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Definitions and General Table Notes The capitalization of R&D requires the construction of the investment flows and capital stocks associated with the R&D asset. The R&DSA’s estimates of R&D assets are presented in a multiple table format. The appendix includes tables of values of stocks of R&D capital and the flows of R&D investment and depreciation on an annual basis. This appendix provides an overview of the terms and methodology used in the construction of the R&D asset tables. Asset Valuation BEA values the net capital stocks and depreciation of fixed assets at historical cost, current cost and real cost. Historical cost valuation – Historical cost estimates are based on the acquisition costs of the assets. It is the value of the R&D at the time of the expenditure. Current cost valuation – Current cost estimates of net capital stocks and deprecation reflect the prices of the given period. The current cost net capital stock is the market value of the stock at the end of the year. It can also be considered the cost of replacing the capital stock. Real valuation – Real cost estimates remove the effects of price changes of the assets by valuing all R&D at the same prices. The R&DSA reports real-cost values using chained (2000) dollars. Overview of Estimation Methodology Investment – The R&D investment represents annual flow of R&D output. Raw expenditure data are adjusted to calculate historical cost and real cost R&D investment on both performer and funder bases. The adjustment is described in Table 2. R&D investment flow is reported on a funder basis in Appendix Tables 3.1 and 3.2 and on a performer basis in Appendix Tables 5.1 and 5.2. Net Stock – R&D investment flow is aggregated into an R&D stock. The stock represents the value of R&D wealth in the economy. The R&D net stock, presented in Tables 3.3, 3.4, and 3.5, estimates the value remaining in the R&D capital stock after depreciation is deducted. The R&D stock is estimated using perpetual inventory method. Nt = (1 − δ )N t −1 + (1 − δ ) * I t 2 Where Nt is the net stock at the end of period t, It is the R&D investment flow, and δ is the depreciation rate. 1 Appendix Depreciation – The depreciation of the asset is the decline in the value of the stock of R&D assets due to wear and tear, obsolescence, accidental damage, and aging. The estimates of depreciation are based on geometric depreciation patterns Dt = I t − N t + N t −1 Where Dt is the depreciation of the asset over period t. The depreciation of the R&D stocks is reported in Appendix Tables 3.6, 3.7, and 3.8. In the context of the NIPAs, depreciation is represented by an income component titled the Consumption of Fixed Capital (CFC). 2 Appendix Table 1.1 Real Gross Domestic Product with and without R&D Adjustments 1959-2002 [Millions of dollars] Line GDP w/o adjustment Scenario A percent change Scenario B percent change Scenario C percent change Scenario D percent change 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1 2,441,284 2,501,756 2,559,971 2,715,177 2,833,963 2,998,593 3,191,104 3,399,126 2 2,502,659 2,565,662 2,625,397 2,783,699 2,904,051 3,075,349 3,273,862 3,488,592 3 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 4 2,420,604 2,483,638 2,542,362 2,697,952 2,820,469 2,989,212 3,185,433 3,399,490 5 -0.8 -0.7 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2 0.0 6 2,445,880 2,508,464 2,566,699 2,722,588 2,845,305 3,014,490 3,211,437 3,425,506 7 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 8 2,433,272 2,495,636 2,553,750 2,709,405 2,831,435 2,999,995 3,196,455 3,410,207 9 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.2 0.3 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1 3,484,631 3,652,698 3,765,397 3,771,876 3,898,613 4,104,966 4,341,456 4,319,565 2 3,581,411 3,757,836 3,878,390 3,884,122 4,010,468 4,221,217 4,459,915 4,437,032 3 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 4 3,490,302 3,665,215 3,786,821 3,794,770 3,917,134 4,122,556 4,360,936 4,343,362 5 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 6 3,516,609 3,692,356 3,813,249 3,821,081 3,946,060 4,153,281 4,392,222 4,372,838 Line GDP w/o adjustment Scenario A percent change Scenario B percent change Scenario C percent change Scenario D percent change 7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 8 3,501,384 3,677,109 3,798,474 3,806,630 3,929,155 4,134,402 4,372,442 4,353,132 9 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1 4,311,220 4,540,937 4,750,529 5,014,999 5,173,444 5,161,664 5,291,739 5,189,250 2 4,426,896 4,658,709 4,870,337 5,138,778 5,301,841 5,293,226 5,427,980 5,331,796 3 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.7 4 4,334,079 4,562,387 4,773,152 5,041,454 5,208,956 5,204,844 5,342,129 5,247,277 5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.1 6 4,364,135 4,594,468 4,805,887 5,074,523 5,241,918 5,237,989 5,376,220 5,280,726 Line GDP w/o adjustment Scenario A percent change Scenario B percent change Scenario C percent change Scenario D percent change 7 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.8 8 4,344,582 4,573,782 4,784,281 5,051,619 5,218,489 5,214,164 5,351,827 5,256,969 9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1 5,423,777 5,813,609 6,053,732 6,263,619 6,475,076 6,742,687 6,981,436 7,112,492 2 5,574,518 5,973,632 6,221,370 6,432,311 6,643,641 6,913,975 7,154,928 7,294,017 3 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.6 4 5,488,281 5,886,756 6,132,559 6,341,916 6,563,368 6,840,134 7,086,997 7,231,365 Line GDP w/o adjustment Scenario A percent change Scenario B percent change Scenario C percent change Scenario D percent change 5 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.7 6 5,521,588 5,919,172 6,161,986 6,367,610 6,586,515 6,861,026 7,106,571 7,250,125 7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 8 5,497,665 5,895,716 6,141,307 6,350,228 6,571,094 6,847,327 7,094,000 7,238,144 9 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.8 3 Appendix Table 1.1 Real Gross Domestic Product with and without R&D Adjustments 1959-2002 [Millions of dollars] Line GDP w/o adjustment Scenario A percent change Scenario B percent change Scenario C percent change Scenario D percent change 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1 7,100,516 7,336,614 7,532,658 7,835,512 8,031,655 8,328,913 8,703,528 9,066,854 2 7,290,807 7,526,957 7,719,384 8,023,550 8,234,469 8,542,059 8,928,417 9,303,370 3 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 4 7,232,449 7,470,918 7,666,435 7,975,238 8,189,862 8,504,107 8,896,708 9,282,527 5 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.4 6 7,250,352 7,487,939 7,682,131 7,989,464 8,201,751 8,513,219 8,901,578 9,285,008 7 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 8 7,238,603 7,476,063 7,670,520 7,978,141 8,191,480 8,505,043 8,896,713 9,284,297 9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.4 1999 2000 2001 1 9,470,332 9,816,973 9,890,694 10,048,846 2 9,721,418 10,082,823 10,151,897 10,295,813 3 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 4 9,716,479 10,098,968 10,181,259 10,339,339 5 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.9 6 9,716,956 10,097,907 10,182,661 10,342,505 Line GDP w/o adjustment Scenario A percent change Scenario B percent change Scenario C percent change Scenario D percent change 2002 7 2.6 2.9 3.0 2.9 8 9,717,955 10,098,145 10,183,341 10,341,526 9 2.6 2.9 3.0 2.9 4 Appendix Table 1.2 Gross Domestic Product with and without R&D Adjustments 1959-2002 [Millions of dollars] Line GDP w/o adjustment Scenario A percent change Scenario B percent change Scenario C percent change Scenario D percent change Scenario A percent change Scenario B percent change Scenario C percent change Scenario D percent change Scenario A percent change Scenario B percent change Scenario C percent change Scenario D percent change Scenario A percent change Scenario B percent change Scenario C percent change Scenario D percent change 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 526,398 544,716 585,627 617,740 663,615 719,119 787,788 2 515,740 536,110 554,792 596,139 629,137 676,479 733,416 804,140 3 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 4 516,850 537,449 556,355 598,014 631,700 679,588 737,175 808,828 5 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.7 6 517,230 537,756 556,726 598,258 631,904 679,700 737,228 808,430 7 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 8 517,380 537,950 556,757 598,506 632,002 679,755 737,346 808,735 9 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.7 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1 832,596 909,989 984,602 1,038,545 1,127,118 1,238,292 1,382,704 1,499,978 2 851,070 931,319 1,008,944 1,064,390 1,154,342 1,267,947 1,414,822 1,534,975 3 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 4 855,833 936,150 1,013,644 1,068,569 1,158,291 1,271,507 1,418,686 1,539,570 5 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 6 855,405 935,697 1,012,453 1,067,149 1,158,009 1,271,790 1,418,623 1,538,163 1967 1968 1969 7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 8 855,877 936,495 1,013,865 1,069,084 1,159,122 1,272,341 1,419,305 1,538,923 9 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1 1,638,339 1,825,267 2,030,945 2,294,706 2,563,326 2,789,504 3,128,435 3,255,011 2 1,676,081 1,866,147 2,075,218 2,343,566 2,618,688 2,852,494 3,200,388 3,335,419 3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.5 4 1,680,325 1,870,680 2,080,265 2,349,551 2,625,568 2,859,291 3,208,403 3,342,222 5 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 6 1,679,626 1,871,028 2,080,758 2,349,029 2,622,846 2,855,987 3,205,224 3,341,779 7 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.7 8 1,680,552 1,871,990 2,081,814 2,350,053 2,624,773 2,857,476 3,206,014 3,342,096 9 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.7 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1 3,536,665 3,933,173 4,220,262 4,462,825 4,739,471 5,103,791 5,484,350 5,803,067 2 3,625,340 4,031,912 4,327,600 4,573,170 4,854,806 5,226,089 5,613,704 5,943,750 3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 4 3,632,466 4,040,445 4,337,161 4,583,164 4,866,150 5,240,357 5,631,357 5,963,292 Line GDP w/o adjustment 1961 506,585 Line GDP w/o adjustment 1960 1 Line GDP w/o adjustment 1959 5 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 6 3,633,847 4,043,769 4,343,431 4,590,982 4,871,027 5,244,029 5,631,720 5,961,603 7 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 8 3,632,755 4,040,694 4,336,794 4,582,991 4,866,039 5,239,936 5,629,729 5,961,864 9 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 5 Appendix Table 1.2 Gross Domestic Product with and without R&D Adjustments 1959-2002 [Millions of dollars] Line GDP w/o adjustment Scenario A percent change Scenario B percent change Scenario C percent change Scenario D percent change 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1 5,995,926 6,337,744 6,657,408 7,072,228 7,397,651 7,816,860 8,304,344 8,746,997 2 6,148,830 6,495,124 6,815,813 7,235,079 7,577,084 8,010,315 8,512,490 8,969,464 3 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 6,169,819 6,515,711 6,837,580 7,256,189 7,597,208 8,031,684 8,533,352 8,990,650 5 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 6 6,167,636 6,515,410 6,838,426 7,257,585 7,600,648 8,034,824 8,539,094 8,993,329 7 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 8 6,169,705 6,517,268 6,838,562 7,258,581 7,597,809 8,030,540 8,532,485 8,985,561 9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 1999 2000 1 9,268,412 9,816,973 10,127,976 10,469,603 2 9,509,980 10,082,824 10,396,528 10,733,588 3 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.5 4 9,529,791 10,098,969 10,414,785 10,751,493 5 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 6 9,530,358 10,097,908 10,409,475 10,743,502 Line GDP w/o adjustment Scenario A percent change Scenario B percent change Scenario C percent change Scenario D percent change 2001 2002 7 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.6 8 9,526,281 10,098,146 10,410,270 10,747,342 9 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 6 Appendix Table 1.3 Gross Domestic Income with and without R&D Adjustments 1959-2002 [Millions of dollars] Line GDI w/o adjustment Scenario A percent change Scenario B percent change Scenario C percent change Scenario D percent change Scenario A percent change Scenario B percent change Scenario C percent change Scenario