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EMBARGOED UNTIL RELEASE AT 8:30 A.M. EDT, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 28, 2016
Technical:
Media:

Lisa Mataloni (GDP)
Jeannine Aversa

(301) 278-9083
(301) 278-9003

BEA 16-57

gdpniwd@bea.gov
Jeannine.Aversa@bea.gov

Gross Domestic Product: Third Quarter 2016 (Advance Estimate)
Real gross domestic product increased at an annual rate of 2.9 percent in the third quarter of 2016
(table 1), according to the "advance" estimate released by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. In the
second quarter, real GDP increased 1.4 percent.
The Bureau emphasized that the third-quarter advance estimate released today is based on source data
that are incomplete or subject to further revision by the source agency (see “Source Data for the
Advance Estimate” on page 3). The "second" estimate for the third quarter, based on more complete
data, will be released on November 29, 2016.

Real GDP: Percent change from preceding quarter
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
Q4

2012

Q1

Q2

Q3

2013

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Q4

Q1

Q2

Q3

2014

Q4

Q1

Q2

Q3

2015

Q4

Q1

Q2

Q3

2016

Seasonally adjusted annual rates

The increase in real GDP in the third quarter reflected positive contributions from personal consumption
expenditures (PCE), exports, private inventory investment, federal government spending, and
nonresidential fixed investment that were partly offset by negative contributions from residential fixed
investment and state and local government spending. Imports, which are a subtraction in the calculation
of GDP, increased (table 2).

The acceleration in real GDP growth in the third quarter reflected an upturn in private inventory
investment, an acceleration in exports, a smaller decrease in state and local government spending, and
an upturn in federal government spending. These were partly offset by a smaller increase in PCE, and a
larger increase in imports.
Current-dollar GDP increased 4.4 percent, or $201.1 billion, in the third quarter to a level of $18,651.2
billion. In the second quarter, current dollar GDP increased 3.7 percent, or $168.5 billion (table 1 and
table 3).
The price index for gross domestic purchases increased 1.6 percent in the third quarter, compared with
an increase of 2.1 percent in the second quarter (table 4). The PCE price index increased 1.4 percent,
compared with an increase of 2.0 percent. Excluding food and energy prices, the PCE price index
increased 1.7 percent, compared with an increase of 1.8 percent (appendix table A).

Personal Income (table 10)
Current-dollar personal income increased $153.6 billion in the third quarter, compared with an increase
of $153.1 billion in the second.

Disposable personal income increased $125.3 billion, or 3.6 percent, in the third quarter, compared
with an increase of $140.6 billion, or 4.1 percent, in the second. Real disposable personal income
increased 2.2 percent, compared with an increase of 2.1 percent.
Personal saving was $800.6 billion in the third quarter, compared with $793.5 billion in the second. The
personal saving rate -- personal saving as a percentage of disposable personal income -- was 5.7 percent
in the third quarter, the same as in the second.

Source Data for the Advance Estimate
Information on the assumptions used for unavailable source data in the advance estimate is
provided in a Technical Note that is posted with the news release on BEA’s Web site. Within a few days
after the release, a detailed "Key Source Data and Assumptions" file is posted on the Web site. For
information on updates to GDP, see the "Additional Information" section that follows.

*

*

*

Next release: November 29, 2016 at 8:30 A.M. EST
Gross Domestic Product: Third Quarter 2016 (Second Estimate)
Corporate Profits: Third Quarter 2016 (Preliminary Estimate)

2

Release Dates in 2017
Estimate

2016: IV and annual

2017: I

2017: II

2017: III

Gross Domestic Product
Advance

January 27

April 28

July 28

October 27

Second

February 28

May 26

August 30

November 29

Third

March 30

June 29

September 28

December 21

Corporate Profits
Preliminary

…

May 26

August 30

November 29

Revised

March 30

June 29

September 28

December 21

3

Additional Information
Resources

Disposable personal income is the income available to
persons for spending or saving. It is equal to personal
income less personal current taxes.

Additional Resources available at www.bea.gov:








Stay informed about BEA developments by
reading the BEA blog, signing up for BEA’s email
subscription service, or following BEA on Twitter
@BEA_News.
Historical time series for these estimates can be
accessed in BEA’s Interactive Data Application.
Access BEA data by registering for BEA’s Data
Application Programming Interface (API).
For more on BEA’s statistics, see our monthly
online journal, the Survey of Current Business.
BEA's news release schedule
NIPA Handbook: Concepts and Methods of the
U.S. National Income and Product Accounts

Personal outlays is the sum of personal consumption
expenditures, personal interest payments, and personal
current transfer payments.
Personal saving is personal income less personal outlays
and personal current taxes.
The personal saving rate is personal saving as a
percentage of disposable personal income.
For more definitions, see the Glossary: National Income
and Product Accounts.

Definitions

Statistical conventions

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the value of the goods
and services produced by the nation’s economy less the
value of the goods and services used up in production.
GDP is also equal to the sum of personal consumption
expenditures, gross private domestic investment, net
exports of goods and services, and government
consumption expenditures and gross investment.

Annual rates. Quarterly values are expressed at
seasonally-adjusted annual rates (SAAR), unless otherwise
specified. Dollar changes are calculated as the difference
between these SAAR values. For detail, see the FAQ “Why
does BEA publish estimates at annual rates?”
Percent changes in quarterly series are calculated from
unrounded data and are displayed at annual rates, unless
otherwise specified. For details, see the FAQ “How is
average annual growth calculated?”

Current-dollar estimates are valued in the prices of the
period when the transactions occurred—that is, at
“market value.” Also referred to as “nominal estimates” or
as “current-price estimates.”

Quantities and prices. Quantities, or “real” volume
measures, and prices are expressed as index numbers with
a specified reference year equal to 100 (currently 2009).
Quantity and price indexes are calculated using a Fisherchained weighted formula that incorporates weights from
two adjacent periods (quarters for quarterly data and
annuals for annual data). “Real” dollar series are
calculated by multiplying the published quantity index by
the current dollar value in the reference year (2009) and
then dividing by 100. Percent changes calculated from real
quantity indexes and chained-dollar levels are
conceptually the same; any differences are due to
rounding.

Real values are inflation-adjusted estimates—that is,
estimates that exclude the effects of price changes.
The gross domestic purchases price index measures the
prices of final goods and services purchased by U.S.
residents.
The personal consumption expenditure price index
measures the prices paid for the goods and services
purchased by, or on the behalf of, “persons.”
Personal income is the income received by, or on behalf
of, all persons from all sources: from participation as
laborers in production, from owning a home or business,
from the ownership of financial assets, and from
government and business in the form of transfers. It
includes income from domestic sources as well as the rest
of world. It does not include realized or unrealized capital
gains or losses.

Chained-dollar values are not additive because the
relative weights for a given period differ from those of the
reference year. In tables that display chained-dollar values,
a “residual” line shows the difference between the sum of
detailed chained-dollar series and its corresponding
aggregate.

4

Updates to GDP
Vintage

BEA releases three vintages of the current quarterly
estimate for GDP: "Advance" estimates are released near
the end of the first month following the end of the quarter
and are based on source data that are incomplete or
subject to further revision by the source agency; “second”
and “third” estimates are released near the end of the
second and third months, respectively, and are based on
more detailed and more comprehensive data as they
become available.

Average Revision
Without Regard to Sign
(percentage points, annual rates)

Advance to second

0.5

Advance to third

0.6

Second to third

0.2

Advance to latest
1.1
Note - Based on estimates from 1993 through 2015. For
more information on GDP updates, see Revision
Information on the BEA Web site.

Annual and comprehensive updates are typically released
in late July. Annual updates generally cover at least the 3
most recent calendar years (and their associated quarters)
and incorporate newly available major annual source data
as well as some changes in methods and definitions to
improve the accounts. Comprehensive (or benchmark)
updates are carried out at about 5-year intervals and
incorporate major periodic source data, as well as major
conceptual improvements.

The larger average revision from the advance to the latest
estimate reflects the fact that periodic comprehensive
updates include major statistical and methodological
improvements.
Unlike GDP, an advance current quarterly estimate of GDI
is not released because data on domestic profits and on
net interest of domestic industries are not available. For
fourth quarter estimates, these data are not available until
the third estimate.

The table below shows the average revisions to the
quarterly percent changes in real GDP between different
estimate vintages, without regard to sign.

List of GDP News Release Tables
Table 1. Real Gross Domestic Product and Related Measures: Percent Change From Preceding Period
Table 2. Contributions to Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product
Table 3. Gross Domestic Product: Level and Change From Preceding Period
Table 4. Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Product and Related Measures: Percent Change From Preceding Period
Table 5. Real Gross Domestic Product, Quantity Indexes
Table 6. Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Product
Table 7. Real Gross Domestic Product: Percent Change From Preceding Year
Table 8. Real Gross Domestic Product: Percent Change From Quarter One Year Ago
Table 9. Relation of Gross Domestic Product, Gross National Product, and National Income
Table 10. Personal Income and Its Disposition
Appendix Table A. Real Gross Domestic Product and Related Aggregates and Price Indexes: Percent Change From Preceding
Period and Contributions to Percent Change

5

Table 1. Real Gross Domestic Product and Related Measures: Percent Change From Preceding Period
Seasonally adjusted at annual rates
Line

2013

2014

2015

2012

2013

IV
1

I

II

2014
III

IV

I

II

2015
III

IV

I

II

2016
III

IV

I

II

Line
III

Gross domestic product (GDP) ....

1.7

2.4

2.6

0.1

2.8

0.8

3.1

4.0

–1.2

4.0

5.0

2.3

2.0

2.6

2.0

0.9

0.8

1.4

2.9

1

2 Personal consumption expenditures ......
3 Goods ......................................................
4
Durable goods......................................
5
Nondurable goods................................
6 Services ...................................................

1.5
3.1
6.2
1.7
0.6

2.9
3.9
6.7
2.6
2.3

3.2
4.0
6.9
2.6
2.8

1.1
2.3
8.1
–0.3
0.5

1.9
5.7
10.0
3.7
0.0

0.8
1.3
2.1
0.9
0.6

1.9
2.9
4.1
2.4
1.3

3.4
4.0
4.9
3.6
3.1

1.9
2.4
4.6
1.4
1.7

3.8
6.7
13.0
3.8
2.3

3.7
4.3
8.7
2.3
3.4

4.6
5.1
8.5
3.5
4.3

2.4
2.7
4.1
1.9
2.3

2.9
4.3
7.6
2.7
2.2

2.7
4.2
6.2
3.2
2.0

2.3
2.1
4.0
1.2
2.3

1.6
1.2
–0.6
2.1
1.9

4.3
7.1
9.8
5.7
3.0

2.1
2.2
9.5
–1.4
2.1

2
3
4
5
6

7 Gross private domestic investment.........
6.1
4.5
5.0 –3.2 13.8
5.0 13.4
5.4 –6.6 11.2
8.9
2.6
9.9
1.0
2.0 –2.3 –3.3 –7.9
3.1
8 Fixed investment......................................
5.0
5.5
4.0
6.9
7.0
4.3
2.9
6.6
5.3
7.2
7.4
1.3
3.7
4.3
5.7 –0.2 –0.9 –1.1 –0.6
9
Nonresidential ......................................
3.5
6.0
2.1
3.7
5.2
2.5
2.1
9.5
7.0
6.1
8.3 –1.1
1.3
1.6
3.9 –3.3 –3.4
1.0
1.2
10
Structures.........................................
1.4 10.3 –4.4 –7.3 –5.1 10.4 17.1
2.1 25.1
7.4 –2.7
4.1 –12.3 –2.7 –4.3 –15.2
0.1 –2.1
5.4
11
Equipment ........................................
4.6
5.4
3.5
7.3
8.7
2.8 –5.2 19.5
0.3
6.5 15.2 –8.9
9.3 –0.3
9.1 –2.6 –9.5 –2.9 –2.7
12
Intellectual property products ...........
3.4
3.9
4.8
6.8
7.6 –3.2
3.6
1.1
4.9
4.5
7.1
7.8
0.8
8.0
2.1
4.6
3.7
9.0
4.0
13
Residential ...........................................
11.9
3.5 11.7 22.3 14.7 12.0
6.0 –4.5 –1.4 11.7
3.6 11.4 13.3 14.9 12.6 11.5
7.8 –7.7 –6.2
14 Change in private inventories .................. .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... ........... .......... ..........

