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NEWS RELEASE
EMBARGOED UNTIL RELEASE AT 8:30 A.M. EDT, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 28, 2011
BEA 11-53

James Rankin: (202) 606-5301
Kyle Brown: (202) 606-5302

(Personal Income)
(Personal Consumption Expenditures)

piniwd@bea.gov
pce@bea.gov

PERSONAL INCOME AND OUTLAYS: SEPTEMBER 2011
Personal income increased $17.3 billion, or 0.1 percent, and disposable personal income (DPI)
increased $12.9 billion, or 0.1 percent, in September, according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Personal consumption expenditures (PCE) increased $68.7 billion, or 0.6 percent. In August, personal
income decreased $13.6 billion, or 0.1 percent, DPI decreased $12.8 billion, or 0.1 percent, and PCE
increased $24.2 billion, or 0.2 percent, based on revised estimates.
Real disposable income decreased 0.1 percent in September, compared with a decrease of 0.4
percent in August. Real PCE increased 0.5 percent, compared with a decrease of less than 0.1 percent.
2011
May
June
July
Aug.
(Percent change from preceding month)
Personal income, current dollars
Disposable personal income:
Current dollars
Chained (2005) dollars
Personal consumption expenditures:
Current dollars
Chained (2005) dollars

Sept.

0.3

0.2

0.1

-0.1

0.1

0.2
0.0

0.1
0.3

0.0
-0.3

-0.1
-0.4

0.1
-0.1

0.2
0.0

-0.2
-0.1

0.9
0.5

0.2
0.0

0.6
0.5

________________________

NOTE. - - Monthly estimates are expressed at seasonally adjusted annual rates, unless otherwise specified.
Month-to-month dollar changes are differences between these published estimates. Month-to-month
percent changes are calculated from unrounded data and are not annualized. “Real” estimates are in
chained (2005) dollars.
This news release is available on BEA’s Web site at www.bea.gov/newsreleases/rels.htm.
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-2-

Wages and salaries
Private wage and salary disbursements increased $17.9 billion in September, in contrast to a
decrease of $9.8 billion in August. Goods-producing industries' payrolls increased $1.6 billion, in
contrast to a decrease of $3.5 billion; manufacturing payrolls decreased $1.1 billion, compared with a
decrease of $4.3 billion. Services-producing industries' payrolls increased $16.3 billion, in contrast to
a decrease of $6.3 billion. Government wage and salary disbursements decreased $0.7 billion, in
contrast to an increase of $1.3 billion.

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-3-

Other personal income
Supplements to wages and salaries increased $2.9 billion in September, compared with an
increase of $1.5 billion in August.
Proprietors' income increased $2.3 billion in September, compared with an increase of $8.4
billion in August. Farm proprietors' income increased $1.3 billion, compared with an increase of $1.2
billion. Nonfarm proprietors' income increased $1.0 billion, compared with an increase of $7.1
billion.
Rental income of persons increased $5.8 billion in September, compared with an increase of $5.6
billion in August. Personal income receipts on assets (personal interest income plus personal dividend
income) decreased $9.2 billion, compared with a decrease of $11.5 billion.
Personal current transfer receipts increased $0.6 billion in September, in contrast to a decrease of
$9.7 billion in August. Government social benefits to persons for Medicaid decreased $5.3 billion,
compared with a decrease of $14.2 billion.
Contributions for government social insurance -- a subtraction in calculating personal income -increased $2.2 billion in September, in contrast to a decrease of $0.7 billion in August.

Personal current taxes and disposable personal income
Personal current taxes increased $4.5 billion in September, in contrast to a decrease of $0.8
billion in August. Disposable personal income (DPI) -- personal income less personal current taxes -increased $12.9 billion, or 0.1 percent, in September, in contrast to a decrease of $12.8 billion, or 0.1
percent in August.

Personal outlays and personal saving
Personal outlays -- PCE, personal interest payments, and personal current transfer payments -increased $72.1 billion in September, compared with an increase of $27.6 billion in August. PCE
increased $68.7 billion, compared with an increase of $24.2 billion.
Personal saving -- DPI less personal outlays -- was $419.8 billion in September, compared with
$479.1 billion in August. Personal saving as a percentage of disposable personal income was 3.6
percent in September, compared with 4.1 percent in August. For a comparison of personal saving in
BEA’s national income and product accounts with personal saving in the Federal Reserve Board’s
flow of funds accounts and data on changes in net worth, go to
http://www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb/Nipa-Frb.asp.

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-4-

Real DPI, real PCE and price index
Real DPI -- DPI adjusted to remove price changes -- decreased 0.1 percent in September,
compared with a decrease of 0.4 percent in August.
Real PCE -- PCE adjusted to remove price changes -- increased 0.5 percent in September, in
contrast to a decrease of less than 0.1 percent in August. Purchases of durable goods increased 2.6
percent, in contrast to a decrease of 1.0 percent. Purchases of motor vehicles and parts accounted for
more than half of the increase in September, and more than accounted for the decrease in August.
Purchases of nondurable goods increased 0.5 percent in September, in contrast to a decrease of 0.1
percent in August. Purchases of services increased 0.1 percent, the same increase as in August.
PCE price index -- The price index for PCE increased 0.2 percent in September, compared with
an increase of 0.3 percent in August. The PCE price index, excluding food and energy, decreased less
than 0.1 percent, in contrast to an increase of 0.2 percent.

Revisions
Estimates have been revised for July and August. Changes in personal income, current-dollar and
chained (2005) dollar DPI, and current-dollar and chained (2005) dollar PCE for July and August -revised and as published in last month's release -- are shown below.

Change from preceding month
July
Previous Revised
(Billions of dollars)

Personal income:
Current dollars

August

Previous Revised
(Percent)

Previous Revised
(Billions of dollars)

Previous Revised
(Percent)

17.1

6.9

0.1

0.1

-7.3

-13.6

-0.1

-0.1

14.4
-24.7

3.1
-35.6

0.1
-0.2

0.0
-0.3

-5.0
-29.2

-12.8
-38.1

0.0
-0.3

-0.1
-0.4

Personal consumption expenditures:
Current dollars
76.6
Chained (2005) dollars
32.8

96.0
48.9

0.7
0.4

0.9
0.5

22.7
-3.0

24.2
-3.8

0.2
0.0

0.2
0.0

Disposable personal income:
Current dollars
Chained (2005) dollars

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-5-

BEA’s national, international, regional, and industry estimates; the Survey of Current
Business; and BEA news releases are available without charge on BEA’s Web site at www.bea.gov.
By visiting the site, you can also subscribe to receive free e-mail summaries of BEA releases and
announcements.

