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1 Technical information: Media contact: (202) 691-6467 http://www.bls.gov/bdm/ 691-5902 USDL 05-1562 For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Thursday, August 18, 2005 BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: FOURTH QUARTER 2004 From September to December 2004, the number of job gains from opening and expanding private sector establishments was 8.1 million, and the number of job losses from closing and contracting establishments was 7.2 million, according to data released today by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in all sectors, except manufacturing, utilities, and other services. (See charts A and B.) Gross job gains are defined as increases in employment resulting from expansions of employment at existing establishments or from the opening of establishments. Gross job losses are defined as declines in employment at existing establishments or from the closing of establishments. The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the number of gross jobs lost is the net change in employment. Private Sector Gross Job Gains and Job Losses Opening and expanding private sector business establishments gained 8.1 million jobs in the fourth quarter of 2004, an increase of 292,000 jobs from the previous quarter. This was the largest gross job gain since the first quarter of 2002. Over the quarter, expanding establishments added 6.4 million jobs and opening establishments added 1.7 million jobs from the third to the fourth quarter. Gross job losses totaled 7.2 million, a smaller loss than the 7.6 million in the third quarter of 2004. In the fourth quarter of 2004, contracting establishments lost 5.7 million jobs and closing establishments lost 1.5 million jobs. (See tables A, 1, 3, and chart B.) 2 Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted 3 months ended Category Dec. 2003 Mar. 2004 June 2004 Sept. 2004 Dec. 2004 Levels (in thousands) Gross job gains ........................................ At expanding establishments ........... At opening establishments ............... Gross job losses ....................................... At contracting establishments ......... At closing establishments ................ Net employment change 1......................... 7,646 6,063 1,583 7,302 5,816 1,486 344 7,745 6,231 1,514 7,310 5,871 1,439 435 7,857 6,292 1,565 7,263 5,726 1,537 594 7,789 6,123 1,666 7,598 5,953 1,645 191 8,081 6,365 1,716 7,212 5,727 1,485 869 7.2 5.7 1.5 7.0 5.5 1.5 0.2 7.4 5.8 1.6 6.7 5.3 1.4 0.7 Rates (percent) Gross job gains ........................................ At expanding establishments ........... At opening establishments ............... Gross job losses ....................................... At contracting establishments ......... At closing establishments ................ Net employment change 1......................... 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4 0.4 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3 0.4 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.7 5.3 1.4 0.5 1 The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical Note for further information. From September to December 2004, gross job gains represented 7.4 percent of private sector employment, which was the highest percent since the second quarter of 2002. Gross job losses were at 6.7 percent of private sector employment, a decrease of 0.3 percentage point from the previous quarter. (See tables A and 2.) These gross job gain and loss statistics demonstrate that sizable numbers of jobs appear and disappear in the relatively short time frame of one quarter. Major Industry Sector Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses Goods-producing. The fourth quarter of 2004 saw gross job losses in the goods-producing sector fall to a total of 1,637,000. This is a return to the downward trend in job losses in this sector following an increase in the previous quarter. Expanding and opening establishments gained 1,734,000 jobs, which led to a net gain of 97,000 jobs over the quarter among goods-producing industries. (See tables B and 3.) Manufacturing. Gross job gains in the manufacturing sector totaled 590,000 jobs in the fourth quarter of 2004, down by 7,000 from the previous quarter. This decline, together with a small increase in gross job losses to 615,000, led to a net decrease of 25,000 factory jobs. This represents 18 quarters of net employment loss in manufacturing over the last 5 years. Construction. In construction, gross job gains rose to 848,000 during the quarter, while gross job losses fell to 747,000, resulting in a net gain of 101,000 jobs. This is the largest net job gain in this sector since March 2001, and the sixth consecutive quarter of net job gains. Service-providing. The combined service-providing sector experienced gross job gains of 6.3 million in the fourth quarter of 2004. Although gross job gains increased only slightly, a decrease in the number of gross job losses led to a considerably larger net employment change (+772,000) than was registered in the third quarter in this sector (+215,000). 