D percent change Scenario A percent change Scenario B percent change Scenario C percent change Scenario D percent change Scenario A percent change Scenario B percent change Scenario C percent change Scenario D percent change 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 527,327 545,266 585,269 618,511 662,767 717,529 781,511 2 515,279 537,039 555,342 595,781 629,908 675,631 731,826 797,863 3 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 4 516,389 538,378 556,905 597,656 632,471 678,740 735,585 802,551 5 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.7 6 516,769 538,685 557,276 597,900 632,675 678,852 735,638 802,153 7 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 8 516,919 538,879 557,307 598,148 632,773 678,907 735,756 802,458 9 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.7 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1 827,959 905,435 981,437 1,031,241 1,115,515 1,229,172 1,374,059 1,489,124 2 846,433 926,765 1,005,779 1,057,086 1,142,739 1,258,827 1,406,177 1,524,121 3 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.4 4 851,196 931,596 1,010,479 1,061,265 1,146,688 1,262,387 1,410,041 1,528,716 5 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.7 6 850,768 931,143 1,009,288 1,059,845 1,146,406 1,262,670 1,409,978 1,527,309 1967 1968 1969 7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 8 851,240 931,941 1,010,700 1,061,780 1,147,519 1,263,221 1,410,660 1,528,069 9 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1 1,620,627 1,800,138 2,008,651 2,268,128 2,517,280 2,748,069 3,097,508 3,254,706 2 1,658,369 1,841,018 2,052,924 2,316,988 2,572,642 2,811,059 3,169,461 3,335,114 3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.5 4 1,662,613 1,845,551 2,057,971 2,322,973 2,579,522 2,817,856 3,177,476 3,341,917 5 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.7 6 1,661,914 1,845,899 2,058,464 2,322,451 2,576,800 2,814,552 3,174,297 3,341,474 7 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.7 8 1,662,840 1,846,861 2,059,520 2,323,475 2,578,727 2,816,041 3,175,087 3,341,791 9 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.7 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1 3,490,932 3,918,582 4,203,578 4,415,834 4,717,795 5,123,316 5,444,689 5,736,843 2 3,579,607 4,017,321 4,310,916 4,526,179 4,833,130 5,245,614 5,574,043 5,877,526 3 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 4 3,586,733 4,025,854 4,320,477 4,536,173 4,844,474 5,259,882 5,591,696 5,897,068 Line GDI w/o adjustment 1961 506,124 Line GDI w/o adjustment 1960 1 Line GDI w/o adjustment 1959 5 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 6 3,588,114 4,029,178 4,326,747 4,543,991 4,849,351 5,263,554 5,592,059 5,895,379 7 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.8 8 3,587,022 4,026,103 4,320,110 4,536,000 4,844,363 5,259,461 5,590,068 5,895,640 9 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 7 Appendix Table 1.3 Gross Domestic Income with and without R&D Adjustments 1959-2002 [Millions of dollars] Line GDI w/o adjustment Scenario A percent change Scenario B percent change Scenario C percent change Scenario D percent change 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1 5,923,410 6,234,996 6,517,867 6,929,731 7,296,466 7,723,173 8,233,690 8,761,644 2 6,076,314 6,392,376 6,676,272 7,092,582 7,475,899 7,916,628 8,441,836 8,984,111 3 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 6,097,303 6,412,963 6,698,039 7,113,692 7,496,023 7,937,997 8,462,698 9,005,297 5 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 6 6,095,120 6,412,662 6,698,885 7,115,088 7,499,463 7,941,137 8,468,440 9,007,976 7 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 8 6,097,189 6,414,520 6,699,021 7,116,084 7,496,624 7,936,853 8,461,831 9,000,208 9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.7 1999 2000 1 9,304,137 9,944,136 10,217,619 10,490,593 2 9,545,705 10,209,987 10,486,171 10,754,578 3 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.5 4 9,565,516 10,226,132 10,504,428 10,772,483 5 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 6 9,566,083 10,225,071 10,499,118 10,764,492 Line GDI w/o adjustment Scenario A percent change Scenario B percent change Scenario C percent change Scenario D percent change 2001 2002 7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.6 8 9,562,006 10,225,309 10,499,913 10,768,332 9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.6 8 Appendix Table 1.4 National Savings Rate (% of GNI) 1959-2002 Line 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 w/o adjustment 1 20.9 21.0 20.8 21.2 21.4 21.5 21.9 21.4 Scenario A 2 22.9 23.2 23.1 23.4 23.8 23.9 24.3 23.8 Scenario B 3 22.9 23.1 23.0 23.4 23.7 23.8 24.1 23.7 Scenario C 4 22.9 23.1 23.0 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.1 23.7 Scenario D 5 22.9 23.1 23.0 23.3 23.6 23.8 24.1 23.7 Line 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 w/o adjustment 1 20.5 20.0 20.1 18.6 18.6 19.2 21.1 20.0 Scenario A 2 22.8 22.2 22.2 20.6 20.5 21.1 22.8 21.8 Scenario B 3 22.7 22.1 22.1 20.5 20.5 21.0 22.8 21.7 Scenario C 4 22.7 22.1 22.1 20.6 20.5 21.0 22.8 21.8 Scenario D 5 22.7 22.1 22.1 20.5 20.5 21.0 22.7 21.8 Line 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 w/o adjustment 1 18.2 18.8 19.6 20.9 21.1 19.7 20.9 19.1 Scenario A 2 20.0 20.6 21.3 22.6 22.8 21.6 22.8 21.1 Scenario B 3 19.9 20.5 21.3 22.5 22.7 21.6 22.7 21.1 Scenario C 4 19.9 20.5 21.3 22.5 22.8 21.6 22.7 21.1 Scenario D 5 19.9 20.5 21.3 22.5 22.7 21.6 22.7 21.1 Line 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 w/o adjustment 1 17.3 19.6 18.1 16.5 16.8 17.8 17.3 16.3 Scenario A 2 19.4 21.6 20.4 18.8 19.1 19.9 19.4 18.5 Scenario B 3 19.3 21.6 20.3 18.8 19.0 19.9 19.4 18.5 Scenario C 4 19.3 21.6 20.3 18.8 19.0 19.9 19.4 18.5 Scenario D 5 19.3 21.6 20.3 18.8 19.0 19.9 19.4 18.5 Line 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 w/o adjustment 1 16.2 15.1 14.7 15.4 16.2 16.6 17.7 18.2 Scenario A 2 18.5 17.4 16.9 17.5 18.2 18.7 19.8 20.3 Scenario B 3 18.4 17.3 16.8 17.4 18.2 18.7 19.7 20.2 Scenario C 4 18.4 17.3 16.8 17.4 18.2 18.7 19.7 20.2 Scenario D 5 18.4 17.3 16.8 17.4 18.2 18.7 19.7 20.2 Line 1999 2000 2001 2002 w/o adjustment 1 17.9 17.7 16.2 14.2 Scenario A 2 20.0 19.9 18.4 16.4 Scenario B 3 20.0 19.9 18.3 16.3 Scenario C 4 20.0 19.9 18.3 16.4 Scenario D 5 20.0 19.9 18.3 16.3 9 Appendix Table 1.5 Aggregate Current Cost Returns to R&D Assets 1959-2002* [Millions of dollars] Net returns to business Depreciation of business Line 1 2 1959 3,689 4,001 1960 3,788 4,297 1961 3,981 4,483 1962 4,362 4,610 1963 4,475 4,605 1964 4,762 4,655 1965 5,156 4,771 1966 5,403 5,002 1967 5,444 5,363 Net returns to nonprofits Depreciation of nonprofits 3 4 36 94 37 101 40 109 48 122 54 135 63 149 74 165 84 187 89 212 Net returns to government Depreciation of government 5 6 1,336 3,496 1,500 4,107 1,768 4,806 2,225 5,674 2,651 6,582 3,246 7,657 3,961 8,846 4,537 10,135 4,821 11,462 1968 5,943 5,855 1969 6,256 6,549 1970 6,361 7,493 1971 7,200 8,272 1972 7,869 8,976 1973 8,664 9,793 1974 8,741 10,984 1975 9,904 12,619 1976 11,380 14,205 Net returns to business Depreciation of business Line 1 2 Net returns to nonprofits Depreciation of nonprofits 3 4 100 237 104 262 104 295 117 325 128 353 140 381 138 419 156 480 180 542 Net returns to government Depreciation of government 5 6 5,313 12,633 5,368 13,561 5,147 14,631 5,559 15,413 5,832 16,055 6,127 16,713 5,875 17,816 6,380 19,616 7,067 21,288 Line 1 2 1977 13,017 15,748 1978 14,213 17,058 1979 14,920 19,054 1980 15,626 21,497 1981 18,963 24,645 1982 20,898 29,090 1983 24,731 32,527 1984 30,911 36,241 1985 33,998 40,548 Net returns to business Depreciation of business Net returns to nonprofits Depreciation of nonprofits 3 4 206 602 226 654 236 728 244 809 290 909 312 1,048 359 1,140 434 1,229 464 1,335 Net returns to government Depreciation of government 5 6 7,800 22,771 8,202 23,755 8,212 25,309 8,159 27,087 9,362 29,363 9,704 32,598 10,759 34,147 12,575 35,577 13,061 37,591 Line 1 2 1986 36,039 44,862 1987 39,079 48,555 1988 43,635 52,683 1989 46,511 57,631 1990 48,663 63,458 1991 51,236 70,774 1992 54,646 76,371 1993 57,143 79,972 1994 60,390 82,617 Net returns to business Depreciation of business Net returns to nonprofits Depreciation of nonprofits 3 4 489 1,470 543 1,628 631 1,838 707 2,114 773 2,432 840 2,799 924 3,115 1,003 3,387 1,101 3,635 Net returns to government Depreciation of government 5 6 13,471 40,465 14,526 43,552 16,173 47,120 17,251 51,581 17,997 56,633 18,591 61,971 19,400 65,426 20,118 67,944 21,258 70,180 Line 1 2 1995 62,383 83,201 1996 67,699 87,299 1997 73,935 93,770 1998 74,187 98,798 1999 78,729 109,445 2000 84,244 122,177 2001 83,335 134,688 2002 88,324 141,814 Net returns to business Depreciation of business Net returns to nonprofits Depreciation of nonprofits 3 4 1,158 3,727 1,249 3,887 1,343 4,110 1,322 4,249 1,367 4,587 1,413 4,945 1,366 5,328 1,465 5,674 Net returns to government Depreciation of government 5 6 21,579 69,452 22,425 69,781 23,199 71,003 21,886 70,335 21,608 72,489 21,242 74,342 19,654 76,654 20,478 79,343 *Implemented using assumptions defined in Scenario D 10 Appendix Table 2: Steps to Transform Survey Data to R&D Investment in Current Dollars Private Performers Source data adjustment Explanation of adjustment Business Government Performers Private Colleges Private NonPublic Colleges Federal and Universities profit Institutions and Universities Government State and Local Government FFRDC Business FFRDC FFRDC Colleges Non-profit and Universities NSF Survey Intramural Expenditures on R&D Identify costs for labor, material, and supplies Plus or minus expenditures to align the survey data with Frascati-defined R&D Estimate separately so the components can be deflated separately. x + R&D in social sciences NAN + R&D in the humanities - expenditures for commercialization. Plus payments for the use of R&D purchased as an intermediate input to production of R&D in the sector + Surveyed expenditures are reported either by performer or by funder and excludes intermediate consumption to avoid doublecounting. Gross output includes intermediate consumption, including the payment for the use of R&D Adjustments for NIPA consistency +/- These adjustments align the survey data to NIPA conventions NAN NAN This is a survey data adjustment, Frascati data should be domestic performance only. NAN Adjust from fiscal to calendar year Subtract expenditures for foreign performers Remove any additions to gross capital Subtract capital expenditures for purchase of structures and equipment Subtract capital expenditures for purchase of software x Capital expenditures embedded in the current expenditure survey data should be removed from the gross output measure. Software expenditures embedded in the current expenditure survey data should be removed from the gross output measure. NAN NAN NAN NAN x NAN NAN NAN x NAN x x x x x x NAN x NAN NAN x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Adjustments to move from expenditures to full value of output Plus consumption of fixed capital on + Consumption of fixed capital is part of the structures, equipment, and software cost of production; Frascati-based owned by R&D producers and used to expenditures do not include depreciation or perform R&D performed in the US. CFC measures. Where source data include depreciation already, BEA adjusts to align reported depreciation to a NIPA-consistent measure. Plus other taxes on production less subsidies +/- These taxes and subsidies are production related, none identified Plus Imports of R&D + Domestic investment includes imported capital - Domestic investment excludes exported capital Minus Exports of R&D Notes to the table: An "x" indicates an adjustment that BEA has made to the source data. "NAN" indicates that no adjustment is necessary. A blank indicates an adjustment to be made in future estimates. 