*

*

*

Next release – November 23, 2011 at 8:30 A.M. EST for
Personal Income and Outlays for October

Release Dates for 2012
December 2011.. January 30
January 2012….. March 1
February 2012… March 30
March 2012…… April 30

April 2012…June 1
May 2012… June 29
June 2012… July 31
July 2012…. August 30

-more-

August 2012…… September 28
September 2012.. October 29
October 2012….. November 30
November 2012.. December 21

Table 1. Personal Income and Its Disposition (Months)
[Billions of dollars]
Seasonally adjusted at annual rates
2011
February
Personal income.................................................................................
Compensation of employees, received ........................................
Wage and salary disbursements ................................................
Private industries........................................................................
Goods-producing industries ....................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Services-producing industries.................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities........................................
Other services-producing industries ....................................
Government................................................................................
Supplements to wages and salaries..........................................
Employer contributions for employee pension and insurance
funds .......................................................................................
Employer contributions for government social insurance ...........
Proprietors’ income with inventory valuation and capital
consumption adjustments..........................................................
Farm ..............................................................................................
Nonfarm.........................................................................................
Rental income of persons with capital consumption
adjustment ...................................................................................
Personal income receipts on assets .............................................
Personal interest income ...............................................................
Personal dividend income..............................................................
Personal current transfer receipts ................................................
Government social benefits to persons .........................................
Social security 1 .........................................................................
Medicare 2 ..................................................................................
Medicaid .....................................................................................
Unemployment insurance...........................................................
Veterans’ benefits .......................................................................
Other ..........................................................................................
Other current transfer receipts, from business (net) ......................
Less: Contributions for government social insurance,
domestic.......................................................................................
Less: Personal current taxes ............................................................
Equals: Disposable personal income...............................................
Less: Personal outlays ......................................................................
Personal consumption expenditures .................................................
Goods ............................................................................................
Durable goods ............................................................................
Nondurable goods ......................................................................
Services.........................................................................................
Personal interest payments 3 ............................................................
Personal current transfer payments ..................................................
To government ...............................................................................
To the rest of the world (net) ..........................................................
Equals: Personal saving ....................................................................
Personal saving as a percentage of disposable personal
income ..........................................................................................
Addenda:
Personal income excluding current transfer receipts, billions
of chained (2005) dollars 4 ..........................................................
Disposable personal income:
Total, billions of chained (2005) dollars 4 .......................................
Per capita:
Current dollars............................................................................
Chained (2005) dollars ...............................................................
Population (midperiod, thousands) 5.................................................

March

April

May

June

July r

August r

September p

12,850.6
8,177.6
6,582.9
5,391.9
1,090.2
698.0
4,301.6
1,035.5
3,266.1
1,191.0
1,594.7

12,909.7
8,213.9
6,614.8
5,422.8
1,099.4
705.9
4,323.4
1,042.5
3,280.8
1,192.0
1,599.1

12,962.2
8,244.2
6,641.6
5,449.1
1,105.6
709.3
4,343.5
1,051.4
3,292.1
1,192.5
1,602.6

12,997.2
8,268.4
6,662.3
5,470.2
1,110.5
713.2
4,359.7
1,050.7
3,309.0
1,192.1
1,606.1

13,018.5
8,274.7
6,666.8
5,475.7
1,109.9
711.9
4,365.8
1,053.7
3,312.0
1,191.1
1,607.9

13,025.4
8,300.0
6,690.3
5,500.3
1,115.9
717.5
4,384.4
1,055.6
3,328.8
1,190.0
1,609.7

13,011.8
8,292.9
6,681.7
5,490.5
1,112.4
713.2
4,378.1
1,051.9
3,326.2
1,191.3
1,611.2

13,029.1
8,313.1
6,699.0
5,508.4
1,114.0
712.1
4,394.4
1,055.9
3,338.5
1,190.6
1,614.1

1,103.0
491.7

1,105.0
494.1

1,106.9
495.7

1,108.7
497.4

1,110.4
497.4

1,110.8
498.8

1,112.7
498.5

1,114.6
499.4

1,097.1
66.1
1,031.1

1,103.1
69.2
1,033.9

1,105.9
68.3
1,037.6

1,106.6
67.3
1,039.3

1,107.2
66.4
1,040.7

1,110.7
67.7
1,043.1

1,119.1
68.9
1,050.2

1,121.4
70.2
1,051.2

384.9
1,780.2
1,004.7
775.4
2,322.9
2,284.0
701.4
547.9
430.7
116.4
60.6
427.0
38.9

400.3
1,779.2
1,006.4
772.8
2,330.1
2,290.7
705.1
551.1
429.0
114.5
62.4
428.6
39.3

398.3
1,791.8
1,011.1
780.6
2,342.7
2,303.2
713.1
553.1
433.3
110.8
63.1
429.8
39.4

396.8
1,802.6
1,015.9
786.7
2,346.4
2,307.0
711.4
553.9
438.5
106.4
61.8
435.0
39.4

395.7
1,812.6
1,020.7
791.9
2,352.7
2,313.3
712.1
554.7
440.5
109.3
63.6
433.3
39.3

401.1
1,805.0
1,007.2
797.7
2,336.0
2,296.4
715.2
555.8
421.4
104.7
64.0
435.3
39.6

406.7
1,793.5
993.8
799.8
2,326.3
2,287.0
716.1
558.1
407.2
102.1
65.4
438.1
39.3

412.5
1,784.3
980.3
804.0
2,326.9
2,287.6
717.7
559.5
401.9
104.1
65.7
438.7
39.3

912.1
1,367.1
11,483.5
10,908.1
10,577.7
3,603.3
1,162.6
2,440.7
6,974.4
160.3
170.1
96.6
73.5
575.4

916.8
1,377.7
11,532.1
10,969.3
10,639.2
3,627.4
1,161.0
2,466.4
7,011.9
159.8
170.2
96.7
73.5
562.8

920.5
1,391.5
11,570.8
10,998.0
10,669.6
3,647.1
1,157.7
2,489.4
7,022.5
157.9
170.5
96.9
73.5
572.8