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

15 Net exports of goods and services.......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
16 Exports.....................................................
3.5
4.3
0.1 –0.5
17
Goods ..................................................
3.1
4.4 –0.6 –3.8
18
Services ...............................................
4.4
3.9
1.6
7.5
19 Imports.....................................................
1.1
4.4
4.6 –3.8
20
Goods ..................................................
1.2
4.8
4.9 –4.3
21
Services ...............................................
0.6
2.6
2.9 –0.9
22 Government consumption expenditures
and gross investment............................ –2.9 –0.9
1.8 –3.8
23 Federal..................................................... –5.8 –2.5
0.0 –5.5
24
National defense .................................. –6.8 –4.1 –2.1 –8.1
25
Nondefense.......................................... –4.1
0.1
3.3 –1.1
26 State and local ......................................... –0.8
0.2
2.9 –2.6
Addenda:
27 Gross domestic income (GDI) 1 ................
1.2
3.0
2.5
3.5
28 Average of GDP and GDI ........................
1.5
2.7
2.6
1.8
29 Final sales of domestic product ...............
1.5
2.5
2.4
1.6
30 Gross domestic purchases ......................
1.3
2.4
3.2 –0.5
31 Final sales to domestic purchasers .........
1.2
2.6
3.1
1.0
32 Final sales to private domestic
2.1
3.4
3.3
2.2
purchasers ...........................................
33 Gross national product (GNP) .................
1.7
2.3
2.3 –0.1
34 Disposable personal income.................... –1.4
3.5
3.5 10.9
Current-dollar measures:
35
GDP .....................................................
3.3
4.2
3.7
1.7
36
GDI.......................................................
2.9
4.9
3.6
5.2
37
Average of GDP and GDI ....................
3.1
4.5
3.7
3.4
38
Final sales of domestic product ...........
3.1
4.4
3.6
3.1
39
Gross domestic purchases ..................
2.8
4.2
3.7
1.6
40
Final sales to domestic purchasers......
2.6
4.4
3.5
2.9
41
Final sales to private domestic
3.5
5.1
3.8
4.1
purchasers .......................................
42
GNP .....................................................
3.3
4.2
3.4
1.5
43
Disposable personal income................ –0.1
5.1
3.8 13.3

15
16
17
18
19
20
21

.......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... ........... .......... ..........
4.0
5.0
3.1 11.8 –2.7
8.7
2.1
4.5 –5.8
2.9 –2.8 –2.7 –0.7
1.8 10.0
2.6
6.6
3.5 15.7 –7.3 10.7
4.4
3.8 –10.1
4.6 –3.1 –4.6
0.1
1.7 14.5
7.1
1.5
2.2
3.7
7.9
4.7 –2.8
6.0
3.8 –0.4 –2.3
1.0 –2.2
1.9
2.1
1.3
5.3
1.7
1.6
4.9
9.9 –1.2 11.2
5.6
2.9
1.1
0.7 –0.6
0.2
2.3
1.8
5.8
1.7
1.6
5.7 10.7 –1.4 11.7
6.8
3.4 –0.1
0.7 –1.3
0.0
0.9
–1.1
2.6
1.7
1.3
1.2
6.3
0.1
8.8 –0.2
0.2
6.9
0.7
2.5
1.1
8.8
–4.3
–10.5
–12.0
–8.1
0.2

–2.0
–5.3
–5.3
–5.2
0.3

–2.0
–5.1
–6.6
–2.6
0.1

–2.8
–5.7
–4.2
–8.1
–1.0

–1.0
–0.2
–5.0
8.3
–1.5

0.1
–2.8
–3.2
–2.0
2.0

–0.2
1.3
1.8
2.4
1.5

2.0
1.4
0.6
0.9
0.8

0.8
2.0
1.5
2.9
1.3

2.5
3.2
4.1
2.6
2.7

2.1
0.4
0.8
0.0
1.9

5.4
4.7
3.3
4.3
3.7

4.5
4.7
4.7
4.3
4.1

2.8
2.7
–15.7

1.5
1.2
2.4

2.1
3.2
2.4

4.0
3.9
0.9

2.5
–1.2
4.5

4.4
3.7
5.3

4.4
1.4
2.9
3.3
4.0
2.9

1.6
2.8
2.2
1.6
1.4
1.4

5.1
2.8
3.9
3.6
4.4
3.0

6.1
4.7
5.4
6.4
4.7
5.0

0.6
3.9
2.2
2.5
2.1
4.1

4.3
4.3
–14.5

2.0
2.0
2.5

3.7
5.2
3.9

5.9
6.1
2.6

4.8
0.5
6.6

1. Gross domestic income deflated by the implicit price deflator for gross domestic product.
See Explanatory Note at the end of the tables.

6

2.5 –0.4
3.9 –6.0
4.0 –11.6
3.9
3.5
1.6
3.3

2.6
1.9
–0.4
5.4
3.0

3.2
0.2
–0.5
1.1
5.1

1.9
1.0
–1.2
4.2
2.5

1.0
3.8
4.4
2.8
–0.6

1.6
–1.5
–3.2
0.9
3.5

4.0
3.1
2.1
3.4
3.2

1.6
1.8
1.0
3.6
2.7

0.6
1.6
3.2
2.6
3.2

2.5
2.2
2.6
2.4
3.0

1.5
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.7

4.4
5.3
4.1

4.0
1.7
4.3

2.7
1.6
2.0

3.2
2.3
3.9

3.3
1.7
3.3

6.3
7.7
7.0
5.5
6.2
5.6

6.7
6.3
6.5
6.5
5.8
5.6

2.8
4.5
3.7
2.6
3.7
3.5

2.1
1.6
1.8
1.1
2.2
1.3

4.9
2.8
3.9
5.5
4.2
4.8

6.3
5.9
7.3

5.8
7.1
5.2

4.3
2.2
4.3

1.4
1.6
0.3

4.6
4.5
5.8

–1.7
–0.4
–3.2
3.8
–2.5

0.5
2.5
2.1
3.0
–0.7

22
23
24
25
26

0.8
0.8
1.2
0.8
1.2

–0.2 ..........
0.6 ..........
2.6
2.3
1.2
2.0
2.4
1.4

27
28
29
30
31

1.8
1.3
3.0

1.1
0.0
2.1

3.2
1.6
2.2 ..........
2.1
2.2

32
33
34

3.2
3.7
3.5
3.9
3.5
4.1

1.8
2.4
2.1
2.1
1.7
2.0

1.3
1.3
1.3
1.8
1.0
1.4

3.7
4.4
2.1 ..........
2.9 ..........
5.0
3.9
3.3
3.6
4.6
3.0

35
36
37
38
39
40

4.5
2.9
4.4

2.2
2.2
3.4

1.5
0.4
2.4

5.3
3.1
4.5 ..........
4.1
3.6

41
42
43

Table 2. Contributions to Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product
Seasonally adjusted at annual rates
2013

Line

2014

2015

2012
IV

2013
I

II

2.8

0.8

2014
III

IV

I

II

2015
III

IV

I

II

2016
III

IV

Line

I

II

III

0.8

1.4

2.9

1

1.81 1.53 1.11 2.88
0.92 0.47 0.25 1.51
0.45 0.30 –0.05 0.70
0.07 –0.04 –0.23 0.22
0.13 0.10 0.08 0.15
0.18 0.16 0.14 0.29
0.07 0.08 –0.04 0.05
0.47 0.17 0.30 0.80

1.47
0.48
0.69
0.38
0.08
0.18
0.04
–0.21

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0.02 0.00 –0.02 –0.01 –0.03 –0.01 0.15 0.36 0.08
0.02 0.19 0.01 0.11 0.04 0.02 –0.02 0.10 –0.01
0.02 0.13 0.14 –0.01 0.10 –0.02 0.08 0.00 –0.05
0.29 0.21 0.16 0.29 0.35 0.18 0.08 0.35 –0.22
1.54 1.93 1.04 1.00 0.89 1.07 0.86 1.37 0.99
1.60 2.00 1.08 0.99 0.69 0.92 0.85 1.46 0.91
0.00 0.39 0.39 0.11 0.21 –0.22 0.09 0.54 0.30
0.73 0.90 0.50 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.63 0.83 0.27
0.14 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.01 0.11 –0.03 –0.03 –0.01
0.18 0.08 0.01 –0.05 0.03 0.24 –0.02 –0.18 0.05
0.19 0.25 0.12 0.29 0.07 0.17 0.11 0.12 0.14
0.21 –0.04 –0.05 0.02 –0.05 0.11 –0.12 –0.03 0.03
0.15 0.36 0.03 0.13 –0.01 0.10 0.18 0.19 0.13

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Percent change at annual rate:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62

Gross domestic product ........................................
Percentage points at annual rates:
Personal consumption expenditures ...........................
Goods ..........................................................................
Durable goods ..........................................................
Motor vehicles and parts.......................................
Furnishings and durable household equipment ....
Recreational goods and vehicles ..........................
Other durable goods .............................................
Nondurable goods ....................................................
Food and beverages purchased for off-premises
consumption......................................................
Clothing and footwear ...........................................
Gasoline and other energy goods.........................
Other nondurable goods .......................................
Services.......................................................................
Household consumption expenditures (for services)
Housing and utilities..............................................
Health care............................................................
Transportation services.........................................
Recreation services ..............................................
Food services and accommodations ....................
Financial services and insurance..........................
Other services.......................................................
Final consumption expenditures of nonprofit
institutions serving households .............................
Gross output of nonprofit institutions ....................
Less: Receipts from sales of goods and services
by nonprofit institutions .....................................
Gross private domestic investment .............................
Fixed investment ........................................................
Nonresidential...........................................................
Structures..............................................................
Equipment.............................................................
Information processing equipment ....................
Computers and peripheral equipment ...........
Other .............................................................
Industrial equipment..........................................
Transportation equipment .................................
Other equipment ...............................................
Intellectual property products................................
Software ............................................................
Research and development ..............................
Entertainment, literary, and artistic originals .....
Residential ................................................................
Change in private inventories ...................................
Farm .........................................................................
Nonfarm ....................................................................
Net exports of goods and services ..............................
Exports ........................................................................
Goods .......................................................................
Services ....................................................................
Imports ........................................................................
Goods .......................................................................
Services ....................................................................
Government consumption expenditures and gross
investment...................................................................
Federal.........................................................................
National defense.......................................................
Consumption expenditures ...................................
Gross investment ..................................................
Nondefense ..............................................................
Consumption expenditures ...................................
Gross investment ..................................................
State and local ............................................................
Consumption expenditures .......................................
Gross investment......................................................

1.7

2.4

2.6

1.00
0.71
0.45
0.11
0.10
0.19
0.05
0.27

1.95
0.89
0.49
0.16
0.12
0.16
0.05
0.40

2.16 0.78
0.91 0.53
0.51 0.58
0.13 0.22
0.12 0.09
0.19 0.19
0.07 0.08
0.40 –0.05

0.00
0.04
0.05
0.18
0.28
0.24
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.04
0.07
0.01
–0.05

0.11
0.04
0.01
0.25
1.06
1.08
0.17
0.36
0.09
0.05
0.14
0.07
0.20

0.00
0.08
0.07
0.25
1.26
1.26
0.20
0.60
0.07
0.04
0.19
0.01
0.14

0.04 –0.02
0.07 0.11

0.00
0.18
0.18
0.82
0.65
0.27
–0.13
0.21
0.07
0.00
0.07
0.02
0.18
–0.06
0.19
0.11
0.06
0.02
0.39
0.17
0.00
0.17
–0.71
0.01
–0.06
0.07
–0.73
–0.65
–0.08

0.1

3.1

4.0

–1.2

4.0

5.0

2.3

2.0

2.6

1.32 0.58 1.28
1.30 0.30 0.67
0.72 0.16 0.30
0.26 –0.07 –0.05
0.15 0.08 0.18
0.26 0.15 0.15
0.05 0.00 0.02
0.59 0.14 0.37