3 Table B. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Industry Total private.1....................................... Goods-producing .................................... Natural resources and mining .......... Construction ........................................ Manufacturing ..................................... Service-providing.1 .................................. Wholesale trade .................................. Retail trade ........................................... Transportation and warehousing .... Utilities .................................................. Information ........................................... Financial activities .............................. Professional and business services Education and health services ......... Leisure and hospitality ...................... Other services ...................................... 1 Gross job gains Gross job losses 3 months ended 3 months ended Dec. 2003 Mar. 2004 June 2004 Sept. 2004 Dec. 2004 Dec. 2003 Mar. 2004 June 2004 Sept. 2004 Dec. 2004 7,646 1,665 286 793 586 5,981 317 1,061 227 14 172 436 1,438 744 1,161 288 7,745 1,764 314 837 613 5,981 319 1,059 244 15 156 442 1,411 751 1,138 307 7,857 1,696 283 809 604 6,161 325 1,058 241 13 151 461 1,509 753 1,164 301 7,789 1,667 271 799 597 6,122 329 1,044 244 14 163 469 1,416 757 1,169 297 8,081 1,734 296 848 590 6,347 329 1,090 255 11 188 497 1,512 802 1,204 299 7,302 1,697 285 761 651 5,605 320 1,016 237 16 166 462 1,302 659 1,097 293 7,310 1,670 282 759 629 5,640 314 1,011 228 16 169 433 1,378 672 1,091 291 7,263 1,647 282 779 586 5,616 302 974 236 14 182 457 1,321 696 1,090 304 7,598 1,691 290 789 612 5,907 327 1,126 235 16 194 452 1,366 704 1,135 308 7,212 1,637 275 747 615 5,575 294 992 217 15 169 451 1,300 647 1,134 310 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately. Retail trade. Gross job gains in retail trade increased by 46,000 to 1,090,000 in the fourth quarter of 2004. A larger decrease in gross job losses (134,000) led to a net employment gain of 98,000. Information. The information sector gained 188,000 and lost 169,000 jobs in the fourth quarter of 2004, for a net gain of 19,000 jobs. This sector has recorded a net quarterly job gain only twice in the last 4 years. Professional and business services. Establishments in the professional and businesses services sector reported gross job gains of 1,512,000 in the fourth quarter of 2004, up from 1,416,000 in the previous quarter. Gross job losses in this industry decreased from 1,366,000 in the third quarter to 1,300,000 this quarter. The resulting net gain of 212,000 jobs represents the sixth consecutive quarter of positive employment growth in this industry. Number of Establishments Gaining and Losing Employment Another way to look at the dynamics of business activities is to monitor the number and proportion of business units that are growing and declining. In the fourth quarter of 2004, the number of opening establishments exceeded the number of closing establishments, leading to a net addition of 59,000 units to the total number of active establishments. In addition, the number of establishments gaining jobs continued to surpass the number of establishments losing jobs. Out of 6.6 million active private sector establishments, a total of 1.9 million establishments gained jobs from September to December 2004. (See table C.) Of these, 1.5 million were expanding establishments and 379,000 were opening establishments. During the fourth quarter, 1.8 million establishments lost jobs and of these 1.5 million establishments contracted and 320,000 establishments closed. 4 Table C. Number of private sector establishments by direction of employment change, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) 3 months ended Category Establishments gaining jobs ................... Expanding establishments ................... Opening establishments ....................... Establishments losing jobs ...................... Contracting establishments ................. Closing establishments ........................ Net establishment change 1....................... Dec. 2003 Mar. 2004 June 2004 1,815 1,467 348 1,775 1,453 322 26 1,854 1,505 349 1,794 1,466 328 21 1,847 1,504 343 1,792 1,462 330 13 Sept. 2004 Dec. 2004 1,840 1,486 354 1,814 1,469 345 9 1,909 1,530 379 1,787 1,467 320 59 1 The net establishment change is the difference between the number of opening establishments and the number of closing establishments. See the Technical Note for further information. More Information For the not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, as well as charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, please refer to the Business Employment Dynamics Web page on the BLS Web site at http://www.bls.gov/bdm. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found in the Technical Note of this release or may be obtained by e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov. Comparing Business Employment Dynamics Data with Current Employment Statistics and Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages Data The net change in employment from Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data series will not match the net change in employment from the monthly Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. The CES estimates are based on monthly surveys from a sample of establishments, while gross job gains and gross job losses are based on a quarterly census of administrative records. In addition, the CES has a different coverage, excluding the agriculture sector but including establishments not covered by the unemployment insurance program. The net over-the-quarter changes derived by aggregating component series in the BED data may be different from the net employment change estimated from the CES seasonally adjusted total employment series. The intended use of the BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market flows that underlie the net changes in aggregate employment levels; data users who want to track net changes in aggregate employment levels over time should refer to CES data. BED data have a more limited scope than the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) data. The data in this release, in contrast to the QCEW data, exclude government employees, private households (NAICS 814110), and establishments with zero employment. See the Technical Note for further information. Technical Note The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), or the ES-202 program. The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing quarterly state unemployment insurance (UI) records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by UI laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs) to BLS and form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame. These reports also are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. Other important BLS uses of the UI reports are in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. (See table below for differences between QCEW, CES, and BED.) In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are linked across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding establishments and jobs lost at closing and contracting establishments. Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures The BLS publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given quarter. Each of these measures—QCEW, BED, and CES—makes use of the quarterly Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures QCEW BED CES Source • Count of UI administrative records submitted by 8.5 million employers • Count of longitudinally-linked UI • Sample survey: 400,000 employers administrative records submitted by 6.6 million private sector employers Coverage • UI and UCFE coverage, including all employers subject to state and federal UI laws Nonfarm wage and salary jobs: • UI coverage, excluding government, private households, and estab- • UI coverage, excluding agriculture, lishments with zero employment private households, and self-employed workers • Other employment, including railroads, religious organizations, and other non-UI-covered jobs Publication frequency • Quarterly - 7 months after the end of each quarter • Quarterly - 8 months after the end of each quarter • Monthly - Usually first Friday of following month Use of UI file • Directly summarizes and publishes each new quarter of UI data • Links each new UI quarter to longitudinal database and directly summarizes gross job gains and losses • Uses UI file as a sampling frame and annually realigns (benchmarks) sample estimates to first quarter UI levels Principal products • Provides quarterly employer dynamics data on establishment openings, closings, expansions, and contractions at the national level by NAICS supersectors • Future expansions will include data at the county, MSA, and state level and by size of establishment • Provides current monthly estimates of employment, hours, and earnings at the MSA, state, and national level by industry Principal uses • Major uses include: - Detailed locality data - Periodic universe counts for benchmarking sample survey estimates - Sample frame for BLS establishment surveys • Major uses include: - Business cycle analysis - Analysis of employer dynamics underlying economic expansions and contractions - Future: employment expansion and contraction by size of establishment • Major uses include: - Principal national economic indicator - Official time series for employment change measures - Input into other major economic indicators Program Web sites • www.bls.gov/bdm/ • www.bls.gov/ces/ • Provides a quarterly and annual universe count of establishments, employment, and wages at the county, MSA, state, and national levels by detailed industry • www.bls.gov/cew/ UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product. Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products. (See table on previous page.) Additional information on each program can be obtained from the program Web sites shown in the table. Coverage Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite Report,” which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state. Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of certain small nonprofit organizations. Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of over 6.5 million private sector employer reports out of 8.4 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to BLS in the second quarter of 2004. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS 814110), and do not include establishments with zero employment over three quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands also are excluded from the national data. As an illustration, the table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from the gross job gains and gross job losses data in the second quarter of 2004: Number of active establishments included in Business Employment Dynamics data Millions Total establishments QCEW program ................. 8.4 Excluded: Public sector ................................. 0.3 Private households ....................... 0.5 Zero employment ......................... 1.0 Establishments in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands ................. 0.1 Total establishments included in Business Employment Dynamics data..... 6.5 Concepts and methodology The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the establishment level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening establishments or expanding establishments. A net decrease in employment can come from either closing establishments or contracting establishments. Gross job gains include the sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding establishments. Gross job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting establishments. The net change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. The formal definitions of establishment-level employment changes are as follows: Openings. These are either establishments with positive third-month employment for the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third-month employment in the current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter. Expansions. These are establishments with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period. Closings. These are either establishments with positive third-month employment in the previous quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the current quarter. Contractions. These are establishments with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period. All establishment-level employment changes are measured from the third month of each quarter. Not all establishments change their employment levels; these establishments count towards estimates of total employment, but not for levels of gross job gains and gross job losses. Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate. The linkage process matches establishments' unique SESA identification numbers (SESA-ID). Between 95 to 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter are matched by SESA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different SESA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SESA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched records individually and makes a possible match. In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, the establishment counts data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted, and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and employment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12 ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for the total private sector are calculated by summing the seasonally adjusted data for all sectors, including the unclassified sector, which is not published separately. The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particularly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes. Reliability of the data Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the dataset. Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these complications. The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on corrections in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions. Additional statistics and other information Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program, also known as the ES-202 program, provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212; telephone 202-691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail : CEWInfo@bls.gov). The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment Situation report put out monthly by BLS. The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides monthly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral number: 1-800-877-8339. Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Gross job gains 1 Year 3 months ended Net change Expanding Opening Total establishments establishments 1 Total Gross job losses Contracting establishments Closing establishments 1992 September December 455 216 7,377 7,101 5,632 5,465 1,745 1,636 6,922 6,885 5,351 5,487 1,571 1,398 1993 March June September December 313 786 874 641 7,309 7,330 7,523 7,436 5,410 5,794 5,881 5,840 1,899 1,536 1,642 1,596 6,996 6,544 6,649 6,795 5,354 5,136 5,316 5,420 1,642 1,408 1,333 1,375 1994 March June September December 517 1,021 1,175 507 7,400 7,807 7,972 7,630 5,807 6,060 6,227 5,998 1,593 1,747 1,745 1,632 6,883 6,786 6,797 7,123 5,435 5,295 5,493 5,647 1,448 1,491 1,304 1,476 1995 March June September December 746 402 771 407 7,782 7,714 7,970 7,877 6,129 6,017 6,291 6,153 1,653 1,697 1,679 1,724 7,036 7,312 7,199 7,470 5,660 5,839 5,680 5,934 1,376 1,473 1,519 1,536 1996 March June September December 460 642 632 861 7,943 8,080 8,189 8,278 6,190 6,302 6,326 6,409 1,753 1,778 1,863 1,869 7,483 7,438 7,557 7,417 5,957 5,894 5,998 5,889 1,526 1,544 1,559 1,528 1997 March June September December 799 594 854 702 8,292 8,098 8,593 8,731 6,448 6,342 6,680 6,727 1,844 1,756 1,913 2,004 7,493 7,504 7,739 8,029 5,900 5,925 5,981 6,068 1,593 1,579 1,758 1,961 1998 March June September December 747 666 659 759 8,788 8,722 8,539 8,576 6,633 6,569 6,574 6,778 2,155 2,153 1,965 1,798 8,041 8,056 7,880 7,817 6,107 6,218 6,161 6,060 1,934 1,838 1,719 1,757 1999 March June September December 380 569 548 1,105 8,744 8,800 8,817 9,144 6,733 6,788 6,871 7,112 2,011 2,012 1,946 2,032 8,364 8,231 8,269 8,039 6,466 6,419 6,397 6,264 1,898 1,812 1,872 1,775 2000 March June September December 818 541 146 336 8,906 8,764 8,724 8,690 6,988 6,975 6,834 6,862 1,918 1,789 1,890 1,828 8,088 8,223 8,578 8,354 6,361 6,509 6,719 6,582 1,727 1,714 1,859 1,772 2001 March June September December -101 -771 -1,380 -871 8,555 8,254 7,749 7,893 6,768 6,439 5,990 6,055 1,787 1,815 1,759 1,838 8,656 9,025 9,129 8,764 6,756 7,149 7,174 6,995 1,900 1,876 1,955 1,769 2002 March June September December -1 -80 -211 -175 8,128 8,050 7,763 7,702 6,324 6,246 6,083 6,059 1,804 1,804 1,680 1,643 8,129 8,130 7,974 7,877 6,400 6,411 6,345 6,267 1,729 1,719 1,629 1,610 2003 March June September December -404 -142 72 344 7,472 7,560 7,396 7,646 5,932 6,033 5,897 6,063 1,540 1,527 1,499 1,583 7,876 7,702 7,324 7,302 6,321 6,138 5,893 5,816 1,555 1,564 1,431 1,486 2004 March June September December 435 594 191 869 7,745 7,857 7,789 8,081 6,231 6,292 6,123 6,365 1,514 1,565 1,666 1,716 7,310 7,263 7,598 7,212 5,871 5,726 5,953 5,727 1,439 1,537 1,645 1,485 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment 1, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Gross job gains Gross job losses 2 Expanding Opening Contracting Year 3 months ended Net change Total Total establishments establishments establishments Closing establishments 1992 September December 0.5 0.2 8.3 7.9 6.3 6.1 2.0 1.8 7.8 7.7 6.0 6.1 1.8 1.6 1993 March June September December 0.3 0.8 0.9 0.6 8.1 8.1 8.2 8.0 6.0 6.4 6.4 6.3 2.1 1.7 1.8 1.7 7.8 7.3 7.3 7.4 6.0 5.7 5.8 5.9 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5 1994 March June September December 0.5 1.1 1.2 0.6 8.0 8.4 8.4 8.0 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.3 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.7 7.5 7.3 7.2 7.4 5.9 5.7 5.8 5.9 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.5 1995 March June September December 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.4 8.1 8.0 8.2 8.1 6.4 6.2 6.5 6.3 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 7.3 7.5 7.4 7.7 5.9 6.0 5.8 6.1 