11 Appendix Table 3.1 Historical Cost Investment Flows in R&D Assets by Funder 1959-2002 [Millions of dollars] 1960 1961 13,819 14,625 5,948 5,484 5,807 5,318 18 19 123 147 7,871 9,141 5,876 6,962 1,823 1,988 123 136 48 54 Line Total R&D Investment 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 1959 12,575 5,967 5,834 16 117 6,607 4,785 1,668 111 44 1962 15,662 5,009 4,811 21 177 10,653 8,264 2,177 150 62 1963 17,483 5,057 4,840 22 195 12,426 9,713 2,476 165 72 1964 19,094 5,248 5,025 28 195 13,847 10,729 2,853 181 84 1965 20,374 5,440 5,180 38 222 14,934 11,492 3,153 194 95 1966 22,321 6,295 6,004 46 244 16,026 12,312 3,382 215 116 Line Total R&D Investment 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 1967 23,728 7,014 6,697 52 266 16,714 12,786 3,556 226 146 1968 25,109 8,562 8,223 56 284 16,547 12,520 3,610 253 164 1969 26,286 10,325 9,968 59 298 15,961 11,751 3,736 298 176 1970 26,627 10,761 10,363 64 334 15,866 11,288 4,053 329 196 1971 27,460 11,017 10,590 70 358 16,442 11,427 4,430 363 221 1972 29,404 12,133 11,680 70 384 17,270 11,802 4,831 394 243 1973 31,738 13,711 13,241 68 402 18,027 12,227 5,084 438 278 1974 34,330 15,226 14,696 74 457 19,104 12,895 5,405 480 324 Line Total R&D Investment 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 1975 36,757 16,187 15,582 81 523 20,571 13,911 5,777 529 354 1976 40,523 18,321 17,646 90 585 22,202 15,209 6,037 566 390 1977 44,432 20,248 19,491 108 649 24,184 16,839 6,271 613 461 1978 49,694 23,381 22,509 134 738 26,313 18,367 6,706 693 547 1979 56,878 27,955 26,963 156 836 28,924 20,229 7,292 772 631 1980 65,461 32,788 31,673 174 940 32,674 22,980 8,106 844 743 1981 74,798 38,940 37,656 202 1,082 35,858 25,257 8,795 952 854 1982 82,924 44,855 43,423 230 1,201 38,069 26,733 9,333 1,026 978 Line Total R&D Investment 1 2 Private 3 Business 4 Universities and colleges 5 Other nonprofit institutions 6 Government 7 Federal Government-extramural 8 Federal Government-intramural State and local governments, excl U&C 9 10 Universities and colleges 1983 91,680 51,255 49,685 242 1,328 40,425 27,976 10,256 1,083 1,110 1984 103,948 59,436 57,706 269 1,462 44,512 30,718 11,390 1,169 1,235 1985 116,262 66,029 64,082 304 1,643 50,234 34,877 12,604 1,326 1,427 1986 122,744 66,478 64,270 342 1,866 56,267 39,397 13,688 1,511 1,671 1987 127,619 68,792 66,320 383 2,089 58,827 41,811 13,510 1,634 1,872 1988 135,602 73,273 70,383 428 2,463 62,328 44,273 14,190 1,779 2,086 1989 143,924 76,970 73,726 478 2,765 66,954 47,568 15,109 1,914 2,362 1990 154,233 84,482 80,962 546 2,974 69,752 49,401 15,675 2,039 2,636 12 Appendix Table 3.1 Historical Cost Investment Flows in R&D Assets by Funder 1959-2002 [Millions of dollars] Line Total R&D Investment 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 Line Total R&D Investment 1 1991 163,575 93,488 89,578 618 3,293 70,087 49,557 15,566 2,128 2,836 1992 167,786 94,842 90,659 631 3,551 72,945 51,986 15,867 2,162 2,930 1993 168,051 93,106 88,702 629 3,775 74,945 53,297 16,405 2,178 3,066 1994 171,635 94,715 90,179 651 3,885 76,920 54,849 16,599 2,215 3,257 1999 2000 2001 2002 245,878 268,559 275,294 276,533 2 163,863 185,749 186,207 178,269 3 157,817 179,231 179,292 170,779 4 Universities and colleges 5 Other nonprofit institutions 6 Government 7 Federal Government-extramural 8 Federal Government-intramural State and local governments, excl U&C 9 10 Universities and colleges 883 5,163 82,015 57,953 16,481 2,851 4,730 972 5,546 82,810 58,032 16,450 3,080 5,249 1,061 5,854 89,087 61,831 18,249 3,269 5,739 1,190 6,300 98,264 68,713 19,922 3,482 6,147 Private Business 13 Appendix 1995 185,086 108,937 104,242 708 3,987 76,149 54,108 16,318 2,344 3,379 1996 198,769 121,293 116,338 782 4,173 77,476 55,210 16,159 2,473 3,633 1997 213,827 133,804 128,485 797 4,522 80,023 56,832 16,570 2,590 4,032 1998 227,725 146,481 140,772 811 4,898 81,244 57,638 16,566 2,683 4,357 Table 3.2 Real Investment Flows in R&D Assets by Funder 1959-2002* [Millions of dollars] Line Total R&D Investment Private Business 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1 19,409 21,224 22,509 23,972 27,174 29,844 31,749 2 9,211 9,135 8,440 7,666 7,860 8,202 8,477 34,247 9,659 3 9,005 8,919 8,185 7,364 7,522 7,854 8,072 9,212 Universities and colleges 4 25 27 29 31 34 44 60 71 Other nonprofit institutions 5 181 190 226 271 303 305 345 375 Government 6 10,199 12,089 14,069 16,306 19,314 21,642 23,271 24,589 Federal Government-extramural 7 7,385 9,024 10,715 12,649 15,097 16,769 17,907 18,891 Federal Government-intramural 8 2,574 2,801 3,060 3,332 3,848 4,459 4,913 5,190 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 171 189 210 229 257 282 302 330 Universities and colleges 10 68 74 84 95 112 131 149 178 Line Total R&D Investment 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1 35,446 36,558 37,446 36,008 35,844 37,862 40,088 41,528 2 10,478 12,466 14,709 14,552 14,382 15,624 17,318 18,419 Business 3 10,004 11,972 14,201 14,014 13,823 15,040 16,724 17,777 Universities and colleges 4 77 81 84 86 91 90 86 89 Other nonprofit institutions 5 397 413 424 452 467 494 508 552 Private Government 6 24,968 24,092 22,738 21,455 21,463 22,238 22,769 23,109 Federal Government-extramural 7 19,100 18,228 16,740 15,265 14,917 15,197 15,444 15,598 Federal Government-intramural 8 5,312 5,256 5,322 5,480 5,783 6,221 6,421 6,538 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 338 369 425 444 474 508 553 580 Universities and colleges 10 218 239 250 266 289 313 351 392 Line Total R&D Investment Private Business 1 1975 1976 40,811 1977 42,011 43,974 1978 48,227 1979 53,519 1980 59,495 1981 64,962 1982 67,722 2 17,972 18,994 20,039 22,690 26,304 29,799 33,819 36,632 3 17,301 18,294 19,290 21,845 25,370 28,786 32,704 35,463 Universities and colleges 4 90 93 107 130 146 159 176 188 Other nonprofit institutions 5 581 607 642 716 787 855 939 981 Government 6 22,839 23,017 23,935 25,536 27,216 29,695 31,143 31,090 Federal Government-extramural 7 15,445 15,767 16,665 17,825 19,034 20,885 21,935 21,832 Federal Government-intramural 8 6,414 6,258 6,206 6,508 6,861 7,367 7,639 7,622 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 587 587 607 673 726 767 827 838 Universities and colleges 10 393 405 456 531 594 675 742 798 Line Total R&D Investment Private Business 1 1983 74,035 1984 1985 84,296 95,657 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 101,469 106,655 113,115 118,375 123,975 2 41,390 48,199 54,326 54,955 57,492 61,123 63,307 67,908 3 40,123 46,796 52,725 53,130 55,426 58,711 60,639 65,079 Universities and colleges 4 195 218 250 282 320 357 394 439 Other nonprofit institutions 5 1,072 1,185 1,351 1,543 1,746 2,054 2,274 2,390 6 32,644 36,097 41,331 46,514 49,164 51,992 55,069 56,067 Federal Government-extramural 7 22,591 24,910 28,695 32,568 34,943 36,931 39,124 39,710 Federal Government-intramural 8 8,282 9,237 10,370 11,315 11,290 11,836 12,427 12,600 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 875 948 1,091 1,249 1,366 1,484 1,574 1,639 Universities and colleges 10 896 1,001 1,174 1,381 1,564 1,740 1,943 2,119 Government *Implemented using assumptions defined in Scenario D 14 Appendix Table 3.2 Real Investment Flows in R&D Assets by Funder 1959-2002* [Millions of dollars] Line 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1 126,619 128,330 129,120 132,713 149,408 165,738 184,926 213,125 2 72,366 72,539 71,537 73,237 87,938 101,137 115,719 137,090 Business 3 69,339 69,340 68,153 69,729 84,148 97,005 111,119 131,747 Universities and colleges 4 478 483 483 504 572 652 689 759 Other nonprofit institutions 5 2,549 2,716 2,900 3,004 3,218 3,480 3,911 4,584 Total R&D Investment Private Government 6 54,252 55,791 57,583 59,477 61,470 64,601 69,207 76,035 Federal Government-extramural 7 38,361 39,761 40,950 42,411 43,678 46,036 49,150 53,943 Federal Government-intramural 8 12,049 12,136 12,604 12,835 13,172 13,474 14,330 15,504 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 1,647 1,653 1,673 1,713 1,892 2,062 2,240 2,511 Universities and colleges 10 2,195 2,241 2,356 2,518 2,728 3,029 3,487 4,078 Line Total R&D Investment Private Business 1999 2000 2001 2002 1 239,359 268,559 285,661 288,335 2 159,519 185,749 193,219 185,877 3 153,633 179,231 186,044 178,067 Universities and colleges 4 860 972 1,101 1,241 Other nonprofit institutions 5 5,026 5,546 6,074 6,569 6 79,841 82,810 92,442 102,458 Federal Government-extramural 7 56,417 58,032 64,159 71,645 Federal Government-intramural 8 16,044 16,450 18,936 20,773 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 2,775 3,080 3,392 3,631 Universities and colleges 10 4,604 5,249 5,955 6,409 Government *Implemented using assumptions defined in Scenario D 15 Appendix Table 3.3 Historical Cost Net Stock of R&D Assets by Funder 1959-2002 [Millions of dollars] Line 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 Total R&D assets 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 43,541 49,792 55,851 61,961 68,838 76,175 83,595 91,702 23,140 25,171 26,468 27,131 27,739 28,432 29,199 30,642 22,622 24,600 25,829 26,405 26,921 27,531 28,193 29,518 86 90 94 99 104 115 133 156 432 481 545 627 714 787 874 969 20,401 24,621 29,383 34,830 41,100 47,743 54,395 61,060 13,278 16,721 20,653 25,199 30,404 35,768 41,032 46,267 6,508 7,218 7,975 8,792 9,763 10,938 12,214 13,510 431 480 534 593 657 725 796 875 184 201 221 246 275 312 353 407 Line 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 1967 Line 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 166,930 179,375 193,568 210,499 231,537 257,358 287,942 321,455 67,743 74,529 82,079 91,394 103,543 118,340 136,608 157,608 65,259 71,793 79,053 88,016 99,754 114,089 131,807 152,203 365 393 434 493 563 640 731 834 2,119 2,342 2,591 2,885 3,226 3,612 4,070 4,571 99,187 104,846 111,489 119,106 127,994 139,018 151,334 163,848 69,784 73,384 77,952 83,249 89,473 97,308 106,075 114,891 25,936 27,630 29,286 31,096 33,176 35,698 38,479 41,340 2,133 2,337 2,553 2,812 3,104 3,419 3,787 4,168 1,335 1,496 1,698 1,949 2,241 2,592 2,994 3,449 Line 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 358,041 400,487 447,957 494,302 538,204 582,905 628,598 676,974 181,378 209,149 238,853 264,517 288,472 312,979 337,229 364,791 175,331 202,409 231,323 256,074 279,009 302,262 325,119 351,241 933 1,042 1,167 1,308 1,466 1,642 1,838 2,068 5,114 5,698 6,363 7,135 7,997 9,075 10,272 11,482 176,664 191,338 209,103 229,785 249,732 269,926 291,369 312,184 123,535 133,419 145,667 160,259 174,895 189,614 205,172 220,093 44,626 48,468 52,857 57,589 61,447 65,356 69,528 73,598 4,544 4,944 5,429 6,013 6,623 7,275 7,955 8,648 3,958 4,507 5,150 5,923 6,766 7,681 8,714 9,845 Total R&D assets Total R&D assets 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 Total R&D assets 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 99,895 108,137 116,231 123,426 130,313 137,964 146,627 156,388 32,534 35,574 39,789 43,775 47,399 51,513 56,469 62,083 31,284 34,198 38,289 42,131 45,607 49,570 54,382 59,819 180 205 229 253 280 303 321 341 1,069 1,171 1,271 1,390 1,512 1,640 1,766 1,924 67,361 72,563 76,442 79,652 82,913 86,451 90,158 94,305 51,153 55,061 57,672 59,463 61,113 62,864 64,744 66,960 14,773 15,896 16,967 18,171 19,543 21,080 22,620 24,227 953 1,044 1,164 1,293 1,435 1,585 1,752 1,933 482 561 640 725 821 923 1,042 1,185 16 Appendix Table 3.3 Historical Cost Net Stock of R&D Assets by Funder 1959-2002 [Millions of dollars] Line 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 Total R&D assets Line 1 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 Total R&D assets Private 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 726,735 772,928 812,435 849,332 893,137 943,028 999,364 1,060,105 396,549 424,795 447,198 467,730 498,337 535,783 579,184 627,802 381,415 408,062 428,902 447,982 477,208 513,240 555,103 602,051 2,329 2,563 2,760 2,949 3,162 3,410 3,636 3,841 12,805 14,169 15,536 16,799 17,967 19,132 20,445 21,909 330,187 348,133 365,237 381,602 394,800 407,245 420,180 432,303 232,919 246,068 258,457 270,424 279,910 288,993 298,214 306,797 76,957 80,090 83,251 86,117 88,294 89,997 91,825 93,375 9,319 9,921 10,447 10,929 11,458 12,027 12,618 13,207 10,992 12,054 13,082 14,132 15,138 16,227 17,523 18,925 1999 2000 2001 2002 1,128,526 1,207,664 1,281,162 1,344,780 685,205 754,242 813,347 856,244 657,725 724,855 781,972 822,646 4,082 4,369 4,694 5,091 23,398 25,019 26,681 28,506 443,322 453,422 467,815 488,537 314,384 320,906 329,963 344,028 94,614 95,638 98,172 101,875 13,863 14,632 15,461 16,363 20,461 22,247 24,218 26,271 17 Appendix 1998 Table 3.4 Current Cost Net Stock of R&D Assets by Funder 1959-2002* [Millions of dollars] Line Total R&D assets 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 1959 44,928 23,829 23,284 97 448 21,099 13,633 6,824 449 193 1960 50,300 25,412 24,826 97 488 24,889 16,806 7,387 489 206 1961 55,629 26,350 25,706 99 545 29,279 20,498 8,023 536 223 1962 60,574 26,496 25,780 101 615 34,078 24,592 8,661 582 242 1963 66,086 26,536 25,745 104 687 39,550 29,223 9,427 633 266 1964 72,644 26,947 26,082 113 752 45,698 34,223 10,482 694 299 1965 79,964 27,705 26,738 130 837 52,259 