923.7
1,403.0
11,594.2
11,016.7
10,690.1
3,625.5
1,144.4
2,481.1
7,064.7
155.9
170.6
97.1
73.5
577.5

924.3
1,408.9
11,609.6
10,993.2
10,668.4
3,595.6
1,129.3
2,466.3
7,072.8
154.0
170.9
97.3
73.5
616.3

927.5
1,412.7
11,612.7
11,093.3
10,764.4
3,643.3
1,154.2
2,489.1
7,121.1
157.1
171.8
97.5
74.3
519.4

926.8
1,411.9
11,599.9
11,120.9
10,788.6
3,644.9
1,141.4
2,503.5
7,143.7
160.2
172.1
97.8
74.3
479.1

929.0
1,416.4
11,612.8
11,193.0
10,857.3
3,696.9
1,166.1
2,530.8
7,160.4
163.3
172.4
98.1
74.3
419.8

5.0

4.9

5.0

5.0

5.3

4.5

4.1

3.6

9,337.7

9,346.8

9,350.1

9,361.1

9,386.1

9,371.4

9,343.3

9,342.5

10,185.5

10,188.3

10,187.6

10,190.2

10,216.6

10,181.0

10,142.9

10,137.3

36,842
32,678
311,696

36,977
32,668
311,870

37,080
32,648
312,049

37,132
32,636
312,240

37,158
32,700
312,440

37,142
32,563
312,654

37,075
32,418
312,878

37,088
32,376
313,113

p Preliminary
r Revised
1. Social security benefits include old-age, survivors, and disability insurance benefits that are distributed from the federal old-age and survivors insurance trust fund and the disability insurance trust fund.
2. Medicare benefits include hospital and supplementary medical insurance benefits that are distributed from the federal hospital insurance trust fund and the supplementary medical insurance trust fund.
3. Consists of nonmortgage interest paid by households.
4. The current-dollar measure is deflated by the implicit price deflator for personal consumption expenditures.
5. Population is the total population of the United States, including the Armed Forces overseas and the institutionalized population. The monthly estimate is the average of estimates for the first of the month and the
first of the following month; the annual and quarterly estimates are averages of the monthly estimates.

Table 2. Personal Income and Its Disposition (Years and Quarters)
[Billions of dollars]
Seasonally adjusted at annual rates
2009

2010

2010
II

Personal income.................................................................................
Compensation of employees, received ........................................
Wage and salary disbursements ................................................
Private industries........................................................................
Goods-producing industries ....................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Services-producing industries.................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities........................................
Other services-producing industries ....................................
Government................................................................................
Supplements to wages and salaries..........................................
Employer contributions for employee pension and insurance
funds .......................................................................................
Employer contributions for government social insurance ...........
Proprietors’ income with inventory valuation and capital
consumption adjustments..........................................................
Farm ..............................................................................................
Nonfarm.........................................................................................
Rental income of persons with capital consumption
adjustment ...................................................................................
Personal income receipts on assets .............................................
Personal interest income ...............................................................
Personal dividend income..............................................................
Personal current transfer receipts ................................................
Government social benefits to persons .........................................
Social security 1 .........................................................................
Medicare 2 ..................................................................................
Medicaid .....................................................................................
Unemployment insurance...........................................................
Veterans’ benefits .......................................................................
Other ..........................................................................................
Other current transfer receipts, from business (net) ......................
Less: Contributions for government social insurance,
domestic.......................................................................................
Less: Personal current taxes ............................................................
Equals: Disposable personal income...............................................
Less: Personal outlays ......................................................................
Personal consumption expenditures .................................................
Goods ............................................................................................
Durable goods ............................................................................
Nondurable goods ......................................................................
Services.........................................................................................
Personal interest payments 3 ............................................................
Personal current transfer payments ..................................................
To government ...............................................................................
To the rest of the world (net) ..........................................................
Equals: Personal saving ....................................................................
Personal saving as a percentage of disposable personal
income ..........................................................................................
Addenda:
Personal income excluding current transfer receipts, billions
of chained (2005) dollars 4 ..........................................................
Disposable personal income:
Total, billions of chained (2005) dollars 4 .......................................
Per capita:
Current dollars............................................................................
Chained (2005) dollars ...............................................................
Population (midperiod, thousands) 5.................................................

2011

III

IV

I

II

III

11,930.2
7,801.4
6,270.3
5,095.0
1,063.4
660.9
4,031.7
989.6
3,042.0
1,175.3
1,531.1

12,373.5
7,971.4
6,408.2
5,217.4
1,059.2
674.2
4,158.2
1,006.0
3,152.2
1,190.8
1,563.1

12,325.6
7,960.0
6,399.8
5,203.5
1,058.6
673.6
4,144.9
1,004.5
3,140.4
1,196.3
1,560.2

12,453.2
8,022.2
6,454.5
5,264.7
1,070.5
682.2
4,194.2
1,015.9
3,178.3
1,189.9
1,567.7

12,577.6
8,050.8
6,477.0
5,288.4
1,070.8
685.5
4,217.6
1,016.1
3,201.5
1,188.6
1,573.7

12,846.9
8,172.5
6,578.2
5,387.1
1,092.3
700.4
4,294.7
1,034.4
3,260.3
1,191.1
1,594.4

12,992.6
8,262.4
6,656.9
5,465.0
1,108.7
711.5
4,356.3
1,051.9
3,304.4
1,191.9
1,605.5

13,022.1
8,302.0
6,690.4
5,499.7
1,114.1
714.3
4,385.6
1,054.5
3,331.2
1,190.6
1,611.6

1,073.1
458.0

1,089.9
473.2

1,087.6
472.6

1,092.0
475.7

1,096.8
476.9

1,103.0
491.4

1,108.7
496.9

1,112.7
498.9

941.2
39.2
902.0

1,036.4
52.2
984.2

1,025.6
45.8
979.7

1,057.0
58.3
998.7

1,081.5
60.1
1,021.4

1,095.6
66.1
1,029.5

1,106.5
67.3
1,039.2

1,117.1
68.9
1,048.2

305.9
1,707.7
1,108.9
598.8
2,138.1
2,099.9
664.5
493.8
374.1
130.6
51.5
385.4
38.2

