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B U L L E T IN
OF TH E

BTTREATJ OF L A B O R .
No. 96.

WASHINGTON.

Septem ber,

1911.

WORKING HOURS, EARNINGS, AND DURATION OF EMPLOYMENT
OF WOMEN WORKERS IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES OF MARY­
LAND AND OF CALIFORNIA.
BY MARIE L . OBENAUER.
INTRODUCTION.

Bulletin No. 91 of the Bureau of Labor, issued in November, 1910,
gave the results of a study of the “ W orking Hours of Wage-Earning
Women in Selected Industries in Chicago.” The report dealt espe­
cially with the working hours and earnings of women during the level
of business and during the rush periods in a number of industries
selected because of their importance as employing large numbers of
women and because of the variety of conditions which they presented.
The present report, continuing the study of the working hours and
earnings of women, gives the results of similar investigations in two
widely separated communities— Maryland and California. The indus­
tries selected for study in these localities are, with one exception,
typical factory industries to be found in every industrial center of
considerable size. The canning industry, also here included, is an
im portant industry in both Maryland and California, and in both
States employs large numbers of women.
The purpose of the investigation in Maryland and California,
whose results are given in the present report, was to ascertain not
only the working hours and earnings of women in selected industries
in those localities, but also to learn the duration of employment
afforded women in industries where business is fairly continuous
throughout the year, including as well some industries where em­
ployment is subject to the irregularities o f seasonal demands.
There was no intention o f obscuring the importance o f working
hours and of earnings in searching for the duration of employ­
ment. Manifestly, information in regard to the duration o f employ­
ment is necessary in order to judge fairly of the strain resulting from
long hours. Furthermore, much light is thrown upon the economic




347

348

B U L L E T IN

O F T H E B U R E A U OF L A B O R .

reasons for working long hours by a knowledge of the steadiness of
employment afforded the worker in the industry upon which she
depends mainly for a living.
Here, as in the previous investigation in Chicago, the industries
chosen for study were selected largely with reference to the number
of women employed. The desire was to study conditions affecting
the greatest possible number of women wage earners in industries
fairly representative of conditions in the locality. As representative
of industries which are large employers of women in these localities, as
well as throughout the country, the following industries were selected:
Candy, biscuits, etc.; cigars and cigarettes; paper boxes; and shirts,
overalls, etc. In Baltimore the straw-hat industry was selected as
one peculiar to that city and a large employer of women and girls.
Choosing industries for study on the basis of the number of women
affected made it imperative both in California and Maryland to
include the canneries in spite of singularly forbidding obstacles in
the way of an effective study. W ithout going into the subject of
the rapid growth of the canning and packing industries, it is enough
to call attention to the fact that there are over 2,400 canning firms
listed in the 1911 edition of the D irectory of the National Canners
A ssociation;1 approximately 470 are credited to Maryland and 100
to California. In the 51 city and country canneries visited in these
two States, the employers reported an average of 7,887 women
workers during the canning season between May 1, 1910, and April
30, 1911. While the average for the 2,400 would unquestionably
fall much below the average for these 51, which include some of
the largest establishments in California and Maryland, it is equally
true that even if the average were only one-fourth as much, the total
number of women affected by cannery conditions is too great to be
ignored in spite of the difficulties, later explained, in the way of secur­
ing available data as to hours, earnings, and duration of employment.
In Maryland the investigation of the canning industry was made
both in the city of Baltimore and in the country canneries outside of
that city. For the other industries the study in that State was
lim ited entirely to the city of Baltimore. In California, similarly,
the study of the canning industry was carried on in San Francisco,
Berkeley, and Oakland, and the country districts in that part of the
State. In the other industries the investigation was confined to the
cities of San Francisco and Oakland.
The period covered by the data in regard to hours, earnings, and
duration of employment was in all cases the year ending April 30,
1911. The investigation was carried on in Maryland from Augusti
i According to the statement of a member of this association, the organization includes about 75 percent
o f all the canneries in the country.




HOTJHS A N D E A R N IN G S O F W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

849

to October, 1911, and in California during the months of June and
July.
The extent of the data upon which this report is based may best
be seen in the following table, which shows for each of the two States
included, and by industries, the number of establishments investi­
gated, the total number of women employed in such establishments,
and the number of those women who furnished individual data for
the purposes of this report. As will be seen from the table, the inves­
tigation included in Maryland 57 establishments, employing a total
of 6,883 women, and individual data were secured from 1,267 of the
employees. In California the investigation included 34 establish­
ments with a total of 5,552 women employees, of whom 1,569 fur­
nished individual information.
ESTABLISHM EN TS AMD EM PLOYEES COVERED B Y THE IN V ESTIG ATIO N , B Y
IN DU STRIES.

Industry.

W omen em ployed hi estab­
Women
lishments investigated.
Estab­
employees
lishments
furnishing in­
investi­
16 years Under 16 Total.
gated.
dividual
and over. years.
data.

M ARYLAND.

Canning..........................................................................
Candy, biscuits, etc.......................................................
Paper boxes...................................................................
Shirts, overalls, e t c ......................................................
Straw bats......................................................................

42
4
4
3
4

3,624
330
161
1,360
217

534
202
104
125
14

14,370
532
265
1,485
231

676
181
121
167
122

Total.....................................................................

57

5,702

979

16,883

1,267

Canning..........................................................................
Candy, biscuits, etc..........................................: ...........
Cigars and cigarettes......................................................
Paper boxes...................................................................
Shirts, overalls, etc........................................................

9
10
2
7
6

3,338
539
77
199
1,179

2 179
15
3
17
6

2 3,517
554
80
216
1,185

604
347
61
155
402

Total.....................................................................

34

5,332

2220

2 5,552

1,569

C A L IF O R N IA .

1 Including 212 women whose ages were not reported.
2 In 2 establishments the number of girls under 16 years of age at work was not reported.

It will be noticed that the number of establishments and employees
included in the investigation, both in Maryland and California, was
much greater in the canning industry than in the other industries
covered. The large number of employees in the canning establish­
ments who were taken was considered necessary because of the ex­
treme irregularity of the work and the very considerable differences
in conditions found in the various factories. For the other indus­
tries the smaller number seemed quite adequate because of the small
variations in conditions between the several establishments and of
the much greater steadiness of the work.
In the study of the canning industry the lim ited period of employ­
ment afforded, the frequent interruptions throughout the entire
period of operation, and the extreme irregularity of the daily hours
are features of special interest, but also involving special difficulties.



350

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

In both Maryland and California the duration of employment o f the
women in canneries furnishing individual inform ation was found to be
less than one-half of that in the other industries included in the investi­
gation. The frequent interruptions in the work throughout the entire
period o f activity, especially in the city canneries, affected the earnings
o f the employees quite as seriously as the lim ited duration o f employ­
ment. Consequently, while the number o f weeks’ employment
reported by women workers in the candy and biscuit, paper-box,
straw-hat, cigar and cigarette, and shirt and overall industries may
be regarded as fairly consecutive, at least within the well-known sea­
sons o f increased activity, this is not the case with the period of
employment reported by women interviewed in the canneries. These
two distinguishing facts, together with other related differences which
appeared in the course o f the study, seemed to demand a separate and
more detailed treatment o f the canneries as representing an extreme
example o f an intermittent industry.
Another im portant characteristic o f the canning industry seriously
diminishing the earnings of employees is the irregularity of the working
hours throughout the season. So marked is this phase of the industry
that the period of activity can not be divided as in the other industries
into busy and normal seasons, for one week m ay com bine within
itself all the features o f a slack, normal, and rush season. A working
week in the canneries may be made up o f 10, 8, 7, and 15 hour days,
or it m ay be a steady drive o f from 12 to 15 hours a day for 6 days in
Maryland, and for 7 in California, where there is no law against
Sunday work.
The “ average weekly hours,” as recorded in the accompanying
tabulations for the canning industries, do not, therefore, approximate
the usual or prevailing weekly hours, as do the average weekly hours
for other industries. They show, however, the average daily amount
of time put in during the recorded period o f employment. Further­
more, the “ usual day,” as recorded in the tabulations for this mark­
edly intermittent industry is comparable with the “ usual d a y” of
the other industries in only a very lim ited sense, if at all. In the
other industries studied the usual day during the normal season pre­
vailed for at least five days in the week, the last working day some­
times being shorter than the others. In the canning industry the
most that can be said for the “ usual day” is that it occurs more
frequently, taking the whole season together, than any other given
hours, because it reflects the working time standard o f the wage
earner. It is the number o f hours she works whenever the supply of
material and other circumstances permit her to rise or fall to its level.
“ N o tw o days alike” was a common answer to the agent’s question
as to the usual day, and only patient probing would develop the
com ing and going hours o f the workers whenever circumstances per­
m itted them to fix a working lim it.




H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S O P W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

351

Tn the Maryland canneries visited no pay rolls of any kind were
kept for the pieceworkers, as the brass-check, punch-card, or “ spotcash” system prevailed. In the California canneries the pay rolls,
even when kept, were seldom of much help in the matter of hours,
because such documents rarely recorded the number o f hours worked,
as payment is largely on a piece-rate basis, and only the amount
earned by an employee, who was designated by number, was set
down. Because of the fluctuating character of the force, it fre­
quently happens also that the same pay-roll numbers will be used for
two or more wage earners in the course of a short season.
T o repeat for emphasis, then, the “ average weeks” in the canning
and other industries are only comparable in the matter o f working
time put in during a given number of weeks. W hile the “ usual
days” m ay reflect the working-time standards that prevail in the
two groups o f industries, the possibility o f comparison vanishes at
this point, because in one group the usual day prevails for at least five
days in the week, while in the canning industry it m ay occur one or
more times during a given week or not at all, but does occur through­
out the whole season oftener than any other working time.
The question naturally arises as to how the figures for daily and
weekly hours and earnings were obtained under such circumstances,
and what degree of accuracy the accompanying tables for the cannery
workers represent. The method adopted was to secure, first, from
the em ployer all the information available concerning the varieties
o f fruits and vegetables packed in the establishment within the period
covered b y the investigation, to ascertain when operation in each
variety began and ended, and what were the range and average
hours per week o f the establishment’s activity during the canning
season for each Variety or group o f varieties. After securing this
information the individual employees were interviewed.
W hile each individual is a problem in herself, they all have the
human trick o f talking and thinking in terms o f familiar objects.
For exam ple: “ How many weeks did you work from May 1, 1910, to
April 30,1911 ?” will, quite naturally, bring only a shake o f the head
or a shoulder shrug as an answer. But “ Did you work in asparagus
or spinach last year?” will bring all sorts of answers— “ N o, I didn’t
go to work till cherries, and T stayed through the peaches;” or, “ I
began right after school was out and worked through tom atoes till
school began again;” or, “ I skipped the apricots, because fruit was so
poor I couldn’ t make nothing,” etc. Here lies the opportunity of
the investigator. B y keeping close to familiar things— the loss
through poor fruit or vegetables, the “ long runs” because o f sudden
excess shipments, the interruption because o f broken machinery, the
impeding demands o f home duties— a fairly com plete account o f the
workers’ time can be secured. In the overwhelming m ajority of




352

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

B U R E A U OF L A B O R .

cases the women are anxious to tell the truth, and the agent with
reasonable skill and tact can get it from them by assisting their
mental operations with questions based on the information secured
beforehand from the employer.
To some extent the same difficulty is encountered in obtaining the
earnings, though a pay roll here is of some help in that the agent is
enabled to check the earning level as given by the individual em­
ployees with that as shown on the pay roll. Furthermore, it some­
times happens that workers, especially the asparagus and peach
sorters in California and the canners (packers) in Maryland, are paid
a flat rate per hour. In such cases both hours and earnings, barring
deductions for fines and countercharges, can be determined for such
period as the workers are employed on the time rate. That the
workers have not overstated either hours or earnings is evidenced by
the fact that whenever the hours could be checked mathematically
because of the flat time rate they showed a substantial agreement
with the figures given by the individual. The workers rarely gave
the number of hours worked per day in definite figures. The questions
and answers usually had to do with the hour of beginning work, the
time allowed for lunch, the closing time, and the number of days
worked per week, the “ figuring up” being done by the Bureau's agent.
These tabulations, therefore, are presented with no claim for the
accuracy of pay-roll statistics taken for a selected period. On
the other hand, there is claimed for them a substantial accuracy
which renders the figures a fair reflection of the hours, earnings, and
duration of employment of women in the industries under discussion.
A further claim made for them is that they show the individual
and econom ic perspective which hours and earnings for a selected
short period in the canning industry could not give because of the
violent fluctuation of working hours occasioned by the “ runs” of
different varieties of fruits and vegetables.
HOURS, EARNINGS, AND DURATION OF EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN
SELECTED INDUSTRIES IN MARYLAND.

In Maryland the hours, earnings, and duration of employment of
women in factories were studied, as has been seen, with reference to
5 industries: The canning industry, in which 10 Baltimore and 32
country establishments were investigated; candy, biscuits, etc., in
which 4 establishments were covered; paper boxes, 4 establishments;
shirts, overalls, etc., 3 establishments; and straw hats, 4 establish­
ments. The 42 canneries employed together 4,370 women, while the
15 other factories employed 2,513 women. Inform ation in regard to
each establishment was secured by agents of the Bureau by means of
inquiries of the employer and through personal inspection of each
factory. In addition, 1,267 of the women employees were inter­
viewed and certain individual data were secured for use in this report.



HOURS AND EARNINGS OF WOMEN WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL. 3 5 3
MARYLAND CANNERIES.

In the investigation of the Maryland canneries 42 establishments
were visited, of which 10 were in the city of Baltimore and 32 were
country canneries outside of that city. The city canneries employed
2,214 women, and 398 of these furnished individual data for use in
this report. The 32 country canneries em ployed a total of 2,156
women, and 278 of these furnished individual data. The proportion
o f women in the height of the canning season is from one-half to
two-thirds o f the entire force.
In the following table are shown for the city and country canneries
investigated the number of 'establishments, the total number of
women employed, the number furnishing individual data for this
report, and the average number o f weeks worked by the individual
employees reporting:
DU RATIO N OF EM PLOYM ENT OF W OMEN IN SELECTED CITY AN D COU N TRY CAN.
N ERIES OF M ARYLAN D.

Location o f establishment.

Women fur­ Average
Establish­
W omen nishing in­ weeks
ments in­ em
em­
ployed.
dividual
vestigated.
ployed
data.

City......................................................................................
Country............................................... ...............................

10
32

2,214
2,156

398
1278

25.2
8.0

Total..........................................................................

42

4,370

676

18.1

i Includes employees who worked in both city and country canneries but w ho were found at work in the
country and therefore included in this group.

This table shows clearly a most striking difference between the
city and country canneries. While in the city canneries the employees
reported an average of 25.2 weeks of employment, in the 32 country
canneries an average of only 8 weeks* employment was reported.
The difference is not at all difficult to explain. The countiy canneries
work up the products of the vicinity only. The city canneries draw
supplies, beginning in the spring, from various sections and greater
distances, and many of them, furthermore, are engaged in the packing
of oysters after the fruit and vegetable season has passed.
But, while in the country canneries the duration of employment is
less than one-third of what is shown for the city canneries, in some
other respects the differences are in favor of the country canneries.
During the period of activity the hours are steadier; the equipment
is better, especially in its provision of machinery and employment
of im proved m ethods; and, partly as a result of the better equipment
and im proved methods, the earnings are considerably higher.
The m ost impressive thing about the Maryland canneries visited
was the large number of children at work, a great many of them,
apparently, under 12.years of age, some of them unquestionably and
often admittedly under 11. The children appearing in the tables of



354

B U L L E T IN

O F T H E B U R E A U OF L A B O R .

the report in no way represent the proportion found in the canneries,
as only such were scheduled as were helping mother or sister during
the period covered by this investigation, viz, May 1, 1910, to April 30,
1911. The companies invariably denied employing these children,
contending that they came as helpers to their mothers or sisters;
nevertheless, about one-fourth of the workers in the canneries visited
were children well under 14. The deeper influence of the presence,
not only of these child helpers, but of the infants whom the working
mother can not leave at home, will be discussed elsewhere in this
Bulletin.1 The discussion in this section of the report is concerned
chiefly with the influence of the helpers upon the earnings of the
principal workers both in the city and country canneries included in
the investigation. It should be borne clearly in mind, however, that
the sanitary conditions described affect adult and child worker alike,
whether in the city or the country.
CANNERIES IN BALTIMORE, M D.
LENGTH OF CANNING SEASON.

While but 10 canneries were investigated in the city o f Baltim ore,
as compared with 32 in the rest of the State, the number o f women
employed in the 10 canneries was practically the same as the number
employed in the much larger group of country canneries. Further­
more, as has been seen, the duration of employment o f the women
employees studied was three times as great in the city canneries.
During the progress of this investigation the canneries were occu­
pied chiefly with the canning of apples and tomatoes, but within a
season nearly all these establishments pack from a dozen to twenty
different products, beginning early in April with early spinach and
running well into summer with berries of all varieties, cherries, peas,
wax beans, etc. Then follow , beginning usually the last of July or
first week in August, the tom ato, peach, pear, and apple seasons,
during which time the establishments are usually running under
heavy pressure, as there is a conflux rather than a succession o f these
fruits and vegetables in August and September. Fall beans, fall
spinach, and beets close the fruit and vegetable season, the oyster
season for some of these canneries lasting only a few weeks in the
late fall and winter. Certain varieties of vegetables that are obtain­
able throughout the seasons, such as the various kinds of beans and
beets, are used as “ fillers” to keep the plant busy when the supply
of staple products is short.
These fillers, as well as the large assortment of fruits and vege­
tables available for the city canneries, have something of a steady­
ing effect on the working hours, though not sufficient to render the




i See page 466 et seq.

H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

355

.

“ average weekly hours,” recorded in the tabulations, in any sense
the prevailing week, as is the case in the other industries included in
the present investigation. The fillers and larger assortment serve
only to render the fluctuations in working hours less violent than in
the California canneries visited, which were occupied largely with
highly perishable fruits and did not deal to any extent in “ filler
products.” In spite of the steadying influences mentioned, the
irregularity of working hours in the Baltimore canneries visited was
such that each night an announcement was usually made as to the
hour for starting the following morning.
W ORKING HOURS AND EARNINGS OF WOMEN IN BALTIMORE CANNERIES.

In the 10 Baltimore canneries, em ploying 2,214 women, the number
of weeks in operation ranged from 29 to 52, four of the canneries
reporting 50 weeks or over. The average hours per week in opera­
tion, as reported by the employers, were com paratively low, exceeding
60 in the case of only one establishment, but in striking contrast with
this is the long day with the occasional long week o f work, a charac­
teristic feature of the industry. Thus, the employers themselves re­
ported days of 17J, 16£, and 15J hours and weeks of 93, 91J, and 81
hours. Along with these hours should be noted the fact that among
the 2,214 female employees of these canneries were 250 girls under
16 years of age. The information in regard to the number of women
employed, the weeks in operation, and the hours per day and per
week, as reported by the employers, is given in the following table.
The employment o f children in the Maryland city and country can­
neries is the subject of discussion in a special section of this report
(p. 466 et seq.).
HOURS OF LABO R OF W OMEN EM PLOYED IN 10 BALTIM ORE CAN N ERIES DURING
THE Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30, 1911, AS R E PO RTE D B Y EM PLO YERS.
Women employed.
Establishment num­
ber.

1...............................
2...............................
3...............................
4..............................
5..............................
6...............................
7..............................
8...............................
9...............................
10...............................

16
years
and
over.
100
240
450
100
100
225
244
225
100
180

Under
16
years.

Total.

20
60
42
39
15
25
6
5
18
20

120
300
492
139
115
250
250
230
118
200

Weeks
estabMaxi­
lish- Hours Hours Hours mum
ment of usual of long of short hours
was in day.
day.
per
day.
opera­
day.
tion.
51
50
52
47$
43
50
33
30
29
33

11$
10
12$
9
10
10
10
11
10
11

13$
13
12$
11
12
11$
12
13
11$
12$

6
5
6
5
6
5
5
6
5
6

15$
17$
13$
15
15
12$
18
16$
12$
15

Aver­
age
hours
per
week.

46$
58
54
36
50
54
40
48
54
66

1 Foreman reported a maximum week of 93 hours and maximum day of 15$ hours.
9 Employees reported as high as 71 hours per week.
9 Not reported.




Maxi­
mum
hours
per
week.

93
91$
181
79$
75
75
72
a68
65
(8)

356

B U L L E T IN

OP T H E B U R E A U OP LABO R.

It should be noted that all the figures of the foregoing table are as
reported by the employers themselves. The long hours as there
stated do not, of course, apply to their full extent to all the employees.
The extent to which long hours were worked by the women employees
can be studied in the reports o f 398 women who furnished individual
data for use in this report. The reports o f these employees show
average weekly working hours of 47.5 for the average season of 25.2
weeks. Of the 398 employees scheduled, 73, or 18.3 per cent, showed
maximum working weeks of 72 hours or over. As Sunday work is
illegal in Maryland, 72 hours or over a week .means an average of 12
hours or more a day. Y et the average working hours for these 73
women was but 53.9 per week. The com paratively small number of
women working these extreme hours, together with the low average
weekly hours for them, as well as for the whole force, would indicate
a lack of attention to the distribution of labor. It would indicate
that the employers count for the overflow work upon those who are
willing to, or feel they must, work to the lim it of endurance, at the
same rate paid for normal hours; or that there is no organized effort
to secure a second shift for excess work. This is as true of the country
canneries visited as of those in the city. The Bureau's agents dis­
covered one attempt to secure a night shift by paying a higher rate.
The effort prom ptly resulted in a failure, because, being the only
establishment paying a higher rate at night, the canner's night shift
attracted women who had worked in other canneries during the day,
and, without cooperation on the part o f other canners, there was no
way of keeping such women off the force. The very object o f the
night shift was, therefore, from the viewpoint of the employer,
defeated. The attempt, furthermore, called forth a sharp protest.
One canner, who did not do any night work at all himself, told of his
protest in this instance. He said:
A neighboring canner recently did some night work and offered as
an inducement, in order to get the workers, 5 instead of 4 cents a
bucket for skinning tomatoes. Some o f our people went over there
to work on the night shift. The next morning we had difficulty in
getting them to work on time. They were tired and didn't com e out
when we blew for them, and when they did com e they dragged along
at their work. I said to the canner, ‘ ‘Y ou 're getting on a tender spot
when you offer an inducement to get our people to work on your
night shift.1 Y ou 'll have to stop it. W e could use our people nights
ourselves sometimes, but we don't do it, for it unfits them for their
next day's work, and we don't want anyone else affecting the effi­
ciency of our workers that way.
There are canners who are convinced that night work, or early
morning work, is not a matter of choice, but o f necessity at times.i
i It was a noticeable fact that the extended hours in the city canneries as in the country plants were
usually worked in the early morning rather than late in the evening. It should be said that Sunday
work is illegal in Maryland, so that the hours par week are distributed over not m ore than six days. There
was one case, however, o f admitted violation for a short tim e.




h o u rs

an d

e a r n in g s

of

w o m e n

w o rk ers

in

m d

. an d cad.

357

For such, a shift system under intelligent cooperation ought not to
be more difficult to effect than in other industries. But few meii
were found during the course of the investigation who regarded the
long working day seriously. Commenting on the extremely long
hours which some of the women reported, one canner said:
These women are different from others. They can work 15 or 20
hours a day and it won’t hurt them. They’d be opposed to any
restriction in working hours, for they are greedy and want to make
all they can.
This view that “ these people are different,” that conditions ordi­
narily regarded as menacing “ do not hurt them,” is as common in
occurrence as it is singular in theory.
The earnings of the individual women, secured in the manner
already described, are given in tabular form at the end of this report.
The particulars of this detailed table are the basis for the figures of
the following summary table. In this summary table, it should be
noted, the 398 employees are presented in five groups, according as
they are time or piece workers with or without helpers, or helpers
scheduled independently.
average

w eekly

hours an d

e a r n in g s

of w om en

w orkers

d u r in g

th e

Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30,1911, IN 10 CANNERIES IN BA LTIM O R E , MD.

Class of employees.

Time workers without helpers............................................... .
Pieceworkers without helpers........................................................
P iecew ork ers w ith o n e h e lp e r...................................................................
Pieceworkers with two or more helpers.........................................
Helpers independently scheduled..................................................

Number
reporting.

144
191
42
10
11

Average
Average Average
weeks
earnings
hours
em­
per
week. per week.
ployed.
31.1
22.1
22.0
19.1
19.0

45.7
48.0
50.5
49.2
50.5

$4.61
3.28
4.38
4.84
(9

1 Helpers have no separate pay checks; their earnings are included in the earnings o f the pieceworkers
with helpers.

This table shows a striking difference in the earnings of time
workers and pieceworkers. The tim e workers have shorter average
weekly hours than any other group, yet their average weekly earn­
ings are equaled only b y the pieceworkers who have tw o or more
helpers.
In comparing time workers and pieceworkers, it should be borne in
mind that only pieceworkers have helpers, and that in the city the
helpers are usually children of few years and small growth. Of 257
piece-rate employees scheduled in the 10 city canneries visited, 52, or
over one-fifth, had one or more helpers during the period covered by
the investigation, the worker being usually mother or older sister to
the helpers. It should be remembered also that these 52 included
only those who admitted that the helpers worked continuously for
all or part o f the time during which the workers themselves were em­
ployed. If a child was at work, and mother and child both denied
18544 ° — No. 96— 12--------- 2



358

B U L L E T IN

O F T H E B U R E A U O F L A BO R*

that “ helping” was usual, or occurred during the period covered by
this study, the child was not entered as a helper.
A comparison o f the earnings as shown in the above table with the
earnings o f employees in the country canneries, page 365, shows that
the pieceworkers without helpers in the city canneries earned an
average o f $1.54 a week less, though they maintained the same
average working hours. The piece rate for the same class o f work
does not vary appreciably in city and country canneries, so that the
explanation of the difference in average earnings is not to be
found in the difference in rate o f pay. In all probability the uneven
supply o f material in the city, necessitating many unprofitable delays,
together with the greater number of time-saving conveyors in the
country canneries, is wholly responsible for the difference in the
earnings of the pieceworkers in the city and country canneries.
The discrepancy between the earnings of the. city and country
time workers, as shown on the two tables, is not as great as it seems,
since the city time workers' hours average over four hours less a
week, making the relative difference in earnings but about $ 1. Among
the city time workers the packers predominate. These have been sup­
planted to a large extent in the country canneries by machinery,
leaving only the higher-paid time workers, who form the decided
m inority in the group of city time workers.
The most significant thing about the foregoing table is that to
approach an average weekly earning of $5 a pieceworker in the city
canneries has to have two or more helpers, the working week averag­
ing 49.2 hours for each of the workers.
The canners or packers, who are selected, as was before pointed out,
on the basis o f speed and efficiency, show an average weekly earning
of $4.61, against an average weekly earning of $3.28 for the piece-rate
workers without helpers, whose weekly working hours averaged 48,
or nearly two and one-third hours more than the time workers. A
piece-rate worker with one helper in the city canneries visited failed
to equal the earnings of an individual time worker. Even with two
helpers their earnings were but 23 cents higher than the individual
time workers. The prevailing piece rate for tomatoes is 4 cents for a
40-pound bucket. W ith an even supply of fair-quality product an
average skinner can skin 30 buckets in a 10-hour day. But while
there are some violent extremes in weekly hours in scattered long-hour
weeks, as the individual tabulations show, the average for the season is
much under 60, and in addition there is much variation in the quan­
tity and quality of material, causing much loss of time. This fact,
together with the time and energy wasted where there are no men
carriers or conveyors, probably accounts for so much o f the difference
in earnings as is not accounted for b y the lower degree o f efficiency
among the pieceworkers.




H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D CAL*.

359

DESCRIPTION OF WELL-EQUIPPED AND WELL-MANAGED CANNERY IN .
BALTIMORE.

The 10 canneries included in the investigation in Baltimore were
rather uniform in construction, though they varied greatly in the
matter of equipment and sanitary conditions. All of them have the
three main divisions for preparing, packing, and cooking. The bestequipped plant visited was so located on the pier that fruits and
vegetables arriving by water could be landed directly at the cannery.
In this plant, the room in which the pieceworkers (skinners, peelers,
and cutters) are employed is in the extreme end of the building, having
plenty of light and air, which is badly tainted, however, with odors
from the harbor. This room, which was visited during the tom ato­
packing season, was very clean and pleasant.
As the tomatoes were brought into the cannery they were poured
into a machine from which they were carried along on the conveyor
or perforated moving belt. An arrangement of nozzles above and
below thoroughly washed the tomatoes before they passed into the steam
box, after which they were again washed before being carried to the
skinning tables at either side of which the skinners sat. Each skinner
had a faucet of water, a sinklike depression into which to put her
tomatoes as she took them from the conveyor moving through the
center of the table, and a large waste pipe to carry away the skins.
She was also supplied with two large enameled buckets bearing the
number of her place. When she had filled one of them, she placed it
upon a second moving belt in the center of the table and higher than
the first, and the finished product was carried away. When the
bucket came back it contained a brass check for 4 cents— the price for
skinning a 40-pound bucket of tomatoes. The skinners can sit at
their work most of the time, and do, for the seats are of a convenient
height. The conveyors and waste pipes relieved the women engaged
in tomato skinning of all lifting or carrying, and eliminated the
irritating partiality often shown when men distribute the supplies.
The tom ato “ packing” or canning was done in a room less pleasant
and more crowded than the skinning room. The tomato packers or
canners stood at the tables and put the skinned tomatoes into cans.
Though they were time workers, being paid at the rate of 10 cents an
hour, and though there was no apparent effort to “ speed” them,
their number was kept down to the point where it was necessary for
them to speed in order to keep up to the supply of tomatoes that was
poured on the cannery tables. The packers (sometimes called can­
ners) are usually older girls and younger women who are selected in
this as in other plants on the basis of speed and general efficiency.
The apple peeling and cutting room was not equipped with carry­
ing machinery o f any kind; consequently, the women and the children




£60

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LA B O R .

(all of whom are pieceworkers) had to do much carrying, as the sup­
plies were at considerable distance from the workers.
Owing to care and efficient management and to the presence of
carrying machinery and waste pipes in the tom ato room and to the
segregation of the cooking facilities, the sanitary conditions in this
plant were good and the workers were not com pelled to endure the
enervating steam that affected the skinners and packers in other
establishments where the cooking was done in the same rooms.
W hile the foregoing description presents in a general way a picture
of the main features of cannery construction and organization, the
variations in equipment, administration, and cleanliness in the 10
establishments visited in Baltimore are so great as to make the picture
entirely incomplete and not at all a fair reflection of the conditions as
found. The plant described was by far the best equipped, cleanest,
and best managed cannery of the 10 and serves to show that, while
canning— particularly tomato canning— is “ m essy” and sloppy work,
there is no necessity for the existence of such conditions as were found
in some establishments.
DESCRIPTION OF POORLY EQUIPPED AND POORLY MANAGED CANNERY
IN BALTIMORE.

In one cannery, located like the others on the water front, and
laboring under the same advantages and disadvantages as far as
product and labor supply are concerned, the conditions were such as
inevitably to dissipate the energies and reduce the earning capacity
of the employees, to say nothing of the effect upon the product canned
under such conditions.
In this plant the place where the tom ato skinners worked was a
shed-like part of the building on the water front, having one side
entirely exposed. In dry weather this feature has an element of
com fort, for the workers get much air, though it is tainted by the
odors arising from the harbor. In wet weather (and one o f the visits
made by the bureau’s agents was on a stormy day), the workers were
entirely unprotected, those nearest the outer side of the shed getting
thoroughly wet. As the shed itself leaks, the workers even on the
inside farthest removed from the open water front, suffered no little
discom fort. If there was much wind, the rain drove far into the
shed. In cases of chilly weather, the discom fort must reach a danger
point, apparently, for there is no provision for reducing the exposure.
But even when there were no showers to drench the workers, the
equipment was inadequate and the supervision so faulty, that the
resulting conditions were distressing and disgusting to a degree. The
vat for steaming tomatoes was in the same shed and kept the women
and children in a cloud of h ot humidity. The floor was covered with
a slippery mixture of tom ato pulp and skins, for the provision for



H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

361

carrying away refuse was wholly ineffective. Some of the women
and children wore rubber boots as they stood at their skinning troughs,
some were barefooted, and others wore coarse shoes, but the skirts of
all the workers were wet, some of them up to the knees. The odors
arising from the souring mass of tom ato pulp and skins on the floors,
augmented by the juice dripping from the tables and benches, the
clouds of steam from the nearby vats, together with the addition of
an oppressive and distinguishing odor whose origin could not be
determined, produced an environment that was distinctly discreditable
and called for attention on broader grounds than the health and com­
fort of employees. Such carrying away of waste as was done the
women had to do. The Bureau’s agents were told that the place was
flushed out at night, but the mismanagement was such that by noon
it was hard to believe that the place was ever cleaned. Many of the
workers eat their lunches in this room.
Men brought supplies of tomatoes from the vats to the skinning
tables, but the women and the children carried the 40-pound buckets
of skinned tomatoes over the reeking and slippery floor from the
skinning shed into the room where the product is weighed, canned,
and cooked. The skinning shed is about 50 feet long. From the
entrance to the skinning shed to the place for depositing the buckets
is, approximately, 30 feet. How far each woman or child carried her
bucket, therefore, depended upon her location in the skinning shed.
While the peelers and cutters’ room in this establishment was not
so evilly environed as the tomato-skinning shed, it was far from
intelligently managed. The women and children brought and car­
ried away all supplies, and the supply court was about 50 yards
from the peeling room. As the cutters and peelers, as well as the
tom ato skinners, are all pieceworkers, they can not afford to take
time from their earning occupations to keep the immediate surround­
ings clear of waste and refuse.
Sore hands and cut fingers— sometimes unswathed, sometimes
wrapped in perilously dirty rags— were common sights in this estab­
lishment as in most of the others visited.
The establishment described was unquestionably the worst of the
10 visited so far as sanitary conditions were concerned, yet none of
the others was as good as the first one described, and most of them
were needlessly, if not dangerously, dirty. It is a regrettable fact
that only 3 of the 10 canneries visited in Baltimore had conveyors
for the tomato rooms to bring supplies and carry away the skinned
tomatoes and the waste. In 4 of the other 7 canneries men brought
supplies to the tomato room, but women and children carried away the
finished product. In all of the 10 the peelers and cutters did all their
own lifting and carrying; Though there is scarcely room for argu­
ment as to whether or not the necessity of carrying on the part of




362

B U L L E T IN

O F T H E B U R E A U OF LA B O R .

skinners and peelers reduces their earning capacity, a careful com­
parison of the individual earnings of the workers in the two plants
involved in the foregoing detailed description showed the earnings
of those in the plant equipped with conveyors to be a little over 2
cents higher per hour than the earnings of the women in the plant
without conveyors.
The exact earniilgs and hours for each group of workers are shown
in the following table:
COM PARATIVE EARNINGS OF IN D EPEN D EN T PIECEW O RK ERS IN ESTABLISHM ENTS
W ITH AN D W ITH O U T CONVEYORS TO R E LIE V E W OMEN W O R K E RS OF TH E
N ECESSITY OF CARRYIN G SU PPLIES AN D W ASTE.
[Piece rate was the same in the two establishments during the period covered by this investigation.]

Establishments.

Conveyors provided, so that pieceworkers do nocarryNeither conveyors nor men carriers provided, but
women do all carrying................................................

Inde­
pendent
piece­
workers
sched­
uled.

Average
weeks
em­
ployed.

31

23

45

33.75

8.3

22

23

54

3.40

6.3

Average Average Average
hours
earnings flam inga
per
per
per hour
week.
week.
(cents).

A significant fact concerning the two establishments involved in the
foregoing table is that the time-workers, who work under the same
conditions in the two plants, earn practically the same amount per
hour.
MARYLAND COUNTRY CANNERIES.
LENGTH OF CANNING SEASON.

In all the 32 country canneries studied iii Maryland the most
striking feature was the short period of operation. But while the
duration of employment is much shorter than in the city establish­
ments, the working hours are much steadier, the average per week
is slightly higher, and the long-hour drives less frequent. The coun­
try canner knows about what his “ pack” is to be when he brings his
help from the city and can more easily adjust the supply of labor to
the season's demands. It should not be inferred, however, that the
country canneries furnish no instances of extreme hours. The
Bureau's agents found a number of instances where the workers were
“ blown ou t” (called out by the cannery whistles) at 4 and 3 o'clock
in the morning and one instance at 1 a. m .1 The usual stopping
time is at 6 p. m., with one hour for lunch, but when the pressure of
work is particularly heavy this is cut to a half ho.ur, and the em­
ployees work also to 8, 9, and 10 o'clock. Early morning, however,
seems to be the favorite time for the overflow work. One canneri
i One establishment’s tim e card was printed for 24 hours in the day, beginning at 1 a. m .




H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

363

explained to the agent that he could get more work out of his people
in the early morning than he could by night work, as “ most of the
time they were bound to stop when 6 o’clock came.”
Notwithstanding these instances, however, the working hours
fluctuated less violently in the country than in the city and the
workers maintained slightly higher weekly average hours.
WORKING HOURS AND EARNINGS OF WOMEN IN MARYLAND COUNTRY
CANNERIES.

In the 32 country canneries employing 2,156 women, the number
of weeks in operation ranged from 6 to a maximum of 14, only 5 of
the canneries reporting 10 weeks or over and 13 reporting less than
8 weeks. The average hours per week in operation, as reported by
the employers, were comparatively low, reaching 60 in case of only
one establishment and exceeding 50 in only 4 establishments. As
opposed to the average week, however, the long day and the occa­
sional long week o f work are especially noticeable. Thus, the em­
ployers themselves reported days of 13, 13§, and 14 hours and
weeks of 72, 73£, and 81 hours. Here again, as in the case of the
city canneries, note should be taken of the large number of children
subject to these working conditions, 284 girls under 16 years of age
being reported b y the employers as employed in these canneries.
In addition to this, the fact that there were many children who actu­
ally worked as helpers but were considered by the employers as not
“ em ployed” must not be overlooked. In spite of the long hours
shown here, the conditions in this respect, as reported in the country
canneries, are not so bad as in the city canneries (see pp. 355 and 356).
Inform ation in regard to the number of women employed, the
weeks in operation, and the hours per day and per week, as reported
by the employers, is given in the following table. The employment of
children in the Maryland city and country canneries is the subject of
discussion in a special section o f this report (p. 466 et seq.).




364

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

HOURS OF LA BO R OF W OMEN EM PLOYED IN 32 COUNTRY CANNERIES OF M ARYLAN D
DU RIN G THE Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30,1911, AS R E PO R TE D B Y EM PLOYERS.
Women employed.

Establishment
number.

11.................-.............
12...............................
13...............................
14...............................
15...............................
16..............................
17...............................
18...............................
19...............................
20...............................
21...............................
22..............................
23...............................
24...............................
25...............................
26...............................
27...............................
28...............................
29...............................
30................... ...........
31...............................
32...............................
33...............................
34.............. ................
35...............................
36...............................
37...............................
38...............................
39...............................
40................... : ..........
41...............................
42...............................

Weeks
estabMaxilishHours Hours Hours •mum
ment of usual of long of short hours
16 years Under
in day.
day.
day.
per
and
Total. was
opera­
day.
over. 16 years.
tion.
37
26
80
75
65

3
14
7
5
6

(,)70

W12

25
40
30
31
35
40
72
50
150
110
25
28
15
56
53
48
46
30
70
80
73
45
95

( ,) 7
13
20
5
4
5
5
20
8
15
17
5
12
5
9
12
19
4
5
10
4
10
15
8

40
40
87
80
71
162
82
50
67
38
60
35
35
40
45
92
58
165
127
30
40
20
65
65
67
50
35
80
84
83
60
103

6
8
8
14
13
7*
9
7*
9*

9

6
7

?
7*
7*
io 5
9
9
■?
7
9
8*
6
9
11
7
9

10
10
10
9*
10
10
10
* 10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
5
9

?
5
5
5

13*
io|
11*
11
11
11
11
11
13*
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
10*
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
if
9
10
10
11

% (,A

5
5
5
3
5
5
6
5
5
5
5
5
8
5
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
5
5

2
5
2

13*
14
14
12
12
11*
12
12
13*
11
11
11
11
12
11
12*
10*
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9*
11
9
10
10*
12*

(,)5

%

?
2

Aver­
age
hours
per
week.

42
52*
48
39
42
51
60
45
54
45
48
46
56
46
44
50
39
48
50
40
42
33
33
36
39
48
30
26
30
21
8 20
42

Maxi­
mum
hours
per
week.

81
73*
72
72
72
69
8 69
68
67
66
66
66
66
66
66
*64*
63
63
60
60
60
60
60
60
57
57
54
52
50
32*
(i)

C)

1 Not reported.
2 Employees reported as high as 102 hoars per week.
8 For packing department only.

A ll the figures of the foregoing table are, it should be noted, as
reported b y the employers themselves. The extrem ely long hours as
there stated do not, of course, apply to their full extent to all the
employees. Individual reports from 278 women employees of the
country canneries are available to show the length of the working
hours and the extent of the overtim e work, and these reports are
tabulated in detail at the end of this article. The data furnished
b y these employees show average weekly working hours o f 48.6 for an
average season of 8 weeks.
In the following table the facts as to hours, earnings, and weeks of
employment are summarized for the 278 women employees who
furnished individual information. In this summary table the 278
employees are presented in the same five groups into which the
employees of the city canneries were divided (see p. 357).




H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

365

AVERAG E W E E K L Y HOURS AND EARNINGS OF WOMEN W O RK ERS IN 32 CANNERIES .
IN M ARYLAN D OUTSIDE OF BALTIM ORE.

Class of employees.

Time workers without helpers......................................................
Pieceworkers without helpers.......................................................
Pieceworkers with one helper........................................................
Pieceworkers with two or more helpers........................................
Helpers independently scheduled.................................................

Average Average
Number number
hours
weeks
reporting. of em­
per
week.
ployed.
21
172
24
35
26

7.2
7.9
7.6
9.1
7.8

50.0
48.0
48.9
49.9
49.7

Average
earnings
per
week.
$6.06
4.82
8.48
13.30
0

1 Helpers had no separate pay checks; their earnings are included in the earnings of the pieceworkers
with helpers.

Reference to the above table shows that time workers without
helpers in a week of 50 hours earned an average of $6.06, while piece­
workers without helpers in a week of 48 hours earned $4.82.
It will be remembered that the table on page 357 showed that in
city canneries time workers without helpers, in a week o f 45.7 hours,
earned an average of $4.61. Allowing for the difference in the aver­
age weekly hours o f the city and country time workers (45.7 hours in
city; 50 hours in country canneries), the country workers earn about
a dollar a week more than the city workers. This is largely due to a
difference in the class of workers. Among the city time workers the
packers predominate. In the country canneries these have been sup­
planted, to a large extent, by machinery, leaving only the higher-paid
time workers, who form the decided m inority in the group o f city
time workers.
The difference between the earnings of city and country piecework­
ers is more marked, the balance in favor o f the country pieceworkers
being for those without helpers $1.54, those with one helper $4.10, and
for those with two or more helpers $8.46 per week. This discrepancy
is the more striking in view of the fact that the hours are almost iden­
tical and that piece rates for the same classes o f work do not vary
appreciably in city and country canneries. The greater use of time­
saving tom ato conveyors in the country canneries is an influential
factor, but is not in itself sufficient to explain the difference.
CHILD WORKERS AS HELPERS.

The higher average earnings in the country are undoubtedly due,
in the main, first, to the evener supply of material which eliminates
the waste of time occasioned when workers must await the arrival of
shipments as in the city, instead o f having the products within easy
wagon delivery from the cannery all the time. A more important
factor in swelling the general average in the country is the fact that
the pieceworkers in the country are frequently assisted not alone by
children, as in the city, but by halfgrown and adult members of the




366

B U L L E T IN

O F T H E B U B E A U OF L A B O R .

fam ily who have no separate pay checks, their earnings in all cases
being credited to the principal worker. That many of these “ helpers ”
in the country have, on the whole, as much earning power as the prin­
cipals is shown by the preceding table, which reveals the pieceworkers
with one helper to be earning not far from twice as much, even taking
into consideration the difference in working hours, as those working
alone.
In emphasizing the influence of the adult helpers on the general
average earnings in the country, there is no intention of ignoring or
minimizing the importance of the presence of the child helpers. In
the group described in the following tables as “ Pieceworkers with
two or more helpers,” and even in the group with one helper, there
are children unquestionably of ages not associated with industry
in the minds of the public generally. It is, however, a fact that there
were not so many young children in the country canneries visited as
in the city plants, but special attention is called to the adult helpers
to explain the higher general average earnings in the country can­
neries. Frequently a husband worked with his wife. W hen a fam ily
o f four or five adults were working together, the common pay check
would amount to $25 or $30 at the end of the week. The individual
tabulations at the close of this report show in detail how many cases
o f such earnings there were.
The foregoing table also reveals the progressive influence o f more
than one helper on the earnings of the worker in the country canneries.
In scanning the table the reader should bear in mind not only the
larger number of adults to be found among the helpers to country
cannery employees, but also the short duration of employment as
compared with workers in the city plants.
USE OF LABOR-SAVING DEVICES IN MARYLAND COUNTRY CANNERIES.

The much shorter duration of employment in the country canneries
has an important bearing upon the problem of securing an adequate
labor supply. An average of 8 weeks' employment is ominously brief
for people whose bread-and-butter problem is with them 52 weeks in
the year. Unless the earning and saving possibilities, or working
conditions generally, are such as to offset the lim ited duration of
employment, it would be difficult to persuade a sufficient number of
workers to take chances on filling in the rest of the year either in the
canneries of Baltimore City, from which a large proportion of them
are drawn, or in a migratory search for labor.
As far as general,working conditions are concerned, the country
canning establishments themselves compare in equipment and general
sanitary conditions more than favorably with the city canneries.
In the first place, 10 of the canneries visited which packed tom atoes
had mechanical conveyors, and nearly all the others had male carriers,




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367

so that the women and children, most of whom are employed in the
preparing and canning departments, did not have to carry the heavy
buckets. Aside from the question of health, this circumstance meant
a saving of time and energy and a consequent increase of earning
power (as has been shown by the comparative earnings in the city
plants having, and in those not having, carriers or conveyors).
Much of the packing (canning) in the country establishments is
done by machinery, reducing the number of time workers (for this
work is usually paid for on a time-rate basis) to nearly one-fifth of
the proportion prevailing in the city. Aside from these two facts,
the organization and management of tom ato canning is much the
same as in the city.
Ten of the 32 country canneries visited handled corn, 5 o f them
packing nothing else, while the remaining 5 packed tom atoes also.
In general, the organization of com canning consists of two divisions,
the husking and the canning. In some cases the husking shed is just
a roof over a plot of ground where the com is dumped as it is delivered
to the cannery. The huskers, seated on boxes, put the husked ears
into large baskets, weighing about 50 pounds when filled. These
baskets are carried by the workers themselves (except in two cases,
where conveyors were used) to the cannery where each basket is
weighed and emptied. When workers are not strong, one often helps
another. The type of shed above described was found in 5 of the
canneries visited outside of the city of Baltimore. In another type
of husking shed the floor has a decided slant at the sides, down which
the com slides within easy reach of the huskers as the teamsters un­
load it. When the baskets are filled, they are carried along to the
end of the shed where a conveyor takes them to the cutting room of
the cannery. Another conveyor running through the center of the
shed carries away the husks which are constantly swept onto it by a
man employed for this purpose. Four of the Eastern Shore com
canneries visited had sheds of this construction but only one pro­
vided conveyors. It is plain, therefore, that in the country estab­
lishments com canning involves a good deal of carrying for the
women. ^Furthermore, even in the establishments providing con­
veyors or carriers for either tomatoes or corn, there are degrees of
effectiveness which were so low as to necessitate much lifting and
carrying.
On the whole, Maryland country canners seemed to recognize,
especially in connection with tom ato canning, what too many city
canners did not— that to provide conveyors or carriers is in the inter­
est of both employer and employee. One country employer said to
the Bureau’s agent:
No woman has lifted or carried a bucket of tomatoes or basket of
com in this cannery for the last 15 years. It isn’ t at all necessary,




368

B U L L E T IN

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BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

and all canners ought to be compelled to do away with making women
carry heavy loads. I tried to persuade one big com canner to do as
I do— have men do the lifting and carrying. He objected on the
ground that it would be an additional expense. I figured out the
cost after that and, balancing this with the increased amount of work
the people did, I find it is a saving to pay .men to do the lifting.
SANITARY CONDITIONS.

On the whole, the country canneries visited were in better
sanitary condition than the city establishments. 0 f 4 course, the
season is not so long as in the city and the dampness and waste have
less time to accumulate. The presence of conveyors and carriers,
whose sole function is to convey the product and carry off waste, is
largely responsible also for this superiority. In one or two instances
the waste trough and flushing facilities were abominably managed,
the trough becoming frequently choked with waste, and then flushed
so violently as to throw the refuse all over the floor— and much of it
onto the workers— and to keep the floors covered with puddles of
water. These were plain cases of incompetent management, for the
facilities were at hand for reasonable cleanliness. It should be
remembered that skinning tomatoes is in itself “ m essy” work. The
rapid action induced by the piece-rate system makes the worker
careless o f flying juice or slopping water. In a number of cases
women and children worked in a cloud of steam from the vats. This
appears to be an entirely avoidable discom fort, as in many canneries
this process was carried on where the steam did not reach the women
workers at all.
HOUSING OF COUNTRY CANNERY EMPLOYEES.

Aside from better equipment, steadier hours, and higher earnings,
the country canners quite generally offer free housing, fuel, and vege­
tables as inducements to prospective workers.
A large proportion o f the help in the Maryland country canneries
visited was drawn from Baltimore City through the agency of the
“ row boss.” 1 He has a pivotal importance in the organization of
the country cannery, usually being an English-speaking foreigner
who gets his recruits from among the people of his own race. The
prevailing price paid him by the canner is fifty cents a head for
adult workers and in some cases 25 cents for children. In addition,
the row boss is given a fairly good job during the canning season—
frequently that of foreman. One canner, explaining the importance
o f his row boss, said to the Bureau’s agent, “ He engages, works, and
discharges all the foreign help. N ot one of them is paid unless he
says it is all right.” *
* This official gets his title from his function of assigning rows to the workers during berry-picking season.




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Free transportation to the canneries, free housing, fuel, and
vegetables, together with the steadier hours and higher earnings, are
the arguments used by the row boss in his work of securing an ade­
quate labor supply for his employer. Because the tables do not show
the actual or relative value of these perquisites, which are held out
by both canner and row boss as important factors in compensation,
a brief discussion of their quantity and quality is pertinent.
Cooking fuel (other fuel is not needed during the country canning
season) is am ply provided. The workers are also free to use the com ,
tomatoes, or whatever the establishment is canning. In a few cases,
the apple orchards, even though apples were not being canned, were
available. This, however, is the lim it of the “ free vegetables” in
the 32 country canneries visited.
The housing facilities found in the m ajority of country canneries
visited are difficult to describe in terms that will clearly set forth their
importance as a factor in compensation. Better than venturing
any general statements will be a few detailed descriptions of the hous­
ing facilities found during the course of this investigation of 32
country canneries in Maryland.
N o . 1 .— The camp, which accommodated 15 Bohemian families,
was located about two city blocks back of the cannery on a level, open
tract of ground. It was laid out in rectangular form , the inclosure
at one end being made by a large'wooden shed about 40 by 20 feet.
This shack served as the sleeping quarters for the 15 families. It was
a two-story building with a single room to each story, the first being
about 2\ feet above the ground. There was a door at either end
and these, with two windows, furnished light and ventilation on the
first floor; the second-story single room had two windows. There
were no partitions of any kind either upstairs or downstairs to
shield one fam ily from , another, but the floor space was marked
off into squares or “ apartments” for each fam ily, an aisle run­
ning down the center of each floor affording access to each square.
The “ markers,” or partitions, which were not over a foot high, were
boards resting edges up and keeping the straw, bedding, belongings,
and occupants of one “ apartment” from encroaching on those of
another. Clothing hung on the walls and from the rafters. The day
of the agent’s inspection, the cannery was not operating and, as wet
weather prevailed, the workers stayed closely indoors, some of them
resting in the sleeping shack. On the second floor, a man was
finishing the details of dressing, while a woman was lying in the
“ square” a few feet away. It should be said that many of these
families strive to maintain, often at the expense of health and com fort,
a semblance of decencyin spite of the absolute lack of privacy. Some­
times only the outer garments are removed at night and much of
such dressing and undressing as is done takes place under the covers.




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OF T H E B U R E A U OF LA B O R .

Three babies, ranging in ages from 3 months to 18 months, were in
the shack at the time of inspection. The air was decidedly stuffy
and flies were plentiful.
Two other sides of the camp were formed by cooking and eating
shacks for each fam ily. These were of exceedingly primitive con­
struction, affording little protection from the rain. Each fam ily
built its own eating shack of whatever material was available, mat­
ting, old canvas, etc., being the principal roofing. Improvised tables,
benches, and stoves constituted the furnishings. The stoves were in
some cases outside of the shacks and entirely exposed, so that meals
had to be cooked in the rain or the cooking deferred until fair weather.
As there was no drainage provided for the camp, the water stood in
pools all about, and, in some cases, in the eating shacks, which are all
without floors. The camp affords no toilet arrangements o f any
kind, the near-by bushes serving as outhouses. One woman told the
agent that two years ago she and her four children returned to the
city from a camp of this kind with typhoid fever. The woman at
that time was pregnant. This woman returned from the camp above
described during the week of September 19, 1911, because the baby
(which she was carrying in the canning season of 1909,1 when she was
taken with typhoid fever) was ill-with sore throat. The doctor pro­
nounced the case one of diphtheria.
N o. 2 .— A tw o-story, wooden shed on one side of the cannery gave
shelter, on the second floor, to a half dozen single men. The ground
floor was divided into two rooms. In one of these lived a man with
two half-grown daughters; the other room was occupied by a man
and his wife. The man worked in the cannery and the woman boarded
the single men. A two-story, wooden shed on the other side of the
cannery likewise housed both families and single men— the men down­
stairs, the families upstairs. The room on either floor was divided
by partitions about a foot high into spaces the size of beds, the width
of each being measured according to the needs of each fam ily. These
spaces were filled with straw furnished by the canner. Over the
straw was thrown such bedding as the people themselves brought
from the city. The cooking and eating were done out of doors, with
such facilities as the workers provided.
N o. S .— But little description can be given of the sleeping quarters
in this camp, as the shanties were locked. Against the two shacks
were propped several “ lean-tos” which served as shelter for the eat­
ing tables. Camp fires and crude ovens were built, some under a
rough shed, others out in the open. One woman scheduled in the
cannery said to the agent, “ Five families live in our shack and we
live like hogs.” The manager’s own statement for the method of *




* The mother is again pregnant.

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371

housing employees here was, “ They just all bunk in together in big
sheds and cook and eat out of doors.”
N o. 4 *— The manager stated that each fam ily was given a room to
itself. The workers stated that they were ‘ ‘ all together more or less.”
Investigation showed that three or four families were bunked together
in each of the several rooms into which the old barn, used as a sleeping
shack, was divided. Some other outhouses supplemented these sleep­
ing facilities. The cooking and eating accommodations were outside.
When the manager's attention was called to his original declaration
that each fam ily was by itself, he said, “ W ell, you know, they are all
related.” The toilet for this camp was right in the midst of the
outdoor kitchens and eating tables, where it was most offensive.
N o. 5 .— The housing here was the best that was seen on the Eastern
Shore. The camp was high and dry. W hile it was visited on a clear
day, there was, apparently, sufficient drainage to keep the camp in a
sanitary condition even on a rainy day. The shacks stood in two
rows, each fam ily having a room to itself. Between these two rows
of houses, partly walled in, was the kitchen shed. This shed was well
roofed, quite high, and large enough to accommodate the stoves and
tables of all the families without crowding.
N o. 6 .— There were two camps here. One was of old shacks, much
patched, but in fairly orderly condition. Practically all of the
kitchens about these shacks were covered with burlap, oilcloth, or
matting. A second long shack, divided into 14 rooms, 1 for each
fam ily, was located about 50 yards distant.
Directly at the side of this shack and not over 10 or 15 feet away
the tom ato skins and refuse from the cannery were being dumped.
The odor arising from the soured, rotting mass of tom ato skins was
fearful. Depositing this menacing mass right under the nostrils of
the workers seemed inexcusable, as there was plenty of open space at
greater distances. N ot content with destroying the com fort and im­
periling the health of the workers with this cannery refuse, a local
employee of the company kept pigs in a sty not 10 feet from the new
shack. Dry privies, used by occupants of both shacks and located
between the two shacks, added variety to a medley of smells that
may be conservatively described as “ sensational.” This assortment
of odors was doubtless responsible for the fact that, while the cooking
was done on uncovered, improvised stoves, the workers ate inside
their shacks; and this circumstance, in turn, could be named as the
cause of the unusually large number of flies inside these sleeping
shacks. Three agents of the Bureau inspected these living quarters.
N o . 7 .— The shack, which housed all the families in one room, was
within a few feet of the cannery and was evidently built for a ware­
house. It was made of corrugated iron, without sashed windows
and with one door only. Two holes had been cut into the iron on




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each side of the building and the upper ends of loosened pieces swung
on hinges, thus making a “ drop window.” No provision was made
for holding these drops open from above and the use of props limited
the opening to about one-half o f their capacity. A t the time o f the
agents' visit the drops were not more than a fourth of the way open.
Inside the shack it was very dim, the air was foul, and the flies were
numerous. A man who was in the shack at the time of the agents'
visit said that the roof leaked so badly that when it rained the occu­
pants could not keep dry. He told the agents also that his children
had been sick. While the agents were talking to this man, a little girl,
apparently 6 years old, was caring for a sick baby of about 20 months.
N o . 8 .— The workers were housed in a tw o-story building which
evidently had seen better days. It had been lathed and plastered,
but most of the plaster had fallen off. Inside this oblong structure
a long hallway separated two rows of rooms about 12 feet square.
Two families occupied each of the 20 rooms. The cooking was done
in front o f the building, in the open.
N o . 9 .— The camp here was not laid out in the usual rectangular
shape. In fact, it was not laid out on any plan at all. It was set
back in the brush, the ground being uneven and broken by stumps
and rocks. One row of shacks, which were all under one roof, stood
on the bank o f a small stream. Each shack or compartment was
large enough for a bunk and table and was well ventilated, a window
being directly opposite each door. Cooking was done' on unshel­
tered camp fires. Just beyond the row o f shacks described was
another which was taken to be additional housing facilities for can­
nery workers, but on closer investigation was found to be an aban­
doned pigsty. In addition, there was a large farmhouse where the
American women workers lived. About 40 feet back o f the two rows
of shacks was a small frame house where lived one woman worker
and her four children.
N o . 1 0 .— The camp was in the usual rectangular form, with one
end open. Rows of individual shacks formed one side and one end
of the rectangle. Each shack contained a sleeping bunk and was pro­
vided with a window, in most cases curtained. In many there were
mantels holding pictures and other ornamental things. There was
enough floor space in each room for table, trunk, or box and a
lim ited amount of dressing space. The other side o f the rectangular
camp was formed by the “ kitchens,” adequately roofed, but open
at the sides. Each fam ily had its own kitchen and eating shack.
The camp ground was well drained, but a dry toilet, too near the
camp, marred the purity of the air. Near the camp were many trees
under which the children, 6 and 7, were caring for the babies, all
within sight of the mothers in the cannery shed.




H O U B S A N D E A B N IN G S OP W O M E N W O B K E B S I N M D . A N D C A L .

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N o. 1 1 .— The workers were housed in three two-story shacks,
separated from each other by several hundred feet and distant from
the cannery about two city blocks. In one shack 6 rooms were
counted, and the agent was told by a worker who had just arrived for
dinner that 10 families, numbering in all 33 people, were housed
therein. The interior of one room was plainly visible from the
entrance. There were two bunks, built one over the other, and each
filled with straw, partly covered by wearing apparel. One worker,
who was caring for a sick baby on the second floor, o f this shack,
apologized to the Bureau’s agent for the appearance of things, explain­
ing that the necessity of caring for the sick child was responsible.
Flies were everywhere in this shack, as in the two others, which were
similar in construction and arrangement. As there was no shelter,
aside from these sleeping shacks, it was necessary to use these for
eating rooms when the weather was bad. The camp ground was
free from standing water, although the day of inspection had been a
rainy one. There were no odors from the toilets, which were at a con­
siderable distance. After visiting the other two shacks, the Bureau’s
agent, returning to the cannery, met the woman with the sick child.
She had been to the store and was carrying the child in one arm and
her bundles in the other, explaining that she did not dare leave the
child in the shack because of the dogs that prowled about the camp.
O f the 32 canneries visited outside o f Baltimore City, 20 depended
partially or wholly upon help from the city, and the housing facilities
of 10 out o f the 20 contained sleeping shacks with single rooms
occupied by from 2 to 15 families. It should not be inferred that
the camps with individual sleeping shacks were in satisfactory con­
dition. The worst camp visited (described as N o. 6) had a sleeping
room for each fam ily. In but few cases was there anything like
adequate drainage. In the cases cited above, all grades of “ free
housing” offered by the canners are reflected.
Such apology or defense as managers made for the living quarters
was either that “ these people are different” ; that “ they don’t live
any better in the city ” ; or that the canning season lasted only a few
weeks and it didn’t matter. One canner said to the agent, “ You
don’ t know these people. You don’ t want to go near them any more
than you need to. W e just say, ‘ Here are the houses,’ and we don’t
go near them after that.”
As to the first charge that “ the people do not live any better in
the city,” it may be said that, while there is doubtless room for
improvement in some o f Baltim ore’s housing conditions, the avail­
able housing records o f the section o f the city from which a large
m ajority o f the cannery employees com e do not sustain the country
canners’ contention. The only available information on this subject

18544°—No. 96—12----3




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is contained in a report on housing conditions in Baltimore issued in
1907. According to this, in the district from which m ost o f the can­
nery help is secured, inspection of a typical congested block showed
on it 136 houses containing 400 apartments and housing 1,807 people.
Thirteen apartments were unoccupied, but exclusive of these, there
were 904 rooms. This gives an average of 2.3 rooms and 4.6 persons
to each apartment, or, approximately, 2 persons to a room .1 This
is not ideal, but it is better than the conditions in the camps, where
the highest standard found assigned an entire fam ily to one room,
and the lowest crowded unrelated men, women, and children into the
same sleeping space with absolutely no provision for privacy. But
even if the charge of the country canners was true, and Baltimore
city did permit a half dozen families— men, women, and children—
to sleep in one room , it should not be the function o f the American
employer to perpetuate or encourage the continuance o f conditions
that are a menace to the community, especially when healthful,
decent living quarters can be and are maintained by some country
canners under difficulties no less serious than those which the most
offending employers encounter.
As to the plea concerning the brevity of the season, it is true that
the country canning season is short compared with the season in the
city, but no one has yet measured the train of influences o f such
living conditions upon the health of the workers— all moral and
ethical questions aside.
Had time permitted, it would have been entirely pertinent to follow
up some of the cases of illness chargeable to cannery camp conditions
in order to find out just how much such illness had cost the workers in
medicines, doctors, bills, and unemployment. It would be pertinent
and interesting because, as was pointed out earlier, this “ free housing ”
is held out by canner and “ row boss” as a factor in compensation.
While this supplemental search was not possible, the sinister influence
of most of the living conditions as described admits o f little doubt.
It is the more to be regretted, because the few camps properly drained
and adequately equipped show the possibilities in the line o f com fort
and health, not only for the workers, but for the babies that might
thus get a breath of country air and a respite from the oppressive
heat of the city.
CHARACTER OF LABOR FORCE IN MARYLAND CANNERIES.

For the 676 women employed in Maryland canneries who furnished
individual data for this investigation,information was secured con­
cerning age, race, and conjugal condition, and a study o f these facts
1 See Report on Housing Conditions in Baltimore, a study under direction of the Association for Im prov­
ing the Condition of the Poor and the Charities Organization Society, 1907, Table I, Houses, and Table III,
Apartments.




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discloses some marked differences between the character of the labor
force employed in the canneries and that of the labor force in the other
industries studied.
The following table shows the number and per cent of women who
were single, married, or widowed, tabulated according to race or
nationality. An examination of the table shows that over 60 per cent
of the force were of foreign birth, not quite 15 per cent colored, and
the remainder, or approximately 25 per cent, native-born whites.
One-half o f all the women reporting were married, 15.09 per cent were
widowed, and only 34.32 per cent were single. The large percentage
of married and widowed women is even more impressive when it is
noticed that 13.31 per cent were under 16 years of age. In the other
industries studied in Maryland in connection with this investigation
the highest percentage o f married and widowed anywhere found
was 8.98.
RACE AND

CONJUGAL CONDITION

OF W AG E-EARN IN G W OMEN IN M ARYLAN D
CANNERIES.

Single.
Race or nationality.

Num­
ber.

Per
cent.

Married.

Num­
ber.

Per
cent.

W idowed.

Num­
ber.

Per
cent.

Total.
Per
Num­
cent
ber. of each
race.

American white....................................
Polish....................................................
German.................................................
American colored.................................
Bohemian............... .............................
A ll others..............................................

73
44
45
38
15
17

43.45
27.16
27.95
38.38
36.59
37.78

69
105
83
47
18
20

41.07
64.82
51.55
47.48
43.90
44.44

26
13
33
14
8
8

15.48
8.02
20.50
14.14
19.51
17.78

168
162
161
99
41
45

24.85
23.96
23.82
14.64
6.07
6.66

Total...........................................

232

34.32

342

50.59

102

15.09

676

100.00

It is not surprising that more married women should be found in
the canneries than in the other group of industries. The very inter­
mittent nature of the work permits women with homes to supple­
ment the fam ily income a part of the year with entire satisfaction
to cannery employers who do not require all the year round service.
Furthermore, while a rigid working schedule, such as prevails in the
other industries, would cause permanent neglect o f home duties, the
irregularity o f working hours in the canneries renders this neglect
more or less partial. But even these conditions scarcely account for
the wide divergence between the proportion of married women
found in the canneries and the proportion employed in the other
industries.1
Only 166 (24.5 per cent) of the cannery women studied in Maryland
and 67 (11.1 per cent) in California had had any gainful occupation
apart from their work in the canneries; 41 of these in Maryland and
15 in California had for this additional work some occupation, like




* See pages 416 and 417.

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picking or packing fruit, berries, or tomatoes, closely allied to their
cannery work, leaving respectively only 18.5 per cent and 8.6 per
cent having gainful occupations unrelated to the canneries.
W ith respect to another point there is a striking difference between
the women employed in canneries and those em ployed in the other
industries. Over 25 per cent of those reporting in the Maryland
canneries were 45 years of age or over, while in none o f the other
industries did the women in that age group reach 3 per cent. The
number and per cent of women employed in canneries who were in
each specified age group are shown in the following table:
NUM BER AN D PE R CENT OF W OMEN IN EACH SPECIFIED AGE GROUP IN M ARYLAN D
CANNERIES.
Age group.