2.29
0.90
0.36
0.10
0.08
0.07
0.10
0.54

1.26
0.54
0.33
0.17
0.05
0.09
0.01
0.21

2.56
1.50
0.91
0.35
0.24
0.26
0.07
0.59

2.52
0.98
0.62
0.22
0.11
0.26
0.04
0.35

3.07
1.14
0.61
0.19
0.11
0.20
0.10
0.53

1.63
0.59
0.30
0.02
0.08
0.14
0.06
0.28

1.94
0.94
0.55
0.16
0.11
0.21
0.07
0.39

0.03 –0.01 –0.18 0.10 0.22 0.17 0.10
–0.08 0.12 0.10 –0.03 0.04 –0.05 0.13
–0.18 0.17 0.12 0.03 0.04 –0.04 –0.06
0.18 0.31 0.10 0.27 0.25 0.13 0.42
0.25 0.02 0.28 0.61 1.39 0.73 1.06
–0.01 0.08 0.33 0.67 1.35 0.71 1.13
–0.31 0.22 0.03 –0.11 0.34 0.42 –0.06
–0.01 –0.26 0.34 0.18 0.37 –0.15 0.70
–0.03 0.10 0.10 0.09 –0.04 0.19 0.05
0.08 0.05 –0.12 0.20 0.07 0.07 –0.12
0.12 0.16 –0.17 0.07 0.29 –0.01 0.27
–0.03 0.30 0.11 0.03 0.19 –0.05 0.07
0.16 –0.48 0.05 0.21 0.13 0.23 0.22
0.26 –0.06 –0.06 –0.06
0.05 –0.15 0.22 0.00
–0.21
–0.51
1.03
0.46
–0.21
0.41
0.25
0.17
0.09
0.11
0.14
–0.09
0.26
0.12
0.12
0.01
0.57
–1.54
0.15
–1.69
0.58
–0.07
–0.37
0.30
0.65
0.62
0.03

–0.08
2.04
1.12
0.72
–0.14
0.57
0.26
0.02
0.25
–0.02
0.13
0.19
0.29
0.11
0.17
0.01
0.41
0.92
0.47
0.45
0.30
0.52
0.23
0.29
–0.22
–0.25
0.03

0.27
0.78
0.70
0.35
0.27
0.21
0.08
–0.12
0.20
–0.10
0.38
–0.14
–0.13
–0.13
0.00
0.00
0.35
0.08
0.17
–0.09
–0.21
0.65
0.59
0.06
–0.86
–0.79
–0.07

0.03
0.95
0.76
0.43
0.04
0.26
0.09
0.00
0.09
–0.02
0.14
0.05
0.13
0.05
0.08
0.00
0.33
0.19
0.18
0.00
0.29
0.47
0.29
0.18
–0.18
–0.17
–0.02

0.14
0.73
0.87
0.76
0.29
0.32
0.05
0.00
0.04
0.04
0.17
0.06
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.11
–0.14
–0.07
–0.07
–0.15
0.58
0.41
0.17
–0.72
–0.65
–0.07

–0.56
–0.46
–0.34
–0.27
–0.07
–0.12
–0.08
–0.04
–0.09
–0.02
–0.07

–0.16 0.32 –0.75 –0.83 –0.37 –0.37 –0.53 –0.19
–0.19 0.00 –0.45 –0.86 –0.41 –0.39 –0.42 –0.01
–0.19 –0.09 –0.42 –0.62 –0.25 –0.31 –0.19 –0.23
–0.13 –0.06 –0.28 –0.54 –0.17 –0.36 –0.13 –0.03
–0.05 –0.03 –0.14 –0.07 –0.08 0.05 –0.06 –0.20
0.00 0.09 –0.03 –0.24 –0.15 –0.07 –0.23 0.22
0.00 0.08 –0.02 –0.14 –0.10 –0.06 –0.21 0.21
0.00 0.01 –0.01 –0.10 –0.05 –0.02 –0.02 0.01
0.03 0.32 –0.30 0.02 0.03 0.01 –0.11 –0.17
0.02 0.22 –0.10 0.06 –0.01 0.00 –0.03 –0.07
0.00 0.10 –0.20 –0.03 0.04 0.02 –0.08 –0.10

See Explanatory Note at the end of the tables.

7

0.06
2.08
0.48
0.29
0.44
–0.29
–0.02
0.02
–0.04
0.06
–0.14
–0.19
0.14
0.14
0.01
–0.01
0.18
1.60
0.14
1.46
0.13
0.41
0.32
0.09
–0.28
–0.23
–0.05

0.04 0.02 –0.07 –0.06 –0.07 –0.04
0.29 –0.33 0.36 0.29 0.39 0.01
0.25
0.91
1.01
1.16
0.06
1.05
–0.04
0.08
–0.11
–0.12
0.49
0.72
0.04
0.08
–0.04
0.00
–0.15
–0.11
0.06
–0.16
1.29
1.54
1.38
0.16
–0.24
–0.21
–0.03

–0.35
–1.10
0.79
0.84
0.66
0.00
0.05
–0.08
0.12
0.15
–0.03
–0.17
0.18
0.09
0.10
–0.01
–0.04
–1.89
–0.39
–1.50
–1.16
–0.39
–0.72
0.33
–0.77
–0.74
–0.03

0.43
1.79
1.12
0.76
0.22
0.37
0.28
0.05
0.22
0.13
0.12
–0.16
0.17
0.14
0.04
0.00
0.36
0.67
0.03
0.64
–0.41
1.16
0.96
0.20
–1.57
–1.40
–0.17

0.35
1.49
1.16
1.05
–0.08
0.86
–0.25
0.02
–0.26
0.09
0.47
0.54
0.27
0.17
0.09
0.01
0.12
0.32
0.02
0.30
0.50
0.29
0.41
–0.13
0.21
0.21
0.00

0.02 0.46
–0.20 0.28
–0.14 0.17
–0.22 0.22
0.07 –0.05
–0.05 0.10
–0.07 0.10
0.01 0.01
0.22 0.18
0.06 0.15
0.16 0.03

2.0

0.9

0.00
0.07

0.20
0.10

0.15
0.25

0.06
0.18
0.70
0.21
–0.07
–0.02
–0.09
0.06
–0.15
0.15
–0.02
–0.06
0.31
0.11
0.18
0.02
0.49
–0.52
–0.05
–0.47
–0.08
0.37
0.39
–0.02
–0.44
–0.43
–0.01

–0.09
0.35
0.92
0.49
–0.12
0.53
0.40
0.05
0.35
–0.06
0.26
–0.07
0.08
–0.02
0.08
0.02
0.43
–0.57
0.01
–0.58
–0.52
–0.36
–0.26
–0.10
–0.16
0.02
–0.18

0.10
–0.39
–0.03
–0.43
–0.45
–0.16
0.02
–0.13
0.15
0.12
–0.11
–0.19
0.18
0.06
0.11
0.01
0.40
–0.36
–0.08
–0.28
–0.45
–0.34
–0.38
0.04
–0.11
–0.09
–0.02

0.27
–0.56
–0.15
–0.44
0.00
–0.59
–0.05
0.02
–0.07
–0.05
–0.23
–0.26
0.15
0.13
0.02
–0.01
0.29
–0.41
–0.05
–0.35
0.01
–0.09
0.01
–0.09
0.09
0.16
–0.07

0.49
–1.34
–0.18
0.12
–0.06
–0.17
–0.09
0.05
–0.13
0.11
–0.09
–0.11
0.35
0.08
0.28
–0.01
–0.31
–1.16
0.07
–1.23
0.18
0.21
0.13
0.08
–0.03
0.00
–0.03

0.16
0.52
–0.09
0.15
0.14
–0.16
0.17
0.00
0.16
0.01
–0.26
–0.08
0.16
0.13
0.03
0.00
–0.24
0.61
0.01
0.60
0.83
1.17
1.08
0.09
–0.34
–0.11
–0.23

25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51

–0.07 0.45 0.57 0.34 0.18
–0.43 0.13 0.01 0.06 0.25
–0.52 –0.02 –0.02 –0.05 0.17
–0.49 0.11 –0.05 –0.03 0.06
–0.03 –0.13 0.03 –0.01 0.11
0.09 0.15 0.03 0.11 0.08
0.06 0.15 0.02 0.11 0.05
0.04 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02
0.36 0.32 0.56 0.27 –0.07
0.24 0.31 0.23 0.24 0.06
0.12 0.01 0.33 0.04 –0.13

0.28
–0.10
–0.13
–0.11
–0.02
0.03
0.04
–0.01
0.39
0.06
0.33

–0.30
–0.02
–0.13
–0.10
–0.02
0.10
0.10
0.01
–0.28
0.07
–0.34

0.09
0.17
0.08
0.06
0.02
0.08
0.06
0.02
–0.08
0.11
–0.18

52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62

0.46
0.45
0.22
–0.14
0.13
–0.57
0.25
0.02
0.23
–0.14
–0.13
–0.54
0.29
0.13
0.14
0.02
0.36
0.23
–0.04
0.28
–1.14
0.60
0.35
0.25
–1.74
–1.50
–0.24

0.05
1.62
0.61
0.18
–0.39
0.54
0.00
–0.08
0.08
0.01
0.46
0.07
0.03
0.15
–0.13
0.02
0.43
1.01
0.09
0.92
–1.65
–0.78
–0.94
0.16
–0.87
–0.87
0.00

0.01 –0.08 0.08
0.28 0.40 0.23

23
24

Table 3. Gross Domestic Product: Level and Change From Preceding Period—Continues
Billions of dollars

Billions of chained (2009) dollars

Seasonally adjusted at annual rates

Line

2015

2015
III

2015

2016
IV

I

II

Change from preceding
period
Line

Seasonally adjusted at annual rates

III

2015
III

2016
IV

I

II

III

2015

2016
II

III

Gross domestic product (GDP)......... 18,036.6 18,141.9 18,222.8 18,281.6 18,450.1 18,651.2 16,397.2 16,454.9 16,490.7 16,525.0 16,583.1 16,702.1

414.9

58.2

119.0

1

2 Personal consumption expenditures........... 12,283.7 12,356.9 12,438.8 12,498.0 12,692.7 12,806.0 11,214.7 11,255.9 11,319.3 11,365.2 11,484.9 11,545.8

345.9

119.6

60.9

2

3
4
5
6

1

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Goods..........................................................
Durable goods..........................................
Motor vehicles and parts ......................
Furnishings and durable household
equipment.........................................
Recreational goods and vehicles .........
Other durable goods.............................
Nondurable goods....................................
Food and beverages purchased for offpremises consumption......................
Clothing and footwear ..........................
Gasoline and other energy goods ........
Other nondurable goods.......................

4,012.1
1,355.2
464.8

4,043.0
1,364.7
468.6

4,038.1
1,371.8
465.6

4,008.7
1,366.6
455.7

4,085.4
1,390.0
462.5

4,098.5
1,407.2
478.0

3,907.4
1,498.1
419.4

3,932.6
1,512.4
422.9

3,953.4
1,527.3
421.1

3,964.7
1,524.9
411.8

4,032.9
1,560.9
420.8

4,054.6
1,596.7
436.9

152.0
97.0
19.9

68.2
36.1
9.0

21.8
35.8
16.1

3
4
5

305.1
376.6
208.7
2,656.9

307.3
379.2
209.6
2,678.4

309.6
385.1
211.6
2,666.3

312.5
384.9
213.6
2,642.0

317.6
391.7
218.3
2,695.4

316.7
394.4
218.1
2,691.3

351.6
535.0
209.1
2,439.3

355.2
541.3
210.5
2,451.3

360.4
551.5
214.3
2,458.4

364.7
560.6
212.4
2,471.1

372.9
579.9
214.6
2,505.4

377.4
592.5
216.3
2,496.4

22.9
47.1
12.5
62.9

8.2
19.3
2.2
34.3

4.5
12.6
1.7
–9.0

6
7
8
9

900.7
379.5
303.7
1,073.0

901.8
382.0
311.6
1,083.0

901.1
379.5
292.1
1,093.6

904.3
381.7
254.4
1,101.7

916.5
385.5
271.5
1,121.9

915.4
384.6
268.1
1,123.3

811.3
363.4
286.3
989.1

810.8
365.4
288.4
997.5

810.5
366.0
287.7
1,005.1

816.8
365.4
291.8
1,008.3

831.6
369.7
291.6
1,023.0

835.1
369.1
289.0
1,013.6

–0.3
12.8
9.7
41.3

14.8
4.3
–0.2
14.7

3.4
–0.6
–2.6
–9.4

10
11
12
13

Services ......................................................
Household consumption expenditures (for
services) ...............................................
Housing and utilities .............................
Health care ...........................................
Transportation services ........................
Recreation services..............................
Food services and accommodations....
Financial services and insurance .........
Other services ......................................
Final consumption expenditures of
nonprofit institutions serving
households ...........................................
Gross output of nonprofit institutions....
Less: Receipts from sales of goods and
services by nonprofit institutions.......

