | 2003 | 2003
----------------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------
| | | | |
Establishments gaining jobs.......| 1,789 | 1,801 | 1,750 | 1,788 | 1,791
Expanding establishments........| 1,448 | 1,452 | 1,418 | 1,457 | 1,463
Opening establishments..........| 341 | 349 | 332 | 331 | 328
|---------------------------------------
Establishments losing jobs .......| 1,801 | 1,813 | 1,847 | 1,801 | 1,772
Contracting establishments......| 1,476 | 1,484 | 1,513 | 1,473 | 1,454
Closing establishments..........| 325 | 329 | 334 | 328 | 318
|---------------------------------------
Net establishment change 1/.......| 16 | 20 | -2 | 3 | 10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1/ The net establishment change is the difference between the number of
opening establishments and the number of closing establishments. See the
Technical Note for further information.
More Information
For the seasonally unadjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time
series not presented in this release, please refer to the BLS Web site at
http://www.bls.gov. For more information, please see the Technical Note
of this release or the Business Employment Dynamics Web page at the BLS
Web site http://www.bls.gov/bdm. Additional information about the Busi-
ness Employment Dynamics data may be obtained by e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Comparing Business Employment Dynamics Data with Current |
| Employment Statistics and Quarterly Census of Employment |
| and Wages Data |
| |
| The net change in employment from Business Employment Dynamics |
| (BED) data series will not match the net change in employment from |
| the monthly Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. The CES |
| estimates are based on monthly surveys from a sample of establishments, |
| while gross job gains and gross job losses are based on a quarterly |
| census of administrative records. In addition, the CES has a different |
| coverage, excluding the agriculture sector but including establishments |
| not covered by the unemployment insurance program. The net over-the- |
| quarter changes derived by aggregating component series in the BED data |
| may be different from the net employment change estimated from the CES |
| seasonally adjusted total employment series. The intended use of the |
| BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market flows that underlie |
| the net changes in aggregate employment levels; data users who want |
| to track net changes in aggregate employment levels over time should |
| refer to CES data. |
| |
| BED data have a more limited scope than the Quarterly Census of |
| Employment and Wages (QCEW) data. The data in this release, in con- |
| trast to QCEW data, exclude government employees, private households |
| (NAICS 814110), and establishments with zero employment. See the |
| Technical Note for further information. |
| |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 5 -
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-
state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
(QCEW), or the ES-202 program. The BED data are compiled by the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing quarterly state unemployment
insurance (UI) records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file
quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by UI
laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by
the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs) to BLS and form the basis of the Bureau's
establishment universe sampling frame. These reports also are used to pro-
duce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and the longitu-
dinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. Other important Bureau uses
of the UI reports are in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program.
(See table below for differences between QCEW, CES, and BED.)
In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are linked across quarters
to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage
process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment
level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and
expanding establishments and jobs lost at closing and contracting establish-
ments.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment mea-
sures for any given quarter. Each of these measures--QCEW, BED, and CES--
makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; how-
ever, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation
procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat
different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to
understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products.
(See table below.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program Web sites shown in the table.
- 6 -
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|-----------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 400,000 employers
| submitted by 8.2 | ministrative records|
| million employers | submitted by 6.4 |
| | million private sec-|
| | tor employers |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|-----------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and sal-
| age: all employers| ing government, pri-| ary jobs:
| subject to state | vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud-
| and federal UI Laws| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri-
| | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed
| | |--Other employment, in-
| | | cluding railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|-----------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -7 months after the| -8 months after the | -Usually first Friday
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| of following month
| ter | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|-----------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and annu-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ally realigns (bench-
| data | directly summarizes | marks) sample esti-
| | gross job gains and | mates to first quar-
| | losses | ter UI levels
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national level by
| at the county, MSA,| and contractions at | industry
| state, and national| the national level |
| levels by detailed | by NAICS supersector|
| industry |--Future expansions |
| | will include data at|
| | the county, MSA, and|
| | state level and by |
| | size of establish- |
| | ment |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|--------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal national
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Future: employment| cators
| surveys | expansion and con- |
| | traction by size of|
| | establishment |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|--------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew/ |--www.bls.gov/bdm/ |--www.bls.gov/ces/
Web sites | | |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 7 -
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly
contribution reports submitted to the SWAs by employers. In addition to the
quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments
within a state complete a questionnaire, called the "Multiple Worksite Report,"
which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments.