Number.

Per cent.

Under 16 years of age...................................................................................................
M*to 44 years.................................................................................................................
45 years and over..........................................................................................................

90
416
170

13.31
61.54
25.15

Total..................................................................................................................\

676

100.00

The employment of the older women explains in large part the high
percentage of the married and widowed women employed in can­
neries, but its significance goes farther. Reference to the table
showing the average weekly earnings for the various industries by
age groups (pp. 414 and 415) shows that almost uniformly the women
:of 45 years and over are one of the two age groups showing lowest
earning power.
Reflected in these statistics of age, conjugal condition, and earnings
o f the women is the fact that the canneries em ploy a very large
amount of unskilled labor, much more, indeed, than do the other
industries included in this investigation. This lim ited requirement
in industrial skill, together with the sharply seasonal nature o f the
work, is unquestionably responsible for the great proportion of
married women in the canning industry. The distractions of rearing
a fam ily, the claim for support from a husband— however inter­
mittent that support may be— are not conducive to the development
or maintenance of any degree of industrial skill. W ithin this group
of facts, too, lies the probable explanation of the fact that the clim ax
o f the earning power comes in the 18 or 19 year group among the
cannery women. Beyond these ages the great proportion of cannery
women are married and working under the handicap of fam ily cares.
Their early marriages are chargeable, doubtless, to the presence of
so many foreigners.
INDUSTRIES OTHER THAN CANNING IN BALTIMORE.

In addition to the canning factories, four other industries were
studied in Baltimore for the hours and earnings o f women employees.
These industries were— candy, biscuits, etc.; paper boxes; shirts,



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overalls, etc.; and straw hats. There are certain features in con­
nection with these industries that will bear special emphasis or call
for brief comment. In the first place it is desirable to emphasize the
fact that in appraising the comparative duration of employment
reported by the women interviewed in the several industries the
element of continuity of employment must be given due weight.
Employment in the four industries named above, at least for fairly
well defined and known seasons, is characterized by a degree o f
certainty which does not obtain in the canneries. The women
employed in each of these industries know that work awaits them
each day in normal and rush seasons, and even in the dull period the
great m ajority of them know that if they are kept on the force at all
they will not go to the factories in vain. The longer period of
employment of women in this group of industries as compared with
those interviewed in the canneries, ranging from over twice to nearly
two and two-thirds as long, is not more important than this quality o f
continuity which permits the workers to make more or less definite
plans for the period of suspended activity in their regular vocations.
The greater regularity of working hours within the period of
activity in these industries and the existence of pay rolls, together
with settled methods of operation, make it possible to predicate
conditions upon a much smaller number of interviews in each indus­
try than would have been safe in drawing conclusions concerning
conditions in the canneries. The average hours as given in the
tables are fairly representative of the prevailing weekly hours.
However, it may be well to repeat the warning given in connection
with the Chicago report on the first of this series of investigations
relating to the working hours of wage-earning women, for it is neces­
sary to bear in mind in interpreting the accompanying tables “ that
rarely is there an abrupt change from one season to another and
from one degree of pressure to another as the unavoidable rigidity
of tabular presentation might suggest. Between the seasons there
is a period during which the pressure is considerably below that*
indicated either by the normal or rush season hours;” 1 and as stated
in the same report concerning the paper-box industry, but equally
applicable to other employments: “ During the slackened season the
work is done under low pressure, in a number of cases the piece­
workers coming to work with but indifferent regard to the regular
establishment hour of beginning and leaving with equally lax
attention to the exact hour for closing.” 2
W ith this qualification the tabulations state with fair accuracy
the working hours of individual employees during the year ending
April 30, 1911, for, while the establishment activity m ay have a very
1 Working Hours of Wage-earning Women in Selected Industries in Chicago, Bulletin No. 91 of the
Bureau of Labor, p. 867.
8 Idem, p. 876.




878

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A BO R.

markedly dull, as well as normal and rush season, the employer
meets the situation by laying off entirely more or less of his force; so
that, excepting for the “ stand-bys,” whether they be a large or a
small proportion of the total enrollment, the employees get their
dull season in the form of short or long lay offs, which are accounted
for in the column showing duration of employment.
A feature of working hours which the tables can not show, however,
is the varying degree of pressure for the same given time. Some
firms reported no overtim e at all and were corroborated by their
employees in this statement, yet they reported a very marked busy
season, when the workers were all laboring under a high tension.
The pieceworkers increased their earnings considerably during such
periods; the time workers, of course, gained no additional earnings
from the increased activity.
MANUFACTURE OF CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC.

The hours and gamings of women in this industry were studied
among the employees of 4 factories in Baltimore. These factories
employed altogether 992 hands, 532, or 53.6 per cent, being women
and girls, of whom more than a third (202) were under 16 years of
age. Individual information for use in this report was secured from
181, who reported an average of 37.9 weeks employment for the year
ending April 30, 1911.
Factories engaged in the manufacture of candy, biscuits, etc.,
usually operate the year round, but the volume and pressure of the
work vary greatly. In the 4 establishments which were studied in
Baltimore a dull season of 9 to 13 weeks was reported in summer,
when the force was somewhat reduced and the working time was
shortened to 4 or 5 days per week in 2 factories and to 5£ days in
2 other factories. Two of the factories were closed for 1 week and
6 weeks respectively. On the other hand, from the beginning of
September till Christmas and in the spring for several weeks preceding
Easter, extra hands are taken on and the work is carried on under
'high pressure.
The reports given by the 4 establishments covered show that
they regularly ran 6 days a week, the total weekly hours varying
from 50 to 60. In the rush season hours were increased so that
days o f 12, 13, and even 13§ hours were reported and weeks o f 75
and even 85£ hours. In one establishment the pay roll showed 5
weeks of more than 80 hours’ work each.
The follow ing table presents the inform ation in regard to employ­
ees and hours o f work as reported by the em ployers:




H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

379

HOURS OF L ABO R OF W OMEN EM PLOYED IN CANDY, BISCUIT, ETC., FACTORIES DUR.
ING NORMAL PERIODS AND DURING THE RUSH SEASONS OF THE Y E A R ENDING
A P R IL 30,1911, AS R E PO R T E D B Y EM PLOYERS, BALTIM ORE, MD.
Women employed.
Establish­
ment
years Under
number. 16and
16
over. years.

Normal hours.

Total.

Long
day.

Short
day.

9
10
10
9*

5
10
10
8

1 ..................
2 ..................
3..................
4..................

30
150
50
100

8
25
100
69

38
175
150
169

T ota l...

330

202

532

Busy season.

Total Dura­
hours tion
in
per
week.. weeks.

50
160
*60
4 55*

34
15
43
3

Aver­
age
hours
per
week.
66f
69
*63f
64*

Maxi­
Hours Hours mum
of long of short hours
per
day.
day.
week.
13**
13
13|
1%

5
10
10
8

85*
75
72
64*

i For 13 weeks in summer plant ran 50 hours per week.
* For 9 weeks in summer plant ran 55 hours per week.
* Employees in this establishment reported 3 hours overtime 3 days per week.
4 Plant closed 4 weeks in summer; for 9 other weeks averaged 38 hours per week.

The long hours as above given are. as reported to agents of the Bu­
reau by the employers or as shown by the pay-roll records. It should
not be understood that all women employees of the factories in ques­
tion worked the full quota of hours reported by the employers for the
busy season, but. in each factory the percentage affected was large,
as will be seen from the reports furnished by the individual women
workers of their hours of work.
The following statement summarizes for the 181 women furnishing
individual data the average working hours during the normal season,
the percentage working overtim e, and the average number o f weeks
during which they worked overtim e, together with their average
weekly hours during such time.
A V E R AG E W E E K L Y HOURS W O R K E D IN NORM AL AND OVERTIM E SEASONS AND PE R
CENT OF WOMEN W OR KIN G OVERTIM E IN 4 CANDY, BISCUIT, ETC., FACTORIES,
BALTIM ORE, MD.

Establishm ents investigated...........................................................................................
4
W om en em ployees furnishing in dividual data...........................................................
181
Average hours worked per w eek, normal season........................................................ 1 54.4
W om en working overtim e:
Num ber................................................................................................
143
Per cen t........................................................................................................................
79
Average num ber of w eeks........................................................................................ 11.3
Average hours per w eek........................................................................................... 67.2

The extremes of hours which enter into these averages are shown on
the individual tabulations at the end of the report. As heretofore
stated, Sunday work is illegal in Maryland.2 Therefore, nearly 80
per cent of the women, recorded on the individual tabulations for
1 Notincluding 1 employee whose hours in normal season were not reported.
* There was one instance where the pay roll showed Sunday work. The employer insisted that the hours
recorded in the “ Sunday column” were overtime hours worked on regular week days.




380

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

the candy industry as working over 60 hours a week during the maxi­
mum weeks of the busy season, worked over 10 hours a day during
such weeks. These same tabulations show that 36, or one-fourth
of the 143 working overtime, worked on an average from 12 to 13
hours a day during the maximum week, which ranged from 72 to 78
hours. More im portant, however, is the fact that the average working
hours for. this group of 36 during the overtime season ranged from 65
to approxim ately 75 hours per week. The fact germane to this discus­
sion is that the working day of from approxim ately 11 to 12£ hours
revealed in these averages lasted for an average of nearly 17 weeks.
That this average duration is closely indicative of the prevailing du­
ration, too, is shown by the fact that over two-thirds of the group of
36 under discussion report from 15 to 21 weeks.
When the piece-rate system or an hourly rate of payment prevails,
overtim e work usually means additional earnings. Gathering up in
the individual tabulations the information concerning the hours and
earnings of the 143 women who did overtime work in the candy and
biscuit factories, the results are shown in the following table:
COM PARATIVE HOURS AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL AND OVERTIM E SEASONS OF
143 WOMEN W HO R E PO R T E D O VERTIM E W O R K .

Season.

Average
hours
per week.

Average
earnings
per week.

Normal season.................................. ...........................................................................
Overtime season...........................................................................................................

54.9
67.2

14.60
5.86

Per cent of increase in overtime season..................................................

22.4

27.4

From the above table it is plain that the average increase of a little
over one-fifth in working time results in over one-fourth increase in
average earnings. Under the pressure of the rush season the em­
ployees not only work longer hours, but they increase the speed of
their production and thus their hourly earnings.1 It is equally plain
and highly significant that over 67 hours a week, which involves 6
working days of over 11 hours each, fails to net the worker an average
of $6 a week.
The preceding table gives the average hours and earnings per week
of the 143 women who reported overtime work. In the following table
the corresponding facts are given for the entire 180 reporting, the
women being presented in 4 age groups. It will be seen that for
the group of girls under 16 years the average weekly earnings were
only $3.44. This group contains a considerable number of beginners,
to whom only $2.50 a week is paid.*
* The percentage of increased earnings would have been greater had it not been for one large firm that
worked normally only 50 hours per week, but hired its employees “ on the basis of 60 hours a week” and
paid no overtime until the women had worked in excess of that number.




H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S O F W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

381

AVERAGE W E E K L Y HOURS OF LABO R AND EARNINGS IN NORMAL SEASON OF
WOMEN IN 4 CANDY, BISCUIT, ETC., FACTORIES, B Y AGE GROUPS, BALTIM ORE, MD.

Women *
reporting.

Age groups.

Under 16 years........................................................................................
16 to 24 years...........................................................................................
25 to 44 years........................................................................................
45 vpars and ovp r__________
T o ta l___________

________________

____

Average
hours
worked
per week.

Average
earnings
per week.

73
92
14
1

54.6
53.7
58.1
60.0

$3.44
5.02
4.56
3.50

180

54.4

4.34

It is appropriate to repeat here what was said of the candy factories
studied in Chicago:
There is nothing unhealthful in the candy-making industry if
the sanitation is not defective and if the toilet facilities are adequate.
In the great m ajority o f cases the operations performed by women
require nand work only and permit either a sitting or a standing
position. Such machines as are operated by women are not obvi­
ously dangerous when provided with proper guards. Such disad­
vantages as are chargeable to the candy-making industry arise from
the length of the working-day and the low wage rates.1
The individual hours and earnings of 181 women em ployed in the
4 candy, biscuit, etc., factories included in this investigation are given
in the table at the end of this article.
MANUFACTURE OF PAPER BOXES.

The hours and earnings of women workers in paper-box factories
were Studied among the employees of 4 establishments in Baltimore.
These factories employed a total of 397 workers, 265, or 66.8 per cent,
being women and girls, of whom about two-fifths were under 16 years
of age. Individual data for use in this report were secured from 121,
who reported an average of 41.4 weeks employment for the year end­
ing April 30, 1911.
While the paper-box industry has its dull and busy seasons, they
are not as sharply marked off as in some other industries, nor is the
season of high pressure of so long duration. In the 4 establishments
covered in Baltimore a dull season of about 13 weeks in summer was
reported with only 5 or 5^ hours work on {Saturdays. No shutdown
was reported in any establishment. Following this a rush season
with overtime work was reported of from 9 to 17J weeks preceding
Christmas.
The facts given to agents of the Bureau by the 4 establishments
studied show that in the normal season they ran 6 days a week, the
weekly hours varying from 59 to 60. In the rush season hours were
increased so that days of 12J, 12f, and 13 hours were reported, and
weeks of 67, 67J, and 69 hours.
1 Working Hours o f Wage-earning Women in Selected Industries in Chicago. Bulletin No. 91 of the
Bureau of Labor, p. 875.




382

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

B U R E A U OF L A B O R .

The following table shows for each of the 4 factories covered the
information in regard to employees and hours of work as reported by
the employers:
HOURS OF LA BO R OF W OM EN EM PLOYED IN 4 P A P E R -B O X FACTORIES DURING NOR­
MAL PERIODS AND DURING TH E RUSH SEASON OF THE Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30,
1911, AS R E PO R T E D B Y EM PLOYERS, BALTIM ORE, MD.
Women employed.
Establish­
ment num­
ber.

Busy season.

Normal hours.

16
years
and
over.

Under
16
years.

Total.

Long
day.

Short
day.

Total
hours
per
week.

Dura­
tion in
weeks.

Aver­
age
hours
per
week.

1 ..................
2 ...........
3..................
4..................

5S
33
60
10

32
12
30
30

90
45
90
40

10
10
10
10

10
10
9
94

160
>60
*59
>594

15
9
9
174

69
69
674
67

Total.

161

104

265

Maxi­
Hours Hours mum
of long of short hours
day.
day.
per
week.
13
13
12f
124

10
10
9

94

69
69
67J
67

i For 13 weeks in summer plant ran 554 hours per week.
* For 13 weeks in summer plant ran 55 nours per week.
* For 13 weeks in summer plant ran 5(fhours per week.

The facts given above in regard to overtime are as reported to
agents of the Bureau by the employers, and it may be assumed do not
overstate the conditions. It should not be understood that these
hours were worked by all the women employees of the factories cov­
ered, as rarely in any factory, even in normal seasons, would all
employees be found working full time. In each of these factories,
however, the percentage of overtime workers was large, as will appear
from the individual reports, which show 64.5 per cent of the women
scheduled working overtime.
The following table gives for the 121 women furnishing individual
data the average working hours during the normal season, the per­
centage working overtime, and the average number of weeks during
which they worked overtime, together with their average weekly
hours during such time.
A V E R AG E W E E K L Y HOURS W O R K E D IN NORM AL AND OVERTIME SEASONS AND
PE R CENT OF W OMEN W O R K IN G OVERTIM E IN 4 P A PE R -B O X FACTORIES, B A LT I­
MORE, MD.

Establishm ents investigated. . . * ...................................................................................
W om en em ployees furnishing in dividual data...........................................................
Average hours w orked per week, normal season.........................................................
W om en working overtim e:
N um ber........................................................................................................................
P e rce n t..........................................................................
Average num ber of weeks........................................................................................
Average hours per w eek...........................................................................................

4
121
58
78
64.5
10.3
67.8

From the foregoing table it appears that the average hours reported
for the busy season were 67.8 per week, exceeding the overtime season
hours of the candy and biscuit factories. But the duration of the



H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

383

overtime season was slightly shorter and a smaller proportion of the
force— approximately two-thirds as compared with four-fifths—
worked overtime. Furthermore, the extremes in the maximum week,
as shown in the reports of the individual women (pp. 428 and 431),
do not equal those in.the candy and biscuit factories by 6 hours; 62
per cent, nevertheless, reported maximum weeks involving an average
working day of from 11 to 12 hours. The general average working
hours for the normal season are also higher than in the confectionery
industry, showing 58 against 54.4 hours a week.
In this connection it should be remembered that the paper-box
industry in Baltimore, as in Chicago and in the California cities studied,
involves more machine work and greater strain than the occupations
in the candy and biscuit factories. Under such circumstances, long
hours have larger elements of danger than where no strain is involved.
It may be added further that the usual guards against obvious danger
from the machines were too frequently lacking in the Baltimore
establishments included in the investigation.
A comparison of the hours and earnings in the normal week and
during the overtime season will show what the extra work means to
the women in the paper-box factories. The table which follows gives
this information for the 78 box-factory women who reported overtime
work:
COMPARATIVE HOURS AND EARNINGS IN NORMAL AND OVERTIME SEASONS OF
78 WOMEN W HO R E PO RT E D OVERTIME W ORK.

Season.

Normal season.............................................................................................................
Overtime season...........................................................................................................
Per cent of

in overtime season............................................................

Average
hours per
week.

Average
earnings
per week.

57.9
67.8

15.01
6.24

17.1

24.6

Even in the overtim e season with the week of 67.8 hours, or over
11 hours a day, the earnings only reach $6.24. W ithout the over­
time work the average earnings are but $5.01.
The average weekly hours and earnings for all the women employees
in box factories furnishing individual data are shown, arranged by age
groups, in the following table. The weekly earnings for 58 hours’
work are only $4.55. For the large group under 16 years of age the
earnings are $3.11, even lower than in the candy factories. Here, as
there, are found some beginners at $2.50 a week.




384

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E B U R E A U

OF L A B O R .

AVERAG E W E E K L Y HOURS OF LABO R AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL SEASON OF
WOMEN IN 4 PA PE R -B O X FACTORIES, B Y AGE GROUPS, BALTIM ORE, MD.
i

Women
reporting.

Age group.

Under 16 years........................................................................................
16 to 24 years...........................................................................................
25 to 44 years...........................................................................................
45 years and over....................................................................................
Total..............................................................................................

J

Average
Average
hours
earnings
worked per per
week.
week.

32
80
9

58.4
57.9
58.0

$3.11
4.94
6.17

12 1

58.0

4.55

MANUFACTURE OF SHIRTS, OVERALLS, ETC.

The hours and earnings of women workers in shirt, overall, etc.,
factories were studied among the employees of three establishments
in Baltimore. These factories employed altogether 1,845 workers,
1,485, or 80 per cent, being women and girls, of whom 8.4 per cent
were under 16 years of age. Individual data for use in this report
were secured from 167 who reported an average of 44 weeks o f em­
ploym ent during the year ending April 30, 1911.
W ork in this industry is carried on throughout the year. Two of
the plants covered in this investigation shortened their running hours
during a dull period in summer, but this was only to the extent of
introducing a shorter working day on Saturday during the months of
July and August. On the other hand, the same two plants reported
rush seasons of 9 and 17 weeks, respectively. In the third plant,
while a busy season was recognized in the late fall and again in the
late spring and early summer, it was reported that no overtime work
was done.
The facts given to the agents of the Bureau by the three establish­
ments included in this investigation show that in the normal season
they ran 6 days a week, the weekly hours varying from 53 to 55£.
In the rush season hours were increased in two establishments, so that
days of 11 and 13 hours were reported, and a maximum week of 64^
hours.
The following table shows for each of the three factories covered
the information in regard to employees and hours of work as reported
by the employers:




H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D , A N D C A L .

385

HOURS OF LABOR OF WOMEN EM PLOYED IN 3 SHIRT, OVERALL, ETC., FACTORIES
DURING NORMAL PERIODS AND DURING TH E RUSH SEASONS OF THE Y E A R ENDING
APRIL 30,1911, AS R E PO RTED B Y EM PLOYERS, BALTIMORE, MD.
Women employed.
Establish­
ment
years Under
number. 16and
16
over.
years.

Total.

1 ..................
2 ..................
3..................

420
440
500

15
10
100

435
450
600

Total.

1,360

125

1,485

Normal hours.

Long
day.

10

Short
day.

5*
54

4

Busy season.

Total
hours
per
week.

Dura­
tion in
weeks.

Aver­
age
hours
per
week.

1 554
153
544

17
9

644
56

Hours
of
long
day.

13
11

Hours
of
short
day.

Maxi­
mum
hours
per
week.
644
57

1 For 9 weeks in summer plant ran 52 hours per week.

The facts in regard to overtime as given in the foregoing table are as
reported to agents o f the Bureau by the employers. In these estab­
lishments apparently a smaller per cent o f the employees than in the
candy and paper-box factories are affected by the long hours. The
reports from individual women employees show only 14.4 per cent of
the women scheduled working overtime.
The following table gives for the 167 women furnishing individual
information the average working hours during the normal season, the
percentage working overtim e, and the average number of weeks dur­
ing which they worked overtime, together with their average weekly
hours during such tim e:
A VERAG E W E E K L Y HOURS W O R K E D IN NORMAL AND OVERTIME SEASONS AND PER
CENT OF WOMEN W ORKIN G OVERTIME IN 3 SHIRT, O VERALL, ETC., FACTORIES,
BALTIM ORE, MD.

Establishm ents investigated..............................................................................................
3
W om en em ployees furnishing individual data............................................................ 167
Average hours worked per week, normalseasons....................................................... 54.2
W om en working overtim e:
Num ber..........................................................................................................................
24
P e rce n t.......................................................................................................................... 14.4
Average num ber of weeks.......................................................................................... 6.2
Average hours per w eek.............................................................................................
64

From the foregoing table it appears that the average hours reported
for the overtime season were 64 per week, being less than in either the
candy or paper-box factories. The duration o f the overtim e season
was also somewhat shorter, being only 6.2 weeks. The extremes in
the maximum week do not equal those in the other industries, reach­
ing only 64£ hours, although single days o f 13 hours were reported.
The average working hours per week for the normal season were 64.2.
A comparison of the hours and earnings in a normal week and
during the overtim e season will show the increase in earnings afforded
by the extra work o f the overtime force. The table which follow s




386

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A BO R.

gives this inform ation for the 24 shirt and overall workers who re­
ported overtim e work:
COMPARATIVE HOURS AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL AND OVERTIM E SEASONS OF
24 WOMEN W HO R E PO R T E D OVERTIME W O R K .
Average
weekly
hours.

Season.

Average
weekly
earnings.

Normal season...............................................................................................................
Overtime season............................................................... ..........................................

57.1
64.0

$6.41
7.62

Per cent of increase in overtime season............................................................

12 .1

18.9

It will be seen that in the normal season a week of 57.1 hours yields
average weekly earnings of $6.41. In the overtime season with the
hours increased to 64 per week, the average earnings are increased to
$7.62. An increase in weekly working time of 12.1 per cent produces
an increase in weekly earnings of 18.9 per cent.
The earnings in the factories in this industry are considerably
higher than those in either the candy or paper-box factories. The
higher earnings in this industry are apparently due in part to the
much smaller percentage of very young girls employed. For the
group o f girls under 16 years of age the weekly earnings were slightly
below those in the candy factories, but for the largest group of em­
ployees, those 16 to 24 years of age, the weekly earnings were $5.96 fis
against $5.02 in the candy factories and $4.94 in the paper-box fac­
tories for women of the same age group.
The follow ing table presents the weekly hours and earnings of the
167 women who furnished individual information, the facts being
presented b y age groups:
A V E R AG E W E E K L Y HOURS OF L A B O R AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL SEASON OF 167
WOMEN IN 3 SHIRT, O V ERALL, ETC., FACTORIES, B Y AGE GROUPS, BALTIM ORE,
MD.

Age group.

Under 16 years........................................................................................
16 to 24 years............................................................................................
25 to 44 years............................................................................................
45 vftars and ov er_____

_______

T otal___________

___________

_______ __________

Women
reporting.

Average
hours
worked
per week.

27
109
29
2

54.3
54.2
54.3
53.8

13.23
5.96
6.94
7.02

167

54.2

5.70

Average
earnings
per week.

The extent of machine work, which is considerable in this industry,
should be taken into consideration in judging the increased strain
involved in the overtim e hours and earnings shown on the foregoing
table and in scanning the individual tabulations at the close of this
report.




HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W OMEN WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL. 3 8 7
MANUFACTURE OF STRAW HATS.

Four establishments in Baltimore furnished the basis of the study
of hours and earnings of women workers in the straw-hat industry.
These factories employed a total of 355 workers, 231, or 65.1 per cent,
being women and girls, of whom only 6.1 per cent were under 16 years
of age. Individual information for use in this report was secured
from 122 who reported an average of 40.6 weeks’ employment for year
ending April 30, 1911.
W hile the straw-hat industry is to some extent seasonal in its char­
acter, three out of the four plants included in this investigation were
continuously in operation throughout the year, only one plant report­
ing a shut down of 6 weeks during the.summer. In all of the plants,
however, a dull season of from 9 to 13 weeks was reported, during
which the working hours were somewhat shortened, one of the plants
meeting the situation by laying off approxim ately half its force and
cutting off one hour from its working day, and another running only
4 or 5 days per week during a period in summer. On the other hand,
a busy season was reported o f from 9 to 21 weeks in the several
establishments.
The facts given to the agents of the bureau by the four establish­
ments covered show that in the normal season they ran 6 days a
week, the weekly hours varying from 54 to 56. In the rush season
hours were increased so that days of 12 and 12J hours were reported
and weeks o f 63 and 68 hours.
The following table shows for each of the four factories covered the
information in regard to employees and hours of work as reported by
the employers.
HOURS OF LA BO R OF WOMEN EM PLOYED IN STRAW -H AT FACTORIES DURING NOR­
MAL PERIODS AND RUSH SEASONS OF TH E Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30, 1011, AS RE­
PORTED B Y EM PLOYERS, BALTIM ORE, MD.
Women employed.
Establish­
ment num­
ber.
16 years Under
and
16
over. years.

Busy season.

Normal hours.

Total.

Long
day.

Short
day.

Total
hours
per
week.

Dura­
tion
in
weeks.

Aver­
age
hours
per
week.

Hours
of
long
day.

Hours
of
short
day.

94
94
94
9

64
64
9

1 56
2 54
54
*54

13
9
13
21

65
63
60
58}

124
12 }
12
10}

8}
64
6}
9

1 ..................
2 ..................
3 ..................
4..................

35
88
60
34

7
5
2

35
95
65
36

Total.

217

14

231

i For 13 weeks in summer plant ran 47} hours per week.
* For 9 weeks in summer plant ran 524 hours per week.
• For 9 weeks in summer plant ran 49} hours per week.




Maxi­
mum
hours
per
week.
68
63
61}

m

388

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E B U R E A U

OF LA BO R,

The hours as above given are as reported to agents of the Bureau
by the employers of the establishments covered. While not all of the
women employees in the factories in question worked the full number
of hours reported, in each factory the percentage affected was large,
65.6 per cent of the individual women workers furnishing reports
having done some overtime work.
The following table summarizes for the 122 women furnishing indi­
vidual data the average working hours during the normal season, the
percentage working overtime, and the average number of weeks
during which they worked overtime, together with their average
weekly hours during such period.
A VERAG E W E E K L Y HOURS W O R K E D IN NORM AL AND OVERTIM E SEASONS AND
NUMBER AND P E R CENT OF WOMEN W ORKING OVERTIM E IN 4 STRAW -HAT FAC­
TORIES, BALTIM ORE, MD.

Establishm ents investigated.............................................................................................
4
W omen em ployees furnishing in dividual data............................................................. 122
Average hours w orked per week, normal season.......................................................... 53.9
W om en working overtim e:
Num ber..........................................................................................................................
80
Per ce n t.......................................................................................................................... 65. 6
Average num ber of w eeks.......................................................................................... 7.4
Average hours per w eek........................................................................................... 61.8

The extremes of hours which enter into these averages are shown
only on the individual tabulations at the end of the report. An
inspection of these individual tabulations of the straw-hat workers
will show that they do not work the extreme hours reported in the
other Baltimore factories. The average weekly hours for the 80
women who worked overtime, and the duration of overtim e, is con­
siderably less than in the candy and paper-box factories. It is slightly
greater, however, than in the shirt and overall factories.
The extent to' which the overtim e work increases the weekly earn­
ings is shown in the following table:
COM PARATIVE HOURS AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL AND OVERTIME SEASONS OF 80
WOMEN W HO R E PO R T E D OVERTIME W O R K .

Season.

Average
weekly
hours.

Average
weekly
earnings.

Normal season..............................................................................................................
Overtime season...........................................................................................................

54.0
61.8

$6.84
8.86

Per cent of increase in overtime season............................................................

14.4

29.3

According to the above table the average weekly earnings for the
80 women who reported overtim e were $6.84 for 54 hours’ work dur­
ing the normal season, while in the overtime season the weekly earn­
ings were $8.86 for 61.8 hours’ work, an increase of 29.3 per cent in




H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S O F W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

389

weekly earnings with an increase of only 14.4 per cent in weekly
hours.
The foregoing table has given the average hours and earnings per
week of the 80 women who reported overtime work. For the entire
number of women in the straw-hat factories who furnished individual
information (122), the weekly earnings were $6.73. The earnings in
the straw-hat factories are thus seen to be higher than in the fac­
tories of any other industry in Baltimore included in the investiga­
tion. The small percentage of girls under 16 years of age is in part
the cause of these higher earnings, although a comparison o f earnings
by age groups shows that throughout every age group earnings in the
straw-hat factories are in excess of those in any of the other indus­
tries. The average weekly hours and earnings for the 122 women
reporting are shown in the following table, arranged by age groups:
AVERAG E W E E K L Y HOURS OF LABO R AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL SEASON OF
WOMEN IN 4 STRAW -HAT FACTORIES, B Y AGE GROUPS, BALTIM ORE, MD.

Age group.

Under 16 years................................................................................................
16 to 24 years____ '........... .................................... ..... ...................................
25 to 44 years...........................................................................................
TAAKt And ov er___

. . ______ _______________ _________________

Tn+Al________

Women
reporting.

Average
weekly
hours
worked.

Average
weekly
earnings.

8
83
28
3

54.0
54.0
53.4
53.6

13.70
6.56
8.05
7.38

122

53.9

6.73

HOURS, EARNINGS, AND DURATION OF EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN
SELECTED INDUSTRIES IN CALIFORNIA.

The study of the hours and earnings of women in California, as
in Maryland, dealt with five industries: The canning industry, in
which 9 establishments were studied; candy, biscuits, etc., which
covered 10 establishments; cigars and cigarettes, 2 establishments;
paper boxes, 7 establishments; and shirts, overalls, etc., 6 establish­
ments. The 34 establishments altogether em ployed a total of 6,552
women. In addition to information furnished by the employer in
the case of each one of these establishments, 1,569 of the women em­
ployees were interviewed, and each one furnished individual data for
use in this report.
In California, as in Maryland, a study of the canning industry
included both city and country canneries. So far a&the other indus­
tries are concerned, the investigation was confined to the cities of
San Francisco and Oakland.
The period covered by the data in regard to hours, earnings, and
duration of employment was in all cases the year ending April 30,
1911. The information included in the report was collected by
18544°— No. 96— 12----- 4




390

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

agents of the Bureau during the months of June and July. This
afforded a good opportunity of observing cannery conditions early
in the season of their activity.
CALIFORNIA CANNERIES.
LENGTH OF CANNING SEASON.

This report on the canning industry in California is based upon
information furnished by employers in 9 establishments employing
3,517 women, and upon data secured individually from 604 em­
ployees interviewed in such establishments.
It will be noticed that the number of cannery employees inter­
viewed was considerably larger than the number in any of the other
industries. This was considered im portant because of the extreme
irregularity of the work and the very considerable difference in con­
ditions found in the various canneries. In the other industries the
smaller numbers seem quite adequate, because of the much greater
steadiness of the work and the close similarity in conditions in the
several establishments.
A definite idea of the length and variation of the canning season
in California, as well as the periods in which the greatest stress is
likely to occur, can be obtained from the following diagram issued
by one of the largest canning companies in California. The informa­
tion is confined, o f course, to the varieties of fruits and vegetables
named in the diagram.




H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OP W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

391

DURATION OP THE CALIFORNIA CANNING SEASON, B Y V A R IETIE S.
Showing earliest and latest days’ packing for period of 50 consecutive years in San Francisco and California
generally.
[Explanation:




- entire season;

heavy period.]

392

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

From this it appears that the entire season for all varieties of
fruit and vegetable packing and canning falls between the middle
of March and the first of December, a period of about 8J months.
It is important to note on this diagram, however, that no variety
affords a season of more than six months, and that some o f them
do not last a single month. The table below shows an average of
approximately 16£ weeks for the 604 employees scheduled in the 9
canneries selected for study in California. The lim ited duration of
given varieties is an important fact in view of the inauguration and
rapid growth of the “ packing-and-canning-where-grown ” policy.
Where one large city plant handles all or nearly all varieties of
fruits and vegetables shipped from all sections of the State there
is a possibility of employment for the full period of 8£ months for
some of the workers, the employment always characterized, how­
ever, by the sudden and extreme irregularities in working hours
due to the uneven shipment of materials to the city plants.
But when canneries have been established where well-known
varieties of fruits or vegetables are grown and are practically con­
fined to the handling o f such varieties, the opportunities for em ploy­
ment are not measured by the entire canning and packing season,
but by the duration of given varieties.
The reports o f the 9 canneries which furnished inform ation for this
investigation show that the duration o f activity in the industry in
those canneries varied from 16 to 38J weeks. The tabulation o f the
individual reports of 604 employees o f the same 9 canneries showed
an average duration o f employment o f only 16.6 weeks. In the fol­
lowing table are shown for the city and country canneries investigated
the number o f establishments, the total number o f women employed,
the number furnishing individual data for this report, and the average
number of weeks worked by the individual employees reporting.
DU RATIO N OF EM PLOYM ENT OF WOMEN IN SELECTED C ITY AND COUNTRY
CAN N ERIES OF C ALIFO RN IA.

Location of establishment.

Women
Establish­
W omen
furnishing
ments in­ em
ployed.
individual
vestigated.
data.

Average
weeks of
em ploy­
ment.

C ity......................................................................................
Country...............................................................................

5
4

1,848
1,669

342
262

18.4
14.2

Total..........................................................................

9

3,617

604

16.6

It will be observed from the foregoing table that the difference in
duration o f employment reported by the country and city cannery
employees in California is not nearly so great as between the corre­
sponding groups in Maryland, the difference in the California city and
country plants being but a little over 4 weeks as against 17 weeks in




HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL.

393

favor of the city canneries of Maryland. This is due, in part perhaps,
to the fact that the California city and country canneries visited
packed much the same fruits and vegetables. The country canneries
also, while lim ited to the varieties of each product, were so located as
to draw supplies from a larger district than those which fed the
country canneries o f Maryland.
Nevertheless, the difference of over 4 weeks’ employment, shown in
the foregoing table in favor of the city canneries, is a factor o f no
little influence in securing labor when taken in connection with the
distance o f some o f the country canneries from the abiding places of
the workers. T o offset these disadvantages the country employers
must offer inducements, either in added earning opportunities, better
working conditions, or in substantial perquisites. The material
environment and general equipment which constitute the working
conditions in the main o f the country and city canneries are practi­
cally the same.
WORKING HOURS AND EARNINGS OF WOMEN IN

CALIFORNIA

CAN­

N ERIES.

The five city canneries included in this investigation in California
reported the employment o f 1,848 women. Considerable variation
was reported in the number of weeks during which the establishments
were in operation, one reporting only 16 weeks, while another reported
38$ weeks. Four o f the five canneries reported a season o f more than
29 weeks. The average hours per week in operation, as reported by
the employers, exceeded 60 in only one case, where the average was
75 hours. As against this stands out the maximum hours o f the long
day and the occasional exceedingly long week. Thus, the employers
themselves reported days o f 18, 15, and 13$ hours and weeks o f 96$,
90, and 83 hours. In the California establishments, although some
girls under 16 years of age were employed, their importance seemed
to be much less than in the Maryland canneries, which have already
been discussed.
In the four country canneries, included in the investigation, 1,669
women were reported as em ployed. The weeks in operation varied
from 19$ to 24, showing but little variation. The average hours per
week reported by the country canneries compared unfavorably with
the city canneries, ranging from 50 to 76f hours. In respect to the
hours of the maximum day and the maximum week, the country can­
neries differed but little from those o f the city, days o f 13 and 16 hours
being reported with weeks of 86$ and 92 hours.
The information in regard to the number of women em ployed, the
weeks in operation, and the hours per day and per week, as reported
by the employers, is given in the table following.




394

BULLETIN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR.

HOURS OF LA BO R OF WOMEN EM PLOYED IN 9 CALIFORN IA CANNERIES DU RIN G TH E
Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30, 1911, AS R E PO RTE D B Y EM PLOYERS.
W omen em ployed.
Establishment num­
ber.
16years Under
and
16
over. years.

Weeks
estabMaxi­
lish- Hours Hours Hours mum
ment of usual of long of short hours
in day.
day.
day.
per
Total. was
opera­
day.
tion.

Aver­
age
hours
per
week.

Maxi­
mum
hours
per
week.

C IT Y C A N N E R I E S .

1................................
2................................
3................................
4................................
6 ................................

468
400
280
300
290

30
35
20
25
0 )

498
435
300
325
8 290

3§i
354
294
16
29*

13
n*
10*
1-1
10

14
13*
13
13
10*

-5
8*
5
4
5

15
13*
18
15
13

75
(l)
60
55*
60

96*
896
83
86
4 70

450
350
200
600

35
14
20
0)

485
364
220
600

20f
19*
24
21

13
12
11*
10

15
13
12*
12

7
11
10*
5

16
13
13*
12

76*
75*
68*
50

8 92
« 86*
86
72

C O U N T R Y C A N N E R IE S .

6................................
7................................
9................................

1 N ot reported.
* 10 girls reported over 90 hours, the highest being 98 hours.
* Not including girls under 16 years of age.
412 girls reported a maximum week of 80 hours and over, the highest being 98 hours.
6 3 girls reported over 92 hours, the highest being 96* hours.
* 9 girls reported over 86* hours, the highest being 92 hours.

It should be noted that all the figures of the foregoing table are as
reported by the employers themselves. The long hours as there
stated do not, of course, apply to their full extent to all employees.
The extent to which they do apply can be seen in the reports of the
604 individual women em ployed in canneries, at the end o f this
article. Reports of these employees show average weekly working
hours of 60.4 for the average season of 16.6 weeks. A considerable
difference appears between the employees o f the city and the country
canneries. In the city canneries the average weekly hours were 57.8
for a season o f 18.4 weeks. In the country canneries the average
weekly hours were 63.8 for an average season of 14.2 weeks.
The following table summarizes the reports o f the individual women
em ployed and presents for the workers in city and country can­
neries the number reporting, the number o f weeks employed, and the
average hours and earnings per week.
AVERAG E W E E K L Y HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W OMEN W ORK ERS DU RIN G THE
Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30,1911, IN 9 CANNERIES IN AND N EAR SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.i

Reporting.

Average
weeks
employed.

Average
hours
per week.

City......................................................................................
C oun try..............................................................................

342
262

18.4
14.2

157.8
2 63.8

167.21
*7.92

Total..........................................................................

604

16.6

8 60.4

*7.52

Location.

Average
earnings
per week.

i Not including 3 forewomen and 11 workers whose hours and earnings were not reported separately.
* Not including 1 forewoman and 13 workers whose hours and earnings were not reported separately.
* Not including 4 forewomen and 24 workers whose hours and earnings were not reported separately.




HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAD.

395

While the duration of employment reported by the cannery
workers (city and country) scheduled in California1 is approximately
2 weeks less than for the cannery workers interviewed in Maryland,
and the extremes in maximum wfeeks are less violent, as is shown by the
tabulations at the end of this report, the average working hours per
week are much higher, 57.8 and 63.8 in the city and country canneries,
respectively, against 45.7 to 50.5 and 48 to 50 in the Maryland can­
neries. The individual tabulations also show many more weeks of
72 hours or over. Comparison of the two sets of tabulations shows
that over one-half of the California cannery workers reported such
maximum weeks, while less than one-fifth of the women interviewed
in the Maryland canneries reported 72 hours or more. It should be
remembered that 72 hours or over a week in California does not
necessarily mean an average of 6 twelve-or-more-hour days, as Sunday
work is not illegal in that State.
This freedom from legal restraint in the matter of a 7-day week is
largely responsible for the impressive list of maximum weeks, ranging
from 72 to 98 hours, to be found in the individual tabulations for
California. As the California canners contend that the long-hour
drives are absolutely necessary because of the high perishability of
the fruit, it is extremely interesting to note that a number of those
reporting exceedingly long hours both in the average and maximum
weeks are labelers and stampers, .who have to do with the product
after it is canned, hermetically sealed, and cooked.
The large proportion of the whole force working these long weeks
would indicate a shortage of labor, as ordinarily only a small per­
centage of workers are willing to endure the strain of 80 hours and
over even for the added earnings, particularly if there is enough work
to maintain a good weekly average. The methods of keeping the
force at work for the long drives in the country canneries did not
differ materially from the methods adopted in the city canneries and
described later.
Referring to the preceding table and comparing the average hours
in the 4 country canneries visited with the average working time
reported by city workers, it appears that, while the country workers
have 4 weeks less employment, they have 6 hours more per week for
the season of 14 weeks than their fellow workers in the city plants.
This means that the women in the country canneries put in really
over 15 weeks of 57.8 hours, which is the average working time each
week of the city employees scheduled. As the piece-rate system
prevails almost uniformly in the canning as well as in the preparing
departments, this should mean a considerable difference in earnings
in favor of the women in the country canneries.
1 The probable reason for the difference in duration between city and country em ployment is explained
in connection with the discussion of Maryland canneries (p. 353).




396

BU LLETIN OP TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

LONG HOURS AND HIGH-PRESSURE METHODS.

The frequency of the excessively long week raises a question as
to how women can be kept at work for such an unusually long time,
for it would seem that the additional earnings would not be sufficient
inducement, particularly when the hours are so excessive as to
jeopardize the worker’s ability to maintain a fair average o f produc­
tive activity throughout the season.
It should be borne in mind that the irregularity o f the working day
is not a matter of caprice. This is said with no intention of implying
that the extremes recorded in maximum working days and weeks
are or are not unavoidable but only to call attention to the fact that
the successful management of a canning industry involves the solu­
tion of some difficult problems. The materials used in a cannery are
perishable and must be cared for within a given time. Frequently
the “ given firne” is altogether inadequate to the quantity of goods
to be handled, and the result is a working force increased to the capac­
ity of the factory or to the exhaustion of the labor supply and working
to the lim it of endurance.
The prevailing method of keeping the force at work during the
long drives is to give preference in position and material to those who
have shown a willingness to stand by until the fruit is cared for; to
threaten loss of work to those who refuse to work the long hours,
though the scarcity o f labor often renders this threat quite futile.
Frequently the last work of the afternoon will not be punched or
credited on the pay check until the employee has returned or stayed
through the evening work. In a number of cases girls reported, and
in two instances managers admitted, that the force had been locked in
until the allotted work was done. Such methods were not infre­
quently accompanied by a firm’s refusal to allow any time off for
supper, probably, not so much because of the loss of the half hour’s
time as because of the worker’s unwillingness to return when once
out of the establishment. In some instances the firm either served
a lunch or permitted the workers to send for something to eat. In
such cases some of the workers took a few minutes off, the cannery
as a whole being in active operation continuously from the noon hour
until 9 and 10 o’clock; sometimes till midnight, and in one estab­
lishment visited till 2 o ’clock in the morning. The last case was
emphatically exceptional however, in the field covered by this investi­
gation, as the tabulations at the end of this article will show. From
6 and 7 in the morning till 9 and 10 at night with a half hour at noon
for lunch and no time off for supper, making from 12 to 15 hours a
day, was a frequent occurrence, as is equally evident from both the
“ maximum week” and the “ average weekly hours” column in these
tabulations. The long-hour drive, however, may be followed by a




HOURS AND EARNINGS OP W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL.

397

day or days of but a few hours’ work, or o f no work at all. The
underlying causes of this violent irregularity in working hours are
explained in the forthcom ing report of the Immigration Commission.
In the chapter dealing with “ Immigrant Labor in California Fruit
and Vegetable Canneries/? the report says:
The work in the canneries is irregular and requires a larger number
o f employees at some times than at others. W ith the change of
crops, the work varies in intensity; the crop of one fruit m ay be
unusually good while that of another is poor. Late or early crops
may crowd the cannery or makp it short of materials for operation,
and transportation conditions m ay involve variations in the amount
of work to be done. Moreover, changes in the prices of “ green fru it”
may increase or diminish the amount shipped in that form and cause
a variation in the amount supplied to the cannery. * * * Some­
times employees are worked overtime for several days in succession
and then laid off for a day or so. * * * When there is much
work to be done, Sunday work is required.
While the whole section above referred to has to do with the
question of immigrant labor, the paragraph quoted applies particu­
larly to the women employees, who, according to the same report,
constitute from three-fifths to three-fourths of the entire force of
cannery employees.
Although the actual earnings reported in the California city canneries
visited were 71 cents a week lower than those reported by the country
workers interviewed, the relative earnings of the country workers
were lower because they had to work an average of 63.8 hours to
earn $7.92 a week, whereas the Women employed in the city canneries
worked an average of 57.8 hours and earned $7.21. In other words,
the earning power was a fraction of a cent lower per hour in the
country than in the city canneries.
LABOR SUPPLY OF THE COUNTRY CANNERIES.

W hat then are the inducements offered to secure an adequate
labor supply for the country canneries ? It should be borne in mind
that the fluctuation of working hours in the country, while not so
violent as in the city plants visited, was still sharp enough to render
an earning of $3 in one day possible because of the uneven run of
fruit. This possible $3 the prospective employees are not allowed to
forget. It is constantly held up not as a possibility but as a proba­
bility by the employer and his labor agent.
In reply to a question as to the employers’ assurance that there
would be enough labor available to the country canner to enable him
to care for the fruit and vegetables in the required time, one manager
of a large California cannery said: “ A firm can take no chances on
its labor supply. Before a plant is ever established in a country
district a careful canvass of the labor situation is made.” The men




398

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

who later act as foremen are the principal agents in such a campaign.
They ascertain the available number of helpers in the immediate
district, the number obtainable from nearby towns, and they get,
and keep, in touch with the “ m overs” or “ campers” who leave the
cities in the canning seasons for the work in various country canner­
ies. The work of the foremen is effectively supplemented by want
advertisements inserted in the small town papers and in the big city
dailies. During the season in which this investigation was in prog­
ress the calls for help from country canneries were markedly notice­
able and not a little alluring, particularly as the peach and pear
season advanced. One firm sent out a wagon with large side signs
reading, “ Light and pleasant work with big pay.” The sign on the
rear of the wagon gave the name and address of the cannery. A t the
same time the city dailies were running urgent advertisements.
The following were taken at random:
W omen and girls.— Do you want to spend two months in ’ the country and earn good
wages, w ith steady work in a fruit cannery? Tents furnished. W orking now .
W anted.— W omen and girls for cannery work in country; com m encing im m ediately
and steady u ntil N ovem ber 1; no experience necessary; good wages. Cottages and
tents furnished. Call at once.
A num ber of women and girls to register for work at Napa; season w ill begin about
August 1; free tents; a profitable summer outing.
W e want wom en and girls im m ediately for fruit cannery w ork; no experience n ec­
essary to earn big wages; tents furnished; tell your friends and go at once.

In each of the above advertisements the big wages and the offer of
“ free tents” or “ free cottages” occur.
HOUSING FACILITIES.

The housing question during the canning season is a problem, of
course, and when labor is scarce the free tents and cabins are held out
as an inducement. In many instances a charge of $2 a month is made
for a cabin, the rental being rebated if the workers stay throughout
the season. Some employers require that each cottage shall house
at least two regular workers; others stipulate that every occupant
“ old enough” shall work in the cannery. In none of the small town
canneries visited in California did the firms restrict the occupation of
the cottages to women as was done in one city cannery, which had a
very few cabins for its detached and homeless workers. In the
country districts the cabins are occupied largely by the Portuguese
and Italians, some of whom own small ranches at considerable dis­
tance from the canneries. These workers occupy the cabins during
the fruit season only, while a few of those having no interests else­
where live in them all the year round.
A detailed consideration of the housing conditions as developed by
this tent, cabin, and shack system would have no place here except
for the fact that the housing is considered by both em ployer and



HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL.

399

employee as a factor in compensation, and may fairly be regarded
as having an important bearing upon the earnings of country cannery
workers. On this basis the quality of the housing is a proper sub­
ject for discussion.
The big, unpartitioned shed, housing dozens of families in the
manner described in connection with some of the Maryland canner­
ies, was not found in any of the California canneries visited. The
company cabins or tents were all constructed either for one fam ily or
for four women. There was, of course, a wide range in the degree of
healthfulness, com fort, and sanitation that characterized various
groups of tents and cabins. Some of them were entirely too close to
the cannery, getting the odors of decaying refuse, and when the
drainage and management of the camp itself were inadequate offen­
sive odors assailed the workers day and night. Others showed
intelligent care and effective protection on the part of the manage­
ment, with a consequent degree o f com fort and even attractiveness
about the workers’ quarters that should be a real inducement “ to
go into the country canneries for a summer’s outing.”
This free housing, while a substantial perquisite, is practically the
only inducement which the country canner has to offer, except for the
more or less agreeable change involved in the trip to the country.
It was evident, however, that the managers of country canneries did
not depend to so great an extent upon help from the large cities as
did the country canners of Maryland. The surrounding country,
dotted with small ranches, was counted on for much o f the labor and
for this the country cam^eries have no serious com petition from the
city employers. W ith this resident supply of labor, glad to increase
the fam ily income by work in the nearby canneries, the question is
not so serious as if the country plants visited were wholly or princi­
pally dependent upon help attracted from the city. It should not
be inferred that migratory labor is inconsequential. The “ campers”
or “ movers,” who make a business of following up the different
varieties of fruits and vegetables as they ripen, throughout the whole
deciduous fruit belt of California, are factors in the labor supply of
varying degrees of importance. But the very fact that they are not
settled in the cities and have formed a migratory habit makes them
less difficult to attract, and the availability of a resident supply of
labor gives the cannery employer a good bargaining leverage.
LACK OF RECORDS AND FREEDOM FROM REGULATION OF THE CANNING
INDUSTRY.

The entire absence of working-time records, and almost uniform
lack of records of any description for the pieceworkers, in either the
California or the Maryland canneries visited is a feature o f this inves­
tigation which calls for consideration. W ithout such records it is



400

BU LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.
\

impossible for employers to make any progress in distributing the
strain of excess work over the whole force, for there is nothing but
the memory or personal interest o f the foremen to mark the working
time o f each employee. W ithout such records, too, there would be
no effective way o f preventing the employees o f a day shift in one
cannery from working on the night shift in another. It must be
borne in mind that to the overwhelming m ajority of these workers
extra time carries but a single meaning— extra money.
Their eagerness for this extra money finds at least some explana­
tion in the level o f earnings shown in the foregoing tables. The
deeper and broader influence o f long hours on a half-grown girl or a
married woman has no place in their calculations. To get enough
to feed, to house, and to clothe themselves is the problem that absorbs
their entire attention. The women have neither the time nor the
facilities to figure out the cumulative losses due to excessive hours of
labor. But it is singular that employers who direct other phases of
their business along lines indicated by carefully kept accounts
should attempt to regulate the supply of so large a part of their labor
without the help of adequate records. The bureau's agents were
frequently told by both employees and employers that after a certain
point the earning power waned as the working hours lengthened,
and that “ after a drive the work lagged." This is a loss for employer
as well as employee, with the difference that to the employer a
distribution of overtime strain would mean an immediate gain; to
the employee accustomed to the increased earnings of excessive
overtime work there would be an apparent loss of money in such
distribution which it might take her some time to see was offset by
the fact that her earning power during normal hours would be better
sustained or increased.
Apropos of the lack of either legal or voluntary regulations in the
industry, the following paragraph from the volum e1 edited by
a student of this subject, is pertinent:
The exemption from regulation is also responsible for corresponding
deficiencies in the technical administration of the industry (fruit
and vegetable canning). The very fact that employers are legally
free to make their operatives work without lim it, and to crowd any
number of them into one room , makes them disinclined to put
thought and capital into improving arrangements. The better dis­
posed o f them admit that the present system tempts them to buy
carelessly; to make no adequate use of the telegraph and telephone
in regulating deliveries; to dispense with cold storage, so that it is a
common custom to keep the fruit in workrooms exposed to heat,
steam, and the deteriorating influence of congregated humanity.
A few firms stand out as preferring the upward way, scientifically
organizing their supplies, providing cold storage, working their
operatives only normal hours, and seeing to it that the work places
are clean and healthy.i
i “ The Case for the Factory A cts,” Mrs. Sidney W ebb, p . 52.




HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL.

401

The extent to which this lack of records is carried can not be too
much emphasized. Children and adults work side by side, delivering
their buckets, baskets, or trays of prepared product and receiving
therefor a brass check or cash, as the case may be. The brass check
or cash in most cases is all the record the employer has for the work
of an employee of whatever age.
For the pieceworkers in the canneries visited, the data for hours
and earnings, developed in the course of this investigation by the
patient probing of the Bureau's agents in the manner described in
the introduction to this report, are at present writing, therefore,
more complete records than the canners themselves possess con­
cerning the working time of their own employees.
DESCRIPTION OF A TYPICAL CALIFORNIA CANNERY.

The typical California cannery, whether in the city or country
district, is conducted with distinct reference to tw o main depart­
ments, viz, that in which the fruits and vegetables are prepared,
canned, and cooked— the cannery proper— and that in which the
goods are stored and, just before shipment, labeled. This latter
division, which is known as the warehouse, is sometimes a separate
building, varying in height from one to four stories, and sometimes
only a room in the cannery proper. In either case it is usually large,
airy, and well lighted.
The cannery proper is a large one-story brick or wood structure.
The brick canneries visited were flat roofed, and dependent for light
and air upon doors and windows. Many of the wooden structures
visited were windowless, but were supplied with skylights. In the
brick structures the cooking room, where only men are employed,
was usually walled off, the steam passing out through the doors and
windows. In the wooden canneries the cooking room was not walled
off, but in most cases the part of the cannery where the women
were at work was not seriously affected because the steam passed
directly through the open skylights. The windowless construction
is an econom y o f floor space, as materials can be stacked around the
walls without interfering with light or ventilation. In one or two
cases, however, either the skylights were not properly managed or the
cooking equipment was not sufficiently near the doors, for the whole
plant was suffused with steam, making the air depressingly humid
and superheated. Also, there were a few structures which were
well supplied with ventilating facilities but reeked with foul air
because no use was made o f such facilities. In each o f these cases,
o f course, the health and efficiency o f the workers were subjected to
an entirely avoidable handicap. In some o f the country canneries
the cooking room was really an open court, leaving the rest o f the
plant com pletely free from the heat and steam.



402

BU LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

Entering the cannery by the door through which the fresh fruit
is brought one first encounters a number of long tables equipped with
from two to four shelves running along the top. On these tables
the fruit is prepared by preparers— more commonly known as
“ cutters.” In California practically all of the cutters are women.
Very frequently women, and, in some instances, children, carry the
large boxes of fruit, weighing 40 pounds and over, from the general
supply place to the preparing tables. This is important not only
because of the number of immature girls in the canneries but because
o f the presence of so many married women. Frequently these
women are at work while pregnant, often working dangerously near
to the day of confinement. In other canneries fruit was brought
to the preparing tables by men. This method relieved the women
o f the physical strain, but in some cases caused them anxiety because
of an alleged partiality on the part of the .men in distributing the fruit
or vegetables. The space between the cutting tables permits the
workers to be seated while at work, but the necessity of reaching
the four shelves makes work in this position difficult. Few can­
neries employ a person to keep the floor clean about the preparing
tables, so the fallen, mashed, and spoiling fruits and vegetables
render the surroundings distinctly unpleasant. As this investigation
was completed before the beginning o f the tom ato season, it is not
possible to say how unpleasant conditions become through this lack
of care.
N ext to the preparing tables are those for the canners who are also
women. Their position and proxim ity to one another depend upon the
presence or absence of an autom atic grader. This device is a long piece
o f iron pierced its entire length with holes for the different grades of
fruit. W hen the grader is used it is necessary for the canning tables
to be close together because fruit is borne from the grader along
m oving belts on these tables. As each table has a trough and belt
on either side, there is at most a narrow passage between the two
rows o f workers. As a rule eight girls work on either side o f the table.
The trough is partitioned so that each girl has her own bin. As the
fruit comes from the grader on the rolling belts, gates at each place
push a portion o f it into the bin; where these gates are not stationary,
the fruit is very unequally distributed, often because workers at the
upper tables will draw the gates almost across the belt, thus taking
most o f the fruit and leaving a wholly inadequate supply for those
at the lower tables. Each table has two upper shelves, making neces­
sary a good deal o f reaching and rendering a sitting position while at
work unprofitable under any circumstances. Where the grader is
used the small space between the tables makes sitting impossible.
The work o f the canners consists in washing and sorting the fruit,
eliminating such as is im perfect and canning the rest. The workers1




HOURS AND EARNINGS OP W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL.

403

hands are constantly in cold water. “ Sore hands” was a frequent
complaint among the canners and was charged to the cold water,
while among the cutters both the cold water and the hardness of the
green fruit was held responsible for damage to hands. The floor about
the canning tables was always found in a damp condition and in some
instances water stood in easily measurable depth. The canners, how­
ever, in the California establishments visited, were standing upon
raised slats, so that they were fairly protected from an actual wetting.
The filled cans are taken from the canning tables on trucks to the
“ siruper.” A fter the air is exhausted from the cans by the use of
steam they are capped and cooked.
W ith the exception o f the grader, no machinery is placed near the
women workers. The canners, however, are frequently near enough
to the cooking equipment to get the full benefit o f the noise. While
there is little or no strain occasioned by machine work, the piece­
workers soon strike a peculiar swaying motion, resembling that by
which machine workers adapt themselves to the demands o f their
machines, and which seems to lend itself to speed and facility of
production. Two cannery officials— each in a different cannery—
volunteered the opinion that cannery work was so much of a strain
that workers were unfit to do other work when the cannery season
was over. It was noticeable, however, that in spite o f the unusual
length o f the working day during the “ drives,” there was little or no
com plaint from the workers, because, with the piece-rate system,
which prevailed almost uniformly, long hours meant to them only
increased pay.
CHARACTER OP LABOR FORCE IN CALIFORNIA CANNERIES.

For the 604 women employed in California canneries who furnished
individual data for this investigation, information was secured con­
cerning age, race, and conjugal condition, as well as concerning hours,
earnings, and duration o f work, and a study o f these facts discloses
some marked differences between the character of the labor force
em ployed in the canneries and that o f the labor force in the other
industries studied.
The following table shows the number and per cent o f women who
were single, married, or widowed tabulated according to race or
nationality. An examination o f the table shows that nearly 90 per
cent o f the force were o f foreign birth and only about 10 per cent
native born. The married women constituted 47.85 per cent, the
widowed 11.26 per cent, and the single 40.89 per cent. These per­
centages are even more striking when it is noticed that 13.90 per cent
were under 16 years o f age. The differences in proportions o f mar­
ried and widowed between cannery employees and employees in the
other industries are not nearly so great as in Maryland.




404

BULLETIN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR.

The reasons assigned for the large proportion of married women
found in the Maryland canneries (pp. 375 and 376) apply with equal
force here. The irregularity o f the working hours, the interm ittent
nature of the industry, and the com paratively low degree o f industrial
skill required makes it easier for unskilled workers to secure employ­
ment in canneries than in the other industries.
RACE AND CONJUGAL CONDITION OF W AG E-EARN IN G WOMEN IN CALIFORN IA
CAN N ERIES.
Single.
Race or nationality.

Married.

W idowed.

Total.

Num­
ber.

Per
cent.

Num­
ber.

Per
cent.

Num­
ber.

Per
cent.

Num­
ber.

Italian...................................................
Portuguese.............. ...........................
American..............................................
Other nationalities...............................
N ot reported...................... .................

113
57
38
38
1

39.37
40.71
59.38
34.55
33.33

146
69
*17
55
2

50.87
49.29
26.56
50.00
66.67

28
14
9
17

9.67
10.00
14.06
15.45

287
140
64
110
3

147.75
23.30
10.65
18.30

T otal...........................................

247

40.89

289

47.85

68

11.26

604

100.00

Per
cent.

i Per cent based on total number reporting nationality.
* Includes 1 American colored em ployee.

Among the California workers, as was noted in the case of the
women em ployed in the Maryland factories, the women em ployed in
the canneries are notably older than those in the other industries.
Over 20 per cent o f those reporting in the California canneries were
45 years o f age and over, while the highest per cent found in the
other industries was 11.19 in shirt, overall, etc., factories. The num­
ber and per cent o f women em ployed in canneries who were in each
specified age group are shown in the following table:
NUM BER AND PER CENT OF W OMEN EM PLOYED IN CALIFO RN IA CAN N ERIES, B Y
AGE GROUPS.
Number.

Age groups.
Under 16 years of age...................................................................................................
16 to 44 years................................................................................................................
45 years and over..........................................................................................................
T otal....................................................................................................................

Per cent.

84
395
125

13.90
65.40
20.70

604

100.00

!

The large employment o f women 45 years of age and over explains
in part the unusually large percentage o f the married and widowed
women employed in canneries. Reference to the table showing the
average weekly earnings for the various industries by age groups
(p. 415) shows that, uniform ly, the women of 45 years and over form
one o f the two age groups showing lowest earning power, the other
group being girls under 16 years o f age. In the city canneries more
than a third o f the cannery workers scheduled fall within these two
age groups, whereas less than 10 per cent of the workers scheduled




HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN M D. AND CAL.

405

in the four other industries are in these age groups of low earning
power.
INDUSTRIES OTHER THAN CANNING IN SAN FRANCISCO AND OAK*
LAND, CAL.

In addition to the canneries, four other industries were studied in
California with reference to the hours of labor, earnings, and dura­
tion of employment of the women employed. These industries are:
Candy, biscuits, etc.; cigars and cigarettes; paper boxes; and shirts,
overalls, etc.
The tables for these four industries effectively tell the story of
working hours and earnings as reported by the 965 women inter­
viewed in the course of the investigation.
The working period of 45.5 weeks reported for the year under inves­
tigation by the women in these industries, as compared with the
average of 16.6 weeks shown for the California cannery workers, is
deserving o f special notice. This average is, moreover, fairly repre­
sentative o f all the industries, as the widest divergence found in any
case is only six-tenths of a week.
In judging o f the strain involved in the recorded working hours,
it is important to remember that factory conditions are an influential
factor and that the more even and salubrious climate of California
has a direct bearing on such conditions. The absence o f cold weather
permits more open windows during factory hours, and, consequently,
better ventilation the year round than usually prevails in the fac­
tories visited in the cities of the Middle W est and the East. What
was said in a previous report concerning the absence of any inher­
ently unhealthful conditions1 in the candy industry as revealed in
the Chicago factories, for example, is even more applicable to the
establishments visited in California, because fresh air is so important
a factor in industrial hygiene.
This does not mean that there were no cases o f bad ventilation.
On the contrary, in spite o f the warm climate, there were factories
visited where every window was closed and where there were no
apparent means of airing the workrooms, except through the occa­
sionally opened doors. Sometimes, too, materials used in the man­
ufacture of candy had to be protected from cooling drafts, but, on
the whole, these cases were not numerous, and the soft climate is
an active influence for good ventilation.
The length of the working day, the stress and duration o f the busy
season, the average weekly earnings, and the bearing o f overtime
work upon such earnings are the other factors of importance to be
considered in connection with these industries.
1 “ There is nothing unhealthful in the candy-making industry if the sanitation is not defective and the
toilet facilities are adequate.” W orking Hours o f Wage-earning W omen in Selected Industries In
Chicago, Bulletin N o. 91, Bureau o f Labor, p . 876.

18544°— No. 96— 12----- 5




406

BU LLETIN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR.

Between the hours as reported by the employers and those
reported by the individual employees there are some discrepancies,
particularly in the length of the maximum week and in the average
hours for the rush seasons. Most of these discrepancies are more
apparent than real. None of them presented inexplicable contradic­
tions. A t the time of this investigation there was much agitation
over the eight-hour law. Many employers affected thereby were
more or less on the defensive. There was, not unnaturally, a ten­
dency to emphasize, not the exceptional long day or week, but the
ordinary strong pressure work that characterizes the establishm ents
busy season.
Often, under persistent questioning, Sunday work and five or six
nights a week for “ an occasional w eek” would be admitted by the
employers. Furthermore, a girl’s average hours during busy season
may be higher than the average hours recorded by the firm because
she may have worked only during the heaviest-pressure weeks o f the
busy season. In such cases, of course, the discrepancies are only
apparent. Wherever any significant discrepancies occurred between
the statements o f employees and employers, that fact has been stated
in a footnote to the tables summarizing the establishment schedules.
These tables give only the firm’s working schedule in normal .and
busy seasons, without reference to occasional concessions made to a
part or the whole o f the force in the slack of the season. In short,
the tables take the picture of working hours in a sharp black and
white, om itting entirely the light and shade o f transition periods.
MANUFACTURE OF CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC.

The hours and earnings of women employed in making candy, bis­
cuits, etc., were studied in 10 establishments o f San Francisco and
Oakland. These factories together employed 813 hands, 554, or 68.1
per cent, being women and girls, of whom 97.3 per cent were 16
years of age and over. Individual information for use in this report
was secured from 347 women, who reported 45.6 Weeks o f employ­
ment for the year ending April 30, 1911.
The factories engaged in the manufacture of candy, biscuits, etc.,
in San Francisco and Oakland usually operated the year round.
The pressure of the work was reported as somewhat reduced in sum­
mer by practically all factories who reported a busy season during
the two months preceding Christmas and also for several weeks pre­
ceding Easter. Following the overtim e work preceding Christmas,
three of the factories reported a lay off o f one or two weeks.
The reports given by the 10 establishments covered show that they
ran regularly 6 days a week, the total weekly hours varying from
49 to 56£. In the rush season hours were increased so that days of
12, 12i , and even 13£ hours were reported, and weeks of 70 and even



H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

407

78 hours. The so-called busy season continued, according to the
reports of the employers, from 3 to 26 weeks in the various estab­
lishments.
The following table presents the information in regard to the
employees and hours of work as reported by the employers:
HOURS OF LA BO R OF WOMEN EM PLOYED IN 10 CAN DY, BISCUIT, ETC., FACTORIES
DU RIN G NORM AL PERIO DS AND DU RIN G TH E RUSH SEASONS OF TH E Y E A R END­
ING A P R IL 30,1911, AS R E PO RTE D B Y EM PLOYERS, SAN FRANCISCO AN D OAKLAN D,
CAL.
W omen em ployed.
Establish­
ment
years Under
number. 16and
16
over. years.