39,421 11,735 763 340 1966 88,767 29,419 28,326 154 940 59,348 44,977 13,126 849 397 Line Total R&D assets 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 1967 97,903 31,658 30,429 180 1,050 66,245 50,314 14,521 936 475 1968 106,707 34,915 33,553 205 1,158 71,792 54,482 15,720 1,032 557 1969 116,824 39,847 38,335 232 1,279 76,977 58,078 17,083 1,171 646 1970 126,304 44,646 42,961 261 1,423 81,658 60,973 18,617 1,324 744 1971 132,890 48,183 46,354 287 1,542 84,708 62,467 19,940 1,463 838 1972 139,157 51,814 49,854 306 1,654 87,342 63,548 21,267 1,597 930 1973 148,558 57,084 54,969 326 1,789 91,474 65,724 22,922 1,774 1,055 1974 163,900 64,921 62,549 358 2,015 98,979 70,322 25,392 2,024 1,241 Line Total R&D assets 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 1975 181,171 73,302 70,611 397 2,294 107,870 75,973 28,145 2,308 1,443 1976 196,426 81,274 78,288 431 2,555 115,152 80,702 30,273 2,549 1,628 1977 208,336 87,919 84,677 467 2,775 120,417 84,290 31,577 2,737 1,812 1978 222,036 95,932 92,386 518 3,028 126,104 88,223 32,889 2,955 2,037 1979 241,444 107,451 103,518 585 3,349 133,992 93,736 34,713 3,227 2,317 1980 267,780 122,580 118,173 663 3,744 145,200 101,690 37,282 3,550 2,677 1981 303,062 143,152 138,114 767 4,271 159,910 112,127 40,672 3,981 3,130 1982 334,452 163,190 157,582 865 4,743 171,262 120,123 43,238 4,335 3,565 Line Total R&D assets 1 2 Private Business 3 4 Universities and colleges 5 Other nonprofit institutions 6 Government 7 Federal Government-extramural 8 Federal Government-intramural State and local governments, excl U&C 9 10 Universities and colleges 1983 359,444 181,315 175,258 934 5,123 178,129 124,595 45,018 4,563 3,952 1984 386,788 201,441 194,943 1,004 5,495 185,347 129,267 46,970 4,774 4,336 1985 419,786 223,601 216,554 1,092 5,955 196,185 136,682 49,602 5,083 4,818 1986 452,274 241,898 234,173 1,197 6,529 210,375 146,746 52,703 5,499 5,428 1987 484,144 259,431 250,895 1,322 7,213 224,713 157,454 55,178 5,961 6,120 1988 522,241 280,404 270,739 1,479 8,185 241,837 170,002 58,363 6,531 6,942 1989 565,008 303,086 292,097 1,665 9,323 261,923 184,582 62,248 7,171 7,922 1990 614,795 331,405 318,968 1,896 10,540 283,390 199,938 66,517 7,878 9,058 *Implemented using assumptions defined in Scenario D 18 Appendix Table 3.4 Current Cost Net Stock of R&D Assets by Funder 1959-2002* [Millions of dollars] Line Total R&D assets 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 Line Total R&D assets Private Business 1991 658,363 359,723 345,858 2,133 11,732 298,639 210,795 69,291 8,465 10,087 1992 683,625 376,377 361,396 2,294 12,687 307,248 217,320 70,335 8,794 10,798 1993 696,604 384,047 368,134 2,396 13,518 312,557 221,333 70,875 8,975 11,373 1994 694,650 383,050 366,639 2,443 13,968 311,600 220,990 69,916 8,953 11,741 1999 2000 2001 2002 1 761,111 803,138 844,879 887,686 2 471,997 514,770 550,119 576,419 3 453,279 495,094 529,271 553,928 Universities and colleges 4 2,768 2,916 3,122 3,428 Other nonprofit institutions 5 15,950 16,760 17,727 19,063 6 289,114 288,368 294,760 311,267 Federal Government-extramural 7 205,031 203,897 207,395 218,634 Federal Government-intramural 8 60,771 59,782 60,913 63,986 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 9,242 9,594 10,076 10,748 Universities and colleges 10 14,071 15,094 16,376 17,898 Government *Implemented using assumptions defined in Scenario D 19 Appendix 1995 697,116 390,490 373,736 2,502 14,252 306,626 217,553 68,120 8,948 12,005 1996 710,649 406,843 389,606 2,611 14,625 303,806 215,764 66,566 9,053 12,423 1997 714,429 418,813 401,371 2,635 14,808 295,615 209,946 63,942 8,986 12,742 1998 726,280 437,115 419,252 2,654 15,209 289,166 205,312 61,666 8,976 13,212 Table 3.5 Real Net Stock of R&D Assets by Funder 1959-2002* [Millions of dollars] Line Total R&D assets Private Business 1959 1963 1964 1965 1966 1 69,176 1960 77,338 1961 85,382 1962 93,427 103,004 113,371 123,643 134,377 2 36,690 39,071 40,443 40,867 41,360 42,054 42,839 44,535 3 35,850 38,170 39,454 39,762 40,128 40,705 41,343 42,880 Universities and colleges 4 150 150 152 156 162 176 201 233 Other nonprofit institutions 5 690 751 836 948 1,071 1,173 1,295 1,422 Government 6 32,486 38,267 44,939 52,560 61,644 71,317 80,804 89,842 Federal Government-extramural 7 20,990 25,840 31,461 37,929 45,548 53,410 60,954 68,086 Federal Government-intramural 8 10,506 11,358 12,314 13,359 14,694 16,358 18,145 19,870 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 692 752 822 898 986 1,083 1,180 1,285 Universities and colleges 10 298 317 342 373 415 466 525 601 Line 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1 144,372 153,667 162,093 167,784 172,286 177,461 183,588 189,770 2 46,684 50,281 55,287 59,308 62,466 66,077 70,544 75,169 Business 3 44,872 48,319 53,190 57,071 60,095 63,577 67,931 72,421 Universities and colleges 4 265 295 322 347 372 391 402 414 Other nonprofit institutions 5 1,548 1,667 1,775 1,890 1,999 2,109 2,211 2,333 Total R&D assets Private Government 6 97,688 103,386 106,806 108,476 109,820 111,385 113,044 114,602 Federal Government-extramural 7 74,195 78,459 80,582 80,998 80,985 81,040 81,221 81,422 Federal Government-intramural 8 21,413 22,639 23,702 24,731 25,852 27,122 28,327 29,400 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 1,380 1,486 1,625 1,759 1,896 2,036 2,192 2,343 Universities and colleges 10 700 802 896 989 1,086 1,187 1,304 1,437 Line Total R&D assets Private Business 1 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 194,259 198,913 204,169 212,152 223,244 237,847 255,115 271,602 2 78,597 82,303 86,160 91,662 99,352 108,878 120,504 132,524 3 75,711 79,279 82,983 88,273 95,715 104,963 116,263 127,969 Universities and colleges 4 425 436 458 495 541 589 646 703 Other nonprofit institutions 5 2,460 2,587 2,720 2,893 3,096 3,326 3,595 3,852 Government 6 115,662 116,610 118,008 120,491 123,892 128,969 134,610 139,078 Federal Government-extramural 7 81,461 81,724 82,604 84,296 86,670 90,323 94,388 97,550 Federal Government-intramural 8 30,179 30,657 30,946 31,425 32,096 33,115 34,237 35,113 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 2,475 2,581 2,683 2,823 2,984 3,154 3,351 3,520 Universities and colleges 10 1,547 1,649 1,776 1,947 2,142 2,378 2,635 2,895 Line Total R&D assets Private Business 1 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 290,874 315,934 346,203 375,919 404,237 432,565 459,376 484,866 2 146,726 164,540 184,407 201,060 216,612 232,255 246,422 261,366 3 141,825 159,232 178,595 194,639 209,485 224,250 237,488 251,558 Universities and colleges 4 756 820 901 995 1,104 1,225 1,354 1,495 Other nonprofit institutions 5 4,146 4,488 4,911 5,427 6,023 6,780 7,580 8,313 6 144,148 151,394 161,796 174,859 187,625 200,311 212,954 223,499 Federal Government-extramural 7 100,827 105,587 112,724 121,972 131,466 140,810 150,073 157,683 Federal Government-intramural 8 36,430 38,365 40,907 43,805 46,071 48,341 50,610 52,460 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 3,693 3,900 4,192 4,571 4,978 5,409 5,830 6,213 Universities and colleges 10 3,198 3,542 3,973 4,512 5,110 5,750 6,441 7,143 Government *Implemented using assumptions defined in Scenario D 20 Appendix Table 3.5 Real Net Stock of R&D Assets by Funder 1959-2002* [Millions of dollars] Line 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1 506,564 524,059 536,926 548,681 571,854 603,373 642,243 693,102 2 276,782 288,526 296,015 302,558 320,324 345,428 376,497 417,146 Business 3 266,114 277,042 283,749 289,596 306,580 330,794 360,817 400,100 Universities and colleges 4 1,641 1,759 1,847 1,930 2,053 2,217 2,369 2,532 Other nonprofit institutions 5 9,027 9,726 10,419 11,033 11,691 12,418 13,311 14,514 Total R&D assets Private Government 6 229,782 235,532 240,912 246,123 251,529 257,945 265,746 275,956 Federal Government-extramural 7 162,192 166,595 170,598 174,553 178,461 183,194 188,733 195,933 Federal Government-intramural 8 53,315 53,918 54,629 55,224 55,880 56,518 57,481 58,849 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 6,513 6,742 6,918 7,072 7,340 7,687 8,078 8,566 Universities and colleges 10 7,761 8,278 8,766 9,274 9,848 10,547 11,454 12,608 Line Total R&D assets Private Business 1999 2000 2001 2002 1 750,886 817,981 878,812 930,634 2 465,656 524,284 572,214 604,308 3 447,190 504,244 550,528 580,728 Universities and colleges 4 2,731 2,970 3,247 3,594 Other nonprofit institutions 5 15,736 17,070 18,439 19,985 6 285,230 293,697 306,599 326,327 Federal Government-extramural 7 202,276 207,666 215,724 229,212 Federal Government-intramural 8 59,954 60,887 63,360 67,082 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 9,118 9,772 10,480 11,269 Universities and colleges 10 13,882 15,373 17,034 18,764 Government *Implemented using assumptions defined in Scenario D 21 Appendix Table 3.6 Historical Cost Depreciation of R&D Assets by Funder 1959-2002 [Millions of dollars] 1960 1961 7,568 8,566 3,917 4,187 3,829 4,089 14 15 74 83 3,650 4,379 2,432 3,030 1,113 1,232 74 82 31 34 Line Total R&D assets 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 1959 6,574 3,557 3,477 14 66 3,017 1,921 1,001 66 29 1962 9,552 4,346 4,235 16 95 5,206 3,718 1,359 91 38 1963 10,605 4,449 4,324 16 109 6,156 4,508 1,504 101 42 1964 11,758 4,554 4,415 18 122 7,203 5,365 1,678 112 48 1965 12,954 4,673 4,518 20 135 8,281 6,227 1,877 123 54 1966 14,213 4,852 4,679 23 149 9,361 7,078 2,086 136 62 Line Total R&D assets 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 1967 15,535 5,122 4,930 27 165 10,412 7,899 2,293 148 72 1968 16,867 5,522 5,309 31 182 11,345 8,612 2,487 162 85 1969 18,192 6,111 5,877 35 198 12,082 9,140 2,665 179 97 1970 19,432 6,775 6,521 39 216 12,656 9,497 2,849 199 111 1971 20,573 7,392 7,114 43 235 13,181 9,776 3,058 221 125 1972 21,752 8,020 7,717 47 256 13,732 10,052 3,294 245 141 1973 23,075 8,755 8,429 51 276 14,320 10,347 3,543 271 159 1974 24,569 9,612 9,260 54 299 14,956 10,679 3,798 299 181 Line Total R&D assets 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 1975 26,215 10,526 10,141 57 328 15,689 11,087 4,067 330 204 1976 28,079 11,536 11,112 61 362 16,543 11,608 4,343 362 230 1977 30,239 12,698 12,231 67 400 17,541 12,271 4,615 396 259 1978 32,762 14,065 13,546 75 444 18,697 13,070 4,896 435 296 1979 35,841 15,806 15,225 86 495 20,035 14,005 5,211 480 340 1980 39,640 17,990 17,339 98 554 21,650 15,144 5,584 529 392 1981 44,214 20,671 19,937 111 623 23,542 16,491 6,014 584 453 1982 49,411 23,855 23,028 127 701 25,555 17,916 6,472 645 522 Line Total R&D assets 1 2 Private 3 Business 4 Universities and colleges 5 Other nonprofit institutions 6 Government 7 Federal Government-extramural 8 Federal Government-intramural State and local governments, excl U&C 9 10 Universities and colleges 1983 55,094 27,485 26,557 143 785 27,609 19,332 6,970 706 601 1984 61,502 31,664 30,628 160 877 29,838 20,834 7,548 769 686 1985 68,793 36,325 35,168 179 978 32,468 22,629 8,216 841 783 1986 76,399 40,814 39,519 201 1,094 35,586 24,805 8,955 928 898 1987 83,717 44,837 43,385 225 1,227 38,880 27,175 9,652 1,025 1,029 1988 90,901 48,766 47,130 252 1,384 42,134 29,555 10,281 1,127 1,171 1989 98,230 52,720 50,869 282 1,569 45,510 32,010 10,937 1,235 1,329 1990 105,857 56,921 54,840 317 1,764 48,937 34,481 11,605 1,346 1,505 22 Appendix Table 3.6 Historical Cost Depreciation of R&D Assets by Funder 1959-2002 [Millions of dollars] Line Total R&D assets 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 1991 113,814 61,730 59,405 356 1,969 52,084 36,731 12,207 1,457 1,690 1992 121,594 66,595 64,012 397 2,187 54,999 38,837 12,734 1,560 1,869 1993 128,543 70,702 67,862 432 2,409 57,841 40,907 13,244 1,651 2,038 1994 134,738 74,183 71,099 463 2,622 60,555 42,882 13,733 1,733 2,207 Line Total R&D assets 1 2 Private 3 Business 4 Universities and colleges 5 Other nonprofit institutions 6 Government 7 Federal Government-extramural 8 Federal Government-intramural State and local governments, excl U&C 9 10 Universities and colleges 1999 177,457 106,460 102,144 642 3,674 70,997 50,366 15,242 2,195 3,193 2000 189,421 116,712 112,101 685 3,926 72,709 51,510 15,426 2,310 3,463 2001 201,797 127,102 122,175 735 4,192 74,695 52,773 15,714 2,440 3,767 2002 212,914 135,372 130,104 793 4,475 77,542 54,648 16,220 2,580 4,094 23 Appendix 1995 141,281 78,330 75,015 495 2,819 62,952 44,622 14,141 1,815 2,373 1996 148,878 83,848 80,307 533 3,008 65,031 46,127 14,456 1,904 2,543 1997 157,491 90,403 86,622 571 3,209 67,088 47,611 14,742 1,998 2,736 1998 166,984 97,864 93,823 606 3,434 69,120 49,055 