8,271.6

8,313.9

8,400.6

8,489.3

8,607.3

8,707.5

7,310.3

7,327.2

7,369.8

7,403.9

7,458.5

7,497.8

196.2

54.7

39.3

14

7,943.7
2,233.2
2,069.0
368.4
466.3
808.8
921.1
1,076.9

7,981.3
2,249.0
2,082.7
368.3
465.5
812.7
925.3
1,077.8

8,058.4
2,253.5
2,105.1
373.3
477.4
827.7
931.3
1,090.3

8,141.2
2,270.5
2,138.5
375.2
479.8
838.8
936.1
1,102.3

8,261.2
2,314.4
2,184.6
374.8
476.7
848.4
947.4
1,114.9

8,355.7
2,350.5
2,206.0
375.0
481.4
859.5
958.8
1,124.5

7,013.3
1,997.0
1,886.1
334.7
419.2
703.8
718.8
958.4

7,027.7
2,004.5
1,895.2
334.5
416.7
706.3
717.2
958.4

7,064.4
1,995.5
1,912.4
338.9
426.6
712.9
720.9
962.6

7,098.2
1,999.0
1,938.7
337.8
425.9
717.2
716.7
969.8

7,156.2
2,020.9
1,973.3
336.4
418.8
721.9
715.8
977.5

7,192.4
2,032.8
1,984.6
336.1
420.7
727.6
716.9
982.6

196.0
32.2
95.5
11.8
6.6
29.7
1.8
21.3

58.0
21.9
34.6
–1.4
–7.1
4.7
–0.9
7.7

36.3
11.9
11.3
–0.3
1.9
5.6
1.1
5.1

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

327.9
1,335.7

332.6
1,340.6

342.2
1,357.3

348.1
1,378.3

346.1
1,403.6

351.7
1,422.1

297.0
1,184.9

299.6
1,185.1

305.5
1,195.0

305.7
1,206.2

302.4
1,222.4

305.4
1,231.8

–0.1
27.5

–3.3
16.2

3.0
9.4

23
24

1,007.8

1,008.0

1,015.1

1,030.3

1,057.5

1,070.4

887.8

885.5

889.5

900.4

919.9

926.3

27.3

19.5

6.4

25

26 Gross private domestic investment.............

3,056.6

3,072.1

3,059.9

3,036.8

2,987.5

3,019.5

2,869.0

2,882.2

2,865.4

2,841.5

2,783.8

2,805.5

135.4

–57.6

21.6

26

27
28
29
30
31
32

2,963.2
2,311.3
507.3
1,086.1
314.3

2,995.3
2,331.5
508.5
1,099.7
321.7

2,997.2
2,311.3
487.8
1,092.6
322.1

2,994.8
2,292.4
486.0
1,066.3
319.9

3,002.5
2,304.7
487.3
1,058.7
316.8

3,009.6
2,313.1
493.2
1,054.2
323.7

2,767.8
2,200.2
452.1
1,072.5
338.7

2,794.5
2,217.5
453.4
1,085.7
347.1

2,793.3
2,198.8
435.1
1,078.6
348.1

2,786.7
2,179.7
435.2
1,052.0
345.5

2,778.8
2,185.0
432.9
1,044.1
341.2

2,774.6
2,191.2
438.6
1,036.9
349.6

107.2
44.6
–20.8
36.7
12.8

–7.9
5.3
–2.3
–7.8
–4.3

–4.2
6.2
5.7
–7.2
8.4

27
28
29
30
31

78.5
235.8
220.9
308.1
242.9
717.9
326.6
312.4

81.7
240.0
219.8
315.6
242.7
723.3
327.6
316.1

75.4
246.6
224.7
310.7
235.1
730.9
330.1
320.3

76.0
243.9
222.2
301.3
222.9
740.1
336.0
323.0

78.2
238.6
227.3
297.6
217.0
758.7
339.4
337.9

77.9
245.8
228.2
288.5
213.9
765.6
343.3
341.2

88.7
249.2
207.3
302.2
230.8
680.0
333.1
270.2

92.6
253.8
206.3
308.9
230.8
683.1
333.3
272.4

85.9
261.1
211.5
304.0
222.5
690.7
336.0
276.6

86.9
257.6
209.4
293.7
211.3
697.1
342.2
277.5

89.3
251.2
214.2
289.7
206.6
712.2
346.0
288.6

89.5
259.2
214.8
278.1
203.0
719.3
352.2
289.7

–0.4
12.9
3.8
31.2
–10.0
31.3
20.1
9.1

2.4
–6.4
4.8
–4.0
–4.7
15.1
3.8
11.1

0.2
8.0
0.6
–11.6
–3.6
7.0
6.2
1.2

32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39

41

Fixed investment........................................
Nonresidential ..........................................
Structures .............................................
Equipment ............................................
Information processing equipment ...
Computers and peripheral
equipment .................................
Other.............................................
Industrial equipment .........................
Transportation equipment.................
Other equipment...............................
Intellectual property products ...............
Software ...........................................
Research and development..............
Entertainment, literary, and artistic
originals ........................................
Residential ...............................................

79.0
651.9

79.6
663.8

80.6
685.9

81.1
702.4

81.4
697.8

81.1
696.5

77.8
564.5

78.4
573.7

78.9
589.5

78.6
600.7

78.0
588.7

78.1
579.3

2.8
59.1

–0.6
–12.0

0.0
–9.4

40
41

42
43
44

Change in private inventories...................
Farm.........................................................
Nonfarm ...................................................

93.4
–2.0
95.4

76.8
–1.5
78.3

62.7
–4.8
67.5

41.9
–8.3
50.3

–15.0
–5.5
–9.4

9.9
–6.1
16.0

84.0
–1.6
88.1

70.9
–1.1
73.9

56.9
–4.1
62.9

40.7
–5.1
47.5

–9.5
–2.6
–6.6

12.6
–2.4
15.4

26.3
0.6
26.0

–50.2
2.5
–54.0

22.1
0.2
22.0

42
43
44

33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

45 Net exports of goods and services ..............

–522.0

–523.4

–520.9

–507.4

–492.4

–458.6

–540.0

–547.1

–566.6

–566.3

–558.5

–522.9 –114.2

7.8

35.6

45

46
47
48

Exports........................................................
Goods.......................................................
Services ...................................................

2,264.3
1,498.4
765.9

2,259.1
1,495.6
763.5

2,211.7
1,448.3
763.4

2,179.0
1,410.9
768.1

2,209.7
1,437.2
772.5

2,276.1
1,495.6
780.5

2,120.6
1,438.1
681.9

2,120.4
1,440.7
679.3

2,105.8
1,423.8
681.1

2,102.0
1,424.1
677.3

2,111.3
1,430.1
680.5

2,162.4
1,479.3
684.1

2.3
–9.2
11.1

9.3
6.0
3.3

51.1
49.1
3.6

46
47
48

49
50
51

Imports........................................................
Goods.......................................................
Services ...................................................

2,786.3
2,291.1
495.2

2,782.5
2,284.1
498.4

2,732.6
2,235.0
497.7

2,686.3
2,185.7
500.7

2,702.2
2,199.4
502.7

2,734.8
2,222.6
512.2

2,660.5
2,194.1
464.4

2,667.6
2,197.4
468.2

2,672.4
2,201.4
469.0

2,668.2
2,194.1
471.9

2,669.7
2,194.3
473.2

2,685.3
2,199.3
483.3

116.5
103.3
13.0

1.5
0.2
1.3

15.5
5.0
10.1

49
50
51

1. Real gross domestic income is gross domestic income deflated by the implicit price deflator for gross domestic product.
NOTE. Users are cautioned that particularly for components that exhibit rapid change in prices relative to other prices in the economy, the chained-dollar estimates should not be used to measure the component’s relative importance or
its contribution to the growth rate of more aggregate series. For accurate estimates of the contributions to percent changes in real gross domestic product, use table 2.
See Explanatory Note at the end of the tables.

8

Table 3. Gross Domestic Product: Level and Change From Preceding Period—Table Ends
Billions of dollars

Billions of chained (2009) dollars

Seasonally adjusted at annual rates

Line

2015

2015
III

2015

2016
IV

I

II

Change from preceding
period

Seasonally adjusted at annual rates

III

2015
III

2016
IV

I

II

III

2015

Line

2016
II

III

52 Government consumption expenditures
and gross investment.................................

3,218.3

3,236.3

3,245.0

3,254.3

3,262.3

3,284.4

2,883.7

2,894.4

2,901.7

2,913.2

2,900.9

2,904.5

50.7

–12.3

3.6

52

53
54
55
56
57
58
59

1,225.0
732.0
590.6
141.3
493.0
373.1
119.9

1,225.0
729.3
589.2
140.1
495.7
375.9
119.9

1,234.0
735.6
590.4
145.2
498.4
377.7
120.8

1,233.8
731.4
587.0
144.3
502.4
382.0
120.5

1,239.2
729.3
585.8
143.5
509.9
388.8
121.1

1,251.8
736.0
591.2
144.8
515.8
393.5
122.3

1,113.8
672.0
539.3
132.4
441.3
330.9
110.3

1,112.7
669.0
537.4
131.3
443.1
332.8
110.2

1,123.0
676.3
539.9
136.1
446.2
334.9
111.1

1,118.7
670.9
535.3
135.3
447.2
336.4
110.6

1,117.7
665.5
531.0
134.3
451.4
340.4
110.8

1,124.6
669.0
533.6
135.2
454.7
342.9
111.6

0.0
–14.3
–9.7
–4.6
14.0
11.9
2.0

–1.0
–5.4
–4.4
–1.0
4.2
3.9
0.3

6.9
3.5
2.6
0.9
3.3
2.5
0.8

53
54
55
56
57
58
59

60 State and local ............................................ 1,993.3 2,011.3 2,011.0 2,020.5 2,023.1 2,032.6
61
Consumption expenditures ....................... 1,641.2 1,652.1 1,658.5 1,654.0 1,669.2 1,686.7
62
Gross investment ......................................
352.2
359.2
352.6
366.5
353.9
345.9
63 Residual............................................................ .............. .............. ............... .............. .............. ...............

1,768.2
1,452.5
315.0
–87.4

1,779.9
1,458.8
320.4
–91.3

1,777.1
1,461.3
315.0
–94.0

1,792.6
1,463.6
328.3
–98.2

1,781.4
1,466.3
314.3
–104.3

1,778.3
50.1 –11.2
–3.1
1,470.6
34.8
2.7
4.3
306.8
15.5 –14.0
–7.5
–111.6 ........... .......... ...........

60
61
62
63

16,627.8
16,512.5
16,300.6
16,937.8
16,841.6
13,969.1

16,669.0
16,561.9
16,371.7
17,002.6
16,919.8
14,036.7

16,730.3
16,610.5
16,422.4
17,057.2
16,989.4
14,099.1

16,763.9
16,644.5
16,473.5
17,091.5
17,040.5
14,138.7

16,756.2
16,669.7
16,579.5
17,142.6
17,139.9
14,251.0

64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

Federal .........................................................
National defense .......................................
Consumption expenditures....................
Gross investment ..................................
Nondefense...............................................
Consumption expenditures....................
Gross investment ..................................

Addenda:
Gross domestic income (GDI) 1 .....................
Average of GDP and GDI .............................
Final sales of domestic product ....................
Gross domestic purchases ...........................
Final sales to domestic purchasers...............
Final sales to private domestic purchasers...

18,290.3
18,163.5
17,943.3
18,558.6
18,465.2
15,246.9

18,378.0
18,260.0
18,065.1
18,665.3
18,588.5
15,352.2

18,487.6
18,355.2
18,160.1
18,743.7
18,681.0
15,436.0

18,546.0
18,413.8
18,239.7
18,789.0
18,747.1
15,492.8

18,642.7
18,546.4
18,465.0
18,942.5
18,957.5
15,695.2

...............
...............
18,641.3
19,109.8
19,099.9
15,815.6

..............
..............
16,673.4
17,228.2
17,200.3
14,308.0

408.5
411.7
387.7
529.0
501.7
452.2

–7.7 ...........
25.2 ...........
106.1
93.9
51.1
85.6
99.4
60.4
112.3
57.0

64
65
66
67
68
69

Gross domestic product ............................ 18,036.6 18,141.9 18,222.8 18,281.6 18,450.1 18,651.2 16,397.2 16,454.9 16,490.7 16,525.0 16,583.1 16,702.1
Plus: Income receipts from the rest of the
813.1
817.2
798.5
807.0
848.3 ...............
679.1
681.2
664.9
671.0
701.8 ..............
world..........................................................
Less: Income payments to the rest of the
world..........................................................
607.4
626.6
587.1
634.5
640.5 ...............
504.8
519.7
486.3
524.0
526.0 ..............

414.9

58.2

119.0

70

–32.9

30.7 ...........

71

0.7

2.0 ...........