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1996 March June September December 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.9 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.3 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.4 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.4 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.9 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1997 March June September December 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.6 8.2 7.9 8.4 8.4 6.4 6.2 6.5 6.5 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.9 7.5 7.4 7.6 7.8 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.9 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.9 1998 March June September December 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 8.5 8.4 8.2 8.1 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.4 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.7 7.8 7.8 7.5 7.4 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.7 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.7 1999 March June September December 0.3 0.6 0.5 1.1 8.2 8.3 8.2 8.5 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.6 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 7.9 7.7 7.7 7.4 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 2000 March June September December 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.3 8.2 7.9 7.9 7.9 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.2 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.7 7.4 7.5 7.8 7.6 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.0 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 2001 March June September December -0.1 -0.8 -1.3 -0.8 7.7 7.4 7.1 7.3 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 7.8 8.2 8.4 8.1 6.1 6.5 6.6 6.5 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.6 2002 March June September December 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 7.6 7.5 7.3 7.1 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 7.5 7.6 7.4 7.3 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.8 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 2003 March June September December -0.5 -0.2 0.1 0.4 6.9 7.0 6.9 7.2 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.7 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 7.4 7.2 6.8 6.8 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.4 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.4 2004 March June September December 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.7 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.4 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.8 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 6.8 6.7 7.0 6.7 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4 1 The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current employment. See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted Category Total private1 Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Goods-producing Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Natural resources and mining Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Construction Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Manufacturing Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Service-providing1 Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Wholesale trade Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Retail trade Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change See footnote at end of table. Gross job gains and job losses (in thousands) 3 months ended Dec. 2003 Mar. 2004 June 2004 Sept. 2004 Dec. 2004 Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment 3 months ended Dec. 2003 Mar. 2004 June 2004 Sept. 2004 Dec. 2004 7,646 6,063 1,583 7,302 5,816 1,486 344 7,745 6,231 1,514 7,310 5,871 1,439 435 7,857 6,292 1,565 7,263 5,726 1,537 594 7,789 6,123 1,666 7,598 5,953 1,645 191 8,081 6,365 1,716 7,212 5,727 1,485 869 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4 0.4 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3 0.4 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.7 5.3 1.4 0.5 7.2 5.7 1.5 7.0 5.5 1.5 0.2 7.4 5.8 1.6 6.7 5.3 1.4 0.7 1,665 1,391 274 1,697 1,391 306 -32 1,764 1,487 277 1,670 1,372 298 94 1,696 1,444 252 1,647 1,334 313 49 1,667 1,403 264 1,691 1,366 325 -24 1,734 1,440 294 1,637 1,340 297 97 7.3 6.1 1.2 7.4 6.1 1.3 -0.1 7.7 6.5 1.2 7.3 6.0 1.3 0.4 7.4 6.3 1.1 7.2 5.8 1.4 0.2 7.3 6.1 1.2 7.4 6.0 1.4 -0.1 7.6 6.3 1.3 7.1 5.8 1.3 0.5 286 233 53 285 239 46 1 314 266 48 282 234 48 32 283 243 40 282 235 47 1 271 230 41 290 243 47 -19 296 244 52 275 233 42 21 17.3 14.1 3.2 17.2 14.4 2.8 0.1 18.5 15.7 2.8 16.6 13.8 2.8 1.9 16.8 14.4 2.4 16.7 13.9 2.8 0.1 16.3 13.8 2.5 17.4 14.6 