Full text of First Quarter 2007 : Text File, USDL 07-1790
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Technical Information: (202) 691-6467 USDL 07-1790
http://www.bls.gov/bdm/
For release: 10:00 A.M. EST
Media Contact: 691-5902 Friday, November 16, 2007
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: FIRST QUARTER 2007
From December 2006 to March 2007, the number of job gains from opening
and expanding private sector establishments was 7.5 million, and the number
of job losses from closing and contracting establishments was 7.1 million,
according to data released today by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the
U.S. Department of Labor. (See table 3.) Over this period, firms with
1,000 or more employees accounted for the largest share of gross job gains
(16.5 percent) and firms with 1 to 4 employees had the largest share of
gross job losses (16.7 percent). (See tables D and 4.)
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data series include gross job gains
and gross job losses at the establishment level by major industry sector
and for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin
Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level
by employer size class.
The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases
and decreases in employment that occur at all businesses in the economy.
BED statistics track these changes in employment at private business units
from the third month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross
job gains are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing
units and the addition of new jobs at opening units. Gross job losses are
the result of contractions in employment at existing units and the loss of
jobs at closing units. The difference between the number of gross jobs
gained and the number of gross jobs lost is the net change in employment.
(See the Technical Note for more information.)
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| |
| Changes to Business Employment Dynamics Data |
| |
| Beginning with the release of first quarter 2007 Business |
| Employment Dynamics (BED) data, state level series are included |
| as a regular feature of the news release. |
| |
| Additionally, all historical BED series back to third quarter |
| 1992 have been revised, for both seasonally adjusted and not sea- |
| sonally adjusted series to incorporate updated and improved input |
| data. In the future, annual revisions to BED series will be pub- |
| lished each year with the release of first quarter data. Those |
| revisions will cover the last four quarters of not seasonally |
| adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data. |
| |
| In addition, beginning with this release, BED data have been |
| revised to the 2007 North American Industry Classification System |
| (NAICS 2007). The conversion to NAICS 2007 resulted in minor |
| changes to the data. For further information on the NAICS 2007 |
| revision and its effect on BED data, see the note on page 7 and |
| the U.S. Census Bureau Web site at http://www.census.gov/epcd/ |
| naics07/index.html. |
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- 2 -
Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses,
seasonally adjusted
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 3 months ended
|-------------------------------------
| March | June | Sept.| Dec. | March
Category | 2006 | 2006 | 2006 | 2006 | 2007
|-------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands)
----------------------------------|-------------------------------------
| | | | |
Gross job gains...................| 7,679| 7,811| 7,473| 7,809| 7,509
At expanding establishments.....| 6,261| 6,292| 6,032| 6,271| 6,158
At opening establishments.......| 1,418| 1,519| 1,441| 1,538| 1,351
| | | | |
Gross job losses..................| 6,905| 7,395| 7,462| 7,297| 7,071
At contracting establishments...| 5,633| 6,015| 6,110| 5,943| 5,796
At closing establishments.......| 1,272| 1,380| 1,352| 1,354| 1,275
| | | | |
Net employment change (1).........| 774| 416| 11| 512| 438
|-------------------------------------
| Rates (percent)
|-------------------------------------
Gross job gains...................| 6.9| 6.9| 6.7| 7.0| 6.6
At expanding establishments.....| 5.6| 5.6| 5.4| 5.6| 5.4
At opening establishments.......| 1.3| 1.3| 1.3| 1.4| 1.2
| | | | |
Gross job losses..................| 6.1| 6.5| 6.6| 6.5| 6.2
At contracting establishments...| 5.0| 5.3| 5.4| 5.3| 5.1
At closing establishments.......| 1.1| 1.2| 1.2| 1.2| 1.1
| | | | |
Net employment change (1).........| .8| .4| .1| .5| .4
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 The net employment change is the difference between total gross job
gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical Note for further
information.
Private Sector Establishment-Level Gross Job Gains and Job Losses
Opening and expanding private sector business establishments gained
7.5 million jobs in the first quarter of 2007, a decrease of 300,000 from
the previous quarter. Over this quarter, expanding establishments added
6.2 million jobs while opening establishments added 1.4 million jobs.
Gross job losses totaled 7.1 million, a decrease of 226,000 from the
previous quarter. During the quarter, contracting establishments lost
5.8 million jobs while closing establishments lost 1.3 million jobs.
(See tables A, 1, and 3.)
The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the number of
gross jobs lost yielded a net change of 438,000 jobs in the private sector
for first quarter 2007.
From December 2006 to March 2007, gross job gains represented 6.6 per-
cent of private sector employment while gross job losses represented
6.2 percent of private sector employment. (See tables A and 2.) These
gross job gain and loss statistics demonstrate that a sizable number of
jobs appear and disappear in the relatively short time frame of one
quarter.
Major Industry Sector Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses
Goods-producing. Expanding and opening establishments in the goods-
producing sector accounted for 1,629,000 jobs gained, and contracting and
closing establishments accounted for 1,682,000 jobs lost. The net loss of
53,000 jobs was the third consecutive quarter of net loss in this sector.
(See tables B and 3.)
Construction. In construction, gross job gains from December 2006 to
March 2007 increased to 850,000 and gross job losses fell to 816,000, re-
sulting in a net gain of 34,000 jobs. This was the first net gain in this
industry since the first quarter of 2006.
- 3 -
Table B. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses by industry,
seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Gross job gains | Gross job losses
| (3 months ended) | (3 months ended)
Industry |-----------------------------|-----------------------------
|Mar. |June |Sept.|Dec. |Mar. |Mar. |June |Sept.|Dec. |Mar.
|2006 |2006 |2006 |2006 |2007 |2006 |2006 |2006 |2006 |2007
-----------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----
| | | | | | | | | |
Total private (1)....|7,679|7,811|7,473|7,809|7,509|6,905|7,395|7,462|7,297|7,071
Goods-producing........|1,737|1,692|1,572|1,636|1,629|1,572|1,667|1,739|1,719|1,682
Natural resources | | | | | | | | | |
and mining..........| 283| 293| 269| 287| 279| 277| 268| 263| 266| 287
Construction .........| 924| 838| 791| 825| 850| 757| 841| 868| 845| 816
Manufacturing ........| 530| 561| 512| 524| 500| 538| 558| 608| 608| 579
Service-providing (1)..|5,942|6,119|5,901|6,173|5,880|5,333|5,728|5,723|5,578|5,389
Wholesale trade.......| 315| 332| 311| 322| 314| 290| 292| 305| 303| 296
Retail trade..........|1,056|1,062|1,030|1,081|1,087| 986|1,100|1,085|1,004| 971
Transportation and | | | | | | | | | |
warehousing..........| 240| 247| 241| 269| 224| 230| 232| 224| 225| 245
Utilities ............| 11| 15| 15| 19| 11| 11| 13| 15| 18| 11
Information ..........| 143| 150| 148| 167| 138| 149| 144| 171| 146| 132
Financial activities .| 429| 457| 446| 457| 421| 419| 442| 445| 444| 418
Professional and | | | | | | | | | |
business services....|1,329|1,438|1,335|1,427|1,276|1,202|1,287|1,279|1,313|1,242
Education and | | | | | | | | | |
health services......| 791| 787| 784| 795| 799| 662| 713| 674| 692| 655
Leisure and | | | | | | | | | |
hospitality..........|1,226|1,210|1,180|1,223|1,165|1,064|1,182|1,184|1,105|1,096
Other services........| 298| 313| 295| 299| 292| 283| 287| 305| 291| 278
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.