1 ..................
2 ..................
3..................
4..................
5..................
6..................
7..................
8 ..................

2

Total.

2
3
8

10 ................

48
61
8
28
33
183
37
75
31
35

50
61
8
•28
35
186
45
75
31
35

T o ta l...

539

15

554

Busy season.

Normal hours.

Long
day.

Short
day.

Total
hours
per
week.

Dura­
tion in
weeks.

Aver­
age
hours
per
week.

it
9

9
8f
9
9

564
521
54
54

16
6
3
7
15
18
12
26

78
70
641
63
621
621
62
601

9
9
9
9
9
9
9

gi
7
7f
81
4*

534
52
52|
53|
49

Maxi­
Hours Hours mum
of long of short hours
day.
day.
per
week.
9

%

12
12
12
12

ll
9

H
T
8

78
70
641
63
621
62*
62
67f

The hours and duration of the busy season as given in the fore­
going table are as reported to agents of the Bureau by employers.
The reports from individual workers indicated that 76.4 per cent
were working overtim e during a part or all of the busy season.
The following statement gives for the 347 women furnishing indi­
vidual information the average working hours during the normal
season, the number and per cent working overtime, and the average
number o f weeks during which they worked overtime, together with
the average weekly hours during such period:
AV E R AG E W E E K L Y HOURS W ORKED IN NORM AL AND OVERTIM E SEASONS AND
PE R CENT OF WOMEN W ORKIN G OVERTIM E IN 10 CAN DY, BISCUIT, ETC., FAC­
TO RIES, SAN FRANCISCO AND O AKLAN D, CAL.

10
Establishments investigated...........................................................................................
Women employees furnishing individual data............................................................
347
Average hours worked per week, normal season......................................................... 53.2
Women working overtime:
Number........................................................................................................................
264
Per cen t........................................................................................................................ 76.1
Average number of weeks........................................................................................ 17.9
Average hours per w eek.......................................................................................... 2 63.2

The result of the investigation, as indicated by the tables, shows
that the industry here, as in Baltimore, led all the others except the
canneries in the number of working hours during the maximum weeks
1 N ot including 1 not reporting.




2 N ot including 4 not reporting.

408

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E B U R E A U

OF L A BO R.

of the busy season. However, the long-hour weeks were more
extreme and more frequent than were found in the individual reports
for the workers in the candy and biscuit factories of Baltimore. Of
the 264 women working overtim e in the San Francisco and Oakland
candy and biscuit factories visited, 111, or 42 per cent, reported maxi­
mum weeks of from 66 to 90 hours. While this does not necessarily
mean a working day of from 11 to 15 hours, as Sunday work was
not prohibited, it frequently did mean days of such length, because
reports of Sunday work were not numerous. The 111 women report­
ing these maximum weeks maintained an average of from 60 to 82£
hours during the busy season, which ranges from 1 week to 30 weeks
in duration.
The hours and earnings of the 264 women reporting overtim e work
are shown in the following table for the normal season and for the
weeks during which overtim e work was done:
COM PARATIVE HOURS AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL AND OVERTIM E SEASONS OF 264
WOMEN W HO R EPO RTED OVERTIM E W O R K .
Average
hours per
week.

Season.

Average
per week.

Normal season..............................................................................................................
Overtime season..........................................................................................................

53.4
163.2

$7.72
*9.57

Per cent of increase in overtime season............................................................

18.4

24.0

i Not including 4 not reporting.

* N ot including 1 not reporting.

The earnings of $7.72 for a week of 53.4 hours during the normal
season are shown to be increased to $9.57 for a week of 63.2 hours
during the period of overtim e work, the hours being increased 18.4
per cent while the weekly earnings are increased 24 per cent.
The foregoing table gives the average hours and earnings per week
of the women who reported overtime work. Of the 347 women who
furnished individual data the weekly hours and earnings of 330 are
presented in the following table, the women being arranged in four
age groups. The individual hours and earnings of the women
employed in the candy, biscuit, etc., factories in San Francisco and
Oakland are given in the table at the end of this article.
AVERAG E W E E K LY HOURS OF LABO R AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL SEASON .OF
W OM EN IN 10 CANDY, BISCUIT, ETC., FACTORIES, B Y AGE GROUPS, SAN FRAN CISCO AND OAKLAN D, CAL.

Women
reporting.

Average
hours
worked
per week.

Under 16 years........................................................................................
16 to 24 years............................................................................................
25 to 44 years...........................................................................................
45 years and over................................................................................. .

13
253
60
4

54.0
53.2
53.4
52.5

$4.62
*7.41
7.97
6.70

Total..............................................................................................

*330

53.2

*7.39

Age group.

* N ot including 2 workers whose earnings were not reported separately.
* N ot including 15 forewomen, and 2 workers whose ages were not reported.




Average
earnings
per week.

HOURS AND EARNINGS OF WOMEN WORKERS IN M D. AND CAL.

409

MANUFACTURE OF CIGARS AND CIGARETTES.

Study of the hours and earnings of women in this industry in San
Francisco was made in only 2 establishments. Here 311 persons
were employed, 80, or 25.7 per cent, being women and girls, 77 of
whom were 16 years of age and over. The 61 women furnishing
individual data reported an average of 44.9 weeks of employment for
the year ending April 30, 1911.
The employers in these factories reported work the year round
with no distinctly busy season, save in one factory where the regular
working hours of 47 per week were increased to 48 for a single week.
The reports given by the 2 establishments covered show that they
regularly ran 6 days a week, the total weekly hours being 47 and 54.
The normal hours of work per day and per week and the hours dur­
ing the busy season in the 2 cigar and cigarette factories covered in
the investigation are shown in the following table:
HOURS OF LABO R OF WOMEN EM PLOYED IN 2 CIGAR AND CIGARETTE FACTORIES
DURING NORM AL PERIO DS AND DURING THE RUSH SEASONS OF TH E Y E A R ENDING
A P R IL 30, 1911, AS REPO RTED B Y EM PLOYERS, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
Women employed.
Establish­
ment num­ 16 years Under
ber.
16
and
over. years.

Normal hours.

Busy season.

Total.

Long
day.

Short
day.

Total
hours
per
week.

Dura­
tion, in
weeks.

Aver­
age
hours
per
week.

9
8

9
7

54
47

1

48

1 ..
2 ..................

12
65

3

12
68

Total.......

77

3

80

Maxi­
Hours Hours mum
o f long of short hours
day.
day.
per
week.

9

7

48

The following statement shows for the 61 women furnishing individ­
ual data the average working hours during the normal season, the
number and per cent working overtime, and the average number of
weeks during which they worked overtime, together with the average
weekly hours during such period. In these establishments, it will be
noticed, overtime is of small significance.
AVERAG E W E E K L Y HOURS W O RK ED IN NORM AL AND OVERTIM E SEASONS AND
PE R CENT OF WOMEN W ORKIN G OVERTIM E IN 2 CIGAR AND CIGARETTE FACTO­
RIES—SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

Establishments investigated...........................................................
2
Women employees furnishing individual data.............................................................
61
Average hours worked per week, normal season.......................................................... 48.1
Women working overtime:
Number..........................................................................................................................
5
Per cent.......................................................................................................................... 8.2
Average number of weeks.........................................................................................
1
Average hours per w eek............................................................................................... 48.6




410

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A BO R.

The 5 women reporting oyertime worked in an establishment whose
normal season hours averaged less than 50 a week, while some women
reporting no overtime were employed in an establishment whose
prevailing hours were 54 per week during the normal season.
The hours and earnings per week in normal and overtime weeks
are shown for those working overtime in the table below
COM PARATIVE HOURS AND EARN INGS IN NORM AL AN D OVERTIM E SEASONS OF TH E
5 WOMEN W HO R E PO R TE D OVERTIM E W O R K .
Average
hours per
week.

Season.

Average
earnings
per week.

Normal season..............................................................................................................
Overtime season..........................................................................................................

47.0
48.6

18.06
8.48

Per cent of increase in overtim e season...........................................................

3.4

0.52

The hours and earnings per week for the full number of women
scheduled are given in the following table, the women being grouped
according to age:
AV E R AG E W E E K L Y HOURS OF LABO R AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL SEASON OF
WOMEN IN 2 CIGAR AND CIGARETTE FACTORIES, B Y AGE GROUPS, SAN FRANCISCO,
CAL.

Women
reporting.

Average
hours
worked
per week.

Under 16 years........................................................................................
16 to 24 years...........................................................................................
25 to 44 years...........................................................................................
45 years and over.....................................................................................

3
27
27
4

47.0
48.8
47.4
48.8

15.13
7.52
6.46
5.58

Total..............................................................................................

61

48.1

6.81

Age group.

Average
earnings
per week.

MANUFACTURE OF PAPER BOXES.

The hours and earnings of women in paper-box factories were
studied in 7 establishments in San Francisco. These factories
employed 315 persons, 216, or 68.6 per cent, being women and girls,
and all except 17 were 16 years of age and over. Individual data
were secured from 155 women who reported an average o f 44.9 weeks
of employment during the year ending April 30, 1911.
The factories investigated reported no shutdown during the year,
although the pressure of the work varied considerably. A busy
season with overtime work was reported for two or three months
preceding Christmas and in one factory in April and May also. The
overtim e season as reported varied from 4 to 17 weeks.
The reports given by the establishments covered show that in the
normal season the factories were running 6 days a week, the total
weekly hours ranging from 48 to 53£. In the rush season hours were




H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

411

increased so that days of 11, 12, and 12J hours were reported and
weeks of 68 and 72 hours. Sunday work was also reported by 3 of
the 7 employers.
The following table presents the information in regard to employees
and hours as reported by the employers:
HOURS OF LABO R OF WOMEN EM PLOYED IN 7 PA PE R -B O X FACTORIES DU RIN G NOR­
MAL PERIO DS AND DURING THE RUSH SEASON OF THE Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30,
1911, AS R E PO R T E D B Y EM PLOYERS, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
W omen em ployed.
Establish­
ment num­
ber.

16
years
and
over.

1 ..................
2 ..................
3..................
4..................
5..................
6..................
7..................

30
13
14
18
* 45
65
14

Total.

199

Under
16
years.

14
3
17

Busy season.

Normal hours.

Total.

Long
day.

Short
day.

Total
hours
per
week.

Dura­
tion in
weeks.

30
13
14
18
59
68
14

9
19
9
9
9

8
8
8
8
8}
8
8

53
153
53
53
534
50}
48

17
4
8
13
12
14

?

Aver­
age
hours
per
week.
72
68
67
624
59f

Maxi­
Hours Hours mum
of long of short hours
per
day.
day.
week.
12J
12
10
11
12
Hi

8

s

8
8
84
8

72
68
67
72
624
624

216

i Since December 26,1910, boors have been 8 per day.

These long hours are as given to agents of the Bureau by the
employers. W ith overtime work continuing for so long a period
naturally a large percentage o f the force was affected. Thus, among
the women furnishing individual information, 71 per cent were found
working overtime.
The following statement gives for 155 o f the women the average
working hours during the normal season, the number and per cent
working overtime and the average number o f weeks o f overtime,
together with the average weekly hours during such period:
AVERAG E W E E K L Y HOURS W O R K E D IN NORM AL AN D OVERTIM E SEASONS AND
PE R CENT OF WOMEN W O RK IN G OVERTIM E IN 7 B O X FACTORIES—SAN FRANCISCO,
CAL.

Establishments investigated...........................................................................................
7
Women employees furnishing individual data............................................. *...........
155
Average hours worked per week, normal season........................................................ 51.7
Women working overtime:
Number........................................................................................................................
110
Per cent........................................................................................................................ 71.0
Average number of weeks........................................................................................
10
Average hours per w eek........................................................................................... 1 62.3

N ot only was a large percentage o f the women affected by the over­
time hours, but the duration o f the overtim e work was longer than
in any o f the other industries studied in San Francisco.i




i N ot including 1 forewoman.

412

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E BU REAU

OF L A B O R .

The increase in hours during the overtime season as compared with
the normal season and the consequent increase in earnings for the 110
women who reported overtime work are shown in the following table:
COM PARATIVE H OU RS AND EARN ING S IN NORM AL AND OVERTIM E SEASONS OF
110 W OMEN W HO R E PO R TE D OVERTIM E W O R K .
Average
hours
per week.

Season.

Average
earnings
per week.

Normal season..............................................................................................................
Overtime season...........................................................................................................

52.0
62.3

$7.03
8.99

Per cent of increase in overtime season............................................................

19.8

27.90

For the 110 women reporting overtime work the weekly earnings
during the overtime season were $8.99, or 27.9 per cent, in excess of
earnings in normal weeks.
The hours and earnings per week for 150 of the 155 women fur­
nishing personal data are shown in the following table, the women
being grouped according to age:
AV E R AG E W E E K L Y HOURS OF LABO R AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL SEASON OF W OMEN
IN 7 PA PE R B O X FACTORIES, B Y AGE GROUPS, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

W omen
reporting.

Average
hours
worked
per week.

Under 16 years........................................................................................
16 to 24 y ears.........................................................................................
25 to 44 years...........................................................................................
45 years and over....................................................................................

9
116
24
1

52.1
51.7
51.5
53.0

$4.88
6.52
8.37
6.50

Total..............................................................................................

1150

51.7

6.71

Age group.

Average
earnings
per week.

i Not including 3 forewomen, and 2 workers whose ages were not reported.

MANUFACTURE OF SHIRTS, OVERALLS, ETC.

The hours and earnings o f women making shirts, overalls, etc.,
were studied in 6 establishments in San Francisco. The employees
o f these factories numbered 1,296 persons, 1,186, or 91.4 per cent, of
whom were women and girls. Only 6 girls under 16 years of age
were employed. Individual data were secured from 402 women, who
reported an average of 45.8 weeks of employment during the year
ending April 30, 1911, a period slightly in excess of that reported b y
any other group o f factories in California or in Maryland.
None of the factories investigated in this industry reported a shut
down during the year, and 3 of the factories reported no distinctly
"b u s y ” season. Of the other 3 factories, in 1 the busy season was
taken care of by the employment of extra hands, and in the other 2
overtime work was done for periods o f 17 and 18 weeks. In one case
the overtime season was from January 1 to April 30, in the other it




H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S O F W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

413

was for 12 weeks preceding Christmas and for 6 weeks following
March 15.
According to the reports of the employers, the plants regularly ran
6 days a week, the total weekly hours ranging from 44 to 54§. In
the rush season 2 factories reported days of I l f and 12 hours and
weeks of 57 and 61 £ hours. No Sunday work was reported.
The following table gives the information in regard to employees
and hours as reported by the employers:
HOURS OF LABO R OF WOMEN EM PLOYED IN 6 SH IR T, O V E R A LL, ETC., FACTORIES
DU RIN G NORM AL PERIODS AN D RUSH SEASONS OF TH E Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30,
1911, AS R E PO R TE D B Y EM PLOYERS, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
W omen employed.
Establish­
ment num­ 16 years Under
ber.
and
Total.
16
over. years.

1 ..................
2 ..................
3..................
4..................
5..................
6 ..................

165
140
425
60
375
14

4
1

Total.

1,179

6

1

169
141
425
61
375
14

Normal hours.

Long
day.

9
8f

1

Short
day.

?
Si
4

Busy season.

Total
hours
per
week.

Dura­
tion in
weeks.

Aver­
age
hours
per
week.

49}
48
54§
51
48
44

18
17

60}
57

Maxi­
Hours Hours mum
of long of short hours
day.
per
day.
week.
12
I lf

3

61}
57

1,185

The hours here given are as stated to agents of the Bureau by the
employers. Here the percentage of all women affected by overtime
was not so great as in other industries, being only 15.2.
The following table gives for the 402 women furnishing personal
data the average working hours during the normal season, the per­
centage working overtime, and the average number of weeks of over­
time, together with the average weekly hours during such period:
AV E R AG E W E E K L Y HOURS W O RK ED IN NORM AL AND OVERTIM E SEASONS AND
PE R CENT OF WOMEN W ORK IN G OVERTIM E IN 4 SH IR T, O V E R A LL, ETC., FAC­
TORIES—SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

Establishments investigated...........................................................................................
W omen employees furnishing individual data....................................................
Average hours worked per week, normal season............................................ . .........
Women working overtime:
Number........................................................................................................................
Per cent.......................................................................................................................
Average number of weeks........................................................................................
Average hours per week...........................................................................................

6
402
49.6
61
15.2
8.8
57.3

The increase in hours and earnings in the overtime season as com­
pared with the normal season is brought out in the following table
for the 61 women who reported overtime work. The weekly earn­
ings which in the normal week o f 49.4 hours reached $9.3C, in the
overtim e season with an average o f 57.3 hours amounted to $11*57.




414

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E B U R E A U

OF L A B O R .

COM PARATIVE H OU RS AN D EARN ING S IN NORM AL AND O VERTIM E SEASONS OF
61 W OMEN W HO R E PO R TE D OVERTIM E W O R K .
Average
hours per
week.

Season.

Average
earnings
per week.

Normal season.............................................................................................................
Overtime season...........................................................................................................

49.4
57.3

$9.36
11.57

Per cent of increase in overtime season............................................................

16.0

23.6

The hours and earnings per week for 379 of the 402 women furnishing
personal data are shown in the following table, the women being
presented by age groups.
A V E R AG E W E E K L Y HOURS OF LA BO R AND EARN IN G S, IN A NORM AL SEASON, OF
W OMEN IN 6 SH IR T, O V E R A LL, ETC., FACTORIES, B Y AGE GROUPS, SAN FRANCISCO,
CAL.

Women
reporting.

Average
hours
worked
per week.

Under 16 years........................................................................................
16 to 24 years...........................................................................................
25 to 44 years...........................................................................................
45 years and over................................ ..........................................................

2
163
170
44

49.3
49.2
50.1
49.4

$4.73
8.62
9.47
7.03

Total...............................................................................................

1379

49.6

8.79

Age group.

Average
earnings
per week.

i Not including 9 forewomen, and 14 workers whose ages were not reported.

T able I .— A V E R A G E W E E K L Y HOURS OF L A B O R A N D E AR N IN G S IN

NORM AL SEASON OF WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U ST R IE S, B Y A G E
GROUPS.
BALTIMORE, MD.
Industry and age group.

Women
reporting.

Average
hours
worked
per week.

14
82
134
105

52.1
49.1
46.0
44.5

$3.61
4.40
4.06
3.18

1335

46.5

3.85

73
92
14
1

54.6
53.7
58.1
60.0

3.44
5.02
4.56
3.50

* 180

54.4

4.34

32
80
9

58.4
57.9
58.0

3.11
4.94
6.17

12 1

58.0

4.55

27
109
29
2

54.3
54.2
54.3
53.8

3.23
5.96
6.94
7.02

167

54.2

5.70

Average
earnings
per week.

CANNERIES.
Tinder

roa rs.

16 to 24 years............................................................................................
25 to 44 years...........................................................................................
45 roars and nvnr___________

____ _________________________________

Total............
CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC.

U nder 16 roa rs. . . .
16 to 24 years............................................................................................
25 to 44 years............................................................................................

45 roars and o v e r ........................ ............. .................................................

Total............
U nder 16 roa rs____

PAPER BOXES.

16 to 24 years...........................................................................................
25 to 44 years...........................................................................................

45 roars and ov er........................ ..................................................................

Total............ .
Tinder 16 vears____

SHIRTS, OVERALLS, ETC.

16 to 24 years............................................................................................
25 to 44 years............................................................................................
45 vears and o v e r_________________________________
T otal________

_______________

i N ot including 63 who had no separate pay checks.
* Not including 1 girl whose employm ent was confined to busy season.




H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S O P W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

415

T able I . —A V E R A G E W E E K L Y H O U RS OF L A B O R A N D E A R N IN G S IN
NORMAL SEASON O F WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U S T R IE S , B Y AGE
GROUPS— Concluded.
BALTIMORE, MD—Concluded.

Women
reporting.

Average
hours
worked
per week.

Under 16 years...........................................
16 to 24 years..............................................
25 to 44 years..............................................
45 years and over.......................................

8
83
28
3

54.0
54.0
53.4
53.6

3.70
6.56
8.05
7.38

Total.................................................

122

53.9

6.73

Under 16 years......................................................
16 to 24 years.........................................................
25 to 44 years.........................................................
45 years and over...................................................

140
364
80
6

55.4
54.8
55.1
54:7

3.34
5.64
6.83
6.61

Total.............................................................

590

55.0

5.27

72
208
175
121

58.8
60.9
60.5
60.7

$5.71
8.09
8.06
6.81

1576

60.4

7.52

13
253
60
4

54.0
53.2
53.4
52.5

4.62
* 7 .4 1
7.97
6.70

8 330

53.2

* 7 .3 9

3
27
27
4

47.0
48.8
47.4
48.8

5.13
7.52
6.46
5.58

61

48.1

6.81

9
116
24
1

52.1
51.7
51.5
53.0

4.88
6.52
8.37
6 .50

4 150

51.7

6.71

2
163
170
44

49.3
49.2
50.1
49.4

4.73
8.62
9.47
7.03

6 379

49.6

8 .79

27
559
280
53

52.2
51.5
50.7
49.7

4.77
3 7.58
8.77
6.89

•919

51.2

3 7.82

Industry and age group.

Average
earnings
per week.

STRAW HATS.

TOTAL, EXCEPT CANNERIES.

CALIFORNIA.
CANNERIES.
U n d e r 16 v e e r s ___
16 t o 24 y e a r s .............................................................................................................
25 t o 44 y e a r s .
.........................................................................................
4 R v eers e n d o v e r ................................................................................................... ..
T o t a l..............
CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC.
U n d e r 16 v e e r s ____
16 t o 24 y e a r s .............................................................................................................
25 t o 44 y e a rs .............................................................................................................
46 veers an d o v e r . . _________ _________ __ __________ _______
. _.
T o t a l.............
CIGARS AND CIGARETTES.
U n d e r 16 v e e r s ____
16 t o 24 y e a r s ............................................................................................................
25 t o 44 y e a r s .............................................................................................................
46 v eers e n d o v e r ........... ............ ............................................................ ........
T o t a l..............
PAPER BOXES.
U n d e r 16 v e e r s . . .
16 t o 24 y e a r s .............................................................................................................
25 t o 44 y e a r s .............................................................................................................
46 veers e n d o v e r ....................................................................................................
T o t a l..............
SHIRTS, OVERALLS, ETC.
U n d e r 16 v e e r s ____
16 t o 24 y e a r s .............................................................................................................
25 t o 44 y e a r s .............................................................................................................
45 v eers a n d o v e r ..................................................................... .............................._
T o t a l..............
TOTAL, EXCEPT CANNERIES.
U n d e r 16 vears. . .
16 to 24 y e a r s .............................................................................................................
25 to 44 y e a r s .............................................................................................................
45 vears e n d o v e r .....................................................................................................
T otal

1 Not including 4 forewomen, and 24 workers who had no separate pay checks.
3 N ot including 2 workers whose earnings were not reported separately.
3 Not including 15 forewomen, and 2 workers whose ages were not reported.
4 Not including 3 forewomen, and 2 workers whose ages were not reported.
3 Not including 9 forewomen, and 14 workers whose ages were not reported.
3 Not including 27 forewomen, and 19 workers whose ages were not reported.




416

B U L L E T IN

T able

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

II.—NU M BER AND P E R CENT OF WOMEN IN S P E C IFIE D AGE
GROUPS IN SELE CTED IN D U STR IE S.
MARYLAND.
Under 16 years.

16 to 44 years.

45 years and
over.

Total.

Industries.
Num­
ber.

Per
cent.

Num­
ber.

Per
cent.

Num­
ber.

Per
cent.

Num­
ber.

Per
cent.

Canneries..............................................

90

13.31

416

61.54

. 170

25.15

676

100.00

Candy, biscuits, etc.............................
Paper boxes..........................................
Shuts, overalls, etc..............................
Straw hats............................................

73
32
27
8

40.33
26.45
16.17
6.56

107
89
138
111

59.12
73.55
82.63
90.98

1

.55

2
3

1.2 0
2.46

181
12 1
167
122

100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00

Total, except canneries..............

140

23.68

445

75.30

6

1.0 2

591

100.00

125

CALIFORNIA.
Canneries..............................................

84

13.90

395

65.40

20.70

604

100.00

Candy, biscuits, etc.............................
Cigars and cigarettes............................
Shirts, overalls, etc..............................
Paper boxes..........................................

13
3
2
9

3.75
4.92
.50
5.81

329
54
355
145

94.81
88.52
88.31
93.55

5>
4
45
1

1.44
6.56
11.19
.64

347
61
402
155

100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00

Total, except canneries..............

27

2.80

883

91.50

55

5.70

965

100.00

T a b l e III.—RACE

O R N A T IO N A L IT Y A N D CONJUGAL CON D ITION OF
WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U ST R IE S.
MARYLAND.
Single.

Race or nationality.

Married.

W idowed.

Total.

Num­
ber.

Per
cent.

Num­
ber.

Per
cent
of each
race.

41.07
64.82
51.55
47.48
43.90
44.44

26
13
33
14
8
8

15.48
8.02
20.50
14.14
19.51
17.78

168
162
161
99
41
45

24.85
23.96
23.82
14.64
6.07
6.66

342

50.59

102

15.09

676

100.00

96.25
100.00
100.00

4

2.50

2

1.25

160
14
7

88.40
7.73
3! 87

175

96.69

4

2 .2 1

2

1.10

181

100.00

American..............................................
German.................................................
A ll others..............................................

90
19
9

96.77
100.00
100.00

3

3.23

93
19
9

76.86
15.70
7.44

Total...........................................

118

97.52

3

2.48

12 1

100.00

American..............................................
German.................................................
AH others..............................................

125
14
13

89.29
100.00
100.00

7

5.00

8

5.71

140
14
13

83.83
8.38
7.79

Total...........................................

152

91.02

7

4.19

8

4.79

167

100.00

Num­
ber.

Per
cent.

Num­
ber.

American (w h ite)................................
Polish....................................................
German.................................................
American (colored)..............................
Bohemian.............................................
A ll others..............................................

73
44
45
38
15
17

43.45
27.16
27.95
38.38
36.59
37.78

69
105
83
47
18
20

Total...........................................

232

34.32

American..............................................
German.................................................
A ll others..............................................

154
14
7

Total............................................

Per
cent.

CANNERIES.

CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC.

PAPER BOXES.

SHIRTS, OVERALLS, ETC.




H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

417

T able I I I .— RACE

O R N A T IO N A L IT Y AND CONJUGAL CON D ITIO N O P
WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— Concluded.i*4
M A RY LA N D —Concluded.
Single.

Race or nationality.

Num­
ber.

Married.

Per
cent.

Num­
ber.

Per
cent.

W idowed.
Num­
ber.

Per
cent.

2
1

1.98
7.14

Total.
Num­ Percent
ber. of each
race.

95
13
7

i
94.06
92.86
100.00

Total............................................

115

94.26

4

3.28

3

2.46

122

100.00

Grand total.................................

792

6^.51

360

28.41

115

9.08

1,267

100.00

ST R A W HATS.

American..............................................
German............................... ............
Irish......................................................

4

3.96

101
14
7

82.79
11.47
5.74

C A LIFO R N IA .
CANNERIES.

Italian.............................................
Portuguese......................................
American........................................
All others 8......................................
Not reported....................................

113
57
38
38
1

39.37
40.71
59.38
34.55
33.33
!

146
69
*17
55
2

50.87
49.29
26.56
50.00
66.67

28
14
9
17

9.76
10.00
14.06
15.45

287
140
64
110
3

47.75
123.30
1 10.65
118.30

Total......................................

247

40.89

289

47.85

68

11.26

604

100.00
134.60
131.38
18.80
17.33
14.40
13.52
19.97

.

CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC.

American........................................
Italian.............................................
German...........................................
Irish...............................................
Spanish...........................................
English...........................................
All others........................................
Not reported...................................

85.59
101
89
83.18
24 4 82.76
19 4 79.17
14 93.33
9
75.00
88.24
30
1
16.67

6.78
8
16
14.95
3 4 10.34
2 4 8.33
1
6.67

9
7.63
2
1.87
2 4 6.90
3 4 12.50

3
4

8.82
66.66

3
1
1

25.00
2.94
16.67

118
107
630
*25
15
12
34
6

287

83.19

37

10.72

21

6.09

•347

100.00

Spanish...........................................
Porto Rican.....................................
American........................................
Italian............................................
All others........................................

7
2
10
7
6

36.84
18,18
100.00
77.78
50.00

11
7

57.90
63.64

1
2

5.26
18.18

2
4

22.22
33.33

2

16.67

19
11
10
9
12

31.15
18.03
16.39
14.76
19.67

Total......................................

32

52.46

24

39.34

5

8.20

61

100.00

American..............1........................
Italian............................................
Irish...............................................
German...........................................
All others........................................

37
19
21
17
43

78.72
86.36
100.00
89.47
93.48

2
2

4.26
9.09

8
1

17.02
4.55

2
2

10.53
4.35

1

2.17

47
22
21
19
46

Total......................................

137

88.39

8

5.16

10

6.45

155

100.00

26 4 20.97
8
8.89
16 27.58
10
19.23
15 20.83
60.00
3

4 125
90
58
52
72
5

131.49
122.67
U4.61
U 3.10
U8.13

4 402

100.00

11.62 71,569

100.00

Total......................................
CIGARS AND CIGARETTES.

PAPER BOXES.

30.32
14.19
13.55
12.26*
29.68

SHIRTS, OVERALLS, ETC.

American........................................
Italian............................................
Irish...............................................
German......................... .................
All others........................................
Not reported...................................

69 4 55.64
50
55.56
38
65.52
35
67.31
45
62.50

29 423.39
32 35.55
4
6.90
13.46
7
12
16.67
2
40.00

Total......................................

237

59.10

86

21.45

78

Grand total............................

940

60.03

444

28.35

182

19.45

i Percentages based on total number reporting nationality.
* Including 1 American colored employee.
* Under this head are included women o f other nationalities, the number o f whom under any one
race or nationality does not exceed 39. It includes Austrian, Canadian, Cuban, Danish. Dutch, English,
Finnish, Filipino, French, Hawaiian. Mexican, Norwegian, Polish, Porto Rican, Portuguese, Russian,
San Salvadorian, Scotch, Slavonian, Spanish, Swedish, Swiss, and Welsh.
4 Percentages based on total number reporting conjugal condition.
* Including 1 not reporting conjugal condition.
* Including 2 not reporting conjugal condition,
i Including 3 not reporting conjugal condition.




418

B U L L E T IN

OP T H E

BUREAU

OP L A B O R ,

I V . — HOURS OF L A B O R , E AR N IN G S, A N D D U R A TIO N OF E M PLO Y ­
M ENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U ST R IE S— B A L T I­
M ORE A N D N E A R -B Y CO U N TRY D ISTR ICTS.

T able

CANNERIES—42 establishments.
[The hours here given as the “ Usual hours per day” are not usual in the sense that they prevail through­
out a week or given number of weeks as in the other industries included in this investigation—candy, bis­
cuits, etc.; paper boxes; shirts, overalls, etc.; and straw hats. They are usual only in the sense that they
occur more frequently throughout the season than any other given hours, for they represent the number
of hours the individual usually works when the supply of material and other circumstances perm it. They
are not, therefore, comparable with the figures in the corresponding column of tabulations for the other
industries named, where the usual hours per day during the normal season represent distinctly the pre­
vailing day throughout the normal period. In the canning industry this column of figures serves only to
throw light on the average and maximum hours in adjoining colum ns.]

Num­ Age.
ber.

1
*2
83
4
5
6
87
8
*9
* 10
11
8 12
*13
8 14
8 15
*16
17
818
8 19
20
21
22
823
24
*25
*26
*27
*28
*29
830
8 31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
*47
848
8 49
8 50
*51
8 52

29
44
17
22
35
30
42
18
26
17
31
34
36
26
50
46
37
11
11
15
55
10
40
18
17
33
20
14
38
58
15
30
40
17
17
17
19
48
53
49
32
26
14
22

17
19
10

15
16
14
15
14

Occupation.

Aver­
age
Weeks Usual
hours
hours
em­
per
worked
ployed. day.
per
'w eek.

Preparer...........................................
Tomato skinner and com husker..
Packer and oyster shucker.............
Preparer..........................................
Tomato skinner and com husker..
Packer..............................................
Tomato skinner...............................
Preparer...........................................
Tomato skinner...............................
Tomato skinner and com husker..
Tomato skinner...............................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Tomato skinner and berry capper.. /\
Tomato skinner...............................
Packer..............................................
Preparer...........................................
....... do............................................... /
\
Packer and machine tender...........
Tomato skinner...............................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Preparer...........................................

Machine tender...............................
Packer..............................................
Can capper.......................................
Packer..............................................
....... do................................................
....... do................................................
Tomato skinner...............................
Packer.............................................

31
6*
6*
51
52
39
84
39J
6}
4
15$
7$
gi
74
74
74
29
84
84
6
18
33$
33|
8 15
* 15
474
8
6
8
114
6
6
114
4l|
43§
414
41
94
424

....... do................................................
....... do................................................
Labeler.............................................
Packer..............................................
Preparer and oyster shucker.........
Tomato skinner...............................
Tomato skinner and com husker..
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Tomato skinner...............................
....... do................................................

1 Including earnings o f 1 helper.
* Em ployed in country cannery.
8 Including earnings o f 3 helpers.
< Based on 31 weeks.
» Including earnings o f 1 helper; based on earnings
of 31 weeks.




20

25§
30
28
29
4
28
224
84
11
11
10

14
8
11

114
57f
66
10
71
10
664
H4
114
<56
114
564
54
10
44
104
10
554
13
80
114
51
55
10
10
65
10
55
10
55
55
10
12
65
13 \ 70
10
59
94
I lf
60
12
574
12
57
7
364
134 }
354
104
12
73
10
67
12
73
62
10
10
67
10
67
61
10
12
55
114
54
12
58
42
11
60
114
114
48
10
50
554
10
‘ 10
60
52
10
12
454
11
60
634
H i
114
12
664
10
55
10
50
10
47
10
47
10
47
10
434

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
week.

Maximum hours.

Per day.

1 $3.90
5.15
8 16.60
7.05
8 3.50
8 4.65
1 11.75
4.25
4.00
3.80
7 4.50
5.85
2.25
4.95
7 8.00
1 11.35
4.80
3.55
{
3.30
6.00
16.20
(»)
W4.70 /
l
3.65
11.80
4.55
15.30
6.40
7 16.65
18.30
4.40
5.25
5.30
5.30
4.00
6 .0 0

4.70
4.50
5.55
6 .1 0

5.55
4.55
6 .0 0

5.35
6 .2 0

6.30

(9 )
m
m
(9)
(9)
(9)

17
17
17
154
154
15
134
144
1?
15
14
17
14
14
14
16
\
lo t
144
14
14
14
10
14 }
164
15
17
15
16
17
17
15
14
14
14
14
14$
144
12

15
15
15
(u )

144
154
134
13$
13
13
13
13
13
13

Per
week.

102
102
102
100
93
93
90
874
87
86
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
83
lit
82
82
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
79
78i
78*
78
78
78
78
78

9 Based on earnings for 36 weeks.
7 Based on earnings o f 2 helpers.
8 W orked in 2 canneries.
• Helper.
Including earnings of 3 helpers for 84 weeks,
u N ot reported.

H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

419

T a b l e IV .— HOURS OF LA B O R , E A R N IN G S, A N D D U R A TIO N OF E M PLO Y­

MENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— B A L T I­
MORE AND N E A R -B Y C O U N TRY DISTR ICTS— Continued.
CANNERIES—42 establish m en ts—Continued.

Num­ Age.
ber.

1 53
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
61
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
* 80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
195
96
97
98
199
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
U16

15
40
37
29
38
60
28
30
39
35
40
18
18
18
19
21
25
19
18
22
40
58
32
30
29
25
51
17
44
43
17
17
21
31
43
27
37
53
41
17
30
34
49
37
16
20
15
40
55
45
50
50
33
23
62
57
14
29
50
59
56
52
28
42

Occupation.

Preparer...........................................
Tomato skinner...............................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Tomato skinner and com husker..
Tomato skinner...............................
Preparer...........................................
Tomato skinner and com husker..
Inspector..........................................
Tomato skinner...............................
....... do...............................................
Tomato skinner and com husker..
Tomato skinner...............................
....... do...............................................
Tomato skinner and com cu tter...
W rapper..........................................
Preparer...........................................
Packer..............................................
Preparer...........................................
....... do...............................................
Packer........................ .....................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Machine feeder................................
W eigher............................................
Preparer...........................................
....... do...............................................
Packer..............................................
....... do...............................................
Checker............................................
Packer..............................................
Preparer...........................................
Checker............................................
Preparer...........................................
Packing machine and tender........
Packer..............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Tomato skinner...............................
Preparer...........................................
Packer..............................................
....... do...............................................
Tomato skinner...............................
Preparer...........................................
....... d o...............................................
Packer..............................................
Preparer..........................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Packer..............................................
Preparer..........................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Assorter........................................
Tomato sk in n er.....................................
Preparer..........................................
....... d o...........................................
....... d o...............................................
Labeler............................................
Com cutter and inspector..............

1 Employed in country cannery.
2 Includes earnings o f 3 helpers.
8 Based on earnings o f 2 helpers.
4 Including earnings o f 1 helper.
e Including earnings of 1 helper for 4 weeks.




Aver­
age
Weeks Usual
hours
hours
em­
ployed. per worked
day.
per
week.

V
8
8
11
7
?
44
?
7
7

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9!
10
9!
11*
10
10
10
10
ll!
10!
11!
11!
10
10
10
10
10!
10
9
11

60
51
51
47
43!
47
63
51
46
51
38
51
44
63
63
47
47
60
60!
39
61
54
52!

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
week.
16.75
*12.50
*7.50
4 9.45
410.20
3.10
7.25
5.00
*3.00
5.15
5.70
2.85
3.55
6.45
6.90
4.30
3.00
6.00
4 5.15
4.00
2.50
#2.35
4.75
4.55
4.85
5.15
4.25
5.25
3.80
4.00
3.20
7.25
4.50
8.15
4.45
2.35
5.70
*4.40
4.60
7.30
6.60
5.25
5.70
4 2.50
4.30
6.00
3.75
4 4.50
3.20
420
4 3.40
4 5.75
4 3.80
3.55
3.05
4 3.35
<*>
6.25
3.00
1.60
2.25
4.00
6.25
3.75

Maximum hours.

Per day.

6
4
7
7
35
20
32
25
29
25f
29
34
48A
20
51!
42J
42
52!
37
28
38
22
62
28
30!
72!
3
33!
45
10
52
10
68
11
44!
30
24
57
10!
29
45!
10
26!
60
11*
42
46
6
12
73
11
38
66
20
52!
11*
7
36
10
11
26
56
22
12
43
11
12
60
8
54
10
11
60
20
64
i?
42
42!
26
53f
i?
12
62
11 *
28
49*
n*
35!
47!
10
9
29
54
32
43
11!
11!
66
I ll
21!
62!
10
10
10
50
25
38
10
24
10
46
35
10
40
30!
10
50
10
30
6§
<Based on earnings of 24 weeks.
7 Not reported.
8 Including earnings of 1 helper f<
3 helpers for 7 ! weeks.
•Helper.

15!
13
13
13
13
13
17
13
13
13
13
13
13
15
17
13
13
15?
16!
15!
12
12}
%

14!
12

(,)15
15!
12|
12
12
13
12!
12|
12|
(7)
M
1 14
16
13!
15
14!
12!
14§
13
12!
13
13
m
15
13
12!
12
12
12
12
14!
12
15

Per
week.

78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
77
77
77
77
77
76!
76
76
76
75!
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
74!
74|
74
74
74
74
73!
73!
73!
73*
73
73
73
73
73
72!
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72

weeks and of

420

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A BO R,

T a b l e IV . — HO URS OF LA B O R , E AR N IN G S, AND D U RA TIO N OF EM PLO Y ­

M ENT O F IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U S T R IE S — B A L T I­
M ORE A N D N E A R -B Y COUN TRY D ISTR ICTS— Continued.
CANNERIES—42 establish m en ts—Continued.

Num­
ber. Age.

117
1118
U19
120
12 1
122
123
124
125
126
*127
1128
U29
130
131
132
U33
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
1153
U54
155
156
*157
1158
1159
>160
1161
1162
163
1164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185

19
48
12
34
29
60
30
56
15
16
33
18
46
18
36
22
17
16
46
23
40
52
16
30
31
58
49
26
57
16
22
22
44
16
43
22
10
11
15
24
46
13
40
46
30
40
49
19
13
61
19
16
42
28
18
27
32
60
40
57
48
70
52
68
37
37
17
58
15

Occupation.

Tomato skinner...............................
....... d o ..............................................
....... d o ..............................................
....... d o...............................................
Preparer..........................................
___Jdo...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Packer..............................................
___d o...............................................
Tomato sk in n er..... ............ .
Preparer..........................................
Tomato skinner..............................
Packer..............................................
Poeke.r arid nyster sh linker . ____
Preparer___ ....................................
Checker and can capper.................
Tomato sTHtihw*and packer...........
Preparer.................. 7.....................
Packer..............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
____ d o........ ......................................
___ . d o . . . . ........................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
___. d o . . . . ........................................
....... d o...............................................
___. d o . . . . . . ....................................
....... d o..............................................
Labeler...........................................
....... d o ...........................................
Preparer..........................................
....... d o..............................................
Packer..............................................
Preparer..........................................
Com husker............. ....... ............
___.d o ...............................................
Preparer...........................................
Assorter and tomato skinner.........
Tomato Skinner...............................
Preparer...........................................
Com cutter and tomato skinner...
....... d o...............................................
Tomato $kinner....... ...........„........
Tomato skinner and p acker..........
Preparer..........................................
Tomato skinner...............................
Preparer...........................................
Packer..............................................
Preparer...........................................
Tomato skinner...............................
....... d o...............................................
Preparer..........................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o .............................................
....... d o...............................................
Labeler.............................................
....... d o................................... ...........
Packer..............................................
Preparer...........................................
1 Employed in country cannery.
* Including earnings of 2 helpers.
« Helper.
3 N ot reported.




Aver­
age
Weeks Usual
hours
hours
em­
per
worked
ployed. day.
per
week.
13
8
6}
30
28
22
22
17
13
19
7}
10
7
16
52
21
13
13
41
25
254
461
10
40}
45
50
33}
22
19
7§
51
51
14}
28
44

?6

17}
11}
8

?9

9
8
11
8
29}
29
42
H
11
28
27
20
25
23
25
26
29
25
25
25
50
33}
26§
22
16

Hi
10
10
11
11}
11}
11}

if

12
10
10
10
11
10}
10
10
11
10
10}
9
9
10
11
11
7
10
10}
10}
8
11
11
11
10
10}
9}

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
week.

66
52

13.45
27.50

50
60
629
609
63^i
539:
509;
56
53
36
51
53
60
50
48
1L

<‘U

$

9
HA.

L
8

271
41
35
30
JQl
m
61
61
43
40
40
42
55
55
38
50
50
60
48
48
48
45
66
53

3.05
3.30
3.80
M .05
5.35
5.05
*12,35
4.90
4.10
5.10
4.70
6.80
5.05
5.00
4.75
4.75
4.90
4.30
5.40
3.75
4.10
3.50
3.00
4.95
4.85
4.90
6 .10
6 .10
3.00
6 6.00
4.00
2.15
2.70
2.75
2.70
3.40
•30.00
2.60
7 12.80
*6.65
•5.55
3.45
4.50
5.50
<*)
4.55
4.00
6.50
6.50
4.00
5.80
5.00
4.75
3.40
3.00
3.75
3.75
2.25
2.25
2.00
12.00
10.00
450
460
3.95

Maximum hours.

Per day.

12}
13
12
13}
(4)U
14
12}
15
14}
13
13
m
15*
12
14
12}
15
12}
13*
12
11}
15
14

if
n

16
11
15
15
12
12
11}
11}
13
13
13
13
13
11}
11}

i
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9}
I lf
9}
11}
12}
4K1
10
11 }
H
50
12
fiA
11
H
Aft
HI
10}
50
12
49
11}
12}
11
13
56
12
10
58
12
58
10
13
10
56
12
50
10}
11
12
56
5ft
11
10
58
10
11
5ft
12
10
9
13
54
13}
48
9
50
12
11
48
13}
11}
60
111
(<)
3 Including earnings o f 1 helper/
•Including earnings o f 4 helpers.
* Including earnings o f 3 helpers.

Per
week.

72
72
72
72
71
71
71
71
71
71
71
70}
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70*
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
69}
69}
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69

H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

421

T a b l e IV .— HOURS OF L AB O R , E AR N IN G S, AND D U RATIO N OF EM PLO Y-

MENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— B A L T I­
M ORE AND N E A R -B Y COU N TRY DISTRICTS— Continued.
CANNERIES—42 establishm ents—Continued.

Num­ Age.
ber.

186
187
188
189
1 190
U91
1192
U93
U94
1195
1196
1197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
>246
1247
1248
1249
1250
*251
*252

16
56
21
16
66
57
11
39
53
52
20
25
21
34
40
17
51
48
49
16
30
26
43
66
70
37
17
23
25
38
18
45
20
28
30
55
53
54
58
36
56
12
45
38
40
38
39
30
40
29
40
42
37
33
32
18
27
27
21
14
9
6
12
9
12
9
13

Occupation.

Packer..........................................
Preparer..........................................
Packer and weigher........................
Packer.............................................
Tomato skinner..............................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Preparer..........................................
Tomato skinner and com husker..
Tomato skinner..............................
Preparer..........................................
Packer.............................................
Preparer..........................................
Tomato skinner..............................
Preparer..........................................
Tomato skinner..............................
Packer.............................................
Preparer..........................................
Packer..............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o . . . . .......................................
Preparer..........................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Packer..............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o..............................................
....... d o..............................................
....... d o...............................................
Tomato skinner..............................
Com cutter......................................
Tomato skinner........................... ..
Tomato skinner and com cutter...
Preparer..........................................
Com cutter......................................
Preparer..........................................
Tomato skinner..............................
Preparer..........................................
Com husker.....................................
Tomato skinner...............................
Com cutter......................................
Tomato skinner and com cutter...
....... d o...............................................
Com cutter......................................
Tomato skinner..............................
Com husker.....................................
Com cutter.....................................
General worker...............................
Tomato skinner...............................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Com husker.....................................
....... d o...............................................
Tomato skinner..............................
1 Em ployed in country cannery.
* Including earnings o f 1 helper.
* Including earnings o f 3 helpers.

18544°— No. 96—12-----6




Aver­
age
Weeks Usual
hours hours
em­
per
worked
ployed. day.
per
week.
11
20
30f
30§
6
6
4
6
n
8|
n
6
24
28
21
8
17
10
44!
17
30|
38
41!
22
25
23
7
26
26
2U
24§
19§
26
19!
23!
32
25
30|
13
25!
46!
2
6
7
9
9
6
6
9
9
5
8!
6
9
4
5
8§
6|
6!
10

9
9
7
5!

5$
2
6

12
11!
11
11
11
11
10
11
10
10
10
11
8
10
11
Hi
11
10
11
11
8
10!
10
10!
11
11
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
8
10
10
9
11
10
10
9!
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

54!
63
66
66
35!
35!
54|
35!
56
56
44!
35!
46!
45!
50
60
44
50
38
53
55!
37
39!
58!
44
61
60
38
38
44!
39
44!
44!
50
47!
44!
44!
50
52
55!
44
59J
35
50
54
56
56
56
56
56
51
54
55
50
55
48
59!
51

11

55

10

56

11
11
11
11
11

50!

50!
50
63
61
59!
39

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
week.
$5.45
4.25
6.90
6.60
8 10.80
*16.65
(4)
8 8.30
5.30
5.00
4.35
6.00
1.55
4.55
5.35
5.50
2.70
4.00
3.90
®5.20
5.00
3.75
3.95
5.85
2.00
6.00
2.80
2.85
2.50
4.00
3.50
4.00
4.00
4.50
4.25
4.00
4.00
4.50
4.50
5.00
4.00
* 2.00
• 16.65
8 29.70
3 19.50
8 26.65
5 16.65
8 16.05
8 9.00
«8.90
8 20.00
*12.35
* 10.00
*6.35
*7.50
* 12.00
*27.00
6.95
9.90
5.60
(4)
v)
v4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

Maximu:m hours.

Per day.

14!
11!
13!
12
12
14
12
14
14
13
12
11 !
12
12
12!
12
12
12!
12!
12
14
$
12
12
12!
12!
12!
11!
12
12
13
13!
12!
13
14!
12!
13
13
13!
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

9!
9|
4 Helper
•Including earnings o f 2 helpers.
* Including earnings of 5 helpers.

Per
week.

69
69
68!
68!
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
67§
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
66§
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66

422

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

T a b l e IV.—HOURS OF L A B O R , EAR N IN G S, A N D D U R A TIO N OF EM PLO Y-

MENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— B A L T I­
MORE AND N E A R -B Y CO U N TRY DISTR ICTS— Continued.
CANNERIES—43 establishments—Continued.

Num­ Age.
ber.

Occupation.

19 Com cutter......................................
15
15 Tomato skinner and com cutter....
20 Com cutter......................................
16 Com husker.....................................
57 Com cutter......................................
45 ....... d o...............................................
31 Preparer...........................................
28 Forewoman......................................
24 Com cutter......................................
21 ....... d o...............................................
21 Com husker.....................................
19 Com cutter................................, ...
17 ....... d o...............................................
15 ....... d o...............................................
1 1 Capping machine feeder.................
29 Tomato skinner...............................
40 Tomato skinner and oyster shucker
29 Tomato skinner...............................
19 Com husker.....................................
14 Com husker and tomato skinner...
34 Com cutter......................................
38 ....... do...............................................
38 ....... do...............................................
47
60 ....... d o...............................................
14 Can capper.......................................
18 Com cutter......................................
29 ....... do...............................................
31 ....... do...............................................
31
36 ....... d o...............................................
49 ....... d o...............................................
15 ....... d o...............................................
30 Com husker.....................................
40
11
70 Com cutter......................................
42
35
36 ....... d o...............................................
38 ....... d o...............................................
22 Tomato skinner...............................
34 Tomato skinner and com husker...
47 Can capper.......................................
45 Tomato skinner and com cu tter...
1 1 Tray girl...........................................
16 Tomato skinner...............................
17 Com husker.....................................
17 Com cutter......................................
18 Tomato skinner...............................
30 ....... d o...............................................
30 Com cutter..................... „ ...............
30 Tomato skinner and com husker...
55 Tomato skin ner.............................
50 ....... d o...............................................
20 Com cutter......................................
18 ....... do...............................................
12 Com husker.....................................
14 Tomato skinner...............................
1 1 ....... d o...............................................
26 Preparer...........................................
67 Com cutter and oyster shucker___
58 Preparer and oyster shucker..........
50 ....... d o...............................................
50 Com cutter and preparer................
17 Packer..............................................
69 Preparer...........................................
‘ Employed in country cannery.
* Helper.
* Employed in city and in country canneries.

1 253
1254
1255
‘ 256
‘ 257
‘ 258
‘ 259
•260
‘ 261
‘ 262
‘ 263
‘ 264
‘ 265
‘ 266
‘ 267
‘ 268
‘ 269
‘ 270
‘ 271
1272
‘ 273
‘ 274
‘ 275
‘ 276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
‘ 290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
‘ 310
1311
1312
1313
314
*315
*316
1317
* 318
319
320




Aver­
age
Weeks Usual hours
hours
em­
per
worked
ployed. day.
per
week.
6
6
9
7
7|
6
6
13
6
6
4
6J
6|
6
6
6
9
27
8}
7|
9
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6|
6
6
6
6
6
7!
7*
7h
5§
5
5f
5§
5*
9
9
9
9
9
8*
7|
6
8£
8*
5!
7
11
4
5!
5
5§
8*
8J
33
14
52
14!
20i
28
32

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
week.

Maximum hours.

Per day.

Per
week.

(a)
11
11
55
11
11
35
(2)
54
11
11
11
66
$8.25
11
11
61
11
2.45
11
8 .10
11
55
11
64
11
8.75
11
6.40
11
•64
8.00
11
11
55
7.80
11
55
11
9.00
11
66
11
62
4.10
11
11
11
55
8.75
11
12.50
11
11
55
11.50
11
11
55
5.00
11
55
11
50!
*9.20
11
11
58
•4.40
11
11
*8.50
39!
11
9J
11
61
*7.30
11
54
2.45
11
11
4.90
11
35
11
6.20
11
56
11
11
56
8.35
11
11
35
4.75
11
3.60
57!
11
11
3.20
11
35
11
11
35
4.00
11
11
55
8.75
11
11
55
8.75
11
11
55
8.35
11
55
9.35
11
11
8.40
55
11
11
11
55
5.65
11
50!
11
2.75
11
3.80
11
56
11
50!
2.35
11
11
11
46!
4.85
11
7.20
48
11
11
46!
6.35
11
11
6.35
46!
11
11
11
6.05
49
11
11
50!
6.45
11
11
54
8.55
11
11
50!
5.75
11
11
6 .10
54
11
50!
2.85
11
11
6.00
39|
11
n
11
40|
1.90
11
3.00
11
40
11
3.90
39!
11
9!
3.90
8!
39!
11
11
54
6.60
11
10
5.00
49
11
9
3.60
33
11
10
48
3.75
11
3.70
11
54
11
11
4.10
48
11
61
4.25
11
11
39!
2.25
11
9!
11
35
2.35
9!
9
45
4.00
11
11
40!
4.55
11
31
11
9
2.35
11
46!
6.35
11
10
5.40
11
33
50
10
5.00
11!
42
2.00
10
13
* Based on 6§ weeks.
* Including earnings of 2 helpers.
« Including earnings of 2 helpers for 6 weeks.

66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66

H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

423

T able IV.— HOURS OF LA B O R , E AR N IN G S, AN D D U RA TIO N OF EM PLO Y­
MENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— B A L T I­
M ORE AN D N E A R -B Y COUN TRY D ISTRICTS— Continued.
CANNERIES—12 establishments—Continued.

Num­ Age.
ber.

321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389

55
28
43
18
43
43
45
35
26
66
38
25
66
43
63
19
19
23
13
45
30
50
51
48
68
49
48
61
14
63
32
64
17
35
72
36
16
70
23
64
38
24
45
31
38
37
24
14
50
50
40
25
22
12
27
31
46
46
39
56
57
62
34
35
32
16
26
25

44

Occupation.

Tomato skinner...............................
Preparer...........................................

....... d o.................: ............................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Packer..............................................
Preparer...........................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................

....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Labeler............................................
Tomato skinner..............................
Preparer..........................................
Tomato skinner..............................
Preparer........................... ..............
Packer..............................................
Preparer...........................................
....... do...............................................

Tomato skinner...............................
Preparer...........................................
....... d o...............................................
Com husker.....................................
Preparer...........................................
....... d o ..-...........................................
Tomato skinner...............................
....... d o...............................................
Preparer...........................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Weigher and packer.......................
Preparer...........................................
Packer..............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Packer, labeler, and oyster shucker
Preparer...........................................
Preparer and oyster shucker..........
Preparer...........................................
....... d o...............................................

Aver­
age
Weeks Usual
hours
hours
em­
per
worked
ployed. day.
per
week.
13
20$
33
33
33
22
33
33
26
23
17$
20
26
26
12
13
13
2 1$
26
17
2 1$
32
38
34
24
19
25
30
21
13
38
25
13
11
29
15
7
26
9
24
30
15$
33
25
37
13
7
10
24
13
6$
28$
28$
8
8$
20
13
11
47$
28$
38
39$
34$

uf
6

51

28$
16

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
10
10
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
10
10
11
10$
10
11
10
11
10
10
10
11
10
10
9$
11
10$
9$
10
10
10
10
10
11
10$
11
10
10
10$
10
10
10
10
9$
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10

10
10

55
32
44
44
44
49
44
44
44
40
45
55
44
44
44
55
55
35
44
54
32
42
43
50
56
50
56
40
45
44
40
43$
55
49$
38
44
56$
38
54
48
42
45
46
44
40
51$
60
58
44
55
60$
42
42
60
60
40
60
52
35$
42
43
35

37

50
50
30
46$
42
43

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
week.

Maximum hours.

Per day.

$4.00
4.00
4.00
6.00
4.00
5.00
3.00
3.50
5.50
3.00
5.00
5.00
3.00
3.00
2.00
5.00
6.00
3.50
3.00
6.00
2.80
4.00
3.50
3.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
2.50
5.00
2.00
4.00
2.00
5.00
4.00
2.00
4.40
4.50
1.28
3.60
2 .10
4.35
3.10
1 5.00
1 6.00
1 4.50
*5.25
1 4.45
1 6.00
1 5.00
1 5.00
4.70
2.00
1.70
2.20
1 8.00
*3.05
1 6.00
13.70
3.55
2.90
4.15
3.50
3.70
5.35
4.20
3.00
4.50
3.00
<2.40

1Including earnings of 1 helper.
* Including earnings of 2 helpers.
* Employed in country cannery.
* Including earnings of 2 helpers for 7 weeks and of 3 helpers for 1 week.




11
13
13
11$
11
11
13
12 $
13
13
13
11$
13
11
13
13
12
13$
12
H$
12
12
11
11
11
11
11
12
13
12$
11
11
12$
12
11$
11
11
12
11
11
14
16
13
12
11
13
11
11$
13
13
11$
15$
15$
11
13$
12$
11
11
15
14

11$
13

St
14

12 $
12 $
12$

Per
week.

66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
65$
65$
65$
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65

65
65
65
65
65
65
65
64$

424

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LABOR,

T a b l e IV.—HOURS OF LA B O R , EAR N IN G S, A N D D U R A TIO N O F E M PL O Y ­

MENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— B A L T I­
M ORE AND N E A R -B Y COU N TRY D ISTRICTS— Continued.
CANNERIES—42 establish m en ts—Continued.

Num­ Age.
ber.

390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
*401
*402
*403
*404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
*412
*413
*414
*415
*416
*417
*418
*419
*420
*421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
*432
*433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
«447
«4 48
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457

32
28
22
32
25
60
37
77
21
56
32
32
24
25
12
23
29
25
64
51
40
45
26
29
17
47
32
41
18
25
15
15
15
26
37
33
52
20
13
22
38
14
16
13
32
66
29
19
47
16
48
33
41
28
28
12
45
65
22
37
20
73
58
52
48
39
34
33

Occupation.

Tomato skinner...............................
Preparer...........................................
Tomato skinner...............................
Preparer...........................................
....... d o...............................................
Packer..............................................
Preparer..........................................
....... do...............................................
Packer..............................................
....... do...............................................
Tomato skinner..............................
.....d o ..............................................
....... do...............................................
Preparer..........................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Tomato skinner..............................
Labeler............................................
Tomato skinner..............................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... d o . . . . . ......................................
....... do...............................................
Preparer..........................................
....... do...............................................
Packer and oyster shucker............
Preparer..........................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Packer.............................................
Preparer..........................................
....... do...............................................
Tomato skinner..............................
Preparer..........................................
....... do...............................................
Packer..............................................
Preparer..........................................
Tomato skinner..............................
Preparer..........................................
Packer..............................................
Preparer..........................................
Packer..............................................
Preparer..........................................
Tomato skinner...............................
Labeler............................................
Preparer and oyster shucker.........
Oyster shucker................................
Tomato skinner...............................
Preparer..........................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o.................... ..........................
Packer..............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
W eigher...........................................

* Including earnings of 1 helper for 7 weeks.
* Employed in country cannery.
3 Including earnings of 1 helper for 13 weeks.
* Including earnings of 1 helper.
3 Including earnings of 3 helpers.




Aver­
age
Weeks Usual
hours
hours
em­
per
worked
ployed. day.
per
week.
8
6$
7
13
10
34$
43$
15
40
25$
24
7
8f
8§
9
26$
45
32$
27
29
24
14
8
1
7$
7$
7$
8
8
8
7$
7$
6
17$
32$
31
25$
11$
7
16$
30$
30$
6$
6$
6
16
11
9
13
2
6
42$
11$
33$
11
9
47$
18
6
10
31
28
33
33$
43$
47$
34$
34$

10
10
10
10$
10
10
8
11$
10
10$
10$
10
5
5
10
9
10
9$
10
10$
9$
9$
10
10$
5
5
10
10
10
10$
10
10
9
9$
9$
9
10
10
10
11
11
11
10
10
9$
10
10
10
10
10
9$
11
10
10
9$
10
10
5
10$
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

60
60
60
50
57
39$
29$
47
35
57
33
43
34
34
56$
42
37
54
44
42
42
46
37$
63
39
39
37
37$
37$
54$
37
37
54$
45
54
34$
38
49
60
43
55
55
56
56
57
40
56
56
60
60
40
50
56
38$
56$
60
50
35
50
50
50
40
40
40
30
40
50
45

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
week.
$5.00
3.90
4.20
13.90
5.10
3.95
2.95
1.45
3.00
5.70
3.45
3.45
3.40
3.50
2.00
2.70
2.55
3.40
3 3.10
<3.80
4 2.95
2.90
4.10
6.00
4.55
3.80
5.80
4.35
4.50
4.35
4.95
4.55
2.40
1.05
2.45
3.55
2.00
2.90
1.50
430
®10.85
(•)
4.10
4.10
440
1.25
5.00
5.60
7 5.30
4 6.00
2.00
5.00
3.45
3.85
440
(«)
5.00
3.20
5.00
• *4.50
2.30
1.75
2.50
400
3.00
400
5.00
4.50

Maximum hours.

Per day.

Per
week.

12$
12$
11 $
11$
11$
11$
11$
15
12
13$
13
12
11
11
14
14
12$
10$
10$
11$
16
10$
10$
10$
10$
10$
10$
10$
10$
10$
10$
10$
10$
10$
10$
11$
11
12$
12$
12$
12$
12$
13
13
}}$
11
12
12
12
11
11$
13
11$
15$
11$
11
14$
10
12$
11
10
12
11
>12
12
12
12
12

®Helper.
7 Including earnings of 1 helper for 9 weeks.
« Employed in city and in country canneries.
8 Including earnings of 2 helpers.

64$
64$
64$
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
63$
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
62$
62$
62$
62$
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
61$
61$
61
61
61
61
60$
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60

H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S O P W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

425

T able IV.—HOURS OF LA B O R , E ARN IN G S, AND DU RA TIO N OF E M PLO Y­
MENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— B A L T I­
M ORE AN D N E A R -B Y COU N TRY DISTRICTS— Continued.
CANNERIES—42 establishments—Continued.
Aver­
age
weexs Usual
hours hours
em­
per
worked
ployed.
day.
per
week.
A ir

Num­ Age.
ber.

458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
4 489
4 490
4 491
<492
4 493
4 494
<495
4 496
4 497
4 498
4 499
4 500
4 501
4 502
4 503
4 504
4 505
4 506
4 507
4 508
4 509
4 510
4 511
4 512
4 513
4 514
4 515
4 516
4 517
4 518
4 519
4 520
4 521
4 522
4 523
4 524

16
15
55
40
70
17
28
26
15
32
59
13
53
50
44
20
43
10
46
29
33
49
40
44
38
38
36
36
53
15
14
14
12
14
11
11
13
13
15
22

Occupation.

Packer.............................................
....... d o...............................................
Preparer..........................................
....... d o...............................................
Packer.............................................
W eigher...........................................
Preparer..........................................
Packer.............................................
Preparer..........................................
....... d o...............................................
Packer.............................................
....... d o..............................................
....... d o..............................................
Preparer..........................................
....... d o..............................................
............ d o..............................................
Preparer and oyster shucker................
............ d o...............................................
Packer.............................................
Preparer..........................................
....... d o...............................................
............ d o ............................................................................
............ d o .............................................................................
....... d o ............................................................................
....... d o..............................................
....... d o...............................................
............ d o ............................................................................
............ d o .............................................................................
............ d o ............................................................................
Tomato skinner..................................................
............ d o .............................................................................
............ d o .............................................................................
............ d o .............................................................................

d o ............................................................................
d o ............................................................................
Tomato skinner and oyster
shucker.
48 Tomato skinner..................................................
14 Tomato skinner and com husker..
26 ............ d o .............................................................................
34
30 ............ d o ............................................................................
30 ............ d o .............................................................................
44 ............ d o .............................................................................
38 Preparer.....................................................................
31 Preparer and oyster shucker................
35 Tomato skinner..................................................
30 ............ d o .............................................................................
53 ............ d o .............................................................................
50
40 ............ d o .............................................................................
60
72 ............ d o .............................................................................
60
50 Preparer.....................................................................
56 Labeler and skinner......................................
50 Com cutter and assorter...........................
47 Tomato skinner and com husker..
42 Labeler........................................................................
42 Preparer.....................................................................
40 Tomato skinner..................................................
40
40 Tomato skinner and packer..................
40
............
............

1Including earnings of 1 helper.
2Including earnings of 3 helpers.
* Helper.
4Employed in country cannery.




Maximum hours.

Per day.

Per
week.

6
34
37
37
37
13
26
25§
21
29
29
29
12*
7
9
6
24
36
15
30*
22
31
17
12
15
28
28
33*
9
9
9
9*
6
6
7
7f
16*

10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9*
10
10
10
11
11
10
10
10
9*
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5

50
50
50
45
40
50
55
55
60
45
38
40
45*
45*
45*
48
58
54
50
44
36
55
45*
50
50
50
57
39
40
40
50
50
50
50
36
50
50
43
45
43

$5.00
5.00
2.65
2.85
1.75
5.20
5.50
5.50
5.00
4.50
2.00
1.75
4.55
4.55
4.55
2.35
2.75
2.90
2.30
2.10
2.90
3.00
13.00
2 5.00
12.30
15.00
17.50
U .40
16.00
(8)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(8)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
4.50

12
12
12*
10
12
12
12
12
10
12
11
10
10
12
10
10
10
10*
10
10
12
12
16
11
10
11
10
10
12
12
12
10*
10*
10*
10
13
13
10
10
10*

60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60

9
6*
4
7
8
9
7
10
16
8f
4
9
7*
6
7*
9
9
9
11
6§
7*
3
9
8*
6*
8

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9*
10
10
10
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8*
10
9*

50
50
40
34
52*
50
43
54
35*
38
49
50
53
50
26
40
50
40
32*

13.90
16.55
110.50
17.15
14.75
14.60
17.30
*15.60
*4.40
6 6.80
*6.25
2 7.10
610.65

10*
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
10
10
10*
10
13
10*
10
10
10
10
10 .
10
10
10
10
10

60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60

47*

lot

*

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
week.

4?

43
60
37

40
40

(7)

3.85
3.00
3.00
3.15
4.10
4.95
5.35
4.25
3.65
3.25
1.95
5.75
5.20

55*
11
9
10
46*
10
* Including earnings of 2 helpers.
•Including earnings of 4 helpers.
7With husband, son, and 2 daughters earn $33.35.

60

426

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E B U B E A U

OF L A B O R ,

T a b l e IV.—HO U RS OF L A B O R , E A R N IN G S, AN D D U R A T IO N OF EM PLO Y ­

MENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U ST R IE S— B A L T I­
MORE AND N E A R -B Y C O U N TRY D ISTR IC TS— Continued.
CANNERIES— 4L2 establishm ents—Continued.