These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence.
UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious or-
ganizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the
Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads,
some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of cer-
tain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from lon-
gitudinal histories of over 6.4 million private sector employer reports out
of 8.2 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to
BLS in the first quarter of 2003. Gross job gains and gross job losses data
in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private
households (NAICS 814110), and do not include establishments with zero employ-
ment over three quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands also
are excluded from the national data. As an illustration, the table below
shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded
from the gross job gains and gross job losses data in the fourth quarter 2002:
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data
Millions
Total establishments ES-202 program..................................8.2
Excluded: Public sector.........................................0.3
Private households....................................0.5
Zero employment.......................................1.0
Establishments in Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands..............................0.0*
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data...........................................6.4
*Approximately 48,000 establishments.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment
at the establishment level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A
net increase in employment can come from either opening establishments or ex-
panding establishments. A net decrease in employment can come from either
closing establishments or contracting establishments. Gross job gains include
the sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding establishments. Gross
job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting
establishments. The net change in employment is the difference between gross
job gains and gross job losses.
- 8 -
The formal definitions of establishment-level employment changes are as
follows:
Openings. These are either establishments with positive third-month em-
ployment for the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the
prior quarter, or with positive third-month employment in the current quarter
following zero employment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are establishments with positive employment in the third
month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employ-
ment over this period.
Closings. These are either establishments with positive third-month employ-
ment in the previous quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported
in the current quarter.
Contractions. These are establishments with positive employment in the
third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in
employment over this period.
All establishment-level employment changes are measured from the third
month of each quarter. Not all establishments change their employment levels;
these establishments count towards estimates of total employment, but not for
levels of gross job gains and gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing
their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quarters.
This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for the com-
ponents of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to form their
respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels
can. For instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the
gross job losses rate is the net growth rate.
The linkage process matches establishments' unique SESA identification
numbers (SESA-ID). Between 95 to 97 percent of establishments identified as
continuous from quarter to quarter are matched by SESA-ID. The rest are
linked in one of three ways. The first method uses predecessor and successor
information, identified by the states, which relates records with different
SESA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about
for a variety of reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructur-
ing, or a UI account restructuring. If a match cannot be attained in this
manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to identify
two establishments with different SESA-IDs as continuous. The match is based
upon comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an
analyst examines unmatched records individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SESAs verify with
employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership
classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establish-
ment classification codes resulting from the verification process are intro-
duced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes re-
sulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first
quarter.
- 9 -
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated
job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes
in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays,
and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal
variation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from
quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large
number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine
if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because
the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the
statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable
change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze
changes in economic activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contract-
ing establishments are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are
calculated based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job
losses. Similarly, the establishment counts data series for opening, expanding,
closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted, and the
net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of open-
ing and closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and employment
levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally ad-
justed rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12 ARIMA. Sea-
sonally adjusted data series for the total private sector are calculated by
summing the seasonally adjusted data for all sectors, including the unclassi-
fied sector, which is not published separately.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series
will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally ad-
justed total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use
of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie
the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particu-
larly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying
this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment
changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on admini-
strative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling
error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can oc-
cur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment
data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses
when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distri-
buted randomly throughout the dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the
linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while
understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods
for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these compli-
cations.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on correc-
tions in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and
seasonal adjustment revisions.
- 10 -
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information.
The QCEW program, also known as the ES-202 program, provides both quarterly
and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry.