72

Equals: Gross national product ................ 18,242.4 18,332.5 18,434.1 18,454.2 18,657.9 ............... 16,570.4 16,614.0 16,668.4 16,668.3 16,757.6 ..............
Net domestic product.................................... 15,205.9 15,297.8 15,360.0 15,408.1 15,548.3 15,729.3 13,766.2 13,816.2 13,836.9 13,857.5 13,902.9 14,009.8

377.9
352.6

89.3 ...........
45.5 106.9

73
74

1. Real gross domestic income is gross domestic income deflated by the implicit price deflator for gross domestic product.
NOTE. Users are cautioned that particularly for components that exhibit rapid change in prices relative to other prices in the economy, the chained-dollar estimates should not be used to measure the component’s relative importance
or its contribution to the growth rate of more aggregate series. For accurate estimates of the contributions to percent changes in real gross domestic product, use table 2.
See Explanatory Note at the end of the tables.

9

Table 4. Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Product and Related Measures: Percent Change From Preceding Period
Seasonally adjusted at annual rates
Line

2013

2014

2015

2012
IV

1

2013
I

II

2014
III

IV

I

II

2015
III

Gross domestic product (GDP)....

1.6

1.8

1.1

1.5

1.4

0.9

2.1

2.1

1.7

2.1

1.7

2 Personal consumption expenditures......
3 Goods......................................................
4
Durable goods.....................................
5
Nondurable goods...............................
6 Services ..................................................

1.3
–0.5
–1.9
0.1
2.3

1.5
–0.4
–2.3
0.6
2.5

0.3
–2.9
–2.1
–3.3
2.0

2.2
1.5
–1.5
2.9
2.5

1.4
–0.5
–1.2
–0.2
2.5

0.2
–3.7
–2.4
–4.3
2.2

1.5
0.3
–2.6
1.8
2.1

1.7
0.0
–2.1
1.0
2.7

2.0
0.6
–2.4
2.0
2.7

1.9
0.2
–1.9
1.3
2.7

1.1
–1.0
–2.3
–0.3
2.1

IV

II

2016
III

IV

I

II

Line
III

–0.1

2.3

1.3

0.8

0.5

2.3

1.5

1

0.0 –1.6
–3.5 –8.0
–3.0 –2.2
–3.7 –10.8
1.8
1.7

1.8
1.2
–0.6
2.2
2.1

1.1
–0.9
–2.6
0.0
2.2

0.4
–2.6
–1.8
–2.9
1.8

0.3
–4.0
–0.9
–5.6
2.4

2.0
0.8
–2.5
2.5
2.6

1.4
–0.9
–4.1
0.8
2.6

2
3
4
5
6

7 Gross private domestic investment ........
1.5
2.1
0.8
1.0
1.3
1.9
1.9
1.9
3.0
1.4
2.4
1.8 –0.1 –0.1
1.2
0.3
0.6
1.8
1.3
8 Fixed investment.....................................
1.6
2.3
1.0
0.9
1.3
2.0
2.0
2.3
3.2
1.4
2.4
1.7
0.5 –0.3
1.3
0.4
0.6
2.2
1.6
9
Nonresidential .....................................
0.8
1.4
0.6
0.2
0.2
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.8
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.6 –0.3
0.8 –0.1
0.2
1.2
0.3
10
Structures ........................................
2.1
3.8
0.0 –0.4
1.3
4.0
2.7
4.8
4.6
3.3
3.2
1.9 –2.3 –2.5
0.9 –0.2 –1.5
3.2 –0.4
11
Equipment .......................................
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.3 –0.4 –0.3
0.5 –1.8
1.2
1.5
0.8
1.1
1.5
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.1
1.1
12
Intellectual property products ..........
0.8
1.0
0.8 –1.0
0.4
1.6
1.2
2.7
0.8
0.1
0.4 –0.2
1.6
0.8
1.8 –0.2
1.3
1.4 –0.3
13
Residential...........................................
5.0
6.0
2.4
4.0
6.3
5.3
5.4
7.6
8.7
1.3
7.1
4.9
0.2 –0.1
2.9
2.2
2.0
5.6
5.8
14 Change in private inventories.................. ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... .......... ..........

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

15 Net exports of goods and services ......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... ..........
16 Exports....................................................
0.1
0.1 –4.8
1.3
1.2 –2.9
0.7 –0.3
3.2
0.0 –1.0 –6.8
17
Goods..................................................
–0.7 –0.9 –6.8
0.6
0.6 –4.4
0.1 –1.7
3.5 –1.1 –2.4 –9.5
18
Services...............................................
1.8
2.1 –0.5
2.9
2.3
0.5
1.9
2.9
2.4
2.3
2.3 –0.6
19 Imports ....................................................
–0.9 –0.2 –7.6
4.1
1.0 –4.2 –1.8
0.0
5.2 –1.6 –2.1 –7.0
20
Goods..................................................
–1.3 –0.6 –8.9
4.5
1.0 –5.0 –2.4 –0.9
5.9 –2.1 –2.7 –8.0
21
Services...............................................
1.3
1.7 –1.3
2.1
1.4 –0.1
1.1
4.7
1.9
1.3
0.9 –1.6
22 Government consumption expenditures
and gross investment ...........................
1.6
2.0
0.3
1.9
1.5
1.1
1.9
3.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.0
23 Federal....................................................
1.0
1.7
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.9
1.6
6.3 –0.7
1.6
1.5
0.2
24
National defense .................................
0.7
1.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.4
1.3
4.2
0.4
1.1
1.2 –0.1
25
Nondefense.........................................
1.6
2.2
1.0
0.0
1.0
1.7
2.1
9.8 –2.6
2.3
2.0
0.7
26 State and local ........................................
1.9
2.2
0.2
3.1
2.1
1.2
2.0
2.0
3.4
2.1
2.3 –0.1
Addenda:
27 Final sales of domestic product...............
1.6
1.8
1.1
1.5
1.5
0.9
2.1
2.2
1.8
2.1
1.7
0.5
28 Gross domestic purchases......................
1.4
1.7
0.4
1.9
1.4
0.6
1.6
2.1
2.1
1.8
1.5
0.3
29 Final sales to domestic purchasers.........
1.4
1.7
0.4
1.9
1.4
0.6
1.6
2.2
2.1
1.8
1.4
0.3
30 Final sales to private domestic
1.4
1.7
0.5
1.9
1.4
0.5
1.6
1.8
2.2
1.8
1.3
0.3
purchasers...........................................
31 Gross national product (GNP).................
1.6
1.8
1.0
1.5
1.5
0.9
2.1
2.1
1.7
2.1
1.7
0.5
Implicit price deflators:
32
GDP.....................................................
1.6
1.8
1.1
1.6
1.6
0.8
1.9
2.1
1.8
2.2
1.7
0.5
33
Gross domestic purchases..................
1.4
1.7
0.4
2.1
1.5
0.5
1.5
2.1
2.2
1.9
1.4
0.3
34
GNP.....................................................
1.6
1.8
1.0
1.6
1.6
0.8
1.9
2.1
1.8
2.2
1.7
0.5

15
16
17
18
19
20
21

See Explanatory Note at the end of the tables.

10

0.5

I

.......... .......... ........... .......... .......... .......... ..........
–9.2 –0.9 –4.0 –5.5 –5.1
3.9
2.3
–12.1 –1.8 –5.8 –7.8 –10.0
5.9
2.4
–3.2
0.8 –0.4 –1.1
4.8
0.4
2.0
–15.5 –4.8 –4.5 –7.6 –6.0
2.1
2.5
–17.8 –5.9 –5.0 –9.0 –7.3
2.5
3.3
–3.7
0.7 –2.2 –1.3 –0.1
0.6 –1.0
–2.1
0.2
–0.3
0.9
–3.5

2.2
0.9
0.8
1.1
3.0

0.5
0.0
–0.2
0.3
0.8

0.1
–0.8
–0.9
–0.6
0.6

–0.4
1.5
0.9
2.3
–1.6

2.7
2.1
2.1
2.2
3.1

2.2
1.6
1.5
1.7
2.6

22
23
24
25
26

0.0
–1.4
–1.4

2.3
1.6
1.5

1.3
1.0
1.0

0.9
0.3
0.3

0.5
0.2
0.2

2.4
2.1
2.2

1.6
1.6
1.6

27
28
29

–1.2
–0.1

1.4
2.3

1.2
1.3

0.4
0.8

0.3
0.5

2.0
1.5
2.3 ..........

30
31

0.0
–1.4
0.0

2.2
1.5
2.2

1.2
1.0
1.2

0.9
0.4
0.9

0.5
0.2
0.4

2.3
1.5
2.1
1.5
2.3 ..........

32
33
34

Table 5. Real Gross Domestic Product, Quantity Indexes
[Index numbers, 2009=100]
Seasonally adjusted
Line

2013

2014

2015

108.277

110.844

113.721

2015
III

1

Gross domestic product.........................................................

114.121

2016
IV
114.370

I
114.608

II
115.011

Line
III
115.836

1

2 Personal consumption expenditures ...............................................
107.296
110.378
113.890
114.308
114.952
115.418
116.633
117.252
3 Goods ...............................................................................................
112.977
117.414
122.166
122.955
123.602
123.957
126.089
126.769
4
Durable goods...............................................................................
128.280
136.919
146.395
147.789
149.251
149.013
152.538
156.036
5
Nondurable goods.........................................................................
106.483
109.253
112.146
112.695
113.023
113.608
115.185
114.771
6 Services ............................................................................................
104.555
107.004
109.954
110.208
110.849
111.361
112.184
112.774
7 Gross private domestic investment..................................................
139.317
145.549
152.761
153.461
152.570
151.294
148.226
149.377
8 Fixed investment...............................................................................
124.469
131.342
136.633
137.956
137.895
137.570
137.179
136.970
9
Nonresidential ...............................................................................
124.455
131.967
134.697
135.754
134.611
133.442
133.766
134.149
10
Structures..................................................................................
97.855
107.918
103.166
103.456
99.291
99.317
98.794
100.099
11
Equipment .................................................................................
152.465
160.752
166.451
168.511
167.400
163.270
162.053
160.930
12
Intellectual property products ....................................................
113.352
117.733
123.422
123.987
125.376
126.532
129.279
130.559
13
Residential ....................................................................................
124.495
128.846
143.923
146.263
150.290
153.133
150.079
147.691
14 Change in private inventories ........................................................... .................... ................... ................... ................... .................... ................... ................... ...................

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

15 Exports of goods and services .........................................................

127.951

133.414

133.560

133.550

132.629

132.389

132.974

136.194

15

16 Imports of goods and services .........................................................

122.855

128.279

134.155

134.510

134.752

134.544

134.620

135.403

16

17 Government consumption expenditures and gross investment ...
18 Federal..............................................................................................
19 State and local ..................................................................................

92.505
93.852
91.595

91.710
91.471
91.806

93.350
91.472
94.485

93.696
91.378
95.110

93.933
92.226
94.959

94.304
91.874
95.790

93.907
91.791
95.192

94.023
92.355
95.024

17
18
19

Addenda:
Final sales of domestic product ........................................................
Gross domestic purchases ...............................................................
Final sales to domestic purchasers ..................................................
Final sales to private domestic purchasers.......................................
Gross national product......................................................................

106.555
108.119
106.447
110.138
108.596

109.245
110.765
109.212
113.849
111.138

111.906
114.335
112.565
117.658
113.731

112.394
114.773
113.087
118.227
114.030

112.743
115.141
113.552
118.753
114.404

113.093
115.373
113.894
119.086
114.403

113.821
114.466
115.718
116.295
114.558
114.962
120.032
120.512
115.016 ...................

20
21
22
23
24

20
21
22
23
24

See Explanatory Note at the end of the tables.

11

Table 6. Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Product
[Index numbers, 2009=100]
Seasonally adjusted
Line

2013

2014

2015

2015

Gross domestic product ........................................................

106.917

108.838

109.999

110.268

110.498

110.635

111.268

111.686

1

2 Personal consumption expenditures (PCE) ....................................
3 Goods...............................................................................................
4
Durable goods ..............................................................................
5
Nondurable goods ........................................................................
6 Services............................................................................................