15,016 2,094 2,955 Table 3.7 Current Cost Depreciation of R&D Assets by Funder 1959-2002* [Millions of dollars] Line Total R&D assets Private Business 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1 7,591 8,505 9,399 10,406 11,322 12,461 13,782 2 4,095 4,398 4,593 4,732 4,739 4,804 4,936 15,325 5,189 3 4,001 4,297 4,483 4,610 4,605 4,655 4,771 5,002 Universities and colleges 4 18 17 17 18 18 19 22 26 Other nonprofit institutions 5 76 84 92 104 116 129 144 161 Government 6 3,496 4,107 4,806 5,674 6,582 7,657 8,846 10,135 Federal Government-extramural 7 2,208 2,718 3,310 4,038 4,811 5,699 6,650 7,664 Federal Government-intramural 8 1,177 1,269 1,367 1,494 1,617 1,788 2,006 2,258 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 77 84 91 100 109 119 132 146 Universities and colleges 10 34 36 38 42 45 51 58 67 Line Total R&D assets 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1 17,037 18,725 20,371 22,419 24,011 25,384 26,888 29,219 2 5,575 6,092 6,811 7,788 8,598 9,330 10,174 11,404 Business 3 5,363 5,855 6,549 7,493 8,272 8,976 9,793 10,984 Universities and colleges 4 30 35 40 45 51 55 59 64 Other nonprofit institutions 5 182 202 222 249 275 298 322 356 Private Government 6 11,462 12,633 13,561 14,631 15,413 16,055 16,713 17,816 Federal Government-extramural 7 8,696 9,591 10,261 10,981 11,437 11,760 12,084 12,729 Federal Government-intramural 8 2,523 2,768 2,990 3,292 3,571 3,845 4,129 4,518 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 163 180 201 230 258 285 315 355 Universities and colleges 10 80 94 110 128 147 165 185 214 Line Total R&D assets Private Business 1 1975 1976 32,714 1977 36,034 1978 39,121 1979 41,467 45,091 1980 49,393 1981 54,916 1982 62,736 2 13,099 14,746 16,350 17,712 19,782 22,306 25,553 30,137 3 12,619 14,205 15,748 17,058 19,054 21,497 24,645 29,090 Universities and colleges 4 72 79 87 95 107 121 138 161 Other nonprofit institutions 5 408 463 515 559 620 688 771 887 Government 6 19,616 21,288 22,771 23,755 25,309 27,087 29,363 32,598 Federal Government-extramural 7 13,876 14,956 15,949 16,624 17,706 18,960 20,577 22,861 Federal Government-intramural 8 5,075 5,576 5,979 6,212 6,578 6,986 7,503 8,260 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 410 463 511 548 601 657 725 818 Universities and colleges 10 254 293 332 371 423 484 558 659 Line Total R&D assets Private Business 1 1983 67,814 1984 1985 73,047 79,473 1986 86,798 1987 93,735 1988 1989 1990 101,641 111,326 122,523 2 33,667 37,470 41,882 46,332 50,183 54,521 59,745 65,889 3 32,527 36,241 40,548 44,862 48,555 52,683 57,631 63,458 Universities and colleges 4 176 190 207 228 252 283 322 370 Other nonprofit institutions 5 964 1,039 1,128 1,243 1,376 1,555 1,792 2,062 6 34,147 35,577 37,591 40,465 43,552 47,120 51,581 56,633 Federal Government-extramural 7 23,917 24,848 26,203 28,210 30,450 33,072 36,306 39,934 Federal Government-intramural 8 8,625 9,004 9,515 10,182 10,798 11,468 12,350 13,374 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 870 914 971 1,053 1,147 1,262 1,403 1,563 Universities and colleges 10 735 811 902 1,020 1,156 1,319 1,522 1,763 Government *Implemented using assumptions defined in Scenario D 24 Appendix Table 3.7 Current Cost Depreciation of R&D Assets by Funder 1959-2002* [Millions of dollars] Line 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1 135,544 144,913 151,303 156,432 156,380 160,967 168,883 173,382 2 73,573 79,486 83,359 86,252 86,928 91,186 97,880 103,047 Business 3 70,774 76,371 79,972 82,617 83,201 87,299 93,770 98,798 Universities and colleges 4 429 478 514 544 556 585 622 636 Other nonprofit institutions 5 2,371 2,637 2,873 3,091 3,171 3,302 3,488 3,613 Total R&D assets Private Government 6 61,971 65,426 67,944 70,180 69,452 69,781 71,003 70,335 Federal Government-extramural 7 43,732 46,230 48,086 49,735 49,266 49,535 50,426 49,945 Federal Government-intramural 8 14,461 15,078 15,480 15,829 15,506 15,395 15,456 15,104 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 1,740 1,864 1,948 2,016 2,011 2,058 2,137 2,161 Universities and colleges 10 2,038 2,255 2,431 2,600 2,669 2,793 2,983 3,124 Line Total R&D assets Private Business 1999 2000 2001 2002 1 186,521 201,464 216,670 226,832 2 114,032 127,122 140,016 147,489 3 109,445 122,177 134,688 141,814 Universities and colleges 4 680 732 794 858 Other nonprofit institutions 5 3,907 4,213 4,534 4,817 6 72,489 74,342 76,654 79,343 Federal Government-extramural 7 51,437 52,642 54,064 55,777 Federal Government-intramural 8 15,346 15,518 15,865 16,352 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 2,284 2,426 2,586 2,726 Universities and colleges 10 3,422 3,757 4,138 4,488 Government *Implemented using assumptions defined in Scenario D 25 Appendix Table 3.8 Real Depreciation of R&D Assets by Funder 1959-2002* Line Total R&D assets 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 1959 11,716 6,321 6,176 27 118 5,395 3,408 1,816 119 52 [Millions of dollars] 1960 1961 13,063 14,466 6,754 7,069 6,599 6,901 27 27 128 141 6,308 7,397 4,175 5,094 1,949 2,104 129 140 55 59 1962 15,926 7,242 7,056 27 159 8,684 6,181 2,287 153 64 1963 17,597 7,366 7,157 29 181 10,231 7,478 2,513 169 71 1964 19,477 7,508 7,276 30 202 11,968 8,908 2,795 186 79 1965 21,477 7,693 7,435 34 224 13,784 10,363 3,126 205 90 1966 23,513 7,962 7,675 40 248 15,551 11,760 3,464 225 103 Line 1967 25,450 8,329 8,012 45 271 17,122 12,991 3,769 243 119 1968 27,263 8,870 8,525 51 294 18,393 13,964 4,030 262 137 1969 29,020 9,702 9,329 57 316 19,318 14,617 4,259 286 156 1970 30,317 10,532 10,134 62 337 19,786 14,850 4,451 311 173 1971 31,342 11,223 10,798 66 358 20,119 14,929 4,662 337 191 1972 32,687 12,013 11,558 71 384 20,673 15,143 4,951 368 212 1973 33,961 12,851 12,370 75 406 21,110 15,263 5,216 398 234 1974 35,345 13,794 13,287 77 430 21,551 15,397 5,465 429 259 Total R&D assets 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 1975 36,322 14,543 14,011 79 453 21,779 15,406 5,635 456 282 1976 37,357 15,288 14,726 82 480 22,069 15,505 5,780 480 304 1977 38,718 16,182 15,586 86 510 22,536 15,785 5,917 506 329 1978 40,243 17,189 16,554 92 543 23,054 16,133 6,029 532 360 1979 42,428 18,614 17,929 101 584 23,814 16,660 6,190 566 398 1980 44,891 20,273 19,538 110 625 24,618 17,232 6,349 597 440 1981 47,694 22,193 21,404 119 670 25,501 17,871 6,516 629 485 1982 51,235 24,613 23,757 131 724 26,622 18,670 6,746 668 538 Line Total R&D assets 1 2 Private 3 Business 4 Universities and colleges 5 Other nonprofit institutions 6 Government 7 Federal Government-extramural 8 Federal Government-intramural State and local governments, excl U&C 9 10 Universities and colleges 1983 54,762 27,188 26,267 142 779 27,575 19,314 6,965 702 593 1984 59,237 30,386 29,389 154 843 28,851 20,150 7,302 741 658 1985 65,388 34,459 33,361 170 928 30,928 21,559 7,828 799 742 1986 71,753 38,301 37,086 188 1,027 33,451 23,320 8,417 871 843 1987 78,337 41,940 40,579 211 1,150 36,398 25,448 9,025 959 966 1988 84,786 45,480 43,947 236 1,297 39,306 27,588 9,566 1,052 1,100 1989 91,564 49,140 47,401 265 1,474 42,425 29,861 10,158 1,154 1,251 1990 98,486 52,963 51,008 297 1,658 45,523 32,099 10,750 1,256 1,417 Total R&D assets 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 Line *Implemented using assumptions defined in Scenario D 26 Appendix Table 3.8 Real Depreciation of R&D Assets by Funder 1959-2002* [Millions of dollars] Line Total R&D assets 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 Government 6 Federal Government-extramural 7 Federal Government-intramural 8 State and local governments, excl U&C 9 Universities and colleges 10 1991 104,921 56,951 54,784 332 1,835 47,970 33,852 11,194 1,347 1,577 1992 110,836 60,795 58,412 366 2,017 50,041 35,359 11,532 1,425 1,725 1993 116,252 64,048 61,446 395 2,207 52,204 36,946 11,894 1,497 1,867 1994 120,958 66,693 63,882 421 2,390 54,265 38,457 12,240 1,559 2,010 Line Total R&D assets 1 Private 2 3 Business 4 Universities and colleges 5 Other nonprofit institutions 6 Government 7 Federal Government-extramural 8 Federal Government-intramural State and local governments, excl U&C 9 10 Universities and colleges 1999 181,575 111,009 106,543 662 3,804 70,567 50,073 14,939 2,224 3,331 2000 201,464 127,122 122,177 732 4,213 74,342 52,642 15,518 2,426 3,757 2001 224,830 145,289 139,760 824 4,705 79,541 56,100 16,463 2,683 4,294 2002 236,513 153,783 147,867 894 5,022 82,730 58,158 17,050 2,843 4,679 *Implemented using assumptions defined in Scenario D 27 Appendix 1995 126,236 70,172 67,163 449 2,560 56,064 39,769 12,517 1,624 2,154 1996 134,218 76,033 72,792 488 2,753 58,185 41,303 12,837 1,716 2,329 1997 146,056 84,650 81,095 538 3,017 61,406 43,611 13,367 1,848 2,580 1998 162,266 96,441 92,464 596 3,381 65,826 46,743 14,136 2,022 2,924 Table 4.1 Historical Cost Investment in R&D Assets by Performer 1959-2002 [Millions of dollars] 1960 1961 13,819 14,625 11,437 11,985 10,108 10,404 346 406 208 256 498 576 209 237 68 106 2,382 2,639 1,823 1,988 52 57 345 411 161 183 Line Total R&D Investment 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 FFRDCs - Business 6 FFRDCs -Universities and colleges 7 FFRDCs -Nonprofit 8 Public 9 Federal Government 10 State and local governments, excl U&C 11 Universities and colleges 12 FFRDCs -Universities and colleges 13 1959 12,575 10,423 9,283 286 178 438 192 45 2,152 1,668 48 291 146 Total R&D Investment Private Business Universities and colleges Other nonprofit institutions FFRDCs - Business FFRDCs -Universities and colleges FFRDCs -Nonprofit Public Federal Government State and local governments, excl U&C Universities and colleges FFRDCs -Universities and colleges Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1967 23,728 18,662 16,095 873 606 428 413 246 5,066 3,556 104 1,138 269 1968 25,109 19,846 17,178 931 610 424 436 267 5,263 3,610 128 1,244 282 Total R&D Investment Private Business Universities and colleges Other nonprofit institutions FFRDCs - Business FFRDCs -Universities and colleges FFRDCs -Nonprofit Public Federal Government State and local governments, excl U&C Universities and colleges FFRDCs -Universities and colleges Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1975 36,757 27,997 24,090 1,313 948 761 632 253 8,760 5,777 284 2,289 411 1976 40,523 31,201 26,801 1,416 1,063 930 725 267 9,322 6,037 301 2,491 493 1962 15,662 12,711 11,076 467 311 442 272 142 2,951 2,177 62 506 207 1963 17,483 14,090 12,270 529 376 428 326 162 3,392 2,476 67 626 224 1964 19,094 15,179 13,117 605 431 479 369 178 3,916 2,853 67 747 248 1965 20,374 16,021 13,873 692 496 383 375 202 4,353 3,153 75 875 250 1966 22,321 17,588 15,309 784 520 364 387 225 4,732 3,382 85 1,010 255 1969 26,286 20,789 18,047 954 592 475 445 276 5,497 3,736 145 1,331 286 1970 26,627 20,682 17,844 979 662 487 449 261 5,945 4,053 162 1,445 286 1971 27,460 20,984 18,082 1,001 702 507 452 240 6,476 4,430 189 1,573 284 1972 29,404 22,345 19,268 1,046 755 572 478 227 7,058 4,831 223 1,708 296 1973 31,738 24,228 21,043 1,099 786 567 515 218 7,510 5,084 251 1,859 317 1974 34,330 26,255 22,732 1,188 860 677 557 241 8,075 5,405 266 2,053 352 1977 44,432 34,439 29,534 1,563 1,180 1,005 859 298 9,993 6,271 312 2,792 618 1978 49,694 38,739 32,993 1,826 1,395 1,128 1,046 352 10,954 6,706 340 3,180 729 1979 56,878 44,750 38,208 2,122 1,588 1,214 1,200 418 12,128 7,292 387 3,613 836 1980 65,461 51,852 44,451 2,376 1,822 1,333 1,355 515 13,609 8,106 428 4,108 967 1981 74,798 59,929 51,843 2,599 2,046 1,450 1,415 576 14,869 8,795 461 4,528 1,085 1982 82,924 67,048 58,534 2,770 2,186 1,555 1,434 570 15,875 9,333 482 4,876 1,185 28 Appendix Table 4.1 Historical Cost Investment in R&D Assets by Performer 1959-2002 [Millions of dollars] 1984 1985 103,948 116,262 84,687 94,849 74,529 83,607 3,244 3,608 2,730 3,090 1,800 1,919 1,732 1,927 651 698 19,261 21,414 11,390 12,604 483 497 5,842 6,586 1,547 1,726 Line Total R&D Investment 1 Private 2 Business 3 Universities and colleges 4 Other nonprofit institutions 5 FFRDCs - Business 6 FFRDCs -Universities and colleges 7 FFRDCs -Nonprofit 8 Public 9 Federal Government 10 State and local governments, excl U&C 11 Universities and colleges 12 FFRDCs -Universities and colleges 13 1983 91,680 74,310 65,097 2,956 2,415 1,650 1,565 627 17,370 10,256 491 5,291 1,331 Total R&D Investment Private Business Universities and colleges Other nonprofit institutions FFRDCs - Business FFRDCs -Universities and colleges FFRDCs -Nonprofit Public Federal Government State and local governments, excl U&C Universities and colleges FFRDCs -Universities and colleges Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1991 163,575 133,034 114,739 6,132 6,072 2,341 2,850 900 30,542 15,566 597 12,060 2,319 1992 167,786 136,135 116,795 6,503 6,514 2,415 2,942 965 31,652 15,867 566 12,864 2,354 Total R&D Investment Private Business Universities and colleges Other nonprofit institutions FFRDCs - Business FFRDCs -Universities and colleges FFRDCs -Nonprofit Public Federal Government State and local governments, excl U&C Universities and colleges FFRDCs -Universities and colleges Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1999 245,878 206,646 182,011 9,246 8,774 2,001 2,986 1,628 39,232 16,481 611 19,407 2,733 2000 268,559 227,394 199,886 10,012 10,389 2,010 3,044 2,053 41,165 16,450 609 21,298 2,808 1986 122,744 99,225 87,060 4,024 3,433 1,940 2,151 616 23,520 13,688 538 7,416 1,878 1987 127,619 103,325 90,215 4,462 3,658 2,046 2,366 578 24,293 13,510 559 8,251 1,973 1988 135,602 109,567 94,955 4,953 4,297 2,176 2,576 610 26,035 14,190 604 9,188 2,054 1989 143,924 115,849 99,929 5,398 4,916 2,251 2,681 674 28,075 15,109 641 10,191 2,133 1990 154,233 124,540 107,470 5,753 5,380 2,385 2,751 801 29,694 15,675 629 11,167 2,223 1993 168,051 135,078 115,483 6,815 6,779 2,017 2,967 1,017 32,972 16,405 588 13,632 2,348 1994 171,635 137,755 117,444 7,113 6,806 2,261 3,041 1,090 33,880 16,599 596 14,375 2,310 1995 185,086 150,753 129,878 7,380 6,869 2,338 3,087 1,201 34,333 16,318 547 15,142 2,326 1996 198,769 163,847 142,389 7,744 7,065 2,362 3,064 1,223 34,922 16,159 506 15,868 2,389 1997 213,827 177,485 155,418 8,192 7,349 2,186 3,099 1,241 36,342 16,570 519 16,799 2,455 1998 227,725 190,012 167,065 8,658 8,011 2,131 3,004 1,143 37,713 16,566 583 17,916 2,649 2001 275,294 229,839 199,815 10,969 11,557 2,072 3,235 2,192 45,455 18,249 680 23,413 3,113 2002 276,533 226,294 193,677 12,099 12,474 2,316 3,409 2,319 50,239 19,922 769 25,838 3,710 29 Appendix Table 4.2 Real Investment in R&D Assets by Performer 1959-2002* [Millions of dollars] Line Total R&D Investment Private Business 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1 19,409 21,224 22,509 23,972 27,174 29,844 31,749 2 16,087 17,566 18,447 19,455 21,901 23,724 24,965 34,247 26,987 3 14,329 15,526 16,013 16,953 19,071 20,502 21,619 23,490 1,203 Universities and colleges 4 441 532 625 715 822 945 1,079 Other nonprofit institutions 5 275 319 394 476 584 674 773 798 FFRDCs - Business 6 675 764 887 676 666 748 596 558 FFRDCs -Universities and colleges 7 297 320 365 417 506 577 584 593 FFRDCs -Nonprofit 8 70 105 163 218 251 279 315 345 Public 9 3,322 3,658 4,062 4,517 5,273 6,120 6,783 7,261 Federal Government 10 2,574 2,801 3,060 3,332 3,848 4,459 4,913 5,190 State and Local Government 11 74 80 88 94 104 105 116 131 Universities and colleges 12 449 530 632 774 973 1,168 1,364 1,549 Universities and colleges FFRDCs 13 225 248 282 317 348 387 390 390 Line Total R&D Investment 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1 35,446 36,558 37,446 36,008 35,844 37,862 40,088 2 27,877 28,895 29,615 27,969 27,391 28,773 30,602 31,759 3 24,043 25,010 25,708 24,131 23,604 24,810 26,579 27,498 Universities and colleges 4 1,304 1,355 1,359 1,324 1,307 1,347 1,388 1,437 Other nonprofit institutions 5 905 888 843 895 916 972 993 1,040 FFRDCs - Business 6 640 617 677 659 661 737 717 819 FFRDCs -Universities and colleges 7 617 635 635 608 590 615 650 674 FFRDCs -Nonprofit 8 368 389 393 353 313 292 275 291 9 7,568 7,663 7,831 8,039 8,453 9,089 9,486 9,769 Federal Government 10 5,312 5,256 5,322 5,480 5,783 6,221 6,421 6,538 State and Local Government 11 155 186 206 219 246 287 317 322 Universities and colleges 12 1,700 1,811 1,895 1,954 2,053 2,200 2,348 2,483 Universities and colleges FFRDCs 13 402 410 407 386 371 382 400 425 Private Business Public Line Total R&D Investment Private Business 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 41,528 1982 1 40,811 42,011 43,974 48,227 53,519 59,495 64,962 2 31,084 32,347 34,084 37,596 42,107 47,126 52,048 67,722 54,757 3 26,747 27,785 29,230 32,019 35,952 40,399 45,025 47,803 Universities and colleges 4 1,458 1,467 1,547 1,772 1,997 2,160 2,257 2,262 Other nonprofit institutions 5 1,053 1,102 1,168 1,354 1,494 1,656 1,777 1,785 FFRDCs - Business 6 845 964 995 1,095 1,142 1,212 1,260 1,270 FFRDCs -Universities and colleges 7 702 751 850 1,015 1,129 1,231 1,229 1,171 FFRDCs -Nonprofit 8 281 277 295 341 394 468 500 465 9 9,727 9,664 9,890 10,631 11,412 12,369 12,914 12,965 Federal Government 10 6,414 6,258 6,206 6,508 6,861 7,367 7,639 7,622 State and Local Government 11 315 313 308 330 364 389 400 393 Universities and colleges 12 2,541 2,583 2,764 3,086 3,400 3,733 3,932 3,982 Universities and colleges FFRDCs 13 456 511 612 707 786 879 943 967 Public *Implemented using assumptions defined in Scenario D 30 Appendix Table 4.2 Real Investment in R&D Assets by Performer 1959-2002* [Millions of dollars] Line Total R&D Investment Private Business 1983 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1 74,035 1984 84,296 1985 95,657 101,469 106,655 113,115 118,375 123,975 2 60,008 68,676 78,039 82,026 86,352 91,397 95,284 100,107 3 52,568 60,438 68,790 71,970 75,396 79,208 82,190 86,386 Universities and colleges 4 2,387 2,631 2,969 3,327 3,729 4,132 4,440 4,624 Other nonprofit institutions 5 1,950 2,214 2,542 2,838 3,057 3,584 4,043 4,325 FFRDCs - Business 6 1,333 1,460 1,579 1,603 1,710 1,815 1,851 1,917 FFRDCs -Universities and colleges 7 1,264 1,405 1,585 1,778 1,977 2,149 2,205 2,211 FFRDCs -Nonprofit 8 506 528 574 510 483 509 554 644 9 14,027 15,620 17,618 19,443 20,303 21,717 23,091 23,868 Federal Government 10 8,282 9,237 10,370 11,315 11,290 11,836 12,427 12,600 State and Local Government 11 396 391 409 445 467 504 527 505 Universities and colleges 12 4,273 4,737 5,419 6,131 6,896 7,664 8,382 8,976 Universities and colleges FFRDCs 13 1,075 1,254 1,420 1,552 1,649 1,713 1,754 1,787 Public Line Total R&D Investment Private Business 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1 126,619 128,330 129,120 132,713 149,408 165,738 184,926 213,125 2 102,977 104,122 103,786 106,516 121,693 136,619 153,495 177,830 3 88,816 89,330 88,730 90,811 104,842 118,727 134,411 156,354 Universities and colleges 4 4,747 4,974 5,236 5,500 5,958 6,457 7,085 8,103 Other nonprofit institutions 5 4,700 4,982 5,209 5,263 5,545 5,891 6,356 7,497 FFRDCs - Business 6 1,812 1,847 1,550 1,748 1,887 1,969 1,890 1,994 FFRDCs -Universities and colleges 7 2,206 2,250 2,280 2,351 2,492 2,555 2,680 2,812 FFRDCs -Nonprofit 8 697 738 782 843 969 1,020 1,073 1,070 9 23,641 24,209 25,334 26,197 27,715 29,118 31,430 35,295 Federal Government 10 12,049 12,136 12,604 12,835 13,172 13,474 14,330 15,504 State and Local Government 11 462 433 452 461 442 422 448 545 Universities and colleges 12 9,335 9,839 10,474 11,115 12,223 13,231 14,528 16,767 Universities and colleges FFRDCs 13 1,795 1,800 1,804 1,786 1,877 1,992 2,123 2,479 Public Line Total R&D Investment Private Business 1 1999 2000 2001 2002 239,359 268,559 285,661 288,335 2 201,167 227,394 238,494 235,952 3 177,185 199,886 207,340 201,943 Universities and colleges 4 9,001 10,012 11,382 12,615 Other nonprofit institutions 5 8,541 10,389 11,992 13,006 FFRDCs - Business 6 1,948 2,010 2,150 2,415 FFRDCs -Universities and colleges 7 2,907 3,044 3,357 3,555 FFRDCs -Nonprofit 8 1,584 2,053 2,274 2,418 9 38,192 41,165 47,167 52,383 Federal Government 10 16,044 16,450 18,936 20,773 State and Local Government 11 594 609 706 802 Universities and colleges 12 18,893 21,298 24,295 26,941 Universities and colleges FFRDCs 13 2,661 2,808 3,231 3,868 Public *Implemented using assumptions defined in Scenario D 31 Appendix Table 5.1 Aggregate Cost-Based Price Indexes for R&D Investment 1959-2002 [Index numbers, 2000=100] Line 1 1959 18.4 1960 18.4 1961 18.8 1962 19.1 1963 19.5 1964 20.0 1965 20.6 1966 21.3 Federal extramural 2 24.2 24.6 25.0 26.2 24.8 25.5 26.1 26.4 27.7 Federal intramural 3 12.0 11.2 12.2 12.2 13.4 14.4 15.5 16.4 17.3 4 17.2 17.3 17.4 16.9 19.1 19.0 19.3 20.6 5 18.4 18.4 18.8 19.1 19.5 20.0 20.6 21.3 20.7 22.1 Total R&D Investment, Funder Non-federal domestic Total R&D Investment, Performer Private 1967 22.1 6 20.4 20.6 20.9 21.2 21.4 21.8 22.2 22.8 23.6 Business 7 20.9 21.2 21.5 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.8 23.4 24.1 Universities and colleges 8 13.1 13.3 13.7 14.2 14.7 15.2 15.8 16.7 17.6 Other nonprofit institutions 9 16.6 16.7 16.7 16.9 17.2 17.6 18.0 18.7 19.3 FFRDCs - business 10 19.2 19.0 18.9 19.6 18.5 19.1 19.7 20.6 21.6 FFRDCs -universities and colleges 11 24.6 24.2 24.0 24.8 23.5 24.2 24.8 25.6 26.7 FFRDCs -nonprofit 12 24.5 25.1 25.7 27.0 25.6 26.3 26.7 26.8 28.1 13 12.4 11.8 12.6 12.7 13.6 14.5 15.4 16.3 17.1 14 12.0 11.2 12.2 12.2 13.4 14.4 15.5 16.4 17.3 16.7 16.7 16.9 17.2 17.6 18.0 18.7 19.3 Public Federal government State and local governments 15 16.6 Universities and colleges 16 13.0 13.2 13.5 13.9 14.3 14.8 15.3 16.1 16.9 FFRDCs -universities and colleges 17 19.5 19.0 18.8 19.2 18.5 19.0 19.6 20.4 21.4 Line Total R&D Investment, Funder 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1 23.1 24.4 25.8 27.3 28.8 30.4 33.2 36.4 38.6 Federal extramural 2 28.9 30.6 32.1 34.0 36.7 38.5 41.6 45.6 47.7 Federal intramural 3 18.5 19.8 21.6 23.8 26.1 27.8 29.8 33.0 35.3 4 5 21.7 23.1 22.7 24.4 23.9 25.8 25.0 27.3 25.2 28.8 26.9 30.4 29.7 33.2 32.4 36.4 34.6 38.6 6 24.6 25.8 27.2 28.5 29.8 31.5 34.4 37.6 39.8 7 25.2 26.4 27.8 29.2 30.4 32.1 35.0 38.2 40.5 8 18.7 19.8 21.0 22.0 22.9 24.3 26.6 28.8 30.5 Other nonprofit institutions 9 20.1 20.8 21.5 22.3 23.0 24.3 27.9 30.6 32.7 FFRDCs - business 10 22.6 24.2 25.7 27.2 29.2 31.2 34.4 38.8 41.1 FFRDCs -universities and colleges 11 27.9 29.5 31.2 32.9 35.1 37.0 40.4 44.7 46.8 FFRDCs -nonprofit 12 29.3 31.0 32.6 34.5 37.3 39.2 42.6 46.6 48.8 13 18.2 19.5 21.1 22.9 24.8 26.4 28.6 31.5 33.6 Federal government 14 18.5 19.8 21.6 23.8 26.1 27.8 29.8 33.0 35.3 State and local governments 15 20.1 20.8 21.5 22.3 23.0 24.3 27.9 30.6 32.7 Universities and colleges 16 17.9 19.0 20.2 21.5 22.5 24.0 26.4 28.7 30.4 FFRDCs -universities and colleges 17 22.5 24.1 25.6 27.1 28.9 31.0 34.2 38.6 40.7 Non-federal domestic Total R&D Investment, Performer Private Business Universities and colleges Public 32 Appendix Table 5.1 Aggregate Cost-Based Price Indexes for R&D Investment 1959-2002 [Index numbers, 2000=100] Line Total R&D Investment, Funder 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1 41.2 44.0 47.6 52.2 57.0 60.5 62.9 65.3 67.4 Federal extramural 2 50.4 53.4 57.0 62.0 66.6 71.1 74.2 76.7 78.4 Federal intramural 3 38.5 40.7 43.6 47.9 52.2 55.5 57.8 59.8 61.7 4 5 37.0 41.2 39.9 44.0 43.8 47.6 48.1 52.2 53.2 57.0 56.3 60.5 58.4 62.9 60.8 65.3 63.0 67.4 Non-federal domestic Total R&D Investment, Performer Private 6 42.3 45.3 49.0 53.6 58.6 62.1 64.6 67.0 69.1 Business 7 43.0 46.0 49.9 54.4 59.5 63.1 65.6 68.0 70.1 Universities and colleges 8 32.5 34.8 38.0 42.0 45.7 48.7 50.8 53.4 55.9 Other nonprofit institutions 9 34.9 37.5 41.3 46.6 51.6 54.1 55.8 57.9 59.2 FFRDCs - business 10 44.2 47.2 51.0 56.2 61.4 66.0 68.7 71.0 73.5 FFRDCs -universities and colleges 11 49.4 52.1 56.0 60.8 65.3 69.4 72.0 74.7 76.8 FFRDCs -nonprofit 12 51.3 54.0 57.9 62.8 67.2 71.0 73.7 76.6 78.4 13 36.4 38.8 41.9 46.2 50.3 53.5 55.7 57.9 60.0 14 38.5 40.7 43.6 47.9 52.2 55.5 57.8 59.8 61.7 37.5 41.3 46.6 51.6 54.1 55.8 57.9 59.2 Public Federal government State and local governments 15 34.9 Universities and colleges 16 32.4 34.9 38.3 42.4 46.1 49.0 51.1 53.7 56.2 FFRDCs -universities and colleges 17 43.9 47.2 51.1 56.5 62.0 66.3 69.0 71.4 74.0 Line Total R&D Investment, Funder 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1 69.1 71.9 74.5 77.6 80.2 82.6 84.9 87.0 88.8 Federal extramural 2 80.1 80.9 81.0 82.9 85.0 86.7 88.9 90.1 91.5 Federal intramural 3 63.8 65.9 68.7 70.7 74.1 77.4 79.3 82.1 85.0 4 5 64.6 69.1 68.5 71.9 72.4 74.5 76.3 77.6 79.0 80.2 81.6 82.6 84.1 84.9 86.5 87.0 88.2 88.8 6 70.7 73.6 76.3 79.4 81.9 84.2 86.6 88.6 90.1 7 71.6 74.7 77.4 80.6 83.0 85.2 87.8 89.8 91.2 8 58.1 61.2 64.0 67.4 70.6 72.8 75.0 77.1 79.5 Other nonprofit institutions 9 61.0 63.5 66.8 69.3 71.9 75.1 77.4 78.9 80.5 FFRDCs - business 10 75.2 75.9 77.5 80.1 82.5 84.6 87.0 88.3 90.0 FFRDCs -universities and colleges 11 78.5 79.3 80.6 83.1 85.4 87.1 89.6 90.6 92.3 FFRDCs -nonprofit 12 80.2 81.0 81.0 82.8 84.9 86.4 88.9 90.0 91.7 13 62.1 64.5 67.1 69.6 72.8 75.6 77.5 80.0 82.6 Federal government 14 63.8 65.9 68.7 70.7 74.1 77.4 79.3 82.1 85.0 