News releases on quarterly county employment and wages are available upon
request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212;
telephone 202-691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: CEWInfo@bls.gov).
The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change,
and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employ-
ment Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides month-
ly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired in-
dividuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change (1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
1992 September 455 7,377 5,632 1,745 6,922 5,351 1,571
December 216 7,101 5,465 1,636 6,885 5,487 1,398
1993 March 313 7,309 5,410 1,899 6,996 5,354 1,642
June 786 7,330 5,794 1,536 6,544 5,136 1,408
September 874 7,523 5,881 1,642 6,649 5,316 1,333
December 641 7,436 5,840 1,596 6,795 5,420 1,375
1994 March 517 7,400 5,807 1,593 6,883 5,435 1,448
June 1,021 7,807 6,060 1,747 6,786 5,295 1,491
September 1,175 7,972 6,227 1,745 6,797 5,493 1,304
December 507 7,630 5,998 1,632 7,123 5,647 1,476
1995 March 746 7,782 6,129 1,653 7,036 5,660 1,376
June 402 7,714 6,017 1,697 7,312 5,839 1,473
September 771 7,970 6,291 1,679 7,199 5,680 1,519
December 407 7,877 6,153 1,724 7,470 5,934 1,536
1996 March 460 7,943 6,190 1,753 7,483 5,957 1,526
June 642 8,080 6,302 1,778 7,438 5,894 1,544
September 632 8,189 6,326 1,863 7,557 5,998 1,559
December 861 8,278 6,409 1,869 7,417 5,889 1,528
1997 March 799 8,292 6,448 1,844 7,493 5,900 1,593
June 594 8,098 6,342 1,756 7,504 5,925 1,579
September 854 8,593 6,680 1,913 7,739 5,981 1,758
December 702 8,731 6,727 2,004 8,029 6,068 1,961
1998 March 747 8,788 6,633 2,155 8,041 6,107 1,934
June 666 8,722 6,569 2,153 8,056 6,218 1,838
September 659 8,539 6,574 1,965 7,880 6,161 1,719
December 759 8,576 6,778 1,798 7,817 6,060 1,757
1999 March 380 8,744 6,733 2,011 8,364 6,466 1,898
June 569 8,800 6,788 2,012 8,231 6,419 1,812
September 548 8,817 6,871 1,946 8,269 6,397 1,872
December 1,105 9,144 7,112 2,032 8,039 6,264 1,775
2000 March 818 8,906 6,988 1,918 8,088 6,361 1,727
June 541 8,764 6,975 1,789 8,223 6,509 1,714
September 146 8,724 6,834 1,890 8,578 6,719 1,859
December 336 8,690 6,862 1,828 8,354 6,582 1,772
2001 March -101 8,555 6,768 1,787 8,656 6,756 1,900
June -771 8,254 6,439 1,815 9,025 7,149 1,876
September -1,380 7,749 5,990 1,759 9,129 7,174 1,955
December -871 7,893 6,055 1,838 8,764 6,995 1,769
2002 March -1 8,128 6,324 1,804 8,129 6,400 1,729
June -80 8,050 6,246 1,804 8,130 6,411 1,719
September -211 7,763 6,083 1,680 7,974 6,345 1,629
December -175 7,702 6,059 1,643 7,877 6,267 1,610
2003 March -404 7,472 5,932 1,540 7,876 6,321 1,555
June -142 7,560 6,033 1,527 7,702 6,138 1,564
September 72 7,396 5,897 1,499 7,324 5,893 1,431
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment, (1) seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change (2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
1992 September 0.5 8.3 6.3 2.0 7.8 6.0 1.8
December 0.2 7.9 6.1 1.8 7.7 6.1 1.6
1993 March 0.3 8.1 6.0 2.1 7.8 6.0 1.8
June 0.8 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.3 5.7 1.6
September 0.9 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.3 5.8 1.5
December 0.6 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.4 5.9 1.5
1994 March 0.5 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.5 5.9 1.6
June 1.1 8.4 6.5 1.9 7.3 5.7 1.6
September 1.2 8.4 6.6 1.8 7.2 5.8 1.4
December 0.6 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.4 5.9 1.5