Manufacturing. Gross job gains in manufacturing decreased to a level
of 500,000 jobs in the first quarter of 2007 and gross job losses fell
to 579,000, resulting in a net loss of 79,000 jobs.
Service-providing. In the service-providing sector, gross job gains
totaled 5,880,000 and gross job losses totaled 5,389,000 in the first
quarter of 2007, resulting in a net gain of 491,000 jobs.
Retail trade. Gross job gains in retail trade inched up to 1,087,000
and gross job losses fell to 971,000, resulting in a net gain of 116,000
jobs. This was the second consecutive quarter that this sector had a net
gain.
Leisure and hospitality. The leisure and hospitality sector gained
1,165,000 jobs and lost 1,096,000 jobs in the first quarter of 2007, for
a net gain of 69,000.
Number of Establishments Gaining and Losing Employment
Another way to look at the dynamics of business activities is to monitor
the number and proportion of business units that are growing and declining.
In the first quarter of 2007, the number of establishments gaining jobs
exceeded the number of establishments losing jobs. Out of 6.9 million
active private-sector establishments, a total of 1,935,000 establishments
gained jobs from December 2006 to March 2007. (See table C.) Of these,
1,577,000 were expanding establishments and 358,000 were opening establish-
ments. During the quarter, 1,545,000 establishments contracted and 355,000
establishments closed, resulting in 1,900,000 establishments losing jobs.
Overall, the number of active private sector establishments increased by
3,000 during the first quarter. This change was the difference between the
number of opening establishments and the number of closing establishments.
- 4 -
Table C. Number of private sector establishments by direction of
employment change, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 3 months ended
|--------------------------------------
Category | March | June | Sept. | Dec. | March
| 2006 | 2006 | 2006 | 2006 | 2007
----------------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------
Establishments gaining jobs.......| 1,950 | 1,923 | 1,891 | 1,954 | 1,935
Expanding establishments........| 1,586 | 1,559 | 1,535 | 1,562 | 1,577
Opening establishments..........| 364 | 364 | 356 | 392 | 358
| | | | |
Establishments losing jobs........| 1,852 | 1,899 | 1,909 | 1,892 | 1,900
Contracting establishments......| 1,506 | 1,554 | 1,558 | 1,542 | 1,545
Closing establishments..........| 346 | 345 | 351 | 350 | 355
| | | | |
Net establishment change (1)......| 18 | 19 | 5 | 42 | 3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 The net establishment change is the difference between the number of
opening establishments and the number of closing establishments. See the
Technical Note for further information.
Firm-Level Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses by Size Class
From December 2006 to March 2007, firms with 1,000 or more employees
accounted for the largest share of gross job gains (16.5 percent) and
firms with 1 - 4 employees had the largest share of gross job losses
(16.7 percent). (See tables D and 4.)
In the first quarter of 2007, firms with 500 or more employees represented
21.0 percent of gross job gains and 20.7 percent of gross job losses. (See
table D.) From September 1992 through March 2007, firms with 500 or more
employees, on average, have accounted for 35.5 percent of quarterly net
employment growth. (See table E.)
Firms with 1 - 4 employees continued to have the largest shares of both
job gains at opening firms and job losses at closing firms, with 60.4 and
60.6 percent respectively, in the first quarter of 2007. (See table 4.)
Gross Job Gains and Losses by State
Over the quarter, Alaska had the highest rate of gross job gains
(10.3 percent) and gross job losses (9.5 percent). Connecticut had the
lowest rate of gross job gains (5.3 percent) and Hawaii and the District
of Columbia had the lowest rates of gross job losses (5.2 percent each).
(See table 6.) Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 39 states and
the District of Columbia. In 11 states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands,
gross job losses were greater than gross job gains resulting in net losses
in total employment. (See table 5.)
More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses are
available at the Business Employment Dynamics Web page on the BLS Web site
at http://www.bls.gov/bdm. This information includes data on the levels
and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm size, the
not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time series not
presented in this release, charts of gross job gains and gross job losses
by industry and firm size, and frequently asked questions on firm-size
data. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data
can be found in the Technical Note of this release or may be obtained by
e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
- 5 -
Table D. Three-month private sector share (1) of gross job gains and losses by firm
size, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Share of gross job gains | Share of gross job losses
| (3 months ended) | (3 months ended)
Firm size |------------------------------|------------------------------
| Mar.| June| Sept.| Dec.|Mar. | Mar.| June| Sept.| Dec.| Mar.
| 2006| 2006| 2006 | 2006|2007 | 2006| 2006| 2006 | 2006| 2007
-----------------------|-----------|------------|-----|-----|-----|------|-----|-----
| | | | | | | | | |
1 - 4 employees..| 15.9| 15.2| 15.6 | 15.8| 15.7| 16.9| 15.9| 15.8 | 15.9| 16.7
5 - 9 employees..| 12.3| 11.9| 12.1 | 11.6| 12.3| 12.9| 12.5| 12.2 | 12.4| 12.6
10 - 19 employees..| 12.6| 12.3| 12.3 | 11.7| 12.5| 12.9| 12.6| 12.4 | 12.4| 12.5
20 - 49 employees..| 14.9| 14.6| 14.4 | 13.8| 14.6| 14.4| 14.4| 14.5 | 14.4| 14.4
50 - 99 employees..| 9.2| 9.1| 9.1 | 8.7| 9.0| 8.7| 8.9| 8.9 | 8.9| 8.8
100 - 249 employees..| 9.7| 9.8| 9.3 | 9.2| 9.4| 8.8| 9.1| 9.3 | 9.3| 9.0
250 - 499 employees..| 5.7| 5.9| 5.8 | 5.5| 5.5| 5.1| 5.4| 5.5 | 5.8| 5.3
500 - 999 employees..| 4.5| 4.8| 4.6 | 4.5| 4.5| 4.0| 4.4| 4.5 | 4.6| 4.1
1,000 or more employees| 15.2| 16.4| 16.8 | 19.2| 16.5| 16.3| 16.8| 16.9 | 16.3| 16.6
| | | | | | | | | |
Total...............|100.0|100.0|100.0 |100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0 |100.0|100.0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Share measures the percent of the category represented by firm size.
Table E. Average percentage share (1) of gross job gains and losses by firm size,
third quarter 1992-first quarter 2007, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Firm size (number of employees)
|----------------------------------------------------------
Category | | | | | | | | | |1,000
| | | | | | |100- |250- |500- | or
|Total| 1-4| 5-9|10-19|20-49|50-99|249 |499 |999 | more
----------------------|-----|----|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|------
Gross job gains.......|100.0|14.5|11.6|12.0 |14.3 | 9.1 | 9.8 | 5.9 | 4.8 | 18.0
Expanding firms.....|100.0| 7.1|10.7|12.1 |15.2 |10.1 |11.1 | 6.8 | 5.6 | 21.3
Opening firms.......|100.0|53.1|16.1|11.5 | 9.6 | 4.1 | 2.8 | 1.2 | .7 | .9
| | | | | | | | | |
Gross job losses......|100.0|14.8|12.0|12.3 |14.5 | 9.1 | 9.6 | 5.8 | 4.7 | 17.2
Contracting firms...|100.0| 7.6|11.2|12.4 |15.4 |10.0 |10.8 | 6.6 | 5.5 | 20.5
Closing firms.......|100.0|50.7|15.6|11.5 |10.0 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.2
| | | | | | | | | |
Net change............|100.0| 9.6| 6.4| 8.1 |12.2 | 9.3 |11.6 | 7.3 | 6.2 | 29.3
| | | | | | | | | |
Cumulative share of | | | | | | | | | |
net change...........| - | 9.6|16.0|24.1 |36.3 |45.6 |57.2 |64.5 |70.7 |100.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Share measures the percent of the category represented by firm size.