350.2
1,721.2
1,003.4
717.7
2,281.2
2,242.9
690.2
518.4
405.4
138.7
57.9
432.4
38.3

349.1
1,724.5
1,014.1
710.4
2,252.1
2,214.1
688.3
511.5
389.8
137.4
57.3
429.9
38.0

352.8
1,723.4
983.9
739.4
2,289.4
2,251.4
693.9
521.4
405.2
135.8
59.0
436.1
37.9

354.8
1,743.5
989.6
753.9
2,341.2
2,301.9
699.9
535.3
439.8
128.7
59.4
438.7
39.3

385.0
1,777.2
1,004.7
772.5
2,328.1
2,288.6
703.1
547.8
432.1
117.5
61.3
426.9
39.5

396.9
1,802.3
1,015.9
786.4
2,347.3
2,307.9
712.2
553.9
437.4
108.8
62.8
432.7
39.4

406.8
1,794.3
993.8
800.5
2,329.7
2,290.3
716.3
557.8
410.1
103.6
65.0
437.4
39.4

964.1
1,141.4
10,788.8
10,236.3
9,866.1
3,197.5
1,029.6
2,167.8
6,668.7
213.7
156.5
89.1
67.4
552.6

986.8
1,193.9
11,179.7
10,586.9
10,245.5
3,387.0
1,085.5
2,301.5
6,858.5
173.4
168.0
95.1
72.9
592.8

985.7
1,175.4
11,150.2
10,527.0
10,184.8
3,340.1
1,071.7
2,268.3
6,844.7
174.4
167.8
94.8
72.9
623.3

991.5
1,212.8
11,240.4
10,614.8
10,276.6
3,386.5
1,087.5
2,299.0
6,890.1
168.1
170.1
95.8
74.3
625.6

994.1
1,240.9
11,336.7
10,748.6
10,417.1
3,483.4
1,124.7
2,358.7
6,933.7
162.7
168.9
96.5
72.5
588.1

911.5
1,365.9
11,481.0
10,902.1
10,571.7
3,592.2
1,154.5
2,437.8
6,979.4
160.3
170.1
96.6
73.5
578.9

922.8
1,401.1
11,591.5
11,002.6
10,676.0
3,622.7
1,143.8
2,478.9
7,053.3
155.9
170.7
97.1
73.5
588.9

927.8
1,413.6
11,608.5
11,135.7
10,803.4
3,661.7
1,153.9
2,507.8
7,141.7
160.2
172.1
97.8
74.3
472.7

5.1

5.3

5.6

5.6

5.2

5.0

5.1

4.1

8,969.7

9,083.0

9,086.5

9,145.7

9,166.7

9,329.8

9,365.7

9,352.4

9,882.7

10,061.6

10,057.8

10,114.4

10,152.0

10,183.2

10,198.1

10,153.7

35,088
32,141
307,483

36,051
32,446
310,106

36,001
32,473
309,724

36,208
32,581
310,438

36,436
32,628
311,140

36,834
32,670
311,696

37,123
32,661
312,243

37,102
32,452
312,882

1. Social security benefits include old-age, survivors, and disability insurance benefits that are distributed from the federal old-age and survivors insurance trust fund and the disability insurance trust fund.
2. Medicare benefits include hospital and supplementary medical insurance benefits that are distributed from the federal hospital insurance trust fund and the supplementary medical insurance trust fund.
3. Consists of nonmortgage interest paid by households.
4. The current-dollar measure is deflated by the implicit price deflator for personal consumption expenditures.
5. Population is the total population of the United States, including the Armed Forces overseas and the institutionalized population. The monthly estimate is the average of estimates for the first of the month and the
first of the following month; the annual and quarterly estimates are averages of the monthly estimates.

Table 3. Personal Income and Its Disposition, Change from Preceding Period (Months)
[Billions of dollars]
Seasonally adjusted at annual rates
2011
February
Personal income.................................................................................
Compensation of employees, received ........................................
Wage and salary disbursements ................................................
Private industries........................................................................
Goods-producing industries ....................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Services-producing industries.................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities........................................
Other services-producing industries ....................................
Government................................................................................
Supplements to wages and salaries..........................................
Employer contributions for employee pension and insurance
funds .......................................................................................
Employer contributions for government social insurance ...........
Proprietors’ income with inventory valuation and capital
consumption adjustments..........................................................
Farm ..............................................................................................
Nonfarm.........................................................................................
Rental income of persons with capital consumption
adjustment ...................................................................................
Personal income receipts on assets .............................................
Personal interest income ...............................................................
Personal dividend income..............................................................
Personal current transfer receipts ................................................
Government social benefits to persons .........................................
Social security 1 .........................................................................
Medicare 2 ..................................................................................
Medicaid .....................................................................................
Unemployment insurance...........................................................
Veterans’ benefits .......................................................................
Other ..........................................................................................
Other current transfer receipts, from business (net) ......................
Less: Contributions for government social insurance,
domestic.......................................................................................
Less: Personal current taxes ............................................................
Equals: Disposable personal income...............................................
Less: Personal outlays ......................................................................
Personal consumption expenditures .................................................
Goods ............................................................................................
Durable goods ............................................................................
Nondurable goods ......................................................................
Services.........................................................................................
Personal interest payments 3 ............................................................
Personal current transfer payments ..................................................
To government ...............................................................................
To the rest of the world (net) ..........................................................
Equals: Personal saving ....................................................................
Addenda:
Personal income excluding current transfer receipts, billions of
chained (2005) dollars 4 ................................................................
Disposable personal income, billions of chained (2005) dollars 4.....