2.8 -1.1 17.6 14.5 3.1 16.4 13.9 2.5 1.2 793 641 152 761 599 162 32 837 669 168 759 602 157 78 809 655 154 779 609 170 30 799 643 156 789 616 173 10 848 676 172 747 592 155 101 11.8 9.5 2.3 11.3 8.9 2.4 0.5 12.3 9.8 2.5 11.1 8.8 2.3 1.2 11.7 9.5 2.2 11.3 8.8 2.5 0.4 11.6 9.3 2.3 11.4 8.9 2.5 0.2 12.2 9.7 2.5 10.7 8.5 2.2 1.5 586 517 69 651 553 98 -65 613 552 61 629 536 93 -16 604 546 58 586 490 96 18 597 530 67 612 507 105 -15 590 520 70 615 515 100 -25 4.1 3.6 0.5 4.6 3.9 0.7 -0.5 4.3 3.9 0.4 4.5 3.8 0.7 -0.2 4.2 3.8 0.4 4.1 3.4 0.7 0.1 4.2 3.7 0.5 4.2 3.5 0.7 0.0 4.1 3.6 0.5 4.3 3.6 0.7 -0.2 5,981 4,672 1,309 5,605 4,425 1,180 376 5,981 4,744 1,237 5,640 4,499 1,141 341 6,161 4,848 1,313 5,616 4,392 1,224 545 6,122 4,720 1,402 5,907 4,587 1,320 215 6,347 4,925 1,422 5,575 4,387 1,188 772 7.1 5.5 1.6 6.6 5.2 1.4 0.5 7.1 5.6 1.5 6.6 5.3 1.3 0.5 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.6 5.2 1.4 0.6 7.1 5.5 1.6 6.9 5.4 1.5 0.2 7.4 5.7 1.7 6.5 5.1 1.4 0.9 317 257 60 320 245 75 -3 319 258 61 314 243 71 5 325 266 59 302 226 76 23 329 267 62 327 243 84 2 329 264 65 294 226 68 35 5.7 4.6 1.1 5.7 4.4 1.3 0.0 5.7 4.6 1.1 5.6 4.3 1.3 0.1 5.7 4.7 1.0 5.3 4.0 1.3 0.4 5.8 4.7 1.1 5.8 4.3 1.5 0.0 5.7 4.6 1.1 5.2 4.0 1.2 0.5 1,061 886 175 1,016 857 159 45 1,059 890 169 1,011 857 154 48 1,058 885 173 974 820 154 84 1,044 845 199 1,126 920 206 -82 1,090 899 191 992 834 158 98 7.1 5.9 1.2 6.8 5.7 1.1 0.3 7.0 5.9 1.1 6.7 5.7 1.0 0.3 6.9 5.8 1.1 6.4 5.4 1.0 0.5 6.9 5.6 1.3 7.5 6.1 1.4 -0.6 7.2 5.9 1.3 6.5 5.5 1.0 0.7 Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted--Continued Category Transportation and warehousing Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Utilities Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Information Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Financial activities Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Professional and business services Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Education and health services Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Leisure and hospitality Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Other services Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change 1 Gross job gains and job losses (in thousands) 3 months ended Dec. 2003 Mar. 2004 June 2004 Sept. 2004 Dec. 2004 Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment 3 months ended Dec. 2003 Mar. 2004 June 2004 Sept. 2004 Dec. 2004 227 191 36 237 188 49 -10 244 205 39 228 183 45 16 241 202 39 236 192 44 5 244 203 41 235 190 45 9 255 211 44 217 171 46 38 5.7 4.8 0.9 6.0 4.8 1.2 -0.3 6.1 5.1 1.0 5.7 4.6 1.1 0.4 6.0 5.0 1.0 5.9 4.8 1.1 0.1 6.0 5.0 1.0 5.8 4.7 1.1 0.2 6.3 5.2 1.1 5.3 4.2 1.1 1.0 14 12 2 16 14 2 -2 15 13 2 16 14 2 -1 13 11 2 14 12 2 -1 14 13 1 16 13 3 -2 11 10 1 15 13 2 -4 2.4 2.1 0.3 2.7 2.4 0.3 -0.3 2.7 2.3 0.4 2.9 2.5 0.4 -0.2 2.3 1.9 0.4 2.5 2.1 0.4 -0.2 2.5 2.3 0.2 2.8 2.3 0.5 -0.3 2.0 1.8 0.2 2.7 2.3 0.4 -0.7 172 131 41 166 121 45 6 156 132 24 169 138 31 -13 151 125 26 182 146 36 -31 163 135 28 194 148 46 -31 188 152 36 169 124 45 19 5.5 4.2 1.3 5.2 3.8 1.4 0.3 5.0 4.2 0.8 5.4 4.4 1.0 -0.4 4.8 4.0 0.8 5.9 4.7 1.2 -1.1 5.3 4.4 0.9 6.3 4.8 1.5 -1.0 6.1 4.9 1.2 5.5 4.0 1.5 0.6 436 333 103 462 354 108 -26 442 343 99 433 325 108 9 461 362 99 457 324 133 4 469 364 105 452 334 118 17 497 373 124 451 338 113 46 5.5 4.2 1.3 5.9 4.5 1.4 -0.4 5.7 4.4 1.3 5.5 4.1 1.4 0.2 5.9 4.6 1.3 5.8 4.1 1.7 0.1 5.9 4.6 1.3 5.7 4.2 1.5 0.2 6.3 4.7 1.6 5.7 4.3 1.4 0.6 1,438 1,136 302 1,302 1,000 302 136 1,411 1,156 255 1,378 1,080 298 33 1,509 1,214 295 1,321 988 333 188 1,416 1,124 292 1,366 1,035 331 50 1,512 1,198 314 1,300 1,001 299 212 9.0 7.1 1.9 8.2 6.3 1.9 0.8 8.8 7.2 1.6 8.5 6.7 1.8 0.3 9.3 7.5 1.8 8.2 6.1 2.1 1.1 8.7 6.9 1.8 8.3 6.3 2.0 0.4 9.2 7.3 1.9 7.9 6.1 1.8 1.3 744 616 128 659 529 130 85 751 633 118 672 551 121 79 753 635 118 696 560 136 57 757 626 131 704 562 142 53 802 658 144 647 521 126 155 4.7 3.9 0.8 4.1 3.3 0.8 0.6 4.7 4.0 0.7 4.3 3.5 0.8 0.4 4.7 4.0 0.7 4.3 3.5 0.8 0.4 4.7 3.9 0.8 4.4 3.5 0.9 0.3 5.0 4.1 0.9 4.0 3.2 0.8 1.0 1,161 866 295 1,097 875 222 64 1,138 854 284 1,091 870 221 47 1,164 889 275 1,090 873 217 74 1,169 883 286 1,135 888 247 34 1,204 900 304 1,134 900 234 70 9.5 7.1 2.4 8.9 7.1 1.8 0.6 9.2 6.9 2.3 8.8 7.0 1.8 0.4 9.3 7.1 2.2 8.7 7.0 1.7 0.6 9.4 7.1 2.3 9.1 7.1 2.0 0.3 9.5 7.1 2.4 9.0 7.1 1.9 0.5 288 227 61 293 229 64 -5 307 242 65 291 225 66 16 301 236 65 304 235 69 -3 297 235 62 308 237 71 -11 299 235 64 310 241 69 -11 7.6 6.0 1.6 7.8 6.1 1.7 -0.2 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.6 5.9 1.7 0.5 7.9 6.2 1.7 8.0 6.2 1.8 -0.1 7.8 6.2 1.6 8.2 6.3 1.9 -0.4 7.9 6.2 1.7 8.2 6.4 1.8 -0.3 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.