Num­ Age.
ber.

»525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
534
535
536
1 537
l 538
1 539
1 540
l 541
1542
1 543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
571
572
1573
574
575
576
577
578
1 579
1580
1581
1582
1583
584
585
586
1587
1588
589
590
591
592

Occupation.

Tomato skinner and packer..
Tomato skinner and busker..
Tomato skinner...................
Preparer..............................
....d o .................................
Tomato skinner...................
Labeler...............................
Assorter..............................
Preparer..............................
Packer.................................
Tomato skinner...................
-----do.................................
-----do..................................
Labeler...............................
Tomato skinner...................
Assorter and general worker..
Tomato skinner...................
Checker...............................
Labeler...............................
Tomato skinner...................
......do..................................
-----da..................................
-----do..................................
Labeler...............................
___ do..................................
___ do..................................
Tomato skinner...................
___ do..................................
___ do..................................
___ do..................................
___ do..................................
___ do..................................
___ do..................................
___ do..................................
Prep
.......do.....................................
.......do.....................................
.......do.....................................
.......do.....................................
Preparer.................................
Tomato skinner.....................
.......do.....................................
.......do.....................................
.......do.....................................
.......do.....................................
----- do.....................................
Tom ato skinner and packer.
Forewoman...........................
Preparer.................................
----- do.....................................
Packer....................................
Preparer.................................
.......do.....................................
Tomato skinner.....................
.......do.....................................
.......do.....................................
.......do.....................................
.......do.....................................
Assorter..................................
Preparer.................................
Labeler...................................
Tom ato skinner.....................
.......do......................................
Labeler...................................
Packer....................................
___ do......................................
----- do.....................................
i Employed in country cannery.
* Including earnings of 1 helper for 1 1 weeks.
* Including earnings of 1 helper.




Aver­
age
eeks Usual
hours
hours
«nper
worked
jyed. day.
per
week.
3
8$
6*
9
9
9
6
9
7
43*
9
11
7
4
8$
9
13
13
3
8
7$
7$
7*
3
6
10
6*
9
9
7*
7*
7$
3
5
33$
39$
47$
47$
47$
47$
8
12*
12$
12$
12$
7$
9
30$
9
9
20
44
24
27$
7$
6
14
14
5
21
20
50
9
2
50
43$
12
12

9$
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
10
11$
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
9$
9*
9*
9$
9$
10
10
11
11$
8
10
10
9$
10
5
9*
9$
9*
9*
11
10
10
9
9
10
10$
10
9

48$
50$
50
37
37
40
55
50
60
41$
56
40
43
55
38
40
48
47$
53
39
38
42
54
60
55
60
40
40
40
42
42
42
58$
56
55
37
35$
35$
35$
35$
53$
48
48
48
48
37$
55
55
51$
48
44
37$
44
35
37
18$
37$
37$
40
55
40
54
38
50
54
30
40
33$

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
week.
*4.90
4.10
4.15
3.95
440
3.10
9.60
5.00
6.00
4.15
2.50
2.50
465
11.0 0
3.70
5.00
5.70
4 75
7.80
3.75
4.20
4.25
5.40
7.00
6.90
9.00
2.70
3.00
3.20
4.25
2.75
3.40
2.85
2.00
8 2.20
3.80
3.65
3.65
3.65
3.55
3.95
2.95
4.40
5.10
*5.15
6.00
(4)
6 485
5.85
*3.00
*3.85
3.85
1.20
3.00
3.65
2.00
•4.90
5.75
2.20
5.50
3.00
6.00
3.00
430
6.00
3.00
400
3.00

Maximum hours.

Per day.

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11$
12$
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
14$
14$
14$
14$
14$
10
11
11
11
11
10$
10
12$
11$
9$
13*
13$
9$
13
9$
9$
11$
11$
9$
12
11$
10
10
10
10
12$
12
11

4 Helper.
6 Including earnings of 1 helper for 9
8 Including earnings of 2 helpers.

Per
week.

60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
59
59
59
59
59
58$
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
57$
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
55$

H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

427

T able I T .— HOURS OF LA B O R , E A R N IN G S, AND D U R A T IO N OF E M PLO Y ­

MENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U ST R IE S— B A L T I­
MORE AND N E A R -B Y C O U N TRY D IST R IC T S— Continued.
CANNERIES—42 establishments—Continued.

Num­ Age.
ber.

593
594
595
596
597
598
599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
606
607
608
609
1610
1611
1612
1613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
1625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662

23
56
18
43
41
53
52
50
29
41
19
38
56
43
45
39
23
61
68
33
40
24
27
25
44
32
50
54
32
24
28
29
20
13
46
10
29
67
17
24
58
43
60
35
23
7045
48
13
24
33
59
19
35
40
10
42
54
41
30
43
73
59
48
54
48
70
60
39
13

Occupation.

Aver­
Usual
age
Weeks hours
hours
em­
per worked
ployed. day.
per
week.

Packer..............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Preparer...........................................
Packer..............................................
....... do...............................................
Tomato skinner...............................
Com husker.....................................
Com cutter......................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Packer..............................................
Preparer...........................................
Packer..............................................
....... do...............................................
Preparer..........................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Weigher...........................................
Preparer...........................................
....... d o....*.........................................
....... do...............................................
Preparer and oyster shucker..........
Preparer...........................................
Preparer...........................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Tomato skinner...............................
Preparer...........................................
.......do...............................................
Packer.........................................: . .
Preparer...........................................
....... do...............................................
Packer..............................................
Preparer........................ •................
Tomato skinner...............................
....... do...............................................
Preparer...........................................
..* ...d o ...............................................
Tomato skinner...............................
....... do................................................
Can capper.......................................
Packer..............................................
Com cutter.......................................
Oyster shucker................................
Preparer..........................................
Tomato skinner...............................
Packer..............................................
Preparer..........................................
.......do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
.......do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Assorter and oyster shucker..........
Preparer..........................................
Preparer..........................................
Packer..............................................
Preparer..........................................
....... do...............................................

1Employed in country cannery.
*Including earnings of 2 helpers.
* Including earnings of 1 helper for 9 weeks.




26*
24
29*
47*
21
353f
473r
8|r
63r
6*
6
6
32*
21
44
22§
8|
8§
gz
9
28
8*
2 1*
24
20
16
33*
33|
28
26
27*
10
17
28
6
32
31
10
m
26
43*
28
23§
2
8
18
20*
8§
4
9*
7*
6*
13
24
9
22*
2*
32*
20}
13
24*
25
25
10
8|
21
34
13

9

10*
9
10
10
10
10
10
9*
11
11
11
11
11
10
9
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
10*
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
10
10
10
9
10
8
10
9
10
10
10
10
5
10
10
11
11
6
7*
9
10
9*
9*
9
10 ,
10
10
10
10*
10
8
8
10
10

48
33*
33*
35*
37
50
50
35
44
44
44
55
55
30
38
37*
35
42
42
42
50
45
41
46
46
50
47
46
45
50
50
50
45
50
50
40
30
40
30
39
35
25
30
25
50
30
30
30
30
40
41
44
44
30
40
42
20
32
33*
36*
36
40
38
40
31
40
33
21*
40
40

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
week.
$4.40
3.00
3.00
3.65
1.60
5.00
5.00
3.30
3.75
6.60
4.90
9.00
7.50
3.00
*3.25
3.75
3.50
3.60
3.05
4.00
2.35
4.00
4.10
3.15
*3.25
4.20
3.10
3.35
4.50
3.65
2.95
3.70
<5.75
2.75
3.30
(5)
2.50
2.00
3.00
1.45
3.00
2.50
3.00
2.50
5.00
1.50
2.00
2.00
1.70
4.00
4.10
3.95
<•)
2.50
3.00

<2.00
5

1.50
2.30
1.75
2.50
1.55
1.40
3.75
2.30
4.00
.90
2.15
*4.00

Maximum hours.

Per day.

12
12
12
12*
11*
12 *
12*
11
11
11
11
11
11
11*
9
12
14
9
9
9
9
9
12*
11*
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
10
10
12
12
9
10
10
11
12*
10
11*
12
12
10*
10
10
12
11
8
8
9*
13
10
11*
10
11*
12
11*
11
11
11
11
10
12
12

(*)
<Including earnings of 1 helper.
6 Helper.
•Five people earn 123.85.

Per
week.

55*
55*
55*
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
53
53
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
51
51
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
48
48
47*
46
46
46
46
46
45
45
44

44
44
44

42*
42

42

428

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OE L A B O R

T a b l e IV .— HO URS OF L A B O R , E A R N IN G S, AN D D U R A T IO N OF E M PLO Y ­

MENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U S T R IE S —B A L T I­
M ORE AND N E A R -B Y C O U N TRY D ISTR ICTS— Concluded.
CANNERIES—42 establishments—Concluded.

Num­ Age.
ber.

663
664
665
666
667
668
* 669
670
671
672
*673
674
675
*676

27
47
42
51
70
30
40
44
38
19
60
17
29
21

Aver­
age
Weeks Usual
hours
hours
em­
per
worked
ployed. day.
per
week.

Occupation.

Preparer...........................................
....... do................................................
....... do...............................................
Tomato skinner...............................
Preparer...........................................
.......do................................................
Tomato skinner...............................
Preparer...........................................
....... do................................................
Packer..............................................
Tomato skinner...............................
Peeling-machine operator...............
Preparer...........................................
Com husker.....................................

10
10
10
10
10
7*
10
10
10
5
10
10
7
7*

2 1*
23
18
10
25
23
9*
21
14
13
6
3
12
6*

1 Including earnings of 1 helper.

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
week.

40
36
40
30
40
30
31
20
24
29
30
18
21
22*

$2.40
2.25
2.45
*4.00
.75
1.50
13.20
.75
2.00
2.90
1.65
1.80
.75
2.25

Maximum hours.

Per day.

Per
week.
42
41*
41
40
40
40
40
33
33
30
30
30
24
22*

12
11*
11
10
10
7*
10
11
11
10
10
11
8
7*

2 Em ployed in country cannery.

T a b l e IV .— HOURS OF L A B O R A N D EAR N IN G S D U R IN G NORM AL AN D

B U SY SEASONS, A N D NU M BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF IN D I­
V ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— BALTIM O R E.
CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC.—4 establishments.
Normal season.

Num­ Age.
ber.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26

Occupation.

18 Batch girl............................
18 Stock girl.............................
18 Section head.......................
14 Packer.................................
14 Sorter, m achine..................
16 Packer.................................
15 ....... do...................................
15 Bonbon d ip p er..................
16 Sample packer....................
27 Sorter, m achine..................
21 Section head.......................
17 B ox folder...........................
14 Tender, m achine................
23 Section head.......................
20 Dipper, m achine.............*.
17 Tender, machine................
17 Dipper, machine................
16 W rapper..............................
16 Packer.................................
12 W rapper..............................
21 Packer.................................
18 ....... do...................................
39 Labeler................................
39 leer and packer...................
19 Packer.................................
21 leer and packer...................

Busy season.

Av­
Av­
Weeks
A v­
Av­
em­ Usual erage erage Num­ erage erage
hours
ployed. hours hours earn­
ber work­ earn­
work­
of
per
ings
ings
ed
ed
per
day. per
per weeks. per
week.
week.
week.
week.
51
51
51
138
* 24§
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
147
*45
* 42
51
51
51
*40
51
* 48*
52
52

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

56*
56*
56*
60
60
56*
56*
56*
56*
56*
56*
56*
56*
56*
56*
56
55§
56
56*
56*
56*
60
59
58*
58*
60

$5.00
5.00
6.00
2.90
3.00
4.50
4.50
4.00
4.30
2.94
6.58
4.50
2.25
6.58
6.02
2.60
3.50
4.00
4.50
2.50
5.00
4.00
4.90
4.40
4.40
5.00

15
15
15
8
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
10
ia
15
15
20
7
14
14
39

74*
73*
72
71f
71*
71*
71*
71
71
71
71
71
71
71
71
71
71
70*
70
70
70
70*
70
70
69
68*

* Time lost due to illness.
* First employm ent in this industry; had worked elsewhere.
* Time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* Nine weeks in country, strawberry picking, and in tomato cannery.
» Laid off 10 days; rest o f time lost due to voluntary vacation.




$6.25
7.43
8 .10
4.00
3.75
7.10
7.30
6.00
5.75
4.27
9.00
6.40
4.48
9.00
9.00
4.48
7.17
5.50
5.25
3.00
6.20
5.15
6.37
5.65
5.40
6.23

Maxim nm
hours.
Per Per
day. week.
13
13*
13*
13*
13*
13*
13*
13*
13*
13*
13*
13*
13*
13*
13*
13*
13*
13*
13*
13*
13
13
13
13
13

78
76*
76*
76*
76*
76*
76*
76*
76*
76*
76*
76*
76*
76*
76*
76*
76*
76*
76*
76*
76*
75
75
75
75
75

A N D E A B N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

429

7.—HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND

SEASONS, AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF INDIlL WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—BALTIMORE—Continued.
CAN DY, B IS C U IT S ,

ETC.—4 establish m en ts—Continued.
Normal season.

Cl.

27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82

Occupation.

leer and packer___
Sample packer........
leer and packer.......
Dipper and packer.
Dipper.....................
W rapper..................
Dipper
Assistant forewom an. . .
Packer............................
W rapper and packer___
Dipper and packer........
Packer............................
B ox folder, packer, and
weigher......................
Packer............................
.d o.............................
.d o.............................
Sample girl....................
Packer............................
....... d o.............................
W rapper.........................
leer and packer..............
Errand girl....................
B ox folder and packer..
B ox liner........................
leer and packer.............
....... d o ...........................
Packer............................
leer and packer..............
Packer and labeler........
Batch girl.......................
B ox folder......................
leer and packer..............
....... do..............................
Packer............................
leer and packer..............
Packer............................
W rapper........................
leer and packer..............
Packer............................
Section head..................
leer and packer..............
Packer............................
.......do..............................
Dipper and wrapper—
Dipper and packer........
Dipper............................

Busy season.

Av­
Av­
Weeks
Av­
Av­
em­ Usual erage erage Num­ erage erage
hours
hours
ployed. hours
earn­
earn­
ber
per work­
ings
of work­
ings
ed
ed
per weeks. per
per
day. per
week. week.
week. week.
51
148
51
*12*
148
>33
*38
*37
51
51
*34
*32
*34
. 51

10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10

60
59
60
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
58
60
60
56}

$4.00
4.40
4.50
3.00
3.50
2.50
3.00
4.00
3.50
6.00
4.50
3.00
3.00
3.00

41
8
42
16
16
16
16
16
21
21
30
15
15
15

68}
68}
68}
69}
68}
66}
66}
66}
65}
65}
70
69}
69}
69}

51
51
51
51
•48
7 43
•20
* 32}
*22
*36
*26
* 4
*22
*30
52
*44}
52
51
51
52
52
*28
• 44
54
*6
*50
*30
52
50}
*49
*30
51
*50
51
*41
*46

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
(10)
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9

56}
56}
56}
56}
56
55}
55}
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
59
58}
58}
57
56}
60
60
57}
60
(10)
60
60
60
59
60
60
60
50
50
50
50
50

4.00
4.75
3.50
3.50
3.76
3.50
2.50
3.40
3.35
3.50
3.00
3.50
3.50
4.00
3.95
4.40
2.94
3.50
3.00
4.50
4.00
3.90
3.33
(10)
3.56
5.31
4.00
4.90
4.50
4.50
3.36
3.00
3.50
3.30
2.50
3.50

15
15
15
15
15
15
3
15
12
15
8
4
1
20
4
8
13
5
15
42
40
9
30
4
2
30
8
7
37
41
11
16
16
16
16
16

69}
69}
69}
69}
69}
69}
69}
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
68
68
68
67}
67}
67}
67}
67
67
66
65
65
67}
67
66}
66
62}

$5.03
5.53
5.60
5.80
4.50
3.50
3.75
6.00
6.00
4 6.00
5.38
3.75
5.85
4.37
5.63
7.25
5.62
4.00
5.00
4.20
4.40
4.00
4.08
4.67
4.37
4.25
4.38
4.85
5.00
5.60
3.75
4.10
3.75
5.63
4.93
4.90
4.33
5.04
4.10
6.75
4.65
5.95.
5.38
5.30
4.37
4.50
6.20
4.59
4.40
5.40

Dipper, wrapper, and
4.25
50
3.00
15 62}
51
9
packer.........................
5.65
52
10
55
4.25
15 65
leer and packer..............
5.65
52
55
4.25
15 65
10
....... do.............................
4.00
4 66
60
3.50
10
*17
Packer............................
4.08
3.50
24 66
*32
60
10
....... do.............................
64}
8.00
8.00
4
50
to 55}
Examiner.......................
i Laid off 1 week; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* First employment in this industry; had worked elsewhere.
* Time lost due to voluntary vacation.
4 No extra pay for overtime and no deduction for time lost.
• First employment.
• Laid off 1 week; rest of time lost due to illness.
7 Eight weeks berry picking; laid off 1 week.
• Only employment m period of investigation; in school rest o f the time.
* Time lost in scattering days.
» W orked during busy season only.




Maximum
hours.

Per Per
day. week.

13
13
13
12}
12}
12}
12}
12}
12}
12}
13
13}
13}
13}

75
75
75
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
70
69}
69}
69}

13}
13}
13}
13}
13}
13}
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
12}
12}
12}
12}
12}

69}
69}
69}
69}
69}
69}
69}
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
68}
68}
68}
68}
68}

12}
13}
13}
13
13
12} J

68}
68
68
66
66
64}

430

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LABOR,

T a b l e IV.— HOURS OF L A B O R AN D E ARN IN G S D U R IN G NORM AL AN D

BU SY SEASONS, A N D NUM BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF IN D I­
V ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— B ALTIM O R E — Continued.
C A N D Y , B IS C U IT S , E T C .—1 esta b lish m en ts—Continued.1
*4

1First employment; laid off 10 days.
* First employment in this industry; had worked elsewhere.
* First employment.

4 Laid off 4 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation.

* First employment; laid off 2 weeks.

* Laid off 1 week; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation.




H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

431

T able IV.—HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND

BUSY SEASONS, AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF INDI­
VIDUAL WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—BALTIMORE—Continued.
CAN DY, B IS C U IT S , ETC.—4 establishm ents—Concluded.

Normal season.

Num­ Age.
ber.

145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175

176
177
178
179
180
181

Occupation.

Wrapper and sealer..........
Packer.............................
Wrapper..........................
Packer.............................
...... do..............................
...... do..............................
Wrapper..........................
Feeder, machine...............
Wrapper..........................
Box folder and labeler......
Packer.............................
Chute girl........................
Packer.............................
...... do..............................
...... do..............................
Packer and labeler............
Packer.............................
Packer and labeler............
...... do..............................
Candy separator...............
Dipper, cream..................
Dipper.............................
Packer.............................
Dipger.............................
...... do..............................
Floor girl.........................
Packer.............................
...... do..............................
Batch girl........................
Wrapper..........................
Packer.............................
Dipper and wrapper.........
Packer.............................
Dipper, cream..................
Dipper.............................

Av­
Weeks
em­ Usual erage
ployed. hours hours
per work­
ed
day. per
week.

1291
14
112
135
14
134
»16
116s
*16
1HI
12
14
112$
52
50
52
145
128
419
51
447
116
16
113
17
14
13
15
UO
119
46
*8
15
19
628
18

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
59
59
59
59
58$
57$
57|
57$
55$

*>!
9$
9$
9$
9$
10
9$
9
9
9
9$
9$

55$
55$
55$
55$
55$
52$
52
50
50
50
49$
38

Busy season.
Av­

Av­

A v-

erage
erage Num­ hours
earn­
ber work­ eamings
of
ings
ed
per
per
per week.
week.
week.

Ma.xrmiTm

hours.

Per Per
day. week.

12.50
3.50
2.50
3.00
3.00
3.50
2.50
2.50
3.50
3.50
2.50
2.50
3.00
3.00
3.40
3.94
3.46
2.45
2.92
2.41
3.25
7.65
4.00
3.60
4.00
3.00
3.00
2.50
5.00
6.00
3.50
5.00
3.50
2.08
2.87
5.00
3.00

PAPER BOXES—4 establishments.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

19 Cover stayer........................
18 Glue worker, hand.............
15 Tum er-in.............................
19 Machine operator, co v e r.. .
20 Cover stayer........................
21 ....... do...................................
18 Machine operator, co v e r.. .
31 Glue worker, table.............
15 Floor girl.............................
19 Glue worker, table.............
19 B ox maker..........................
16 Feeder, gluing machine___
19 Table worker......................
19 Cover stayer........................
16 General worker...................
19 B ox maker..........................
18 ....... do...................................

* 50
52
130
52
52
50
*49
52
52
129
130
134
117
544
7 47
7 51
7 51

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

58$
57|
60
58$
58$
58$
58$
58$
58$
59$
59$
59$
59$
58$
58$
58
58

$5.20
4.82
3.00
5.50
5.04
6.38
4.50
3.00
3.30
5.00
7.00
3.95
4.00
6.50
4.40
6.80
6.80

9
9
8
8
9
8
8
8
8
8
13
16
11
16
16
14
14

69$
70$
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
68$
68$
68$
68$
68$
68$
68$
68$

1 First employment.
* First employment; sick 13 weeks.
* First em ployment in this industry; had worked elsewhere.
4 Only employment in period of investigation; in school rest of tim e.
6 Time lost due to illness.
* Time lost due to illness and to voluntary vacation.
7 Time lost due to voluntary vacation.




$7.00
5.50
3.45
7.50
6.52
8.00
6.00
4.00
4.03
5.75
8.00
4.60
4.40
7.59
5.16
9.00
9.00

13
13f
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

72
701
69
69

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

T.—HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND

SEASONS, AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF IN DI„L WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—BALTIMORE—Continued.
P A PE R B O X E S— 4 establish m en ts—Continued.
Normal season.

>er.

18
19
20
21

22

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

Occupation.

Tum er-in............................
Machine operator, co v e r.. .
Glue worker, table.............
.B ox maker..........................
Cover stayer........................
Machine operator, co v e r.. .
B ox maker..........................
Feeder, gluing machine___
B ox maker..........................
Table worker......................
Floor girl.............................
Machine operator, co v e r.. .
Tum er-in............................
Machine operator, co v e r...
Machine operator, co v e r.. .
Glue worker, hand.............
Feeder, gluing machine___
Glue worker, hand.............
Bottom coverer...................
Fancy-box maker...............
Glue worker, hand.............
Forewoman.........................
Machine operator, co v e r.. .
Lacer...................................
Glue worker, hand.............
Machine operator, c o v e r.. .
Machine operator, ap ron ...
Feeder, gluing machine___
Table worker......................
Machine operator, co v e r.. .
Table worker......................
Machine operator, flange...
.......do...................................
Fancy-box maker...............
Top coverer.........................
General worker...................
Machine operator, co v e r.. .
Flapper...............................
Fancy-box maker...............
Packer.................................
Cover stayer........................
Table worker.......................
Machine operator, co v e r.. .
Table worker......................
Glue worker, hand.............
.......do...................................
Machine operator, co v e r.. .
Cover stayer........................
Floor girl.............................
General worker...................
Examiner............................
Machine operator, gluing...
Machine operator, ap ron ...
Tacker ana closer...............
Top coverer.........................
Machine operator, co v e r...
.....d o ..................................

Busy season.

Av­
Av­
Weeks
Av­
Av­
em­ Usual erage erage Num­ erage erage
hours
ployed. hours hours earn­
ber work­ earn­
work­
per
ings
of
ings
ed
per weeks. ed
aay. per
per
per week.
week.
week.
week.
148
52
52
8 50
52
52
52
3 49
«48
<43

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
444
10
850
10
52
10
52
10
52
10
52
10
8 42
10
52
10
*42
10
850
10
50*
10
10
504
«41§
10
7 39
10
440
10
«32|
10
51
10
51
10
51
10
850
10
10
504
51
10
51
10
52
10
#27
10
50 > 10
52
10
10
*48
*44
10
10
139
*46
10
10
504
134
10
50
10
52
10
52
10
10
504
51
10
10
8 424
51
10
10
51
U8
10
10
10 464
52
10
50
10
52
10
52
10

58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
571
57*
574
58
58
58
58
58
59
58
58
57i
57!
57*
57]
57 i
571
57
56
56
56
55f
57*
56
57*
58
59
584
584
584
58*
58
57*
57*
574
57|
57*
57*
574
56|
564
56*
56*
56
553■
58f
583.
583
583!

$3.90
5.85
6.30
8.75
5.85
5.80
8.75
3.50
6.20
6.00
3.50
5.65
4.74
5.29
5.16
7.00
3.90
5.00
4.85
6.50
3.60
6.00
4.00
3.00
4.00
6.30
3.80
3.15
2.90
6.31
3.60
6.00
6.00
6.75
6.00
3.00
5.00
4.34
6.83
2.90
5.90
3.77
3.00
4.27
5.34
3.65
5.43
7.02
3.72
5.70
2.85
2.37
3.67
4.50
6.00
4.70
7.13

10
13
12
10
12
16
12
16
12
7
16
14
14
16
14
14
12
3
14
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
14
14
14
13
8
12
11
16
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
13
8
9
9
9
14
11
9
9
9
6
12
2
8
8
8

684
684
684
684
68*
684
684
684
684
68*
65*
68*
68*
68*
68*
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
67
65*
67*
67*
674
674
674
674
674
674
674
674
67*
67*
67*
67*
67*
67*
67*
67*
67*
67*
66
66
66
66

1 First em ploym ent.
* Time lost due to illness.
* Time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* Time lost in scattering days.
6 Laid off l week; rest of time lost due to illness.
* Laid off 10 days; rest o f tim e lost in scattering days.
7 First em ploym ent; laid off 2f weeks.
8 First em ploym ent; laid off I f weeks.
* First em ploym ent; laid off 1 week.
>8 Laid off 10 days; rest of time lost due to illness.




$4.60
6.90
10.00
11.00
6.90
6.90
11.00
4.14
9.50
8.43
4.14
8.00
5.22
6.32
7.50
9.50
4.65
5.50
.5.50
8.10
4.25
7.35
6.50
4.50
5.00
6.30
4.50
4.25
3.75
9.00
4.25
7.50
7.50
9.00
4.60
2.75
6.50
5.00
7.00
3.75
7.00
4.90
3.45
5.40
6.00
4.18
7.00
8.00
4.95
7.50
4.50
3.45
3.74
5.00
6.50
7.00
8.00

Maximum
hours.

Per Per
day. week.
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
12*
12*
12*
12*
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
12*
12*
124
124
12§
124
124
12*
124
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*
12
12
12
12

684
68
68
681
68
68
684
68|
684
68*
68*
68*
68*
68*
68*
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
67*
67*
674
67*
674
67*
67*
67|
674
674
67*
67*
67*
67*
67*
67*
67*
67*
67*
67*
66
66
66
66

H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S O F W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

433

T able IV .— HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND

BUSY SEASONS, AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF IN DI­
VIDUAL WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—BALTIMORE—Continued.
PAPE R B O X E S—4 establishm ents—Concluded.
Noim alse iason.

Num­ Age.
ber.

Occupation.

Labeler................................
Feeder, gluing machine___
Oval worker........................

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101

16
16
17
19
13
18
15
15
12
14
20
14
15
14
36
15
15
14
14
14
14
13
16
16
16
15
20

102
103
104

15
14
14

105
106
107
108

16
14
24
15

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121

19
17
16
18
17
18 Machine operator, co v e r.. .
12 Tum er-in.............................
13 ....... do..................................
14 Bender................................
16 Machine operator, cov er.. .
16 Corner stayer......................
22 Machine operator, co v e r.. .
22 .......do..................................

Tum er-in............................
Liner....................................
Exam iner............................
Feeder, gluing machine___
Tum er-in............................
Glue worker, hand.............
....... do..................................
....... do..................................
Tum er-in............................
B ox tier...............................
Packer.................................
....... do..................................
....... do..................................
....... do..................................
Tum er-in............................
Exam iner............................
Feeder, gluing machine___
Tum er-in............................
Oval worker........................
Tum er-in............................
Glue worker, hand.............
Exam iner............................
Labeler and glue worker,
hand.................................
Machine operator, co v e r.. .
Glue worker, hand.............
Cover stayer and glue
worker, hand...................
Glue worker, hand.............
....... do...................................
Oval worker........................
Cover stayer and glue
worker, hand...................
Glue maker, hand..............
Machine operator, cover. . .
Glue worker, hand.............
....... do..................................

Busy season

Av­
Av­
Weeks
Av­
Av­
em­ Usual erage erage Num­ erage erage
hours
ployed. hours hours earn­
ber
earn­
of work­
ings
ings
per work­
ed
ed
per weeks. per
per
day. per
week.
week.
week.
week.
126
2 23
52
151
*5
28
2 26
2 34
2 15
3 30
24
«8*
26
23
24
24
24
2 8*
2 17
217
5 20
2 41
139
140
<44
149

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

56**
59
58
57f
60
60
59*
59*
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
58*
58*

$4.50
3.90
5.00
7.04
2.75
4.50
3.00
4.00
2.25
2.50
4.00
2.75
2.50
2.50
3.50
2.50
2.75
2.50
3.00
3.30
3.90
2.00
5.00
2.70
4.50
3.20

<39
52
52

10
10
10

58*
58*
58

5.00
4.90
4.50

52
•50
<48
151

10
10
10
10

58
58
58
58

3.00
4.37
2.93
7.41

52
52
52
52
52
149
52
2 34
6 41
642
145
52
29
<48

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
57*
56*
56
55*
55
55

4.04
4.37
4.10
3.00
6.00
4.50
5.00
2.40
2.40
3.65
3.49
4.10
4.00
7.50

8
3
1
8

66
65
65
64

15.50
4.65
7.00
8.50

Maximum
hours.

Per Per
day. week.

12
13
13

m

66
65
65
64

SHIRTS, OVERALLS, ETC.—3. establishments.
Feller...................................
Tucker................................
Examiner............................
Neckband maker...............
Examiner............................

2 34
7 47*
*34
49
52

10
10
10
10
10

55*
55*
55
54J

$8.00
7.50
3.50
6.00
5.95

4
2
12
4
1

64*
64*
64*
64*
64*

i Time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* First employment.
<First employment; voluntary vacation 2 weeks.
* First employment in industry; had worked elsewhere.
6 First employment; laid off 1 week.
* Time lost due to illness.
7 Laid off 10 days; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation.




$8.60
9.00
4.07
7.50
6.50

13
13
13
13
13

filff

20
29
18
19
24

434

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

T a b l e IV.—HOURS OF L A B O R AND EAR N IN G S D U R IN G NORM AL AND

B U SY SEASONS, AN D NUM BER OF W EEK S O F E M PLOYM EN T OF IN D I­
V ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— BALTIM O R E — Continued.
SHIRTS, OVERALLS, ETC.—3 establishments—Continued.
Normal season.

Num­ Age.
ber.

A v­
A v­
Weeks
A v­
A v­
em­ Usual erage erage Num­ erage erage
hours earn­
ployed. hours hours earn­
ber
per work­
ings
of work­
ings
ed
ed
per weeks. per
per
day. per
week.
week.
week.
week.

Occupation.

Machine operator, shirt
fronts................................
Machine operator, drawers.
Tucker................................
Machine operator, neckbands and cuffs...............
Machine operator, cuffbands...............................
Machine operator, collars..
Machine operator, cuffs
and neckbands................
Machine operator, sleeves..
Machine operator, drawers.
Shirt feller...........................
Machine operator, nightrobe fronts........................
Shirt feller...........................

6

34

7
8
9

21
28
24

10

35

11
12

26
40

13
14
15
16

20
18
24
28

17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

19
26
18
25
19
16
46
17
30
22
18

28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

19
15
19
14
12
36
26
24
17
17
17
18
31

T u c k e r .......................................

41
42
43
44

27
23
22
29

Feller and hemmer............
Feller...................................
Presser.................................
Machine operator, shirt

45
46
47

14
20
40

Stamper...............................

48

19

49
50
51
52
53
54

20
23
28
14
17
18

Finisher, drawer bands___
Machine operator, button..
Machine operator...............
Shirt buttoner.....................
Exam iner............................
M ach in e op erator, b u t t o n ..
E T ftm in er__ _ T.....................

Machine operator, sleeves..
Machine operator, neck­
b a n d s .... ................................
Labeler................................
‘E x a m in e r................... ...........
Marker................................
"Errand girl..........................
H em m er....................................
“E x a m in e r............................. ..

Tucker.................................
Machine operator, sleeves..
Joiner..................................
H e m m e r....................................
. d o .........................................

Machine operator, shirt
fron ts......................................

55
56
57

fron ts......
P resser.....

...............
...............

Machine operator, shirt
b a c k s ..

.....................

Machine operator, button­
hole ..................................

"E xam iner.................................

Presser................................
Feller...................................
Marker................
..
E x a m in e r __

*

Machine operator, neck­

52
52
52

10
10
10

54f
54|
54$

$5.70
6.00
7.50

13
12
3

644
644
644

150

10

54$

6.50

4

52
*50

10
10

54f
54$

9.00
8.00

2
6

52
52
52
50

10
10
10
10

54$
54$
54$
54$

4.50
7.00
4.30
7.25

52
52
52
50
52
52
52
150
50
84
«42

10
10
10
10
10
9f
10
10
10
104
10

54$
54$
54$
544
544
544
54$
54$
54$
58
554

6.83
7.14
6.50
5.40
7.00
7.00
3.50
6.59
7.23
4.00
8.00

»16
4 34
*36
8 30
*43
88
» 12
48
49
52
*48
52
52

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

55jr
5S>t
55^
55l:
5&
55155
55
55
55
55
55

5.00
5.00
4.50
4.50
2.91
2.38
9.50
5.00
8.25
7.05
5.40
6.46
6.48

50
52
146
52

10
10
10
10

49
5 45
52

10
10
10

52

10

54$

7.15

10
10
10
10
91
10

54
54
54
54
54
54

3.82
5.95
11.0 0
11.2 2
2.60
3.33

*50
52
52
*48
8 21
137

*4
830
16 Machine operator, fronts...
86
16 Skirt, h em m er .. .
*48
17 Machine operator, sleeves..
i Time lost due to illness.
* Time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* First employment.
b a n d s __ __




Busy season.

at

7.14
7.46
5.22
11.0 0

54$
54$

7.22
2.89
9.00

55
55

Maximum
hours.

Per Per
day. week.

$7.00
6.75
9.00

13
13
13

644

7.50

13

644

644
64|

10.00
10.00

13
13

64$
644

3
3
13
4

644
644
644
644

5.00
8.00
6.00
8.25

13
13
13
13

64$
64$
64$
64$

5
4
8
13
16
9
1
6
1

644
644
644
644
644
634
614
614
584

8.25
9.25
8.50
7.50
8.00
9.00
4.20
7.50
7.50

13
13
13
13
13
12$
13
13
13

64j>
64 >
64 r
64 f
6463 r
61 r
61
584

554

4.00

10

55$

544
5.00
g|
3.50
of
3.50
544
6.71
544
9$
4 Returned; had been em ployed here before.
5 Time lost in scattering days.

644
64$
64$

A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

435

r.—HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND
SEASONS, AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF INDIL WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—BALTIMORE—Continued.
SH IR T S , O V ERALLS, E T C .—3 establish m en ts—Continued.
Normal season.

um>er.

58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86

87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109

110
111

Occupation.

Front maker.......................
Machine operator, shirt
fronts................................
Machine operator, cuffs___
Examiner............................
Machine operator, collar
bands...............................
Shirt hemmer.....................
Machine operator, collars..
Facer...................................
Collar setter........................
Cuff maker..........................
Machine operator, sleeves..
Machine operator, collars..
Machine operator, cuffs___
Collar setter........................
Buttonhole marker............
Machine operator, cuffs___
Buttonhole maker..............
Sleeve stayer......................
Packer.................................
Shirt-front maker...............
Machine operator, fronts...
Machine operator, cuffs___
Machine operator, fronts...
Machine operator...............
Buttonhole maker..............
Stock girl.............................
.......do..................................
Hemmer..................... .
.......do..................................
Examiner...........................
Sleeve hemmer...................
Hemmer.............................
Busheler.............................
Sleeve hemmer...................
Cuff maker..........................
.......do..................................
Hemmer..............................
Packer.................................
Cuff maker..........................
Machine operator, fronts. . .
Packer.................................
Facer....................................
Machine operator, buttons.
Exam iner............................
F eller..................................
.....d o ..................................
.......do..................................
Examiner............................
Machine operator, cuffs—
Machine operator, collars...
Machine operator, sleeves..

Busy season.

Av­
Av­
Weeks
Av­
Av­
em­ Usual erage erage Num­ erage erage
hours earn­
ployed. hours hours earn­
ber
ings
per work­
ings
of work­
ed
ed
per
per weeks. per
day. per
week.
week.
week.
week.
120

9f

54**

S6.70

*44
*46
8 42

9f
9f
9$

54*
54*
54*

6.00
5.00
3.00

54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54|
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*
54*

6.25
6.50
7.50
5.60
6.75
6.50
6.72
4.32
3.85
4.33
3.37
4.81
6.71
4.81
3.00
4.81
5.39
5.77
3.85
6.71
8.15
10.26
5.50
5.50
6.28
3.40
3.50
2.75
3.50
4.00
2.50
4.00
4.16
5.32
3.50
2.50
5.25
7.00
4.50
4.00
4.93
3.00
6.73
7.18
5.00
4.50
2.30
2.75
7.18
7.00

52
*46
*43
52
4 39
52
8 50
8 50
®26
52
52
52
8 48
52
134
52
51
52
52
148
52
52
« 39
8 50
*34f
131
51
730
49
*48
8 49
50
*47|
8 50
8 50
*26*
52
8 33
7 10
* 39f
4 37
14
51
4 48
52
7 30
51
8 50
8 49
52

91
9;
9
9;
9
9
9
91
91
9
9
9
9
9
9

9
9
9
9f
9

9
9
9
9
9
91

9
9
91
9
9
9
9
9
9
91

9

91
9

9
9
9
91
91
91
91

9
91

91
91
* First employment.
* Time lost in scattering days.
* Time lost due to voluntary vacation.
« Time lost due to illness.
6 First em ployment; sick 13 weeks.
* Time lost due to illness and to voluntary vacation.
* First employment in this industry; had worked elsewhere.
* Laid o il 2 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation.




Maximum
hours.

Per Per
day. week.

436

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LABOR,

T able I V .— HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND

BUSY SEASONS, AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF INDI­
VIDUAL WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—BALTIMORE—Continued.
S H IR T S , O V E R A LLS, ETC.—3 establish m en ts—Concluded.
Busy season.

Normal season.

Num­ Age.
ber.

112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122

123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167

Occupation.

F eller................................
Sorter.................................
F eller................................
___do.................................
Sleeve feller......................
Hemmer............................
Facer..................................
Buttonhole marker___. . .
Machine operator, cu ffs...
Machine operator, collars..
Exam iner......................
___ do.............................
Packer............................
Collar setter...................
Examiner......................
Sleeve feller...................
Collar and cuff m aker...
Errand girl.....................
Shirt buttoner...............
F eller...................... .
General worker..............
Machine operator, cuffs___
Sleeve m aker.................
Goat hemmer.................
F eller.............................
Machine operator, pajamas.
Errand girl.........................
Machine operator, loop s....
Marker...............................
Feller..................................
Machine operator, pajama
belts..
Machine operator, loops___
Hemmer.............................
Machine operator, bu tton ..
Machine operator, center
maker..............................
___ do..................................
Machine operator, buttons.
Joiner..................................
Sleeve hemmer...................
Examiner...........................
Repairer..............................
Machine operator, sleeves..
Machine operator, fronts...
Shirt feller..........................
Belt maker.........................
Exam iner...........................
Marker and errand girl.......
Pajama maker....................
Sleeve maker......................
Y oker..................................
Machine operator, tacker...
Sleeve feller........................
Machine operator, fronts.. .
Machine operator, cu ffs....
Machine operator, sleeves..
Machine operator, shirt
fronts................................

Av­
Av­
Weeks
Av­
A v­
em­ Usual erage erage Num­ erage erage
hours
hours
ployed. hours
earn­
earn­
ber
ings
ings
per work­
of work­
ed
ed
per weeks. per
per
day. per
week.
week. week.
week.
52
52
150
«47
3-32
50
51
3 31
151
<4
3 38
52
148
5 50
126
«22
340
327
33
647
143
52
52
52
150
51
52
52
3 34
®49

9|
9i
9f
9f
93
9;
9|
93
9j
9
$
0
9
9i
10
9•
9•
9} •

544
544
544
54£
54£
541
54*
544
544
544
544
544
544
544
54|
53
53
53
53
9|• 53
9 • 52^
9 • 52*
93: 52f
9 r 52i
93\ 52*
93r 52*
52
93
93• 52|
93: 52*
52*
93

52
52
52
52

9}
9*
9*
94

52f
52|
52f
52f

150
52
151
52
52
51
52
150
52
52
44
6 50
52
52
52
52
52
52
150
<20
350

9]
93•
93'
93
93
93
93r
93■
93•
93•
9i
93r
93:
93‘
93!
93
93■
93:
93■
93t
93f

52f
524
524
524
524
524
524
524
524
524
524
524
524
524
524
524
52f
52f
524
524
514

143

94

484

$7.00
3.00
5.24
7.00
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.50
7.00
3.50
4.50
4.79
7.05
3.42
6.50
7.50
3.50
2.50
5.25
8.00
7.45
5.50
7.46
7.00
6.91
3.37
8.00
3.48
5.40

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

9.23 .
7.05 .
7.57 .
5.56
7.50
8.23
5.00
4.70
5.77
5.48
5.88
15.44
5.83
9.07
4.80
4.98
2.49
6.87
3.50
5.20
3.11
6.50
7.60
7.50
4.50

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

6.00 .

1 Time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* Laid off 1 week; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* First em ploym ent.
* Returned; had been em ployed here before.
6 Time lost due to illness.
* First employment in this industry; had worked elsewhere.
t Time lost in scattering days.




Maximum
hours.

Per Per
day. week.

A N D E A R N IN G S O F W O M E N W O R K E R S IN M D . A N D C A L .

437

h —HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND

SEASONS, AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF INDIWOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—BALTIMORE—Continued.

lL

S T R A W H A T S — 4 establishm ents.
Normal season.

«1 .

1

2

3
4
5

6

7

8

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

22

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53

Occupation.

Trimmer..............
___ d o................. .
___ do...................
___ do...................
___ do...................
___ do...................
.....d o ................. .
___ do...................
___ do...................
Machine operator.
___ do...................
___ do...................
....d o ..................
Stock girl........................... .
Trimmer.............................
___ do..................................
Machine operator...............
----- do..................................
___ do..................................
....d o .................................
....d o .................................
___ do..................................
Mender................................
Machine operator...............
Mender................................
___ do..................................
Machine operator...............
Machine operator and fin­
isher.................................
Trimmer.............................
Machine operator...............
___ do..................................
----- do..................................
Finisher..............................
Machine operator..
Stitcher..................
Machine operator..
....... do.....................
Forewoman...........
Machine operator..
. .d o....................
..d o ....................
Examiner..............
Machine operator..
Trim m er................
Machine operator..
T ip maker.......................
Machine operator............
.......do.............. .'............

Busy season.

Av­
A v­
Weeks
Av­
Av­
em­ Usual erage erage Num­ erage erage
hours
ployed. hours hours earn­
ber work­ earn­
work­
per
ings
ings
of
ed
ed
per weeks. per
oay. per
per
week.
week.
week.
week.
130
*47
*46
*47
50
50
*48
52
4 35
39
39
39
52
4 39
4 26
4 26
37
43
*46
46
39
4 51
46
45
129*
134
52

9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*

54
53|
53j
531
53
534
521
54
.56
56
56
56
54
54
56
56
56
56
55*
55
54*
54*
54
54
54
54
54

$4.00
8.41
4.50
5.00
5.25
5.15
4.32
5.25
5.70
7.45
7.50
7.70
13.00
8.00
6.28
7.00
5.00
5.65
3.80
6.60
7.90
6.30
8.00
7.47
4.00
4.00
8.55

12
8
13
8
13
8
8
13
10
17
13
17
15
2
8
8
11
13
13
15
15
9
3
3
3
3
15

68
68
68
68
68
68
68
66
65*
65*
65*
65*
65*
66
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65

$7.00
9.95
7.00
7.00
7.80
9.00
6.00
8.00
8.50
11.00
11.00
10.00
18.00
9.90
9.25
10.35
8.50
8.40
8.00
10.00
12.00
8.00
9.60
9.75
4.86
4.86
12.00

48
50
4 44
4 48
*41*
•41
735*
48
52
52
51
*46
*46
51
4 51
52
139
49
39
49
*44
47
48
41
46
1 8*

9*
9
9j !
9i
9j
95r
9j •
2) ■
9) •
9i :
9)
9
9!
95r
9r

54
54
54
54
54
54
53|

8.00
4.56
7.50
7.10
9.00
6.50
7.25
9.63
7.91
8.67
8.81
5.93
10.00
7.90
8.00
9.84
3.72
5.75
5.95
7.85
6.80
6.75
11.45
7.00
7.00
2.70

3
63
4
63
3
63
8
63
6
63
1
63
6
63
8 •63
4
63
3
63
63
8
8
63
63
4
4
63
63
8
6
63
7
63
4
63
61*
8
61*
8
12
60
60
4
60
1
12
59
12 59
59
4

9.35
6.00
8.50
9.00
11.50
7.68
8.50
12.00
10.00
11.60
10.50
6.93
12.00
10.00
9.35
12.00
5.00
6.25
7.00
9.50
8.25
7.50
15.00
8.50
7.50
3.00

9

9j !
9
9
9
9*
9, r
9r
9
95r
9

53I
53I
53I
53}
53}

53}
53}

53*
53§
53*
53*
54
53
54
53}
53$

Trimmer.
56
55*
___ d o ...
----- d o ...
54
1 First employment.
* Laid off 2 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary Vacation.
* Laid off 2 weeks; rest o f time lost due to illness.
4 Time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* Time lost due to illness.
* Laid off 6 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* Laid off 4 weeks; voluntary vacation 12* weeks.
* Laid off 1 week; rest of time lost due to illness.

44°— No. 9 6 -1 2 -




Maximum
hours.

Per Per
day. week.

13t r
13i r
13i t
13! r
13i ■
id)

13 ; •
12;
12; :
12; :
12; r
12! ‘

12) r
Id) r
12) !
12) r
12) r
12) r
12) r
12) •
12) •
12) r

12 !

12) r
12)
12 ■
12) r

12*
12
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*'
12) r
12) r

12 r
12 t
121
12) !
121 :

12 r
12
10*
10*
12*
12*
12*
10*
10*
10*

68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
61*
61*
60
60
60
59
59
59

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E BU R E AU

OF LABO R.

*—HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND
EASONS AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF INDIj WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—BALTIMORE—Continued.
S T R A W H A T S —4 establish m en ts—Continued.
Normal season.

inn­
er.

54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65

66

67

68

69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95.
96
97
98
99
100

101
102

103
104
105
106
107

Occupation.

Busy season.

Av­
Av­
W eeks
A v­
A v­
em­ Usual erage erage Num­ erage erage
hours
hours
ployed. hours
earn­
earn­
ber
per work­ ings
ings
o f ' work­
ed
day. ed
per weeks. per
per
week.
week. week.
week.
44
138
* 8§
42
43
43
*29
434
43
38
48
* 39
4 43
4 39
43
43
4 48
4 50
4 48
6 46
51
4 51
4 51
48
48
51
45
4 43
45
43
43
40
41
4 44
48
* 45
7 41
*40
43
*12f
2 17
*42
*42
*16
43
44
*25}
* 2l
*9
*31
*17
4 26
43
126

$6.44
9}
54
59
4
5.60
9}
54
4
59
2.80
9}
54
4
59
9.69
9}
54
8
59
Xl UillllBl .
5.85
9}
54
3
59
9}
54
2
59
.d o.
M l
9}
7.00
54
.d o .
8
59
9}
54
6.98
59
.d o .
8
3.85
9}
13
.d o .
54
57
5.53
58}
54
.d o .
9
8
7.50
Machine operator.........
9}
53|
2
58
9
54
5.47
.d o...........................
4
57
8.37
4
57
.d o ...........................
9
54
54
6.00
9
4
.d o ...........................
57
9}
Trim m er.......................
6.60
54
4
57
.d o ...........................
5.43
9}
54
4
57
53|
12
Machine operator.........
9}
11.90
57
8.44
9
53}
4
.d o ...........................
57
7.55
9
4
57
.d o ...........................
53}
8.50
53}
4
57
9
___ do............................
6.91
53}
4
9
57
.d o ...........................
9
53}
6.97
4
57
.d o ...........................
53}
6.90
Finisher........................
9
4
57
6.82
21
9
53}
57
Mender.........................
53}
7.34
Exam iner.....................
57
8
9}
53}
8.20
Machine operator.........
9
4
57
93
7.60
.d o...........................
54
93f 54
7.00
.d o ...........................
9 t 54
9.00
.d o ...........................
9 t 54
8.50
.d o ...........................
Leather stitcher...........
9 t 54
5.75
9
Machine operator.........
6.20
54
93
5.66
.d o ...........................
54
9
5.28
54
.d o...........................
4.37
9 t 54
Trim m er......................
10.77
Machine operator.........
9 f 54
8.80
9 t 54
93\ 54
7.90
— do...................
93t 54
8.60
....d o ...................
93t 54
2.80
Trim m er..............
93f 54
4.50
....d o ...................
9.00
9 f 54
Machine operator.
11.80
9
___ do...................
54
9 \ 54
7.00
....d o ...................
9
3.30
Trim m er..............
54
Lining stitch er...
6.70
9 t 54
Leather stitch er..
3.00
9
54
2.50
Trim m er..............
9 t 54
f
9
54
2.50
Hand sewer.........
*
9 t 54
6.0Q
— do...................
93t 54
Machine operator.
6.48
93
12.00
54
....d o ..................
9
3.95
Trimmer..............
54
Examiner............
54
7.00
9}
* Laid ofit 8 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* First employm ent.
* Laid off 5 weeks; rest o f time lost due to voluntary vacation.
4 Tim e lost due to voluntary vacation.
* Laid off 2 weeks; rest of tim e lost due to illness.
* Laid oft 6 weeks; rest of tim e lost due to voluntary vacation.
i Laid oft 9 weeks; rest of time lost due to illness.
* Laid oft 9 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* Laid oft 10 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation.
x t u i u u e i .....................

..d o ....................
..d o .............. j...
Machine operator..




$9.50
8.50
3.20
9.25
8.00
9.90
7.65
8.50
6.00
7.00
8.60
6.50
10.55
7.00
9.50
8.00
15.80
11.60
9.60
11.00
8.45
8.45
7.40.
7.70
7.88
10.00

Maximum
hours.

Per Per
day. week.
103r
103•
10^r
103■
1(Wr
10^•
10 >
10
10 r
m ■
10 !
10
10
10
10!
103
10^
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12}
10

59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
58}
58
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57

HOURS AND EARNINGS OP W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL.

439

IV.—HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND
BUSY SEASONS AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF INDI­
VIDUAL WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—BALTIMORE—Concluded.

T able

S T R A W H A T S —4 establishm ents—Concluded.
Normal season.

Num­ Age.
ber.

Busy season.

A v­
Av­ Aver­
Weeks
erage Aver­
em­ Usual erage age
age
Num­ hours
ployed. hours hours earn­
ber work­ earn­
per work­
of
ings
ings
ed
ed
day. per
per weeks. per
per
week. week.
week. week.

Occupation.

108 ' 28 Trim m er...........................
109
24 Machine operator..............
17 Trim m er...........................
110
111
18 Machine operator..............
112
18
25 Finisher.............................
113
114
15 Trim m er...........................
115
21 Machine operator..............
116
16 B rim edger........................
21 Machine operator..............
117
118
20 Trim m er...........................
21 Machine operator..............
119
35 ....... do................................
120
121
26
122
18

124
244
*1
434
48
46
*8§
5?
52
644
•44
42
*30
48
737

9]\

54
54
54
9 r 54
93■ 54
54
9! !
9jf 54
9
54
91 53|
53*
9
534
9
50
9
45
9
93 47*
93 47*

99 rr

$5.19
8.59
2.50
9.00
9.80
6.50
2.80
6.50
2.91
12.18
6.00
5.00
5.50
7.00
7.00

Maximum
hours.

Per Per
day. week.

'

4

48

$6.00

10

48

1 Laid off 11 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* Laid off 4 weeks; rest of tim e lost due to voluntary vacation.
* First employment.
* Laid off 8 weeks; rest of time due to voluntary vacation.
* Laid off 4 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* Seven weeks illness; 1 week voluntary vacation.
7 Laid off 7 weeks; rest o f tim e lost due to voluntary vacation.

IV.—H O URS. OF LA B O R , E ARN IN G S, AND .D U R A TIO N OF EM­
PLO YM EN T OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES—
SAN FRANCISCO, O AK LAN D , B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, CAL., AND
N E A R -R Y TOWNS.

T able

CAN N ERIES—9 establish m en ts.
[The hours here given as the “ Usual hours per day” are not usual in the sense that they prevail throughout
a week or given number of weeks, as in the other industries included in this investigation—candy, biscuits,
etc.; paper boxes; shirts, overalls, etc.; and straw hats. They are usual only in the sense that they occur
more frequently throughout the season than any other given hours, for they represent the number of
hours the individual usually works when the supply of material and other circumstances perm it. They
are not, therefore, comparable w ith the figures in the corresponding column of tabulations for the other
industries named, where the usual hours per day during the normal season represent distinctly the
prevailing day throughout the normal period. In the canning industry this column of figures serves
only to throw light on the average and maximum hours in adjoining columns.]

Num­ Age.
ber.

1
2
3
4
5
16
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

24
32
54
47
38
18
30
16
17
17
16
16
27
19

Occupation.

Canner.............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Cutter..............................................
Section head....................................
Canner..................... 1.....................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Cutter..............................................




Maximum hours.
Aver­
Average
age
Weeks Usual
namings
hours
hours
em­
per
worked
per
ployed. day.
per
week.
Per day. Per week.
week.
24
22
26
23
22
19
31
29
29
32
29
29
32
32

12il
124
ll|

12*
12*
12
10
12*
12*
12*
12|
12*
12|
13

i Employed in country cannery.

66
66
68
65
68
76
70
76
76
76
76
76
76
76

$9.50
8.50
12.00
7.00
8.50
12.00
8.75
8.50
15.00
11.00
10.50
10.50
12.00
10.50

16*
16*
16*
16
16
16
14
14*
14*
14
14
14

14
14

98
98
97*
97*
97*
96*
96
96
96
96
96
96

96
96

440

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BU REAU

OF L A B O R ,

T a b l e IV.—HOURS

OF L A B O R , E AR N IN G S, A N D D U RA TIO N OF EMPLO YM EN T OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S—
SAN FRANCISCO, O A K LA N D , B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, CAL., A N D
N E A R -B Y TOWNS— Continued.
CANNERIES—9 establish m en ts—Continued.

Num­ Age.
ber.

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
130
131
32
133
134
35
136
37
138
139
40
41
42
143
• 44
45
46
147
148
149
* 50
51
52
53
54
55
156
157
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
165
66
67
68
169
170
171
72
173
174
75
176
177
78
179
180
181
182
83
84

Occupation.

Aver­
Maximum hours.
s e
Average
Weeks Usual
hours
hours
earnings
em­
per
worked
per
ployed. day.
week.
per
Per day. «Per week.
week.

25 Canner.............................................
26
22 Cutter..............................................
31
27 ....... do...............................................
31
41 ....... do...............................................
24
45 ....... do...............................................
31
.......
do...............................................
37
7
16 Peeler and cutter............................
31
18 ....... do...............................................
31
14 Labeler............................................
10
16
30
19
51
16 ....... do...............................................
51
19 ....... do...............................................
51
40 Canner............................................
16
30 Department head...........................
51
50 Cutter..............................................
19
15
15
18
24
16 ....... do...............................................
19*
19 Checker............................................
19*
31 Cutter..............................................
27
16 Stamper...........................................
19*
22
60 Canner.............................................
28 Cutter..............................................
11
35 ....... do...............................................
16
14
5
18
11*
24 Canner..............................................
6
15 ....... do...............................................
19*
32
15 Stamper...........................................
•7
37 Canner.............'...............................
32
46
53 Cutter..............................................
19*
26 Canner.............................................
19*
15 Cutter..............................................
18
34 Head forewoman.............................
26
60 Canner.............................................
20
23*
25 Cutter..............................................
24
17
34 Department head...........................
17*
32 Canner.............................................
28
38 ....... do...............................................
10
23
19*
18 ....... do...............................................
26
26
26
35 Department head............................
26
22
23 Cutter...............................................
16 Canner..............................................
20
15 Carrier..............................................
26
16 Canner..............................................
13
16 Cutter..............................................
8
15 Canner..............................................
31
21 Cutter..............................................
28
32 Head forewoman.............................
29*
33 Canner.............................................
18*
15 Sorting-machine tender..................
19*
23
17 Canner..............................................
12
36 Cutter..............................................
33 Canner..............................................
19*
4
55 Cutter..............................................
13
40 ....... d o...............................................
19
17 Checker............................................
18*
38 Cutter..............................................
29
60 ....... d o...............................................
24 Canner.............................................
19*
17 Cutter...............................................
8
5
14 ....... d o...............................................
19
17 ....... d o...............................................
26
15 Cleaner.............................................
20 Cutter..............................................
8*
i Employed in country cannery.
* Helper.




12*
12*
12
12
12
12*
13
13*
10
10
10
10
10
12*
10
13
12
10
12
12
10
11*
11*
12
14
12
11*
12*
12*
15
14
12*
13
10*
11*
12*
13
10*
10
9
10
10*
11*
10
11*
11*
11*
10
U*
12*

H*

10
10*
10*
12*
13
11*
10*
10*
12
10*
14
12
10*
12*
10*
13*
12
11*
12*

$13.00
17
66
9.00
13*
71
10.50
13*
71
6.50
13*
71
9.50
14*
71
6.00
13*
69*
8.00
15
71
8.00
14
71
7.00
14
86*
8.50
14
83
7.50
14
70
7.50
14
70
7.50
14
70
10.50
13*
71
8.00
1?
70
10.00
15
76§
7.00
14*
7?
8.00
13*
70
10.10
14
74
9.70
16*
77*.
14
9.50
60
9.75
15
78
7.00
15
58
9.00
73*
14*
17.00
85*
15*
15
8i
(2)
12.50
13*
73*
14
9.00
87
6.36
14
67*
7.25
15
90
15
11.90
68
14
9.00
73
13*
4.50
79
14
74
11.50
14
7.25
71
18.75
16*
63*
14
4.00
69|
8.00
16
6?
14
5.00
56
14*
64
16.00
13*
7.80
60
15
9.50
74
15
17.00
74
14
10.50
60
15
9.00
57
14
8.00
61*
14
8.50
71
14*
10.00
70
14
7.50
61*
65
7.00
16
15
4.50
76*
14*
8.50
60
15
55
7.00
18
15.20
76
15
12.00
73
15
7.40
74
8.70
15
71*
14*
8.50
65
14
9.50
73
14
6.00
86
6.00
60
14*
17*
82
9.60
7.50
15
72*
14*
8.00
65
13
11.10
72*
16
63*
7.75
7.40
15
75*
8 12.00
14*
69
13
54*
6.00
7.00
68
18
3 Including earnings of 1 helper.

94*
94*
94*
94*
94*
94*
94*
94*
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
93*
93
93
92*
92*
92
92
91
91
90*
90*
90*
90*
90
90
90
90
89*
89*
89
89
88*
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
87*
87*
87*
87*
87*
87*
87*
87
87
87
86*
86*
86*
86
86
86
86
86
86
86
86
86
85*
85*
85*
85

HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL.

441

T able IV .—HOURS OF LA B O R , EARN IN G S, AND DU RA TIO N OF EM­
PLO YM EN T OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S—
SAN FRANCISCO, O AK LAN D , B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, CAL., AN D
N E A R -B Y TOWNS— Continued.
CANNERIES—9 establishments—Continued.

Num­ Age.
ber.

185
186
187
88
89
90
91
192
93
94
195
196
197
198
99
1100
101
102
1103
1104
1105
106
U07
108
1109
1110
illl
112
1113
114
115
1116
1117
1118
1119
120
121
122
1123
124
125
1126
1127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
1139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153

30
46
15
15
15
14
16
17
58
56
18
56
50
18
35
18
17
30
18
18
49
32
23
14
12
17
16
15
26
52
40
18
46
24
16
17
16
17
22
22
24
30
16
64
40
49
32
59
46
47
21
24
22
23
22
27
27
46
60
55
52
50
32
38
28
41
40
15
15

Occupation.

Cutter........ .....................................
....... d o...............................................
Canner and cutter...........................
Canner..............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... d o...............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... d o...............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... d o...............................................
Labeler............................................
....... d o...............................................
Cutter..............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... d o...............................................
Cutter and canner...........................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
Labeler............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Cutter..............................................
Checker............................................
....... d o...............................................
Cutter..............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter.................................... .*........
....... d o.......... ....................................
Canner..............................................
....... d o...............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
.....d o ..............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
Canner and cutter...........................
Cutter..............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Canner..............................................

Aver­
Maximumm hours.
age
Average
Weeks Usual
hours
hours
earnings
em­
worked
per
ployed.
per
week.
<$.
Per day. Per week.
week.
11
20§
20
23
22
22
19
19$
5
11$
19
16
17
19$
8
10
39
51
19$
25$
20$
20
12$
22
7
11
9
13$
52
52
52
37
10
13
20$
30
25$
26
14
26
24
15
17$
10
24
19
31
21$
12
17
6
8
29
10
19$
22
18
33
29
29
29
29
25
29
28
20
29
29
24

i Employed in country cannery.




11$
12$
13$
H$
12
12
12
13
12
H$
13
12
12$
13
10
12
10
10
11$
12$
12
10$
H$
12
10$
12$
13$
11$
10$
10
10
10$
13
12
12
11$
12
10$
11$
10$
10
13$
12$
11$
H$
11
11
10$
11
10
10$
13$
12$
13
12
10
12$
12$
11
12$
10$
10$
11
10$
10
11
12$
12
12$

73$
73
73$
58$
42
45
46$
76$
79$
74
76$
76
73
75$
70
75$
70
70
66$
75
70$
69
71$
48
59$
76$
76
72$
60
50
50
62
77$
71$
70
62$
65
58$
71
60
55
81
75$
72$
57$
64
60
67
60
64
50
81
64
76
72$
55
64
64
62
64
60*
60
60
60
50
62
64
67$
75$

$7.00
10.00
17.00
8.50
3.00
3.00
2.75
8.00
6.50
6.00
8.20
4.00
6.00
8.00
7.00
6.40
7.50
7.50
8.00
10.20
14.50
19.00
8.00
m
w
7.60
7.50
8.25
9.00
9.60
9.60
7.75
7.80
5.50
8.75
7.80
8.50
12.00
9.50
9.00
4.00
8.40
10.50
5.00
5.25
7.50
6.45
10.00
3.25
8.50
6.00
12.25
7.00
10.50
17.00
10.00
7.50
7.80
6.00
6.00
8.00
8.00
8.50
10.50
6.00
7.50
9.00
12.50
6.00
2 Helper.

13$
14$
15$
15$
14$
14$
14$
17$
13$
12$
17$
14
13$
17$
12
14
14
14
15
16
14
18
13$
14
14
14
14$
13
13
13$
13$
13
13
14$
13$
15$
14
14
14
15
12
14
14$
12$
12$
13$
13$
15
13$
13$
16
13; r
:
13
13^r
i6| •
iz\r
13 r
133r
13}r
133
143 r
14^■
r
13
13 •
13i r
133r
13 r
133r
133r

85
85
85
85
85
85
85
84$
84$
84$
841
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
83$
83$
831
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
82|
82$
82$
82
82
82
82
82
81$
81$
81$
81J
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81

442

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

T a b l e IV ,— HOURS

OF LA B O R , E AR N IN G S, A N D D U RA TIO N O F EMPLO YM EN T OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S—
SAN FRANCISCO, O A K LA N D , B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, CAL., AND
N E A R -B Y TOWNS— Continued.
CAN N ERIES—9 establish m en ts—Continued.

Num­ Age.
ber.

154
155
156
157
*158
*159
*160
*161
162
163
*164
165
166
167
168
169.
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
*181
182
183
*184
*185
*186
*187
*188
189
*190
*191
192
*193
194
*195
*196
*197
198
199
200
201
*202
*203
*204
*205
*206
*207
208
*209
210
*211
212
213
*214
215
*216
217
*218
219
*220
221
*222

14
13
15
16
33
45
12
50
35
16
23
35
48
50
35
27
20
24
41
50
34
28
46
47
40
18
18
16
18
18
12
21
17
27
36
14
41
50
23
45
51
16
16
36
24
13
15
16
24
45
49
60
21
22
18
29
17
19
35
23
41
65
38
26
15
19
15
35
45

Occupation.

Canner............................................
Cutter..............................................
Canner..............................................
....... d o...............................................
Cutter................ ..............................

....... d o.............................. *...............
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
Canner.............................................
Cutter...............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... d o...............................................
Canner..............................................
....... d o...............................................
Cutter..............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
Sorter...............................................
Canner.............................................
Cutter..............................................
Canner.............................................
Cutter..............................................
___do...............................................
— do..............................................
....... do...............................................
Peeler...............................................
Cutter..............................................
.....d o ..............................................
Canner.............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Canner.............................................
....... d o...............................................
Cutter...... .......................................
....... do........ : ....................................
....... do...............................................
Canner.............................................
Cutter..............................................
Attendant.......................................
Canner.............................................
....... do...............................................
Labeler............................................
Cutter................ .*............................
Canner.............................................
Forewoman.....................................
Cutter..............................................
i Helper.
s Employed in country cannery.