1995 March 0.8 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.3 5.9 1.4
June 0.5 8.0 6.2 1.8 7.5 6.0 1.5
September 0.8 8.2 6.5 1.7 7.4 5.8 1.6
December 0.4 8.1 6.3 1.8 7.7 6.1 1.6
1996 March 0.4 8.1 6.3 1.8 7.7 6.1 1.6
June 0.6 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.6 6.0 1.6
September 0.7 8.3 6.4 1.9 7.6 6.0 1.6
December 0.9 8.3 6.4 1.9 7.4 5.9 1.5
1997 March 0.7 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.5 5.9 1.6
June 0.5 7.9 6.2 1.7 7.4 5.8 1.6
September 0.8 8.4 6.5 1.9 7.6 5.9 1.7
December 0.6 8.4 6.5 1.9 7.8 5.9 1.9
1998 March 0.7 8.5 6.4 2.1 7.8 5.9 1.9
June 0.6 8.4 6.3 2.1 7.8 6.0 1.8
September 0.7 8.2 6.3 1.9 7.5 5.9 1.6
December 0.7 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.4 5.7 1.7
1999 March 0.3 8.2 6.3 1.9 7.9 6.1 1.8
June 0.6 8.3 6.4 1.9 7.7 6.0 1.7
September 0.5 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.7 6.0 1.7
December 1.1 8.5 6.6 1.9 7.4 5.8 1.6
2000 March 0.8 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6
June 0.4 7.9 6.3 1.6 7.5 5.9 1.6
September 0.1 7.9 6.2 1.7 7.8 6.1 1.7
December 0.3 7.9 6.2 1.7 7.6 6.0 1.6
2001 March -0.1 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.8 6.1 1.7
June -0.8 7.4 5.8 1.6 8.2 6.5 1.7
September -1.3 7.1 5.5 1.6 8.4 6.6 1.8
December -0.8 7.3 5.6 1.7 8.1 6.5 1.6
2002 March 0.1 7.6 5.9 1.7 7.5 5.9 1.6
June -0.1 7.5 5.8 1.7 7.6 6.0 1.6
September -0.1 7.3 5.7 1.6 7.4 5.9 1.5
December -0.2 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5
2003 March -0.5 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.4 5.9 1.5
June -0.2 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.2 5.7 1.5
September 0.1 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current employment.
(2) See footnote 1, table 1.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept.
2002 2002 2003 2003 2003 2002 2002 2003 2003 2003
Total private (1)
Gross job gains 7,763 7,702 7,472 7,560 7,396 7.3 7.1 6.9 7.0 6.9
At expanding establishments 6,083 6,059 5,932 6,033 5,897 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.5
At opening establishments 1,680 1,643 1,540 1,527 1,499 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4
Gross job losses 7,974 7,877 7,876 7,702 7,324 7.4 7.3 7.4 7.2 6.8
At contracting establishments 6,345 6,267 6,321 6,138 5,893 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.5
At closing establishments 1,629 1,610 1,555 1,564 1,431 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3
Net employment change -211 -175 -404 -142 72 -0.1 -0.2 -0.5 -0.2 0.1
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,682 1,652 1,692 1,657 1,605 7.2 7.1 7.3 7.2 7.1
At expanding establishments 1,380 1,359 1,395 1,378 1,343 5.9 5.8 6.0 6.0 5.9
At opening establishments 302 293 297 279 262 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2
Gross job losses 1,880 1,889 1,932 1,897 1,755 8.0 8.0 8.3 8.3 7.7
At contracting establishments 1,535 1,551 1,579 1,558 1,443 6.5 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.3
At closing establishments 345 338 353 339 312 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4
Net employment change -198 -237 -240 -240 -150 -0.8 -0.9 -1.0 -1.1 -0.6
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 290 294 310 299 272 17.5 17.6 18.5 17.9 16.4
At expanding establishments 237 240 256 249 225 14.3 14.4 15.3 14.9 13.6
At opening establishments 53 54 54 50 47 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.0 2.8
Gross job losses 285 297 309 294 292 17.2 17.8 18.4 17.6 17.7