March

April

May

July r

June

August r

September p

70.3
51.4
46.1
45.4
2.8
0.5
42.4
10.2
32.2
0.8
5.3

59.1
36.3
31.9
30.9
9.2
7.9
21.8
7.0
14.7
1.0
4.4

52.5
30.3
26.8
26.3
6.2
3.4
20.1
8.9
11.3
0.5
3.5

35.0
24.2
20.7
21.1
4.9
3.9
16.2
–0.7
16.9
–0.4
3.5

21.3
6.3
4.5
5.5
–0.6
–1.3
6.1
3.0
3.0
–1.0
1.8

6.9
25.3
23.5
24.6
6.0
5.6
18.6
1.9
16.8
–1.1
1.8

–13.6
–7.1
–8.6
–9.8
–3.5
–4.3
–6.3
–3.7
–2.6
1.3
1.5

17.3
20.2
17.3
17.9
1.6
–1.1
16.3
4.0
12.3
–0.7
2.9

2.1
3.2

2.0
2.4

1.9
1.6

1.8
1.7

1.7
0.0

0.4
1.4

1.9
–0.3

1.9
0.9

10.5
3.1
7.5

6.0
3.1
2.8

2.8
–0.9
3.7

0.7
–1.0
1.7

0.6
–0.9
1.4

3.5
1.3
2.4

8.4
1.2
7.1

2.3
1.3
1.0

15.2
8.0
1.6
6.3
–8.3
–7.1
–1.4
3.6
–5.8
–5.1
–0.4
2.1
–1.2

15.4
–1.0
1.7
–2.6
7.2
6.7
3.7
3.2
–1.7
–1.9
1.8
1.6
0.4

–2.0
12.6
4.7
7.8
12.6
12.5
8.0
2.0
4.3
–3.7
0.7
1.2
0.1

–1.5
10.8
4.8
6.1
3.7
3.8
–1.7
0.8
5.2
–4.4
–1.3
5.2
0.0

–1.1
10.0
4.8
5.2
6.3
6.3
0.7
0.8
2.0
2.9
1.8
–1.7
–0.1

5.4
–7.6
–13.5
5.8
–16.7
–16.9
3.1
1.1
–19.1
–4.6
0.4
2.0
0.3

5.6
–11.5
–13.4
2.1
–9.7
–9.4
0.9
2.3
–14.2
–2.6
1.4
2.8
–0.3

5.8
–9.2
–13.5
4.2
0.6
0.6
1.6
1.4
–5.3
2.0
0.3
0.6
0.0

6.4
14.3
56.0
79.3
79.7
57.3
22.7
34.6
22.4
–0.5
0.1
0.0
0.0
–23.2

4.7
10.6
48.6
61.2
61.5
24.1
–1.6
25.7
37.5
–0.5
0.1
0.1
0.0
–12.6

3.7
13.8
38.7
28.7
30.4
19.7
–3.3
23.0
10.6
–1.9
0.3
0.2
0.0
10.0

3.2
11.5
23.4
18.7
20.5
–21.6
–13.3
–8.3
42.2
–2.0
0.1
0.2
0.0
4.7

0.6
5.9
15.4
–23.5
–21.7
–29.9
–15.1
–14.8
8.1
–1.9
0.3
0.2
0.0
38.8

3.2
3.8
3.1
100.1
96.0
47.7
24.9
22.8
48.3
3.1
0.9
0.2
0.8
–96.9

–0.7
–0.8
–12.8
27.6
24.2
1.6
–12.8
14.4
22.6
3.1
0.3
0.3
0.0
–40.3

2.2
4.5
12.9
72.1
68.7
52.0
24.7
27.3
16.7
3.1
0.3
0.3
0.0
–59.3

32.7
9.2

9.1
2.8

3.3
–0.7

11.0
2.6

25.0
26.4

–14.7
–35.6

–28.1
–38.1

–0.8
–5.6

p Preliminary
r Revised
1. Social security benefits include old-age, survivors, and disability insurance benefits that are distributed from the federal old-age and survivors insurance trust fund and the disability insurance trust fund.
2. Medicare benefits include hospital and supplementary medical insurance benefits that are distributed from the federal hospital insurance trust fund and the supplementary medical insurance trust fund.
3. Consists of nonmortgage interest paid by households.
4. The current-dollar measure is deflated by the implicit price deflator for personal consumption expenditures.

Table 4. Personal Income and Its Disposition, Change from Preceding Period (Years and Quarters)
[Billions of dollars]
Seasonally adjusted at annual rates
2009

2010

2010
II

Personal income.................................................................................
Compensation of employees, received ........................................
Wage and salary disbursements ................................................
Private industries........................................................................
Goods-producing industries ....................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Services-producing industries.................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities........................................
Other services-producing industries ....................................
Government................................................................................
Supplements to wages and salaries..........................................
Employer contributions for employee pension and insurance
funds .......................................................................................
Employer contributions for government social insurance ...........
Proprietors’ income with inventory valuation and capital
consumption adjustments..........................................................
Farm ..............................................................................................
Nonfarm.........................................................................................
Rental income of persons with capital consumption
adjustment ...................................................................................
Personal income receipts on assets .............................................
Personal interest income ...............................................................
Personal dividend income..............................................................
Personal current transfer receipts ................................................
Government social benefits to persons .........................................
Social security 1 .........................................................................
Medicare 2 ..................................................................................
Medicaid .....................................................................................
Unemployment insurance...........................................................
Veterans’ benefits .......................................................................
Other ..........................................................................................
Other current transfer receipts, from business (net) ......................
Less: Contributions for government social insurance,
domestic.......................................................................................
Less: Personal current taxes ............................................................
Equals: Disposable personal income...............................................
Less: Personal outlays ......................................................................
Personal consumption expenditures .................................................
Goods ............................................................................................
Durable goods ............................................................................
Nondurable goods ......................................................................
Services.........................................................................................
Personal interest payments 3 ............................................................
Personal current transfer payments ..................................................
To government ...............................................................................
To the rest of the world (net) ..........................................................
Equals: Personal saving ....................................................................
Addenda:
Personal income excluding current transfer receipts, billions of
chained (2005) dollars 4 ................................................................
Disposable personal income, billions of chained (2005) dollars 4.....

2011

III

IV

I

II

III

–530.0
–271.9
–280.6
–311.8
–144.3
–80.0
–167.3
–60.1
–107.3
31.2
8.6

443.3
170.0
137.9
122.4
–4.2
13.3
126.5
16.4
110.2
15.5
32.0

187.9
107.5
98.2
90.5
21.7
18.3
68.9
17.1
51.7
7.7
9.3

127.6
62.2
54.7
61.2
11.9
8.6
49.3
11.4
37.9
–6.4
7.5

124.4
28.6
22.5
23.7
0.3
3.3
23.4
0.2
23.2
–1.3
6.0

269.3
121.7
101.2
98.7
21.5
14.9
77.1
18.3
58.8
2.5
20.7

145.7
89.9
78.7
77.9
16.4
11.1
61.6
17.5
44.1
0.8
11.1

29.5
39.6
33.5
34.7
5.4
2.8
29.3
2.6
26.8
–1.3
6.1

20.7
–12.1

16.8
15.2

4.2
5.1

4.4
3.1

4.8
1.2

6.2
14.5

5.7
5.5

4.0
2.0

–156.7
–12.6
–144.1

95.2
13.0
82.2

43.9
1.2
42.6

31.4
12.5
19.0

24.5
1.8
22.7

14.1
6.0
8.1

10.9
1.2
9.7

10.6
1.6
9.0

74.3
–457.7
–273.1
–184.6
258.9
257.5
59.0
32.2
35.9
79.7
6.5
44.3
1.4

44.3
13.5
–105.5
118.9
143.1
143.0
25.7
24.6
31.3
8.1
6.4
47.0
0.1

5.0
31.2
–12.0
43.2
10.0
10.0
9.7
5.9
3.2
–15.4
1.5
5.1
0.0

3.7
–1.1
–30.2
29.0
37.3
37.3
5.6
9.9
15.4
–1.6
1.7
6.2
–0.1

2.0
20.1
5.7
14.5
51.8
50.5
6.0
13.9
34.6
–7.1
0.4
2.6
1.4

30.2
33.7
15.1
18.6
–13.1
–13.3
3.2
12.5
–7.7
–11.2
1.9
–11.8
0.2

11.9
25.1
11.2
13.9
19.2
19.3
9.1
6.1
5.3
–8.7
1.5
5.8
–0.1

9.9
–8.0
–22.1
14.1
–17.6
–17.6
4.1
3.9
–27.3
–5.2
2.2
4.7
0.0

–23.2
–294.3
–235.7
–195.9
–169.4
–184.2
–79.3
–105.0
14.9
–31.9
5.5
4.2
1.2
–39.7

22.7
52.5
390.9
350.6
379.4
189.5
55.9
133.7
189.8
–40.3
11.5
6.0
5.5
40.2

9.7
29.0
158.9
69.8
81.1
2.0
13.7
–11.8
79.1
–13.9
2.6
1.4
1.0
89.2

5.8
37.4
90.2
87.8
91.8
46.4
15.8
30.7
45.4
–6.3
2.3
1.0
1.4
2.3

2.6
28.1
96.3
133.8
140.5
96.9
37.2
59.7
43.6
–5.4
–1.2
0.7
–1.8
–37.5

–82.6
125.0
144.3
153.5
154.6
108.8
29.8
79.1
45.7
–2.4
1.2
0.1
1.0
–9.2

11.3
35.2
110.5
100.5
104.3
30.5
–10.7
41.1
73.9
–4.4
0.6
0.5
0.0
10.0

5.0
12.5
17.0
133.1
127.4
39.0
10.1
28.9
88.4
4.3
1.4
0.7
0.8
–116.2

–742.6
–236.8

113.3
178.9

153.1
135.3

59.2
56.6

21.0
37.6

163.1
31.2

35.9
14.9

–13.3
–44.4

1. Social security benefits include old-age, survivors, and disability insurance benefits that are distributed from the federal old-age and survivors insurance trust fund and the disability insurance trust fund.
2. Medicare benefits include hospital and supplementary medical insurance benefits that are distributed from the federal hospital insurance trust fund and the supplementary medical insurance trust fund.
3. Consists of nonmortgage interest paid by households.
4. The current-dollar measure is deflated by the implicit price deflator for personal consumption expenditures.

Table 5. Personal Income and Its Disposition, Percent Change from Preceding Period (Months)
Seasonally adjusted at monthly rates
2011
February

March

April

May

July r

June

August r

September p

Based on current-dollar measures
Personal income..........................................................................
Compensation of employees, received ......................................
Wage and salary disbursements ............................................
Supplements to wages and salaries.......................................
Proprietors’ income with inventory valuation and capital
consumption adjustments.......................................................
Rental income of persons with capital consumption adjustment
Personal income receipts on assets ..........................................
Personal interest income ........................................................
Personal dividend income.......................................................
Personal current transfer receipts ..............................................
Less: Contributions for government social insurance, domestic
Less: Personal current taxes .....................................................
Equals: Disposable personal income........................................
Addenda:
Personal consumption expenditures ..........................................
Goods .....................................................................................
Durable goods .....................................................................
Nondurable goods ...............................................................
Services..................................................................................

0.6
0.6
0.7
0.3

0.5
0.4
0.5
0.3

0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2

0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1

0.1
0.3
0.4
0.1

–0.1
–0.1
–0.1
0.1

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.2

1.0
4.1
0.4
0.2
0.8
–0.4
0.7
1.1
0.5

0.5
4.0
–0.1
0.2
–0.3
0.3
0.5
0.8
0.4

0.2
–0.5
0.7
0.5
1.0
0.5
0.4
1.0
0.3

0.1
–0.4
0.6
0.5
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.2

0.1
–0.3
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.3
0.1
0.4
0.1

0.3
1.4
–0.4
–1.3
0.7
–0.7
0.3
0.3
0.0

0.8
1.4
–0.6
–1.3
0.3
–0.4
–0.1
–0.1
–0.1

0.2
1.4
–0.5
–1.4
0.5
0.0
0.2
0.3
0.1

0.8
1.6
2.0
1.4
0.3

0.6
0.7
–0.1
1.1
0.5

0.3
0.5
–0.3
0.9
0.2

0.2
–0.6
–1.2
–0.3
0.6

–0.2
–0.8
–1.3
–0.6
0.1

0.9
1.3
2.2
0.9
0.7

0.2
0.0
–1.1
0.6
0.3

0.6
1.4
2.2
1.1
0.2

–0.2
–0.3

–0.3
–0.4

0.0
–0.1

Based on chained (2005) dollar measures
Real personal income excluding current transfer receipts .........
Real disposable personal income ..............................................

0.4
0.1

0.1
0.0

0.0
0.0

0.1
0.0

0.3
0.3

p Preliminary
r Revised

Table 6. Personal Income and Its Disposition, Percent Change from Preceding Period (Years and Quarters)
Seasonally adjusted at annual rates
2009

2010

2010
II

2011

III

IV

I

II

III

Based on current-dollar measures
Personal income..........................................................................
Compensation of employees, received ......................................
Wage and salary disbursements ............................................
Supplements to wages and salaries.......................................
Proprietors’ income with inventory valuation and capital
consumption adjustments.......................................................
Rental income of persons with capital consumption adjustment
Personal income receipts on assets ..........................................
Personal interest income ........................................................
Personal dividend income.......................................................
Personal current transfer receipts ..............................................
Less: Contributions for government social insurance, domestic
Less: Personal current taxes .....................................................
Equals: Disposable personal income........................................
Addenda:
Personal consumption expenditures ..........................................
Goods .....................................................................................
Durable goods .....................................................................
Nondurable goods ...............................................................
Services..................................................................................

–4.3
–3.4
–4.3
0.6

3.7
2.2
2.2
2.1

6.3
5.6
6.4
2.4

4.2
3.2
3.5
1.9

4.1
1.4
1.4
1.6

8.8
6.2
6.4
5.4

4.6
4.5
4.9
2.8

0.9
1.9
2.0
1.5

–14.3
32.1
–21.1
–19.8
–23.6
13.8
–2.3
–20.5
–2.1

10.1
14.5
0.8
–9.5
19.9
6.7
2.4
4.6
3.6

19.1
5.9
7.6
–4.6
28.5
1.8
4.0
10.5
5.9

12.8
4.3
–0.3
–11.4
17.4
6.8
2.4
13.4
3.3

9.6
2.4
4.7
2.3
8.1
9.4
1.1
9.6
3.5

5.3
38.6
8.0
6.3
10.2
–2.2
–29.3
46.8
5.2

4.0
13.0
5.8
4.5
7.4
3.3
5.1
10.7
3.9

3.9
10.3
–1.8
–8.4
7.3
–3.0
2.2
3.6
0.6

–1.7
–5.4
–7.1
–4.6
0.2

3.8
5.9
5.4
6.2
2.8

3.2
0.2
5.3
–2.0
4.8

3.7
5.7
6.0
5.5
2.7

5.6
11.9
14.4
10.8
2.6

6.1
13.1
11.0
14.1
2.7

4.0
3.4
–3.7
6.9
4.3

4.9
4.4
3.6
4.7
5.1

1.8
1.2

0.4
0.6

–0.1
–1.7

Based on chained (2005) dollar measures
Real personal income excluding current transfer receipts .........
Real disposable personal income ..............................................

–7.6
–2.3

1.3
1.8

1.7
5.6

0.7
2.3

0.2
1.5

Table 7. Real Personal Consumption Expenditures by Major Type of Product (Months)
2011
February

March

April

May

July r

June

August r

September p

Billions of chained (2005) dollars, seasonally adjusted at annual rates
Personal consumption expenditures ........................................
Goods ........................................................................................
Durable goods ........................................................................
Nondurable goods ..................................................................
Services .....................................................................................

9,382.1
3,355.3
1,285.2
2,079.3
6,034.2

9,399.5
3,351.0
1,284.1
2,076.2
6,055.2

9,394.2
3,348.0
1,277.3
2,078.8
6,052.7

9,395.7
3,328.4
1,261.1
2,073.2
6,072.6

9,388.4
3,317.3
1,242.1
2,077.7
6,075.7

9,437.3
3,338.6
1,270.4
2,075.6
6,103.6

9,433.5
3,326.3
1,258.1
2,073.6
6,111.5

9,477.8
3,364.4
1,290.5
2,083.8
6,119.1

Change from preceding period in billions of chained (2005) dollars, seasonally adjusted at annual rates
Personal consumption expenditures ........................................
Goods ........................................................................................
Durable goods ........................................................................
Nondurable goods ..................................................................
Services .....................................................................................

33.5
28.3
22.4
8.5
6.4

17.4
–4.3
–1.1
–3.1
21.0

–5.3
–3.0
–6.8
2.6
–2.5

1.5
–19.6
–16.2
–5.6
19.9

–7.3
–11.1
–19.0
4.5
3.1

48.9
21.3
28.3
–2.1
27.9

–3.8
–12.3
–12.3
–2.0
7.9

44.3
38.1
32.4
10.2
7.6

Percent change from preceding period in chained (2005) dollars, seasonally adjusted at monthly rates
Personal consumption expenditures ........................................
Goods ........................................................................................
Durable goods ........................................................................
Nondurable goods ..................................................................
Services .....................................................................................

0.4
0.8
1.8
0.4
0.1

0.2
–0.1
–0.1
–0.1
0.3

–0.1
–0.1
–0.5
0.1
0.0

0.0
–0.6
–1.3
–0.3
0.3

–0.1
–0.3
–1.5
0.2
0.1

0.5
0.6
2.3
–0.1
0.5

0.0
–0.4
–1.0
–0.1
0.1

0.5
1.1
2.6
0.5
0.1

p Preliminary
r Revised

Table 8. Real Personal Consumption Expenditures by Major Type of Product (Years and Quarters)
Seasonally adjusted at annual rates
2009

2010

2010
II

2011

III

IV

I

II

III

9,376.7
3,344.4
1,277.4
2,075.4
6,039.1

9,392.7
3,331.2
1,260.2
2,076.6
6,067.0

9,449.5
3,343.1
1,273.0
2,077.7
6,111.4

16.0
–13.2
–17.2
1.2
27.9

56.8
11.9
12.8
1.1
44.4

0.7
–1.6
–5.3
0.2
1.9

2.4
1.4
4.1
0.2
3.0

Billions of chained (2005) dollars
Personal consumption expenditures ........................................
Goods ........................................................................................
Durable goods ........................................................................
Nondurable goods ..................................................................
Services .....................................................................................

9,037.5
3,098.0
1,108.3
1,983.4
5,935.5

9,220.9
3,230.7
1,188.3
2,041.3
5,991.8

Personal consumption expenditures ........................................
Goods ........................................................................................
Durable goods ........................................................................
Nondurable goods ..................................................................
Services .....................................................................................

–174.2
–94.9
–63.5
–35.7
–81.5

183.4
132.7
80.0
57.9
56.3

9,186.9
3,202.9
1,169.3
2,030.8
5,984.3

9,247.1
3,240.8
1,194.1
2,045.8
6,008.1

9,328.4
3,306.0
1,242.4
2,067.4
6,027.5

Change from preceding period in billions of chained (2005) dollars
65.7
29.6
21.8
9.7
36.9

60.2
37.9
24.8
15.0
23.8

81.3
65.2
48.3
21.6
19.4

48.3
38.4
35.0
8.0
11.6

Percent change from preceding period in chained (2005) dollars
Personal consumption expenditures ........................................
Goods ........................................................................................
Durable goods ........................................................................
Nondurable goods ..................................................................
Services .....................................................................................

–1.9
–3.0
–5.4
–1.8
–1.4

2.0
4.3
7.2
2.9
0.9

2.9
3.8
7.8
1.9
2.5

2.6
4.8
8.8
3.0
1.6

3.6
8.3
17.2
4.3
1.3

2.1
4.7
11.7
1.6
0.8

Table 9. Price Indexes for Personal Consumption Expenditures: Level and Percent Change From Preceding Period (Months)
2011
February

March

April

May

July r

June

August r

September p

Chain-type price indexes (2005=100), seasonally adjusted
Personal consumption expenditures (PCE)..............................
Goods ........................................................................................
Durable goods ........................................................................
Nondurable goods ..................................................................
Services .....................................................................................
Addenda:
PCE excluding food and energy.................................................
Food 1 ........................................................................................
Energy goods and services 2 .....................................................
Market-based PCE 3 ..................................................................
Market-based PCE excluding food and energy 3 .......................

112.747
107.396
90.438
117.389
115.584

113.194
108.254
90.394
118.801
115.801

113.580
108.935
90.619
119.756
116.026

113.780
108.929
90.720
119.681
116.341

113.637
108.391
90.897
118.711
116.413

114.066
109.129
90.837
119.932
116.673

114.368
109.582
90.703
120.742
116.892

114.559
109.887
90.337
121.458
117.019

110.974
116.089
137.557
112.514
110.421

111.112
117.106
142.690
112.984
110.539

111.329
117.595
145.959
113.402
110.767

111.622
118.000
144.180
113.580
111.049

111.804
118.171
137.723
113.452
111.299

112.038
118.603
141.641
113.894
111.517

112.227
119.315
143.369
114.241
111.741

112.224
119.944
146.365
114.493
111.780

Percent change from preceding period in price indexes, seasonally adjusted at monthly rates
Personal consumption expenditures (PCE)..............................
Goods ........................................................................................
Durable goods ........................................................................
Nondurable goods ..................................................................
Services .....................................................................................
Addenda:
PCE excluding food and energy.................................................
Food 1 ........................................................................................
Energy goods and services 2 .....................................................
Market-based PCE 3 ..................................................................
Market-based PCE excluding food and energy 3 .......................

0.4
0.8
0.2
1.0
0.2

0.4
0.8
0.0
1.2
0.2

0.3
0.6
0.2
0.8
0.2

0.2
0.0
0.1
–0.1
0.3

–0.1
–0.5
0.2
–0.8
0.1

0.4
0.7
–0.1
1.0
0.2

0.3
0.4
–0.1
0.7
0.2

0.2
0.3
–0.4
0.6
0.1

0.2
0.8
3.5
0.5
0.2

0.1
0.9
3.7
0.4
0.1

0.2
0.4
2.3
0.4
0.2

0.3
0.3
–1.2
0.2
0.3

0.2
0.1
–4.5
–0.1
0.2

0.2
0.4
2.8
0.4
0.2

0.2
0.6
1.2
0.3
0.2

0.0
0.5
2.1
0.2
0.0

p Preliminary
r Revised
1. Food consists of food and beverages purchased for off-premises consumption; food services, which include purchased meals and beverages, are not classified as food.
2. Consists of gasoline and other energy goods and of electricity and gas services.
3. Market-based PCE is a supplemental measure that is based on household expenditures for which there are observable price measures. It excludes most imputed transactions (for example, financial services
furnished without payment) and the final consumption expenditures of nonprofit institutions serving households.

Table 10. Real Disposable Personal Income and Real Personal Consumption Expenditures:
Percent Change From Month One Year Ago
2011
February
Disposable personal income......................................................
Personal consumption expenditures ........................................
Goods ........................................................................................
Durable goods ........................................................................
Nondurable goods ..................................................................
Services .....................................................................................

March

2.7
2.9
5.9
12.8
2.8
1.4

April
2.4
2.6
4.5
9.3
2.3
1.7

May
1.8
2.5
4.7
9.2
2.6
1.4

July r

June
1.2
2.2
4.0
7.8
2.2
1.4

1.2
2.0
3.4
6.3
1.9
1.4

August r
0.8
2.4
3.9
7.1
2.4
1.7

September p

0.1
1.9
2.5
5.9
0.9
1.7

0.2
2.2
3.1
6.8
1.4
1.8

p Preliminary
r Revised

Table 11. Price Indexes for Personal Consumption Expenditures: Percent Change From Month One Year Ago
2011
February
Personal consumption expenditures (PCE)..............................
Goods ........................................................................................
Durable goods ........................................................................
Nondurable goods ..................................................................
Services .....................................................................................
Addenda:
PCE excluding food and energy.................................................
Food 1 ........................................................................................
Energy goods and services 2 .....................................................
Market-based PCE 3 ..................................................................
Market-based PCE excluding food and energy 3 .......................

March

April

May

July r

June

August r

September p

1.8
2.1
–1.8
4.0
1.6

2.0
3.0
–1.8
5.4
1.5

2.4
3.9
–1.4
6.5
1.6

2.6
4.4
–1.0
7.1
1.7

2.6
4.5
–0.5
7.0
1.7

2.8
4.7
–0.2
7.2
1.8

2.9
4.8
–0.5
7.4
1.9

2.9
4.9
–0.7
7.7
2.0

1.1
2.4
11.9
1.7
0.9

1.0
3.1
16.5
2.1
1.0

1.2
3.3
19.8
2.5
1.1

1.3
3.6
21.9
2.7
1.3

1.4
3.9
20.8
2.8
1.4

1.6
4.3
20.2
2.9
1.5

1.7
4.8
19.6
3.0
1.6

1.6
5.1
20.7
3.1
1.6

p Preliminary
r Revised
1. Food consists of food and beverages purchased for off-premises consumption; food services, which include purchased meals and beverages, are not classified as food.
2. Consists of gasoline and other energy goods and of electricity and gas services.
3. Market-based PCE is a supplemental measure that is based on household expenditures for which there are observable price measures. It excludes most imputed transactions (for example, financial services
furnished without payment) and the final consumption expenditures of nonprofit institutions serving households.