Maximum hours.
Aver­
age
Average
Weeks Usual
hours
hours
earnings
em­
worked
per
ployed.
week.
per
&
Per day. Per week.
week.
22
6
16*
33
13
12§
194
12$
204
25
12
17
19*
31
26*
17
10
25*
19*
18
29
14
25*
15*
15
29
15*
19*
29*
29
19*
8
19*
12*
19*
8
20§
20*
4
5
26
10
19*
19*
29*
6
21
20
194
26*
11
20f
31
31
10
11
26
31
12
52
16
20
31
13
10
23
3*
6
11

13*
47
$5.10
13*
13*
13*
81
0)
12
75*
9.00
13*
8.50
63|
13*
12*
79*
11*
7.00
11*
12
69*
6.80
14
44
4*
14
0)
12
69*
7.50
13*
10*
56
5.00
14
10
56
14
(3)
13*
68
7.60
14
60
18.00
14
9
10*
5.25
56
13
60
10
9.00
14
10*
65
8.00
13
10
60
7.00
i4*
9
50
3.00
14*
10*
60
10.00
18
12*
74*
13*
4.50
13
10*
60
12.00
10*
56
9.00
14
10*
60
12*
7.00
10*
64
3.00
13
62
10*
7.00
15
9
60
14*
10.00
10*
60
10.00
15*
10*
60
8.00
15
11*
72
14
9.50
10*
60
10.00
15*
60
10*
10.00
13
50
6.00
16
11*
75
14*
11*
19.00
11*
65*
9.00
If
11
63*
13
7.15
12*
62
10*
8.00
10*
60*
14*
9.00
11*
69*
13*
7.90
12
68
13
6.00
•12
60
14
13.50
12
76*
6.00
14*
10
60
14
6.80
12*
69*
15
8.90
1.2*
63
10
7.75
65*
10
6.85
12*
10*
60
14
10.00
13
78
2.00
13
12
44
14
4.00
56
10
8.00
13
73*
14
9.30
12*
12
65
4 12.50
14
73*
14
10.00
12*
12
12
68
5.00
12
10
58*
7.00
12
58*
11
9.00
12
56
10*
6.00
14
12
69*
5.80
12*
58*
6.00
11*
12
58*
10
15.00
54
14
10*
7.00
63
13
6.50
9*
72
12
13
6.50
12
55
5.00
9*
12
58*
10
7.80
60
14.00
9
14*
15
75*
9.00
12*
15
10*
68
11.90
72*
14
7.78
12*
14*
40
10
6.75
14
69
7.75
11*
* Not reported,
* Including earnings of 1 helper.

81
81
81
81
80*
80*
80*
80*
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
79*
79*
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
78*
78*
78*
78*
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
77*
77
77
77
77

H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

443

T a b l e IV.— HOURS

OF LA B O R , EARN IN G S, AND D U RATIO N OF EM­
PLOYM ENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES—
SAN FRANCISCO, O A K LA N D , B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, CAL., A N D
N E A R -B Y TOW NS—Continued.
CANNERIES—9 esta b lish m en ts—Continued.

Num­ Age.
ber.

223
224
‘ 225
226
227
228
229
230
>231
232
‘ 233
‘ 234
‘ 235
236
‘ 237
238
239
‘ 240
‘ 241
‘ 242
‘ 243
244
*245
‘ 246
247
‘ 248
‘ 249
250
251
‘ 252
253
‘ 254
‘ 255
‘ 256
‘ 257
258
259
‘ 260
‘ 261
‘ 262
263
‘ 264
265
‘ 266
‘ 267
‘ 268
‘ 269
‘ 270
‘ 271
272
273
274
‘ 275
‘ 276
277
1 278
279
‘ 280
‘ 281
282
283
284
‘ 285
286
287
288
289
290
>291

Occupation.

Aver­
Maximum hours.
age
Average
Weeks Usual hours
earnings
hours
em­
worked
per
ployed. per
per
week.
day.
Per day. Per week.
week.

36 Canner.............................................
17
15
38 Cutter..............................................
17 Canner.............................................
74
22
14 ....... do...............................................
31
39 Peeler and cutter...........................
14
31 Canner.............................................
29
46 Cutter............................... ..............
24
27 ....... d o...............................................
23
34 Department head...........................
23
18 Cutter..............................................
31 ....... do...............................................
in
20§
64 ....... d o...............................................
46 ....... d o...............................................
m
24
23
8
15
52
36 Labeler............................................
19
46 Cutter..............................................
3
18 ....... d o . . . . .......................................
161
41
47 ....... do...............................................
12|
41 ....... d o...............................................
9
52
19 Labeler............................................
10
15 Cutter..............................................
7
14 ....... d o...............................................
6
13 Canner.............................................
14
13 Cutter..............................................
9
17 ....... d o...............................................
24
17 ....... d o...............................................
25
18 Peeler and sorter.............................
18§
39 Cutter..............................................
7
36 Sorter...............................................
14
31 Canner.............................................
4
50 Cutter..............................................
56 ....... d o...............................................
124
124
47
17
23 Canner.............................................
13
22 Cutter and peeler............................
194
29 Cutter..............................................
23
27 Canner.............................................
19
30 Cutter..............................................
66 ....... do...............................................
234
20 ....... d o...............................................
194
14
16 ....... d o...............................................
24 Section head....................................
194
36 Cutter..............................................
194
17 ....... do...............................................
194
4
36
181
28
28 Canner.............................................
154
22
17
(* ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
17
(* ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
17 Canner.............................................
41 Cutter..............................................
194
.......d
o...............................................
7
48
16
34 ....... do...............................................
.......d
o...............................................
25
174
17
51 Canner.............................................
9
27 .......do...............................................
28 Cutter..............................................
194
21
13 Canner.............................................
6
14 ....... d o...............................................
9
24 Cutter..............................................
1
17 Canner.............................................
124
36 ....... d o...............................................
17
21
17
16 Cutter..............................................
17
25
45 Canner.............................................
114
10
17 Cutter..............................................
‘ Em ployed in country cannery.
* N ot reported.




9
11
124
12
10
10
10
104
104
104
124
12
12
104
114
104
10
124
12
12
124
104
12
124
124
114
I24
10
10
12
13
10
12
12
124
9
10
11
11
12
104
124
114
11
12
114
12
114
124
10
10
9
114
94
74
12
9
12
114
12
104
124
114
9
9
9
9
114
104

56
604
704
454
60
60
60
46
67
56
754
68
66
60
72
634
60
71
73
68
724
634
73
76
76i
68
724
55
60
69
73
60
68
734
75
534
60
634
54
694
60
734
69
68
69
70
71
68|
70f
62
62
54
69
594
604
71#
56
74
724
41
66
66
74
54
60
56
56
684
66

$14.00
7.50
12.00
4.00
8.50
6.00
8.00
6.00
13.00
8.00
6.00
5.50
8.50
8.00
6.25
8.00
6.50
9.00
6.30
5.00
7.60
8.00
4.75
9.00
10.50
2.50
7.50
6.50
9.00
4.50
7.30
6.50
7.50
5.50
9.40
15.00
8.50
8.50
14.50
8.05
6.00
7.40
9.00
9.00
*8.50
10.00
6.00
6.10
16.00
8.00
10.00
10.00
11.00
7.00
8.10
10.00
17.00
19.00
5.80
6.00
6.00
5.00
9.50
10.00
16.00
14.00
5.00
10.00
6.70

144
12
14
144
14
14
13
1331
123!
18'
14
143
133E
15
143
133[
13
13
133r
143t
13 \
133>
143i
16
14
13
134
13
14
14
13
134
14
14
133
143
133
13
12
13
13
134
15
133
133
15
133
123
123
12
12
14
14
123\
13
124
14
14
12
13
11
m
134
14
14
144
13
124
12

* Includirg earnings of 1 helper.

774
774
774
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
764
764
764
764
764
764
764
76|
764
764
764
764
764
764
764
764
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
754
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
744
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
73}
73}

444

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR,

T a b l e IV .— HOURS

OF L A B O R , E AR N IN G S, AND D U RA TIO N O F EM­
PLO YM EN T OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S—
SAN FRANCISCO, O A K LA N D , B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, CAL., AND
N E A R -B Y TOWNS— Continued.
CAN N ERIES—9 establish m en ts—Continued.

Num­ Age.
ber.

292
293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
299
1300
1301
1302
303
304
1305
306
307
308
309
1310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
1334
1335
336
337
338
1339
340
341
342
1343
1344
1345
346
1347
1348
349
350
351
1352
353
1354
355
356
357
358
359
>360

33
44
43
40
16
14
14
16
16
37
29
64
45
40
62
45
17
13
40
17
16
21
27
28
48
60
44
25
23
22
20
19
60
24
40
17
17
16
50
19
18
35
35
35
21
21
29
26
51
14
24
50
50
17
60
50
22
47
60
20
55
16
50
35
24
25
37
20
17

Occupation.

Cutter...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Canner..............................................
....... do...............................................
Carrier..............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... do...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Canner.............................................
....... do...............................................
Cutter..................... *.......................
Labeler............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... do...............................................
Feeler and cu tter...........................
Canner...........................
Cutter..............................................
Canner..............................................
....... do...............................................
Cutter..............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... do...............................................
Forewoman................................
Cutter..............................................
....... do...............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
.......do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
Labeler............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... do...............................................
Canner and cutter...........................
Canner..............................................




Aver­
Maximum hours.
age
Average
W eeks Usual
hours
hours
earnings
em­
per
ployed. per worked
per
week.
day.
Per day. Per week.
week.
7
13*
20?
20f
1
11
10
13*
19*
24
17
7
25
9
19
15*
12
5
19*
11
17
29*
6
29*
21
9*
30
13
19
8*
6
22
32
10
12
10*
14
9
15
9
22
9
12
6
29*
29*
25
9
16
8
16
19*
19*
23
1
19*
15*
15*
27
20
8
18§
17*
23
13
5
13*
18
10

10
n*
ul
n*
12
12*
11*
11*
10*
9*
10*
11*
11*
12
n*
10*
10
10
9|
9
10
10*
10
10*
10
10*
10*
10
10
10*
10
12
10
10*
10
9
10*
10
10*
10*
10*
10
10
11*
10*
10*
10*
11
10
10*
10*
11
11*
10*
10*
11*
11*
11*
10*
10
10*
2
11*
10*
10
9
10*
10*
10*

1 Em ployed in country cannery.

60
68*
69
67*
73*
68
68
68*
62*
65
66*
58
60
70
63*
57
55
69
57*
54
63
60
60
56
55
63
60
60
60
54
50
64*
50
56
52
49
58
60
58
54
60
60
69
67
56
54
58
59*
62
66
60
70*
69
65
71
69*
61*
58
55
64*
26
67*
40
64
56
60
64
64*

$9.00.
6.00
6.00
6.20
2.00
5.50
3.50
7.00
11.00
8.75
15.50
4.50
5.00
10.50
7.00
7.00
7.25
5.00
6.35
5.00
7.50
7.00
6.30
5.00
7.00
4.50
6.00
9.00
9.50
7.00
7.00
5.00
3.00
5.00
12.00
7.00
8.00
5.00
7.00
6.00
12.00
6.00
16.50
6.00
12.00
6.00
10.00
10.50
9.00
4.50
7.00
6.50
8.00
7.00
8.00
6.00
7.10
8.70
6.00
7.50
6.00
2.60
8.75
7.00
8.50
6.00
7.00
8.00
10.50

13
12*
13*
13*
13*
14*
15
12*
11*
13*
11*
13*
12*
12*
13
11*
13*
13*
ll|
13
14
15
13*
12*
13*
10*
14
13*
14
13
12
12
12
13
12
14
14
13
14
14
15
16
12
12*
14
12*
14
12
16
13*
14
12*
12*
14
13*
12
13
12*
10*
12*
12
13
12*
14
14
13
14
14
13*

73*
73*
73*
73*
73*
73*
73*
73*
73
73
73
73
73
72|
72*
72*
72*
72*
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
71*
71
71
71
71
71
70*
70*
70*
70
70
70
70
70
70
70

HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M EN WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL.

445

T a b l e IV .— HOURS

OF LA B O R , E ARN IN G S, AND DU RA TIO N OF EM­
PLO YM EN T OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES—
SAN FRANCISCO, O AK LAN D , B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, CAL., AND
N E A R -B Y TOWNS— Continued.
CANNERIES—9 establishments—Continued.

Num­ Age.
ber.

1361
1362
1363
364
365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
>377
1378
379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
*394
*395
1396
1397
1398
399
400
1401
1402
403
404
405
406
407
1408
409
410
1411
1412
1413
1414
415
416
1417
418
1419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
1427
1428
429
1430

13
15
16
23
16
71
35
13
18
22
26
66
66
50
68
45
46
25
19
18
36
35
65
45
49
17
16
14
17
18
18
20
20
20
24
49
14
35
15
13
14
18
19
22
30
28
26
31
50
29
34
26
42
35
17
40
46
50
50
19
35
50
14
17
16
38
54
14
18
34

Aver­
Maximum hours.
Average
Weeks Usual s e
hours hours earnings
em­
per
per
worked
ployed. day.
week.
per
Per day. Per week.
week.

Occupation.

Cutter and canner.........................
Conner.............................................
Cutter..............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
Tally clerk.......................................
Conner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
Assistant forewoman......................
Cutter..............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... do...............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
Canner and cutter...........................
Cutter..............................................
.......d o ...............................................
Canner.............................................
Cutter..............................................
Canner..............................................
....... do...............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... do...............................................
.......d o...............................................
Sorter...............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... d o...............................................
Stamper............................. . ...........
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... do...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Laborer............................................
Section head....................................
Cutter..............................................
....... d o...............................................
Canner..............................................
....... d o...............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... d o...............................................
: — d o..............................................
....... d o...............................................
Canner..............................................

1 Employed in country cannery.




9
8
8
Hi
8
4
164
74
23
15*
234
15
184
204
16
23
234
13
16
234
194
24
234
8
12
23
174
20*
20*
23*
204
234
23*
13
244
204
4
Hi
7
8
5
6
8
6
6
2
28
184
29
13
194
194
8
10
84
13
20
31
20§
33
14
294
8
34
34
16
4
5
31
21

8 N ot reported.

10*
104
104
Hi
IO4
ll|
9
104
10
10
10
10
104
10
114
10
10
10
104
10
104
104
10
10
10
94
104
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
10
10
10
104
Hi
Hi
9
10
10
10
10
104
104
104
11
11
94
104
104
104
111
10
12
10
114
104
104
9
9
104
8
10
10
94
« Helper'.

67
65
65
69
64
67
514
64
51
52
51
65
634
53
66
58
51
58
604
51
60
65
584
54
614
52
55
53
53
51
54
51
51
64
51
53
52
64
62
66
67
60
47
50
50
50
40
63
55
60
634
654
624
63
55
60
65
55
45
57
60
55
64
59
424
64
624
64
50
60
*

$4.50
8.00
8.00
6.00
8.50
5.00
4.60
7.00
15.00
3.50
10.65
4.00
7.50
9.00
5.20
10.00
11.50
11.50
6.00
10.50
5.57
11.0 0
4.80
12.50
9.00
5.50
5.50
(2)
(3)
13.00
12.80
12.76
13.00
7.20
10.50
4 6.80
2.50
12.00
5.00
5.00
2.00
9.20
5.00
5.50
5.00
6.00
7.80
11.0 0
4.50
4.50
7.50
11.50
6.00
6.50
4.50
4.50
8.75
7.60
6.50
6.25
8.50
6.00
4.50
7.37
4.25
9.50
4.50
4.50
8.60
15.00

13
13
13
Hi
144
. I ll
Hi
Hi
12
12
12
12
114
12
114
11
12
11
14
12
124
I lf
11
12
12
Hi
124
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
12
12
12
12
14
144
Hi
114
13*
134
134
14
13
104
134
I34
I24
114
14
12
13
13
1U
134
I44
124
144
124
124
124
124
Hi
12
134
13
11

Including earnings of 1 helper,

70
70
70
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
684
684
684
68
68
68
68
68
674
674
674
674
674
674
674
674
674
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
664

446

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E B U R E AU

OF LABO R.

T able IV .— HO URS OF L A B O R , EAR N IN G S, AND D U R A T IO N OF EMPLO YM EN T OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U S T R IE S —
SAN FRANCISCO, O A K L A N D . B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, CAL., AND
N E A R -B Y TOWNS— Continued.
CANNERIES—9 establishments—Continued.

Num­ Age.
ber.

431
432
433
434
435
436
2 437
2 438
2 439
2 440
2 441
442
2443
444
445
2 446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
2 455
2 456
457
2 458
2 459
2460
2 461
462
2463
2 464
s 465
2 466
2 467
2468
2 469
2 470
471
472
2 473
2 474
2 475
2 476
* 477
478
2 479
2 480
*481
482
2 483
484
* 485
*486
* 487
*488
* 489
*490
491
* 492
493
*494
*495
496
*497
498

53
37
45
45
42
27
34
19
22
34
20
25
14
33
28
45
42
45
65
35
36
58
55
45
36
24
17
15
30
39
36
17
46
18
20
19
18
18
18
18
17
50
42
19
21
24
30
45
31
45
13
47
19
36
45
44
16
42
15
18
47
16
28
33
32
28
49
19

Occupation.

Aver­
Maximum hours.
Usual
age
Average
Weeks hours hours
earnings
em ­
per
per worked
ployed. day.
per
week.
Per day. Per week.
week.

Cutter..............................................
....... d o..............................................
flannAr.............................................. '
Cutter..............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
d o..............................................
....... d o...............................................
__ d o..............................................
....... do...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Canner........................... .................
Cutter..............................................
Labeler............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... do...............................................
....... do...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Labeler............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... do...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Canner..............................................
....... d o . . . . ........................................
C utter..............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... d o...............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Canner..............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Stemmer..........................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter..............................................
Canner..............................................
....... d o...............................................
Cutter and peeler............................
Canner..............................................

1 Including earnings of 1 helper.




22
25
2
31
6
17*
10
19*
12
19*
5
8
8

8
15*
io|
20
26
9*
U*
3*
19*
8
4
16
8
2
11
19*
19*
14*
10
11
19*
19*
19*
6*
29
19*
103
10
19*
4
19*
19*
19
19*
7
9
3
5
5
14
19*
9
4
19
3
3
4
10
4

10*
10*
10
10
10
in
11 v
irc
10*
11
10*
10
10
9*
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
8
9*
10*
10*
in
10}
10}
10}
10J
10}
9}
10}
10}
10}
10}
10}
m
in
9
10J
10!
10
10
10
10
10
loi
9}
10}
10}
Q
10
9*
11
in
10
&
q!
10}
m
10*
10
10
10*
10
10

58*
60
50
60
60
56
62
63
63
63
59
54
63
62*
61
63*
62f
58
54*
55
58
30
51
56*
60
64
56
63
62*
63
62
50
50
60
60
60
60
60
60
58
54
50
59
60
60
60
63
60
61
59
57*
56
55*
50
60|
53
59I
50*
53*
30
50
58
51*
59
54
59
40

1$6.00
7.00
4.50
9.00
7.50
7.00
5.80
11.00
12.50
6.50
6.10
4.00
7.50
7.00
7.63
7.00
5.00
4.00
5.00
7.00
6.00
3.50
5.00
7.50
12.00
8.50
5.50
6.00
6.00
7.50
13.50
7.00
7.00
9.75
11.00
14.00
6.50
6.25
7.75
6.00
7.00
5.00
6.50
6.00
11.00
5.00
15.00
5.50
7.24
7.80
2.50
11.00
12.00
6.00
7.60
6.00
7.50
7.50
8.50
13.50
5.00
3.00
8.00
5.75
(*)
5.00
3.00
6.00

* Em ployed in country cannery.

SI
12
11
12
12
11
i?
11
12
13
12*
12*
15
11*
12*
12*
13
11*
11
12
11*
14
11
11
11
lot
104
104
104
104
ini
104
104
11
lot
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
11
104
104
11
11
11
9*
12
13
10
10*
10
10
13
10
11
* Not reported.

66*
66*
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
65*
65*
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
63*
63*
63*
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
62
62
62
62
62
62
61*
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60

HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M EN WORKERS IN MD. AND CAD.

447

IV.—HOURS OF L A B O R , E A R N IN G S, AND D U R A TIO N OF EM ­
PLO YM EN T OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U S T R IE S—
SAN FRANCISCO, O AK LAN D , B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, CAL., AN D
N E A R -B Y TOWNS—Continued.

T able

CAN N ERIES—9 esta b lish m en ts—Continued.

Num­ Age.
ber.

>499
1500
1501
1502
1503
504
505
506
1507
508
509
510
511
512
1513
1514
1515
516
1517
*518
1519
1520
*521
522
*523
*524
*525
1526
527
528
529
530
531
*532
533
*534
*535
1536
1537
538
539
540
1541
1542
1543
1544
545
1546
547
1548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
1560
561
562
563
1564
565
566
567
*568

Occupation.

Maximuim hours.
Aver­
age’ Average
Usual
Weeks hours
hours earnings
em­
per worked
per
ployed. day.
week.
per
Per day. Per week.
week.

5
10
I5.0Q
57
5
10
60
6.75
5
10
58}
4.00
204
10
10
2.00
18}
53
10
4.60
4
9
56
7.00
20}
10}
56
6.00
Cutter..............................................
10}
50
6.00
8}
....... do...............................................
10
57
6.75
20}
13}
10
9.00
56
....... do...............................................
13
9
6.00
36
....... do...............................................
15
44
400
9
Labeler............................................
7.00
8
10
60
....... do...............................................
4
10
60
7.50
Cutter...............................................
2
10
59
2.50
43
4.00
8
9}
....... do...............................................
57}
450
9
9}
....... do...............................................
3.00
41
7
8
20}
5.50
55}
9}
*9.00
....... do...............................................
30
9}
9}
9}
30
....... do...............................................
9}
(8)
Canner.............................................
8.50
9}
54
7}
Cutter..............................................
5.50
19}
55
9}
....... do...............................................
6.00
9
8
45}
5.00
....... d o...............................................
54
8
9}
Labeler............................................
15.00
20
56
9}
Cutter..............................................
9.00
19}
9}
55
Canner.............................................
5
5.50
54
9}
Cutter...............................................
5.00
9
36
8}
Canner.............................................
22
3.50
9
42}
Cutter...............................................
5.75
15
43}
7}
Canner.............................................
21
*7.00
10
36
....... d o...............................................
21
7.00
10
36
Cutter..............................................
5.75
19}
53
9
....... do...............................................
6.00
8
40
8}
3.00
3
54
9}
6.70
19}
50
8}
1.90
2
51
9
12}
5.75
9
50
....... do...............................................
5.00
5
44
8
....... do...............................................
• 6.00
5
8
46
....... do...............................................
*5.00
24
48
8}
....... do...............................................
4.00
51
1
.
9
8.00
2
48
8}
3}
50
8}
(*)
3.50
44
3
9}
....... do...............................................
6.00
46
8
7}
....... do...............................................
5.50
17
49
8
6.00
40
8
8
Canner.............................................
7.00
23}
47
8
Cutter...............................................
2.00
4
30
8
....... do...............................................
5.00
40
8
8
13
400
8
40
....... do...............................................
8
30
9}
(8)
21
5.50
....... do...............................................
8
40
Peeler and cutter............................
4
6.00
8
48
Cutter..............................................
15}
2.40
43
7}
....... do...............................................
23
2.50
8
40
Canner.............................................
8
40
3.50
8}
8
....... do...............................................
10
40
9.00
Cutter...............................................
6
8
40
(s)
4.00
4
....... do...............................................
8
40
....... do...............................................
9}
8
3.00
36
....... do...............................................
2
40
8
(8)
3.00
12
40
8
3.00
....... do...............................................
4
8
48
400
Canper.............................................
40
8
9}
3.00
Sorter...............................................
4
40
8
9.00
Canner............ .................................
40
28
8
3.50
Cutter...............................................
40
8
7}
1 Em ployed in country cannery.
* * Including earnings of 1 helper.
52
28
33
16
18
16
16
59
50
27
46
50
17
17
14
19
44
16
46
33
12
20
17
13
50
34
47
18
32
28
35
60
27
34
15
15
37
73
33
13
16
40
34
38
13
18
16
34
15
22
13
14
14
14
18
40
24
74
13
15
16
16
14
15
14
28
14
16
16
13

Cutter..............................................
....... d o...............................................
....... d o...............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter...............................................
Canner.............................................




10
10
10
12
10
13
13
13
10
10
10
12
10
10
' 10
10
10
13
9}
9}
9}
9}
9}
13
9}
9}
9}
9}
11}
10
12}
14
14
9
12
9}
10
9
9
12}
13
8}
9
8}
8}
10}
13
8}
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8}
8
8
8
8
8
8 '
8
8
8}
8
8
13}
8
* Helper.

60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
59
58}
58
58
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
56
56
55
54}
54}
54
54
54
54
54
54
52}
52
51
51
51
51
50}
50
50
50 •
49
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR,

—H OURS OF L A B O R , EA R N IN G S, AN D D U R A T IO N O F E M 5NT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SE LE C TE D IN D U S T R IE S —
ilANCISCO, O A K LA N D , B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, C A L ., AND
Y TOWNS— Concluded.
CAN N ERIES—9 establish m en ts—Concluded.

iumt>er-

Occupation.

569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604

C u tter..,..........................................
....d o ..!..........................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter...............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter...............................................
....d o ...............................................
....d o ...............................................
....d o ...............................................
Canner.............................................
Cutter...............................................
Stemmer..........................................
Cutter...............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter........... ..................................
....d o ...............................................
....d o ...............................................
....d o ...............................................
Section bead....................................
Cutter...............................................
Canner.............................................
....d o ...............................................
....d o ...............................................
___ do...............................................
Cutter...........................................
___ do...............................................
___ do...............................................
.......do...............................................
.......do...............................................
Canner..............................................
Cutter........................................... .
Helper.




Maximum hours.
Aver­
Average
Usual s e
Weeks hours
hours
earnings
em­
per
per worked
ployed. day.
week.
Per day. Per week.
per
week.
8*
4
13
19
3}
n
20
15
4
4
4
5*
4
5
3
16
9
12

6

17
25
27
8
27
25
33
30
74

7*

5
9
17
3
10|
21*

6

8
7*
9
10*
12*
8*
10
6*
7
7
7
7
11*
7*
7*
2
10*
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8*
10
10
9*
7*
8
7*

* Em ployed in country cannery.

40
45*
36
42
403
42*
30
36i l
30j \
30; t
30 :
30 i
30 ;
m !
32
20*
66*
60*
60
60
60
59
59
58*
57
57
57
56*
54*
’ 53
53
52*
49*
49*
48*

0
)
35.30
5.00
3.50
1.50
3.75
4.00
3.00
1.50
1.50
1.50
2.25
1.75
2.25
.75
0)
7.50
8.00
6.40
8.50
6.00
10.00
7.00
10.00
8.00
7.50
7.20
3.75
4.00
6.00
2.70
7.75
3.30
4.20
6.00
7.00

8
8
9
in
12*
8*
10*
7
11*
11*
11*
11*
U*
11*
8
10*
14*
14*
13
13
13
13*
13*
13*
14
14
14
13*
13*
11*
12*
12*
9*
14*
14*
13*

• N ot reported.

48
47
45
44*
43|
42*
42
40*
38
38
38
38
38
38
34
20*
<8)
m
m
(3)
(3)
?3)
(3)
?3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
m
(3 )

(8)
(3 )
(3 )
(3 )
(3 )

(*)
(8>

HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL.

449

T able I V .— HOURS OF L A B O R A N D E ARN IN G S D U RIN G NORM AL AN D

B U SY SEASONS AND N U M BER O F W E E K S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF
IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— SAN FRANCISCO
A N D O A K LA N D , CAL.
CANDY, BISCUITS, BTC.—10 establishments.8
Normal season.

Num­ Age.
ber.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65

Occupation.

39
38
22
16
20
33
22
22
24
24
18
18
16
17
18
21
33
21
18
21
26
20
22
16
19
20
21
19
20
24
20
18
20
20
17
0)
24
18
18
19
18
16
19
18
24
26
41
19
18
20
19
21
20
23
21
30
18
21
20
16
17
16
18
17
17

Packer.................................
Sampler...............................
TTanny poftlrer______ _____
General worker...................
Sealer o f boxes....................
Section head.......................
Shipping clerk....................
General worker...................
....... d o..................................
W rapper.............................
Tag sticker..........................
W rapper..%........................
....... d o..................................
Label sticker.......................
W rapper.............................
Packer.................................
D ipper.................................
....... do..................................
Table worker......................
W rapper.............................
D ipper.................................
Stock girl.............................
D ipper.................................
Stock girl.............................
D ipper.................................
....... do..................................
W rapper.............................
Dipper.................................
.......d o..................................
Packer.................................
Dipper.................................
....... d o..................................
W rapper.............................
Forewoman. .\.....................
Dipper.................................
Packer.................................
Sticker.................................
W rapper..............................
Packer.................................
Table worker......................
Packer.................................
D ipper.................................
....... d o..................................
....... do..................................
....... d o................*.................
Packer.................................
General worker..................
Dipper.................................
Forewoman........................
Packer.................................
Dipper................................
....... ao...................................
Packer.................................
....... do..................................
Dipper.................................
....... do...................................
....... do..................................
Dipper, m achine................
D ipper.................................

i N ot reported.
* Time lost due to illness.




Busy season.

A v­
A v­
W eeks
A v­
A v­
em­ Usual erage erage Num­ erage erage
ployed. hours hours earn­ ber hours earn­
work­
work­
of
per
ings
ings
ed
ed
day. per
per w ’ks. per
per
week.
week.
week.
week.
48
50
50
52
52
244
52
46
46
52
52
52
51
51
51
51
*36
52
52
52
51
52
52
52
*49
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
*36
41
51
51
51
51
50
51
47
40
52
52
52
52
52
4 39
4 50
52
52
52
52
52
37
52
52
52
*40
51
51
51
51

9*
7 82$ $10.00
571 $6.00
9
53*
8.45
7 68*
9.50
53*
7.50
7
60*
8.50
9
9}
6.50
7 0)
57
7.50
2
6.00
81
9.00
9*
57
9*
2
6.50
81
9.00
57
9
8.00
3
53
79*
14.65
9
5.30
3
53
76*
9.50
9
3
53
8.00
79*
15.75
9
53*
10.50
70f
8
15.00
8
9
53*
7.50
70f
1G.50
704
9
10.00
8
15.00
53*
4
9
53*
10.50
70
16.00
9
53*
7.50
70
8
10.25
9
53*
10.50
70
15.00
8
53*
9
10.50
8
70
15.00
&
6.00
4
75*
57
7.00
52*
2
74§
8
9.00
0)
8!
52*
2
74*
10.00
8.00
74|
52*
2
10.00
8f
9.00
52*
3
714
81
7.00
8.65
9
54
1
74
10.75
7.40
8!
4
71
52*
13.00
9.60
52*
3
8!
5.70
8.50
70*
8!
52*
4
71
8.60
12.00
8^
52*
3
73*
10.00
6.70
83
52*
4
71 * 13.00
9.60
52*
7.30
4
71
10.20
83
4
70* 10.25
52*
8.00
83
73*
13.50
3
20.00
83
52*
72*
52*
4
12.00
8.60
83
2
73*
8.65
52*
7.00
83
52*
2
73*
8.65
7.00
83
52*
4
71*
10.00
7.90
8
52*
4
70*
7.00
6.00
83
1
73
6.00
8.00
9 • 57
12
65*
9
53*
18.00
14.00
12
64
9
53*
8.50
6.66
64
4
7.00
9
53*
5.50
65f
53*
8
9
7.50
10.25
5
67* 11.50
9
53*
10.30
66*
9
53
6.00
6
9.00
(l)
8.14
7.00
83. 52*
(*)
2
52*
65*
7.00
6.00
83
3
69*
9.65
13.00
83. 52*
3
52*
69*
10.00
13.00
83
4
67
9.60
13.00
83. 52*
52*
4
67
7.70
10.50
83
52*
4
6.70
67
9.00
83
52*
4
8;
5.89
69*
9.00
4 62 *
6.70
9.00
83. 52*
52*
4
69
13.15
16.00
83
52*
3
69*
11.00
8.50
83
52*
4
8.65
67
12.00
83
52*
4
8.00
67
11.50
83
52*
3
6.70
66*
8.50
83
7
69
6.50
9.00
n ■ 57
62*
54
7
9
9.50
10.50
7
69
8.00
9*
57
9.98
69
9*
9.00
7
10.50
57
4
69
9*
7.00
9.00
57
12
64*
53*
5.00
6.20
9
12
64*
12.50
10.00
9
53*
12
64*
53*
8.00
10.00
9
7 0)
7.50
6.00
9
53
8 First employm ent.
4 Time lost due to voluntary vacation.

Maxim nm
hours.

Per Per
day. week.
13*
12
12
13*
13*
13*
12*
12*
12*
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12*
13*
13*
13*
13*
13
12!
3-2!
12
12!
12j
12!
12!
12! :
12!
12!
13!
12!
12!
1$ '
12
12
12
12
12
12
•13*
13*
12f
12f
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*
12* i
12*
11*
12*
12*
13*
12
13*
13*
13*
12
12
12
12

90
84
84
81
81
81
791
79
79
77
77
77
77*
77
77*
77*
75*
74
74
74
74
74
73*
73*
73*
73*
731
73*
73*
73*
73*
73
71*
71*
71*
71*
71*
71
70*
70
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
68*

450

B U L L E T IN

OP T H E B U R E AU

OF LABO R.

T a b l e IV*— HOURS OF LA B O R AND EARN IN GS D U R IN G N O RM AL A N D

BU SY SEASONS A N D NUM BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF
IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— SAN FRANCISCO
AN D O A K LA N D , CAL.— Continued.
CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC*—10 estabUsliments—Continued.
Normal season.

Num­ Age.
ber.

66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
10 1
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
12 1
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132

38
27
40
16
18
16
30
19
$6
26
33
35
20
24
22
27
32
20
18
30
24
20
19
16
16
21
28
19
16
18
20
20
33
27
18
24
30
34
25
26
23
23
23
18
18
21
20
20
16
21
35
30
18
17
16
16
32
24
21
19
19
19
18
17
21
26
24

Occupation.

D ipper.................................
....... d o..................................
....... d o..................................
....... d o..................................
W rapper.............................
D ipper.................................
....... d o..................................
Packer.................................
Forewoman........................
Packer.................................
....... d o..................................
....... do...................................
....... d o..................................
....... do..................................
Forewoman........................
Packer.................................
....... do..................................
Dipper.................................
Packer.................................
Dipper.................................
Packer.................................
Table worker......................
Sorter........................ *........
Packer.................................
D ipper.................................
....... do..................................
General worker...................
Packer.................................
D ipper.................................
Tray girl.............................
Dipper.................................
Fancy packer......................
....... do..................................
Hard-candy maker.............
Forewoman.........................
Dipper.................................
....... do...................................
....... do...................................
Forewoman...................
D ipper..................... ...........
Helper..................................
W rapper.............................
Table worker......................
Packer.................................
Packer and stacker............
.......do.................................
....... do..............................:. .
Packer.................................
Packer and stacker............
Packer.................................
....... do...................................
....... do..................................
....... do...................................
....... do..................................
Forewoman........................
Labeler................................
....... do..................................
Packer and stacker............
Packer.................................
....... do..................................
Weigher...............................
Packer.................................
....... do...................................

i Time lost due tp illness.




Busy season.

A v­ Aver­
A v­ Aver­
Weeks
em­ Usual erage age Num­ erage age
hours earn­
ployed. hours hours earn­
ber
per work­
ings
o f work­ ings
ed
per
per w 'ks. ed
day. per
per
week. week.
week. week.
*49
51
51
51
51
*38
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
51
52
51
52
51
2 21
*28
44
*34
52
52
. 51
52
52
52
150
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
50
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
26
149
52

9
534
533:
9
53 !
9
53 ‘
’ 9
533’
9
533
9.
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
9 . 53
53
9
53
9
53
9
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
53
9
9
53
524
8f
9
53
57
9}
94 57
57
8 . 524
9 • 57
52|
$
8i
524
54
9
54
9
9
54
54
9
54
9
54
9
54
9
54
9
9
54
54
9
54
9
54
9
54
9
54
9
524
8f
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53
9
53

$8.00
7.90
9.00
8.00
9.00
5.00
10.50
10.30
15.00
10.30
8.85
10.30
10.30
10.30
10.30
10.00
10.30
10.30
6.00
8.85
8.00
10.30
8.00
4.00
5.50
11.0 0
9.50
8.00
8.00
11.0 0
8.00
8.80
5.90
8.80
5.90
7.40
8.80
11.75
8.80
8.80
8.80
14.75
8.80
5.90
5.90
7.00
10.20
10.20
6.60
6.60
6.60
6.60
6.60
7.50
6.60
7.50
6.60
7.50
10.20
7.75
8.00
6.60
10.20
6.60
10.50
6.00
10.20

* First employment.

12
12
12
12
4
12
4
25
30
25
25
30
25
25
25
25
25
25
7
25
12
25
3
24
4
4
3
2
4
2
2
4
4
4
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
3
3
30
30
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
27
27
27
20
20
20
20
30
20
20
20
30

Maximum
hours.
Per Per
day. week.

644 $10.00
644 10.00
11.50
64*
624
10.00
654
11.00
624
6.70
68
14.50
60f
12.25
17.50
604
12.25
604
60|
10.50
12.25
.604
604
12.25
604
12.25
12.25
6O4
15.00
6O4
12.25
60|
12.25
8.00
(5)
6O4
10.50
64
9.00
12.25
6O4
64* 11.0 0
664
6.00
66
6.90
66
14.00
66
11.0 0
66
10.00
66
8.50
66
15.50
66
10.00
66
11.25
66
7.50
66
11.25
66
7.50
66
9.50
11.25
66
66
15.00
11.25
66
66
11.25
66
11.25
66
18.75
11.25
66
66
7.50
66
7.50
8.65
66
564
12.00
564
12.00
7.50
56*
56 *
7.50
56 *
7.50
57*
7.70
56*
7.50
56*
8.00
56 *
7.50
56 *
8.25
56*
7.00
56*
8.75
56* 12.00
56*
8.50
56*
8.50
56*
7.50
12.00
56 *
7.50
11.75
574
6.50
561
564
12.00
* Not reported.

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

684
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
6&
n\
674
13 r
664
12 •
66
12 >
66
12
66
13
66
12
66
12
66
12j
66
13
66
13
66
13
66
13
66
13
66
13
66
13
66
13
66
13
66
13
66
13
66
13
66
13
66
13
66
134
66
12
65
12
65
12
65
12
65
12
65
12
65
12
65
12
65
12
65
12
65
12
65
12
65
12
65
12
65
12
65
12
65
12
65
12
. 65
12
65
12
65
12
65

H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OP W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

451

T able IV .— HOURS OF LA B O R AND EARN IN G S D U R IN G NORM AL A N D

BU SY SEASONS A N D NU M BER OF W E EK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF
IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S—SAN FRANCISCO
AND O A K LA N D , CAL.— Continued.
C A N D Y, B IS C U IT S , E T C .—10 establish m en ts—Continued.
Normal season.

Num­ Age.
ber.

133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197

17
17
23
20
16
16
26
17
17
17
17
19
19
17
25
26
18
18
17
27
19
18
30
24
17
19
24
25
25
47
17
19
19
16
15
47
17
16
16
18
19
21
19
18
18
29
16
18
19
18
14
19
1»
25
21
19
34
17
18
23
16
19
14
18
18

Occupation.

W rapper............................

Weeks
em­ Usual
ployed. hours
per
day.

50
49
45
52
34
45
50
50
50
50
50
52
50
50
....... do..................................
50
Forewoman........................
W rapper.............................
50
....... ao..................................
50
Wrapper and packer..........
50
50
W rapper................ ............
50
....... do..................................
50
D ipper.................................
50
....... do..................................
50
Packer.................................
43
leer......................................
51
Fancy packer......................
51
51
Forewoman........................
Labeler................................
51
Packer.................................
51
47
W rapper.............................
51
52
51
Section head........................
W rapper.............................
51
Dipper.................................
51
W rapper..............................
51
51
....... do..................................
Dipper.................................
39
51
....... do..................................
Filler....................................
51
52
Carton maker......................
51
....... do............................
Packer.................................
50
50
Carton maker......................
51
Forewoman.........................
29
Sorter..................................
51
leer......................................
51
W rapper.............................
MO
52
Dipper.................................
48
W rapper.............................
2 26
Packer.................................
49
W eigher..............................
48
248
Forewoman........................
Packer................................. »
52
....... do..................................
50
*36
....... do..................................
4 48
....... do...................................
Dipper.................................
51
Packer.................................
151
....... d o..................................
51
D ip p e r ..............................
545
....... do...................................
51
W rapper..............................
51
Packer.................................
W rapper.............................
....... do..................................
Packer.................................
Forewoman........................
Packer.................................
D ipper.................................
....... do..................................
....... do..................................

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
. 9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

Busy season.

A v­
A v­ Aver­
erage age Num­ erage Aver­
age
hours earn­
hours
ber work­ earn­
work­ ings
of
ings
ed
ed
per
w 'ks. per
per
per
week. week.
week. week.
15.50
54
5.00
54
8.90
54
52
7.00
5.00
54
4.00
54
10.00
534
8.50
534
7.30
534
8.50
534
10.60
534
10.25
534
10.50
534
9.00
534
9.00
534
10.75
534
5.80
53|
9.20
534
8.00
534
5.00
534
6.00
534
534 - 9.00
7.75
534
10.50
534
7.50
534
6.00
534
534x 11.00
7.00
534
5.50
534
5.50
534
6.00
534
534
6.00
5.50
534
5.00
534
4.66
534
534
6.00
5.00
534
5.00
534
4.66
534
5.00
534
13.50
534
13.50
534
534
10.50
10.50
534
9.50
534
15.00
534
534
7.50
7.50
534
54
7.30
5.90
54
4.50
53
7.50
53
9.50
53
53
10.50
12.00
53
7.50
53
6.00
53
5.50
53
4.50
53
8.50
53
53
5.00
53
5.75
53
5.00
53
12.00
53
5.50

12
12
4
12
12
2
8

6
8
8
8
8
8
8

7
7
7
2
6
7
7
8
8

2
6
12
12
12
12
4
4
3
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
6
8

9
8

4
2
1
17
2
17
3
5
2
12
4
6
1
6
3
2
6
6

63
63
63
63
63
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
62§
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
61
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
62|
624
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62

16.85
6.35
12.00
8.75
6.35
5.00
11.75
12.25
8.75
9.50
10.00
12.00
11.75
10.00
10.50
7.00
7.75
11.50
11.00
6.00
8.00

10.75
10.70
11.00
9.40
7.50.
13.50
8.50
6.50
6.50
7.50
6.70
7.00
6.00
5.60
7.50
6.25
6.50
5.00
5.50
25.00
20.00
11.40
11.40
17.00
18.00
8.75
8.15
8.75
7.00
5.25
9.00
9.50
12.25
15.00
8.75
7.50
6.80
6.00
12.00
8.15
6.85
6.85
16.50
6.80

M a y im n m

hours.

Per Per
day. week.

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

63
63
63
63
63
624
624
624
62|
624
62§
62*
624
624
62f
625
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
624
62}
62}
62}
62*
62}
62}
624
624
62}
624
62}
62}
62}
62}
62}
62|
62*
62?
62?
62*
624
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62

i Time lost due to illness.
* Laid off 13 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* Time lost due to voluntary vacation. 4 Time lost due to illness, 3 weeks; laid off, 1 week.
6 Laid off 1 yreek; rest of tim e lost due to illness.




452

BULLETIN OF TH E BUBEAU OF LABOR,

IV.— HOURS OF L A B O R AN D EARN IN GS D U R IN G N O RM AL A N D
BUSY SEASONS AN D NUM BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF
IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— SAN FRANCISCO
AND O A K LA N D , CAL.— Continued.1
7
*4

T able

CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC.—10 establishments—Continued.
Normal season.

Num­ Age.
ber.

198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
* 228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257

20
19
16
17
22
24
15
25
16
30
18
22
26
16
35
25
27
35
17
17
19
20
18
15
17
19
18
25
21
17
18
21
20
23
21
28
19
19
43
20
16
16
17
32
44
21
17
19
28
21
17
21
17
22
21
23
23
24
18
20

Occupation.

D ipper.................................
Packer.................................
W rapper.............................
W rapper and packer..........
Helper.................................
Sample packer.....................
Packer..................*.............
....... d o..................................
D ipger.................................
leer......................................
Forewoman........................
leer......................................
P a c k e r..............................
leer......................................
General worker...................
leer......................................
D ipper.................................
leer......................................
Packer.................................
leer......................................
Forewoman........................
W rapper..............................
....... d o..................................
Packer.................................
Packer and stacker............
Packer.................................
W rapper and packer..........
Stacker................................
Packer.................................
leer......................................
Packer.................................
leer......................................
D ipper.................................
leer......................................
....... d o...................................
___ .d o ...................................

Forewoman.........................
Fancy packer.....................
Labeler................................
Packer.................................
W rapper..................... 1___
Packer.................................
Packer and stacker.............
Packer.................................
W rapper and packer..........
Assorted packer..................
Liner of boxes.....................
Carton m aker......................

Busy season.

Av­ Aver­
Av­ Aver­
Weeks
em­ Usual erage age. Num­ erage age
hours
hours
ployed. hours
earn­
ber
earn­
per work­ ings
o f work­
ings
ed
ed
day. per
per
w ’ks. per
per
week. week.
week. week.
51
51
51
50
139
144
51
50
*26
52
52
52
51
340
4 24
52
51
51
51
340
51
51
6 32
«21
51
, 52
52
52
50
48
48
50
•31$
52
1 44
50
52
52
51
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
49
^50
7 18
7 32
« 32
51
51
51
52
50
52
52
52

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8f
||
9*
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
52*
52
54
53*
53*
53*
53*
53*
53*
53*
53*
53*
53*
53*
53*
53*
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
54
54
53*
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53

112.00
6.50
4.50
6.00
5.00
11.50
4.50
7.50
5.00
9.00
9.00
10.15
7.50
7.50
10.50
7.50
12.00
10.50
7.50
7.50
7.50
7.50
7.50
6.00
7.50
7.50
7.50
12.00
9.00
7.50
7.50
8.15
7.20
9.00
5.00
7.50
7.50
7.50
10.50
6.50
4.90
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
7.20
4.90
7.50
11.75
5.95
7.50
5.00
7.50
8.95
10.30
10.50
8.79
6.00
5.80
8.50

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
1
1
4
4
6
6
3
1
10
6
6
6
8
2
2
7
1
2
4
5
3
4
4
5
2
3
3
6
4
3
4
8
5
5
5
5
5
•5
5
5
4
1
1
3
1
3
4
2
2
2
20
2
2

62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
60*
6o|
60*
59*
59*
59*
59*
59*
59*
59*
59*
59*
59*
59*
59*
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
58
57
56*
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56

$16.50
8.00
5.75
7.50
5.50
12.00
6.40
8.15
6.00
12.00
11.00
13.30
8.75
8.75
12.50
8.75
15.00
13.00
8.75
8.15
8.75
8.75
8.75
7.50
8.45
8.75
8.75
14.00
10.00
8.75
8.15
9.75
8.75
10.25
5.80
8.75
8.00
9.40
13.00
6.50
5.75
8.75
8.75
8.75
8.75
8.75
5.75
8.75
13.00
6.50
8.00
5.40
8.10
9.75
12.00
11.25
9.75
6.50
6.50
9.00

Maximum
hours.
Per Per
day. week.

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
124

in
12*
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
12
12
-1 2
12
12
12
•12
12
12
12
12

1 Time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* First em ploym ent; tim e lost, due to illness, 3 months.
* W orked elsewhere during rest of year.
4 First em ploym ent in this industry; had worked elsewhere.
6 Time lost due to illness, 2 weeks; 18 weeks em ployed elsewhere.
• First em ploym ent.
7 Time lost due to illness.
• Time lost due to voluntary vacation, 2 weeks; rest of tim e em ployed elsewhere.




62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62

if

60*
59*
59*
59*
59*
59*
59*
59*
59*
59*
59
59
59 •
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
58
57
56*
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56

AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN M D. AND

.— HOURS OF L A B O R AND EARN IN GS D U RIN G NORM
SEASONS A N D NUM BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM
DU AL WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— SAN F R
A.KLAND, CAL.— Continued.
CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC.—10 establishments—Continued.
Normal season.

Occupation.

uei.

258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285

286

287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319

18
25
19
38

22

19
18
39
17
17
17
14
14
16
23
37
15
19
21
17
47
19
28
17
21
15
16
17
18

22

19

Liner o f boxes.........
Snap packer............
Packer and stacker.
....... d o ...................
W rapper..................
Dipper i i . . ..............
R oller runner..........
General worker.......
W ra p p e r..............
Sealer of b ox es..
___ d o............ '..
W rapper, i .......
Sealer of b ox es..
D ipger..............
Sealer of b ox es..
Packer..............
W rapper........... .
General worker..
D ipper.............. .
Tray girl...........
W rapper........... .
D ipper.............. .
------do................
.... .d o................
W rapper.___
Cake dipper___
leer.

20 .....d o ......................

W rapper..................
Packer..................... .
17 leer.......................... .
18 ___ d o ..................... .
19 Packer..................... .
32 ----- do...................... .
19 Stacker.................... .
18 Packer and weigher..
18 Stacker.;................. .
16 Packer......................
18 D ipper......................
19 Carton maker...........
16 ....d o ...................... .
27 ....d o .......................
16 ----- d o.......................
43 Closer of boxes..........
23 Packer......................
27 ....d o .......................
18 Stacker......................
15 W rapper...................
20 Packer......................
16 Carton maker...........
15 Packer......................
16 W rapper...................
22 Packer......................
21 Dipper.,

%

22

15
18

Weeks
em­ Usual
ployed. hours
per
day.

52
52
52
50
52
52
43
50
12 1
16
124
18
16
18
18
112
52
18
120
18
130
52
52
52
50
50
*20
1 16
i 20
132
52
126
52
52
50
51
52
51
52
51
50
50
138
52
52
52
52
52
4 48
»32
52
52
124
120
52
12 2
112
52
52
51
* 12
> 12

Cleaner, cans.
Packer.
9
* First employment.
* N ot reported.
* First employment in this industry*

18544°—No. 96—12----- 8



9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9}
9}
9}
9}
9}
9}
9}
9}
9}
9}
9}
9}
9}
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

Busy seaso

A v­ Aver­
Av­
erage Aver­ Num­ erage age
age
hours
hours earn­
ber work* earn­
work­
ings
of
ings
ed
ed
w ’ks. per
per
per
per week.
week.
week.
week.
53
53
53
53
53
53
49
49
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
54
54
54
53}
53}
53}
53}
53}
53}
53}
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53

$5.80
7.50
4.80
8.70
7.50
9.50
5.50
6.50
5.00
(*)
(*)
4.50
5.00
4.50
5.00
8.00
10.00
4.50
5.00
5.00
5.00
8.80
5.90
5.50
6.00
7.00
4.50
5.00
4.50
3.50
7.50
5.00
7.50
10.45
8.75
8.25
6.75
9.00
7.50
7.50
8.70
7.25
4.80
5.80
10.30
5.80
7.20
5.80
5.80
6.00
10.00
f.5 0
3.40
7.50
12.00
4.50
4.50
10.00
6.60
7.00
4.00
5.00

56
56
56
54
53}

$6.50
8.00
6.00
8.70
7.75
5.95
8.00

* Time lost due to illness,
i Tim e lost due to voluntary vacatu

454

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

T able IV .—HOURS OF L A B O R AND EARN IN GS D U R IN G NO RM AL A N D
BUSY SEASONS AN D NU M BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM EN T OF
IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— SAN FRANCISCO
AND O A K LA N D , CAL.—Concluded.
C A N D Y, B IS C U IT S , E T C .—10 establish m en ts—Concluded.
Normal season.

Num­
ber.

320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
32S
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347

Occupation.

29 Cleaner, can s...
19 Packer..............
32 D ipper..............
18 .......d o................
14 Errand girl.......
17 Packer..............
17 W rapper...........
16 T y er.................
17 W rapper...........
18 Packer..............
17 W rapper...........
16 Packer..............
18 W rapper...........
20
21 General worker.
48 W rapper...........
18 General worker.
17 B ox maker.......
17 Roller runner...
31 Packer..............
16 General worker.
17 .......d o...............
16 ....... d o...............
25 Packer..............
18 General worker.
W rapper...........
21 General worker.
16 ....... d o...............




Busy season.

AyAv- AverWeeks
erage Averem­ Usual erage
Num­ hours
ployed. hours hours
earn­
earnber
work­ mgs
of work­
ings
ed
ed
per
w
ks.
per
per
per
week.
week.
week.
52
52
51
51
116
18
52
119
52
122
112
52
52
52
112*
52
52
136*
52
116
115
52
124
52
*23
*20
*12

9
9
9
9
8f
8i
8i
8i
8i
8;
8:

53
53
53
53

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

* First employment.

$9.00
7.50
12.00
9.00
5.00
5.00
4.90
5.00
4.90
5.00
5 00
5.00
8.50
7.00
6.50
6.50
5.45
5.00
6.00
5.00
5.00
5.50
5.00
9.00
5.00
6.50
4.00
6.00

Maximum
hours.

Per Per
day. week.

HOURS AND EARNINGS OP W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL.

455

T able IV.—HOURS OF LA B O R AN D EARNIN GS D U RIN G NORM AL A N D
BU SY SEASONS A N D NUM BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF IN D I­
V ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
CIGARS AND CIGARETTES—2 establishments.

,l Employed elsewhere rest of time.
* First em ployment.
* Time lost due to voluntary vacation.
4 Laid off 10 weeks; voluntary vacation of 4 weeks.
* Voluntary lay-off of 1 day each week.




456

BULLETIN OF TH E BUBEAU OF LABOR,

IV.—HOURS OF L A B O R A N D EARN IN G S D U R IN G NO RM AL AND
B U SY SEASONS A N D NUM BER O F W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF
IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— SAN FRANCISCO,
CAL.— Continued.
PAPER BOXES—7 establishments.1
2
3
4

Ta b l e

Normal season.

Num­ Age.
ber.

1
2
3
4j
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62

21
18
43
18
19
21
18
16
19
18
18
21
17
22
22
24
25
17
20
17
25
35
30
21
22
22
17
19
18
16
36
22
25
(8)
19
17
16
18
15
22
35
21
19
21
18
18
16
19
18
17
32
19
16
16
25
17
16
25
16
19
17
16

Occupation.

Strapper..............................
Glue worker, m achine.......
Glue worker, hand.............
Turner-in.............................
Machine lacer......................
General worker............... :.
Glue worker, machine.......
Machine operator, co v e r.. .
Table worker......................
Feeder, automatic machine
Catcher................................
Machine operator, cover. . .
Stripper and gluer..............
Table worker......................
Gold-leaf worker.................
General worker...................
Glue worker, hand.............
Feeder, automatic machine
Strapper..............................
Stayer and strapper...........
B ox m aker..........................
....... do...................................
.......do...................................
Comer stayer......................
Strapper..............................
B ox maker..........................
General worker...................
Strapper..............................
Coverer................................
Stayer..................................
Glue worker, hand.............
Strapper, machine..............
Glue worker, hand.............
Top labeler..........................
Strapper..............................
Turner-in.............................
W ire operator.....................
Glue worker, m achine.......
T ier......................................
Cleaner................................
Machine operator................
Strapper...............................
....... do...................................
B ox maker..........................
B ox maker, small...............
Strapper...............................
....... do...................................
Coverer................................
Strapper...............................
Errand girl..........................
Paper coverer.....................
Candy box maker...............
Helper..................................
Errand girl..........................
Forewoman.........................
Lacer....................................
Glue worker, hand.............
Lacer....................................
Strapper...............................

Weeks
em­ Usual
ployed. hours
per
day.

52
52
52
52
150
52
52
52
52
52
49
52
49
232
52
52
52
52
52
49
52
52
52
52
52
*50
52
52
50
51
52
52
«45
52
52
2 24
29
« 21
52
52
52
52
52
52
51
52
52
52
51
*25
51
52
52
40
8 48
150
52
52
51
52
51
50

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9*
9
8*
8*
8*
8*
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8*
8*
8*
8*
8*
g|
9
9
8*
9
9

Busy season.

A v­ Aver­
A v­
erage
erage Aver­
age Num­ hours
age
hours earn­
ber work­ earnwork­ ings
ings
of
ed
ed
per w’ks. per
per
per
week. week.
week. week.
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
50
50
53
50
53
53
53
53
50
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53*
53*
53*
53
53
53
53
53
53
53*
53*
53*
50*
50*
52
50*
53*
53*
53*
53*
53*
53*
53*
50*
50*
50*
51*
50*
53*
53*
50*
53*
53*

$6.00
5.00
11.50
8.00
8.00
9.00
5.00
8.00
8.00
5.80
4.70
6.00
4.80
8.50
5.00
10.00
10.00
4.90
8.30
5.40
9.20
9.20
7.30
9.00
8.30
9.20
6.10
8.75
6.85
4.95
8.00
10.00
10.50
9.00
7.50
4.50
3.50
6.35
3.95
9.00
6.90
6.40
7.00
7.80
6.30
4.90
4.75
7.40
7.00
4.10
8.80
5.90
3.90
5.00
10.00
5.40
6.40
15.80
7.30
7.80
7.30
5.40

12
69*
12
65*
12
67
12
66
12
65*
12
63*
12
65*
12
65*
12
62*
4
68
4
68
12
62*
12
68
12
62*
12
65*
12
63
12
65
4
68
8
67
8
67
8
67
8
67
8
62*
12
62*
8
67
8
67
8
67
6
63
6
63
6
63
12
62*
12
60*
12
60
2
63
4
63
4 . 63
6
62*
1
62*
12
62*
14
59?
14
14 59?
59?
14
14 59?
12
62*
6
62*
6
62*
12
62*
12
62*
5
62*
12
62*
14 59*
14
59*
14
59?
14
14
59?
14
12
62*
12
14 59?
12
62*
12
62*

1 Time lost due to illness.
2 First em ploym ent.
3 Tim e lost due to voluntary vacation.
4 Laid off three weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation.
6 Not reported.
• First em ploym ent in this industry.




$9.00
6.00
15.00
11.0 0
10.00
12.30
7.00
10.50
12.00
8.00
7.00
8.50
7.50
11.25
7.50
13.00
14.00
7.00
11.00
6.80
12.60
12.60
10.00
12.00
11.00
12.60
8.00
9.00
9.25
6.00
12.50
14.00
12.00
9.75
8.75
5.00
4.00
6.00
5.20
11.00
8.50
8.00
9.35
10.50
7.50
n5.50
5.80
9.00
8.00
5.00
12.00
9.00
5.00
6.00
13.00
6.50
7.00
21.00
9.00
10.00
9.00
6.50

Maximnui
hours.
Per Per
day. week.

13
12
12
13
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
10
10
10
10
10
13
10
11
10
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
12
12*
12
11*
111
11*
11*
11*
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
U*

11*
H*
10
10
10
12
12
U*

12
12

75
71
71
71
71
71
71
71
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
65*
65*
65*
65
65
65
63
63
63
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*
62*

HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL.

457

T able I V .— HOURS OF L A B O R A N D EARN IN GS D U RIN G NORM AL A N D

B U SY SEASONS AN D NU M BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF
IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— SAN FRANCISCO,
CAL.— Continued.
PA PE R B O XES—7 esta b lish m en ts—Continued.
Busy season.

Normal season.

Num­ Age.
ber.

15
17
17
25
15
23
24
17
20
30
17
23
15
36
18
17
17
16
19
19
20
30
18

21

18
16
17
18
14
30
20

%

100

101

102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110

111

112

113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122

123
124
125
126

17
38
20
20

22

23
24
17
18
18
33
29
19
30
18
17
15
24
21
16
18
17
48
18
23
18
15
16
16
18
19

Occupation.

A v- AverA v­ AverWeeks
em­ Usual erage • age_ Num­
hours
ployed- hours hours earn­
ber
ings
of work­
per work­
ed
ed
per
per w’ks. per
day. per
week. week.
week.

B ox closer.,
Strapper...,
Candy-box m aker..............
Strapper..............................
General worker...................
General worker and box
m axer, h a n d ...................
H elper..'..............................
Paper coverer......................
Candy-box m aker..............
B oxglu er............................
Indexer of packing b ox es..
Strapper..............................
T ie rl!..................................
Turner-in.............................
Coverer................................
....... do...................................
Turner-in............................
Strapper..............................
General worker...................
Glue worker, hand.............
Strapper..............................
Candy-box maker...............
Strapper..............................
Top labeler..........................
Machine lacer......................
Stayer..................................
General worker...................
Expert box makar..............
Coverer................................
Feeder..................................
B ox maker..........................
....... do........................-..........
Table worker......................
Glue worker, m achine.......
Table worker......................
Stock girl and timekeeper.
Stock girl.............................
Stripper...............................
Glue worker, hand.............
....... do...................................
Stripper...............................
Lacer...................................
Feeder..................................
Stripper...............................
Labeler................................
Top labeler..........................
Turner-in............................
Stayer..................................
Glue worker, m achine.......
Table worker......................
Strapper..............................
General worker...................
Gold-leaf worker.................
Strapper..............................
Table worker......................
Assorter...............................
Turner-in............................
General worker...................
Paster..................................
Folder..................................

1 Time lost due to illness.
* First employment in this industry.
* N ot reported.




53j
139
52
52

8£
g|
01

50 r
50 >
504

52
52
»40
52
52
52
52
52
52
50
52
52
*26
52
147
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
4 49
52
52
52
52
52
1 46
52
52
52
3 39
52
50
5 17
*28
»16
16
52
624
s8
52
52
52
*16
5 16
324
58
526
«44
52

fa

504
504

S
!

s
84
9
9
9
9
9
8!
3

r

1’f
1r
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

504
504
534
504
534
534
534
504
504
504
504
504
504
504
534
534
50
53
53
53
53
53
504
50
50 \
504
50
50ii
50;;
53
50
48
534

Maximum
hours.

Per Per
day. week.

$4.75
5.80
5.25
7.90
6.50
6.80

12
12
6
12
14
5

624
624
624
59A
59g
624

$6.00
6.90
6.00
9.20
7.50
10.00

12
12
12
11$
I lf
114

10.30
5.80
7.50
10.00
7.00
4.95
5.80
5.90
4.00
8.75
8.75
3.95
5.90
8.00
7.80
9.80
5.90
10.00
8.50
5.40
5.40
6.90
4.45
11.80
5.80
7.80
7.30
9.00
7.00
9.00
7.50
11.80
11.80
7.30
4.40
6.00
6.50
5.30
9.00
7.90

14
14
14
14
14
14
12
14
6
12
12
6
2
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
12
12
4
8
4
12
12
3
14
14
2
2
1
1
2
12
1
3

594
59$
593
59$
59$
593
62$
59X
62$
62$
624
624
624
59$
594
59*
59$
59$
59$
59$
59$
59$
59$
62|
624
62
62
62
62
62
62
57$
58 *

13.00
7.00
8.00
12.00
9.00
6.75
6.50
7.00
4.50
10.50
12.00
4.30
7.00
10.00
10.00
11.00
7.00
12.00
10.50
6.05
7.00
8.50
5.40
15.00
7.90
9.75
8.75
15.00
10.00
12.00
8.50
14.00
14.00
7.50
4.80
6.50
7.00
5.75
12.00
8.00
9.334

114
114
111
114
114
114
12
114
12
12
12
12
12
114
114
lli
Hi
11
11
Hi
lli
Hi
lb
12
12
12
9
12
12
12
12
11$
11
11
lli
11
ill
u
12
104
11

gj
s
g
59I
8
594
8i
594
jjj
594
8i
9
59
9
574
8.00
8
54
4.40
9
9
4.60
534
5.40
9
6.95
9
534
9.00
534
9
4.00
84
9*
4.50
53*
7.30
9
53
9
53
6.50
9
7.50
53
53
8.00
9
9
5.00
53
4.00
9
53
4.50
9
53
9
5.00
53
8
51
8.00
6.50
48
3
5.20
504
84
4 Time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* First employment.
• Laid off 6 weeks; rest of time lost due to illness.

51

458

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LABOR,

T a b l e IV .— HOURS OF L A B O R AN D EAR N IN G S D U R IN G NO RM AL A N D

B U SY SEASONS A N D NUM BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF
IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— SAN FRANCISCO,
CAL.— Continued.
PA PE R B O X E S—7 establish m en ts—Concluded.
Busy season.

Normal season.

Num­ Age.
ber.

127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155

19
25
14
16
20
17
29
33
19
16
20
20
17
15
16
17
26
17
35
20
20
17
18
18
(i*7)
18
20
19
19

Occupation.

Taper..................................
Liner....................................
Folder.................................
Glue worker, hand............
Strapper..............................
Stitcher...............................
General worker...................
H elper.................................
Glue worker, m achine.......
General worker...................
Forewoman........................
Stripper...............................
Stitcher...............................
Helper.................................
Tier......................................
Assorter...............................
Corrugated-box m aker___
....... do..................................
Assorter...............................
Corrugated-box m aker___
Feeder.................................
Tier......................................
B ox m aker..........................
T ier......................................
Forewoman........................
Glue worker, m achine.......
Stripper...............................
Paster and box maker.......
B ox maker..........................

Weeks
em­ Usual
ployed. hours
per
day.

126
52
150
52
*26
52
52
*8
52
*8
52
*26
52
4 17
50
52
52
52.
149
52
*17
6 12

*28
4 20

148
* 40
*8
*25
4 12

84
84
Sh
8*
gl
8}
8*
8§
84
8§
84
84
84
84
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

A v- AverA v­ Aver­
erage
age Num­ hours age
hours earn­
earn­
ber
work­ ings
ings
of work­
ed
ed
per
per
w
’ks.
per week.
per week.
week.
week.
504
504
504
50|
50£
504
50|
504
50}
50$
504
50*
504
504
50
50
50
50
50
50
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48

Maximum
hours. .

Per Per
day. week.

$5.80
8.50
4.60
6.50
7.25
6.05
7.30
7.50
6.90
4.50
9.80
4.90
5.40
4.45
4.70
4.55
5.80
4.90
5.80
8.30
9.00
4.95
4.50
4.50
11.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
4.25

S H IR T S , O V E R A L L S, E T C .—6 e s t a b lis h m e n t s .
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

19
37
21
28
19
25
(7)
28

Feller...................................
B oxpleater.........................
Hemmer..............................
Inspector.............................
Assistant f orewoman.........
Machine operator, y ok es...
Feller...................................
Machine operator, button­
hole...................................
....... do...................................
Machine operator, bu tton ..
Front maker.......................
Machine operator, bu tton ..
K nitter................................
Rewinder............................

25
35
39
20
27
16
19
28 Forewoman.........................
19 Machine operator, bu tton ..
29 Exam iner............................
19
(7) ....... do...................................
28 Presser.................................
33

150
148
52
52
52
52
52

9|
9
94
9
84
9

54 ■
54 •
53 1
545f
535!
51
534

$8.00
14.00
15.00
11.90
6.90
14.45
11.80

2
4
8
3
4
12
1

654 $10.00
63*
16.00
15.00
63*
62*
14.00
62|
7.50
60
15.50
13.50
594

m
12J
m
174
12
114
12

664
63
63
62
62
60
594

52
52
52
52
52
*50
*14
52
*51
150
*48
52
52
52
52

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8]
8|
8|
8
8!
8|

534
534
53|
53
53
494
494
494
494
48
48
48
48
48
48

11.80
9.80
9.00
10.80
11.80
10.50
5.20
8.80
19.75
12.00
9.00
9.75
6.50
12.00
9.50

5
4
2
6
1
6
6
17
17
16
16
16
10
12
12

594
594
594
59
59
584
58£
58£
584
57
57
57
57
57
57

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
m
IV

59i
59?
59?
59*
59
58.
58*
58*
58?
57*
57
57
57
57
57

i Time lost due to illness.
* Time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* First employment.
* First em ploym ent in this industry.
» Only employment during period of investigation.
« Laid off 0 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation.
7 N ot reported.
* Had had other employment.