At contracting establishments 233 245 247 240 243 14.1 14.7 14.7 14.4 14.7
At closing establishments 52 52 62 54 49 3.1 3.1 3.7 3.2 3.0
Net employment change 5 -3 1 5 -20 0.3 -0.2 0.1 0.3 -1.3
Construction
Gross job gains 778 778 782 811 784 11.7 11.6 11.7 12.2 11.7
At expanding establishments 619 616 619 654 636 9.3 9.2 9.3 9.8 9.5
At opening establishments 159 162 163 157 148 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.2
Gross job losses 812 800 829 822 762 12.1 12.0 12.4 12.3 11.4
At contracting establishments 643 637 660 653 601 9.6 9.6 9.9 9.8 9.0
At closing establishments 169 163 169 169 161 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.4
Net employment change -34 -22 -47 -11 22 -0.4 -0.4 -0.7 -0.1 0.3
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 614 580 600 547 549 4.0 3.8 4.0 3.8 3.8
At expanding establishments 524 503 520 475 482 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.3
At opening establishments 90 77 80 72 67 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Gross job losses 783 792 794 781 701 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 4.9
At contracting establishments 659 669 672 665 599 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.2
At closing establishments 124 123 122 116 102 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
Net employment change -169 -212 -194 -234 -152 -1.1 -1.4 -1.3 -1.6 -1.1
Service-providing (1)
Gross job gains 6,081 6,050 5,780 5,903 5,791 7.2 7.2 6.9 7.0 6.9
At expanding establishments 4,703 4,700 4,537 4,655 4,554 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.5 5.4
At opening establishments 1,378 1,350 1,243 1,248 1,237 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5
Gross job losses 6,094 5,988 5,944 5,805 5,569 7.2 7.1 7.0 7.0 6.6
At contracting establishments 4,810 4,716 4,742 4,580 4,450 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.3
At closing establishments 1,284 1,272 1,202 1,225 1,119 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.3
Net employment change -13 62 -164 98 222 0.0 0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.3
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 316 321 320 314 308 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.6
At expanding establishments 250 255 251 252 249 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
At opening establishments 66 66 69 62 59 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1
Gross job losses 342 348 348 334 323 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.0 5.8
At contracting establishments 263 266 269 256 250 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.5
At closing establishments 79 82 79 78 73 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3
Net employment change -26 -27 -28 -20 -15 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.4 -0.2
Retail trade
Gross job gains 1,050 1,057 962 1,039 1,019 6.9 7.0 6.4 6.9 6.7
At expanding establishments 840 884 799 872 848 5.5 5.9 5.3 5.8 5.6
At opening establishments 210 173 163 167 171 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
Gross job losses 1,111 1,109 1,060 996 989 7.3 7.3 7.0 6.7 6.6
At contracting establishments 940 924 903 834 839 6.2 6.1 6.0 5.6 5.6
At closing establishments 171 185 157 162 150 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.0
Net employment change -61 -52 -98 43 30 -0.4 -0.3 -0.6 0.2 0.1
(1) See footnote at end of table
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted--Continued
Gross job gains and job losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept.