107.532
106.116
94.590
111.946
108.276

109.150
105.727
92.411
112.595
110.946

109.532
102.680
90.463
108.920
113.149

109.784
102.806
90.231
109.264
113.469

109.892
102.144
89.813
108.459
113.990

109.969
101.109
89.619
106.917
114.663

110.519
101.301
89.045
107.582
115.405

110.917
101.082
88.126
107.807
116.137

2
3
4
5
6

7 Gross private domestic investment .................................................
103.454
105.655
106.539
106.663
106.742
106.889
107.366
107.712
8 Fixed investment ..............................................................................
103.670
106.030
107.062
107.184
107.300
107.467
108.048
108.471
9
Nonresidential...............................................................................
103.023
104.423
105.051
105.141
105.116
105.172
105.476
105.560
10
Structures..................................................................................
108.116
112.213
112.202
112.168
112.113
111.682
112.566
112.446
11
Equipment.................................................................................
100.047
100.482
101.277
101.285
101.299
101.366
101.392
101.671
12
Intellectual property products....................................................
103.755
104.772
105.583
105.889
105.825
106.168
106.526
106.451
13
Residential ....................................................................................
106.393
112.795
115.479
115.726
116.371
116.952
118.553
120.248
14 Change in private inventories........................................................... ................... ................... .................... .................... ................... ................... ................... ....................

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

15 Exports of goods and services.........................................................

112.064

112.134

106.778

106.548

105.039

103.669

104.671

105.267

15

16 Imports of goods and services .........................................................

113.634

113.368

104.726

104.304

102.252

100.675

101.211

101.839

16

17 Government consumption expenditures and gross investment...
18 Federal .............................................................................................
19 State and local..................................................................................

109.046
107.581
110.063

111.263
109.431
112.522

111.605
109.979
112.732

111.816
110.096
113.003

111.835
109.881
113.169

111.713
110.286
112.715

112.462
110.869
113.570

113.082
111.311
114.301

17
18
19

106.323
107.000
105.522
106.946
107.287
107.314
106.873
107.042

108.048
108.219
106.800
108.891
109.109
109.159
108.637
108.957

109.540
108.179
107.957
110.077
109.569
109.640
109.148
110.090

109.770
108.391
108.138
110.347
109.793
109.865
109.374
110.359

110.095
108.450
108.436
110.584
109.881
109.959
109.484
110.587

110.657
108.395
108.911
110.724
109.936
110.017
109.579
110.719

111.150
111.623
108.893
109.242
109.336
109.762
111.375
111.805
110.509
110.937
110.606
111.046
110.135
110.539
111.350 ....................

20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

106.913
106.946
107.284
107.314
107.038

108.828
108.891
109.099
109.159
108.947

109.998
110.077
109.569
109.640
110.090

110.253
110.344
109.779
109.862
110.344

110.504
110.581
109.887
109.957
110.593

110.630
110.722
109.932
110.015
110.714

111.258
111.670
111.372
111.802
110.500
110.922
110.604
111.044
111.340 ....................

28
29
30
31
32

III
1

20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

Addenda:
PCE excluding food and energy 1 .....................................................
Market-based PCE 2 .........................................................................
Market-based PCE excluding food and energy 2 ..............................
Final sales of domestic product........................................................
Gross domestic purchases...............................................................
Final sales to domestic purchasers ..................................................
Final sales to private domestic purchasers ......................................
Gross national product .....................................................................
Implicit price deflators:
Gross domestic product................................................................
Final sales of domestic product ....................................................
Gross domestic purchases ...........................................................
Final sales to domestic purchasers ..............................................
Gross national product..................................................................

2016
IV

I

II

Line
III

1. Food excludes personal consumption expenditures for purchased meals and beverages, which are classified in food services.
2. This index is a supplemental measure that is based on household expenditures for which there are observable price measures. It excludes most implicit prices (for example, financial services furnished
without payment) and the final consumption expenditures of nonprofit institutions serving households. Percentage changes for these series are included in the addenda to table 8 and appendix table A.
See Explanatory Note at the end of the tables.

12

Table 7. Real Gross Domestic Product: Annual Percent Change
Percent change from preceding year

Line

2008

2009

2010

Gross domestic product (GDP).........................................

–0.3

–2.8

2.5

2 Personal consumption expenditures (PCE)................................
3 Goods ..........................................................................................
4
Durable goods..........................................................................
5
Nondurable goods....................................................................
6 Services .......................................................................................

–0.3
–2.5
–5.1
–1.1
0.8

–1.6
–3.0
–5.5
–1.8
–0.9

1.9
3.4
6.1
2.2
1.2

2013

2014

2015

2008

2009

2010

1.6

2.2

1.7

2.4

2.6

–2.8

–0.2

2.7

1.7

1.3

2.7

2.5

1.9

1

2.3
3.1
6.1
1.8
1.8

1.5
2.7
7.4
0.6
0.8

1.5
3.1
6.2
1.7
0.6

2.9
3.9
6.7
2.6
2.3

3.2 –2.0
4.0 –6.2
6.9 –12.9
2.6 –2.7
2.8
0.3

–0.2
0.9
2.5
0.2
–0.8

3.1
5.1
9.3
3.3
2.0

1.5
1.7
4.8
0.4
1.4

1.3
2.8
7.2
0.8
0.6

2.0
3.5
5.2
2.6
1.3

3.5
4.6
8.6
2.8
2.9

2.6
3.3
5.5
2.3
2.2

2
3
4
5
6

–11.0 11.1
9.6
3.7
9.3
3.8
2.6
–11.9
5.5
8.4
7.0
5.2
5.3
3.4
–12.2
8.1
9.0
5.2
4.8
5.0
0.8
–27.1 –4.0
8.0
4.1
5.8
8.0 –8.8
–11.5 20.9 13.1
6.9
6.1
2.9
3.7
1.3
1.8
4.1
3.4
2.2
6.1
3.8
–10.8 –5.2
6.0 15.7
6.8
6.2 13.1
.......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

15 Net exports of goods and services.............................................. .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
16 Exports.........................................................................................
5.7 –8.8 11.9
6.9
3.4
3.5
4.3
0.1 –2.8
0.8 10.1
4.2
2.2
5.9
3.1 –2.2
17
Goods ......................................................................................
6.1 –12.1 14.4
6.5
3.6
3.1
4.4 –0.6 –3.2 –0.2 10.9
4.8
1.2
7.0
2.7 –3.4
18
Services ...................................................................................
4.8 –1.1
6.8
7.6
3.0
4.4
3.9
1.6 –1.8
3.2
8.4
2.7
4.5
3.6
3.9
0.5
19 Imports......................................................................................... –2.6 –13.7 12.7
5.5
2.2
1.1
4.4
4.6 –6.0 –6.2 12.0
3.5
0.3
2.5
6.1
2.5
20
Goods ...................................................................................... –3.7 –15.8 14.9
5.8
2.1
1.2
4.8
4.9 –7.9 –6.7 13.6
3.4
0.1
2.7
6.5
2.7
21
Services ...................................................................................
3.7 –3.8
3.8
4.0
3.0
0.6
2.6
2.9
4.7 –4.2
4.9
3.8
1.2
1.1
4.0
1.9
22 Government consumption expenditures and gross
investment..................................................................................
2.8
3.2
0.1 –3.0 –1.9 –2.9 –0.9
1.8
3.3
2.3 –1.1 –3.0 –2.2 –2.8
0.3
2.2
23 Federal.........................................................................................
6.8
5.7
4.4 –2.7 –1.9 –5.8 –2.5
0.0
8.4
3.9
3.2 –4.0 –2.1 –6.7 –1.3
1.7
24
National defense ......................................................................
7.5
5.4
3.2 –2.3 –3.4 –6.8 –4.1 –2.1
9.4
3.6
2.0 –4.1 –3.9 –7.1 –4.1
0.6
25
Nondefense..............................................................................
5.5
6.2
6.4 –3.4
0.9 –4.1
0.1
3.3
6.5
4.6
5.5 –3.9
1.0 –6.0
3.4
3.4
26 State and local .............................................................................
0.3
1.6 –2.7 –3.3 –1.9 –0.8
0.2
2.9
0.2
1.3 –4.0 –2.3 –2.3 –0.1
1.3
2.5

15
16
17
18
19
20
21

7 Gross private domestic investment............................................. –9.4 –21.6 12.9
5.2 10.6
6.1
4.5
5.0
8 Fixed investment.......................................................................... –6.8 –16.7
1.5
6.3
9.8
5.0
5.5
4.0
9
Nonresidential .......................................................................... –0.7 –15.6
2.5
7.7
9.0
3.5
6.0
2.1
10
Structures.............................................................................
6.1 –18.9 –16.4
2.3 12.9
1.4 10.3 –4.4
11
Equipment ............................................................................ –6.9 –22.9 15.9 13.6 10.8
4.6
5.4
3.5
12
Intellectual property products ...............................................
3.0 –1.4
1.9
3.6
3.9
3.4
3.9
4.8
13
Residential ............................................................................... –24.0 –21.2 –2.5
0.5 13.5 11.9
3.5 11.7
14 Change in private inventories ...................................................... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

–15.9
–12.5
–8.9
–1.2
–19.0
0.0
–24.3
..........

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Line

2012

1

2011

Percent change fourth quarter to fourth quarter

22
23
24
25
26

27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

Addenda:
Gross domestic income (GDI) 1 ....................................................
Average of GDP and GDI ............................................................
Final sales of domestic product ...................................................
Gross domestic purchases ..........................................................
Final sales to domestic purchasers .............................................
Final sales to private domestic purchasers..................................
Gross national product.................................................................
Real disposable personal income................................................

–0.8
–0.6
0.2
–1.3
–0.9
–1.7
0.0
1.5

–2.6
–2.7
–2.0
–3.8
–3.1
–4.6
–2.9
–0.4

2.7
2.6
1.1
2.9
1.5
1.9
2.8
1.0

2.2
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.7
2.9
1.8
2.5

3.3
2.7
2.1
2.1
1.9
2.9
2.1
3.2

1.2
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.2
2.1
1.7
–1.4

3.0
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.6
3.4
2.3
3.5

2.5
2.6
2.4
3.2
3.1
3.3
2.3
3.5

–2.3
–2.5
–2.1
–3.3
–2.7
–4.1
–3.3
1.1

0.3
0.0
–0.4
–1.3
–1.4
–2.4
0.1
–0.7

2.6
2.7
2.0
3.2
2.5
3.5
2.9
2.6

2.1
1.9
1.5
1.7
1.5
2.6
2.0
1.7

2.8
2.1
1.7
1.0
1.4
2.3
1.0
5.1

1.3
2.0
2.0
2.2
1.6
2.6
2.7
–2.8

4.0
3.2
2.7
3.0
3.2
3.8
2.3
4.5

1.5
1.7
2.0
2.5
2.6
2.7
1.7
3.0

27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42

Price indexes:
Gross domestic purchases.......................................................
Gross domestic purchases excluding food and energy 2 ..........
GDP .........................................................................................
GDP excluding food and energy 2 ............................................
PCE..........................................................................................
PCE excluding food and energy 2 .............................................
Market-based PCE 3 .................................................................
Market-based PCE excluding food and energy 3 ......................

2.9
2.3
1.9
2.1
3.1
2.1
3.4
2.3

–0.2
0.5
0.8
0.5
–0.1
1.2
0.4
1.9

1.5
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.0

2.4
1.8
2.1
1.9
2.5
1.5
2.5
1.4

1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8

1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.0
1.2

1.7
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.5
1.6
1.1
1.2

0.4
1.1
1.1
1.2
0.3
1.4
0.0
1.1

1.9
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.9
2.2

0.3
0.5
0.4
0.6
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.8

1.6
1.4
1.8
1.6
1.3
1.0
1.1
0.7

2.4
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.7
1.9
2.8
1.9

1.7
1.7
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.5

1.4
1.7
1.6
1.9
1.2
1.5
0.9
1.1

1.4
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.2
1.6
0.9
1.2

0.4
1.0
1.1
1.2
0.4
1.4
0.1
1.1

35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42

1. Gross domestic income deflated by the implicit price deflator for gross domestic product.
2. Food excludes personal consumption expenditures for purchased meals and beverages, which are classified in food services.
3. This index is a supplemental measure that is based on household expenditures for which there are observable price measures. It excludes most implicit prices (for example, financial services furnished without payment) and
the final consumption expenditures of nonprofit institutions serving households.
NOTE. Estimates under the Percent change from the preceding year columns are calculated from annual data. Estimates under the Percent change fourth quarter to fourth quarter columns are calculated from fourth quarter
values relative to the same quarter one year prior.
See Explanatory Note at the end of the tables.

13

Table 8. Real Gross Domestic Product: Percent Change From Quarter One Year Ago
2012

Line
1

IV

2013
I

II

2014
III

IV

I

II

2015
III

IV

I

II

2016
III

IV

I

II

III

Line

Gross domestic product (GDP).........................................

1.3

1.3

1.0

1.7

2.7

1.6

2.4

2.9

2.5

3.3

3.0

2.2

1.9

1.6

1.3

1.5

1

2 Personal consumption expenditures (PCE)................................
3 Goods ..........................................................................................
4
Durable goods..........................................................................
5
Nondurable goods....................................................................
6 Services .......................................................................................

1.3
2.8
7.2
0.8
0.6

1.2
3.0
6.9
1.2
0.3

1.2
3.0
6.7
1.3
0.3

1.4
3.0
6.0
1.7
0.6

2.0
3.5
5.2
2.6
1.3

2.0
2.7
3.9
2.1
1.7

2.7
4.0
6.6
2.8
2.1

3.2
4.4
7.7
2.8
2.6

3.5
4.6
8.6
2.8
2.9

3.6
4.7
8.5
2.9
3.1

3.4
4.1
7.2
2.6
3.1

3.1
4.1
6.6
2.8
2.7

2.6
3.3
5.5
2.3
2.2

2.4
2.9
4.2
2.3
2.1

2.7
3.6
4.8
3.0
2.3

2.6
3.1
5.6
1.8
2.3

2
3
4
5
6

7 Gross private domestic investment.............................................
3.7
4.7
3.4
7.0
9.3
4.1
5.6
4.5
3.8
8.1
5.5
3.8
2.6 –0.7 –2.9 –2.7
8 Fixed investment..........................................................................
7.0
5.2
4.5
5.3
5.2
4.7
5.5
6.6
5.3
4.9
4.2
3.8
3.4
2.2
0.8 –0.7
9
Nonresidential ..........................................................................
5.2
3.5
2.3
3.4
4.8
5.2
6.2
7.7
5.0
3.6
2.5
1.4
0.8 –0.4 –0.5 –1.2
10
Structures.............................................................................
4.1 –1.8 –1.8
3.2
5.8 13.4 12.6
7.5
8.0 –1.2 –3.6 –4.0 –8.8 –5.7 –5.5 –3.2
11
Equipment ............................................................................
6.9
5.2
3.8
3.3
6.1
4.0
4.9 10.1
2.9
5.1
3.4
2.0
3.7 –1.1 –1.7 –4.5
12
Intellectual property products ...............................................
3.4
4.9
3.1
3.6
2.2
1.5
3.5
4.4
6.1
5.0
5.9
4.6
3.8
4.6
4.8
5.3
13
Residential ...............................................................................
15.7 12.6 14.8 13.6
6.8
2.8
2.8
2.2
6.2
9.9 10.7 13.0 13.1
11.7
5.7
1.0
14 Change in private inventories ...................................................... .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... .......... ..........

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

15 Net exports of goods and services.............................................. .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... .......... ..........
16 Exports.........................................................................................
2.2
2.5
2.6
2.9
5.9
4.2
5.1
4.8
3.1
2.2
0.8 –0.4 –2.2 –0.9 –1.1
2.0
17
Goods ......................................................................................
1.2
1.4
1.8
2.2
7.0
4.3
5.3
5.5
2.7
1.9
0.5 –1.4 –3.4 –0.8 –1.5
2.7
18
Services ...................................................................................
4.5
5.0
4.3
4.5
3.6
3.8
4.6
3.3
3.9
2.8
1.6
1.7
0.5 –1.0 –0.4
0.7
19 Imports.........................................................................................
0.3
0.0
0.8
1.1
2.5
3.4
4.5
3.7
6.1
6.3
4.5
5.1
2.5
1.0
0.3
0.7
20
Goods ......................................................................................
0.1 –0.1
0.9
1.2
2.7
3.7
4.9
4.0
6.5
6.8
5.0
5.4
2.7
0.7 –0.2
0.1
21
Services ...................................................................................
1.2
0.6
0.3
0.6
1.1
1.7
2.6
2.2
4.0
3.7
2.2
3.9
1.9
2.6
2.8
3.2
22 Government consumption expenditures and gross
investment..................................................................................
–2.2 –2.8 –2.8 –3.0 –2.8 –2.0 –1.4 –0.3
0.3
1.2
2.0
1.8
2.2
1.9
0.7
0.3
23 Federal.........................................................................................
–2.1 –4.7 –5.3 –6.6 –6.7 –4.1 –3.5 –1.2 –1.3 –0.8 –0.1 –0.8
1.7
0.8
0.7
1.1
24
National defense ......................................................................
–3.9 –6.0 –6.2 –8.0 –7.1 –5.3 –4.8 –2.2 –4.1 –3.0 –2.3 –3.5
0.6 –0.1 –0.8
0.0
25
Nondefense..............................................................................
1.0 –2.5 –3.7 –4.3 –6.0 –2.1 –1.3
0.3
3.4
2.7
3.5
3.6
3.4
2.3
2.9
2.6
26 State and local .............................................................................
–2.3 –1.5 –1.1 –0.5 –0.1 –0.5 –0.1
0.3
1.3
2.5
3.3
3.5
2.5
2.6
0.7 –0.1
Addenda:
27 Gross domestic income (GDI) 1 ....................................................
2.8
0.9
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.9
2.7
3.6
4.0
3.8
2.6
2.1
1.5
1.3
1.1 ..........
28 Average of GDP and GDI ............................................................
2.1
1.1
1.2
1.6
2.0
1.7
2.6
3.3
3.2
3.6
2.8
2.2
1.7
1.4
1.2 ..........
29 Final sales of domestic product ...................................................
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.4
2.0
1.7
2.4
3.2
2.7
2.8
2.7
2.2
2.0
2.1
1.9
1.8
30 Gross domestic purchases ..........................................................
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
2.2
1.6
2.4
2.8
3.0
3.9
3.5
3.0
2.5
1.8
1.4
1.3
31 Final sales to domestic purchasers .............................................
1.4
1.0
0.9
1.1
1.6
1.7
2.4
3.1
3.2
3.4
3.3
3.0
2.6
2.3
2.1
1.7
32 Final sales to private domestic purchasers..................................
2.3
1.9
1.8
2.1
2.6
2.5
3.3
3.8
3.8
3.9
3.5
3.3
2.7
2.3
2.3
1.9
33 Gross national product.................................................................
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.7
2.7
1.8
2.4
2.9
2.3
3.1
2.7
1.8
1.7
1.3
1.3 ..........
34 Real disposable personal income................................................
5.1 –1.0 –1.1 –0.5 –2.8
2.5
3.2
3.7
4.5
3.9
3.6
3.3
3.0
3.1
2.6
2.3
Price indexes:
35
Gross domestic purchases.......................................................
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.9
1.9
1.4
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.5
36
Gross domestic purchases excluding food and energy 2 ..........
37
GDP .........................................................................................
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.7
2.0
1.9
1.5
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
38
GDP excluding food and energy 2 ............................................
39
PCE..........................................................................................
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.8
1.7
1.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.7
40
PCE excluding food and energy 2 .............................................
41
Market-based PCE 3 .................................................................
1.6
1.3
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.4
1.3
0.9 –0.1 –0.1 –0.1
0.1
0.6
0.7
0.8
42
Market-based PCE excluding food and energy 3 ......................
1.5
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.5

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42

1. Gross domestic income deflated by the implicit price deflator for gross domestic product.
2. Food excludes personal consumption expenditures for purchased meals and beverages, which are classified in food services.
3. This index is a supplemental measure that is based on household expenditures for which there are observable price measures. It excludes most implicit prices (for example, financial services furnished without payment) and the
final consumption expenditures of nonprofit institutions serving households.
See Explanatory Note at the end of the tables.

14

Table 9. Relation of Gross Domestic Product, Gross National Product, and National Income
[Billions of dollars]
Seasonally adjusted at annual rates
Line

2013

2014

2015

2015

2016

III

IV

I

Line

II

III

1 Gross domestic product (GDP) .........................................................
2 Plus: Income receipts from the rest of the world...................................
3 Less: Income payments to the rest of the world ...................................

16,691.5
825.5
581.3

17,393.1
852.1
604.0

18,036.6
813.1
607.4

18,141.9
817.2
626.6

18,222.8
798.5
587.1

18,281.6
807.0
634.5

18,450.1
18,651.2
848.3 ...................
640.5 ...................

1
2
3

4 Equals: Gross national product ........................................................
5 Less: Consumption of fixed capital.......................................................
6 Less: Statistical discrepancy.................................................................

16,935.8
2,628.9
–137.9

17,641.2
2,745.2
–257.9

18,242.4
2,830.8
–253.7

18,332.5
2,844.2
–236.1

18,434.1
2,862.8
–264.8

18,454.2
2,873.6
–264.3

18,657.9 ...................
2,901.8
2,921.9
–192.6 ...................

4
5
6

7 Equals: National income....................................................................
8 Compensation of employees ............................................................
9
Wages and salaries.......................................................................
10
Supplements to wages and salaries .............................................
11 Proprietors’ income with inventory valuation and capital
consumption adjustments .............................................................
12 Rental income of persons with capital consumption adjustment ......
13 Corporate profits with inventory valuation and capital consumption
adjustments...................................................................................
14 Net interest and miscellaneous payments ........................................
15 Taxes on production and imports less subsidies...............................
16 Business current transfer payments (net) .........................................
17 Current surplus of government enterprises.......................................
Addenda:
18 Gross domestic income (GDI)...........................................................
19 Average of GDP and GDI .................................................................
20 Statistical discrepancy as a percentage of GDP...............................

14,444.8
8,842.4
7,116.7
1,725.8

15,153.9
9,253.4
7,476.3
1,777.1

15,665.3
9,693.1
7,854.8
1,838.2

15,724.4
9,740.0
7,893.9
1,846.1

15,836.2
9,892.4
8,024.6
1,867.8

15,844.9
9,892.6
8,011.3
1,881.3

15,948.8 ...................
10,005.1
10,118.7
8,104.3
8,198.9
1,900.8
1,919.8

7
8
9
10

1,284.7
567.1

1,337.7
606.1

1,376.8
659.6

1,389.0
668.1

1,400.9
677.3

1,403.9
692.8

1,407.8
700.6

1,415.5
707.5

11
12

2,032.9
504.6
1,115.6
118.4
–20.9

2,152.1
533.7
1,153.5
137.6
–20.2

2,088.1
524.1
1,181.0
161.4
–18.8

2,095.4
525.2
1,182.5
143.2
–18.9

1,967.5
503.7
1,190.0
224.5
–20.1

2,033.5
493.1
1,191.5
158.1
–20.5

2,021.0 ...................
485.5
488.0
1,187.4
1,197.8
164.6
146.5
–23.3
–23.3

13
14
15
16
17

16,829.5
16,760.5
–0.8

17,651.1
17,522.1
–1.5

18,290.3
18,163.5
–1.4

18,378.0
18,260.0
–1.3

18,487.6
18,355.2
–1.5

18,546.0
18,413.8
–1.4

18,642.7 ...................
18,546.4 ...................
–1.0 ...................

18
19
20

Table 10. Personal Income and Its Disposition
[Billions of dollars]
Seasonally adjusted at annual rates
Line

2013

2014

2015

2015
III

Line

2016
IV

I

II

III

1 Personal income 1..............................................................................................................
2 Compensation of employees...........................................................................................
3
Wages and salaries .....................................................................................................
4
Supplements to wages and salaries............................................................................
5 Proprietors’ income with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments.......
6
Farm ............................................................................................................................
7
Nonfarm.......................................................................................................................
8 Rental income of persons with capital consumption adjustment.....................................
9 Personal income receipts on assets ...............................................................................
10
Personal interest income.............................................................................................
11
Personal dividend income ...........................................................................................
12 Personal current transfer receipts ...................................................................................
13 Less: Contributions for government social insurance, domestic .....................................
14 Less: Personal current taxes ..............................................................................................

14,073.7
8,842.4
7,116.7
1,725.8
1,284.7
87.8
1,197.0
567.1
2,056.1
1,261.6
794.4
2,428.0
1,104.6
1,677.8

14,809.7 15,458.5 15,556.1 15,690.2
9,253.4 9,693.1 9,740.0 9,892.4
7,476.3 7,854.8 7,893.9 8,024.6
1,777.1 1,838.2 1,846.1 1,867.8
1,337.7 1,376.8 1,389.0 1,400.9
68.5
39.9
44.6
38.1
1,269.2 1,336.8 1,344.4 1,362.8
606.1
659.6
668.1
677.3
2,227.0 2,253.8 2,275.1 2,235.5
1,300.9 1,302.7 1,336.1 1,293.0
926.1
951.1
939.0
942.5
2,540.4 2,678.6 2,692.1 2,708.2
1,154.9 1,203.5 1,208.3 1,224.1
1,787.0 1,938.7 1,944.4 1,963.8

15,740.1
9,892.6
8,011.3
1,881.3
1,403.9
32.3
1,371.6
692.8
2,235.9
1,296.1
939.8
2,744.0
1,229.0
1,932.7

15,893.2
10,005.1
8,104.3
1,900.8
1,407.8
29.8
1,378.0
700.6
2,255.8
1,310.2
945.5
2,763.6
1,239.7
1,945.2

16,046.8
10,118.7
8,198.9
1,919.8
1,415.5
28.4
1,387.1
707.5
2,270.0
1,317.6
952.5
2,785.8
1,250.7
1,973.5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

15 Equals: Disposable personal income .............................................................................
16 Less: Personal outlays........................................................................................................