14.00
12.50
11.50
14.00
13.25
11.50
6.00
10.00
22.00
15.00
11.00
11.50
7.00
15.00
11.30

hi

11
11
hi

H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S O F W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

459

‘ T able I V .— HOURS OF L A B O R AN D EARN IN GS D U RIN G NORM AL A N D

B U SY SEASONS A N D NUM BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF
IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U ST R IE S— SAN FRANCISCO,
CAL.— Continued.
S H IR T S , O V E R A LLS, ETC*—6 establish m en ts—Continued.
Normal season.

Num­ Age.
ber.

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81

Occupation.

Weeks
em­ Usual
ployed. hours
per
day.

39 Presser.................................
32 ....... do...................................
40 Marker................................
25 Forewoman........................
15 Machine operator, bu tton ..
16 Tacker.................................
24 Exam iner............................
24 ....... do..................................
19 Machine operator, buttonhole..................................
21
21 ....... do..................................
Presser................................
(4)
20 Marker................................
21 Exam iner............................
23 ....... do..................................
46 .......do..................................
24 Machine operator, button­
hole..................................
23
41 Marker................................
27 Machine operator, sleeves..
23 Machine operator, bu tton ..
18 ....... do..................................
26 Machine operator, button­
hole..................................
26 Sleeve maker......................
21 Joiner..................................
24 Machine operator, button­
hole..................................
17 K nitter...............................
26 Forewoman........................
18 W inder................................
23
22 Machine operator, bu tton ..
27 Forewoman........................
18 Stamper..............................
22 Folder.................................
21 Machine operator, bu tton ..
19 Folder.................................
21 Packer.................................
18 K nitter................................
28 Presser................................
40 Coat maker..........................
32 Machine operator, overalls.
21 ....... do..................................
50 ....... d o..................................
21 ....... do..................................
25 ....... do..................................
40 ....... do..................................
41 ....... do...................................
30 Coat facer............................
27 Finisher..............................
40 Front maker.......................
34 Back maker........................
40 Machine operator, overalls.
33 ....... do..................................
24 ....... do...................................
32 ....... d o..................................
16 Stamper..............................
32 Pants maker.......................
39 Cuff maker..........................
22 Machine operator, overalls.

1 Time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* Time lost due to illness.
* First employment.
* N ot reported.




Busy season.

Av­
A v­
erage Aver­
erage Aver­
age Num­ hours
age
hours earn­
ber work­ earn­
work­ ings
ings
of
ed
ed
per
w ’ks.
per
per
per
week. week.
week. week.

Maximum
hours.

Per Per
day. week.

150
52
*42
52
*24
*46
52
52

8*
81
81
81
81
81
81
81

48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48

$12.00
14.00
5.00
12.00
6.00
8.50
8.50
9.75

12
12
3
16
16
2
16
16

57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57

$15.00
18.00
7.00
15.00
8.50
9.00
9.75
11.50

11|
11
11
lli
HI
lli
11|
lli

57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57

52
150
52
. 52
150
52
52
52

81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81

48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48

11.00
14.00
12.50
10.00
9.00
9.75
9.75
9.00

14
16
10
14
16
14
14
16

57
57
57
55#
57
57
57
57

12.50
19.00
15.00
12.00
11.00
11.55
11.55
11.55

HI
HI
111
11|
IV
11|
H|
HI

57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57

150
52
150
50
151
52

8$
8§
8f
8*
8
8

48
48
48
51
48
47*

11.00
12.00
12.00
13.40
8.50
8.80

16
4
16
8
1
4

57
57
57
57
57
56*

15.00
14.00
14.00
16.00
10.50
10.50

H|
U
111
lli
11
11

57
57
57
57
57
56*

151
52
52

8
8
8

47
47
47

8.80
7.50
7.80

4
1
1

56
56
56

12.00
10.00
8.50

11
11
11

56
56
56

52
*48
52
*44
151
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
« 48
7 29
52
52
52
52
52
i 40
52
52
52
52
52
*16
52
52
52
52
*30
52
*20
52

11*
11.80
8
56
8*
50
14.00
12
49*
6.00
6
55*
9
6.50
12
49*
12 55*
12.00
9
13.00
12
49*
4
55*
7.80
9
8.00
12 55*
12
8.80
49*
9
9.50
8.50
43*
1
55*
10*
11.50
7*
12
49*
9
20.00
3
55*
21.00
8j : 51|
1 54§
8.50
9.00
H|
11
5.50
8]
48
1 54
7.00
1 54
11
8
8.50
48
11.00
1 54
11|
48
7.50
8i
10.00
#
48
10.50
16 52*
11.55
lli
49*
8
12
9
7.30
52*
7.30
12
6.00
111
51
7.00
8l l 48
9 \ 5411 13.40
9 \ 54
10.40
9
54
8.90
9
54!
8.90
9
5451
8.80
54 •
9
6.00
54 i 11.80
9
54
9
11.80
9
54 . 10.40
54 ; 10.40
9
9
54
7.80
54 ■
9
8.80
9
54 ;
5.90
9
54
13.00
54 ■
9
9.90
9
54 ■
8.90
54
6.40
9
9
54 ■
8.80
9
54 ■
5.00
54|f
8.80
96 Had had other employment.
* Time lost due to illness and to voluntary vacation.
7 First employment in this industry.

56
55
55
55
55
55
55
54
54
54
54
54
52}
51

60
ABl

BT
IN
Cl

BULLETIN OP TH E BUREAU OP LABOR,

-H O U R S OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORM.
REASONS AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYM1
)U AL WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—SAN
S H IR T S , O V E R A LLS, E T C .—6 establish m en ts—Continued.
Normal season.

'urnter.

82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

101
102

103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114

115
116
117
118
119

120

121

122

123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135

Occupation.

28 Machine operator, overalls.
26 ___ d o..................................
___ do..................................
___ do...................................
21 ___ do...................................
23 ___ do...................................
36 ___ do...................................
24 ___ d o..................................
26 .......d o..................................
28 Forewoman........................
34 Machine operator, overalls.
30 Pants maker.......................
48 Repairer..............................
37 Front maker.......................
18 Sleeve maker......................
20
18 Cuff maker..........................
36 Sleeve maker......................
33 Pants maker.......................
48 ....... do..................................
33 ....... d o..................................
43 ....... d o..................................
25 ....... do..................................
Forewoman........................
31 Exam iner............................
19 Machine operator...............
23 Instructor...........................
35 Machine operator................
72 Seamstress..........................
37 Machine operator, special..
Finisher...............................
<2)
60 Machine operator................
35 Machine operator, button­
hole..................................
20 R iveter................................
18 ....... d o..................................
18 ....... do...................................
34 Machine operator, bu tton ..
30 General worker...................
52 Machine operator, overalls.
20 ....... do..................................
39 Machine operator................
32 Assistant forewoman..........
19 Marker.................................
Joiner...................................
Feller...................................
Machine operator, cuffs___
% Machine
operator, button­
hole..................................
54 Machine operator, cuffs___
48 Shirt maker........................
23 Front maker........... •...........
Machine operator, button­
hole..................................
35 Overall front maker...........
23 Machine operator, overalls.
40 Finisher...............................
31 Machine operator, overalls.
22 Finisher...............................
23 Machine operator, overalls.
20 ....... do...................................
35 ....... do...................................
35 ....... do..................................
48 ....... d o...................................

A v­ Aver­
A v­ AverWeeks
em­ Usual erage age Num­ erage
hours
ployed. hours hours earn­
ber work­ eam work­ ings
of
ings
ed
ed
per
w’ks.
per week.
per
week.
week.
52
150
52
52
52
52
52
52
151
52
52
144
52
52
142
52
150
3 21
52
52
52
140
425
52
52
3 12
52
52
52
149
52
151
52
149
149
49
52
50
52
52
52
52
68
52
52
52

9*
9|
9*
9*
9*
9*
91
9$
91
9|
91
9§
9f
n
9$
9*
9{
9|
9*
9§
91
9*
9*
9*
9§
9*
9*
9*
9*
9*
H

543
18.80 .
54|•
8.80 .
54|•
5.90 .
8.80 .
54
54 .
8.80 .
54?>
8.80 .
6.70 .
54?
54
5.70 .
54 ;
7.40 .
54 ; 14.95 .
54
5.90 .
54?i
8.80 .
7.40 .
54 s
54?
11.50 .
54
5.80 .
54
8.80 .
54?
7.50 .
54?
3.00 .
54? . 7.40 .
543•
6.50 .
54 •
8.90 .
54 •
8.90 .
54 •
7.40 .
54? 1 14.95 .
54?
10.95 .
54?
8.00 .
54 ■ 10.45 .
54)1 .11.80 .
54 !
7.45 .
54 • 12.00 .
54?
5.90 .
54
11.80 .

If
94
9
9
9
9

54
54?
54;
54? ;
54?
54?
54?
54?
54 :
54?•
54
53|
53#
53*

8.80
7.40
7.40
7.40
15.00
8.80
6.90
8.00
7.40
10.45
5.90
5.40
8.50
11.80

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

52
52
52
52

9
9
9
9

53*
53*
53*
53*

7.00
13.80
9.00
9.50

.
.
.
.

52
52
150
322
140
52
52
130
148
52
52

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53

9.80
7.40
5.90
7.40
10.40
9.50
5.90
11.80
5.80
5.90
7.90

.
.
.
.

i Time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* Not reported.
• First em ployment.




Busy seasox

9}
9f
9*
9*
9§
9|

* Time lost due to illness.
&Had had other employment.

AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL.

461

.—HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND
SEASONS AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF
DUAL WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—SAN FRANCISCO,
S H IR T S , O V E R A LLS, E T C .—6 establish m en ts—Continued.
Normal season.

lum­
ber.

143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199

Occupation.

Machine operator, overalls.
....... d o..................................
....... do..................................
....... do..................................
....... do..................................
....... do...........; ......................
....... d o..................................
Pants maker.......................
Back maker...................
Machine operator, overalls.
....... d o..................................
....... do...................................
....... do..................................
Presser.................................
Machine operator, overalls.
....... do...................................
....... do...................................
....... do..................................
Seamstress..........................
Machine operator, overalls.
....... do...................................
....... do...................................
....... do..................................
....... do...................................
....... d o..................................
Repairer..............................
Collar maker.......................
Shirt maker........................
Finisher...............................
Forewoman........................
Machine operator, neck­
bands...............................
Joiner..................................
Machine operator, sleeves..
Buttoner.............................
Sleever.................................
Machine operator, neck­
bands...............................
Cuff maker..........................
Front maker.......................
Stamper..............................
....... do...................................
Pinners................................
Finisher..............................
Braider................................
Trimmer.............................
....... do...................................
Alterer.................................
W inder................................
....... do...................................
Cutter..................................
W inder................................
Knitter................................
Picker..................................
Marker and tagger..............
Helper.................................
Raveler...............................
Cutter..................................
Finisher...............................

Weeks
em­ Usual
ployed. hours
per
day.

Busy season.

A v­
A v­
erage Aver­
erage Aver­
age Num­ hours
age
hours earn­
ber work­ earn­
work­ ings
of
ings
ed
ed
w 'ks. per
per
per
per
week. week.
week. week.

140
52
52
144
135
52
148
52
150
151
144
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
2 12
52
52
150
52
52
52
4 49
25
52
*50

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8§
8*
8§

53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
51§
51
51
51

$8.90
7.45
5.90
7.40
10.30
5.90
8.80
7.40
10.00
7.40
8.80
8.80
7.40
7.95
7.90
7.40
5.90
7.50
7.40
5.80
5.90
8.00
5.80
7.40
5.90
8.45
5.00
7.40
5.40
13.90

52
8 34
8 25
«16
52

8*
8*
8}
8*
8*

51
51
51
50*
50*

8.00
10.80
10.50
3.45
4.00

Maximum
hours.
Per Per
day. week.

48
8*
14.80
so*
i
si
50*
•16
3.00
i
212
8*
50
4.00
i
Si
«25
50
5.90
_. 1
52
49f
8*
11.80
( ...
•26
9
49*
5.80
i
748
9
49}
4.30
............ I..........
49*
50
9
10.75
............ 1..........
49*
150
9
8.80
............ ...........
4 50
9
49}
14.75
3 30
9
49*
7.30
1
1
•17
9
49*
4.50
)
9
49}
•17
5.50
j
52
9
49*
8.75
i
49*
8 17
9
5.10
!
52
9
49}
6.30
49*
•26
9
6.25
I
4 48
9
49*
5.80
i
3 48
9
49*
3.60
i
4 51
9
49}
5.80
1
'49}
9
9.80
150
9
49*
9.30
150
1 Time lost due to voluntary vacation.
a First employment.
3 N ot reported.
4 Time lost due to illness.
8 Additional employment in another establishment, same industry, not reported.
3 Had had other employment.
7 Time lost due to illness and to voluntary vacation.




B U L L E T IN

OE T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R ,

-H O U R S OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND
IEASONS AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF
WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—SAN FRANCISCO,
S H IR T S , O V E R A LL S, E T C .—6 establish m en ts—Continued.
Normal season.

JVl.

200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210

211

212

Occupation.

Seamer................................
Chief examiner...................
Finisher...............................
Machine operator, button..
Finisher..............................
Forewoman........................
Cutter..................................
Finisher...............................
Cutter..................................
Finisher............ - ...............
.......do..................................
Binder and trimmer..........
Finisher...............................
.......do..................................
Feller...................................
.......do..................................
Front maker.......................
Machine operator, collars...
Machine operator...............
.......do...................................
Back-pocket maker............
Finisher, pants...................
....... do..................................
Machine operator, collars..
Machine operator, sleeves..
Side seamer, pants.............
Machine operator, tacker..
Checker...............................
Collar maker.......................
Inspector.............................
Machine operator, b u tton ..
Front maker.......................
Y oker..................................
Coat maker..........................
Machine operator, collars..
Front maker.......................
Collar sewer........................
Collar maker.......................
Checker...............................
.......do...................................
Collar and shirt maker.......
B ox pleater.........................
Tacker.................................
.......do...................................
Presser.................................
.......do...................................
Sleeves.................................
Presser.................................
Cufl presser.........................
Machine operator...............
Forewoman.........................
Machine operator, join er...
Machine operator, sleeves..
Machine operator, side
seams................................

Busy season.

Av­
A v­ Aver­
Weeks
erage Aver­
em­ Usual erage
age Num­ hours
age
hours
ployed. hours
earn­
ber work­ earn­
per work
ings
ings
o
f
ed
ed
per
per w’ks. per
day. per
week. week.
week. week.
119
52
s 50
*51
52
52
*50
52
4 17
49
52
52
52
52
*50
52
125
125
52
52
•51
*26
*50
125
52
52
50
•51
52
52
52
•12
52
• 51
•30
•50
52
52
*50
52
52
#51
52
52
52
•25
52
52
52
52
*40
7 42
52
52
131
52

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

49,
49»
49|
49?
49«
49?
49l

49*
49£
49|

a

491
48|
8
48
8
48
8
48
8i
48
a
48
a
48
a
48
a
48
8
48
8
48
8}
48
a
48
8i
48
8
‘ 48
a
48
8
48
a
48
8
48
a
48
8
48
8
48
a
48
a
48
a
48
a
48
a
48
a
48
a
48
a
48
a
48
a
48
a
48
a
48
a
48
a
48
a
48
a
48
a|
48
a
48
48
a
8

8|

$8.00
14.00
7.80
11.00
9.75
14.50
9.75
10.75
5.00
12.50
15.75
10.80

48

80

11.00
9.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
9.50
12.00
5.40
7.50
8.75
11.80
aoo

9.75
11.30
9.75
9.75
14 50
9.75
aoo

5.75
5.75
7.25
9.75

75
75
75

a
a
a so
a

6.85
aso

6.75
3.50
3.00
7.00
7.50
4 25
14 00
12.00
9.50
12.00
20.00
12.00
12.00
12.00

1 First employment.
* Time lost due to illness and to voluntary vacation.
* Time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* Had had other employment.
* N ot reported.
* Time lost due to illness.
7 Laid off 8 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation.




Maximum
hours.

Per Per
day. week.

H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S O P W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L .

463

T able I V .— HOURS OF LA B O R AND EARNIN GS D U RIN G NORM AL AN D

BU SY SEASONS AND NUM BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF
IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— SAN FRANCISCO,
CAL.—Continued.
S H IR T S , O V E R A LLS, E T C .—6 establish m en ts—Continued.
Normal season.

Num­ Age.
ber.

256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274

25
21
32
21
60
39
25
34
21
38
33
35
26
29
20
35
32
26
21

275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287

23
19
45
23
34
60
22
28
25
18
18
19
45

288
289

20
19

290
291
292

25
30
40

293
294

40
24

295
296
297
298

27
23
21
25

299
300
301
302
303

30
35
35
40
21

304
305
306
307

25
22
17
16

Occupation.

Machine operator, sleeves..
Machine operator, pockets.
Machine operator, button..
....... do..................................
Tacker.................................
Machine operator, collars..
Machine operator...............
Machine operator, collars..
Machine operator....... .—
....... do..................................
....... do..................................
Machine operator, fronts...
Machine operator, pleats. . .
Machine operator, seams. . .
....... do..................................
....... do..................................
Machine operator, cuffs----Machine operator, pockets.
Machine operator, neck­
bands...............................
Machine operator, sleeves..
Machine operator, hemmer.
Body ironer........................
Machine operator, bosom s..
Folder ana presser..............
Button sewer, hand..........
Packer.................................
Presser and folder..............
Presser................................
....... do..................................
....... do..................................
Machine operator, collars...
Machine operator, button­
hole..................................
....... do..................................
Machine operator, side
seams................................
....... do...................................
Machine operator, join er...
Machine operator, front
seams................................
Machine operator, join er...
Machine operator, collar
bands...............................
Machine operator, cuffs—
Machine operator, inseams.
Machine operator, join er...
Machine operator, side
seams................................
Machine operator, join er...
Machine operator, fronts...
Machine operator, pan ts...
Machine operator, h em s...
Machine operator, neck­
bands...............................
Machine operator, seam s...
Machine operator, hem s....
Machine operator, button..
....... do..................................

Weeks
em­ Usual
ployed. hours
per
day.

Busy season.

Av­
Av­
erage Aver­
erage Aver­
age
age
hours
hours earn­
ber work­ earn­
work­ ings
of
ings
ed
ed
w’ks. per
per
per
per
week. week.
week. week.

139
52
52
52
52
52
>44
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
*46
4 26
*51

8|
$
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48

$9.00
11.00
8.50
8.00
3.00
12.00
17.00
6.50
14 00
10.00
10.00
8.00
10.50
11.00
10.50
12.00
8.50
12.00

52
*48
139
52
52
52
52
*50
52
18
120
125
52

Si
&
8
8
8
8

s\
81
8
8
81
81
8]

48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48

20.00
12.00
6.50
8.80
11.80
12.50
2.50
9.00
10.00
7.00
5.00
7.50
11.75

52
*50

8$
8|

48
48

10.15
11.75

*46
*44
<40

8§
8f
8f

48
48
48

8.00
15.00
11.00

52
52

8i
8|

48
48

12.00
8.00

*48
52
*39
52

8f
8|
8f

8§

48
48
48
48

9.00
8.50
10.00
11.00

*51
52
52
52
132

8
8
8
8
8

48
48
48
48
48

12.00
15.00
12.00
12.00
6.00

52
52
4 22
*49
135

8
8
8
8
8

48
48
48
48
48

11.00
9.50
10.50
7.30
4 20

1 First employment.
* Time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* Time lost due to illness.
4 Had had other employment.
6 Laid off 2 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* Laid off 3| weeks; rest of time lost due to illness.




Maximum
hours.

Per Per
day. week.

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR,

.—HO URS OF L A B O R AND E ARN IN G S D U RIN G N O RM AL A N D
SEASONS A N D NU M BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM EN T OF
D U AL WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— SAN FRANCISCO,
Continued.
S H IR T S , O V E R A LLS, E T C .—6 establish m en ts—Continued.1
Normal season.

uei.

308
300
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367

Occupation.

Barrer..................................
Shirt buttoner....................
Joiner..................................
Machine operator, fronts...
....... do..................................
Suspender maker...............
B ib maker...........................
Suspender maker...............
B ib maker...........................
B ib hemmer........................
Sleeves.................................
Front maker.......................
....... do..................................
....... do..................................
....... do..................................
....... do..................................
Back maker........................
Machine operator, inseams.
Machine operator, fronts.. ....... do..................................
Machine operator, cuffs—
Coat maker.........................
Machine operator, fronts.. Coat maker.........................
Machine operator, cuffs___
Machine operator, fronts...
Machine operator................
Pants maker...... ................
Machine operator................
Folder.................................
Machine operator, join er...
Suspender maker................
B oxpleater.........................
Collar maker.......................
....... do..................................
Joiner..................................
Collar maker.......................
Sleever.........: ......................
Collar maker.......................
Neckband ironer................
Starcher...............................
Packer.................................
Button sewer......................
Machine operator, collars . .
Machine operator, neck­
bands...............................
Collar maker.......................
Front maker.......................
Machine operator, overalls.
....... do...................................
....... d o..................................
Machine operator, backs...
Machine operator, overalls.
....... do...................................
...^ .d o ..................................




Weeks
em­ Usual
ployed. hours
per
day.

Busy season.

A v­
Av­ Aver­
erage Aver­
age Num­ erage
age
hours earn­
hours
ber work­ earn­
work­ ings
of
ings
ed
ed
per w’ks. per
per
per
week. week.
week. week.

121
118
a8
117
52
8 39
444
52
52
52
52
52
550
550
150
50
8 44
<46
<42
52
124
544
<51
125
<35
<44
48
550
8 34
52
52
<48
544
49
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
40
52
52
52
525

48
8!
$!
48
8f •48
8| 48
48
8f
8f
48
8|
48
8|
48
8f
48
48
8f
48
8f
8|
48
8§
48
8f
48
8|
48
8§
48
8|
48
ga
48
8| 48
48
8f
8§
48
8|
48
ga
48
g§
48
ga
48
48
8f
8J
48
g|
48
8|
48
gf
48
gf
48
8§
48
gf
48
8§
48
48
8f
8$
48
gf
48
ga
48
gf
48
ga
48
48
8f
ga
48
48
8f
8|
48
48
8f
8f
48
8|
48
8
47*

$5.40
4.60
9.00
7.50
6.75
9.75
9.50
8.00
9.00
11.75
10.25
9.75
8.80
9.50
8.50
10.00
10.60
10.50
12.00
12.30
5.50
10.00
9.75
6.00
13.00
11.00
8.75
11.75
8.50
8.50
9.00
9.50
8.00
7.00
8.50
8.00
14.80
5.00
10.00
6.00
10.00
12.00
10.00
7.90
9.80
8.80
3.00
13.40

52
52
110
530
5 36
5 36
5 30
<44
5 37
78
544
548

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

47*
47*
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47

8.90
7.00
7.50
5.90
7.40
3.00
5.90
4.00
7.40
7.40
5.00
5.00

hours.

Per Per
day. week.

.........1..........
i
l ...
.

!

;

i

............ i .....................
|
I
!
.........'............. 1.....................
1

1 First employm ent.
8 First em ploym ent since marriage.
8 Had had other em ploym ent.
<Time lost due to illness.
5Time lost due to voluntary vacation.
« Time lost due to illness and to voluntary vacation.
7First employm ent during year eovere d.

i

............ i .....................

......i
,

i
i

i

AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL.

465

iE IV.—HOURS OF L A B O R A N D EARN IN GS D U RIN G NORM AL A N D
rSY SEASONS AND NUM BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF
D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— SAN FRANCISCO,
L .— Concluded.
S H IR T S , O V E R A LLS, E T C .—6 establish m en ts—Concluded.
Normal season.

[um­
ber. Age.

368
369
370
371
372
373
374
376
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402

18
21
32
17
19
25
34
27
23
20
(*)
34
35
23
17
34
23
45
36
25
24
40
31
33
35
35
43
16
17
17
16
17
39
23
60

Occupation.

Machine operator, special..
Joiner..................................
Pants maker.......................
Front maker.......................
Cuff maker..........................
Coat h a n d ..........................
Machine operator, overalls.
Tacker.................................
Hemmer..............................
Collar mftlrftr.......................
Collar and neckband maker
Presser................................
Button sewer......................
Placket maker....................
Shirt maker........................
Presser, boxer, and finisher.
Alteration hand.................
Buttonhole m aker............
Shirt nlaker........................
Forewoman........................
Custom worker...................
Machine operator, collars..
Buttonhole m aker............
Collar maker.......................
Bander................................
Riveter................................
....... do..................................
Sleever................................
Machine operator...............
Feller..................................
Machine operator, overalls.
Machine operator, collars..
Machine operator, overalls.

Av­ Aver­
A v- AverWeeks
em­ Usual erage
age Num­ hours age
ployed. hours hours earn­
ber work­ earn­
work­
per
ings
of
ings
ed
ed
day. per
per w ’ ks. per
per
week.
week.
week.
week.
52
150
52
144
52
*8
52
52
52
52
50
26
52
26
>44
151
52
52
151
150
150
52
33
425
150
52
»44
52
52
*13
52
•13
149
*50
140

1Time lost due to voluntary vacation.
* First employment.
* N ot reported.




Busy season.

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
81?
81f
8jr
8•
8:
si •
8j■
8r
8:

8

8J
7*
8
8
7)
7
74
6
6
5}

47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
46f
464
m
464
464
46|
464
464
464
464
464
464
464
444
444
44
44
43
43
394
394
39
354
33{
33

Mfyx-imnm

hours.

Per Per
day. week.

$10.25
7.40
11.50
7.90
5.90
4.50
8.50
10.80
7.40
8.00
14.50
9.60
6.37
12.87
9.75
9.80
8.30
12.75
8.80
11.75
10.75
14.75
8.00
5.00
11.00
9.75
12.50
5.90
5.80
3.50
6.00
6.00
490
7.30
3.50

4 First employment in this industry.
* Time lost due to illness.
* Had had other employm ent.

EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN MABYLAND INDTJSTBIES.
BY

M A B IE

L . OBENAUER AND

M A RY CO N YN G TO N .

INTRODUCTION.

When the inquiry into hours and earnings o f women in selected
industries in Maryland, the report on which is presented in the early
pages o f this Bulletin, was begun there was no thought o f including
children; it was to be simply an investigation o f certain conditions
affecting women. But as the facts gathered were studied it became
evident that the work of children was so closely connected with the
work of the women that it could hardly be ignored. Children were
working side by side with their elders, sometimes as helpers, some­
times as independent workers, performing the same operations, keep­
ing the same hours, subject to the same physical and moral influ­
ences from their environment; in brief, undergoing in every respect
the women’s experiences. To discuss the employment o f the women
and to om it the children altogether would give such jtn incom plete
and misleading picture of the industries studied that, in the light of
the data gathered, such a course seemed impossible.
But since the investigation had been carried on with a view to the
study o f women only, the inform ation on other points was naturally
imperfect and unsatisfactory. The children had been included only
in so far as their employment affected the earnings or the work of
women. Consequently the present article is based on facts gathered
almost incidentally in the course o f an inquiry undertaken for another
purpose. Its incompleteness is fully realized, but in spite o f obvious
omissions it is believed that the facts here presented are sufficiently
striking and significant to justify the insertion o f this article.
CHILDREN IN THE CANNERIES.

A few words o f explanation may be required as to the reasons for
giving so much more space to children in the canneries than in the
other industries investigated. In the first place, the latter have
been studied and reported upon a number o f times by a number of
different agencies, so that conditions in them are better known than
those o f the canneries. Secondly, conditions in the other industries
are more standardized than in the canning business. As a result o f
this, fewer young children are em ployed, their hours do not fluctuate




EM PLOYM ENT OP CHILDREN IN MARYLAND INDUSTRIES.

467

so violently, and their work is already to some extent regulated and
supervised, so that these industries do not so much need consideration.
And, finally, the fact that the canneries are practically exem pt from
all age restrictions upon child labor from the beginning of June to
the middle of October renders the industry peculiarly worthy of study
as an illustration o f the results of nonregulation.
Taking up, then, the canning industry, the investigation shows
three groups o f children affected by it— the children in the canneries
at work, the children in the canneries not at work, and the children
left in the country camps while their elders are at work in the can­
neries. It is with the first of these groups that this study is princi­
pally concerned, but a few words may be given to the others.
NONWORKING CHILDREN IN THE CANNERIES.

Children too small to work and babies are frequently brought into
the canneries because their mothers have no place to leave them
outside. Again and again the individual slips used to secure the
data contain such items as “ W oman has one helper, 9 years old;
has three other children with her in the plant, one 5 years, another
2 i years, and the third 18 months old.” “ Girl 4 years old and boy
of 2 stay in plant with mother.” “ Has 8-year-old helper; also has
with her two younger children, one aged 3 years, the other 6 months.”
As a cannery is not designed for day-nursery purposes, these
children naturally fare badly. A reference to the descriptions o f the
preparing sheds and rooms given on pages 360,361,368 of this Bulletin
will show how utterly unsuited they are for the accom m odation of
young children. The babies are laid down wherever space can be
found for them, while those a little older play about as best they can.
“ A great many children too small to work were playing about the
room, and babies were asleep on overturned boxes.” “ About 20
children stood about on the wet, sloppy floor; some napped on boxes
or on the floor, but the m ajority wandered aimlessly about the dirty,
unattractive yard, so as to remain within the m others sight.”
“ Tom ato baskets were piled so close to the skinning tables that there
was no dry space left for the little children to be- placed. Some were
in boxes, others were in baby buggies in the com ers, others toddled
about on the floor, which was very wet and sloppy.”
It seems reasonable to suppose that this custom of bringing children
into the plants may be in part responsible for the very early age at
which some of them begin working as helpers. They are there any­
how, so why shouldn’t they make themselves useful, is an argument
which would inevitably appeal to the mother, who as a pieceworker—
and all the women in the preparing department are pieceworkers— sees
a cash value in the assistance o f even the smallest child.




468

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

NONWORKING CHILDREN IN CANNERY CAMPS.

Y et, notwithstanding the drawbacks to the presence o f these
children in the canneries, unquestionably, in some o f the country
neighborhoods, they are safer there than in the places available out­
side. Nineteen o f the thirty-three country canneries visited brought
workers from Baltimore and provided sleeping quarters for them. In
about one-third o f these cases the sleeping quarters were so located
that children left in them were in sight o f their mothers in the prepar­
ing sheds and could play about in perfect safety. In the remainder
the camps were so situated that children left in them were more or less
dangerously isolated. Sometimes the workers would arrange among
themselves to leave an older child at the camp in charge o f the
younger ones, but sometimes these older children were themselves
so young as to need guardians. In one case where the camp was out
o f sight o f the cannery the investigators found four little girls, their
age's ranging from 5 to 10 years, playing about with no older person
in charge. The door of an unused sleeping shack stood open, and
on the floor within, a man lay asleep. No other instance was found
quite so suggestive o f danger as this, but it was not uncommon to
find small children in camps out o f sight and hearing of their elders.
These were in country districts where the investigators, adult women,
were warned that it was unsafe for them to walk outside the village
alone.
CHILDREN WORKING IN THE CANNERIES.
N U M B E R O F C H IL D R E N A T W O R K .

Turning now to the third class, it is a striking fact that as soon as
any inquiry is made about children em ployed in canneries the seeker
for information is assured in nine cases out o f ten that there are no
such children. “ W e never em ploy children; we let women bring
their children in with them because they've no place to leave them
and w ouldn't come themselves if we didn't." “ W e don't hire children;
the parents bring them in sometimes to help, but w e've northing to do
with that." “ W e don't want children; they're only an annoyance
to us, but if we tried to keep them out we couldn't get workers."
These and similar statements are the usual responses to interrogations
on this subject. Only occasionally is an employer encountered who
admits hiring children.
But if the question concerns children working in the canneries, a
very different response is inevitable. The helper system, described in
the preceding article (pp. 353, 354), accounts for the presence of large
numbers o f children who, though not em ployed by the proprietors, are
working quite as zealously as the older members of their families
who are employed. As there is no pay roll or other record of these
children, their number can only be estimated. The investigation
dealt with those parts of the work carried on by the women, i. e.,
preparing, packing, and labeling, wholly om itting those parts carried
on by men and boys. Children were not observed working at packing



EM PLO YM EN T OF CHILDREN IN MARYLAND INDUSTRIES.

469

or labeling. In the work of preparing, they were numerously engaged.
Considering as children all those 14 years o f age or under, the agents
who visited the canneries felt that a conservative estimate would
place their number at one-fourth that o f the women. The individual
slips filled out in the canneries show that in getting the records of 586
adults (counting as adults those 15 years of age or over) the agents
secured information concerning 189 children working with them
either as helpers or as independent employees. This would indicate
that the children were nearly one-third as numerous as the women.
The number and proportion of children at work differs widely from
cannery to cannery, depending considerably on the attitude of the
owner. “ I’ve got about as many children as women here,” said one
owner, disregarding the usual distinction between employing the
children and merely permitting them to work, and fully accepting
the responsibility for all within his plant. In another case the pro­
prietor stated that he made a special effort to secure workers who
either had no children or would agree not to bring them into the plant,
and his cannery showed a noticeably smaller number than usual of
children working. Speaking generally, however, the above estimate
would represent the average proportion of children in the 42 estab­
lishments visited.
C H A R A C T E R O F C H IL D R E N ’ S W O R K .

In general, the canners, while admitting that numbers o f children
are working as helpers in their plants, assert that they do not take
their work seriously. “ They work when they feel like it and when
they get tired they stop, or go out and play,” was a very common
statement. But notwithstanding the frequency with which this
assertion was offered, there seemed abundant reason for believing
that the child helpers, with occasional exceptions, remained in the
cannery as long and worked as steadily as their elders. The grounds
for such a belief may be thus summarized:
1. The scale of wages for pieceworkers— and the helpers were
found wholly among the pieceworkers— demands the steady work of
the child as well as the adult to secure a wage approximating that
of the time workers. This point is discussed at some length in the
preceding article (pp. 358 and 365), so it need only be mentioned here.
2. The work places are arranged to provide for the children as
fully as for the adults. In the canneries with modern equipment,
where conveyors bring the fruits or vegetables to a long table in
which each worker has her sink-like depression to work over, the child
helpers had their assigned places as uniform ily as the adults. Where
such conveniences were lacking and the workers were crowded to­
gether, with the material piled on a long bench in front of them, again
18544°— No. 96— 12----- 9



470

BULLETIN OE TH E BUREAU OE LABOR.

the children had their stations, with boxes in some cases arranged so
as to bring them up to the level o f the table o r bench. During a
drive, space around a cannery table is quite too valuable to be wasted
on workers who do not stick to their jobs. In some cases the workers
were so crowded that the agents had difficulty in getting sufficiently
near them to fill out the tabulation slips. Under such conditions,
it seems hardly reasonable to believe that a manager would give up
one-fourth, more or less, o f his space to children who worked only
when and as long as they felt inclined.
3. The children, with a very few exceptions, maintained that they
came as early and stayed as late as their elders, and that they did
not stop to play. There may be some question as to the weight
which should be given such a statem ent com ing from a child perhaps
too young to be reliable; but when a hundred or more, questioned
independently, agree, their testim ony deserves at least consideration.
4. The observations of the agents making the investigation all
went to show that the children worked steadily. The agents were
in the canneries at all times o f day, sometimes for half a day at a
stretch, but they never happened to see a helper leave his work and
start o ff to play. This is, o f course, purely negative testimony, but
the fact that the helpers, when seen, were always working hard and
steadily is not without significance. They did sometimes see a child
lagging at its work, in which case it would be sharply called to order
by the older person it was helping.
5. The time at which the children begin work is entirely incon­
sistent with any theory of their mingling work and play in the casual
fashion ascribed to them. I f they are working only to amuse them­
selves it is incredible that they should be going into the cannery at
5 or 4 o ’clock, and even earlier in the morning. Y et the children and
the mothers agreed that the children came to work with the other
employees. To test this statement, agents stationed themselves near
the entrances of several canneries on the morning of September 20,
1911, to see whether any children went in early. The first comers
were two boys, obviously under 12, their ages estimated at 8 and 10
years, respectively, who went into a cannery at 3.45 a. m. Between that
hour and 5 a. m. 115 children were seen entering, their apparent ages
ranging from 5 to 15 years. Approxim ately two-thirds were plainly
under 12. Some o f these children may have been taken in for lack of
any place to leave them, just as were the babies in arms who were car­
ried in. But this explanation would not apply to the children o f
7 o r 8, or older, who were seen hurrying along entirely by themselves.
The children were not followed into the factories and watched to see
whether they worked all day long; it is conceivable that they went in,
worked a few hours, and then came out again. But since work was




EM PLO YM EN T OF CHILDREN IN MARYLAND INDUSTRIES.

471

going on until the evening, common sense suggests that if these chil­
dren had intended to spend only a few hours working, they would
have taken those hours at a more convenient time, and not have cut
short their morning sleep for the sake of being in the cannery before
5 o’clock.
6.
Finally, from time to time, employers themselves would make
unguarded admissions concerning the amount of work done by chil­
dren and their value in the canneries. “ I get a commission on all
the help I bring in ,” explained one row boss, “ 50 cents a head for
grown-ups, and 25 cents for children. ” Another employer, explain­
ing that long hours didn’t hurt the cannery women, said that they
would resent any limitation of time because “ they are greedy and
want to make all they can, and they make the children work along
with them .” In another case, “ M r.----------stated that he had about
as many children as adults, ‘ and the children know how to work,
too.’ He pointed out one small boy who, he said, husked 20 baskets
of corn a day. The child later said the same thing, and gave his age
as 10 years. M r.----------used this instance to show what he was doing
to train children in industry.” Few of the owners were as frank as
this one, but indications were not lacking that they shared his appre­
ciation o f children as workers.
It will be seen that there is no absolute and definite proof that the
children work as long hours as the adults. In the absence o f pay­
roll data, such proof could be secured only by going into the plants
and watching the children from the time they come in until they leave,
which was not done. Nevertheless, the cumulative force of the above
indications is sufficient to warrant a belief in the children’s statements
that they “ work right along w ith” their elders, and whenever such a
statement was made the hours of the helper have been counted in the
following tables the same as those of the worker whom she was aiding.
N U M B E R , A G E , A N D S E X O F C H IL D R E N S T U D IE D .

In the course of the investigation information was gathered con­
cerning 189 workers 14 years old or younger. Of these, 53 were
independent workers1 drawing their own earnings, 37 were helpers
for whom individual tabulation slips had been made out, and the re­
mainder were helpers who had been noted on the slip of the worker
whom they helped. This latter fact explains the failure to give the
sex in some instances; occasionally a slip simply contained the state­
ment that there were so many helpers of such ages. If the helper’s
work differed in hours or length of season or any other detail from
1In this chapter “ independent worker” denotes a child drawing her own pay, whether or not she had
a helper.




472

BULLETIN OF TH E BUBEAU OF LABOR.

that of the helped, the fact was noted, so that sex is the only matter
in which there are serious omissions.
The following table shows the number, age, and sex, as far as re­
ported, of these children:
AGE, SEX, AND NUMBER OF CHILDREN IN CANNERIES.
[The investigation was carried on in the late summer and fall of 1911, but the period for which information
was gathered was the year preceding May, 1911. To get the age during the period of investigation, one
year was subtracted from the age given in August or September, 1911.]

Age.

5 years..................
6 years..................
7 years..................
8 years..................
9 years..................
10 years.................

Boys.

Girls.

1
1
2
4
5
1

2
2
6
6
13

Sex
not re­ Total.
ported.
1
2
6
8
6
6

4
3
10
18
17
20

Sex
not re­ Total.
ported.

Boys.

Girls.

11 years...............
12 years...............
13 years...............
14 years...............

2
2
4
2

19
20
17
20

11
6
5
3

32
28
26
31

Total.........

24

111

54

189

Age.

The extremely low ages of a few children shown in this table, while
striking, are of less real significance than the low-age level of the
whole group. In the very nature of things the utilization of children
of 5 must be exceptional.1 But the age com position of this group
shows that it is anything but exceptional for children to be working at
ages which, though not so extreme, are much below those usually
considered safe or right. Maryland fixes the legal age for beginning
work at 12, which may be taken as an indication that it is considered
harmful to the interests of the community as a whole to let children
younger than this enter industry. Yet less than half of these children
(85, or 45 per cent) have reached this age, and nearly one-third (72,
or 32.8 per cent) are not over 10. Owing to the helper system and
the period of exemption, there is no violation of law necessarily
involved in these facts, but the physical effect upon the children can
not be thus evaded or set aside.i
i That children as young, as this are not only at work, but sometimes actually employed, was, however,
shown b y the pay roll of one establishment visited, which contained among the time workers the names
of 4 boys ranging from 5 to 11 years old. On being questioned about these ages, the employer declared
they were given correctly.




EM PLOYM EN T

OF C H IL D R E N I N

M ARYLAND

IN D U S T R IE S .

473

HOURS OF LABO R PER D AY.

The following table shows the usual and the maximum daily hours
of work for these children:
USUAL D A IL Y HOURS AND MAXIMUM D A IL Y HOURS W O RKED
EM PLOYED IN CANNERIES, B Y AGES.

B Y CHILDREN

USUAL HOURS.
Children who worked—
Age.

5 years.......................... ...........
6 years......................................
7 years......................................
8 years......................................
0 years......................................
tft years.....
.....................
11 years.....................................
12 years.....................................
13 vears..................... ..............
14 years....................................
Total...............................

8 hours
9 hours 10 hours 11 hours 12 hours
Under 8 and
under and under and under and under
and
hours.
9 hours. 10 hours. 11 hours. 12 hours.
over.

1

1

4
4
1
3
1
4
3

1
1
6
5
7
13
18
23
11
18

2
6
4
6
10
3
10
9

22

103

53

2

1
2
1

4

Total.

4
3
19
1 17
17
20
131
28
1 25
130

3

1

1

*184

MAXIMUM HOURS.
Children who worked
Age.

5 years.............. .........................
6 years....... ....... .............. 1___
7 years.......................................
8 years.......................................
9 years.......................................
10 years.....................................
11 years.....................................
12 years.....................................
13 years.....................................
14 years.....................................
Total...............................

9 hours 10 hours 11 hours 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
Total.
under 10 under 11 under 12 under 13 under 14 under 15 over.
hours.
hours.
hours. hours. . hours.
hours.

i
1
2
1
5

1
1
4
1
7
4
6
10
5
9

3
9
5
6
13
6
7
7

48

59

3
3
2
4
2
4
6
3

1
2
1
5
5
7
4
5

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2

24

30

10

1
3

4
3
39
3 17
17
20
3 31
28
3 25
*29

57

6 183

1

2

1 Not including 1 child, usual daily hours not reported.
* Not including 5 children, usucl daily hours not reported.
a Not including 1 child, maximum daily hours not reported.
* Not including 2 children, maxiumm daily hours not reported.
6
One child, aged 6, had maximum daily hours of between 16 and 17, and 2 children, aged, respectively
11 and 13, of between 17 and 18.
« Not including 6 children, maximum daily hours not reported.

In considering these hours the exceeding irregularity of the work
must be borne in mind. The usual day does not mean the day
which the worker might normally expect, but only the length of the
day which occurred more frequently than any other. Some idea of the
fluctuations in the daily hours is gained by comparing the usual
with the maximum daily hours. Twenty-seven (14.8 per cent) of




474

BU LLETIN OE TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

the children for whom these hours are reported have a usual day of
less than 10 hours, but only 5 (2.7 per cent) are not called upon to
work 10 hours or over on occasion. Only 1 child has a usual day of
12 hours, but nearly two-fifths of the group (71, or 38.6 per cent) give
12 hours or more as a maximum day. The length o f the child’s
working day depends partly upon the amount of work to be done
and partly upon its parents’ attitude. From those having the less
striking maximum hours, the agents occasionally received the halfapologetic explanation of the comparatively early hours at which
their long days ended: “ Mother won’t let me work after 6 o ’clock,”
or 8, or 9, as the case might be. These were exceptions, however; in
general, the children expected to be on duty as long as their elders
were. Sometimes then hours were even longer than the adults. A
mother, for instance, might sometimes stay out for a few hours to do
the fam ily washing, or to care for a sick child, or for some other
reason, but, in such cases, the helpers would go steadily on with their
work.
HOURS O F LABO R P E R W E E K .

The weekly hours show even more plainly than the daily hours the
irregular and fluctuating character of the work. The table following
shows the average number of working hours per week for each child,
the average being taken for its whole working season, and the maxi­
mum number of hours worked during the rush weeks:
AVERAGE W E E K L Y HOURS AND MAXIMUM W E E K L Y HOURS W O R K E D B Y CHILDREN
IN CANNERIES, B Y AGES.

AVERAGE HOURS.
Children who worked—

Age.

30 hours
and un­
der 40
hours.

6 years____
6 years____
7 years-----8 years-----9 years-----10 years__
11 years—
12 years —
13 years___
14 years.. .

2

4
4
3
3
3
5
5
29

Total

40 hours
and un­
der 48
hours.

1
1
3
1
5

11

4
4

30

48 hours
and un­
der 54
hours.

1
1

4
5

3

10

11
7
8
6
56

54 hours
and un­
der 60
hours.

60 hours
and un­
der 66
hours.

2

1

3
4
7
5

3

1

G

66 hours
and un­
der 72
hours.

1

5

3

*9

1

i 17
17
20
131
28

5
4
9

2

3

1

123

4G

21

2

8 181

C

1 Not including 1 child, average weekly hours not reported.
2 Not including 5 children, average weekly hours not reported.




Total.

i 30

475

EM PLOYM ENT OF CHILDREN IN MAKYLAND INDUSTRIES.

A V E RAG E W E E K L Y HOURS AND MAXIMUM W E E K L Y HOURS W O R K E D B Y CHILDREN
IN CANNERIES, B Y AGES—Concluded.

MAXIMUM HOURS.
!
;

Children who worked—
40
hours
and
under
48
hours.

Age.

48
hours
and
under
54
hours.

54
hours
and
under
60
hours.

60
hours
and
under

66

hours.

1

5 years___
6 years___
7 years___
8 years----9 years----10 years.. .
11 years.. .
12 y ears...
13 years.. .
34 years.. .

2

5

1
1
i*

1
1

1

4

4

2

72
hours
and
under
78
hours.

78
hours
and
under
84
hours.

4 ............
12 ..........
4 ............

1

1

12
9
10

1
1
2

11

1

6

9

64

76

6

18

2
2

84
hours
to 90
hours.

3

7
4
13
14
5
31

1

' " ' * 2

1 ........

Total

2

66

hours
and
under
72
hours.

11

1

3
1
3
5

1

Total.

4
3

l19
17
17
29

131

1

28
125

3

*184

139

i Not including 1 child, maximum weekly hours not reported.
* Not including 5 children, maximum weekly hours not reported.

It will be noticed that the average weekly hours would not, for
adults, be considered long. O f those for whom these hours were
reported only 23 (12.5 per cent) worked 60 hours or over, while 59
(32.1 per cent) worked under 48 hours. B ut the maximum hours
shown in the second part of the table indicate that this relatively
moderate average was consistent with weeks of excessive overtime.
Only 17 of these children (9.2 per cent) worked less than 60 hours
during their long weeks, while 56 per cent (103 children) worked an
average of 11 or more hours daily throughout these weeks. Com­
ment on these hours, as on the maximum daily hours, seems super­
fluous. F o r adults, they would be excessive; for children, they need
no characterization.
LEN GTH

O F W O R K IN G

SEASON.

The statement is frequently made that the long hours are relatively
unimportant because the working season is so brief. *1They only
work two or three weeks anyhow; it’s not long enough to hurt them ,”
was a frequent statem ent.




476

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

The following table shows, by ages, the length of the working
period for each child:
LENGTH OF W ORKIN G SEASON FOR CHILDREN IN CANNERIES, B Y AGES.
Children who worked—

Age.

Under
4
weeks.

8
12
20
24
16
28
weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks
32
and
and
and
and
and
and
w ;eks
under under under under under under
and
12
24
8
20
28
16
32
over.
weeks. weeks. weeks. weeks. weeks. weeks. weeks.
4
weeks
and
under

5 years..
6 years...
7 years..
8 years..
9years..
10 years.
11 years.
12 years.
13 years.
14 years.

Total.

4
3
10
IS
17

20

32
28
26
31
67

Total..

74

10

It appears that 7 of these children (3.7 per cent) worked for less
than a month, and nearly two-fifths (74, or 39.2 per cent) worked
under two months. In other words, three-fifths (115, or 60.8 per
cent) worked for periods varying from two to over eight months.
EFFECT OF W O R K ON

SC H O O L A T T E N D A N C E .

A question as to the effect of such working periods upon school
attendance naturally suggests itself. The length of the school term
differs from place to place, often being longer in city than in country
regions. Many of these children, however, even when working in
the country, came from Baltimore. Also, even for a country dis­
trict, an eight months’ session is not unusual, so it is probably a very
safe assumption that if a child is at work before the beginning of
June or after the end of September his school attendance suffers.
Only 24 of these children had begun work in the canneries before the
first of June, but a considerable number worked beyond the end of
September.
The table following shows, by ages, when their working seasons
ended.




EM PLOYM ENT OF CHILDBEN IN MARYLAND INDUSTEIES.

477

END OF W ORKING SEASON FOR CHILDREN IN CANNERIES, B Y AGES.

1 Not including 1 child for whom this feet was not ascertained.
* Not including 2 children for whom this feet was not ascertained.
* Not including 5 children for whom this feet was not ascertained.

According to the Maryland law, school attendance is compulsory
only until 12, so the older children need not have been at school had
they not been in the canneries. It will be noticed, however, that the
proportion of the younger children working after September is large.
Of the 103 children under 12, for whom the date of ending work is
reported, 87 (84.5 per cent) worked until some time in October or
later. The Maryland child-labor laws and school-attendance laws
conflict on this point, so it is difficult to say whether or not the
absence of these children from school up to October 15 can be con­
sidered a violation of law. There is no question, however, that their
.school work must suffer through this absence.
W O RK DONE

BY

C H IL D R E N .

W hat were these children doing in the canneries ? In the depart­
ments investigated, no children were found working about machinery,
in the usual acceptation of that term. Some used small mechanical
apple-parers, but the m ajority did not make even this approach
to becoming machine operators. According to the season, they
sorted spinach or hulled berries or picked over cherries, or peeled
peaches, pears, and apples, skinned tomatoes, husked corn, and, in
short, shared in whatever work of preparation was to be done, mean­
while running whatever errands their elders m ight demand, and,
where mechanical conveyors or men were not employed, bringing
fresh supplies and carrying awTay to the packers the fruit or vegeta­
bles when prepared. Husking com demands considerable muscular
effort, but most of the work of the preparers is in itself rather light.
Bringing supplies and carrying the filled buckets or baskets to the
packing department is the heaviest work assigned the children. A t
the time of the investigation tomatoes and com were both in full
season. The buckets in which the skinned tomatoes were carried
back held 40. pounds, while the baskets or crates for the husked corn
held from 50 to 60. These are heavy loads for young children,



478

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUBEAU

OF L A B O K .

especially when they and their parents are stationed at the end of
the preparing shed farthest from the packing department. Some­
times children, too small to carry their loads, were seen dragging
them over the floor, and sometimes two would join forces to accom ­
plish the task. In this respect the children generally fare worse in
the city than in the country canneries, because the greater difficulty
of securing help in the country tends to induce the owners to install
im proved machinery, including the mechanical conveyors, which
relieve the helpers of their heaviest task.
The conditions, as to com fort and healthfulness, under which the
children work, are precisely the same as in the case of the adults. As
they are fully discussed in the preceding article, they need only be
referred to here. See pp. 360-362, 368.)
L E G A L IT Y

OF EM PLOYM EN T.

An inquiry into the legality of the work of these children reveals
very few cases which can without hesitation be pronounced viola­
tions of law. This results from two causes: The helper system and
the “ exem pted period.” The section of the Maryland law forbidding
the em ploym ent of children under 12 in various occupations ends
with the words, “ except in the counties, from June 1 to O ctober 15,
in every^year.” This exem ption releases the country canneries from
all legal restraints upon the age of children em ployed during four
months and a half. The law itself makes no mention o f city canneries,
but the officials charged with its enforcement have decided that since
a city cannery may be situated within a block or two of one in a
county, differing from the latter only in being within the city line,
to apply the law to one and not to the other would be unfair dis­
crimination. Consequently, all canneries, no matter where situated,
are held to be exem pt from the age provisions o f the child-labor law
from the beginning of June to the middle of October. Where there
is no law there can be no violation o f law, so during the greater
part of the season it would be an im possibility for any children to
be illegally em ployed in the canneries.
The table giving the end of the working season, however, shows a
number of children working later than O ctober 15. In general, these
were either over 12, in which case their employment was perfectly
legal, or else they were helpers, in which case they were not “ em­
ployed” at all, and their presence in the plant was held to be not in
violation of the law. Only two clear cases of illegality were found.
One independent worker of 11;was em ployed from August 26 to O cto­
ber 29, her employment during the last two weeks of this period being
unlawful; and another independent worker, also 11 years old, worked
from April 6 to December 5, being illegally em ployed for 7 f weeks
before the exempted period began, and for 7 weeks after it ended.1i
i Of the 53 independent workers, 37 were 12 years of age or over, and so might legally work the whole year
round; 14, who were under 12, worked only during the exempted period.




EM PLOYM ENT

OF C H I L D R E N I N

M A R Y L A N D IN D U S T R IE S .

479

As the investigation was not primarily concerned with children,
the facts as to residence were not obtained which would have made it
possible to say how far the school-attendance law was violated by
the retention of the helpers under 12 in the canneries after the close
of the exempted period. Nineteen children under 12, the 2 independ­
ent workers just referred to and 17 others, were so retained. F oi
the 19 under 12 years of age the ages and the time at which their
work ended were as follow s:
Number
of
children.
1..............
1..............
4..............
4..............

' Date of ending work.

Age.

6
7
8
9

Nov. 9.
Nov. 2.
Oct. 31, Oct. 31, Nov. 9, Dec. 10.
Oct. 21, Nov. 15, Dec. 6, Dec. 10.

Number
of
children.
2............
7............

Age.

IJate of ending work.

10
11

Oct. 20, Oct. 31.
Oct. 20, Oct. 29, Oct. 31, Nov,
2, Nov. 15, Dec. 5, Dec. 5.

,

Twelve of these same children had begun work in the canneries
earlier than June 1.
Concerning long hours the legal situation is clearer. The Mary­
land law contains a provision forbidding the employment of chil­
dren under 16 more than 10 hours a day. As far as the canneries
are concerned, this law appears to be a dead letter. O f the whole
group of children studied, there were but five who had not had a
maximum day of over 10 hours, while 157 had had usual days ex­
ceeding this limit. The fact that some of the children were helpers
would not affect the legal aspect of this situation, since the law care­
fully states that a child is neither to be employed or permitted or
suffered to work more than 10 hours a day. Consequently, every
case of maximum or usual daily hours in excess of 10 means a vio­
lation of the terms of the law.
CHILDREN IN INDUSTRIES OTHER THAN CANNING.
COMPARISON WITH CANNING INDUSTRY.

Turning from the canneries to the other industries included in this
study, a marked difference is observable in regard to the employment
of children and their hours of work. The helper system disappears
and with it the exceedingly young workers found in the canneries.
W ork is steadier and hours more regular. Days of 14, 15, and 16
hours are not found among the children, but the average weekly hours
are high. Children do not go to work at 5 or 6 in the morning, but
in the rush season they keep on for one, two, or three hours after the
usual closing time. Their work is carried on under the usual factory
conditions. The three points o f interest touched upon in this inves­
tigation are the extent to which young workers are em ployed, their
hours of labor, and the extent to which the child-labor law is disre­
garded in their employment.




480

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

NUMBER AND AGES OF CHILDREN EMPLOYED.

On the first point it is difficult to speak definitely. In industries
more or less seasonal, like those studied, the number em ployed fluc­
tuates considerably, and at the time this investigation was made—
September— the busy season had not yet begun. “ If you had come
a couple of months later you'd have found 50 per cent more girls and
women here," said the manager of one confectionery establishment.
To a large extent the extra force taken on in the rush season is com­
posed of young workers, so that the number found in the dull season
would not be fully representative of the number em ployed. One
manufacturer was asked, “ How can you get in enough extra help for
your busy season, since the places aren't perm anent?" “ Oh, there's
no trouble about th at," he replied, “ the girls w e've got already bring
in their younger sisters, or their friends' younger sisters, as many as
we need." Also, in taking the facts about the individual workers,
the Bureau's agents were not looking for children; they were inves­
tigating the hours and wages of women, and, as far as they exercised
any discrimination, it was to choose the older workers, so that again
the number o f young workers shown would probably be unduly small.
The following table shows by industries the whole number of workers
questioned, the ages of those under 16, and the number and propor­
tion under 16 and under 14:
NUMBER, AGE, AND PE R CENT OF W O R K E R S U N DER 16 Y E A R S OF A G E IN
SELECTED INDUSTRIES, SEPTEM BER, 1911.
[The ages as here shown are as given by the workers themselves; no verification obtained.]
Workers in each industry.
Age.

Candy,
biscuits,
etc.

Paper
boxes.

Shirts,
overalls,
etc.

Under 12 years........................... ...................................
12"y e a r s ........................................................................
13 y e a r s .........................................................................
14 years...........................................................................
15 years...........................................................................

1
23
40
41
30

4
12
22
17

3
8
20
8

Total.....................................................................

135

55

Total number of workers investigated..............
Percentage workers under 16 form of whole number
taken............................................................................
Percentage workers under 14 form of whole number
taken............................................................................

265

153*

Straw
hats.

Total.

2
1
6
3

1
32
61
89
58

39

12

241

190

129

737

50.9

35.9

20.5

9.3

32.7

24.2

10.4

6.7

2.3

12.7

.

It will be seen that the candy and biscuit and paper-box factories
show a considerably larger proportion of young workers than the other
two. There is a marked difference in this matter between establish­
ments. The following table, giving the number and proportion of
girls under 16 in each establishment, both as stated b y the manager
and as found among the individual workers questioned, shows the
range o f variation. The proportion of those under 14 is also given;
it will be noticed that the variation for these is greater than for
those under 16.



EM PLOYM ENT

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481

NUMBER AND PE R CENT OF W O R K E R S UNDER 16 Y E A R S OF A G E IN IN D IV ID U A L
ESTABLISHMENTS.
Girls under 16 years of age.

Industry and establishment number.

Managers’ statement.

Girls’ statement.

Girls under 14 years
of age:
Girls’
statement.

Percent
Per cent
Percent
Number. of female Number. of female Number. of female
workers.
workers.
workers.
Candy, biscuits, etc.:
No. 1.......................................................
No. 2 .......................................................
No. 3.......................................................
No. 4.................. .....................................
Paper boxes:
No. 1......................................................
No. 2.......................................................
No. 3.......................................................
No. 4.......................................................

25
69

14.3
40.8

57
36
24
18

69.5
40.4
37.5
60.0

32

66.6
21.0

32
30
30

26.6
35.5
33.3
75.0

23
15
7

10

37.0
47.0
35.7

5
7
3

100
8
12

20.0

10
10
12
1

39.0

11.2

15.6
40.0
18.5
14.3
7.1
2.9

The situation as shown by these two tables seems to warrant esti­
mating the proportion of workers under 16 as varying from one-fifth
to well over one-half of the total female employees in candy aiid bis­
cuit factories and from one-fifth to not far from one-half in paper-box
factories. In the other two industries the proportion of young
workers is so much smaller that the figures need no particular
discussion.
A striking fact brought out by the above table is the ignorance of
the manufacturers themselves as to the number of young workers in
their employ. Practically all these children claimed to be 12 or
older; their employment was perfectly legal, and there was no reason
for misrepresenting their number, yet the estimates given by the
managers were widely out of the way, erring almost as much in the
way of over statement as of under statement.
The above tables show workers actually found in the various fac­
tories in September, 1911, from whom information was obtained. A
considerable number of these, however, had not been employed in
these places during the period covered by this investigation— the year
ending April 30, 1911. Inform ation as to hours, etc., was gathered
only with relation to this period, so that, in considering conditions
of work, it is necessary to discard those persons not working in their
present places earlier than May, 1911.
Before discussing the hours and other data concerning these chil­
dren, it is necessary to say a word as to the age grouping. The age
was given for September, 1911, but the period covered by the investi­
gation ended April 30, 1911. The great m ajority of the children
studied (69.3 per cent) had been working for from six months to one
year within the investigation period— that is, from 11 to 17 months
before they were interviewed. Accordingly it seemed reasonable to
secure their ages by subtracting one year from the age given in Sep­
tember. In four cases, however, in which a child gave its age as 12,
and in one case in which it was 13, it was learned definitely that this
was its age at the time it began work, and in these cases no subtraction



482

B U L L E T IN

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was made. Making these modifications, the number and ages of the
children 14-years of age or younger are shown in the following table:
NUMBER AND AGES OF CHILDREN IN SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES PR IO R TO M AY, 1911.
Candy,
biscuits,
etc.

Age.

Shirts,
overalls,
etc.

Paper
boxes.

Straw
hats.

Total.

Under 12 years...............................................................
12 years...........................................................................
13 years...........................................................................
14 years...........................................................................

2
19
24
28

1
4
13
14

4
15
8

5
2

4
27
57
52

Total.....................................................................

73

32

27

8

140

1

Here, just as in the tables for those at work in September, 1911,
the candy and biscuit and paper-box factories show more young
workers than the other two industries. The proportion of workers
14 or under is for candy and biscuits, 40.3 per cent: for paper-boxes,
26.4 per cent; for shirts, overalls, etc., 16.1 per cent; for straw hats,
6.6 per cent; and for the whole group, 24.3 per cent.
DURATION OR EMPLOYMENT.

The importance of hours of labor depends to some extent upon the
length of the working period. For the most part the children here
studied worked continuously; the length of their working period
prior to May, 1911, was as follows:
LEN GTH OF W ORKIN G PERIO D PR IO R TO MAY, 1911.
Children working periods of—
Industry and age.
Under 8
weeks.

16 weeks 24 weeks 36 to 52
and un­ and un­
weeks,
der 24
der 36
weeks.
weeks. inclusive.

8 weeks
and un­
der 16
weeks.

Candy, biscuits, etc.:
Under 12 years...
12 years................
13 years................
14 years................

2
19
24
28
14

Total.
Paper boxes:
Under 12 years.
12 years.............
13 years............
14 years............

36

4
13
14

?!
14

Shirts, overalls, etc.:
12 years...............
13 years................
14 years................

32
4
15
8

l I

Total.
Straw hats:
Under 12 years..
12 years............
13 yeans............
14 years............

i

i

18

4 !-

i-

2

S

Total...........




73

1

IIl!

Total.

Grand total.

Total.

15 !

15 I

29

~140

EM PLOYM ENT

OF C H I L D R E N I N

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483

Less than one-third (30.7 per cent) of these children had been
employed under six months in these establishments, and nearly onehalf had been there from nine months to a year. As all of them had
been at work during the five months between the beginning of May
and the time when this investigation was made, it is apparent that
they stick to their jobs very steadily, getting the full effect of whatever
conditions prevail in their respective industries.
NORMAL HOURS OF LABOR.

The following table shows the average number of hours worked per
week during the normal season:1
NUMBER OF CHILDREN W ORKIN G DURING NORMAL SEASON, A V E R AG E W E E K L Y
HOURS, B Y INDUSTRIES AND AGE.

These figures represent the average of the actual hours worked.
They are to a certain extent misleading, because, owing to the short
hours of the slack season, a low weekly average is compatible with
fairly long daily hours. Thus, the 12-year-old worker in the candy,
biscuits, etc., industiy, whose average weekly hours are reported as
under 48, had worked 8 weeks in the dull season. The daily hours
were 9J, but she worked only 4 days a week, thus making a weekly
average of but 38 hours.
1 The “ normal season” includes all the year except the period of overtime work.




484

B U L L E T IN

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The usual daily hours varied considerably. In the candy, biscuits,
etc., industry in one establishment the usual day was 9 hours, in one
9£, and in the others 10. In the paper-box establishments visited
the usual daily hours were 10; in shirts, overalls, etc., from
to 10;
and in straw-hat making, from 9 to 9£. Usually for a period varying
from 9 to 13 weeks in the summer there would be a short day once a
week, most commonly of 5 hours. In some cases no work was done
on Saturday through the summer, and in others some reduction of
hours was made on Saturday throughout the year. In spite of such
reductions, the above table shows that over one-fourth (27.4 per
cent) of the children 14 and under employed in making candy, bis­
cuits, etc., averaged 10 hours a day for 6 days a week throughout the
season of normal work. The other industries show nothing like this
proportion of young workers with continuous 10-hour days, but less
than one-fourth of the whole group (32, or 22.8 per cent) averaged
under 9 hours a day continuously.
OVERTIME WORK.

The question of overtime involves two factors: the length of the
period through which it lasts, and the number of hours overtime
per week or per day. Overtime is not uncommon among these
younger workers. Of the 140 aged 14 or under, 52, or 37.1 per cent,
had worked during the rush period more than 60 hours a week.
The number working overtime, their ages, and the length in weeks
of the overtime period are shown by industries in the following
table:
LENGTH OF OVERTIME PERIOD, IN W EEKS, O F CHILDREN IN SPECIFIED INDUS­
TRIES, B Y AGE OF W O R K E RS.
Children working overtime—
Industry and age.

1 week
and un­
der 6
weeks.

Candy, biscuits, etc.:
Under 12 years.....................
12 years.................................
13 years.................................
14 years.................................

2
4
10

Total..................................

16

6 weeks
and un­ 13 weeks. 14 weeks. 15 weeks. 16 weeks.
der 12
weeks.

Total.

3
4

1
3
3
7

1
1
3

1
6
H
24

7

14

5

42

|

Paper boxes:
12 years.................................
13 years.................................
14 years.................................

3
3

1

1

3
5

Total..................................

6

1

1

8

Straw hats:
12 years.................................
13 years.................................
14 years.........................____

2

2

Total..................................

2

Grand total........................

18




1

2
13

1

1

14

5

52

EM PLOYM ENT

OF C H IL D R E N I N

M A R Y L A N D IN D U S T R IE S .

485

It will be noticed that the overtime period is rather apt to be
long. In candy, biscuits, etc., a trifle under two-fifths of the children
(38.1 per cent) have a rush period of less than 6 vreeks, for 16.6
per cent it lies between 6 and 12 weeks, and for 45.2 per cent it is
15 weeks or over. Among the paper-box workers only 1 child had
an overtime period of less than 8 weeks, but none were found working
overtime more than 14 weeks. The average number of hours
worked per week during the overtime period is shown in the following
table:
A V ERAG E W E E K L Y HOURS DURING PERIOD OF OVERTIME W O R K OF CHILDREN
IN SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES, B Y AGE OF W ORKERS.
Children working weekly
average ofIndustry and age.

61 hours 66 hours 70 hours
and
and
and
under
under
under
66 hom*s. 70 hours. 72 hours.

Total:

Candy, biscuits, etc,:
Under 12 years..........................................................................
12 years................. .*..................................................................
13 years.....................................................................................
14 years.....................................................................................

1
6
14

5
2
8

3
2

1
6
HI
24

Total.....................................................................................

21

15

6

42

1

Paper boxes:
13 years......................................................................................
14 years.....................................................................................