- 6 -
------------------------------------------------------------------
| Comparing Business Employment Dynamics Data with Current |
| Employment Statistics and Quarterly Census of Employment |
| and Wages Data |
| |
| The net change in employment from Business Employment |
| Dynamics (BED) data series will not match the net change in |
| employment from the monthly Current Employment Statistics (CES) |
| survey. The CES estimates are based on monthly surveys from a |
| sample of establishments, while gross job gains and gross job |
| losses are based on a quarterly census of administrative records.|
| In addition, the CES has a different coverage, excluding the |
| agriculture sector but including establishments not covered by |
| the unemployment insurance program. The net over-the-quarter |
| changes derived by aggregating component series in the BED data |
| may be different from the net employment change estimated from |
| the CES seasonally adjusted total employment series. The in- |
| tended use of the BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor |
| market flows that underlie the net changes in aggregate employ- |
| ment levels; data users who want to track net changes in aggre- |
| gate employment levels over time should refer to CES data. |
| |
| BED data have a more limited scope than the Quarterly Census |
| of Employment and Wages (QCEW) data. The data in this release, |
| in contrast to the QCEW data, exclude government employees, |
| private households (NAICS 814110), and establishments with zero |
| employment. |
| |
| See the Technical Note for further information. |
------------------------------------------------------------------
- 7 -
------------------------------------------------------------------
| Industry Changes to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data |
| |
| In an effort to enhance the comparability of industrial |
| employment and wage statistics across Mexico, Canada, and the |
| United States, and reflect economic activities within industries |
| more accurately, the North American Industry Classification Sys- |
| tem (NAICS) is revised periodically. In conjunction with its |
| counterparts in Mexico and Canada, the U.S. Office of Management |
| and Budget developed NAICS 2007. |
| |
| The conversion to NAICS 2007 resulted in minor revisions |
| reflecting content changes within the Agriculture, forestry, |
| fishing, and hunting sector and the Manufacturing sector; the |
| restructuring of the Telecommunications subsector; the elimi- |
| nation of the Real estate and investment trusts industry within |
| the Finance and insurance sector; and minor content changes |
| within the Professional, scientific, and technical services sec- |
| tor. Several industry titles and descriptions also were updated.|
| This revision was introduced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics |
| (BLS) with the release of first quarter 2007 QCEW data, which is |
| the source data used to derive the BED data. This revision had |
| a minimal impact on QCEW data. Approximately 1 percent of both |
| employment and establishments were reclassified into different |
| industries as a result of the revision. |
| |
| With the introduction of this revision, some industries were |
| directly transferred to new industries while others were split |
| into two or more industries, with the original industry often |
| retaining a portion of the establishments and employment. Of |
| the 1,179 industries used by BLS under NAICS 2002, 8 industries |
| were directly moved to new industries created by the NAICS 2007 |
| revision. Involved in these direct transfers were 41,821 estab- |
| lishments and 829,263 employees. In addition, 13 industries |
| were split into 2 or more industries. In all, 27,457 estab- |
| lishments and 662,125 employees changed industries via these |
| split transfers. Since BED data are published at the NAICS |
| 2-digit sector level, the impact of this conversion is not |
| significant. |
| |
| All figures cited are preliminary and all employment figures |
| cited reflect March 2007 data. For further information on the |
| NAICS 2007 revision, see the U.S. Census Bureau Web site at |
| http://www.census.gov/epcd/naics07/index.html. |
| |
| More information on the NAICS 2007 revision, including the |
| implementation schedules of other BLS programs, will be posted |
| on the BLS Web site as it becomes available. |
------------------------------------------------------------------
- 8 -
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-
state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
(QCEW), or the ES-202 program. The BED data are compiled by the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing quarterly state unemployment
insurance (UI) records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file
quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by UI
laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by
the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs) to BLS and form the basis of the BLS
establishment universe sampling frame. These reports also are used to pro-
duce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and the longitu-
dinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. Other important BLS uses
of the UI reports are in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program.
(See table below for differences between QCEW, CES, and BED.)
In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are linked across quarters
to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage
process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment
level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and
expanding establishments and jobs lost at closing and contracting establish-
ments.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The BLS publishes three different establishment-based employment mea-
sures for any given quarter. Each of these measures--QCEW, BED, and CES--
makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; how-
ever, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation
procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat
different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to
understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products.
(See table below.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program Web sites shown in the table.
- 9 -
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 400,000 establish-
| submitted by 8.9 | ministrative records| ments
| million employers | submitted by 6.9 |
| | million private sec-|
| | tor employers |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and sal-
| age: all employers| ing government, pri-| ary jobs:
| subject to state | vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud-
| and federal UI Laws| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri-
| | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed workers
| | |--Other employment, in-
| | | cluding railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -7 months after the| -8 months after the | -Usually first Friday
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| of following month
| ter | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and annu-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ally realigns (bench-
| data | directly summarizes | marks) sample esti-
| | gross job gains and | mates to first quar-
| | losses | ter UI levels
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national level by
| at the county, MSA,| and contractions at | industry
| state, and national| the national level |
| levels by detailed | by NAICS super- |
| industry | sectors, at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level, and by |
| | size of firm |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include data |
| | with greater in- |
| | dustry detail and |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA level |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal national
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew/ |--www.bls.gov/bdm/ |--www.bls.gov/ces/
Web sites | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 10 -
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly
contribution reports submitted to the SWAs by employers. In addition to the
quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments
within a state complete a questionnaire, called the "Multiple Worksite Report,"
which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments.
These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence.
UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious or-
ganizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the
Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads,
some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of cer-
tain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from lon-
gitudinal histories of over 6.9 million private sector employer reports out
of 8.9 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to
BLS in the first quarter of 2007. Gross job gains and gross job losses data
in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private
households (NAICS 814110) and do not include establishments with zero employ-
ment in both previous and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the
Virgin Islands also are excluded from the national data. As an illustration,
the table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establish-
ments excluded from the gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first
quarter of 2007:
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................8.9
Excluded: Public sector.........................................0.3
Private households....................................0.6
Zero employment.......................................1.0
Establishments in Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands..............................0.1
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data...........................................6.9
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by in-
dustry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class sta-
tistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces
goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in
one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either
corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-
level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under
common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm-level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of
corporations as the economic decision makers, is used for the measurement
of the BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains
and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and
gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within
a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are
similar for seasonally adjusted data.
- 11 -
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employ-
ment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one
of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening
units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either
closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all
jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include
the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net
change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross
job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third-month employment for
the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or
with positive third-month employment in the current quarter, following zero em-
ployment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment
over this period.
Closings. These are units with positive third-month employment in the pre-
vious quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the current
quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment
over this period.
All establishment-level employment changes are measured from the third
month of each quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their em-
ployment levels. Units with no change in employment count towards estimates
of total employment, but not for levels of gross employment job gains and
gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing
their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quar-
ters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for
the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just
as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job
gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW
records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process matches esta-
blishments' unique SWA identification numbers (SWA-ID). Between 95 to 97
percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter
are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first
method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the states,
which relates records with different SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor
and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including
a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring.
If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is
used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SWA-
IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same
name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched re-
cords individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with
employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership
classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establish-
ment classification codes resulting from the verification process are intro-
duced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes re-
sulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first
quarter.
- 12 -
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size-
class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm's employment gain or
loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change
occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be al-
located to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size
class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates
any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting
changes in firms' sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job
gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated
job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes
in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays,
and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal vari-
ation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from
quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large
number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine
if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because
the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the
statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable
change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to ana-
lyze changes in economic activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contract-
ing units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated
based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Simi-
larly, for industry data, the establishment counts data series for opening,
expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number
of opening and closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and em-
ployment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the sea-
sonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12
ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for the total private sector are cal-
culated by summing the seasonally adjusted data for all sectors, including
the unclassified sector, which is not published separately.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting
units for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia are seasonally
adjusted at the total private level only. The sum of the state series for
opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units will not necessarily be
equal to the national total private series because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of these series.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series
will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally ad-
justed total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use
of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie
the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particu-
larly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying
this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment
changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on admini-
strative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling
error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can oc-
cur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment
data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses
when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distri-
buted randomly throughout the dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the
linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while
understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods
for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these compli-
cations.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on correc-
tions in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and
seasonal adjustment revisions.
- 13 -
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information.
The QCEW program, also known as the ES-202 program, provides both quarterly
and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry.
News releases on quarterly county employment and wages are available upon
request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212;
telephone 202-691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change,
and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employ-
ment Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides month-
ly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired in-
dividuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
change (1) establishments establishments establishments establishments
1992 September ........ 599 7,329 5,688 1,641 6,730 5,308 1,422
December ......... 123 6,986 5,452 1,534 6,863 5,484 1,379
1993 March ............ 288 7,117 5,404 1,713 6,829 5,364 1,465
June ............. 734 7,275 5,782 1,493 6,541 5,155 1,386
September ........ 965 7,539 5,926 1,613 6,574 5,265 1,309
December ......... 603 7,375 5,822 1,553 6,772 5,411 1,361
1994 March ............ 559 7,381 5,800 1,581 6,822 5,401 1,421
June ............. 905 7,709 6,041 1,668 6,804 5,315 1,489
September ........ 1,288 8,002 6,277 1,725 6,714 5,426 1,288
December ......... 460 7,535 5,978 1,557 7,075 5,642 1,433
1995 March ............ 758 7,787 6,124 1,663 7,029 5,652 1,377
June ............. 358 7,666 6,006 1,660 7,308 5,840 1,468
September ........ 845 7,983 6,341 1,642 7,138 5,645 1,493
December ......... 378 7,830 6,140 1,690 7,452 5,929 1,523
1996 March ............ 457 7,933 6,179 1,754 7,476 5,967 1,509
June ............. 631 8,051 6,282 1,769 7,420 5,903 1,517
September ........ 704 8,177 6,373 1,804 7,473 5,942 1,531
December ......... 816 8,206 6,396 1,810 7,390 5,875 1,515
1997 March ............ 784 8,214 6,407 1,807 7,430 5,886 1,544
June ............. 584 8,055 6,330 1,725 7,471 5,931 1,540
September ........ 901 8,515 6,718 1,797 7,614 5,927 1,687
December ......... 708 8,617 6,697 1,920 7,909 6,024 1,885
1998 March ............ 711 8,648 6,599 2,049 7,937 6,077 1,860
June ............. 610 8,629 6,552 2,077 8,019 6,224 1,795
September ........ 742 8,508 6,607 1,901 7,766 6,093 1,673
December ......... 768 8,475 6,737 1,738 7,707 6,025 1,682
1999 March ............ 353 8,585 6,626 1,959 8,232 6,395 1,837
June ............. 644 8,539 6,661 1,878 7,895 6,210 1,685
September ........ 588 8,571 6,734 1,837 7,983 6,250 1,733
December ......... 1,005 8,749 6,956 1,793 7,744 6,076 1,668
2000 March ............ 789 8,792 6,924 1,868 8,003 6,341 1,662
June ............. 492 8,499 6,814 1,685 8,007 6,387 1,620
September ........ 296 8,506 6,728 1,778 8,210 6,483 1,727
December ......... 295 8,400 6,702 1,698 8,105 6,433 1,672
2001 March ............ -156 8,436 6,694 1,742 8,592 6,717 1,875
June ............. -792 8,009 6,319 1,690 8,801 7,050 1,751
September ........-1,184 7,608 5,917 1,691 8,792 6,991 1,801
December ......... -960 7,591 5,932 1,659 8,551 6,858 1,693
2002 March ............ -39 8,049 6,259 1,790 8,088 6,424 1,664
June ............. -38 7,890 6,164 1,726 7,928 6,290 1,638
September ........ -171 7,608 6,015 1,593 7,779 6,248 1,531
December ......... -198 7,522 5,960 1,562 7,720 6,171 1,549
2003 March ............ -420 7,423 5,901 1,522 7,843 6,306 1,537
June ............. -96 7,415 5,944 1,471 7,511 6,040 1,471
September ........ 180 7,369 5,898 1,471 7,189 5,828 1,361
December ......... 332 7,560 6,027 1,533 7,228 5,792 1,436
2004 March ............ 439 7,669 6,174 1,495 7,230 5,796 1,434
June ............. 636 7,771 6,251 1,520 7,135 5,651 1,484
September ........ 182 7,612 6,036 1,576 7,430 5,889 1,541
December ......... 797 7,883 6,268 1,615 7,086 5,655 1,431
2005 March ............ 352 7,578 6,107 1,471 7,226 5,800 1,426
June ............. 590 7,796 6,248 1,548 7,206 5,789 1,417
September ........ 651 7,943 6,362 1,581 7,292 5,846 1,446
December ......... 539 7,846 6,278 1,568 7,307 5,936 1,371
2006 March ............ 774 7,679 6,261 1,418 6,905 5,633 1,272
June ............. 416 7,811 6,292 1,519 7,395 6,015 1,380
September ........ 11 7,473 6,032 1,441 7,462 6,110 1,352
December ......... 512 7,809 6,271 1,538 7,297 5,943 1,354
2007 March ............ 438 7,509 6,158 1,351 7,071 5,796 1,275
1 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment, (1) seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
change (2) establishments establishments establishments establishments
1992 September ........ 0.7 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.5 5.9 1.6
December ......... .2 7.8 6.1 1.7 7.6 6.1 1.5
1993 March ............ .3 7.9 6.0 1.9 7.6 6.0 1.6
June ............. .8 8.0 6.4 1.6 7.2 5.7 1.5
September ........ 1.1 8.3 6.5 1.8 7.2 5.8 1.4
December ......... .6 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.4 5.9 1.5
1994 March ............ .7 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5
June ............. 1.0 8.3 6.5 1.8 7.3 5.7 1.6
September ........ 1.3 8.4 6.6 1.8 7.1 5.7 1.4
December ......... .5 7.9 6.3 1.6 7.4 5.9 1.5
1995 March ............ .8 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.3 5.9 1.4
June ............. .3 7.9 6.2 1.7 7.6 6.1 1.5
September ........ .9 8.2 6.5 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5
December ......... .3 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.7 6.1 1.6
1996 March ............ .5 8.1 6.3 1.8 7.6 6.1 1.5
June ............. .7 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.5 6.0 1.5
September ........ .7 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.5 6.0 1.5
December ......... .8 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.4 5.9 1.5
1997 March ............ .9 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.3 5.8 1.5
June ............. .6 7.9 6.2 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5
September ........ 1.0 8.4 6.6 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6
December ......... .8 8.4 6.5 1.9 7.6 5.8 1.8
1998 March ............ .7 8.4 6.4 2.0 7.7 5.9 1.8
June ............. .6 8.3 6.3 2.0 7.7 6.0 1.7
September ........ .7 8.1 6.3 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6
December ......... .7 8.0 6.4 1.6 7.3 5.7 1.6
1999 March ............ .3 8.0 6.2 1.8 7.7 6.0 1.7
June ............. .6 8.0 6.2 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6
September ........ .6 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.4 5.8 1.6
December ......... 1.0 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.1 5.6 1.5
2000 March ............ .7 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5
June ............. .4 7.7 6.2 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5
September ........ .2 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.5 5.9 1.6
December ......... .3 7.6 6.1 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5
2001 March ............ -.1 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.8 6.1 1.7
June ............. -.8 7.2 5.7 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6
September ........ -1.2 6.9 5.4 1.5 8.1 6.4 1.7
December ......... -.9 7.0 5.5 1.5 7.9 6.3 1.6
2002 March ............ .0 7.5 5.8 1.7 7.5 6.0 1.5
June ............. .0 7.3 5.7 1.6 7.3 5.8 1.5
September ........ -.1 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.2 5.8 1.4
December ......... .0 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.1 5.7 1.4
2003 March ............ -.4 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.3 5.9 1.4
June ............. -.1 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.1 5.7 1.4
September ........ .1 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3
December ......... .3 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
2004 March ............ .4 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
June ............. .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.2 1.4
September ........ .3 7.1 5.6 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4
December ......... .8 7.3 5.8 1.5 6.5 5.2 1.3
2005 March ............ .3 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.6 5.3 1.3
June ............. .5 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
September ........ .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
December ......... .6 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.5 5.3 1.2
2006 March ............ .8 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.1 5.0 1.1
June ............. .4 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
September ........ .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2
December ......... .5 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.5 5.3 1.2
2007 March ............ .4 6.6 5.4 1.2 6.2 5.1 1.1
1 The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and
current employment.
2 See footnote 1, table 1.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and losses Gross job gains and losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007
Total private (1)
Gross job gains........................... 7,679 7,811 7,473 7,809 7,509 6.9 6.9 6.7 7.0 6.6
At expanding establishments......... 6,261 6,292 6,032 6,271 6,158 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.6 5.4
At opening establishments........... 1,418 1,519 1,441 1,538 1,351 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2
Gross job losses.......................... 6,905 7,395 7,462 7,297 7,071 6.1 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.2
At contracting establishments....... 5,633 6,015 6,110 5,943 5,796 5.0 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.1
At closing establishments........... 1,272 1,380 1,352 1,354 1,275 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1
Net Change................................ 774 416 11 512 438 .8 .4 .1 .5 .4
Goods-producing
Gross job gains........................... 1,737 1,692 1,572 1,636 1,629 7.3 7.2 6.6 7.0 6.9
At expanding establishments......... 1,469 1,438 1,329 1,381 1,398 6.2 6.1 5.6 5.9 5.9
At opening establishments........... 268 254 243 255 231 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0
Gross job losses.......................... 1,572 1,667 1,739 1,719 1,682 6.7 7.1 7.4 7.3 7.1
At contracting establishments....... 1,320 1,390 1,463 1,452 1,421 5.6 5.9 6.2 6.2 6.0
At closing establishments........... 252 277 276 267 261 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1
Net Change................................ 165 25 -167 -83 -53 .6 .1 -.8 -.3 -.2
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains........................... 283 293 269 287 279 16.0 16.5 15.1 15.9 15.3
At expanding establishments......... 241 250 230 245 241 13.6 14.1 12.9 13.6 13.2
At opening establishments........... 42 43 39 42 38 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.1
Gross job losses.......................... 277 268 263 266 287 15.6 15.1 14.8 14.7 15.6
At contracting establishments....... 236 229 223 230 248 13.3 12.9 12.5 12.7 13.5
At closing establishments........... 41 39 40 36 39 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.1
Net Change................................ 6 25 6 21 -8 .4 1.4 .3 1.2 -.3
Construction
Gross job gains........................... 924 838 791 825 850 12.1 10.9 10.3 10.8 11.1
At expanding establishments......... 746 679 636 663 699 9.8 8.8 8.3 8.7 9.1
At opening establishments........... 178 159 155 162 151 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0
Gross job losses.......................... 757 841 868 845 816 9.9 10.9 11.4 11.1 10.6
At contracting establishments....... 605 676 702 683 655 7.9 8.8 9.2 9.0 8.5
At closing establishments........... 152 165 166 162 161 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1
Net Change................................ 167 -3 -77 -20 34 2.2 .0 -1.1 -.3 .5
Manufacturing
Gross job gains........................... 530 561 512 524 500 3.7 4.0 3.6 3.8 3.6
At expanding establishments......... 482 509 463 473 458 3.4 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.3
At opening establishments........... 48 52 49 51 42 .3 .4 .3 .4 .3
Gross job losses.......................... 538 558 608 608 579 3.8 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.1
At contracting establishments....... 479 485 538 539 518 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.7
At closing establishments........... 59 73 70 69 61 .4 .5 .5 .5 .4
Net Change................................ -8 3 -96 -84 -79 -.1 .1 -.7 -.5 -.5
Service-providing (1)
Gross job gains........................... 5,942 6,119 5,901 6,173 5,880 6.7 6.9 6.6 6.9 6.5
At expanding establishments......... 4,792 4,854 4,703 4,890 4,760 5.4 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.3
At opening establishments........... 1,150 1,265 1,198 1,283 1,120 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.2
Gross job losses.......................... 5,333 5,728 5,723 5,578 5,389 6.1 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.0
At contracting establishments....... 4,313 4,625 4,647 4,491 4,375 4.9 5.2 5.2 5.0 4.9
At closing establishments........... 1,020 1,103 1,076 1,087 1,014 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1
Net Change................................ 609 391 178 595 491 .6 .5 .2 .7 .5
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains........................... 315 332 311 322 314 5.4 5.7 5.3 5.4 5.3
At expanding establishments......... 261 270 253 262 256 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.4 4.3
At opening establishments........... 54 62 58 60 58 .9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
Gross job losses.......................... 290 292 305 303 296 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.1 5.0
At contracting establishments....... 224 226 238 236 230 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.9
At closing establishments........... 66 66 67 67 66 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
Net Change................................ 25 40 6 19 18 .5 .8 .2 .3 .3
Retail trade
Gross job gains........................... 1,056 1,062 1,030 1,081 1,087 6.8 6.9 6.7 7.0 7.0
At expanding establishments......... 901 876 850 898 941 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.8 6.1
At opening establishments........... 155 186 180 183 146 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 .9
Gross job losses.......................... 986 1,100 1,085 1,004 971 6.3 7.1 7.0 6.5 6.2
At contracting establishments....... 840 942 923 857 827 5.4 6.1 6.0 5.5 5.3
At closing establishments........... 146 158 162 147 144 .9 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9
Net Change................................ 70 -38 -55 77 116 .5 -.2 -.3 .5 .8
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains........................... 240 247 241 269 224 5.8 5.8 5.7 6.3 5.2
At expanding establishments......... 204 207 207 231 192 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.4 4.5
At opening establishments........... 36 40 34 38 32 .9 .9 .8 .9 .7
Gross job losses.......................... 230 232 224 225 245 5.4 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.7
At contracting establishments....... 195 191 186 185 211 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.9
At closing establishments........... 35 41 38 40 34 .8 1.0 .9 .9 .8
Net Change................................ 10 15 17 44 -21 .4 .3 .4 1.1 -.5
Utilities
Gross job gains........................... 11 15 15 19 11 2.0 2.8 2.8 3.5 2.0
At expanding establishments......... 10 13 14 13 10 1.8 2.4 2.6 2.4 1.8
At opening establishments........... 1 2 1 6 1 .2 .4 .2 1.1 .2
Gross job losses.......................... 11 13 15 18 11 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.3 2.0
At contracting establishments....... 9 11 13 13 10 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.4 1.8
At closing establishments............ 2 2 2 5 1 .4 .4 .4 .9 .2
Net Change................................ 0 2 0 1 0 .0 .4 .0 .2 .0
Information
Gross job gains........................... 143 150 148 167 138 4.7 5.0 4.8 5.5 4.6
At expanding establishments......... 122 124 123 138 118 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.5 3.9
At opening establishments........... 21 26 25 29 20 .7 .9 .8 1.0 .7
Gross job losses.......................... 149 144 171 146 132 4.9 4.7 5.6 4.7 4.4
At contracting establishments....... 121 116 142 114 108 4.0 3.8 4.7 3.7 3.6
At closing establishments........... 28 28 29 32 24 .9 .9 .9 1.0 .8
Net Change................................ -6 6 -23 21 6 -.2 .3 -.8 .8 .2
Financial activities
Gross job gains........................... 429 457 446 457 421 5.3 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.1
At expanding establishments......... 342 353 350 347 335 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.1
At opening establishments........... 87 104 96 110 86 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.0
Gross job losses.......................... 419 442 445 444 418 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.1
At contracting establishments....... 324 342 343 338 320 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.9
At closing establishments........... 95 100 102 106 98 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2
Net Change................................ 10 15 1 13 3 .1 .2 .1 .1 .0
Professional and business services
Gross job gains........................... 1,329 1,438 1,335 1,427 1,276 7.7 8.3 7.6 8.1 7.2
At expanding establishments......... 1,088 1,164 1,093 1,149 1,064 6.3 6.7 6.2 6.5 6.0
At opening establishments........... 241 274 242 278 212 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.2
Gross job losses.......................... 1,202 1,287 1,279 1,313 1,242 6.9 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.0
At contracting establishments....... 969 1,006 1,029 1,057 996 5.6 5.7 5.9 6.0 5.6
At closing establishments........... 233 281 250 256 246 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.4
Net Change................................ 127 151 56 114 34 .8 1.0 .3 .7 .2
Education and health services
Gross job gains........................... 791 787 784 795 799 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.6
At expanding establishments......... 670 659 665 666 678 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9
At opening establishments........... 121 128 119 129 121 .7 .8 .7 .8 .7
Gross job losses.......................... 662 713 674 692 655 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.1 3.8
At contracting establishments....... 544 595 561 558 540 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.1
At closing establishments........... 118 118 113 134 115 .7 .7 .7 .8 .7
Net Change................................ 129 74 110 103 144 .8 .5 .6 .6 .8
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains........................... 1,226 1,210 1,180 1,223 1,165 9.4 9.3 9.1 9.3 8.8
At expanding establishments......... 938 925 896 932 903 7.2 7.1 6.9 7.1 6.8
At opening establishments........... 288 285 284 291 262 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.0
Gross job losses.......................... 1,064 1,182 1,184 1,105 1,096 8.2 9.0 9.0 8.4 8.3
At contracting establishments....... 855 958 959 892 902 6.6 7.3 7.3 6.8 6.8
At closing establishments........... 209 224 225 213 194 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5
Net Change................................ 162 28 -4 118 69 1.2 .3 .1 .9 .5
Other services
Gross job gains........................... 298 313 295 299 292 7.8 8.1 7.7 7.8 7.6
At expanding establishments......... 240 248 235 238 239 6.3 6.4 6.1 6.2 6.2
At opening establishments........... 58 65 60 61 53 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.4
Gross job losses.......................... 283 287 305 291 278 7.4 7.4 7.9 7.5 7.2
At contracting establishments....... 220 225 240 228 217 5.8 5.8 6.2 5.9 5.6
At closing establishments........... 63 62 65 63 61 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6
Net Change................................ 15 26 -10 8 14 .4 .7 -.2 .3 .4
1 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.
Table 4. Private sector Percentage share (1) of gross job gains and losses ,seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
3 months ended
March June Sept. Dec. March
2006 2006 2006 2006 2007
Total Private
Gross job gains 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Expanding firms 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Opening firms 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Gross job losses 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Contracting firms 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Closing firms 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Firm size 1 - 4 employees
Gross job gains 15.9 15.2 15.6 15.8 15.7
Expanding firms 7.4 7.2 7.5 7.2 7.4
Opening firms 58.8 57.0 58.6 60.6 60.4
Gross job losses 16.9 15.9 15.8 15.9 16.7
Contracting firms 8.4 8.0 7.8 8.0 8.2
Closing firms 59.6 58.2 58.8 58.5 60.6
Firm size 5 - 9 employees
Gross job gains 12.3 11.9 12.1 11.6 12.3
Expanding firms 11.5 11.1 11.3 10.8 11.5
Opening firms 16.8 16.6 16.6 15.8 16.6
Gross job losses 12.9 12.5 12.2 12.4 12.6
Contracting firms 12.3 11.8 11.5 11.7 11.9
Closing firms 16.1 16.3 16.0 16.1 15.9
Firm size 10 - 19 employees
Gross job gains 12.6 12.3 12.3 11.7 12.5
Expanding firms 12.9 12.4 12.5 12.0 12.8
Opening firms 11.1 11.4 11.0 10.3 10.8
Gross job losses 12.9 12.6 12.4 12.4 12.5
Contracting firms 13.4 13.0 12.7 12.8 12.9
Closing firms 10.6 10.7 10.6 10.6 10.3
Firm size 20 - 49 employees
Gross job gains 14.9 14.6 14.4 13.8 14.6
Expanding firms 16.2 15.8 15.6 14.9 15.9
Opening firms 7.9 8.6 8.3 7.9 7.7
Gross job losses 14.4 14.4 14.5 14.4 14.4
Contracting firms 15.7 15.6 15.7 15.6 15.7
Closing firms 7.9 8.3 8.1 8.0 7.5
Firm size 50 - 99 employees
Gross job gains 9.2 9.1 9.1 8.7 9.0
Expanding firms 10.5 10.3 10.2 9.8 10.2
Opening firms 2.7 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.5
Gross job losses 8.7 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.8
Contracting firms 9.8 9.9 9.9 10.0 10.0
Closing firms 3.0 3.3 3.1 3.1 2.9
Firm size 100 - 249 employees
Gross job gains 9.7 9.8 9.3 9.2 9.4
Expanding firms 11.3 11.3 10.8 10.6 11.0
Opening firms 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.0
Gross job losses 8.8 9.1 9.3 9.3 9.0
Contracting firms 10.2 10.4 10.7 10.6 10.5
Closing firms 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.7
Firm size 250 - 499 employees
Gross job gains 5.7 5.9 5.8 5.5 5.5
Expanding firms 6.7 6.9 6.8 6.4 6.4
Opening firms .5 .4 .4 .5 .3
Gross job losses 5.1 5.4 5.5 5.8 5.3
Contracting firms 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.8 6.3
Closing firms .6 .7 .7 .6 .5
Firm size 500 - 999 employees
Gross job gains 4.5 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.5
Expanding firms 5.4 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.3
Opening firms .3 .2 .4 .2 .2
Gross job losses 4.0 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.1
Contracting firms 4.7 5.2 5.3 5.3 4.8
Closing firms .2 .3 .2 .4 .3
Firm size 1000 or more employees
Gross job gains 15.2 16.4 16.8 19.2 16.5
Expanding firms 18.1 19.4 19.9 22.9 19.5
Opening firms .5 .9 .1 .2 .5
Gross job losses 16.3 16.8 16.9 16.3 16.6
Contracting firms 19.5 19.9 20.0 19.2 19.7
Closing firms .2 .1 .5 .8 .3
1 Share measures the percent of the category represented by each firm size class.
Table 5. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
March June Sept. Dec. March March June Sept. Dec. March
2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007
United States (1)..... 7,679,000 7,811,000 7,473,000 7,809,000 7,509,000 6,905,000 7,395,000 7,462,000 7,297,000 7,071,000
Alabama............... 103,596 100,840 100,446 106,892 112,765 93,285 100,349 103,700 104,477 89,364
Alaska................ 26,202 28,861 22,123 25,702 24,244 22,112 23,040 26,742 26,432 22,400
Arizona............... 172,977 170,647 174,546 161,693 156,804 128,109 154,963 152,200 165,067 153,133
Arkansas.............. 63,662 59,654 58,160 62,275 60,704 53,032 60,404 63,784 58,778 52,796
California............ 935,087 955,811 910,172 982,478 947,540 914,176 926,329 927,374 907,888 912,613
Colorado.............. 137,903 149,241 142,546 150,220 146,688 127,514 132,280 142,570 138,889 131,774
Connecticut........... 79,072 87,841 81,794 85,126 75,957 75,076 80,456 82,496 77,497 81,107
Delaware.............. 25,605 28,310 23,470 26,159 29,733 24,123 26,663 27,718 23,392 28,414
District of Columbia.. 25,795 29,069 27,044 25,599 28,423 23,511 26,424 25,381 26,443 23,213
Florida............... 487,572 526,449 508,541 501,285 464,050 413,474 495,061 493,363 522,827 451,580
Georgia............... 252,674 257,404 247,388 263,872 249,091 222,660 233,395 251,362 252,232 227,479
Hawaii................ 27,726 29,136 28,211 27,446 27,483 25,165 24,918 26,129 26,250 26,630
Idaho................. 47,870 46,245 45,061 47,395 48,396 38,960 42,628 41,378 40,019 40,735
Illinois.............. 282,837 306,757 278,177 293,431 281,177 265,446 263,652 288,515 281,099 268,855
Indiana............... 153,735 149,946 148,107 153,325 145,342 139,656 151,845 154,760 148,985 140,603
Iowa.................. 78,930 79,031 75,093 79,518 72,577 70,936 73,192 74,910 73,886 73,448
Kansas................ 70,596 72,012 78,985 85,024 78,808 62,938 72,548 74,864 68,067 67,661
Kentucky.............. 100,762 88,851 92,740 106,958 101,623 83,028 94,323 96,675 90,552 95,549
Louisiana............. 151,997 123,125 120,127 123,095 121,990 108,712 112,380 108,558 104,159 99,462
Maine................. 35,790 40,612 35,951 40,832 37,283 37,017 37,701 39,975 37,567 37,189
Maryland.............. 142,555 136,710 131,708 136,491 130,873 124,678 136,422 136,408 130,083 125,994
Massachusetts......... 158,389 181,498 167,647 166,346 154,124 157,177 158,219 169,849 163,458 157,024
Michigan.............. 217,382 246,077 226,583 229,109 216,604 240,704 237,059 255,227 261,024 234,035
Minnesota............. 150,980 155,378 138,439 146,430 140,915 139,748 150,512 165,270 147,210 133,393
Mississippi........... 69,320 63,581 68,823 67,302 60,198 57,864 66,289 62,884 58,428 62,486
Missouri.............. 147,042 150,269 137,786 151,637 148,426 133,236 143,796 142,506 144,042 133,861
Montana............... 32,383 30,383 27,503 32,922 32,066 26,344 27,899 29,606 26,893 26,215
Nebraska.............. 45,650 45,693 47,050 47,973 44,773 40,465 45,424 44,754 45,236 41,131
Nevada................ 83,071 79,576 73,442 80,115 79,439 65,159 72,527 76,814 77,068 70,468