2002 2002 2003 2003 2003 2002 2002 2003 2003 2003
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 255 239 227 230 235 6.4 6.0 5.6 5.8 6.0
At expanding establishments 208 191 189 186 193 5.2 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.9
At opening establishments 47 48 38 44 42 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.1
Gross job losses 254 270 237 283 239 6.4 6.8 5.9 7.1 6.1
At contracting establishments 203 208 189 234 193 5.1 5.2 4.7 5.9 4.9
At closing establishments 51 62 48 49 46 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.2
Net employment change 1 -31 -10 -53 -4 0.0 -0.8 -0.3 -1.3 -0.1
Utilities
Gross job gains 20 13 15 14 16 3.4 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.7
At expanding establishments 16 11 13 12 14 2.7 1.9 2.2 2.1 2.4
At opening establishments 4 2 2 2 2 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Gross job losses 20 23 15 19 19 3.3 3.9 2.5 3.2 3.3
At contracting establishments 18 20 13 17 15 3.0 3.4 2.2 2.9 2.6
At closing establishments 2 3 2 2 4 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.7
Net employment change 0 -10 0 -5 -3 0.1 -1.7 0.0 -0.8 -0.6
Information
Gross job gains 165 174 166 153 149 4.9 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7
At expanding establishments 127 133 133 125 120 3.8 4.0 4.1 3.9 3.8
At opening establishments 38 41 33 28 29 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.9
Gross job losses 243 208 201 194 185 7.3 6.3 6.2 6.1 5.8
At contracting establishments 194 157 157 156 150 5.8 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.7
At closing establishments 49 51 44 38 35 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1
Net employment change -78 -34 -35 -41 -36 -2.4 -1.1 -1.1 -1.3 -1.1
Financial activities
Gross job gains 464 488 442 455 444 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.8 5.7
At expanding establishments 354 365 340 361 344 4.6 4.7 4.4 4.6 4.4
At opening establishments 110 123 102 94 100 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.3
Gross job losses 455 451 428 418 417 5.9 5.8 5.4 5.4 5.3
At contracting establishments 335 329 323 320 321 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1
At closing establishments 120 122 105 98 96 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.2
Net employment change 9 37 14 37 27 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,472 1,422 1,406 1,367 1,356 9.2 8.9 8.8 8.6 8.5
At expanding establishments 1,158 1,104 1,129 1,084 1,085 7.2 6.9 7.1 6.8 6.8
At opening establishments 314 318 277 283 271 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.7
Gross job losses 1,486 1,450 1,469 1,416 1,287 9.3 9.0 9.2 8.9 8.1
At contracting establishments 1,138 1,127 1,148 1,067 996 7.1 7.0 7.2 6.7 6.3
At closing establishments 348 323 321 349 291 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.2 1.8
Net employment change -14 -28 -63 -49 69 -0.1 -0.1 -0.4 -0.3 0.4
Education and health services
Gross job gains 761 776 760 745 731 5.0 5.0 4.8 4.8 4.6
At expanding establishments 630 641 630 624 607 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.8
At opening establishments 131 135 130 121 124 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8
Gross job losses 676 659 680 698 670 4.4 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.3
At contracting establishments 544 529 553 565 548 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.5
At closing establishments 132 130 127 133 122 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Net employment change 85 117 80 47 61 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,148 1,151 1,083 1,166 1,125 9.6 9.5 8.9 9.6 9.3
At expanding establishments 864 862 807 885 849 7.2 7.1 6.6 7.3 7.0
At opening establishments 284 289 276 281 276 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3
Gross job losses 1,151 1,126 1,161 1,105 1,095 9.6 9.3 9.6 9.1 9.0
At contracting establishments 911 904 934 881 879 7.6 7.5 7.7 7.3 7.2
At closing establishments 240 222 227 224 216 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8
Net employment change -3 25 -78 61 30 0.0 0.2 -0.7 0.5 0.3
Other services
Gross job gains 304 300 296 303 286 8.0 7.9 7.8 8.0 7.6
At expanding establishments 237 237 229 239 227 6.2 6.2 6.0 6.3 6.0
At opening establishments 67 63 67 64 59 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.6
Gross job losses 315 308 305 305 309 8.3 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.2
At contracting establishments 250 239 239 236 246 6.6 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.5
At closing establishments 65 69 66 69 63 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7
Net employment change -11 -8 -9 -2 -23 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 0.0 -0.6
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately