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1 Technical information: Media contact: (202) 691-6467 http://www.bls.gov/bdm/ 691-5902 USDL 05-2196 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Friday, November 18, 2005 BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: FIRST QUARTER 2005 From December 2004 to March 2005, the number of job gains from opening and expanding private sector establishments was 7.6 million and the number of job losses from closing and contracting establishments was 7.3 million, according to data released today by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in all sectors, except manufacturing and information. (See charts A and B.) Gross job gains are the sum of increases in employment from expansions in employment at existing establishments and the addition of new jobs in opening establishments. Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of jobs at closing establishments. The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the number of gross jobs lost is the net change in employment. New Business Employment Dynamics Firm Size Class Data On December 8, 2005, the Bureau of Labor Statistics will release for the first time new Business Employment Dynamics data on employment categorized by firm size. These new quarterly data series will add another dimension to understanding employment dynamics by revealing the contribution to net and gross employment change by firm size class. The news release will contain data from the third quarter of 1992 through the first quarter of 2005. Thereafter, size class data will be included in each regular quarterly BED news release. 2 Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted 3 months ended Category Mar. 2004 June 2004 Sept. 2004 Dec. 2004 Mar. 2005 Levels (in thousands) Gross job gains ........................................ At expanding establishments ........... At opening establishments ............... Gross job losses ....................................... At contracting establishments ......... At closing establishments ................ Net employment change 1......................... 7,745 6,231 1,514 7,310 5,871 1,439 435 7,857 6,292 1,565 7,263 5,726 1,537 594 7,789 6,123 1,666 7,598 5,953 1,645 191 8,081 6,365 1,716 7,212 5,727 1,485 869 7,635 6,171 1,464 7,310 5,852 1,458 325 7.4 5.8 1.6 6.7 5.3 1.4 0.7 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.6 5.3 1.3 0.3 Rates (percent) Gross job gains ........................................ At expanding establishments ........... At opening establishments ............... Gross job losses ....................................... At contracting establishments ......... At closing establishments ................ Net employment change 1......................... 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3 0.4 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.7 5.3 1.4 0.5 7.2 5.7 1.5 7.0 5.5 1.5 0.2 1 The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical Note for further information. Private Sector Gross Job Gains and Job Losses Opening and expanding private sector business establishments gained 7.6 million jobs in the first quarter of 2005, a decrease of 446,000 from the previous quarter’s total. This was the smallest number of gross job gains recorded in five quarters. Over the first quarter, expanding establishments added 6.2 million jobs, while opening establishments added 1.5 million jobs. First quarter gross job losses totaled 7.3 million, a slight increase from the prior gross job loss total of 7.2 million. During the quarter, contracting establishments lost 5.9 million jobs, while closing establishments accounted for a loss of 1.5 million jobs. (See tables A, 1, 3, and chart B.) From December 2004 to March 2005, gross job gains represented 6.9 percent of private sector employment, the lowest gross job gains rate since the third quarter of 2003. Gross job losses were 6.6 percent of private sector employment. (See tables A and 2.) These gross job gain and loss statistics demonstrate that a sizable number of jobs appear and disappear in the relatively short time frame of one quarter. Major Industry Sector Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses Goods-producing. Expanding and opening establishments in the goods-producing sector accounted for 1,720,000 jobs. The first quarter of 2005 saw an increase of gross job losses from 1,637,000 in the previous quarter to 1,686,000. The increase in gross job losses coupled with a decrease in gross job gains led to a smaller net gain (+34,000) than last quarter (+97,000). (See tables B and 3.) Manufacturing. Gross job gains in the manufacturing sector totaled 569,000 jobs in the first quarter of 2005. For the fourth consecutive quarter, job gains continued to trend downward. Gross job losses 3 Table B. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Industry Total private.1 ..................................... Goods-producing .................................... Natural resources and mining .......... Construction ........................................ Manufacturing ..................................... Service-providing.1 .................................. Wholesale trade .................................. Retail trade ........................................... Transportation and warehousing .... Utilities .................................................. Information ........................................... Financial activities .............................. Professional and business services Education and health services ......... Leisure and hospitality ...................... Other services ...................................... 1 Gross job gains Gross job losses 3 months ended 3 months ended Mar. 2004 June 2004 Sept. 2004 Dec. 2004 Mar. 2005 Mar. 2004 June 2004 Sept. 2004 Dec. 2004 Mar. 2005 7,745 1,764 314 837 613 5,981 319 1,059 244 15 156 442 1,411 751 1,138 307 7,857 1,696 283 809 604 6,161 325 1,058 241 13 151 461 1,509 753 1,164 301 7,789 1,667 271 799 597 6,122 329 1,044 244 14 163 469 1,416 757 1,169 297 8,081 1,734 296 848 590 6,347 329 1,090 255 11 188 497 1,512 802 1,204 299 7,635 1,720 307 844 569 5,915 319 1,020 243 15 143 452 1,370 741 1,138 302 7,310 1,670 282 759 629 5,640 314 1,011 228 16 169 433 1,378 672 1,091 291 7,263 1,647 282 779 586 5,616 302 974 236 14 182 457 1,321 696 1,090 304 7,598 1,691 290 789 612 5,907 327 1,126 235 16 194 452 1,366 704 1,135 308 7,212 1,637 275 747 615 5,575 294 992 217 15 169 451 1,300 647 1,134 310 7,310 1,686 284 806 596 5,624 310 980 231 15 164 443 1,304 704 1,131 297 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately. (596,000) were slightly less then the prior quarter, but when combined with the fall in gross job gains, this sector experienced a net job loss of 27,000. The manufacturing sector has only reported positive net employment changes for three quarters in the last 6 years. Construction. In construction, gross job gains were little changed at 844,000 during the quarter, while gross job losses rose to 806,000, resulting in a net gain of 38,000 jobs. This is the seventh consecutive quarter of net job gains for the construction sector. Service-providing. The combined service-providing sector experienced gross job gains of 5.9 million in the first quarter of 2005, down by 432,000 from the previous quarter. Over the quarter, gross job losses amounted to 5.6 million, up slightly from the fourth quarter of 2004. The increase in gross job losses, combined with the decrease in gross job gains, led to a smaller net employment gain of 291,000 in comparison with the previous quarter’s net employment gain of 772,000. Information. The information sector gained 143,000 and lost 164,000 jobs in the first quarter of 2005, for a net loss of 21,000 jobs. This sector has only recorded a quarterly net job gain twice in the last 4 years. Professional and business services. Establishments in the professional and business services sector reported smaller gross job gains of 1,370,000 in the first quarter of 2005, than in the fourth quarter of 2004 (1,512,000). Gross job losses were about unchanged at a level of 1,304,000 in the first quarter. The net gain of 66,000 jobs represents the seventh consecutive quarter of positive net employment growth in this industry. 4 Table C. Number of private sector establishments by direction of employment change, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) 3 months ended Category Establishments gaining jobs ................... Expanding establishments ................... Opening establishments ....................... Establishments losing jobs ...................... Contracting establishments ................. Closing establishments ........................ Net establishment change 1....................... Mar. 2004 June 2004 Sept. 2004 1,854 1,505 349 1,794 1,466 328 21 1,847 1,504 343 1,792 1,462 330 13 1,840 1,486 354 1,814 1,469 345 9 Dec. 2004 1,909 1,530 379 1,787 1,467 320 59 Mar. 2005 1,851 1,506 345 1,851 1,504 347 -2 1 The net establishment change is the difference between the number of opening establishments and the number of closing establishments. See the Technical Note for further information. Number of Establishments Gaining and Losing Employment Another way to look at the dynamics of business activities is to monitor the number and proportion of business units that are growing and declining. In the first quarter of 2005, the number of expanding establishments marginally exceeded the number of contracting establishments, while the number of closing establishments was slightly higher than the number of opening establishments. Out of 6.6 million active private sector establishments, a total of 1.9 million establishments gained jobs from December 2004 to March 2005. (See table C.) Of these, 1.5 million were expanding establishments and 345,000 were opening establishments. During the quarter, 1.5 million establishments contracted and 347,000 establishments closed, resulting in 1.9 million establishments losing jobs. More Information For the not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, as well as charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, please refer to the Business Employment Dynamics Web page on the BLS Web site at http://www.bls.gov/bdm/. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found in the Technical Note of this release or may be obtained by e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov. 5 Comparing Business Employment Dynamics Data with Current Employment Statistics and Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages Data The net change in employment from Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data series will not match the net change in employment from the monthly Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. The CES estimates are based on monthly surveys from a sample of establishments, while gross job gains and gross job losses are based on a quarterly census of administrative records. In addition, the CES has a different coverage, excluding the agriculture sector but including establishments not covered by the unemployment insurance program. The net over-the-quarter changes derived by aggregating component series in the BED data may be different from the net employment change estimated from the CES seasonally adjusted total employment series. The intended use of the BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market flows that underlie the net changes in aggregate employment levels; data users who want to track net changes in aggregate employment levels over time should refer to CES data. BED data have a more limited scope than the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) data. The data in this release, in contrast to the QCEW data, exclude government employees, private households (NAICS 814110), and establishments with zero employment. See the Technical Note for further information. Technical Note The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), or the ES-202 program. The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing quarterly state unemployment insurance (UI) records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by UI laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs) to BLS and form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame. These reports also are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. Other important BLS uses of the UI reports are in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. (See table below for differences between QCEW, CES, and BED.) In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are linked across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding establishments and jobs lost at closing and contracting establishments. Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures The BLS publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given quarter. Each of these measures—QCEW, BED, and CES—makes use of the quarterly Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures QCEW BED CES Source • Count of UI administrative records submitted by 8.5 million employers • Count of longitudinally-linked UI • Sample survey: 400,000 employers administrative records submitted by 6.6 million private sector employers Coverage • UI and UCFE coverage, including all employers subject to state and federal UI laws Nonfarm wage and salary jobs: • UI coverage, excluding government, private households, and estab- • UI coverage, excluding agriculture, lishments with zero employment private households, and self-employed workers • Other employment, including railroads, religious organizations, and other non-UI-covered jobs Publication frequency • Quarterly - 7 months after the end of each quarter • Quarterly - 8 months after the end of each quarter • Monthly - Usually first Friday of following month Use of UI file • Directly summarizes and publishes each new quarter of UI data • Links each new UI quarter to longitudinal database and directly summarizes gross job gains and losses • Uses UI file as a sampling frame and annually realigns (benchmarks) sample estimates to first quarter UI levels Principal products • Provides quarterly employer dynamics data on establishment openings, closings, expansions, and contractions at the national level by NAICS supersectors • Future expansions will include data at the county, MSA, and state level and by size of establishment • Provides current monthly estimates of employment, hours, and earnings at the MSA, state, and national level by industry Principal uses • Major uses include: - Detailed locality data - Periodic universe counts for benchmarking sample survey estimates - Sample frame for BLS establishment surveys • Major uses include: - Business cycle analysis - Analysis of employer dynamics underlying economic expansions and contractions - Future: employment expansion and contraction by size of establishment • Major uses include: - Principal national economic indicator - Official time series for employment change measures - Input into other major economic indicators Program Web sites • www.bls.gov/bdm/ • www.bls.gov/ces/ • Provides a quarterly and annual universe count of establishments, employment, and wages at the county, MSA, state, and national levels by detailed industry • www.bls.gov/cew/ UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product. Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products. (See table on previous page.) Additional information on each program can be obtained from the program Web sites shown in the table. Coverage Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite Report,” which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state. Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of certain small nonprofit organizations. Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of over 6.6 million private sector employer reports out of 8.5 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2005. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS 814110), and do not include establishments with zero employment over three quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands also are excluded from the national data. As an illustration, the table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from the gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter of 2005: Number of active establishments included in Business Employment Dynamics data Millions Total establishments QCEW program ................. 8.5 Excluded: Public sector ................................. 0.3 Private households ....................... 0.5 Zero employment ......................... 1.0 Establishments in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands ................. 0.1 Total establishments included in Business Employment Dynamics data ............................. 6.6 Concepts and methodology The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the establishment level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening establishments or expanding establishments. A net decrease in employment can come from either closing establishments or contracting establishments. Gross job gains include the sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding establishments. Gross job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting establishments. The net change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. The formal definitions of establishment-level employment changes are as follows: Openings. These are either establishments with positive third-month employment for the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third-month employment in the current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter. Expansions. These are establishments with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period. Closings. These are establishments with positive thirdmonth employment in the previous quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the current quarter. Contractions. These are establishments with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period. All establishment-level employment changes are measured from the third month of each quarter. Not all establishments change their employment levels; these establishments count towards estimates of total employment, but not for levels of gross job gains and gross job losses. Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate. The linkage process matches establishments' unique SESA identification numbers (SESA-ID). Between 95 to 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter are matched by SESA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different SESA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SESA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched records individually and makes a possible match. In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, the establishment counts data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted, and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and employment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12 ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for the total private sector are calculated by summing the seasonally adjusted data for all sectors, including the unclassified sector, which is not published separately. The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particularly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes. Reliability of the data Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the dataset. Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these complications. The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on corrections in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions. Additional statistics and other information Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program, also known as the ES-202 program, provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212; telephone 202-691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail : CEWInfo@bls.gov). The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment Situation report put out monthly by BLS. The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides monthly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral number: 1-800-877-8339. Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Gross job gains 1 Year 3 months ended Net change Expanding Opening Total establishments establishments 1 Total Gross job losses Contracting establishments Closing establishments 1992 September December 455 216 7,377 7,101 5,632 5,465 1,745 1,636 6,922 6,885 5,351 5,487 1,571 1,398 1993 March June September December 313 786 874 641 7,309 7,330 7,523 7,436 5,410 5,794 5,881 5,840 1,899 1,536 1,642 1,596 6,996 6,544 6,649 6,795 5,354 5,136 5,316 5,420 1,642 1,408 1,333 1,375 1994 March June September December 517 1,021 1,175 507 7,400 7,807 7,972 7,630 5,807 6,060 6,227 5,998 1,593 1,747 1,745 1,632 6,883 6,786 6,797 7,123 5,435 5,295 5,493 5,647 1,448 1,491 1,304 1,476 1995 March June September December 746 402 771 407 7,782 7,714 7,970 7,877 6,129 6,017 6,291 6,153 1,653 1,697 1,679 1,724 7,036 7,312 7,199 7,470 5,660 5,839 5,680 5,934 1,376 1,473 1,519 1,536 1996 March June September December 460 642 632 861 7,943 8,080 8,189 8,278 6,190 6,302 6,326 6,409 1,753 1,778 1,863 1,869 7,483 7,438 7,557 7,417 5,957 5,894 5,998 5,889 1,526 1,544 1,559 1,528 1997 March June September December 799 594 854 702 8,292 8,098 8,593 8,731 6,448 6,342 6,680 6,727 1,844 1,756 1,913 2,004 7,493 7,504 7,739 8,029 5,900 5,925 5,981 6,068 1,593 1,579 1,758 1,961 1998 March June September December 747 666 659 759 8,788 8,722 8,539 8,576 6,633 6,569 6,574 6,778 2,155 2,153 1,965 1,798 8,041 8,056 7,880 7,817 6,107 6,218 6,161 6,060 1,934 1,838 1,719 1,757 1999 March June September December 380 569 548 1,105 8,744 8,800 8,817 9,144 6,733 6,788 6,871 7,112 2,011 2,012 1,946 2,032 8,364 8,231 8,269 8,039 6,466 6,419 6,397 6,264 1,898 1,812 1,872 1,775 2000 March June September December 818 541 146 336 8,906 8,764 8,724 8,690 6,988 6,975 6,834 6,862 1,918 1,789 1,890 1,828 8,088 8,223 8,578 8,354 6,361 6,509 6,719 6,582 1,727 1,714 1,859 1,772 2001 March June September December -101 -771 -1,380 -871 8,555 8,254 7,749 7,893 6,768 6,439 5,990 6,055 1,787 1,815 1,759 1,838 8,656 9,025 9,129 8,764 6,756 7,149 7,174 6,995 1,900 1,876 1,955 1,769 2002 March June September December -1 -80 -211 -175 8,128 8,050 7,763 7,702 6,324 6,246 6,083 6,059 1,804 1,804 1,680 1,643 8,129 8,130 7,974 7,877 6,400 6,411 6,345 6,267 1,729 1,719 1,629 1,610 2003 March June September December -404 -142 72 344 7,472 7,560 7,396 7,646 5,932 6,033 5,897 6,063 1,540 1,527 1,499 1,583 7,876 7,702 7,324 7,302 6,321 6,138 5,893 5,816 1,555 1,564 1,431 1,486 2004 March June September December 435 594 191 869 7,745 7,857 7,789 8,081 6,231 6,292 6,123 6,365 1,514 1,565 1,666 1,716 7,310 7,263 7,598 7,212 5,871 5,726 5,953 5,727 1,439 1,537 1,645 1,485 2005 March 325 7,635 6,171 1,464 7,310 5,852 1,458 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. 1 Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment , seasonally adjusted (Percent) Gross job gains Gross job losses 2 Year 3 months ended Net change Expanding Opening Contracting Total Total establishments establishments establishments Closing establishments 1992 September December 0.5 0.2 8.3 7.9 6.3 6.1 2.0 1.8 7.8 7.7 6.0 6.1 1.8 1.6 1993 March June September December 0.3 0.8 0.9 0.6 8.1 8.1 8.2 8.0 6.0 6.4 6.4 6.3 2.1 1.7 1.8 1.7 7.8 7.3 7.3 7.4 6.0 5.7 5.8 5.9 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5 1994 March June September December 0.5 1.1 1.2 0.6 8.0 8.4 8.4 8.0 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.3 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.7 7.5 7.3 7.2 7.4 5.9 5.7 5.8 5.9 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.5 1995 March June September December 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.4 8.1 8.0 8.2 8.1 6.4 6.2 6.5 6.3 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 7.3 7.5 7.4 7.7 5.9 6.0 5.8 6.1 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1996 March June September December 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.9 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.3 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.4 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.4 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.9 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1997 March June September December 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.6 8.2 7.9 8.4 8.4 6.4 6.2 6.5 6.5 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.9 7.5 7.4 7.6 7.8 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.9 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.9 1998 March June September December 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 8.5 8.4 8.2 8.1 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.4 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.7 7.8 7.8 7.5 7.4 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.7 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.7 1999 March June September December 0.3 0.6 0.5 1.1 8.2 8.3 8.2 8.5 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.6 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 7.9 7.7 7.7 7.4 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 2000 March June September December 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.3 8.2 7.9 7.9 7.9 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.2 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.7 7.4 7.5 7.8 7.6 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.0 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 2001 March June September December -0.1 -0.8 -1.3 -0.8 7.7 7.4 7.1 7.3 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 7.8 8.2 8.4 8.1 6.1 6.5 6.6 6.5 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.6 2002 March June September December 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 7.6 7.5 7.3 7.1 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 7.5 7.6 7.4 7.3 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.8 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 2003 March June September December -0.5 -0.2 0.1 0.4 6.9 7.0 6.9 7.2 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.7 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 7.4 7.2 6.8 6.8 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.4 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.4 2004 March June September December 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.7 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.4 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.8 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 6.8 6.7 7.0 6.7 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4 2005 March 0.3 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.6 5.3 1.3 1 The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current employment. See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted Category Total private1 Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Goods-producing Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Natural resources and mining Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Construction Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Manufacturing Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Service-providing1 Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Wholesale trade Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Retail trade Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change See footnote at end of table. Gross job gains and job losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment 3 months ended 3 months ended Mar. 2004 June 2004 Sept. 2004 Dec. 2004 Mar. 2005 Mar. 2004 June 2004 Sept. 2004 Dec. 2004 Mar. 2005 7,745 6,231 1,514 7,310 5,871 1,439 435 7,857 6,292 1,565 7,263 5,726 1,537 594 7,789 6,123 1,666 7,598 5,953 1,645 191 8,081 6,365 1,716 7,212 5,727 1,485 869 7,635 6,171 1,464 7,310 5,852 1,458 325 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3 0.4 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.7 5.3 1.4 0.5 7.2 5.7 1.5 7.0 5.5 1.5 0.2 7.4 5.8 1.6 6.7 5.3 1.4 0.7 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.6 5.3 1.3 0.3 1,764 1,487 277 1,670 1,372 298 94 1,696 1,444 252 1,647 1,334 313 49 1,667 1,403 264 1,691 1,366 325 -24 1,734 1,440 294 1,637 1,340 297 97 1,720 1,454 266 1,686 1,371 315 34 7.7 6.5 1.2 7.3 6.0 1.3 0.4 7.4 6.3 1.1 7.2 5.8 1.4 0.2 7.3 6.1 1.2 7.4 6.0 1.4 -0.1 7.6 6.3 1.3 7.1 5.8 1.3 0.5 7.5 6.3 1.2 7.3 5.9 1.4 0.2 314 266 48 282 234 48 32 283 243 40 282 235 47 1 271 230 41 290 243 47 -19 296 244 52 275 233 42 21 307 258 49 284 233 51 23 18.5 15.7 2.8 16.6 13.8 2.8 1.9 16.8 14.4 2.4 16.7 13.9 2.8 0.1 16.3 13.8 2.5 17.4 14.6 2.8 -1.1 17.6 14.5 3.1 16.4 13.9 2.5 1.2 17.8 15.0 2.8 16.5 13.5 3.0 1.3 837 669 168 759 602 157 78 809 655 154 779 609 170 30 799 643 156 789 616 173 10 848 676 172 747 592 155 101 844 678 166 806 642 164 38 12.3 9.8 2.5 11.1 8.8 2.3 1.2 11.7 9.5 2.2 11.3 8.8 2.5 0.4 11.6 9.3 2.3 11.4 8.9 2.5 0.2 12.2 9.7 2.5 10.7 8.5 2.2 1.5 11.8 9.5 2.3 11.3 9.0 2.3 0.5 613 552 61 629 536 93 -16 604 546 58 586 490 96 18 597 530 67 612 507 105 -15 590 520 70 615 515 100 -25 569 518 51 596 496 100 -27 4.3 3.9 0.4 4.5 3.8 0.7 -0.2 4.2 3.8 0.4 4.1 3.4 0.7 0.1 4.2 3.7 0.5 4.2 3.5 0.7 0.0 4.1 3.6 0.5 4.3 3.6 0.7 -0.2 4.0 3.6 0.4 4.2 3.5 0.7 -0.2 5,981 4,744 1,237 5,640 4,499 1,141 341 6,161 4,848 1,313 5,616 4,392 1,224 545 6,122 4,720 1,402 5,907 4,587 1,320 215 6,347 4,925 1,422 5,575 4,387 1,188 772 5,915 4,717 1,198 5,624 4,481 1,143 291 7.1 5.6 1.5 6.6 5.3 1.3 0.5 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.6 5.2 1.4 0.6 7.1 5.5 1.6 6.9 5.4 1.5 0.2 7.4 5.7 1.7 6.5 5.1 1.4 0.9 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.5 5.2 1.3 0.4 319 258 61 314 243 71 5 325 266 59 302 226 76 23 329 267 62 327 243 84 2 329 264 65 294 226 68 35 319 259 60 310 238 72 9 5.7 4.6 1.1 5.6 4.3 1.3 0.1 5.7 4.7 1.0 5.3 4.0 1.3 0.4 5.8 4.7 1.1 5.8 4.3 1.5 0.0 5.7 4.6 1.1 5.2 4.0 1.2 0.5 5.6 4.5 1.1 5.5 4.2 1.3 0.1 1,059 890 169 1,011 857 154 48 1,058 885 173 974 820 154 84 1,044 845 199 1,126 920 206 -82 1,090 899 191 992 834 158 98 1,020 865 155 980 836 144 40 7.0 5.9 1.1 6.7 5.7 1.0 0.3 6.9 5.8 1.1 6.4 5.4 1.0 0.5 6.9 5.6 1.3 7.5 6.1 1.4 -0.6 7.2 5.9 1.3 6.5 5.5 1.0 0.7 6.7 5.7 1.0 6.4 5.5 0.9 0.3 Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted--Continued Category Transportation and warehousing Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Utilities Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Information Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Financial activities Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Professional and business services Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Education and health services Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Leisure and hospitality Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change Other services Gross job gains At expanding establishments At opening establishments Gross job losses At contracting establishments At closing establishments Net employment change 1 Gross job gains and job losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment 3 months ended 3 months ended Mar. 2004 June 2004 Sept. 2004 Dec. 2004 Mar. 2005 Mar. 2004 June 2004 Sept. 2004 Dec. 2004 Mar. 2005 244 205 39 228 183 45 16 241 202 39 236 192 44 5 244 203 41 235 190 45 9 255 211 44 217 171 46 38 243 205 38 231 180 51 12 6.1 5.1 1.0 5.7 4.6 1.1 0.4 6.0 5.0 1.0 5.9 4.8 1.1 0.1 6.0 5.0 1.0 5.8 4.7 1.1 0.2 6.3 5.2 1.1 5.3 4.2 1.1 1.0 5.9 5.0 0.9 5.6 4.4 1.2 0.3 15 13 2 16 14 2 -1 13 11 2 14 12 2 -1 14 13 1 16 13 3 -2 11 10 1 15 13 2 -4 15 13 2 15 13 2 0 2.7 2.3 0.4 2.9 2.5 0.4 -0.2 2.3 1.9 0.4 2.5 2.1 0.4 -0.2 2.5 2.3 0.2 2.8 2.3 0.5 -0.3 2.0 1.8 0.2 2.7 2.3 0.4 -0.7 2.7 2.3 0.4 2.7 2.3 0.4 0.0 156 132 24 169 138 31 -13 151 125 26 182 146 36 -31 163 135 28 194 148 46 -31 188 152 36 169 124 45 19 143 120 23 164 123 41 -21 5.0 4.2 0.8 5.4 4.4 1.0 -0.4 4.8 4.0 0.8 5.9 4.7 1.2 -1.1 5.3 4.4 0.9 6.3 4.8 1.5 -1.0 6.1 4.9 1.2 5.5 4.0 1.5 0.6 4.6 3.9 0.7 5.3 4.0 1.3 -0.7 442 343 99 433 325 108 9 461 362 99 457 324 133 4 469 364 105 452 334 118 17 497 373 124 451 338 113 46 452 354 98 443 331 112 9 5.7 4.4 1.3 5.5 4.1 1.4 0.2 5.9 4.6 1.3 5.8 4.1 1.7 0.1 5.9 4.6 1.3 5.7 4.2 1.5 0.2 6.3 4.7 1.6 5.7 4.3 1.4 0.6 5.6 4.4 1.2 5.6 4.2 1.4 0.0 1,411 1,156 255 1,378 1,080 298 33 1,509 1,214 295 1,321 988 333 188 1,416 1,124 292 1,366 1,035 331 50 1,512 1,198 314 1,300 1,001 299 212 1,370 1,137 233 1,304 1,034 270 66 8.8 7.2 1.6 8.5 6.7 1.8 0.3 9.3 7.5 1.8 8.2 6.1 2.1 1.1 8.7 6.9 1.8 8.3 6.3 2.0 0.4 9.2 7.3 1.9 7.9 6.1 1.8 1.3 8.2 6.8 1.4 7.8 6.2 1.6 0.4 751 633 118 672 551 121 79 753 635 118 696 560 136 57 757 626 131 704 562 142 53 802 658 144 647 521 126 155 741 623 118 704 570 134 37 4.7 4.0 0.7 4.3 3.5 0.8 0.4 4.7 4.0 0.7 4.3 3.5 0.8 0.4 4.7 3.9 0.8 4.4 3.5 0.9 0.3 5.0 4.1 0.9 4.0 3.2 0.8 1.0 4.5 3.8 0.7 4.3 3.5 0.8 0.2 1,138 854 284 1,091 870 221 47 1,164 889 275 1,090 873 217 74 1,169 883 286 1,135 888 247 34 1,204 900 304 1,134 900 234 70 1,138 877 261 1,131 910 221 7 9.2 6.9 2.3 8.8 7.0 1.8 0.4 9.3 7.1 2.2 8.7 7.0 1.7 0.6 9.4 7.1 2.3 9.1 7.1 2.0 0.3 9.5 7.1 2.4 9.0 7.1 1.9 0.5 9.0 6.9 2.1 8.9 7.2 1.7 0.1 307 242 65 291 225 66 16 301 236 65 304 235 69 -3 297 235 62 308 237 71 -11 299 235 64 310 241 69 -11 302 241 61 297 231 66 5 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.6 5.9 1.7 0.5 7.9 6.2 1.7 8.0 6.2 1.8 -0.1 7.8 6.2 1.6 8.2 6.3 1.9 -0.4 7.9 6.2 1.7 8.2 6.4 1.8 -0.3 7.9 6.3 1.6 7.8 6.1 1.7 0.1 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.