State and local governments 15 61.0 63.5 66.8 69.3 71.9 75.1 77.4 78.9 80.5 Universities and colleges 16 58.5 61.6 64.1 67.3 70.4 72.6 74.7 77.0 79.5 FFRDCs -universities and colleges 17 75.8 77.0 78.9 81.6 84.0 86.0 88.2 89.5 91.2 Non-federal domestic Total R&D Investment, Performer Private Business Universities and colleges Public 33 Appendix Table 5.1 Aggregate Cost-Based Price Indexes for R&D Investment 1959-2002 [Index numbers, 2000=100] Line Total R&D Investment, Funder 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1 90.1 91.9 93.8 95.1 96.8 100.0 102.6 106.3 Federal extramural 2 92.7 93.4 95.3 96.6 97.7 100.0 101.9 103.9 Federal intramural 3 88.2 90.6 92.7 94.4 96.9 100.0 102.6 106.5 4 5 89.4 90.1 91.6 91.9 93.4 93.8 94.7 95.1 96.5 96.8 100.0 100.0 102.8 102.6 107.2 106.3 Non-federal domestic Total R&D Investment, Performer Private 6 91.1 92.7 94.4 95.6 96.9 100.0 102.4 106.2 Business 7 91.8 93.3 95.0 96.1 97.1 100.0 102.4 106.4 Universities and colleges 8 82.1 85.0 87.6 90.2 95.0 100.0 104.2 108.1 Other nonprofit institutions 9 84.1 86.7 89.3 92.0 94.5 100.0 101.6 102.9 FFRDCs - business 10 92.7 93.7 95.4 96.4 97.3 100.0 102.4 104.9 FFRDCs -universities and colleges 11 93.8 94.4 96.0 97.0 97.7 100.0 101.7 103.6 FFRDCs -nonprofit 12 92.9 93.5 95.5 96.7 97.6 100.0 101.9 104.0 13 85.5 88.1 90.4 92.5 96.0 100.0 103.3 107.0 14 88.2 90.6 92.7 94.4 96.9 100.0 102.6 106.5 86.7 89.3 92.0 94.5 100.0 101.6 102.9 Public Federal government State and local governments 15 84.1 Universities and colleges 16 82.1 85.1 87.6 90.3 95.0 100.0 104.2 107.9 FFRDCs -universities and colleges 17 94.2 95.3 96.6 97.2 97.6 100.0 101.9 104.0 34 Appendix Table 5.2 Alternative Scenario Price Indexes for R&D Investment 1959-2002 [Index numbers, 2000=100] Line 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 Aggregate Cost-Based Price Index (Table 6.1, Lines 1 and 5) Scenario A 1 18.4 18.4 18.8 19.1 19.5 20.0 20.6 21.3 92.3 91.0 87.9 86.5 85.4 84.1 85.9 Manufacturing Industries High MFP Price Index Scenario B 2 94.5 High-Productivity Services Industries VA Price Index Scenario C 3 43.6 43.6 45.2 44.6 45.3 45.8 46.4 47.0 64.8 65.1 65.0 65.3 64.3 64.0 64.2 65.2 Top R&D Performers' Price Index Scenario D 4 Line 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 Scenario A 1 22.1 23.1 24.4 25.8 27.3 28.8 30.4 33.2 Scenario B 2 86.6 86.1 87.7 90.3 90.8 90.7 92.1 101.1 Scenario C 3 48.0 48.5 47.7 48.3 52.2 54.4 55.4 57.6 Scenario D 4 66.9 68.7 70.2 73.9 76.6 77.7 79.2 82.7 Line 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Scenario A 1 36.4 38.6 41.2 44.0 47.6 52.2 57.0 60.5 Scenario B 2 105.8 107.6 110.1 114.6 122.2 130.3 138.1 139.0 Scenario C 3 62.5 67.1 70.3 72.0 72.0 75.3 80.8 87.2 Scenario D 4 90.1 96.5 101.0 103.0 106.3 110.0 115.1 122.4 Line 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Scenario A 1 62.9 65.3 67.4 69.1 71.9 74.5 77.6 80.2 Scenario B 2 137.9 135.7 134.2 132.1 129.3 128.9 132.2 134.4 Scenario C 3 92.0 97.2 104.9 110.4 107.2 108.4 108.4 108.7 Scenario D 4 123.8 123.3 121.5 121.0 119.7 119.9 121.6 124.4 Line 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Scenario A 1 82.6 84.9 87.0 88.8 90.1 91.9 93.8 95.1 Scenario B 2 136.5 134.2 132.9 128.4 123.8 121.0 115.4 111.4 Scenario C 3 110.8 112.8 115.1 114.2 115.2 115.2 116.1 111.6 Scenario D 4 129.2 130.7 130.2 129.3 123.9 119.9 115.6 106.9 Line 1999 2000 2001 2002 Scenario A 1 96.8 100.0 102.6 106.3 Scenario B 2 105.8 100.0 100.0 99.4 Scenario C 3 105.8 100.0 96.3 93.2 Scenario D 4 102.7 100.0 96.4 95.9 35 Appendix Table 6 Deflation Summary Private Sector Cost Component Source Data Method for Real Estimates 2002 (billions of dollars) Method for Real Estimates 2002 (billions of dollars) Fisher aggregate of detail Private Sector: All Private Sector: Business Cost Component Source Data Fisher aggregate of detail from 1987 forward, GDP deflator for earlier years All Industry Compensation of Employees Scientists and Engineers 201.9 NSF reported distribution of wages of R&D personnel by industry Based on 1987 split from NSF working paper Not separately calculated Deflation: BEA chain-type Laspeyres index based on engineer salaries in R&D organizations from the American Association of Engineering Societies Annual Salary Surveys and, beginning with 2000, salaries for R&D scientists and engineers from R&D Magazine Salary Surveys Support Personnel Based on 1987 split from NSF working paper Deflation: BEA index based on BLS Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers in research and testing services Materials and Supplies NSF reported distribution of R&D materials and supplies by industry Deflation: BEA composite index for materials in the Scientific Research and Development Services industry (NAICS 5417) from Annual industry AcccountsGDP by Industry (KLEMS data) Other R&D Costs (Overhead) NSF reported distribution of R&D overhead costs by industry Deflation: BEA composite index for overhead in NAICS 5417 Deflation: Chain-type price index for depreciation in NAICS 5412 Miscellaneous CFC for structures and equipment Beginning in 1998, NSF reported distribution of historical-cost depreciation by industry. For earlier years, extrapolated back using NIPA estimates of corporate capital consumption allowances professional, scientific, and technical services (NAICS 541 excluding 5411 and by SIC industry. Historical-cost depreciation was adjusted to a current-cost basis using the ratio of 5415) from NIPA Fixed Assets NIPA estimates for current-cost depreciation to historical-cost depreciation for private fixed assets for SIC 873 Research, development and testing for 1998 and earlier, and NAICS 5412 Miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services begining in 1999 (NAICS 541 excluding 5411 and 5415). 85.3 55.4 29.9 28.5 84.1 4.0 Private Sector: FFRDCs administered by business Cost Component All FFRDCs administered by industry DOD and NASA Funded HHS funded Source Data Method for Real Estimates 2002 (billions of dollars) Weight of expenditures based on R&D obligations to Industry FFRDCs for three agency categories Fisher aggregate of detail 2.0 Deflation: NIPA price index for Federal defense purchases of R&D services 0.2 Deflation: BEA unpublished price index for biomedical research and development (BRDPI) 0.4 Deflation: NIPA unpublished price index for Federal nondefense purchases of R&D services 1.4 DOE and All Other Funded Private Sector: Private universities and colleges Cost Component All Private universities and colleges R&D expenditures less CFC Source Data Method for Real Estimates 2002 (billions of dollars) Fisher aggregate of detail 10.0 R&D expenditures less research equipment (removed to reclassify these expenditures from current Deflation: Academic R&D price index from the National Center for Education expense to investment). Statistics for 1960 to 1995, extrapolated for other years using NIPA price index for personal consumption expenditures (PCE) for education and research-other 9.3 36 Appendix Table 6 Deflation Summary CFC for structures and equipment Perpetual-inventory calculations at current cost, based on gross investment and on investment prices. Gross investment for R&D structures and equipment: Federal obligations on plant to private universities and colleges and the reclassification of research equipment from current expense to investment. Direct valuation: perpetual inventory calculations based on gross investment and investment prices. Investment prices: For equipment, the NIPA index for private fixed investment in equipment and software by educational services industry (NAIC 61); for structures, the NIPA index for private fixed investment in nonresidential structures by educational services industry (NAIC 61) 0.7 Private Sector: FFRDCs administered by private universities and colleges Cost Component Source Data Method for Real Estimates 2002 (billions of dollars) All FFRDCs administered by Expenditures for individual FFRDCs, aggregated by Federal sponsoring agency, less research Fisher aggregate of detail private universities and colleges equipment. Beginning with 2002, research equipment is a BEA estimate based on historical trends. DOD and NASA Funded DOE and All Other Funded CFC for structures and equipment 3.0 Deflation: NIPA price index for Federal defense purchases of R&D services 1.2 Deflation: NIPA unpublished price index for Federal nondefense purchases of R&D services 1.6 CFC for structures and equipment: Perpetual-inventory calculations at current cost, based on gross Direct valuation: perpetual inventory calculations based on gross investment and investment prices. investment and on investment prices. Investment prices: For equipment, the NIPA index for private fixed investment in Gross investment for R&D structures and equipment: Federal obligations on plant to FFRDCs equipment and software by educational services industry (NAIC 61); for structures, administered by private universities and colleges and the reclassification of research equipment the NIPA index for private fixed investment in nonresidential structures by from current expense to investment. educational services industry (NAIC 61). 0.3 Private Sector: Other nonprofit institutions Cost Component All Other nonprofit institutions Source Data Method for Real Estimates 2002 (billions of dollars) Expenditures for years surveyed by NSF. For other years, Federal funding interpolated or Deflation: NIPA price index of PCE for education and research-other (for years extrapolated using Federal obligations to nonprofit institutions; nonFederal funding interpolated or through 1958) and NIPA implicit price deflator (IPD) for foundations and nonprofit extrapolated using PCE expenditures for foundations and nonprofit research. research (beginning in 1959) 10.4 Private Sector: FFRDCs administered by other nonprofit institutions Cost Component All FFRDCs administered by other nonprofit institutions DOD and NASA Funded DOE and All Other Funded Source Data Method for Real Estimates 2002 (billions of dollars) Beginning with 2001, expenditures for individual FFRDCs, aggregated by Federal sponsoring Fisher aggregate of detail agency. For earlier years, Federal agency obligations to FFRDCs administered by other nonprofit institutions. 2.1 Deflation: NIPA price index for Federal defense purchases of R&D services 0.6 Deflation: NIPA unpublished price index for Federal nondefense purchases of R&D services 1.4 37 Appendix Table 6 Deflation Summary Public Sector Public Sector: Federal Cost Component All Federal Compensation of Employees DOD Source Data Method for Real Estimates Federal obligations to intramural R&D by agency and by cost type. DOE HHS NASA & other Materials and Supplies DOD DOE HHS NASA & other CFC on R&D Equipment Perpetual-inventory calculations at current cost, based on gross investment and on investment prices. Gross investment for R&D equipment: Federal obligations for Federal intramural plant and the reclassification of research equipment from current expense to investment. Fisher aggregate of detail Fisher aggregate of detail Deflation: NIPA IPD Federal defense compensation of general government employees Deflation: NIPA IPD Federal non-defense compensation of general government employees Deflation: NIPA unpublished biomedical price index (BRDPI) 1979 to 2002 used as the overall price index for HHS, extrapolated back for 1929 to 1978 using NIPA IPD for this component: Federal nondefense compensation of general government employees Deflation: NIPA IPD Federal non-defense compensation of general government employees Fisher aggregate of detail Deflation: NIPA IPD Federal defense installation support services Deflation: NIPA IPD Federal defense services & Federal defense weapons support services Deflation: NIPA unpublished biomedical price index (BRDPI) 1979 to 2002 used as the overall price index for HHS, extrapolated back for 1929 to 1978 using NIPA chain-type price index for this component: Federal nondefense intermediate goods and services purchased Deflation: NIPA IPD Federal nondefense intermediate goods and services purchased Fisher aggregate of detail 2002 (billions of dollars) 16.4 2.5 0.1 1.5 2.2 4.9 0.4 1.8 1.5 1.0 DOD DOE HHS NASA & other CFC on R&D Structures Perpetual-inventory calculations at current cost, based on gross investment and on investment prices. Gross investment for R&D structures: Federal obligations for Federal intramural plant Deflation: NIPA chain-type price index for Federal national defense investment in equipment and software Deflation: NIPA chain-type price index for Federal national defense investment in equipment and software Deflation: NIPA chain-type price index: Federal national non-defense investment equipment and software Deflation: NIPA chain-type price index for Federal nondefense investment in equipment and software Fisher aggregate of detail 0.6 DOD Deflation: NIPA chain-type price index for Federal national defense investment in industrial buildings Deflation: NIPA chain-type price index for Federal national defense investment in industrial buildings Deflation: NIPA chain-type price index for Federal Nondefense investment in industrial buildings & Federal defense investment in new structures DOE HHS 38 Appendix Table 6 Deflation Summary NASA & other Deflation: NIPA chain-type price index for Federal nondefense investment in new structures Public Sector: State and Local Cost Component Source Data Method for Real Estimates All State and local R&D Expenditures excluding CFC Fisher aggregate of detail For years surveyed by NSF, R&D expenditures, less R&D plant and a BEA-derived estimate for Deflation: NIPA IPD Education and Research - Other & NIPA IPD Foundations and non-profit research research equipment. For other years, Federal funding interpolated or extrapolated using Federal obligations to state and local governments; nonFederal funding interpolated or extrapolated using NIPA state and local government consumption and gross investment estimates. CFC for structures and equipment Perpetual-inventory calculations at current cost, based on gross investment and on investment prices. 2002 (billions of dollars) 0.6 0.5 Direct valuation: perpetual inventory calculations based on gross investment and on investment prices. Investment prices: For equipment, the NIPA index for state and local fixed investment in equipment and software; for structures, the NIPA index for state and local fixed investment in health care structures. 0.1 Public Sector: Public universities and colleges 2002 (billions Source Data Method for Real Estimates of dollars) Fisher aggregate of detail 21.3 R&D expenditures less research equipment (removed to reclassify these expenditures from current Deflation: Academic R&D price index from the National Center for Education expense to investment). Statistics for 1960 to 1995, extrapolated for other years using NIPA price index for personal consumption expenditures (PCE) for education and research-other 2.6 Direct valuation: perpetual inventory calculations based on gross investment and Perpetual-inventory calculations at current cost, based on gross investment and on investment investment prices. prices. Gross investment for R&D structures and equipment: Federal obligations on plant to state and local governments and a reclassification of BEA-estimated research equipment from current expense to investment. Cost Component All Public universities and colleges R&D expenditures less CFC CFC for structures and equipment Investment prices: For equipment, the NIPA index for state and local fixed investment in equipment and software; for structures, the NIPA index for state and local fixed investment in educational buildings. 18.7 Public Sector: FFRDCs administered by public universities and colleges 2002 (billions Source Data Method for Real Estimates of dollars) Expenditures for individual FFRDCs, aggregated by Federal sponsoring agency, less an estimate Fisher aggregate of detail for research equipment. Beginning with 2002, research equipment is a BEA estimate based on historical trends. 2.8 Deflation: NIPA price index for Federal defense purchases of R&D services 0.0 Deflation: NIPA unpublished price index for Federal nondefense purchases of R&D services 2.5 Direct valuation: Perpetual-inventory calculations at current cost, based on gross Perpetual-inventory calculations at current cost, based on gross investment and on investment investment and on investment prices. prices. Gross investment for R&D structures and equipment: Federal obligations on plant to public universities and colleges and the reclassification of research equipment from current expense to investment. Cost Component All FFRDCs administered by public universities and colleges DOD and NASA Funded DOE and All Other Funded CFC for structures and equipment Investment prices: For equipment, the NIPA index for public fixed investment in Gross investment for R&D structures and equipment: Federal obligations on plant to FFRDCs administered by public universities and colleges and the reclassification of research equipment fromequipment and software by educational services industry (NAIC 61); for structures, the NIPA index for state and local fixed investment in educational buildings. current expense to investment. 0.3 Notes: NIPA - National Income and Product Accounts KLEMS - BEA production framework (for energy, materials and purchased services inputs) which provides greater detail about the inputs consumed by industries SIC - Standard Industrial Classification System NAICS - North American Industrial Classification System BLS - Bureau of Labor Statistics 39 Appendix 3 Table 7. Summary of the Impact of Treating Funder-based R&D as Investment in the National Income and Product Accounts, 2000* [Billions of dollars] Account 1. Domestic Income and Product Account Compensation of employees, paid 0.0 14 Personal consumption expenditures (3-3) 14a Consumption of fixed capital for nonprofits Taxes on production and imports 0.0 14b R&D paid for by nonprofits to nonprofits 14c R&D paid for by nonprofits to business Less: Subsidies (4-4) 0.0 14d R&D paid for by nonprofits to government 4 5 Net operating surplus Private enterprises (2-11) 1 2 6 15 Gross private domestic investment Fixed investment (6-2) 53.3 16 53.3 16a R&D paid for by business to business 16b R&D paid for by business to nonprofits 16c R&D paid for by nonprofits to business 0.0 16d R&D paid for by nonprofits to nonprofits 16e R&D paid for by nonprofits to government 212.6 16f R&D paid for by business to government 5.2 17 Change in private inventories 81.4 126.0 18 Net exports of goods and services 19 Exports 265.9 20 Imports Current surplus of government enterprises 7 8 9 10 Consumption of fixed capital (6-13) Nonprofits Government Business 11 Gross domestic income 12 Statistical discrepancy 0.0 21 Government consumption expenditures and gross investment Consumption expenditures (4-1) 22 22a Consumption of fixed capital R&D paid for by government to government 22b R&D paid for by government to business 22c R&D paid for by government to nonprofits 22d 23 23a 23b 23c 13 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT 265.9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Income payments on assets Business current transfer payments (net) Proprietors' income with IVA and CCAdj Rental income of persons with CCAdj Corporate profits with IVA and CCAdj Taxes on corporate income Profits after tax with IVA and CCAdj Net dividends Undistributed corporate profits with IVA and CCAdj (6-10) 10 USES OF PRIVATE ENTERPRISE INCOME 1 2 3 4 5 Personal current taxes Personal outlays Personal consumption expenditures (1-14) Personal interest payments Personal current transfer payments 6 Personal saving (6-9) 7 PERSONAL TAXES, OUTLAYS, AND SAVING 24 Gross investment (6-3) R&D paid for by government to government R&D paid for by government to business R&D paid for by government to nonprofits GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT Account 2. Private Enterprise Income Account 0.0 11 Net operating surplus (1-5) 0.0 12 Income receipts on assets 0.0 0.0 53.3 0.0 53.3 0.0 53.3 53.3 13 SOURCES OF PRIVATE ENTERPRISE INCOME Account 3. Personal Income and Outlay Account 0.0 8 Compensation of employees, received -1.3 9 Proprietors' income with IVA and CCAdj -1.3 10 Rental income of persons with CCAdj 0.0 11 Personal income receipts on assets 0.0 12 Personal current transfer receipts 13 Less: Contributions for government social insurance 1.3 0.0 14 PERSONAL INCOME *Implemented using assumptions defined in Scenario A 40 Appendix -1.3 5.2 -5.0 0.0 -1.6 185.7 185.7 176.0 1.7 0.0 5.0 1.6 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 81.4 -1.4 81.4 -38.1 -25.9 -18.8 82.8 38.1 25.9 18.8 265.9 53.3 0.0 53.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 Table 7. Summary of the Impact of Treating Funder-based R&D as Investment in the National Income and Product Accounts, 2000* [Billions of dollars] Account 4. Government Receipts and Expenditures Account Consumption expenditures (1-22) -1.4 8 Current tax receipts Current transfer payments 0.0 9 Contributions for government social insurance Interest payments 0.0 10 Income receipts on assets Subsidies (1-3) 0.0 11 Current transfer receipts Less: Wage accruals less disbursements 0.0 12 Current surplus of government enterprises 6 Net government saving (6-12) 1.4 7 GOVERNMENT CURRENT EXPENDITURES AND NET SAVING 0.0 13 1 2 Exports of goods and services Income receipts from the rest of the world GOVERNMENT CURRENT RECEIPTS Account 5. Foreign Transactions Current Account 0.0 4 Imports of goods and services 0.0 5 Income payments to the rest of the world 3 CURRENT RECEIPTS FROM THE REST OF THE WORLD 1 2 3 4 5 Gross domestic investment Private fixed investment (1-16) Government fixed investment (1-23) Change in private inventories Capital transfer payments to the rest of the world (net) 6 Net lending or net borrowing (-), national income and product accounts 0.0 0.0 0.0 6 Current taxes and transfer payments to the rest of the world (net) 0.0 7 Balance on current account, national income and product accounts 0.0 CURRENT PAYMENTS TO THE REST OF THE WORLD AND BALANCE ON CURRENT ACCOUNT 0.0 0.0 8 Account 6. Domestic Capital Account 268.6 8 Net saving 185.7 9 Personal saving (3-6) 82.8 10 Undistributed corporate profits with IVA and CCAdj (2-9) 0.0 11 Wage accruals less disbursements (private) 0.0 12 Net government saving (4-6) 0.0 13 14 15 Plus: Consumption of fixed capital (1-7) Private Government 16 Equals: Gross saving 17 Statistical discrepancy 18 GROSS SAVING AND STATISTICAL DISCREPANCY 7 GROSS INVESTMENT, CAPITAL TRANSFERS, AND NET LENDING 1 Account 7. Foreign Transactions Capital Account CAPITAL TRANSFERS (NET) AND NET LENDING, NATIONAL BALANCE ON CURRENT ACCOUNT, NATIONAL INCOME INCOME AND PRODUCT ACCOUNTS AND PRODUCT ACCOUNTS 0.0 2 268.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 *Implemented using assumptions defined in Scenario A 41 Appendix 56.0 1.3 53.3 0.0 1.4 212.6 131.1 81.4 0.0 268.6 268.6 0.0 Table 8. Dimensions of International R&D Royalties and License Fees for Industrial Processes in 2 $ Millions Trade in R&D Services 1 $ Millions Year Imports Unaffiliated Affiliated 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 76 114 182 133 210 241 225 239 294 364 379 564 637 749 787 725 1,028 1,327 1,827 1,700 1,600 3,100 2,900 Exports Total Unaffiliated Affiliated 2,425 2,628 4,427 4,727 282 177 231 375 384 602 611 464 522 638 681 893 867 994 910 1,046 1,142 1,152 1,307 5,700 6,500 7,600 8,500 Payments (Imports) Total 6,746 7,642 8,752 9,807 Unaffiliated payments 436 487 568 666 796 818 1,054 1,034 948 1,319 1,417 1,319 1,568 1,692 1,720 2,049 2,034 2,554 Receipts (Exports) From U.S. parents to Sum3 foreign affiliates 57 625 Unaffiliated receipts To U.S. parents from foreign Sum3 affiliates 1,592 1,863 1,947 2,333 2,434 2,525 2,820 3,026 3,513 3,566 3,544 3,499 3,900 4,662 4,174 4,039 4,627 5,560 9,100 11,047 BEA and NSF data on international funding and performance of R&D $ Millions BEA data on majorityowned foreign affiliates of U.S. multinationals NSF data on company and (MOFA) other non-Federal funds for industrial R&D performed R&D R&D abroad Funded by Performed By MOFA MOFA 7,048 10,187 9,396 11,084 10,951 10,445 14,626 7,922 11,877 12,582 14,039 14,593 14,664 18,144 20,457 19,702 21,063 22,328 Notes: 1. Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis; International Trade in Business, Professional and Technical Services, Table 7, http://www.bea.gov/bea/di/1001serv/intlserv.htm 2. Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, International Trade in Royalties and Licensing Fees, Table 4, http://www.bea.gov/bea/di/1001serv/intlserv.htm and U.S Direct Investment Abroad, 1989 Benchmark Survey Table 1.X.1 3. This sum does not include transactions between foreign-owned U.S. affiliates and their foreign parents;for industrial processes these data are unavailable. 42 Appendix 3,650 4,624 5,226 6,208 6,706 7,952 9,147 10,063 9,565 9,395 13,052 14,050 13,107 16,008 16,904 17,698 18,209 25,164 29,171