3
5

3
5

Total......................................................................................

8

8

Straw hats:
13 years.....................................................................................

2

2
i
* One other child of 13 had worked overtime, i. e., over her usual hours, but as the whole number of
hours worked in her overtime week was under 60 she is omitted from this table.

While the above table shows the average weekly hours during
the overtime periods, the daily hours can not be deduced from it.
It is customary during the rush season to crowd the extra work
into a given number of days, often 2 or 3. Sometimes, however,
there will be overtime 5 days a week, with an extra amount on
1, 2, or 3 days. This often causes much longer days than are indi­
cated by the weekly average. Thus, the one child of 11 who worked
overtime in the candy, biscuits, etc., industry was employed in an
establishment where the regular day was 10 hours. For 13 weeks
of her overtime she worked 10 hours a day 3 days a week, and 13
hours on the other 3; for 2 additional weeks at the height of the
rush she worked 10 hours 1 day, and 13} on the other 5. Con­
sequently, her average of 70 hours a week throughout her rush
season meant 41 days of 10 hours, 39 days of 13 hours, and 10 days
of 13} hours. Five other cases were found of 13}-hour days occur­
ring five times a week; in two cases the period during which they
18544°— No. 96— 12----- 10




m

B U L L E T IN

OF TH E

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OF L A B O R .

occurred was 3 weeks long; in one ease, 4 ; and in two, 5 weeks long.
Three of the children concerned were 13 and two 14 years old.
ILLEGAL EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN.

Overtime work was responsible for most of the illegalities noted.
Three eases were found in which children had been at work below
the legal age, 12 years. In one of these cases: a child giving her
age in September, 1911, as 12 had been working for 34 weeks before
May 1, another such child had been working 51 weeks before May 1,
and in the third instance a child who said she was 12 years old in
March, 1911, had been at work 12 weeks before the close o f the inves­
tigation period. A fourth child, who, in September, gave her age as
12 had been working for 21 weeks before May 1; the presumption is
strong that she began work illegally early, but since the date of her
birthday was not ascertained, no definite statement can be made.
Concerning illegally long hours the last table shows the situation
clearly. According to the Maryland law, no child under 16 may
work over 10 hours a day in any factory or manufacturing business
in any part o f the State, or in any mercantile business in Baltimore.
It is manifestly impossible for a child to average over 60 hours a
week without working more than 10 hours on at least one day, so that
the average hours there shown necessarily involve illegal overwork.
The individual tabulations show that 31 of these children worked
on occasion days o f 12 hours (or 12 and a fraction), and 21 worked
days o f 13 or 13 and a fraction hours. One child, it will be remem­
bered, was omitted from the overtime table, not having reached an
average of over 60 hours. Nevertheless, in her 1 week o f overtime
she worked 2 days o f 12| hours each.
The attitude of the different establishments toward these illegally
long hours was not uniform. The managers or proprietors, when giv­
ing the length of the overtime period and the usual overtime hours,
usually put in the explanation; “ O f course, you understand that this
applies only to those over 16; it’s against the law to work children
under 16 more than 10 hours a day.” When the workers were ques­
tioned it became evident that in some establishments there was a
real attempt to obey the law; a few children might be found who had
worked more than 16 hours a day, but these cases were not numerous
and might easily be accounted for as oversights or inadvertences.
In other places it was apparent that little, if any, attention was paid
to the matter and that violations of the law were numerous.
In one factory a curious attempt was made to represent the long
hours as legal. The manager had made the usual statement about
n ot employing children under 16 more than 10 hours a day and the
workers were being asked the customary questions. A forewoman who
kept rather close to one of the agents gathering the information seemed




EM PLOYM ENT

OE C H IL D R E N I N

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487

disturbed as one child after another gave hours for beginning and
ending work and time taken for meals, which showed days of 12
hours or more. At last she interposed:
“ These girls come at the same time as the others in the rush season,
but they don’ t begin work till 9 o’clock.”
“ What do they do in the interval ?” asked the agent.
“ Oh, anything,” replied the forewoman, vaguely.
“ Do you mean they sit idle for two hours every morning?”
“ Oh, no,” said the forewoman, “ they sweep, or scrub, or do any­
thing like that we have for them to do, but they don’t begin their
regular work till 9.”
As the wages of the children concerned, who were pieceworkers,
showed a marked increase during the overtime period, there seems
considerable reason for doubting this explanation. Even if it were
true, it is difficult to see how the law forbidding more than 10 hours’
work is obeyed by keeping a child at one occupation for an hour or
so and at another for 10. In this particular establishment, however,
the hour of beginning work, according to the manager’s statement,
is 7.30 a. m., while during the overtime period these girls were in the
factory 12§ hours a day from two to five times a week. If, there­
fore, they did not begin their “ regular work” until 9 o’clock, and if
their employment at other work counted as no employment at all
according to the intent of the law, they were still working at their
trade for 11J hours on each of these long days, and must be consid­
ered as presenting cases of illegal employment.




ATTITUDE OF MASSACHUSETTS MANUFACTURERS TOWARD
THE HEALTH OF THEIR EMPLOYEES.
BY W M . C. HANSON, M. D.

INTRODUCTION,

In the latter part of 1908 a movement was inaugurated among
the manufacturers of Worcester County, Mass., to help'pay for the
care of those persons in their employ who are afflicted with tuber­
culosis, and a considerable number of employers signed statements
indicating in one form or another their approval of the movement.
As an organized effort for the reduction of tuberculosis and for the
betterment of health conditions among the employees, this move­
ment seems sufficiently important to make it worth while to ascer­
tain what it really is, to what extent manufacturers have joined it,
what has been accomplished by it, what the manufacturers who
joined it think of it, and what other Massachusetts manufacturers
have to say about it. Furthermore, it seems desirable to consider
how far it has been the policy of representative firms in different
parts of the State to help financially to any extent an employee
taken ill with any disease while in their employ.
First of all, it seems proper to call attention briefly to what the
State of Massachusetts is doing for the health and welfare of persons
employed in industrial establishments, and to the general relations
which exist between employer and employee. The State inspectors
of health, under the supervision of the State board of health— a
supervision which is based upon broad general principles— have,
among other duties, charge of the health inspection of industrial
establishments. Consequently, they have had opportunity to ob­
serve the attitude of manufacturers to their employees and to the
laws of the Commonwealth which safeguard the health of the em­
ployees. From the data thus collected, manufacturers may be
classified in two general groups. There are, on the one hand, those
who concern themselves but little with the health and welfare of their
employees, men who regard all protective legislation as unnecessary
interference on the part of the State with private enterprise. To
this class belong, in the main, the smaller industrial establishments
which need considerable looking after in order that they may be kept
in reasonably good sanitary condition. Many owners, or men in
charge of such establishments, comply with the laws unwillingly, if,




M ASS. M A N U F A C T U R E R S AN D H E A L T H

OF E M P L O Y E E S .

489

indeed, they do not oppose their enforcement. Only such changes
are introduced in the buildings as are absolutely necessary, and no
attempt is made to see that the changes bring the most fruitful
results. In this class of establishments one finds an atmosphere of
distrust between employer and employee. The prevailing idea is
that their interests are divergent. The employer regards any out­
lay of expense to improve conditions under which his employees
work as an unjust burden placed upon him by the State. The em­
ployee, on the other hand, regards any attempt to change condi­
tions with considerable suspicion. Fortunately, however, this class
of industrial establishments is rapidly diminishing in number and
such a state of affairs as mentioned is fast disappearing.
The second class of manufacturers represents principally the larger
industrial establishments. These owners of the larger, and the more
progressive owners of the smaller establishments, recognize the fact
that their interests are identical with those of their employees, from
a purely economic standpoint. These employers recognize that money
invested for the maintenance of sanitary and healthful condition^ in
their establishments is a profitable investment. They-also recognize
that aside from all humanitarian motives the expense .of maintaining
good sanitary conditions increases the efficiency of their employees.
In this class of establishments one finds a readiness and willingness
on the part of the employers to comply with the laws of the Common­
wealth. Indeed, suggestions from the State inspectors of health as
to how to improve conditions are often sought for. Compliance with
the laws is not carried out in a perfunctory manner. On the con­
trary, care is taken that all improvements are utilized in such a way
as to secure the best working conditions possible. In short, the
manufacturers realize that good working conditions result in obtain­
ing better, more intelligent, and steadier employees. They realize,
further, that absences on account of sickness are diminished and a
higher grade of efficiency is secured.
STATEMENTS OF MANUFACTURERS RESPECTING SANITARY CONDI­
TIONS AND FINANCIAL AID TO EMPLOYEES.

“ We have shops in which the sanitary conditions are a source of
pride to us. They are clean, well kept, well lighted, and the help
are safeguarded against any unhealthy influence. We do not allow
any spitting on the floors. * * * The efficiency of our employees
depends upon their good health and we recognize the fact.”
“ While we render no financial aid to those ill, we do try to keep
the condition under which our men work as good as we can, and we
keep a special oversight of our young apprentices, realizing that
upon them we shall later depend for our skilled work. Our doctor
examines apprentice boys before the company makes out their first




490

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papers, and during the time of their apprenticeship they are under
the constant supervision of their instructor, who notifies their par­
ents whenever any of them appear to be ill or below physical par.”
“ Make the conditions in the mills right and the mill conditions
will not make employees sick and in need of aid.”
“ We intend to keep on bettering mill conditions and have just
installed a humidifying apparatus at a cost of about $20,000.”
As to the policy of firms in regard to helping financially, to any
extent, an employee taken ill while in their employ with any dis­
ease, opinions of representative manufacturers throughout the State
are as follows:
“ We have helped employees who have been ill by contributing to
a subscription taken up among the employees. This was done for
one man ill with typhoid fever and enabled him to pay hospital
bills and to keep his family from want for a period of eight weeks.
A similar subscription was taken for a man suffering from kidney
disease * * *.”
“ Formerly we occasionally helped out an employee who was sick,
but a few years ago two benefit societies were organized among the
help. The only part we play now is to take the monthly assessments
from the pay envelope at the request of the officers of the societies.
Sometimes, in the spring of the year, when a good many are out with
colds and extra assessments would have to be made, the company
assist enough to fill a deficit or to prevent another assessment, but
the company has no voice in*their management.”
“ There is no fixed plan or system. Have been accustomed to
give assistance in deserving cases, each case being considered indi­
vidually. In one case a hospital bill was paid and in another rent
was given, etc. * * * No discrimination is made in reference to
tuberculosis.”
“ We do nothing financially for those who may become ill from
any cause, our care being strictly limited to accidents.”
“ The firm has not helped in case of illness, tubercular or other­
wise, but we have often helped financially in cases of accidents in
our shops, even though we carry liability insurance. It not uncom­
monly happens that an injured man draws his pay while away from
his work.”
“ While we have no settled policy in the matter, this company has
helped financially, and probably will continue to do so, its em­
ployees who become ill while in their employ, although such cases
are selected cases, so to speak; that is to say, it is not done in all
cases. We have now on our pay roll a girl ill with tuberculosis,




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whose expenses are paid by us. I mean that we allow her full wages.
She is not in a sanitorium, however, and pays her own bills. She
has not worked for some weeks.”
“ Wepension old and faithful employees. * * * One employee
has been drawing full pay for the last five years. In case of accident
we assume the entire expense of the case and sometimes pay full
wages besides, although this does not mean that we assume liability
for the accidents. We are willing to help our employees, and that
applies as much to tuberculosis as to anything else.”
“ The company has no special plan for assisting employees who are
ill. A workman who had been employed for less than two years
would probably receive no assistance. An older workman would be
looked up and such assistance as necessary rendered. Each case is
regarded as a personal matter, and the fact that aid is given is not
advertised.”
Thus a large number of firms, while not having a. settled policy
in the matter of aiding their employees in case of illness, frequently
do so. It is the general opinion of manufacturers, however, that
cases of illness among their employees, if dealt with at all, should
be dealt with individually, the amount of aid depending on the
length and quality of service rendered by the individual. Often
old employees who have given faithful service for many years,
though the amount of work they do does not warrant it, still receive
full pay. Another way in which manufacturers aid their employees
is by assisting them to organize and maintain mutual-benefit asso­
ciations and by contributing generously to the funds of such organ­
izations.
SPECIAL HEALTH AND WELFARE WORK.

But besides the attitude taken by manufacturers, who believe that
it would be poor policy to assume any financial obligation in case of
the illness of an employee, steps have been taken by many manufac­
turers on their own initiative to promote the health and welfare of
their employees. There are various directions in which this activity
is manifested; for instance, in the maintenance of attendants or of
trained nurses and in the employment of a physician who is either on
the premises all the time or who makes periodic visits and is called
whenever needed. Nor is the interest of the manufacturer in every
instance confined to the factoiy. Some companies have trained
nurses who not only supervise the employees at their work, but
visit their homes and do a great deal of educational work. A consider­
able number o f firms are now contemplating the employment of
trained nurses for similar work. One company, employing from two
to three thousand men, women, and children, obtained information




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during the year ending April, 1910— with the assistance of two
trained nurses and a physician— concerning the health of 2,296
employees, of which number 1,011 were males and 1,285 were females.
Two hundred and forty-four cases of illness were of a surgical nature.
Ten employees were found to be ill with tuberculosis and were pro­
vided for at the State sanatorium at Rutland. With one exception
their condition appears to be favorable for recovery. Two have
already returned to work, and some of the others have left the sana­
torium with the disease arrested. When an employee returns from
Rutland he is under observation j his home is visited and such help is
given as is practicable in order that he may hold the gain made at the
sanatorium. The nurses and physician also discovered a number of
boys and girls who appeared to be in danger of respiratory disease,
such as influenza or tuberculosis, and in each instance instructions in
hygiene were given and the health of the children followed up until
normal health was restored and efficient work accomplished. Such
special attention is given to employees under 18 years of age. While
generally these young persons are found to be in good physical con­
dition, the teeth and the tonsils in many cases are found to need
attention. The ventilation of the workrooms is studied, and, when­
ever necessary, changes are made which in some instances have given
rise to a marked improvement in the output of the pieceworkers and
in the energy and effort of the time workers.
Another striking example of the attitude taken by a manufacturing
company toward sickness among its operatives is the following: The
company maintains an accident and retiring room in charge of a
trained nurse, who, in addition to giving first aid, attends to minor
medical cases and visits sick operatives in their homes to insure
proper medical attention and care. During the year 1910 more than
1,600 such visits were made. In rendering financial aid to oper­
atives in the past it has been the custom to consider cases individu­
ally. Sometimes the wages are paid, sometimes hospital bills, in
some cases both. The company maintains four free beds at the local
hospital. In regard to tuberculosis, the nurse has devoted special
attention to investigating the prevalence of this disease during the
past two years. In 1910 about 80 cases were cared for, and at the
present time 5 are under treatment. In some instances the company
pays the bills or part of them, but all patients, through the nurse, are
given proper care. It has been customary to turn the chronic cases
over to the State or to the local tuberculosis society or to find suitable
homes for them in the country. There is a mutual-benefit association
with voluntary membership, costing an employee 25 cents per month.
Although it is managed by the operatives, the company frequently
contributes to its success. This company neither advertises nor con­
ceals the fact that operatives may receive financial aid from the firm
in case of sickness and does not object to having it known.



MASS. MANUFACTURERS AND H EALTH OF EMPLOYEES.

493

THE TUBERCULOSIS CAMPAIGN.

Owing to the recent educational campaign relative to tubercu­
losis many of the Massachusetts manufacturers have been led to
take some action to prevent the further spread of the disease. The
first firm in the State to take up the work, in a manner following educa­
tional campaign lines introduced outside of industrial establishments,
was a small shoe company in Oxford. In 1906 this company became
actively interested in the question of the prevalence of tuberculosis
among its employees. In the spring of 1906 the company distributed
a circular among its employees which told in simple language the con­
tagious nature of the disease, the manner of its spread, and the steps
that must be taken in order to avoid infection. The circular urged
all employees who had a cough to be examined by a physician and to
send their sputum for examination to the State board of health. It
ended with the following statement: “ The firm hopes that it will be
notified of any case of consumption occurring among the employees
or their families. If anyone now in the employ o f ----------Co. has the
disease or contracts it and secures admission this year to the State
sanatorium at Rutland, the firm will agree to .pay his or her board
there for three months.” A similar circular has been distributed
among the employees of this company each succeeding year, although
only one case of tuberculosis among the employees has been brought
to light. The employee in question was a girl who worked in the
office. She was provided for in the country, where she is living at the
present time apparently cured of the disease. The company feels
that while the expression in 1906 of its willingness to assume the
responsibility of caring for its tubercular employees for a period of
three months has resulted in helping only one employee, the educa­
tive effect of the campaign among its operatives has been beneficial.
THE WORCESTER TUBERCULOSIS MOVEMENT.

With this precedent the State inspector of health of the Worcester
district, in the latter part of 1908, secured written statements from
several firms to the effect that in case any employee was found ill
with tuberculosis the firm would pay the expenses of said employee
for a period of three months or longer in the State sanatorium at
Rutland or in some other sanatorium. The first statement was
secured November 14. It reads as follows:
“ Referring to my conversation with you a few days since, I desire
to say that should any of the employees of th e----------Co. be so unfor­
tunate as to contract tuberculosis, our company will pay their
expenses at the Rutland sanatorium for a period of three months or
longer if necessary.”
Since that time other firms, at the solicitation of the inspector,
made similar statements in writing, so that up to April, 1911, signed



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letters representing 34 industrial establishments in Worcester County
had been received at the office of the State board of health from the
inspector of health in the Worcester district. These letters vary
somewhat, as follows:
“ Referring to our conversation of this morning in reference to
tuberculosis, would say we are pleased to confirm what we told you
verbally, that we will be responsible for the expenses of any of our
employees afflicted with this disease (tuberculosis) for a period of
three months, or possibly longer, at Rutland.”
“ Referring to my conversation with you yesterday, I beg to say
that it has been the habit of t h e ----------Co. to pay the expenses of
its employees who need assistance at various hospitals where they
may have been treated for physical disabilities. It is my recollec­
tion that we have already done this at the Rutland sanatorium and
we shall be ready to do so in the future as the occasion may arise.”

“ We are glad to contribute our assistance and influence in pro­
moting the good work that is being done for those afflicted with
tuberculosis. W e understand the expense of treatment for each
patient (at the Rutland sanatorium) is at the rate of $4 per week,
and we will pay this amount for at least three months for anyone
who is found to have the disease while, in our employ. W e desire
to express our appreciation of the efforts being made to wipe out
this dreaded disease. We hope this effort may be an enlightening
influence that will teach people to better understand their personal
responsibility for their own health.”
“ Referring to conversation with you this day, I desire to say
that should any of our old employees be so unfortunate as to con­
tract tuberculosis, we will pay their expenses at the Rutland sana­
torium for a period of three months.”
“ Should you find upon examination that any of our old employees
require treatment for tuberculosis, we will be responsible for their
expenses of $4 per week at Rutland or other similar place for a
period of three months.”
“ Confirming our conversation of a short time since, would say
that this company takes pleasure in saying that for the present we
would pay the board of any of our employees who should be unfor­
tunate enough to contract tuberculosis, at Rutland sanatorium, or
a similar institution, for 12 weeks at the rate of $4 weekly, provided
said employee has been in our employ six months.”

“ Agreeable to our conversation with you in reference to the matter
of paying for a three months* treatment in the State sanitorium for
any employee of ours who has contracted tuberculosis, I wish to say
that if upon examination of any regular employee of this corporation



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who has been in our employ for one year or longer; we shall be
glad to pay for a three months’ treatment in the Rutland sanatorium
or any other sanatorium which would be a benefit to this employee.”
“ We certainly will fall in line, and should you, upon examination
as required by law,1 find among our regular employees anyone who
has contracted tuberculosis, the disease being in its first stages, we
will care for his or her expense at the Rutland sanatorium for a
period of three months.”
It will be seen from the above statements that the manufacturers
who have identified themselves with the so-called “ tuberculosis
movement” have put themselves on record as showing a willingness
to assist to a certain extent persons who have become ill with tuber­
culosis while in their employ. Of the 34 manufacturers who have
thus gone on record, 24 have limited the time for which they are to
pay the patients expenses to 3 months; 4 to 3 months or over; 1 to
4 months; whereas 5 did not specify the length of time. Fourteen
of the manufacturers specified that the patients should go to the State
sanatorium at Rutland, while 20 specified the Rutland or any other
sanatorium. One manufacturer limited the offer to those employees
who had worked for the firm for 6 months; 5 manufacturers to those
who had worked for the firm for 1 year or over; 6 to those who con­
tracted the disease while in their employ; 3 to “ old employees” ;
whereas 9 manufacturers made no qualification. The 34 firms, who
have given out the written statements may be classified according
to the number of persons employed in each establishment as follows:

Number of firms.

2..............................................................
4...............................................................
10.............................................................
8.........'....................................................
3..............................................................

Number of
employees
in each
establish­
ment.
25-50
50-100
100-200
200-300
300-400

Number of firms.

Number of
employees
in each
establish­
ment.

2..............................................................
2..............................................................
2..............................................................
1..............................................................

600-700
700-800
900-1,000
Over 1,000

The largest number of persons employed in any one of the 34
establishments was 1,300, the smallest number 32. The total number
of employees in all the establishments is about 10,000; the total
number of minors about 1,000. The sanitary conditions of these
establishments have been found to vary considerably. In some the
conditions were excellent, in others only reasonably good, whereas
in 3 establishments marked improvements have been made since the
signing of the agreement. The results of the sanatoria treatment
up to date, so far as submitted to the office of the State board of
1 The State law provides lor making inquiry concerning the health of minors in factories.
include adults.




It does not

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health, are as follows: Eleven firms have aided employees found ill
with tuberculosis, either by paying their board in the State sana­
torium at Rutland or in some other sanatorium, in private homes,
or by rendering financial aid in the employee’s own home. Twentyseven employees in all have been aided as follows:
1
2
4
9

em ployee in each of 4 establishments.
em ployees in each of 5 establishments.
em ployees in 1 establishm ent.
em ployees in another establishm ent.

The length of time during which aid was given varied from 6 weeks
to 6 months, while 1 case was cared for for 8 months, and 1 for 10
months. Of the persons treated, 3 were reported “ cured,” 8 “ condition
improved,” 1 “ condition not improved,” 7 “ died,” and 5 “ moved
away.” Three persons are still under treatment.
It can not, of course, be questioned that the attitude on the part
of those manufacturers who have heralded the agreement as a powerful weapon in the fight against tuberculosis is highly desirable. In
the first place the movement itself is of great educational value, in­
asmuch as it calls to the attention of both employer and employees
the existence and prevalence of tuberculosis in factories. The
greatest value of such a movement, however, should be that an offer
on the part of the manufacturer would lead to the discovery of cases
of the disease which would otherwise remain untreated. In this way
incipient cases of the disease would be discovered and placed under
treatment and more advanced cases segregated. These two pro­
cedures are the most powerful weapons in the fight against the spread
of the disease. Now let us see how much was actually accomplished
in the particular instances mentioned. It has already been shown
that considerable good has been done by the aid rendered to the 27
persons found ill with tuberculosis, but this number of persons was
found in 11 of the 34 establishments. No records have been sub­
mitted to the office of the State board of health concerning employees
found with tuberculosis in the remaining 23 establishments. The
question arises, therefore, what, more than the mere signing of the
letter, has been done in the other 23 establishments ?
WORCESTER TUBERCULOSIS MOVEMENT FROM POINT OF VIEW OF
MANUFACTURERS WHO ALLIED THEMSELVES TO IT.

Interviews with a number of the manufacturers who signed the
so-called agreement were of interest. On the whole, it was found
that the manufacturers did not consider their letter to the State
inspector of health to be literally an “ agreement.” As stated by an
employer of several hundred persons, they “ simply put themselves
on record as showing a willingness to assist to a reasonable extent
any worthy employee who has been with them for some time and




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becomes ill with tuberculosis while in their employ.” Seven of the
employers interviewed stated that the letter did not bind them to
help any o f their employees and that they should judge each case on
its merits. One employer of more than 900 persons stated that he
considered his letter as binding only in the sense that he was willing
to consider the advisability of paying the expense at the Rutland
sanatorium or similar institution of any employee found to have
tuberculosis. He did not consider that he was obliged to pay any
part of the expense of any person who happened to be in his employ
who was found to show some sign or symptom of the disease. He
said that if his attention was called to the fact that a person who had
been in his employ 10 or 15 years now had tuberculosis and that if
the said employee had proved himself worthy of help, he would be
perfectly willing to assist him by paying toward his expenses while
under treatment. He thought that the State inspector of health
had taken a good step in interesting the manufacturers along this
line, but that his work had “ limited itself to this point.” Another
manufacturer, whose letter stated that he would pay the expense of
treatment for three months for any person in his employ who might
be unfortunate enough to contract tuberculosis, said when consulted,
that he did not offer to pay any portion of the expenses of an employee
found ill but merely offered to pay for the physical examination.
He ended his letter with the following statement: “ We believe that
you are doing a good work, which should have the cooperation of all
manufacturers and business men in general.”
It can be seen from the above interviews that many of the manu­
facturers who wrote letters did not consider them as binding contracts.
In other wurds, it was not the intention of the most of the manu­
facturers to deal indiscriminately with their employees. Now, then,
the helping of a deserving unfortunate employee discovered ill with,
tuberculosis, while praiseworthy, is not going to be a great factor in
the eradication of tuberculosis. What is of more importance to the
community is the discovery of persons with incipient signs or symp­
toms of the disease. With this end in view all the manufacturers
who signed the so-called “ agreement” were asked whether they
would be willing to post notices in their factories urging the employees
to be examined for the purpose of detecting early indications of the
disease. Of the 34 firms only 6 expressed a willingness to post such
notices. The other 28 refused to do so. In fact, 7 of the 34 firms
said.that they did not want it known among their employees that
they had committed themselves to pay any part of the expenses of an
employee found ill with the disease.
In order to determine the attitude of manufacturers throughout
the State to this Worcester movement a great number of them were
interviewed, nearly all of whom opposed the adoption of such a




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policy. This opposition and failure to indorse the movement was
not confined to any one class of manufacturers. Indeed, it was met
with in some of the best establishments in the State, where a great
deal of money is spent annually for welfare work. Manufacturers
looked at the situation from different viewpoints, stating their argu­
ments against such a policy as follows:
W O RCESTER TUBERCULOSIS MOVEMENT FROM POINT OF VIEW
MANUFACTURERS OUTSIDE OF W ORCESTER COUNTY.

OF

“ Class legislation is pernicious. I think the Worcester movement
unfortunate in that it favors class legislation and puts a premium on
illness, particularly if that illness should be tuberculosis, to the
exclusion of other dangerous diseases.”
“ It is neither wise nor proper to lead persons who work in factories
to expect that they will be cared for if afflicted with tuberculosis or
any similar disease.”
“ To bind employers to an agreement to assume the care and pay
for the treatment of employees at sanatoria is to break down the
morale and independence of the individual and to encourage in its
wake pauperizing expectancy with its direful results.”
“ It seems to me that an enabling act of the legislature would be
necessary before the corporations could contribute to the relief of
sufferers from tuberculosis or any other disease such as appears to be
done by Worcester manufacturing concerns.”
“ I fail to see how we could do much along humanitarian lines
without the consent of the stockholders, much as the management
might desire to do it. Our mills are run by stockholders, by a board
of directors with a president, treasurer, and superintendent ” * * *.
“ Do you know of other business interests engaged in such move­
ments? Are the railroads, express companies, butchers and bakers
sending their employees afflicted with tuberculosis to sanatoria and
paying their bills? Pay the employees what is due them; make the
mills sanitary. We can not feed, clothe, nurse, and doctor the
employees. It is not business. I am not in favor of such a thing.”
“ I am opposed to the Worcester idea as tending to an assumption
that corporations are liable for such illness as tuberculosis or other
dangerous diseases.”
“ Welfare work or special action by a wealthy manufacturert for
special reasons, is taken up and urged b y interested persons as the
standard for all, which in many instances works a considerable
hardship.” (The manufacturer pointed out that while he was not
opposed to welfare work or tuberculosis work, in numerous instances
it has not seemed to accomplish all that was anticipated.)




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“ Better housing, better the mill conditions. Pay good wages and
the employees would be able to pay their own way in everything
* *
The State may find this problem of helping its people,
caring for and treating them, a very large one indeed.”
“ Our mills are better than ever they were. The tenements, on
the other hand, are but little improved. Some of our employees
come and go weekly. They seldom spend 50 hours a week in any
one mill. What do they do and where are they the other 118 hours
in the week? The tenement landlord has them more hours in the
week than we do. I don’t see why any of our mills should pay for
the care and treatment of diseased persons simply because they are
on our pay rolls.”
The arguments thus advanced against the Worcester policy m ay
be summarized as follows: The employer should pay his employees
the best possible wages and provide for them the best sanitary
conditions, both of which factors would result in mutual advantage.
If an employee who has rendered faithful service for many years is
unfortunate enough to be taken ill, most manufacturers recognize
a moral responsibility and are ready to render assistance. A great
number of manufacturers also assume responsibility in aiding em­
ployees who are accidently injured at their work, but they can not
see why they should be held responsible for a disease which is perhaps
contracted outside of the factory. W hy should not the landlord of
tenements, in which disease is often contracted, be held responsible ?
W hy should not he be required to pay for his tenants who are taken
ill with tuberculosis? Corporations are not adapted for such work
which, at best, is to be regarded as a charitable undertaking, and
many employers feel that they want to do their charity work in their
own way. One manufacturer, employing about 1,500 operatives,
who has done a great deal for his employees, when asked his opinion
of the plans adopted by the Worcester manufacturers said: “ We do
not believe in charity because we think it fosters improvidence and
that when a corporation undertakes this sort of work it is getting
upon dangerous ground. As a business proposition and one that
pays well, we see that our operatives work under the most favorable
conditions we are able to provide. For the same reason we provide
a trained nurse and an accident and retiring room for our operatives.
She dresses minor wounds and attends to the lesser complaints of the
operatives, especially of those under age and women * * *. She
visits the homes of our tubercular former operatives and gives instruc­
tion to the patient and family * * *. In regard to the tubercu­
losis problem, I think the plan asking the manufacturer to send all
his tubercular operatives to Rutland is utterly impracticable. For
one thing, it fosters the paternal attitude which is an unwise stand




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to take. We consider the cases as individuals, and since we began
the work a little over a year ago we paid the expenses of about 15
operatives for as long as it was necessary for them to remain there.
So far we have not been imposed upon by the people seeking our
employ for this reason, and before paying expenses we consider the
length of service, character of the work, etc. We do it because we
want to do our share in helping the State with this problem. We
intend to continue this policy and do not inteiid to conceal or adver­
tise it.”
To sum up, an agreement on the part of a manufacturer to help
tubercular employees can be of value from a standpoint of the general
campaign against tuberculosis, provided it leads to the discovery of
new cases. In order to detect new cases the employer must be
willing to post notices to call attention to the disease and to urge
physical examinations. In most of the Worcester factories no
examination of the employees was made following the so-called
agreement. Not even notices were posted to urge the employees to
be examined in order to detect any early signs of tuberculosis. More­
over, many of the manufacturers in Worcester County do not consider
that their letters bind them to any contract, stating emphatically
that it is not their intention to render aid to any of their employees,
but that they will consider individual cases. This principle is, as
we have seen, no different from that of a great number of Massa­
chusetts manufacturers who provide the best practicable working
conditions for their employees.




THE WORKMEN’S INSURANCE CODE OF JULY 19, 1911, OF
GERMANY.
TRANSLATED B Y HENRY J. HARRIS, PH. D.

IN TRODUCTION.

The Twenty-Fourth Annual Keport of the Commissioner of Labor,
entitled “ Workmen’s Insurance and Compensation Systems in
Europe,” contained a section devoted to the workmen’s insurance
system of Germany. In this section was given an account of the
official plan for the revision and extension of the workmen’s insurance
system, but at the time the volume was published the German
Parliament had not acted on the Government’s plan. As finally
adopted by the legislative body, a number of changes were made,
which makes it necessary to outline briefly the general features of the
new codification of all the workmen’s insurance laws.
For those who may wish to make a comparison of the new code
with the former laws it may be stated that a translation of the law of
June 30, 1900, relating to the accident insurance of persons employed
in manufacturing and similar industries, was given on pages 2509 to
2552 of Volume II of the report just mentioned, while a translation of
the invalidity insurance law of 1899 will be found on pages 966 to
1002 of Bulletin No. 91 of the Bureau of Labor.
The law of July 19, 1911, is a codification of all the legislation
relating to the several branches of workmen’s insurance in the German
Empire. Previous to the date of this act the sickness insurance, the
accident insurance, and the invalidity insurance were each regulated
by a separate law or series of laws. At the time when the compulsory
insurance system was introduced into Germany the plan of having
the three branches of insurance adopted simultaneously was con­
sidered, but was declared by Bismarck to be a task of such magnitude
that no other plan was feasible except to introduce the various
branches of insurance one after the other. Furthermore, it was
found necessary to introduce the insurance laws for the different
industries, one after the other, so that while the first accident insur­
ance law was enacted in 1884 it required five additional laws to cover
all the industries which were intended to be included in this branch
of the workmen’s insurance system. A somewhat similar procedure
was followed in the case of the sickness insurance and the invalidity
and old-age insurance. All of the insurance laws were revised and
to some extent codified between the years 1899 and 1903, but it was
not until 1910 that a single law covering all phases of workmen’s
insurance was drafted by the German Government. The codification
18544°— No. 96—12-----11
501



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of 1911 therefore represents the experience of a quarter of a centuryin a system of compulsory insurance covering practically the whole
industrial population of the German Empire.
GENERAL FEATURES.

The new workmen’s insurance code has retained the former gen­
eral scheme of organization; although frequently advocated, there
has been no attempt to consolidate the organizations conducting the
sickness, accident, and invalidity insurance. Separate administra­
tive bodies conduct these three branches of insurance, while the new
branch, the insurance for widows and orphans, or as the law terms
it, “ the survivors’ insurance,” is carried on by the invalidity insur­
ance organizations. A new feature which the code introduces is
the system of government offices to supervise the insurance organ­
izations. The first of these new institutions is designated in the
following translation as “ local insurance office” ( Versicherungsam t)
and covers a district of small area, usually of one or a few communes
or parishes. Above the local insurance office is the so-called “ supe­
rior insurance office” (O berversicherungsam t) , which supervises opera­
tions in insurance matters and whose most important function is
the work formerly performed by the arbitration courts for work­
men’s insurance which were abolished by the new law. The central
administrative body is the imperial insurance office ( B eichsvericher u n gsam t), except in the case of Bavaria, the Kingdom of Saxony,
Wurtemberg, and Baden, where State insurance offices ( Landesver sicherungsam t) take the place of the imperial insurance office for
insurance organizations located entirely within the boundaries of
these States. In all of these Government offices the plan of having
representatives of the employers and of the insured persons partici­
pate to a large degree in the administration of the insurance has been
retained.
SICKNESS INSURANCE.

The workmen’s insurance code provides for six types of sickness
insurance funds: Local sick funds, rural sick funds, establishment
sick funds, guild sick funds, miner’s sick funds, and substitute
sick funds. The former communal or parish sickness insurance
has been abolished. The local insurance funds provide the insur­
ance for the greater number of insured persons, and in particular for
persons not included in any of the other groups mentioned above;
these funds are practically a continuation of the former local insur­
ance funds and are also intended to provide for persons formerly
included in the communal sickness insurance. The rural sick funds
are a new institution and are not necessarily confined to rural dis­
tricts, but may also exist for cities; these funds provide for the sickness
insurance of household servants, persons engaged in home working
industries, casual laborers, farm laborers, etc. This is the only new



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19 , 1911-----G E R M A N Y .

503

type of insurance fund provided for the sickness insurance. The
other types of funds are practically the same as those instituted by
former sickness insurance laws; the so-called substitute funds are
merely the mutual-aid funds which are recognized under the preceding
laws and which are allowed to continue, though under more careful
supervision and with certain restrictions as to size, etc. The tend­
ency in the new law has been to encourage sick funds of larger size,
as experience had shown that funds with a smaller number of members
did not possess a sufficiently extensive actuarial basis.
The groups of persons brought under the compulsory sickness
insurance for the first time are the following: Household servants,
clerks and apprentices in pharmacies, members of orchestras and
theatrical companies, teachers and tutors, persons engaged in home­
working industries, ship's crews of German sea-going vessels and the
crews of vessels engaged in inland navigation. Voluntary insurance
is permitted under more liberal conditions than heretofore.
During the discussion of the provisions of the code an attempt was
made to change the proportion of contributions paid by the employer
and by the insured persons. As finally enacted, the existing plan of
having employers pay one-third and the insured persons two-thirds
of the contributions has been retained; in the case of members of
guild sick funds, however, the contributions may be levied in the pro­
portion of one-half upon each party.
The benefits of the sickness insurance are practically unchanged in
the new law and consist of medical care, a sick wage, hospital care,
and care in the home, together with an allowance for the family in
the case of hospital treatment; in addition, a pecuniary sick benefit
is paid in maternity cases for a period of eight weeks. The funeral
benefit consists of 20 times the amount of the wage of the insured per­
son used as a basis for computing dues and benefits. Under the law,
the sick funds are allowed to vary these benefits in a number of ways,
and likewise the funds may extend the amount and duration of the
benefits in certain cases.
ACCIDENT INSURANCE.

The organization of the accident insurance is practically unchanged
under the new code. The functions of the former subsidiary insur­
ance institutes ( V ersich eru n gs-A n stalten ) have been slightly increased,
and in the future they will be designated as “ branch institutes”
( Z w eig-A n staU en ). Their special function is to provide insurance
for petty business undertakers of all kinds, and more especially in the
building trades, livery and hauling, inland navigation, and marine
navigation. These branch institutes are subsidiary organizations of
the accident association for these industries and are administered
either directly or indirectly by the governing bodies of the accident




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associations, though the branch institutes as heretofore have a legal
and formal separate existence.
The classes of persons insured are still composed of workmen and
administrative or operating officials; the latter, however, only in so
far as their annual earnings do not exceed 5,000 marks ($1,190), this
amount having previously been 3,000 marks ($714).
The new industry branches included in the insurance are certain
groups of breweries, pharmacies, tanneries, bath establishments,
fishing in inland waters, fish culture, ice cutting, and establishments
conducted as a business for the keeping of livery stables for draft
animals, riding animals, and breeding animals, and the keeping of
conveyances and riding animals.
The accident insurance for agriculture and forestry and for marine
navigation is practically unchanged.
The system of collecting assessments each year to cover the ex­
penditures for the preceding year, modified by a reserve the interest
of which is intended to reduce the annual assessments, has not been
changed. As heretofore, the branch institutes, however, annually col­
lect premiums sufficient to cover the capitalized value of the pension
granted instead of using the assessment system. Annual salaries
in excess of 1,800 marks ($428) have only one-third of the excess
counted. In agriculture a different basis of assessment may be used,
namely, the so-called u labor-need,” though the land tax, the area

cultivated, or some other basis may also be used. No change has
been made in the system of risk tariffs for industrial establishments.
The definition of industrial accident has gradually been made more
exact during the 25 years’ experience under the various laws. The
code does not include industrial or occupational diseases as accidents,
but authorizes the federal council to include such diseases under acci­
dent insurance. The definition of an industrial accident as now pre­
scribed specifies that it must be a sudden event occurring at a specific
time, and having a causal connection with the operation of the estab­
lishment.
The benefits of the accident insurance have not been changed by
the new code.
IN VALIDITY AND SURVIVORS’ INSURANCE.

The invalidity insurance is conducted by territorial organizations,
these organizations being directed by committees, etc., consisting onehalf of employers and one-half of insured persons. The governments,
either State or local, appoint the officials who conduct the current
affairs of these organizations. For a few industries, such as trans­
portation, mining, etc., “ special institutes” are allowed to conduct
the insurance of persons engaged in these industries.
The new feature of the insurance code is that relating to survivors’
insurance, or, as it is popularly called, widows’ and orphans’ insurance.



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INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY.

505

This branch of insurance is to be conducted by the territorial organi­
zations which administer the invalidity insurance.
The new groups of persons included under the invalidity insurance
are clerks and apprentices in pharmacies and members of orchestras
and theater companies. By the decrees of the federal council the
invalidity insurance has already been extended to persons engaged in
home-working trades, to persons engaged in tobacco industries, and to
a large proportion of persons engaged in textile industries. An effort
has been made in the code to make the group of persons covered by
the invalidity insurance identical with that covered by the sickness
insurance. The provisions as to voluntary insurance and as to the
continuation of insurance in the case of a person who ceases to be
employed in an industry requiring compulsory insurance have been
made more liberal. An important innovation is that designated as
“ voluntary supplementary insurance,” according to which the
amount of the invalidity pension (but not of the other benefits) can
be increased by payments of sums of 1 mark (23.8 cents) at any
time and in any amount. Persons who have made such payments
receive a supplementary pension equal to an annual sum consisting
of 2 pfennigs (0.48 cents) for each mark so paid, multiplied by the
number of years between the year of payment and the date of
invalidity.
On account of the new features of the invalidity insurance, an
increase in dues was necessary; the increase in the lower wage classes
was one-fifth or less, while in the three upper wage classes, namely,
those persons earning 550 marks ($130.90) or over, the increase
in contributions is about one-third. As before, the contributions are
paid one-half by the employers and one-half by the insured person,
while the Empire annually grants a subsidy of 50 marks ($11.90) to
each pension.
The former method of payments of contributions through stamps
pasted on receipt cards has been retained; in the case of persons
engaged for periods of time such as by a quarter or by the year, the
stamps may be affixed at such intervals of time. Under certain cir­
cumstances the insured person himself may affix the stamps and
require the employer to repay one-half of the contribution. All cards
must be renewed at the local office of the insurance institute at least
once in two years. The new code restricts the possibility of making
effective a claim to a new valid pension which has once lapsed; in
particular, the conditions are more strict for persons who have passed
their fortieth year of life, and especially difficult for those who have
passed their sixtieth year.
Benefits are paid on the occurrence of “ invalidity” ; that is, a
disability caused by sickness or physical defect which prevents the
insured person from earning one-third of the amount which a normal




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person of similar training and status in life is able to earn. In this
case the previous occupation and the person’s aptitude for another
occupation are taken into account in ascertaining his right to a
pension.
Under the code, the invalidity pension consists of an annual subsidy
from the Empire, a basic amount fixed by the number of contributions
paid and a subsidy of one-tenth of the pension for each child of the
pensioner under 15 years of age, with a maximum of five-tenths.
An old-age pension is paid after the completion of the seventieth
year of life without regard to the physical condition of the claimant,
and has not been changed as to its amount or as to the age limit.
The new widow’s pension is a benefit paid to the invalid widow of
an insured person, so long as she remains unmarried, and consists of
an imperial subsidy of 50 marks ($11.90) annually, plus three-tenths
of the invalidity pension of the deceased. The orphan’s pension is
paid to the orphans of the insured person under 15 years of age and
consists of an annual subsidy from the Imperial Government equal
to 25 marks ($5.95) and three-twentieths of the invalidity pension of
the deceased for one orphan, and one-fortieth of this pension for each
additional orphan. The orphan’s pension, however, may not exceed
the amount of the invalidity pension of the deceased, and the total
sum of the orphan’s and widow’s pensions may not be more than one
and one-half times the pension of the deceased.
A new benefit, designated as “ widow money,” is paid to such persons
on the death of the insured person and is equal to the amount of one
year’s pension of the widow, plus 50 marks ($11.90) imperial subsidy.
Another new benefit is the orphan’s benefit, paid when the orphan
completes his fifteenth year of life, and is equal to eight times the
monthly amount of the orphan’s pension, plus 16§ marks ($3.97)
imperial subsidy.
The date when all of the provisions of the new code are to be
put into force is to be announced in the Reiehs-Gesetzblatt. The issues
of this gazette up to November 1,1911, have not contained any orders
on this subject.1i
i The periodical Soziale Praxis of Oct. 19,1911, contained the following statement:
“ The postponement of the date when the workmen’s insurance code goes into force to Jan. 1, 1913, is
announced by the Zentralblatt der Reichsversicherung.
“ The difficulties which developed in drawing up the administrative regulations for carrying into effect
the imperial insurance code, both on the part of the imperial and of the State officials, made this post­
ponement necessary. In particular, the merging of the existing rules with the new regulations has required
more time than was anticipated, and likewise the work necessary in connection with the new application of
the insurance status to casual laborers and to the home-working industries showed that the earlier date
was impossible, though heretofore the date of July 1,1912, has been assumed to be the one which would be
adopted.
“ On the other hand, attention should be called to the fact that the regulations for the introduction of the
insurance code, as stated in the introductory law to the code, came into force immediately upon their
publication, namely, on Aug. 1, 1911, and that the provisions relating to the invalidity and survivors’
insurance (B ook Four) come into force on Jan. 1,1912, without fail. The only question, therefore, is in
regard to the regulations concerning the sickness insurance and the accident insurance. According to
other reports, a definite date for putting these two parts of the insurance code into force has not yet been
determined.”




w o r k m e n ’s

INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY. 5 0 7

AN ALYSIS OF TH E CODE AN D TH E IN TR O D U C TO RY LAW .
Book One.— General provisions:
Section O ne.— Scope of the im perial insurance...................................
Section T w o.— Carriers of the im perial insurance—
I. Designation.......................................................................................
I I . Legal com petence...........................................................................
I I I . Adm inistrative bodies......................................................................
IV . Honorary offices.................................................................................
V . Assets....................................................................................................
V I. Supervision....................................................................
Section Three.— Insurance authorities—
I. General provisions..........................................................................
I I . Local insurance offices—
1. Establishm ent............................................................................
2. Com position................................................................................
3. Committees.................................................................................
4. Costs.............................................................................................
I I I . Superior insurance offices—
1. Establishm ent............................................................................
2. Com position................................................................................
3. Chambers....................................................................................
4. Supervision—Costs....................................................................
IV . Im perial Insurance Office— State insurance offices—
1. Jurisdiction—Seat.....................................................................
2. Com position........................
3. Senates....................; ..................................................................
4. A ccounting bureau— Costs.....................................................
5. State insurance offices..............................................................
Section Four.— Other general provisions—
I. A uthorities...............................
I I . Legal assistance..............................................................................
I I I . B en efits....................................
IV . M edical treatm en t...........................................................................
V . Tim e lim its .....................................................................................
V I. N otification s......................................................................................
V II. Fees and stamp ta x e s ....................................................................
V III. Prohibitions and p en a lties...........................................- .............
I X . Local wage rate .............................................................................
X . Place of em p loym en t....................................................................
X I . Legislation of foreign cou n tries..................................................
X I I . General definitions—
1. Em ploym ents su bject to insurance......................................
2. Earnings......................................................................................
3. A griculture.................................................................................
4. Persons engaged in hom e-working industries......................
5. German seagoing v essels.........................................................
6. Fiscal year..................................................................................
Book T w o.— Sickness insurance:
Section One.— Scope of the insurance—
I . Compulsory insurance........................................................................
I I . Voluntary insurance........................................................................
Section T w o.—Benefits of the insurance—
I . General provisions as to benefits.................................................
I I . Sickness benefits................................................................................




Article.

1,2

3
4
5-11
12-24
25-29
30-34
35
36-38
39-55
56-58
59,60
61-67
68-76
77,78
79-82
83,84
85-97
98-102
103,104
105-109
110-114
115-117
118-121
122,123
124-134
135,136
137,138
139-148
149-152
153-156
157,158
159
160
161
162
163
164

165-175
176-178
179-181
182-194

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B ook Tw o.— S ickness insurance— C oncluded.
Section T w o.—Benefits of the insurance— C oncluded.
I I I . M aternity benefits..............................................................................
IV . Funeral benefits.................................................................................
V . Benefits to the fam ily.....................................................................
V I. General provisions...........................................................................
Section Three.— Carriers of the insurance—
I. K inds of sick funds.........................................................................
I I . General local sick funds and rural sick funds............................
I I I . Special local sick funds....................................................................
IV . Establishm ent sick funds and gu ild sick funds..........................
V . Controversies..........................................................................
V I. Benefits of equal valu e..................................................................
V II. Com bination, separation, dissolution, and closing—
1. Local and rural sick funds......................................................
2. Establishm ent and guild sick funds......................................
3. Procedure....................................................................................
Section Four.— Constitution—
I. M embership—
1. Beginning and term ination.....................................................
2. Registration................................................................................
I I. C onstitution.......................................................................................
I I I . Adm inistrative bodies of the funds—
1. Organization of local and rural sick funds..........................
2. Organization of establishm ent and guild sick funds..........
3. D uties........................................................................
IV . E m ployees and officials of the fu n d .............................................
V . Adm inistration of resources..........................................................
V I. R elation to physicians, dentists, hospitals, and pharm acies..
Section F iv e.— Supervision.............................................................................
Section S ix.— Raising of the funds—
I. Contributions.....................................................................
I I . Paym ent of the contributions..........................................................
Section Seven.— Federations of funds.— S e ctio n s....................................
Section E ight.— Special occupations—
I. General provisions...........................................................................
I I . A griculture..........................................................................................
I I I . Servants................................................................................................
IV . Tem porary em ploym ent...................................................................
V . Itinerant trades.........................................................................
V I. H om e-working in du stries.............................................................
V II. A pprentices......................................................................................
Section N ine.—Miners’ sick funds.................................................................
Section T en.— Substitute funds—
I. A uthorization...................................................................................
I I . Relation to sick funds.....................................................................
Section E leven .— Final provisions and penal provisions—
I. Final provisions............
I I . Penal provisions...............................................................................
Book Three.—A ccident insurance:
Part One.— Industrial acciden t insurance—
Section One.— Scope of the insurance............... ...................................
Section Tw o.— Benefits of the insurance............ ................................




Article.
195-200
201-204
205
206-224
225
226-238
239-244
245-257
258
259-263
264-269
270-279
280-305

306-316
317-319
320-326
327-337
338-341
342-348
349-362
363-367
368-376
377-379
380-392
393-405
406-415
416
417-434
435-440
441-458
459-465
466-493
494
495-502
503-516
517-525
526-528
529-536

537-554
555-622

W ORKMENS

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CODE OF J U L Y

19, 1911— G E R M A N Y .

Book Three.—A ccident insurance— Continued.
Part One.— Industrial accident insurance— Concluded.
Section Three.— Carriers of the insurance—
I. The accident associations and other carriers of the insurance..........................................................................................
II. Composition of the accident associations..........................
I I I . Changes in the status of the accident associations..........
Section Four.— Organization of the accident associations—
I. Membership and the right to vote.....................................
I I . Registration of the establishm ents.....................................
I I I . Register of establishm ents...................................................
IY . Changes in the undertakers—Changes in the establish­
m ent and in its mem bership in the accident associa­
t i o n .........................................................................................
Y . Constitution.................................................................................
Y I. Adm inistrative bodies of the accident association........ *..
V II. Em ployees of associations......................................................
V III. Formation of the risk classes.................................................
IX . D ivision and join t carrying of the burden.........................
X .' Adm inistration of the assets....................................................
Section F ive.— Supervision.....................................................................
Section S ix.— Paym ent of the com pensation— Raising of the
funds—
I. Payments through the Post Office Departm ent..............
II. Raising of the funds...............................................................
I I I . Procedure in assessments and collection s...........................
IV . Transferring amounts to the Post Office Departm ent----Section Seven.—Branch institutes—
I. Branch institutes for the building trades—
1. Establishm ent, scope, and organization.....................
2. Insurance at the expense of the undertaker^—
Prem ium s........................................................................
3. Insurance at the cost of com m unes...............................
II. Branch institutes for the keeping of riding animals and
conveyances.....................................
Section E ight.— A dditional institutions...............................................
Section X in e.— A ccident prevention— Supervision—
I. Regulations for accident prevention..................................
I I . Supervision.....................................................................
I II. Special provisions for building operations and for the
'
keeping of riding animals and conveyances...................
Section T en.— Establishm ents and activities on account of pub­
lic bodies..................................................................................................
Section E leven.— L iability of undertakers and their represent­
atives—
I. L iability to injured persons and survivors.........................
II. L iability to accident associations, sick funds, e tc ............
Section T w elve.— Penal provisions.......... .............................................
Part Tw o.—Agricultural accident insurance—
Section One.— Scope of the insurance..................................................
Section Tw o.— Benefits of the insurance..............................................
Section Three.— Carriers of the insurance—
I. A cciden t associations and other carriers of the insurance..
II. Changes in the status of the accident association............




509

Article.
623-629
630-634
635-648
649-652
653-656
657-663

664-674
675-684
685-689
690-705
706-712
713-716
717-721
722-725

726-730
731-748
749-776
777-782

783-798
799-824
825-835
836-842
843-847
848-873
874-889
890, 891
892-897

898-902
903-907
908-914
915-929
930-955
956-959
960, 961

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Book T hree.— A ccident insurance— Continued.
Part T w o.—A gricultural accident insurance— Concluded.
Section Four.— Organization—
Article.
962-966
I . M embership and right to v ote.......................... . ...................
I I . Registration of the establishm ents..................................... ...
967
I I I . Changes in the undertakers— Changes in the establish­
m ent and in its mem bership in the accident associ­
ation...................................................... ...................................
968-970
971-974
IV . Constitution.................................................................................
V . Adm inistrative bodies of the accident association..........
975-977
978
Y I. E m ployees of the association...................................................
V II. Formation of the risk classes.................................................
979
V III. D ivision and jo in t carrying of the burden.........................
980-982
I X . Adm inistration of the assets..................................................
983,984
Section F iv e .— Supervision........... .........................................................
985-987
Section S ix.— Paym ent of the com pensation— Raising of the
funds—
988
I. Payments through the Post Office D epartm ent.........
I I. Raising of the funds—
1. General provisions............................................................
989
2. Standard of the labor need and of the risk classes.. 990-1004
3. Standard of the tax rate.................................................. 1005-1009
4. Other standards.........................................................
1010
5. General provisions..........................................
1011-1013
I I I . Procedure in assessments and collection s............................ 1014-1027
1028
IV . Transferring amounts to the Post Office D epartm ent—
Section Seven.—A dditional institutions..............................................
1029
Section E ight.—A cciden t prevention— Supervision.......................... 1030-1032
Section N ine.— Establishm ents of the Em pire and of the States..
1033
Section T en.— Regulation b y State legislation....................... \......... 1034-1041
Section E leven.— L iability of undertakers and their represent­
atives ........................................................................................................
1042
Section T w elve.— Penal provisions........................................................ 1043-1045
Part Three.— Navigation accident association—
Section One.— Scope of the insurance................................................... 1046-1064
Section Tw o.—Benefits of the insurance.............................................. 1065-1117
Section Three.— Carriers of the insurance............................................ 1118-1122
* Section Four.— Organization—
I. Membership and right to vote— R epresentatives............ 1123-1131
I I . Registration of establishm ents.............................................
1132
I I I . Register of establishm ents.................................................... 1133,1134
IV . Changes in the conditions of the establishm ent.............. 1135-1141
V . C onstitution........................................................................... 1142-1145
V I. A dm inistrative bodies of the acciden t association......
1146
V II. Em ployees of the association.............................................
1147
V III. Making the estimates— R isk tariff and special costs---1148-1156
I X . Adm inistration of the assets.............................................
1157
Section F iv e.— Supervision.....................................................................
1158
Section S ix.— Paym ent of the com pensation— Raising of the
funds—
I. Paym ents through the Post Office Departm ent................. 1159-1161
II. Raising of the funds............................................................... 1162-1164
I I I . Procedure in assessments and collection s............................ 1165-1184
IV . Transferring amounts to the Post Office Departm ent.......
1185




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CODE OF J U L Y

19, 1911— G E R M A N Y .

511

Book Three.—A ccident insurance— Concluded.
Part Three.— Navigation acciden t association— Concluded.
Section Seven.— Branch institute lor sm all-scale establishments
Article,
engaged in navigation and in deep-sea fishing and coast fishing. 1186-1197
1198
Section E ight.—A dditional institutions...............................................
Section N ine.— A cciden t prevention—Supervision—
I. Regulations for the prevention of accidents......................... .1199-1208
II. Supervision................................................................................ 1209-1217
Section T en .— Establishm ents of the Em pire and of the States. . .
1218
Section E leven .—L iability of undertakers and their representa­
tives...........................................................................................................
1219
Section T w elve.— Penal provisions........................................................ 1220-1225
Book Bour.—Invalidity and survivors’ insurance:
Section One.— Scope of the insurance—
I. Compulsory insurance................ .*................................................... 1226-1242
I I . Voluntary insurance......................................................................... 1243,1244
I I I . W age classes..................................................................................... 1245-1249
Section T w o.— Benefits of the insurance—
I. General provisions......... ............................................................... 1250-1254
I I . In validity pensions....................................................................... 1255,1256
I I I . Old-age pensions.............................................................................
1257
IV . B enefits of survivors......... *........................................................... 1258-1268
V . M edical treatm ent...........................
1269-1274
V I. Payments in kind instead of pensions.................................... 1275-1277
V II. W aiting term ................................................................................. 1278,1279
V III. E xpiration of the claim .............................................................. 1280-1283
IX . Computation of insurance benefits.......................................... 1284-1297
X . Cessation of the benefits............................................................. 1298-1303
X I . W ithdrawal of the pension........................................................ 1304-1310
X I I . Suspension of the pension—Capitalsum settlem ents........... 1311-1318
X I I I . Special powers of the insurance institute................................. 1319,1320
X IV . R elation to other claim s............................................................... 1321-1325
Section Three.— Carriers of the insurance—
A . Insurance institutes—
I. External features—
1. Establishm ent.................................................................... 1326-1328
2. Local com p eten ce.. . . ...................................................... 1329-1331
3. Changes in the districts................................................... 1332-1337
I I . Internal features—
1. Constitution........................................................................ 1338-1341
2. D irectorate......................................................................... 1342-1350
3. Com m ittee........................................................................... 1351-1355
4. Adm inistration of the assets............................................ 1356-1358
5. General provisions....... .....................................................
1359
B . Special institutes—
1. General provisions........................................................................ 1360-1374
2. Special institute of the navigation accident association___ 1375-1380
Section Four.— Supervision............................................................................ 1381,1382
Section F ive.— Paym ent of the benefits— Raising of the funds—
I. Paym ent through the Post Office D epartm ent............................ 1383-1386
I I . Raising of the funds—
1. General provisions.....................................................................
1387
2. Size of the contributions......................................................... 1388-1392




512

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

Book Four.—Invalidity and survivors* insurance— C oncluded.
Section F iv e .— Paym ent of the benefits— R aising of the funds— C oncluded.
II. R aising of the funds— C oncluded.
Article.
3. Periods of m ilitary service and of sickness......................... 1393,1394
4. General cost— Special cost...................................................... 1395-1400
1401
5. Reinsurance federations..........................................................
6. L iability for the obligations of the institute.......................
1402
7. D istribution and refunding of the insurance benefits—
Transferring amounts to the Post Office D epartm ent... 1403-1410
Section S ix .— Procedure as to contributions—
I. Stamps............................................................................................ 1411,1412
I I . R eceipt cards................................................................................... 1413-1425
I I I . Paym ent of contributions through the em ployer— Proof of
m ilitary service and of sickness.............................................. 1426-1438
IV . Paym ent of the contributions b y the insured persons.......... 1439-1441
V . In valid contributions.................................................................. 1442-1445
V I. Contributions paid in error........................................................
1446
V II. C ollecting the contributions...................................................... 1447-1457
V III. Rounding off the am ounts.........................................................
1458
IX . Controversies as to con tribu tion s............................................. 1459-1464
X . S u p erv ision ................................................................1............... 1465-1470
X I . Special provisions........................................................................
1471
Section Seven.— Voluntary additional insurance....................................... 1472-1483
Section E ight.— Final provisions and penal provisions—
I. S ick funds...........................................................................................
1484
I I . Special provisions for seam en........................................................ 1485,1486
I I I . Penal provisions....................................................
1487-1500
B ook F ive.—R elations of the insurance carriers to each other and to other b o d ie s:
Section One.— Relations of the insurance carriers to each other—
I. Sickness insurance and accident insurance.............................. .. 1501-1517
I I . Sickness insurance and in validity and survivors* insurance.. 1518-1521
I I I . A cciden t insurance and in validity and survivors, insurance. 1522-1526
Section Tw o.— Relations of the insurance carriers to other bodies............ 1527-1544
Book Six.—Procedure:
A . Determ ination of benefits—
Section One.— Determ ination b y the insurance carrier—
I. Inauguration of the procedure..........................................
1545-1550
II. Sickness insurance....................................................................
1551
I I I . A cciden t insurance—
1. Reports of accidents......................................................... 1552-1558
2. Investigation of accidents............................................... 1559-1567
3. Decisions of insurance carriers—
a. General provisions........................................................ 1568-1582
b . D ecision .......................................................................... 1583-1590
c . Protest............................................................................. 1591-1599
d . Special provisions for'th e protest against changes
in perm anent pensions............................................. 1600-1605
e. Final d e cisio n ................................................................ 1606,1607
f. Other provisions............................................................. 1608-1612
IV . In validity and survivors, insurance—
1. Submission of claim s........................................................ 1613-1616
2. Preparation of the case b y the local insurance office. 1617-1629
3. D ecision of the insurance carriers................................. 1630-1634
4. Renewal of application s..................................................
1635




w o r k m e n ’s

INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY. 5 1 3

Book Six.— Procedure— C oncluded.
A. Determ ination of benefits— C oncluded.
Section Tw o.— Determ ination b y judgm ent procedure—
I. Procedure before the local insurance office—
Article.
1. Com petence of the local insurance office..................... 1636-1640
2. D isqualification and rejection of members of the
judgm ent com m ittee.................................................... 1641-“ 649
3. Procedure up to the oral proceedings........................... 1650-1659
4. Oral proceedings................................................................ 1660-1674
II. Procedure before the superior insurance office.................. 1675-1693
I I I . Procedure before the Im perial Insurance Office (or the
State insurance office)—
1. Sickness, and in validity and survivors, in su ran ce.. 1694-1698
2. A cciden t insurance........................................................... 1699-1706
3. General provisions............................................................. 1707-1721
IV . R eopening of the procedure—
1. Grounds for contesting..................................................... 1722-1726
2. Com petence........................................................................
1727
3. Course'of the procedure................................................... 1728-1733
4. Final provisions.................................................................
1734
Section Three.— Special kinds of procedure—
I. Controversies of several insurance carriers in regard to
the obligation to furnish com pensation............................ 1735-1738
II. Procedure of distribution........................................................ 1739-1742
I I I . Determ ination of the validity of a claim to a w idow s
pension....................................................................................
1743
IV . Contesting the final decisions of the insurance ca rrier.. .
1744
Section Four.— Special provisions for the navigation accident
insurance—
I. General provisions.....................................................................
1745
II. R eporting of accidents............................................................. 1746-1752
I I I . Investigation of accidents..................................................... 1753-1766
IY . Penal provisions........................................................................
1767
V . Com petence of the adm inistrative bodies for determ ina­
tions......................................................................................... 1768,1769
Y I . Controversies..............................................................................
1770
B . Other judgm ent matters—
I. General provisions............................................................................
1771
I I . C om petence........................................................................................ 1772-1775
I I I . Other provisions............................................................................. 1776-1779
C. D ecision procedure—
Section One.— General provisions.......................................................... 1780-1790
Section Tw o.— A ppeals............................................................................. 1791-1796
Section Three.— Further appeals........................................................... 1797-1801
D . Costs and fees—
I. Costs of the procedure..................................................................... 1802,1803
I I. Fees of law yers................................................................................. 1804,1805
Introductory Law for the W orkm en's Insurance Code:
Section A—
I. General provisions...........................................................................
1-6
I I . Insurance authorities.................
7-13
I I I . Sickness insurance...............
14-42
IV . A cciden t insurance..........................................................................
43-63
V . In validity and sur\dvors’ insurance..........................................
64-84
V I. Procedure........................................................................................
85-99
V II. Final provision..............................................................................
100
Section B .............................................................................................................
101-104




514

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

THE WORKMEN’ S INSURANCE CODE .1
BOOK ONE— GENERAL PROVISIONS.
S e c t io n O n e — S c o p e o p t h e I m p e r ia l I n s u r a n c e .
A r t ic l e 1.

Included in the im perial insurance (Reichsversicherung) are—
The sickness insurance (Kranlcenversicherung ) ;
The accident insurance ( Unfallversicherung);
The in validity and survivors’ insurance (In validen- und H interbliebenenversicherun g).
A r t ic l e 2.

O f the special provisions—
Articles 165 to 536 apply to the sickness insurance;
A rtices 537 to 1225 apply to the accident insurance, of w hich articles 537 to 914
apply to the industrial (gew erbliche), articles 915 to 1045 to the agricultural
( la n d w iri^ a ftlich e), and articles 1046 to 1225 to the navigation accident insur­
ance (See - Tfnfallversicherung ) ;
Articles 1226 to 1500 apply to the in validity and suvivors’ insurance.
S e c t io n T w o — C a r r i e r s o f t h e I m p e r ia l I n s u r a n c e .
i . d e s ig n a t io n .

A rticle 3.
P a r a g r a p h 1 . .The follow ing are the carriers (T ra cer) of the im perial insurance
unless this law provides otherwise:
For th e sickness insurance, the sick funds (Krankerikasseri) ;
For the accident insurance, the employers’ mutual trade associations ( Berufsge nossenschaften ) ; 1
2
For the in validity and survivors’ insurance, the insurance institutes ( Versieherungsanstalten ).
P a r . 2. The provisions of articles 4 to 34 apply to these insurance carriers,
n . legal com petence.

A rticle 4.
The carriers of insurance may sue and be sued.
m . a d m in is t r a t iv e b o d ie s .

A rticle 5.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Each carrier of insurance has a directorate. T he latter represents
it in and out of court. It has the status of a legal representative.
P a r . 2. Restrictions on the scope of this representation, not specified in the law,
m ay b e specified b y th e constitution, and have effect against third parties. The
constitution may do this on ly in so far as this law permits.
P a r . 3. The constitution m ay specify, that also in dividual members of the directo­
rate of the insurance carriers m ay represent them .

A rticle 6.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The directorate must n otify its supervisory authority w ithin one
week of the result of each election and of each change in its com position.
P a r . 2. In so far as the directorate needs credentials, a certificate of the supervisory
officials as regards its composition and the extent of its power of representation suffices.
1 Reiehsversieberungsordnung. (Number 3921.) Vom 19. Juli 1911. Reichs-Gesetzblatt, Aug. 1,
1911, pp. 609 ft.
2In the following translation the Berufsgenossenschaften have been designated as “ accident associa­
tion s/’




W O R K M E N ’s INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY.

515

A rticle 7.
In urgent matters the directorate may take a vote b y correspondence.
A rticle 8.
P aragraph 1. If decisions of the administrative bodies of the insurance carrier
are contrary to the law or the constitution, the president of the directorate shall appeal
from them to the supervisory authority.
P a r . 2. The appeal effects a stay.
A rticle 9.
In the adm inistrative bodies their president has the right to vote, and if there is a
tie he gives the casting vote.
A rticle 10.
The required number of substitutes for the members shall be elected.
A rticle 11.
The sessions are not pu blic.
IV .