New Hampshire......... 39,074 41,230 37,381 39,715 36,043 36,571 39,132 40,708 37,503 37,188
New Jersey............ 220,345 238,571 217,626 226,397 200,823 201,996 228,241 230,836 221,251 216,208
New Mexico............ 50,814 56,728 46,361 49,483 45,658 40,539 46,459 46,285 45,992 39,391
New York.............. 453,399 497,341 451,199 491,296 439,880 450,140 450,660 454,776 436,426 450,887
North Carolina........ 230,967 230,531 228,819 271,718 238,694 195,552 216,862 222,867 209,905 203,669
North Dakota.......... 21,355 19,942 19,561 19,077 19,613 17,434 19,436 17,615 18,029 17,877
Ohio.................. 276,942 280,652 266,494 273,486 259,261 268,183 279,071 286,805 285,789 260,711
Oklahoma.............. 86,999 86,252 85,999 87,109 85,616 72,308 86,973 80,220 80,850 73,657
Oregon................ 107,378 103,093 103,167 107,374 104,745 95,893 97,275 94,670 97,684 96,037
Pennsylvania.......... 294,436 292,189 281,640 286,900 282,273 266,079 277,751 278,525 278,568 266,506
Rhode Island.......... 25,198 29,960 28,749 28,621 25,073 25,959 25,774 28,340 28,374 27,137
South Carolina........ 112,697 112,410 124,764 109,561 113,532 97,125 110,062 103,809 97,192 98,842
South Dakota.......... 22,210 21,897 21,559 22,548 21,003 20,193 19,443 20,198 19,873 19,153
Tennessee............. 146,716 149,007 143,225 156,388 148,938 127,034 152,368 143,136 157,013 144,012
Texas................. 556,703 555,610 545,573 566,668 542,825 451,599 508,951 480,295 476,908 461,745
Utah.................. 83,821 78,264 77,218 79,960 80,804 63,988 65,772 68,620 64,989 62,978
Vermont............... 17,022 19,375 16,515 18,861 16,966 18,312 17,694 18,832 18,099 18,899
Virginia.............. 194,262 196,604 181,450 193,009 192,908 168,421 193,525 196,437 181,525 174,760
Washington............ 177,761 187,676 176,707 184,842 190,639 158,900 161,486 170,405 166,948 154,634
West Virginia......... 43,348 38,485 37,841 40,697 38,687 35,457 39,828 40,489 36,849 37,621
Wisconsin............. 142,738 151,415 143,515 146,759 144,613 135,231 143,378 146,137 143,350 141,179
Wyoming............... 23,117 19,438 20,984 22,692 22,362 16,596 18,839 19,491 16,482 18,199
Puerto Rico........... 48,421 46,809 50,294 56,039 43,159 54,363 55,110 56,054 47,988 55,059
Virgin Islands........ 2,492 2,243 2,727 2,358 2,091 1,899 2,287 2,766 1,980 2,501
1 The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally
adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
March June Sept. Dec. March March June Sept. Dec. March
2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007
United States (1)..... 6.9 6.9 6.7 7.0 6.6 6.1 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.2
Alabama............... 6.6 6.4 6.4 6.8 7.1 5.9 6.3 6.6 6.7 5.7
Alaska................ 11.5 12.3 9.4 11.0 10.3 9.7 9.9 1.5 11.4 9.5
Arizona............... 7.9 7.7 7.8 7.2 7.0 5.8 6.9 6.7 7.3 6.8
Arkansas.............. 6.5 6.1 5.9 6.4 6.2 5.5 6.1 6.6 6.0 5.4
California............ 7.2 7.4 7.1 7.6 7.3 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.0 7.0
Colorado.............. 7.3 7.9 7.5 7.9 7.6 6.8 7.0 7.5 7.3 6.8
Connecticut........... 5.6 6.2 5.7 6.0 5.3 5.3 5.6 5.8 5.4 5.7
Delaware.............. 7.0 7.7 6.5 7.2 8.1 6.6 7.3 7.6 6.4 7.7
District of Columbia.. 5.9 6.7 6.2 5.9 6.4 5.4 6.1 5.8 6.0 5.2
Florida............... 7.2 7.7 7.4 7.3 6.7 6.0 7.2 7.1 7.5 6.6
Georgia............... 7.5 7.6 7.3 7.8 7.3 6.7 7.0 7.4 7.4 6.7
Hawaii................ 5.6 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.5 5.1 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.2
Idaho................. 9.1 8.7 8.5 8.7 8.8 7.5 8.0 7.7 7.4 7.4
Illinois.............. 5.7 6.1 5.5 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.8 5.6 5.4
Indiana............... 6.2 5.9 5.9 6.1 5.8 5.6 6.0 6.2 6.0 5.6
Iowa.................. 6.4 6.4 6.1 6.4 5.8 5.7 6.0 6.1 5.9 5.9
Kansas................ 6.6 6.7 7.3 7.8 7.1 5.8 6.7 6.9 6.2 6.1
Kentucky.............. 6.8 6.0 6.3 7.2 6.8 5.6 6.3 6.6 6.1 6.4
Louisiana............. 10.5 8.4 8.1 8.2 8.0 7.6 7.7 7.4 7.0 6.5
Maine................. 7.2 8.1 7.2 8.2 7.4 7.5 7.5 8.1 7.5 7.4
Maryland.............. 6.9 6.6 6.3 6.6 6.3 6.0 6.6 6.5 6.3 6.1
Massachusetts......... 5.7 6.6 6.1 6.0 5.6 5.7 5.7 6.1 5.8 5.6
Michigan.............. 6.0 6.7 6.2 6.4 6.1 6.6 6.5 7.0 7.2 6.5
Minnesota............. 6.6 6.7 6.1 6.4 6.1 6.0 6.6 7.2 6.4 5.8
Mississippi........... 7.9 7.1 7.7 7.5 6.7 6.5 7.4 7.0 6.5 7.0
Missouri.............. 6.5 6.7 6.1 6.6 6.5 5.9 6.4 6.3 6.3 5.8
Montana............... 9.4 8.7 7.9 9.4 9.0 7.7 8.1 8.5 7.7 7.4
Nebraska.............. 6.1 6.1 6.3 6.4 6.0 5.4 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.4
Nevada................ 7.5 7.1 6.5 7.1 6.9 5.8 6.5 6.8 6.8 6.2
New Hampshire......... 7.3 7.6 6.9 7.3 6.6 6.7 7.2 7.5 6.9 6.8
New Jersey............ 6.6 7.1 6.5 6.8 6.0 6.0 6.8 6.9 6.6 6.4
New Mexico............ 8.3 9.1 7.3 7.9 7.1 6.6 7.5 7.3 7.3 6.2
New York.............. 6.5 7.1 6.5 7.0 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.2 6.3
North Carolina........ 7.1 7.0 7.0 8.1 7.1 6.1 6.6 6.8 6.3 6.1
North Dakota.......... 7.9 7.3 7.2 7.0 7.0 6.5 7.2 6.5 6.6 6.5
Ohio.................. 6.0 6.1 5.8 6.0 5.7 5.8 6.1 6.2 6.3 5.7
Oklahoma.............. 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.0 6.1 7.3 6.7 6.8 6.1
Oregon................ 7.5 7.2 7.2 7.4 7.1 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.8 6.5
Pennsylvania.......... 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.4
Rhode Island.......... 6.0 7.2 6.9 6.8 5.9 6.2 6.2 6.8 6.7 6.4
South Carolina........ 7.5 7.4 8.2 7.1 7.3 6.4 7.3 6.8 6.2 6.3
South Dakota.......... 7.1 7.0 6.9 7.1 6.5 6.5 6.2 6.5 6.2 5.9
Tennessee............. 6.4 6.3 6.1 6.7 6.4 5.5 6.5 6.1 6.7 6.1
Texas................. 6.9 6.8 6.6 6.8 6.4 5.6 6.2 5.8 5.7 5.5
Utah.................. 8.7 8.1 7.8 8.0 8.0 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.5 6.2
Vermont............... 6.8 7.7 6.6 7.6 6.8 7.3 7.0 7.5 7.3 7.6
Virginia.............. 6.6 6.6 6.1 6.5 6.5 5.6 6.4 6.6 6.1 5.9
Washington............ 7.8 8.1 7.6 7.9 8.0 6.9 7.0 7.4 7.1 6.5
West Virginia......... 7.7 6.8 6.7 7.2 6.8 6.3 7.0 7.1 6.5 6.6
WWisconsin............ 6.0 6.4 6.0 6.2 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.1 6.0 5.9
Wyoming............... 11.3 9.4 10.1 10.7 10.2 8.1 9.1 9.4 7.8 8.4
Puerto Rico........... 6.4 6.2 6.7 7.5 5.8 7.2 7.3 7.5 6.4 7.4
Virgin Islands........ 7.6 6.8 8.3 7.1 6.4 5.8 7.0 8.4 6.0 7.6
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.