12,395.8
11,775.7

13,022.7
12,296.7

13,519.8
12,736.2

13,611.7
12,813.2

13,726.4
12,899.6

13,807.4
12,961.9

13,948.0
13,154.5

14,073.3
13,272.7

15
16

17 Equals: Personal saving ..................................................................................................
18 Personal saving as a percentage of disposable personal income ..................................

620.1
5.0

726.0
5.6

783.6
5.8

798.5
5.9

826.8
6.0

845.5
6.1

793.5
5.7

800.6
5.7

17
18

Addenda:
Personal income excluding current transfer receipts, billions of chained (2009) dollars 2
Disposable personal income, billions of chained (2009) dollars 2 ....................................

10,830.0
11,527.6

11,240.8
11,931.0

11,667.7 11,717.8
12,343.3 12,398.9

11,813.7
12,491.0

11,818.2
12,556.0

11,880.2
12,620.7

11,956.1
12,688.4

19
20

19
20

1. Personal income is also equal to national income less corporate profits with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments, taxes on production and imports less subsidies, contributions for
government social insurance, net interest and miscellaneous payments, business current transfer payments (net), and current surplus of government enterprises, plus personal income receipts on assets, and
personal current transfer receipts.
2. The current-dollar measure is deflated by the implicit price deflator for personal consumption expenditures.

15

Appendix Table A. Real Gross Domestic Product and Related Aggregates and Price Indexes:
Percent Change From Preceding Period and Contributions to Percent Change
Seasonally adjusted at annual rates
Line

2013 2014 2015 2012
IV

2013
I

II

2014
III

IV

I

2015

II

III

IV

4.0
7.9
1.4
9.3
14.2
3.7
19.4
3.9
0.5
4.1
2.1
5.1

5.0
2.3
10.0 –0.2
3.1
2.9
0.6
7.7
14.5 –5.2
4.7
2.5
11.4 –22.3
4.9
2.4
3.1
5.3
5.0
2.2
–6.9 10.5
6.5
2.7

I

2016

II

III

IV

2.0
0.8
2.9
0.4
4.5
2.0
19.3
2.0
–5.2
2.2
–5.5
2.4

2.6
2.3
1.9
9.6
7.6
2.5
40.7
2.5
7.6
2.5
–3.0
3.1

2.0
0.9
2.5 –0.8
1.5
2.1
3.9 –1.9
16.5 –15.2
1.6
1.4
4.7
2.9
2.0
0.9
3.3
4.7
2.0
0.8
32.7
5.9
1.8
0.8

I

Line

II

III

0.8
–1.4
1.1
7.4
2.2
0.8
54.3
0.7
0.6
0.8
6.6
0.7

1.4
2.2
2.4
–8.7
7.5
1.2
17.8
1.3
11.8
1.2
11.5
1.6

2.9
7.4
1.7
–4.1
2.0
2.9
–6.4
2.9
2.1
2.9
20.0
3.4

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Percent change from preceding period
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Gross domestic product (GDP) and related aggregates:
GDP...................................................................................
Goods................................................................................
Services.............................................................................
Structures ..........................................................................
Motor vehicle output ..........................................................
GDP excluding motor vehicle output .................................
Final sales of computers 1 ..................................................
GDP excluding final sales of computers............................
Research and development...............................................
GDP excluding research and development.......................
Farm gross value added 2 ..................................................
Nonfarm business gross value added 3 .............................
Price indexes:
GDP...................................................................................
GDP excluding food and energy 4 ......................................
GDP excluding final sales of computers............................
Gross domestic purchases................................................
Gross domestic purchases excluding food and energy 4 ...
Gross domestic purchases excluding final sales of
computers to domestic purchasers................................
Personal consumption expenditures (PCE).......................
PCE excluding food and energy 4 ......................................
Market-based PCE 5 ..........................................................
Market-based PCE excluding food and energy 5 ...............

1.7
4.5
0.1
3.4
5.3
1.6
10.8
1.6
2.1
1.7
21.2
2.0

2.4
3.1
1.7
5.2
7.6
2.2
9.4
2.3
0.4
2.4
–1.9
3.0

2.6
2.5
2.4
4.3
5.0
2.5
9.8
2.6
2.2
2.6
3.1
3.1

0.1
–0.7
0.3
2.2
–2.0
0.1
46.3
–0.1
4.7
0.0
–1.8
0.2

2.8
10.2
–0.5
1.8
20.9
2.4
–4.0
2.9
6.9
2.7
90.5
2.8

0.8
3.1
0.6
7.5
0.0
0.4
8.7
8.6
4.1 –13.8
0.7
3.6
12.3 –4.7
0.7
3.2
–0.7 –1.0
0.8
3.2
37.3 28.2
0.6
3.8

4.0 –1.2
10.0 –8.9
1.8
1.9
–2.6
7.3
25.5
3.2
3.4 –1.3
12.7 15.0
3.9 –1.2
–3.7
2.0
4.2 –1.3
–9.2 –18.6
5.6 –1.8

1.6
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.5

1.8
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.8

1.1
1.2
1.1
0.4
1.1

1.5
1.8
1.5
1.9
1.6

1.4
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.6

0.9
1.4
1.0
0.6
1.3

2.1
2.0
2.1
1.6
1.6

2.1
2.3
2.1
2.1
2.2

1.7
1.9
1.8
2.1
1.9

2.1
2.0
2.2
1.8
1.9

1.7
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.7

0.5
1.0
0.6
0.3
1.0

–0.1
0.5
0.0
–1.4
0.4

2.3
1.8
2.3
1.6
1.5

1.3
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.2

0.8
0.9
0.9
0.3
0.8

0.5
1.5
0.6
0.2
1.4

2.3
2.1
2.4
2.1
2.0

1.5
1.9
1.5
1.6
1.8

13
14
15
16
17

1.4
1.3
1.5
1.0
1.2

1.7
1.5
1.6
1.1
1.2

0.5
0.3
1.4
0.0
1.1

2.0
2.2
1.7
1.7
1.1

1.5
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.5

0.6
0.2
1.1
–0.5
0.5

1.7
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3

2.1
1.7
1.8
1.3
1.2

2.2
2.0
1.6
1.7
1.2

1.8
1.9
2.0
1.5
1.5

1.5
1.1
1.5
0.8
1.2

0.3
0.0
1.1
–0.4
0.8

–1.4
–1.6
1.1
–2.3
0.7

1.6
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.6

1.1
1.1
1.4
0.8
1.1

0.3
0.4
1.2
0.2
1.1

0.3
0.3
2.1
–0.2
1.8

2.1
2.0
1.8
1.9
1.6

1.6
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.6

18
19
20
21
22

2.3

2.0

2.6

2.0

0.9

0.8

1.4

2.9

23

3.02 –0.03 0.24
1.89 1.75 1.77
0.06 0.59 0.04
0.40 –0.15 0.13
0.05 –0.10 0.07
0.08 0.13 –0.13

0.71
1.17
0.74
0.22
0.14
0.19

0.75 –0.24 –0.42 0.66 2.15
0.92 1.26 0.68 1.48 1.08
0.31 –0.15 0.57 –0.73 –0.33
0.46 –0.49 0.06 0.21 0.06
0.02 0.01 0.18 0.07 –0.03
0.08 0.12 0.01 0.29 0.05

24
25
26
27
28
29

Contributions to percent change in real gross domestic product
Percent change at annual rate:
23

Gross domestic product .............................................

1.7

2.4

24
25
26
27
28
29

Percentage points at annual rates:
Goods....................................................................................
Services ................................................................................
Structures..............................................................................
Motor vehicle output..............................................................
Final sales of computers .......................................................
Research and development ..................................................

1.36
0.08
0.25
0.14
0.04
0.05

0.94
1.04
0.39
0.21
0.04
0.01

2.6

0.1

2.8

0.8

3.1

4.0

–1.2

4.0

0.77 –0.24 2.98 0.17 2.26 3.02 –2.85
1.49 0.17 –0.28 –0.01 0.24 1.14 1.13
0.34 0.15 0.13 0.61 0.62 –0.20 0.54
0.14 –0.05 0.52 0.11 –0.41 0.63 0.09
0.04 0.16 –0.02 0.05 –0.02 0.05 0.06
0.05 0.12 0.17 –0.02 –0.03 –0.10 0.05

2.39
0.87
0.70
0.38
0.07
0.01

5.0

1. For some components of final sales of computers, includes computer parts.
2. Farm output less intermediate goods and services purchased.
3. Consists of GDP less gross value added of farm, of households and institutions, and of general government.
4. Food excludes personal consumption expenditures for purchased meals and beverages, which are classified in food services.
5. This index is a supplemental measure that is based on household expenditures for which there are observable price measures. It excludes most implicit prices (for example, financial services furnished without payment) and the final
consumption expenditures of nonprofit institutions serving households.
See Explanatory Note at the end of the tables.

16

Explanatory Note: NIPA Measures of Quantities and Prices
Current-dollar GDP is a measure of the market value of goods, services, and structures produced in the
economy in a particular period. Changes in current-dollar GDP can be decomposed into quantity and
price components. Quantities, or "real" measures, and prices are expressed as index numbers with the
reference year -- at present, the year 2009 -- equal to 100.
Annual changes in quantities and prices are calculated using a Fisher formula that incorporates weights
from two adjacent years. (Quarterly changes in quantities and prices are calculated using a Fisher
formula that incorporates weights from two adjacent quarters; quarterly indexes are adjusted for
consistency to the annual indexes before percent changes are calculated.) For example, the 2008-09
annual percent change in real GDP uses prices for 2008 and 2009 as weights, and the 2008-09 annual
percent change in GDP prices uses quantities for 2008 and 2009 as weights. These annual changes are
"chained" (multiplied) together to form time series of quantity and price indexes. Percent changes in
Fisher indexes are not affected by the choice of reference year. (BEA also publishes a measure of the
price level known as the implicit price deflator (IPD), which is calculated as the ratio of the current-dollar
value to the corresponding chained-dollar value, multiplied by 100. The values of the IPD are very close
to the values of the corresponding "chain-type" price index.)
Index numbers of quantity and price indexes for GDP and its major components are presented in this
release in tables 5 and 6. Percent changes from the preceding period are presented in tables 1, 4, 7, 8,
and appendix table A. Contributions by major components to the percent change in real GDP are
presented in table 2.
Measures of real GDP and its major components are also presented in dollar-denominated form,
designated "chained (2009) dollar estimates." For most series, these estimates, which are presented in
table 3, are computed by multiplying the current-dollar value in 2009 by a corresponding quantity index
number and then dividing by 100. For example, if a current-dollar GDP component equaled $100 in 2009
and if real output for this component increased 10 percent in 2010, then the chained (2009) dollar value
of this component in 2010 would be $110 (= $100 x 110 / 100). Percent changes calculated from
chained-dollar estimates and from chain-type quantity indexes are the same; any differences will be
small and due to rounding.
Chained-dollar values for the detailed GDP components will not necessarily sum to the chained-dollar
estimate of GDP (or to any intermediate aggregate). This is because the relative prices used as weights
for any period other than the reference year differ from those of the reference year. A measure of the
extent of such differences is provided by a “residual” line, which indicates the difference between GDP
(or other major aggregate) and the sum of the most detailed components in the table. For periods close
to the reference year, when there usually has not been much change in the relative prices that are used
as weights, the residuals tend to be small, and the chained-dollar estimates can be used to approximate
the contributions to growth and to aggregate the detailed estimates. For periods further from the
reference year, the residuals tend to be larger, and the chained-dollar estimates are less useful for
analyses of contributions to growth. Thus, the contributions to percent change shown in table 2 provide
a better measure of the composition of GDP growth. In particular, for components for which relative
prices are changing rapidly, calculation of contributions using chained-dollar estimates may be
misleading even just a few years from the reference year.
Reference "Chained-Dollar Indexes: Issues, Tips on Their Use, and Upcoming Changes," November 2003
Survey, pp. 8-16.

17