HONORARY OFFICES.

A rticle 12.
P aragraph 1. O nly Germans who have attained their majority are eligible to the
administrative bodies of the insurance carriers.

Pa r . 2. The following are not eligible:
1. Persons who in consequence of crim inal sentence have lost the right to hold
p u blic office, or who are being prosecuted at the tim e for a crim e or m isde­
meanor w hich may cause the loss of this right, in case fu ll proceedings have
been begun against them ;
2. Persons who are lim ited in the disposition of their property as the result of a
court decree.
A rticle 13.
P a r a g r a p h 1. W hoever regularly employs at least one person subject to insurance,
and this person is insured with the insurance carrier, is eligible as a representative of
the undertakers ( Untemekmer) 1 or of other employers.
P a r . 2. Managers of establishments having a power of attorney have the same status
as undertakers or other employers; business managers, and establishment officials of
participating employers (art. 332, par. 2). have the same status as employers in the
election to administrative bodies of sick rands; the legal representatives of members
of an accident association have the same status as undertakers in the elections to the
administrative bodies of accident associations.
P a r . 3. Members of a public authority with supervisory powers over a carrier of
insurance are not eligible.
A rticle 14.

P aragraph 1. O nly persons insured in the insurance carrier are eligible as repre­
sentatives of the insured persons.
Par . 2. In th e sickness, in validity, and survivors’ insurance, the insured persons
w ill b e accredited to th e em ployers in the com position of the adm inistrative bodies,
if they em ploy regularly more than tw o persons subject to insurance. In the accident
insurance insured members of the accident associations are accredited to the under­
takers if they em ploy regularly at least one person subject to insurance.
A rticle 15.
P aragraph 1. The representatives of the undertakers and of other em ployers and of
the insured persons are elected according to the principles of proportional representa­
tion.
1 The undertaker of an establishment is the one for whose account the establishment is conducted.
See see. 633.




516

BULLETIN OF TH E BTJBEAU OF LABOR.

P a r . 2. If the voting is restricted to nomination lists, the constitution determines
the time lim it for their submission; the election is secret, without affecting the nomi­
nation lists.

A rticle 16.
P aragraph 1. The term of office is four years.
P a r . 2. After the expiration of this term, the elected persons remain in office until
their successors take office.
P a r . 3. W hoever ceases to hold office may be reelected.
A rticle 17.

P aragraph 1. W hoever is eligible as an undertaker or other em ployer may refuse
election on ly under the follow ing conditions:
1. If he has com pleted his sixtieth year of age.
2. I f h e has more than four legal children under age; those of his children adopted
b y another w ill not b e in cluded herewith.
3. I f he is prevented b y sickness or infirm ity from adm inistering the office as
required b y the regulations.
4. I f he has more than one guardianship or,trusteeship. The guardianship or
trusteeship of children of the same parents counts on ly as one such; two
coguardianships are equal to one guardianship; one honorary office of the
im perial insurance is equal to one coguardianship.
5. I f he em ploys servants only.
P a r . 2. A fter a m inim um tenure of office of two years, reelection for the next term
may be declined.
P a r . 3. The constitution may also* specify other reasons for declining.
A rticle 18.
An undertaker or other em ployer declining an election w ithout perm issible cause
m ay b e punished b y the president of the directorate b y a fine up to 500 marks [$119].

A rticle 19.
The president m ay fine a mem ber of the directorate who fails to perform his duties
not to exceed 50 marks [$11.90], and on repetition w ith a fine not to exceed 300 marks
[$71.40]; if, however, the matter relates to a sick fund, then on ly up to 100 marks
[$23.80]. H e must rem it the fine if a sufficient excuse is established afterwards.
A r t ic l e 20.

T he decision of a supervisory authority in appeals on cases referred to in articles 18
and 19 is final.

A rticle 21.
P aragraph 1. The persons elected administer their offices without compensation
as an honorary office.
P a r . 2. T he insurance carrier refunds them their cash expenditures and allows to
the representatives of the insured persons reim bursem ent for earnings lost or in its
place a lum p sum for loss of tim e. T he constitution m ay also allow such a lum p
sum to the representatives of undertakers or other em ployers.
P a r . 3. The determination of the lump sums requires confirmation b y the authority
which approves the constitution.
P a r . 4. The honorary members of the directorate shall not at the same tim e b e sala­
ried officials of the insurance carrier.
A rticle 22.
T he representatives of the insured persons must n otify their em ployer of each call to
a m eeting of the adm inistrative bodies. If this is done w ithin the required tim e, their
absence from work does not give to the em ployer a sufficient reason to discontinue the
relation of em ployer w ithout observance of the regular period of notice of dism issal.




w o r k m e n ’s

INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY.

517

A rticle 23.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The members of adm inistrative bodies are liable for faithful busi­
ness administration to the carriers of insurance in the same manner as guardians to
their wards. The insurance carrier m ay relinquish claim s on account of such liability
only with the approval of the supervisory authority. T he latter m ay enforce the lia­
b ility in the place of and at the expense of the carrier.
P a r . 2. A m em ber who intentionally injures the insurance carrier shall be punished
w ith confinem ent in jail. In addition the penalty can also in clude the loss of civ ic
rights. I f the mem ber has com m itted an act to procure for him self or some other
person a pecuniary advantage, in addition to the prison sentence a fine not to exceed
3,000 marks [$714] m ay b e im posed.
P a r . 3. During a discussion of those questions which affect the personal interests of
a member or his relatives the member must abstain from taking part in the discussion
and voting, and during the discussion must leave the room where the discussion takes
place.
A rticle 24.
P a r a g r a p h 1. If facts becom e known concerning an elected person w hich prove
his in eligibility or his untrustworthiness for the conduct of business, he shall b y reso­
lution be rem oved from office, either b y the directorate, or, in the case of a sick fund,
b y the supervisory authority.
P a r . 2. Before the passing of such a resolution he shall be given an opportunity to
make a statement.
P a r . 3. A n appeal against the resolution is perm issible to the Im perial Insurance
Office (decision senate) ( Beschlusssenat), or, if the case relates to a sick fund, to the
* superior insurance office (decision cham ber) (Beschlusskam m er).
P a r . 4. A n elected person w ill b e relieved of his office on his own application b y
resolution of the directorate if during his term of office one of the grounds of refusal
specified in article 17, paragraph 1, numbers 2 to 5, becom es effective.
V.

ASSETS.

A rticle 25.
P aragraph 1. T he means of insurance carriers shall be used on ly for legally pre­
scribed and perm issible purposes.
P a r . 2. R evenues and expenditures shall be accounted for separately and the assets
kept safe separately.
P a r . 3. The insurance carriers shall engage only in such business as is assigned to
them b y the law.
A rticle 26.
P a r a g r a p h 1 . The assets shall be invested at interest lik e trust funds (arts. 1807
and 1808 of the C ivil Code) in so far as this law does not perm it other investm ents.
P a r . 2. T he assets may also be invested in securities in w hich the laws of the States
perm it the investm ent of trust funds, and also in such mortgages, payable to the holder,
of German joint-stock mortgage banks, on w hich the im perial bank ( Reichsbank ) makes
loans in Class I.
A rticle 27.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The highest adm inistrative authority may also approve the invest­
m ent of the assets in loans of communes or unions of communes in so far as this is not
already perm issible according to article 26, paragraph 1.
P a r . 2. The authority m ay lim it the investm ent in certain classes of interest-bear­
ing securities to a specified amount.
P a r . 3. If the district o f the insurance carrier em braces territories or parts of terri­
tories of several federal States, the approval of their highest adm inistrative authority
is required for such investm ents.
P a r . 4. The highest adm inistrative authority m ay perm it, w ith the right of with­
drawing this permission, that tem porarily available assets m ay be invested in another
manner.
A r t ic l e 28.

P aragraph 1. Arrears shall be collected in the same manner as com m unal taxes.
The staying effect of objections to the obligation of paym ent is regulated according to
the State laws.
18544°— No. 96—12------ 12




518

BU LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

P ar . 2. The constitution of the insurance carrier m ay determ ine, as far as not
already prescribed b y the State laws, that the procedure of collection b e preceded b y
a procedure of warning, and that a fee m ay be collected for such procedure of warning.
This fee is collected in the same manner as arrears. The determ ination of its am ount
requires the approval of the supervisory authority.
Pa r . 3. Arrears have preference of other claim s according to article 61, num ber 1,
of the bankruptcy law {K orikursordnung ) .
A rticle 29.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The claim to arrears lapses, as far as they have not been fraudulently
w ithheld, in two years after the expiration of the calendar year when they are due.
P a r . 2. The claim for refund of contributions lapses in six months after the expira­
tion of the calendar year of their payment, with reservation as to article 1446, para­
graph 2, and articles 1462 and 1464.
P a r . 3. The claim for benefit payments from the insurance carrier lapses in four
years after they are due, in so far as this law does not prescribe otherwise.
V I.

SUPERVISION.

A rticle 30.
The right of supervision of the supervisory authority consists in seeing that the law
and constitution are observed.
A rticle 31.

.

P a r a g r a p h 1 The supervisory authority m ay exam ine at any tim e the business
and accounting management of the insurance carrier.
P a r . 2. The members of its adm inistrative bodies, its district agents ( Vertrauensm dnner), officials, and em ployees must produce, on dem and, to the supervisory
authority or its representatives all books, bills, vouchers, and records, and also docu­
ments, securities, and assets in their custody, and give all inform ation dem anded in
the execution of the right of supervision.
P a r . 3. The supervisory authority m ay require the persons specified in paragraph
2, under reservation of article 985, paragraph 2, to observe the law and the constitu­
tion, b y fines not to exceed 1,000 marks [$238].

A rticle 32.
The supervisory authority m ay demand that the adm inistrative bodies be called
in to session; and if such demand is not com plied w ith, m ay them selves call m eetings
and take charge of the proceedings.
A rticle 33.
The supervisory authority decides, w ithout derogation of the rights of third parties
and as far as the law does not prescribe otherwise, in disputes as to the rights and
obligations of the adm inistrative bodies, as to the interpretation of the constitution
and as to the validity of elections.
A r t ic l e 34.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Subject to the supervision are also convalescent homes, m edical
institutions, and sanatoria (G enesungsheim e, H eil- und Pflegeanstalten) created and
m aintained b y the insurance carrier.

P a r . 2. The supervisory authority may in its inspections call to its assistance
representatives of employers and of the insured persons.
S e c t io n T h r e e .— I n s u r a n c e A u t h o r i t i e s .
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS.

A rticle 35.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The p u blic authorities of the im perial insurance are—

The local insurance offices ( Versicherungsam ter) (arts. 36 to 60);
The superior insurance offices ( 0 berversicherungsam ter) /arts. 61 to 82);
The Im perial Insurance O ffice (Reichsversicherungsam t) and the State insur­
ance offices (Landsversicherungsdm ter) (arts. 83 to 109).




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INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY.

519

Par . 2. As far as this law does not regulate the business management and the pro­
cedure of the insurance authorities, it shall be done, with reservation of article 109,
paragraph 1, b y im perial decree with the approval of the Federal Council.
n . LOCAL INSURANCE OFFICES.

1. Establishm ent.

A rticle 36.
Paragraph 1. In each inferior adm inistrative authority there shall be established
a section for workm en’s insurance (local insurance office). The highest adm inistrative
authority m ay specify that there shall be established for the districts of several inferior
adm inistrative authorities a join t local insurance office.
P ar . 2. The State governments of several federal States m ay agree to establish for
their territories or parts thereof a join t local insurance office in an inferior administra­
tive authority.
A rticle 37.
P aragraph 1. The local insurance offices take cognizance of the business of the
im perial insurance according to the provisions of this law, and im part inform ation in
affairs pertaining to the im perial insurance.
P ar . 2. They may support the insurance carriers in the latters’ affairs according to
the provisions of this law.
Par . 3. The State governm ent m ay assign to the local insurance offices other duties
pertaining to miners’ insurance.
A rticle 38.
In federal States in w hich the com position of the State authorities does not perm it
of the establishm ent of local insurance offices at the inferior adm inistrative authorities
and where there exists only a superior insurance office, the local insurance offices can
also be established as independent authorities. The highest adm inistrative authority
shall specify the details herewith.
2. C om position .

A rticle 39.
P aragraph 1. The director of the inferior adm inistrative authority is the president
of the local insurance office. One or more perm anent substitutes of the president are
to be appointed. A ny person qualified b y education and experience in workm en’s
insurance affairs m ay be appointed a substitute.
P a r . 2. The appointm ent requires the approval of the superior insurance office, in
so far as the perm anent substitutes are not appointed according to State law in the
same manner as the higher adm inistrative officials.
P a r . 3. If the local insurance office is created in a com m unal authority, the sub­
stitutes are appointed b y the president of the union of communes whose district
contains that of the local insurance office. Where the State law prescribes a con­
firmation for the election of higher comm unal officials, it is also applicable to the
appointm ent of substitutes for the president of the local insurance office.
A rticle 40.
P aragraph 1. In the cases specified b y the law there shall be called in repre­
sentatives of the insurance ( Versicherungsvertreter) as associates (B d d tzer) of the local
insurance office.
P a r . 2. T hey shall be selected one-half from the em ployers and one-half from the
insured persons.
A rticle 41.
P aragraph 1. Their total num ber must be at least 12; w ith the approval of the
superior insurance office, the num ber may be augmented b y the local insurance office,
or b y the form er after a hearing of the local insurance office.
P a r . 2. A representative of the insurance shall not also be a salaried official of the
local insurance office, or a representative of the insurance at another local insurance
office, or an associate in a superior insurance office, or a nonpermanent member of the
imperial or of a State insurance office.




520

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

A rticle 42.
P aragraph 1. Representatives of the insurance are elected b y the members of
the directorates of those sick funds w hich have at least 50 members in the district of
the local insurance office.
P a r . 2. The members of the directorates of the three gro\ips of funds m entioned
herewith participate in the election in so far as they have at least 50 members in the
district o f the local insurance office; of the substitute funds, and funds located out­
side of the local insurance office, m oreover only if they notify in due tim e the person
in charge of the election of their participation and prove the num ber of their members
in this district; these three groups of funds are—
1. The miners’ sick funds;
2. The substitute sick funds;
3. The seamen’s funds, and other associations of seamen for the preservation of
their rights, approved b y the authorities.
P a r . 3. In place of the representatives of the insured persons in the directorate, the
votes shall be cast b y —
In the case of the miners’ sick funds, the elders of the miners’ sick funds com petent
for the district of the local insurance office;
In the case of the substitute funds w hich have local adm inistrative offices, the
business managers of the local administrations com petent for the district of the
local insurance office.
A rticle 43.
The num ber of votes of a fund depends on its num ber of members in the district of
the local insurance office, and shall be determ ined b y the latter before each election.
The num ber of votes shall be even ly d ivided among the members of the directorates
and among the persons entitled to vote in their place according to article 42, para­
graph 3.
A rticle 44.
P aragraph 1. In the directorates of the funds the members who are em ployers take
part on ly in the election of representatives of the em ployers, the members who are
insured persons in the election of representatives of the insured persons.
Par . 2. Directorates w hich contain no em ployers, participate only in the election
o f the representatives of the insured persons.
P a r . 3. In the case of funds of the itind designated in article 42, paragraph 2, w hich
have no representatives of the insured persons in the directorate, the voting is done
b y other workm en’s representatives who are in the fund.
P a r . 4. W hatever relates to the directorates is also applicable to the persons entitled
to vote in their place according to article 42, paragraph 3.
A rticle 45.
P aragraph 1. The voting is done b y written ballot and on the principle of pro­
portional representation. The highest adm inistrative authority decrees the election
regulations.
Par . 2. The president of the local insurance office shall con duct the election.
P ar . 3. E lection disputes are decided finally b y the superior insurance office.
A rticle 46.
P aragraph 1. For the representatives of the insurance, substitutes are specified in
the same manner according to need.
P a r . 2. Substitutes replace representatives of the insurance who leave before the
expiration of their terms.
A rticle 47.

.

P aragraph 1 O nly men who reside or have the seat of their establishm ent or are
em ployed in the district o f the local insurance office, and who are not in eligible
according to article 12, are eligible.
P a r . 2. Only insured persons, their employers, and the latters’ managers of estab­
lishments with power of attorney are eligible. Insured persons are accredited to the
employers, if they regularly employ more than two persons subject to insurance.
P a r . 3. In the case of local insurance offices on the seacoast, navigators o f practical
experience who are n ot shipowners, or managers of ship-ow ning establishm ents
(shipping agents, arts. 492 to 499 of the Commercial Code), or who do not h old a power
o f attorney, m ay also be elected as representatives of the insured persons.




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521

A rticle 48.
A t least one-half of the representatives of the insurance must be participants in the
acciden t insurance.
A rticle 49.

P aragraph 1. A t lea3t one-third of the representatives of the insurance shall
reside or be em ployed at the seat of the local insurance office itself, or not more than
10 kilom eters [6.21 miles] distant from it.
P a r . 2. The principal branches of industry, especially agriculture, and the dif­
ferent parts of the district shall be considered in the election.
Par . 3. The highest adm inistrative authority m ay decree special or exception al
provisions herewith.
A rticle 50.
Paragraph 1. A rticles 16, 17, and 22 are correspondingly applicable; but the
local insurance office determines the adm issibility of other reasons for declinin g.
P a r . 2. As long and in so far as no election takes place, or the persons elected refuse
to perform their duties, the president of the local insurance office appoints represent­
atives from the num ber of eligible persons.
A rticle 51.

P aragraph 1. W hoever declines the election or appointm ent w ithout a permis­
sible reason, m ay be punished b y the president of the local insurance office w ith a
fine not to exceed 50 marks [$11.90].
P a r . 2. The local insurance office may release a representative from his office if a
sufficient reason exists.
P a r . 3. On appeal the superior insurance office (decision cham ber) decides finally.
A rticle 52.

Paragraph 1. If facts becom e known concerning a representative of the insurance
w hich prove his in eligibility or w hich show that he is gu ilty of malfeasance of his
office, he m ay be rem oved from his office b y the president.
P a r . 2. On appeal the superior insurance office (decision chamber) decides finally.
A rticle 53.

P aragraph 1. The president of the local insurance office obligates the represen­
tatives of the insurance to the faithful discharge of their duties.
P a r . 2. The president m ay punish a representative who fails to perform his duties
with a fine not to exceed 30 marks [$7.14] and on repetition not to exceed 100 marks
[$23.80]. H e must rem it the fine if afterwards a sufficient excuse is established. .
P a r . 3. On appeal the Im perial Insurance Office (decision cham ber) decides finally.
A rticle 54.

Paragraph 1. The representatives adm inister their office w ithout com pensation as
an honorary office.
P a r . 2. The local insurance office shall reimburse them for their cash expenditures.
P a r . 3. In addition it shall grant to the representatives of the insured persons
reim bursem ent for lost earnings, or in place thereof a lum p sum for their loss of tim e.
It may also allow such a lum p sum to the representatives of the em ployers4 The
lum p sums require the approval of the superior insurance office (decision cham ber).
A rticle 55.
The local insurance office m ay assign specified official duties to the representatives
as its district agents.
8. Com m ittees.
A rticle 56.
P aragraph 1. Each local insurance office creates one or more judgm ent com ­
m ittees for matters w hich this law assigns to the judgm ent procedure (Spruchverfahren).
P a r . 2. The judgm ent com m ittee (Spm chausschuss) consists of the president of the
local insurance office and of one representative for the em ployers and one for the
insured persons.




522

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

A rticle 57.
P aragraph 1. Each local insurance office creates a decision com m ittee (Beschlussausschuss) for matters w hich this law assigns to the decision procedure (.Beschlussverfahreri).
P a r . 2. The decision com m ittee consists of the president of the local insurance
office and of two representatives of the insurance. O f these, the representatives of
the em ployers and of the insured persons each elect one from among them selves,
together with at least one substitute; the elections of the two parties shall be separate,
shall be b y sim ple m ajority of votes, and the term of office shall be four years.
A rticle 58.
The highest adm inistrative authority can specify how far the local insurance office
m ay call in for the decision procedure techm cal governm ent and com m unal officials
of its district as advisors ( B eirate) w ith consultative vote.
4. Costs.
A rticle 59.

P aragraph 1. The federal State defrays all costs of the local insurance office. If
the local insurance office is created in a comm unal authority, th ey are defrayed b y the
union o f com m unes whose district em braces that of the local insurance office. The
highest adm inistrative authority determ ines the division of costs, if there is a join t
local insurance office created for the districts of several inferior adm inistrative author­
ities.
P a r . 2. W ith the exception of the allowances of the insurance representatives, the
insurance carriers have to defray the cash expenditures originating from ju dicial mat­
ters (arts. 1591 to 1674) so far as the cash expenditures are not to be defrayed according
to paragraph 3.
P a r . 3. Fines, according to article 51, paragraph 1, article 53, paragraph 2, article
1577, paragraph 1, article 1617, paragraph 1, article 1626, paragraph 1, article 1652,
paragraph 3, and article 1664, paragraph 1, as w ell as specially im posed costs of pro­
cedure (art. 1802) and contributions according to article 60, accrue to the treasury of
the federal State or of the union of communes (par. 1).
A rticle 60.
P aragraph 1. In case of the assignment of duties connected w ith th e miners*
insurance, to a local insurance office according to article 37, paragraph 3, the miners*
associations or miners* funds affected must pay an appropriate contribution toward
the costs of the local insurance office.
P a r . 2. The superior insurance office determ ines the contributions; an appeal
against the determ ination to the highest adm inistrative authority is perm issible.
H I.

SUPERIOR INSURANCE OFFICES.

1. Establishm ent.

A rticle 61.

P aragraph 1. A ccording to the provisions of this law, the superior insurance offices
take cognizance of the business of the im perial insurance as higher ju d icial, decision,
and supervisory authorities.
P a r . 2. The State governm ent m ay assign to them also other duties connected w ith
the miners* insurance.
A rticle 62.
Paragraph 1. The superior insurance office is as a rule established for the district
of a higher adm inistrative authority.
Pa r . 2. The highest adm inistrative authority m ay delim it the district differently.
Pa r . 3. The State governm ents of several federal States may establish for their
territories or parts thereof a join t superior insurance office.




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A rticle 63.
P aragraph 1. The highest adm inistrative authority may also establish superior
insurance offices for—
1. The adm inistration of establishments and service establishm ents of the Em pire
or of the federal States w hich have their own establishm ent sick funds;
2. Groups of establishm ents, for whose em ployees special institutes (Sonderanstalten) provide the in v a lid ity and survivors’ insurance;
3. Groups of establishm ents belonging to miners’ associations or miners’ sick funds.
P a r . 2. For these special superior insurance offices article 62, paragraph 1, and
articles 72, 73, and 80 are not applicable. In other respects the provisions relating
to superior insurance offices are applicable to them as far as articles 70, 75, and 81
do not prescribe otherwise.
P a r . 3. The highest adm inistrative authority specifies their com petence.
A rticle 64.
The highest adm inistrative authority may attach the superior insurance offices to
superior im perial or State authorities, or may establish them as independent State
authorities.
A rticle 65.
P aragraph 1. The highest adm inistrative authority specifies the seat of the supe­
rior insurance office.
P a r . 2. For a join t superior insurance office the approval of the State governments
affected is required.
A rticle 66.
The highest adm inistrative authority com m unicates to the Im perial Insurance Office
for publication the* seat and district oi all superior insurance offices of their territory
w ithin one m onth from their establishm ent or change.
A rticle 67.
If a superior insurance office is attached to a superior im perial or State authority,
the director of the latter is at the same tim e the president o f both. A director of the
superior insurance office is appointed as his permanent substitute.
2. C om position .

A rticle 68.
The superior insurance office is com posed of members and of associates.
A rticle 69.
P aragraph 1. The superior insurance office shall appoint, at the same tim e, in
addition to the director at least one mem ber as his substitute.
P a r . 2. A t least one substitute shall be appointed for each mem ber.
P a r . 3. The members shall be appointed to the principal position or for the term
of the principal position from the num ber of p u blic officials, the director either for
life or according to State law, without recall.
A rticle 70.
The highest adm inistrative authorities m ay specify that other official duties shall
be assigned to the director, and that the other members, as w ell as in the case of
special superior insurance offices the director, exercise their office as a subsidiary
occupation.
A rticle 71.
P aragraph 1. The associates shall be elected one-half from the em ployers and
one-half from the insured persons.
P a r . 2. The num ber of associates is 40; it may be increased or decreased b y the
highest adm inistrative authority.
P a r . 3. A n associate m ay not at the same tim e be a nonperm anent m em ber of the
Im perial Insurance Office or of a State insurance office.




524

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF LA BO R.

A rticle 72.

Paragraph 1. The industrial accident associations, the navigation accident asso­
ciation, and the execu tive authorities specify for each superior insurance office an
accident association or execu tive authority to represent their right to vote (art. 73,
par. 1). If there is no agreement, the Im perial Insurance Office shall specify the
particulars.
Pa r . 2. The names of these representative associations and representative execu ­
tive authorities are to be com m unicated to the Im perial Insurance Office and to be
published b y it.
A rticle 73.

Paragraph 1. The associates from the em ployers shall be elected one-half b y the
em ployer members in the com m ittee of the com petent insurance institute and onehalf b y the directorates of the com petent agricultural associations and of the repre­
sentative accident association; if representative execu tive authorities have been
specified, th ey shall vote in place of the directorate of the representative association.
The Im perial Insurance Office decrees the election regulations.
Par . 2. T he associates from the insured persons are elected b y the representatives
of the insured persons of the local insurance offices of the district of the superior insur­
ance office according to the principle of proportional representation. The num ber of
votes of the representatives of the insured persons is determ ined b y the superior
insurance office according to the num ber of sick-fund m em bers of the district o f their
local insurance office (art. 43). The highest adm inistrative authority decrees the
election regulations.
A rticle 74.
Paragraph 1. The voting is done b y written ballot. The director of the superior
insurance office conducts the election.
P a r . 2. Election disputes are decided finally b y the superior insurance office
(decision chamber).
A rticle 75.

P aragraph 1. The em ployer associates for a special superior insurance office are
elected b y the em ployer members of the directorate either of the establishm ent sick
fund, or of the special institute, or of the miners’ associations or miners’ funds; if there
are no representatives of the em ployers in a directorate, the voting is done b y the
representatives of em ployers who belong to another adm inistrative body.
P ar . 2. The associates from the insured persons are elected according to the principles
of proportional representation b y the com m ittee members o f insured persons, either
of the establishm ent sick fund or the special institute, or b y the elders of the m iners’
fu n d; as far as miners’ associations or miners’ funds are adm itted as special institutes
or belong to a special institute, the voting is also done b y the elders of the miners’
funds; if a special institute has no com m ittee, the voting is done b y the representa­
tives of the insured who belong to another adm inistrative body.
P a r . 3. The highest administrative authority specifies the particulars.
A rticle 76.
Articles 46 to 48, article 49, paragraphs 2 and 3, and articles 50 to 54 are correspond­
ingly applicable for the election, rights, and duties of associates and their substitutes.
Appeals (art. 51, par. 3, art. 52, par. 2, and art. 53, par. 3) are to be directed to the
highest adm inistrative authority; fines (art. 51, par. 1, and art. 53, par. 2) m ay be
im posed not to exceed 300 marks [$71.40].
S. Chambers (K am m ern).

A rticle 77.
P aragraph 1. Each superior insurance office creates one or more judgm ent cham­
bers (Spruchkam m em ) for matters assigned b y this law to judgm ent procedure

(Spruchverfahren).

P a r . 2. The judgm ent cham ber is com posed of a mem ber of the superior office, as
president, and of two associates of the em ployers and of two of the insured persons.




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INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y

19, 1911— G E R M A N Y .

525

A rticle 78.

P aragraph 1. Each superior insurance office creates one or more decision cham­
bers (Beschlusshamm ern) for matters w hich this law assigns to the decision procedure
(Beschlussverfahren).

Par . 2. The decision chamber is com posed of the president of the superior insurance
office, of a second mem ber, and of two associates. O f these, the associates of the em yers and of the insured persons elect one each, and also at least one substitute each,
om their m idst, and the election shall be according to a sim ple m ajority o f votes,
for a term of four years.
Par . 3. In case of a tie, the president casts the deciding vote.
4 . S uperviA on— Co ts.

A rticle 79.
P aragraph 1. The highest adm inistrative authority exercises the supervision over
the superior insurance office.
Par . 2. T hey assign to it the necessary em ployees and provide its business rooms.
P ar . 3. The bureau, clerical, and subordinate em ployees have the rights and
duties of im perial or State officials, except when em ployed as substitutes, or tem orarily, or m preparatory work, the State governm ent determ ines the particulars
erew ith.
P a r . 4. The president obligates them to the conscientious discharge of their official
duties, so far as they are not already obligated b y an oath of office.

E

A rticle 80.
P aragraph 1. The federal State defrays all costs of the superior insurance office.
P a r . 2. The insurance carriers have to pay a lum p sum for each case under adjudi­
cation in w hich they are concerned; if in a case costs are to be defrayed according to
paragraph 4, the lum p sum is correspondingly reduced.
Par . 3. The lum p sums shall be determ ined b y the Federal Council uniform ly for
the Em pire for each branch of the workm en’s insurance, and shall be revised every
four years. T hey shall cover half of the costs of the superior insurance offices w ithout
the allowances of members and their substitutes and w ithout the fees (art. 1803).
P a r . 4. The fees according to article 1803, the fines according to articles 76 and
1679, as w ell as the specially im posed costs of procedure (art. 1802), and the contri­
butions according to article 82, accrue to the treasury of the federal State.
A rticle 81.
P aragraph 1. A ll costs of special superior insurance offices created for establish­
ments of the Em pire or of a State are to be defrayed b y the administrations of the
establishments. The receipts (art. 80, par. 4) accrue to the latter.
Par . 2. A ll costs of the other special superior insurance offices are to be refunded
after deduction of the receipts (art. 80, par. 4) b y the insurance carriers participating
to the federal State.
A rticle 82.
If, according to article 61, paragraph 2, matters of the m iners’ insurance are assigned
to a superior insurance office, then the miners’ associations ( K nappschaftsvereine ) and
miners’ funds ( K nappschaftshassen ) affected have to make appropriate contribu­
tions to its costs. The highest adm inistrative authority determ ines the contributions.
IV . IMPERIAL INSURANCE OFFICE— STATE INSURANCE OFFICES.

1. Jurisdiction — Seat.

A rticle 83.

Paragraph 1. The Im perial Insurance Office, according to the provisions o f this
law , takes cognizance of the affairs of the im perial insurance as the highest authority
on ju d icia l, decision, and supervisory matters.
P a r . 2. It has its seat in Berlin.
A rticle 84.
Its decisions are final as far as the law does not provide otherwise.




526

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

2.

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

C om position.

A rticle 85.
The Im perial Insurance Office is com posed of perm anent and nonperm anent
members.

A rticle 86.
P aragraph 1. The Em peror appoints the president and the other permanent
members for life on proposal of the Federal Council.
P ar . 2. From the perm anent members the Em peror appoints the directors and the
presidents of senates.
Par . 3. The im perial chancellor appoints the other members.
A rticle 87.

P aragraph 1. The Im perial Insurance Office has 32 nonperm anent members.
The Federal Council elects 8 of these, of w hich at least 6 must be from its mem ber­
ship; 12 are elected as representatives of the em ployers and 12 as representatives of
the insured persons.
Par . 2. A ccording to need, substitutes shall be elected for the em ployers and the
insured persons in the same manner. I f members retire before the expiration o f their
term of office, the substitutes take their place in the order in w hich they were elected.
A rticle 88.

P aragraph 1. The em ployers and the insured persons are elected separately b y
written ballot under the direction of the Im perial Insurance O ffice, the insured per­
sons according to the principles of proportional representation, the em ployers accord­
ing to a sim ple m ajority of votes, in w hich a tie shall be decided b y lot.
P ar . 2. The proportion of votes of each electing body is determ ined b y the Federal
Council according to the num ber of their insured persons. It m ay specify the m an­
ner of electing b y districts.
Par . 3. The Im perial Insurance Office publishes the result of the election.
A rticle 89.
Of the 12 em ployers, 6 are elected b y the em ployer members belonging to the com ­
mittees of insurance institutes and of the corresponding representations of the special
institutes, as follow s:
Four from the field of the industrial accident insurance;
Two from that of the agricultural accident insurance.
A rticle 90.
The other 6 em ployers shall be elected b y the directorates of the acciden t associa­
tions and b y the execu tive authorities, and, furthermore, from the field of each of
them , as follow s:
Four from the industrial associations and execu tive authorities, one of whom
shall be from the navigation accident association;
Two from the agricultural accident associations and execu tive authorities.
A rticle 91.
The 12 insured persons shall be elected b y the insured persons who are asso­
ciates of the superior insurance offices, as follow s:
Eight from the field of the industrial and navigation acciden t insurance, of whom
one shall be from the field of the navigation acciden t insurance;
Fom from tjie field of the agricultural acciden t insurance.
A rticle 92.
O nly men are eligible who are not exclu ded according to article 12.
A rticle 93.

Paragraph 1. The follow ing are eligible as em ployers: The members of acci­
dent? associations who are entitled to vote, their legal representatives, the managers
of their establishments w ith power of attorney, and the officials of establishments for
w hich an executive authority has been appointed.




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527

Par . 2. Moreover, there are eligible, according to article 89, em ployers who are mem­
bers of the com m ittee of an insurance institute or of the corresponding representa­
tion, of a special institute.
A rticle 94.
E ligible as insured persons are persons insured against accident according to this
law ; furthermore, insured persons who are members of the com m ittee of an insurance
institute, even if they are not insured against accident; and for the field of the navi­
gation accident insurance, navigators of practical experience who are not shipown­
ers, managers of shipowning establishments, or authorized representatives thereof.
A rticle 95.
A rticle 49, paragraph 2, and articles 50 to 52, article 53, paragraphs 2 and 3, are
correspondingly applicable; but the Im perial Insurance Office (decision senate),
however, is com petent for punishm ent (art. 51, par. 1, and art. 53, par. 2) and removal
from office (art. 52). Fines (art. 51, par. 1, and art. 53, par. 2) m ay be im posed not
to exceed 500 marks ($119).
A rticle 96.

Paragraph 1. The nonpermanent members receive a yearly allowance for their
participation in the work and sessions of the Im perial Insurance Office, and, in so far
as they reside outside of Berlin, refund of traveling expenses com ing and returning,
according to the rates in force for advisory councilors ( Vortragende R ate) of the high­
est im perial authorities.
Par . 2. Substitutes receive the same refund of traveling expenses and a per
diem allowance of 18 marks ($4.28).
A rticle 97.
The im perial chancellor obligates the nonperm anent members elected b y the
Federal Council, the president of the Im perial Insurance Office obligates the other mem­
bers and their substitutes, before they enter on their duties, to the faithful discharge
of their duties.
8. Senates.

A rticle 98.

Paragraph 1. The Im perial Insurance Office forms judgm ent senates (Spruchsenate) for matters w hich m is law assigns to judgm ent procedure.

P ar . 2. The judgm ent senate is com posed of a president, a nonperm anent member
elected b y the Federal Council, a perm anent m em ber, tw o officials of the judiciary
called in for this purpose, an em ployer, and an insured person. A perm anent member
may take the place of the mem ber elected b y the Federal Council.
A rticle 99.

Paragraph 1. The president, a director, or a president of the senate presides in
the judgm ent senate. The im perial chancellor m ay intrust another permanent
mem ber w ith the chairm anship.
> Par . 2. The im perial chancellor summons the officials of the ju diciary to the
judgm ent senate.

A rticle 100.
Paragraph 1. The Im perial Insurance Office creates decision senates (Beschlusssenate) for matters w hich this law assigns to the decision procedure.

Par . 2. The decision senate consists of the president, or of one director, or of a sen­
ate president as presiding officer, and of the follow ing: A nonperm anent member
elected by the Federal Council, a permanent m em ber, an em ployer, and an insured
person. A permanent m em ber m ay take the place of the mem ber elected b y the
Federal Council.
A rticle 101.
Paragraph 1. The Im perial Insurance Office creates the great senate (Grdssen
Senat) for the duties w hich this law assigns to that body.

Par . 2. W ith reservation of enlargement according to article 1718, paragraph 2,
the great senate consists of the president or his representative, two members elected
by tne Federal Council, two permanent members, two officials of the ju diciary, two
em ployers, and two insured persons.




528

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

A rticle 102.
P aragraph 1. If all the members of the Im perial Insurance Office elected b y the
Federal C ouncil are prevented from serving, perm anent members shall be called in
to take their place.
P a r . 2. The other members of the great senate and at least two substitutes for
each shall be designated in advance for one fiscal year according to detailed provision
of im perial decree (art. 35, par. 2). Of these there shall be designated two permanent
members and two officials of the ju diciary and their substitutes for each of the follow ­
ing subjects:
Sickness insurance;
A cciden t insurance;
In validity, and survivors’ insurance.
4. A ccou n tin g bureau —-Costs.

A rticle 103.
Paragraph 1. An accounting bureau ( R echnungstelle ) is to be established in the
Im perial Insurance Office.
P a r . 2. It executes the work assigned to it b y this law . It supports the Im perial
Insurance Office in its accounting and technical insurance w ork. The Im perial Insur­
ance Office specifies the nature of the inform ation to be furnished to it for this purpose
b y the insurance carriers.
A rticle 104.

Paragraph 1. The Em pire bears the costs of the Im perial Insurance Office, in clu ­
sive of the costs of procedure.
P a r . 2. The fines according to articles 95 and 1698, paragraph 1, article 1701, para­
graph 1, as also the specifically im posed costs of procedure (art. 1802), accrue to the
im perial treasury.
5. State insurance offices .
A rticle 105.
Paragraph 1. A State insurance office w hich was established before this law, for
the territory of a federal State, m ay remain in existence as long as there are under its
jurisdiction at least four superior insurance offices.
P a r . 2. As far as this law so prescribes, the State insurance office takes the place
of the Im perial Insurance Office for this territory.
P a r . 3. The costs of the State insurance office are borne b y the federal State.

A rticle 106.
P aragraph 1. The State insurance office consists of perm anent and nonperm anent
members.
P a r . 2. The State governm ent appoints the perm anent mem bers. They are to be
appointed either for life or according to the State law , w ithout recall as far as their
appointm ent is for the actual office.
P a r . 3. A t least eight representatives of the em ployers and eight representatives
of the insured persons shall be elected under the direction of the State insurance
office, b y w ritten ballot, as nonperm anent mem bers. O ne-half of them shall com e
from the agricultural and the other half from the industrial accident insurance.
A rticle 107.
Paragraph 1. A rticle 87, paragraph 2, and articles 88 to 97, are correspondingly
applicable for the election, rights, and duties of the members, in so far as article
106, paragraph 3, or the follow ing pages do not provide otherwise.
P a r . 2. The highest adm inistrative authority takes the place of the Federal Council
and of the im perial chancellor.
P a r . 3. The em ployers are elected b y —
1. The em ployer members in the com m ittees of the insurance institutes'and in the
corresponding representative bodies of special institutes, created for or
embracing the territory o f the federal State.
2. The directorates of the accident associations and the execu tive authorities
em bracing establishments w ith their seat in the territory of the federal State.
W here this territory is identical w ith the district of one or more sections, the
section directorates elect in place of the association directorates.




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INSURANCE CODE OF JU L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY.

529

Par . 4. The insured persons are elected b y the insured persons who are associates
of those superior insurance offices w hich are created for or em brace the territory o f the
federal State.
Par . 5. The State governm ent determines the proportion of votes according to the
number of insured persons.
A rticle 108.
Paragraph 1. The rem oval of a nonperm anent mem ber is decided upon b y the
State insurance office.
P ar . 2. A rticles 98 to 100, and 104, paragraph 2, are correspondingly applicable for
the State insurance office; the highest adm inistrative authority takes the place of the
Federal Council and of the im perial chancellor; the treasury oI the federal State takes
the place of the im perial treasury.
A rticle 109.
Paragraph 1. As far as this law does not regulate the business management and the
procedure of the State insurance office, it is done b y the State governm ent.
P a r . 2. The State government specifies the allowances to nonpermanent members.
Section F our.—Other General P rovisions,
i . authorities.

A rticle 110.
The highest adm inistrative authority may transfer to other authorities some of the
duties and rights assigned to them b y this law.

A rticle 111.
P aragraph 1. The highest adm inistrative authority specifies—
1. W hich State authority and w hich authorities and representative bodies of
unions of communes and of communes are com petent for the duties w hich
this law assigns to the superior and inferior adm inistrative authorities, to the
local police authorities, to the comm unal authorities, to the unions of com ­
munes, and to the communes, as w ell as their authorities and representatives.
2. W hich unions are to be considered as unions of com m unes; a single com m une
is on ly then considered a union of communes in the m eaning of the law if so
specified b y the highest adm inistrative authority.
3. W hether and w hich local business of the im perial insurance shall b e transacted
b y comm unal authorities in place of the local insurance offices.
P a r . 2. The specifications shall be published in the Reichsanzeiger.

A rticle 112.
If at least half the members of the adm inistrative bodies are com posed of repre­
sentatives of the insurance elected b y secret ballot, the highest adm inistrative author­
ity m ay assign duties of the local insurance office to adm inistrative bodies of—
Miners’ associations or of miners’ funds.
Establishm ent sick funds for establishment administrations and service estab­
lishments of the Em pire and of the federal States.
Special institutes of the Em pire and federal States.
Judicial duties may not be transferred.

A rticle 113.
Paragraph 1. I f an insurance authority, an insurance carrier, or an establishm ent
embraces territories of several federal States, the State governm ent or the highest ad­
m inistrative authority of the federal State of its seat, takes cognizance of the powers
w hich this law assigns to the State governm ent or to the highest adm inistrative author­
ity as far as is not otherwise prescribed.
P a r . 2. I f the State governments or the highest adm inistrative authorities do not
agree, where this law prescribes their cooperation, the Federal Council decides between
the State governm ents, and the im perial chancellor betw een the adm inistrative
authorities. The same is applicable i f they do not agree as to their com petency, or in
case o f paragraph 1, as to the seat.




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BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

P a r . 3. The im perial chancellor exercises the rights of the highest adm inistrative
authority for the establishments of the Em pire and ror their special insurance authori­
ties and for insurance carriers.
A rticle 114.
The provisions of this law are also applicable for the independent manors and
marches (ausvmrhische B ezirke). The lord of the manor or the march authorities
(GeTmrkungsberechtigte) exercise there the rights and duties in place of the communes.

II. LEGAL ASSISTANCE.
A rticle 115.
Paragraph 1. The p u blic authorities are required to com ply w ith all requests
pertaining to the execution of this law com ing to them from insurance and other pu blic
authorities and from adm inistrative bodies of the insurance carriers, especially to
execute all decisions w hich m ay b e carried out.
P a r . 2. Supervisory transactions as described in article 347, paragraph 4, article 404,
paragraph 3, and articles 888, 1465, and 1470, m ay b e dem anded on ly under the con­
ditions named therein.
A rticle 116.
The adm inistrative bodies of the insurance carriers have to g ive this legal assistance
to each other as w ell as to the authorities and poor-law unions.

A rticle 117.
Per diem allowances, traveling expenses, fees for witnesses and experts, and all
other cash expenditures arising out o f legal assistance, m ust b e paid b y the insurance
carriers as their own adm inistrative costs.
hi . benefits.

A rticle 118.
Benefits granted according to this law or to supplem entary State laws, and relief
given in their place through the transfer of the claim s, are not p u b lic charities.
A rticle 119.

P aragraph 1. The claim s of the persons entitled thereto m ay, w ith reservation of
article 1325, on ly b e legally transferred, assigned, or attached—
1. T o cover an advance on his claim s received b y the person entitled to benefits
either from the em ployer or from an adm inistrative bod y o f the insurance
carrier or one of its members, before the allowance o f the benefits.
2. T o cover claim s designated in article 850, paragraph 4, of the Code of C ivil
Procedure (Z ivilprozessordnung ) .
3. T o cover claim s from comm unes, poor-law unions, and the em ployers and funds
representing them , entitled to reim bursem ent according to article 1531;
transfer, assignment, and attachm ent are on ly perm issible up to the amount of
legal claim s for reim bursem ent.
4. T o cover arrears o f contributions w hich have been overdue not longer than
three months.
P a r . 2. As an exceptional measure, the person entitled thereto may also transfer the
claim in other cases, wholly or partly, to other persons, with the approval of the local
insurance office.
A rticle 120.
Paragraph 1. T o inebriates not under guardianship, benefits in kind m ay be
granted w holly or partly. This must be done on demand of a poor-law union affected
or of the com m unal authority o f the place o f residence o f the inebriate. In the case of
inebriates under guardianship, the granting o f the benefits in kind is on ly perm issible
with the approval of the guardian. On his dem and it must b e done.
P a r . 2. The com m une where the claim ant resides grants the benefits in kind. The
claim to cash benefits is transferred to the com m une up to the value of the payments
in kind received. Benefits in kind m ay also be granted b y placing him in a sanato­
rium for inebriates or w ith approval of the com m une, through the intervention of
an institution for inebriates.




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P a r . 3. A balance of cash benefits is to be assigned to the husband or wife of the
person entitled to compensation, his children or his parents, or, in case he has none,
to the commune to be used for him.
A rticle 121.

Paragraph 1. The local insurance office (decision com m ittee) decrees the order
after a hearing of the com m unal authority and of the person entitled to benefits and
com m unicates it in writing to them and to the insurance carrier. It decides in dis­
putes betw een the com m unal authority and the person entitled to benefits.
P a r . 2. On appeal the superior insurance office decides finally.
Par . 3. W hen the case relates to cash benefits of the accident or of the in validity
and survivors’ insurance the insurance carrier notifies the Post Office .Departm ent if
the claim to cash benefits has been finally transferred to the com m une.
IV. MEDICAL TREATMENT.
A rticle 122.

Paragraph 1. The m edical treatment in the meaning of this law shall be given b y
registered physicians, and for dental diseases b y registered dental surgeons (appro­
b a te Zahnarzte) (art. 29 of the Industrial Code). It includes assistance of other per­
sons as barber surgeons, m idwives, m edical helpers, m edical attendants, nurses,
masseurs, etc., as also dental assistants ( Zahntechniker), bu t on ly in the case of an order
b y the physician (or dental surgeon) or in urgent cases, if no registered physician (or
dental surgeon) is available.
Par . 2. T he highest adm inistrative authority m ay specify how far otherwise assist­
ants m ay give independent treatment w ithin the lim its of their powers as authorized
b y the State.
A rticle 123.
In the case of dental diseases, bu t excluding diseases of the m outh or gums, treat­
m ent m ay be given w ith the approval of the insured person b y dental assistants in
addition to dental surgeons. The highest adm inistrative authority specifies how far
dental assistants m ay give otherwise independent treatm ent in case of such dental
diseases. This authority may specify how far this m ay also be done b y m edical
helpers and m edical attendants. It specifies further who is to b e considered a dental
assistant in the m eaning of this law.
V.

T IM E L IM IT S .

A rticle 124.
Paragraph 1. If the beginning of a tim e lim it is determ ined b y an even t or point
of tim e, the tim e lim it begins w ith the day follow ing the event or the poin t of tim e.
Par . 2. I f a tim e lim it is extended, the new tim e lim it begins w ith the expiration
of the old one.
A rticle 125.
Paragraph 1. A tim e lim it determ ined b y days ends w ith the expiration of its
last day, a tim e lim it determ ined b y weeks or months w ith the expiration of that
day of the last week or the. last m onth w hich corresponds according to name or num­
ber to the day on w hich the event or the point of tim e falls.
P a r . 2. In case the corresponding day is missing in the last month, the time lim it
ends with the month.
A rticle 126.
In case it is not necessary for a period of months or years to be continuous, then the
month w ill be reckoned as having 30 days and the year as having 365 days.

A rticle 127.
Paragraph 1. In case the day set for the statement of intention or for a paym ent
or for the expiration of a tim e lim it falls on a Sunday or a general holiday recognized
b y the State in the place of declaration or of paym ent, then the succeeding working
day takes its place.
Par . 2. This provision is not applicable for the duration of benefits to w hich an
insurance carrier is bound.




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128.

P aragraph 1. So far as this law does not provide otherwise, legal measures are to
be inaugurated w ithin one m onth after delivery of the contested decision.
P a r . 2. For seamen sojourning outside of Europe this tim e lim it is determ ined b y
the office w hich decreed the contested decision; it must be at least three months from
the date of delivery.
A rticle 129.
P aragraph 1. So far as this law does not provide otherwise, legal measures shall
be inaugurated at the office w hich has to make the decision.
P a r . 2. The tim e lim it is considered as observed when the legal measures have
been received in tim e b y another German authority or b y an adm inistrative bod y of
the insurance carrier, or in case of the navigation accident insurance also b y a Ger­
man marine office (Seem annsam t) in a foreign country.
P a r . 3. The legal docum ents are to be delivered im m ediately to the com petent
authority.
A rticle 130.
Legal measures effect a stay on ly in cases where the law so provides.
A rticle 131.
P aragraph 1. In case an interested person has been kept b y natural events or b y
other unavoidable accidents from observing the legal tim e lim it of procedure, he shall
on application be granted reinstatem ent to his previous status.
Par . 2. On application reinstatem ent w ill also be granted if the docum ent received
too late has been m ailed at least three days before the expiration of the tim e lim it.
A rticle 132.
P aragraph 1. In the case of article 131, paragraph 1, application for reinstatem ent
must be made w ithin a period, the duration of w hich shall be determ ined b y the dura­
tion of the period lapsed. The period begins w ith the day on w hich the preventing
cause was rem oved.
•
P a r . 2. In cases of article 131, paragraph 2, application for reinstatem ent shall be
made w ithin one m onth. The period begins w ith the day on w hich the interested
party learns that he has not observed the tim e lim it.
P a r . 3. N o application for reinstatement may be made after the expiration of
two years from the end of the time limit.
A rticle 133.

Paragraph 1. The application for reinstatem ent shall—
1. State the facts form ing the basis for the reinstatem ent;
2. Indicate the means to make these facts eviden t;
3. Make good the lapsed transaction if it has n ot already been done.
Par . 2. The application is made to the authority where the tim e lim it has lapsed;
article 129, paragraphs 2 and 3, are correspondingly applicable. The decision rests
w ith the authority w hich decides upon the action w hich has later been made good.
A rticle 134.

Paragraph 1. The procedure concerning the application shall be com bined w ith
that concerning the action made good later, bu t the application m ay first of all be
discussed and decided alone.
Par . 2. For the decision concerning the adm issibility of the application and its
contesting, the same provisions are applicable as for the action made good later.
V I. NOTIFICATIONS.

A rticle 135.
Paragraph 1. N otifications w hich start a tim e lim it m ay b e made b y registered
letter.

Par . 2. The postal receipt justifies after two years from its making out, the assump­
tion that delivery has been made w ithin the regular tim e lim it after the m ailing.




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A rticle 136.
P aragraph 1. Persons not livin g in Germany must upon demand designate a per­
son authorized to receive notifications.
Par . 2. If the abode is unknown and a person authorized to receive notifications
has not been designated w ithin the tim e lim it set, then an announcem ent in the busi­
ness rooms of the authority or of the proper office m ay take the place of the notifica­
tion: the tim e lim it must not be less than one month.
v n . PEES AND STAMP TAXES.

A rticle 137.
A ll proceedings and docum ents necessary to the insurance carriers and insurance
authorities to establish and transact the legal relations betw een the insurance carriers
on the one hand and the em ployers or insured persons or their survivors on the other,
are exem pt from fees and stamp taxes, as far as this law does not provide otherwise.
A rticle 138.
The same is applicable for proceedings out of court and docum ents of this kind, and
for such nonofficial powers of attorney and official certificates w hich, according to
this law , becom e necessary for identification and authentication.
vm .

PROHIBITIONS AND PENALTIES.

A rticle 139.
P aragraph 1. Em ployers and their em ployees, as w ell as insurance carriers, are
prohibited from restricting insured persons in the acceptance or discharge of an hon­
orary office of the im perial insurance, or from injuring them on account of the accept­
ance or manner of discharge of such an honorary office. The em ployers and their
em ployees are further prohibited from preventing either w holly or partly, either
through agreements or working regulations, the application of the provisions of this
law to the in ju ry of the insured persons.
Pa r . 2. Agreements conflicting herewith are void.
A rticle 140.
Em ployers or their em ployees infringing article 139, paragraph 1, shall be punished
b y fines not to exceed 300 marks [$71.40] or b y im prisonm ent as far as they are not
liable to more severe penalty in accordance with other legal provisions.
A rticle 141.
P aragraph 1. The persons named below , if they disclose w ithout authority what
they have learned w hile perform ing their official du ty about diseases or other inva­
lid ity of insured persons, or the causes thereof, shall be punished b y fines not to exceed
1,500 marks [$357] or b y im prisonm ent for not more than three months; prosecution
shall be instituted on ly on application of the insured person or of the supervisory
authority; these persons are—
A mem ber o f an adm inistrative body or an em ployee of an insurance carrier;
A mem ber or an em ployee of an insurance authority;
A representative or associate in an insurance authority.

Pa r . 2. Other persons for whom this law provides a benefit from an insurance
carrier are considered as insured persons.
A rticle 142.
P aragraph 1. The follow ing persons, if they disclose business or trade secrets
w hich they have learned w hile perform ing their official duties, shall be punished
w ith fines not to exceed 1,500 marks [$357], or with confinem ent in ja il:
Persons designated in article 141, paragraph 1;
Special experts according to article 880;
Members of com m ittees for the decision of appeals made under article 1000, para­
graph 2, and of protests made under article 1023, paragraph 1.
18544°— No. 96— 12------13




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P a r . 2. If this is done to injure the undertaker, or to procure for themselves or
other persons pecuniary advantages, they shall be punished b y imprisonment. In
addition to the prison sentence they may be punished with tne loss of their civic
rights and fines not to exceed 3,000 marks [$714J.
P a r . 3. Prosecution in the case mentioned in paragraph 1 shall be instituted only
on application of the undertaker.

A rticle 143.
The persons designated in article 142, paragraph 1, shall be punished with im pris­
onm ent if they make use of business or trade secrets to the disadvantage of the under­
taker or to procure for them selves or other persons a pecuniary advantage. In addi­
tion to im prisonm ent they m ay be sentenced to the loss of their civ ic rights and fined
not to exceed 3,000 marks [$714].

A rticle 144.
In cases m entioned in article 142, paragraph 2, or article 143, if there are m itigating
i rcumstances, the punishm ent shall be a fine not to exceed 3,000 marks [$714].

A rticle 145.
In the case of officials subject to the rules of service of a State or communal authority,
the provisions applicable for them take the place of articles 141 to 144.

A rticle 146.
Paragraph 1. W ith reservation of article 59, paragraph 3, article 80, paragraph 4,
article 104, paragraph 2, article 108, paragraph 2, and articles 914, 1045, and 1224,
fines accrue to the treasury of the insurance carrier; those im posed b y a court on ly
then when this law so provides.
P a r . 2. Fines, except such as are imposed b y a court, shall be collected in the
same manner as arrears.
A rticle 147.
Contraventions of this law for w hich the courts are not com petent, expire b y lim i­
tation in three months, if not punishable with a fine of more than 300 marks [$71.40],
otherwise in one year. The period of lim itation begins w ith the day on w hich the
act was com m itted. It is interrupted b y any action directed against the violator b y
the bodies com petent to im pose a penalty. W ith the interruption begins a new period
of lim itation; it ends at the latest with the expiration of 10 years from the day on
w hich the contravention took place.

A rticle 148.
Punishm ents im posed finally and not decreed b y the courts expire b y lim itation
in two years. The period of lim itation begins w ith the day on w hich the decision
becam e final. It is interrupted b y any action directed to tne execution of the pun­
ishm ent b y the bodies charged w ith the execution. W ith the interruption begins a
new period of lim itation; it ends at the latest with the expiration of four years from
the day on w hich the decision becam e final.
IX .

LOCAL WAGE RATE.

A rticle 149.
P aragraph 1. As the local wage rate that rate shall b e used w hich is the d aily
wage custom arily paid in the locality to ordinary day laborers.
P a r . 2. The superior insurance office determ ines and publishes the local wage rate.
The directorates of the insurance institutes affected shall b e previously given a hear­
ing; the local insurance office shall express an opinion after having given a hearing
to the com m unal authorities and to Hie directorates of the sick funds affected.
A rticle 150.
Paragraph 1. The local wage rate shall be determ ined separately for men and for
women, for insured persons under 16 years, for those betw een 16 and 21 years, and for
those over 21 years.




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P a r . 2. The insured persons under 16 years (juveniles) may be classified as young
persons of 14 years and over and children of less than 14 years; apprentices are con­
sidered as young persons.
P a r . 3. In other respects the local wage rate as determined uniformly according
to the average for the whole district of each local insurance office. Exceptions are
permissible when there are considerable differences in the amount of wages in different
localities or between city and country.
A rticle 151.

Paragraph 1. The local wages are determ ined at the same time for the whole
Em pire, at first until Decem ber 31, 1914, afterwards always for four years. Changes
in the interim shall on ly be in force until the n ext general determ ination.
P a r . 2. All changes shall come into use only two months after their publication.
A rticle 152.
Before the beginning of each four-year term the im perial chancellor shall publish
in the Zentralblatt fur das Deutsche R eich a list of all determ inations in force, and
also at least annually a list of changes made in the meantime.

X. PLACE OP EMPLOYMENT.
A rticle 153.

Paragraph 1. The place of em ploym ent is the place in w hich the em ploym ent
actually takes place.
P a r . 2. For insured persons who are employed at a definite work place (establish­
ment, place of service), this shall be considered also as the place of employment,
while they are performing elsewhere pieces of work of short duration for the employer.
Pa r . 3. The same is applicable to insured persons who are em ployed at various
tim es from a definite place of work on single pieces of work in districts of various local
or rural sick funds.
Pa r . 4. I t is further applicable to insured persons who are on ly em ployed on single
pieces of work outside of the definite work place, if both the latter and their place of
em ploym ent are situated in the district of tne same local insurance office.
A rticle 154.
For employed persons for whom no definite work place is provided, the seat of the
establishment is considered as the place of employment.
A rticle 155.
For insured persons who have been engaged b y the administration of an establish­
m ent for a varied em ploym ent to be carried on in different comm unes, that com m une
where the im m ediate management of the work has its seat is to b e considered as the
place of em ploym ent. A fter a hearing of the interested administrations and com ­
munes or unions of comm unes the superior insurance office can specify otherwise in
this regard.
A rticle 156.
For insured persons em ployed at an agricultural occupation, changeable in various
comm unes, the seat of the establishm ent (arts. 963 and 964) is considered as the place
of occupation.

XI. LEGISLATION OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
A rticle 157.
P aragraph 1. So far as other countries have put into operation a system of relief
corresponding to the im perial insurance, the im perial chancellor, w ith the approval
of the Federal C ouncil and w ith due regard to reciprocity, m ay make agreements
as to what extent the relief shall be regulated according to the im perial insurance
or the relief provisions of the other country for establishments overlapping from the
territory of one country into that of another, as w ell as for insured persons tem porarily
occupied in the territory of the other country.
P a r . 2. Likewise if there is a reciprocal consideration, the insurance of citizens of a
foreign country may b e regulated otherwise than according to the provisions of this



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law, and the operation of the relief of the one country be facilitated in the territory of
the other. In these agreements the obligation of the em ployers to pay contributions
according to this law must not be reduced or done away w ith. T he R eichstag must
b e notified of these agreements.
P a r . 3. These provisions are correspondingly applicable in the case ef a relief which
takes the place of the imperial insurance.
A rticle 158.
W ith the approval of the Federal Council, the im perial chancellor can decree that
a right to reim bursem ent m ay be exercised against subjects of a foreign State or their
legal successors.
x n . GENERAL DEFINITIONS.
1. E m ploym ents subject to insurance .

A rticle 159.
W ith reservation of the provisions of articles 551, 928, and 1062, the em ploym ent of
husband or w ife b y the other does not establish any insurance obligation.
2.

E arnings.

A r t ic l e 160.
P a r a g r a p h 1. In the meaning of this law, earnings consist not on ly of salaries of
wages, bu t also of participation in profits, receipts in kind, or other receipts w hich
the insured person receives from the em ployer or a third party in place of salary or
wages or in addition to them ; even if it is on ly a matter of custom .
P a r . 2. The value of receipts in kind shall be reckoned according to local prices,
which are to be determined b y the local insurance office.

3. A griculture.
A r t ic l e 161.

In so far as there are no different provisions, the provisions of this law relating to
agricultural establishments, agricultural em ployers, agricultural undertakers, and
agricultural em ployees, are also applicable to forestry establishm ents, forestry em ­
ployers, forestry undertakers, and forestry em ployees.
4. P ersons engaged in hom e-working industries.
A r t ic l e 162.
P a r a g r a p h 1. In the meaning of this law, those independent workmen who manu­
facture or prepare industrial products in their own workrooms on the order and for
the account of others are considered as persons engaged in hom e-working industries.
P a r . 2. T hey are also considered as such if they them selves procure the raw or
auxiliary m aterials, as w ell as for the tim e during w hich they work tem porarily for
their own account.
5 . German seagoing vessels.
A r t ic l e 163.

E very vessel sailing under the German flag, and used exclu sively or preferably
( vorzugsweise) for m aritim e navigation, is considered as a German seagoing vessel.

M erely because natives of protectorates display the flag of the Em pire (art. 10 of the
protectorate law, Reichs-G esetzblatt, 1900, p. 812), the ship does not becom e a German
seagoing vessel in the meaning of this law.
6. F iscal year.
A r t ic l e 164.

The fiscal year shall be the calendar year.




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BOOK TWO— SICKNESS INSURANCE.
S e c t io n O n e — S c o p e o p t h e I n s u r a n c e .
I. COMPULSORY INSURANCE.

A r t ic l e 165.
P a r a g r a p h 1. T he follow ing are insured against sickness:

1. W orkmen, helpers, journeym en, apprentices, and servants.
2. Establishm ent officials, forem en, and other em ployees in sim ilar higher posi­
tions, if such em ploym ent is for all of them their principal occupation.
3. Clerks and apprentices in com m ercial establishments, and clerks and appren­
tices in pharmacies.
4. Members of the stage and of orchestras, without regard to the artistic value of
their services.
5. Teachers and tutors.
6. Persons engaged in home-working industries.
7. The crews of German seagoing vessels, provided that they are subject neither
to articles 59 to 62 of the Navigation Code (R eichs-G esetzblatt, 1902, p. 175,
and 1904, p. 167), nor to articles 553 to 553b of the Commercial Code; also the
crews of vessels engaged in inland navigation.
P a r . 2. The prerequisite of insurance for all persons designated in paragraph 1,
under Nos. 1 to 5 and No. 7, with the exception of all classes of apprentices, is that they
shall be em ployed for com pensation (art. 160), and that for those designated under
Nos. 2 to 5 as w ell as for masters of vessels, that their regular annual earnings in the
form of com pensation do not exceed 2,500 marks [$595].
A r t ic l e 166.

The special provisions of articles 416 to 494 are applicable to the insurance of persons
em ployed in agriculture, as servants, of persons em ployed tem porarily or in itinerant
trades, of persons engaged in hom e industries and their hom e-working em ployees, as
w ell as of all classes of apprentices em ployed without com pensation.
A r t ic l e 167.

If when this law com es into force, other groups of em ployees are subject to insurance
in a Federal State according to State laws, then the State governm ent m ay decree that
in case of sickness they are insured according to this law, and m ay determ ine the par­
ticulars thereof.
A r t ic l e 168.
The Federal Council determ ines how far tem porary services are exem pt from the
insurance.
A r t ic l e 169.
P a r a g r a p h 1. E xem pt from the insurance are persons em ployed in the establish­
ments or in the service of the Em pire, of a Federal State, of a union of com m unes, of
a com m une, or of an insurance carrier, if there has been guaranteed to them from th eir
em ployers a claim at least equal to the sick benefits in the amount and duration of the
regular benefits of sick funds (art. 179), or for the same period, to salary, retirem ent
pension, part pay or sim ilar receipts equal to one and a half tim es the amount of the
pecuniary sick benefits (art. 182).
# P a r . 2. The same is applicable to teachers and tutors of public schools and institu­
tions.
A r t ic l e 170.
P a r a g r a p h 1. On application of the em ployer, persons em ployed in the establish­
ments or in the service of other pu blic unions or pu blic corporations shall be exem pted
b y the highest adm inistrative authorities from the insurance obligation if th ey have
been guaranteed one of the claim s designated in article 169 from their em ployer, or if
they are on ly being trained for their profession.
P a r . 2. T he same is applicable for officials and em ployees of the court, dom anial,
cam eralistic, forest, and sim ilar administrations of the State sovereigns, of the ducal
regency of Brunswick, and of the administration of the entailed estates of the princes
o f H ohenzollem .




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A r t ic l e 171.

On application of the em ployer, the highest adm inistrative authority m ay also
specify now far persons em ployed in establishments or in the service of nonpublic
corporations, or as teachers and tutors of nonpublic schools or institutions are exem pt
from the insurance, if there has been guaranteed to them from their em ployer one
of the claim s designated in article 169, or if they are being trained solely for their
occupation.
A r t ic l e 172.
The follow ing are exem pt from the insurance:
1. Officials of the E m pire, of the federal States, of the unions of comm unes, of the
comm unes, and of the insurance carriers, and teachers and tutors in pu blic
schools or institutions, as long as they are being trained solely for their occupa­
tion;
2. M ilitary persons who carry on during their service, or during their training for
a c iv il em ploym ent, one of the occupations designated in article 165, to whom
article 169 is to be applied;
3. Persons who are em ployed in teaching for com pensation during their scientific
training for their future occupation;
4. M embers o f ecclesiastical societies, deaconesses, sisters of schools and sim ilar
persons, if because of religious or ethical m otives they are em ployed in nurs­
ing, education, or other activities of p u b lic benefit ana do n ot receive as com ­
pensation more than free m aintenance.
A rticle 173.
U pon his application, a person able to work perm anently on ly to a sm all extent shall
be exem pted from the insurance obligation so long as the poor-law union w hich is
liable for relief at the tim e agrees thereto.
A rticle 174.
On application of the em ployer, the follow ing shall b e exem pted from the insurance
obligation:
1. A pprentices of every kind, so long as they are em ployed in the establishm ent
o f their parents;
2. Persons tem porarily em ployed during unem ploym ent in workm en’s colonies
or sim ilar benevolent institutions.
A rticle 175.
P a r a g r a p h 1 . The directorate of the fund decides on the application for exem ption
(arts. 173,174). The exem ption becom es effective from the tim e o f the receipt o f the
application.
P a r . 2. If the application is refused, the local insurance office on appeal decides
finally.
II. v o l u n t a r y i n s u r a n c e .
A r t ic l e 176.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The follow ing persons m ay join the insurance voluntarily if their
total yearly incom e does not exceed 2,500 marks [$595]:
1. E m ployees exem pt from insurance of the kind designated in article 165,
paragraph 1;
2. Members of the fam ily of the em ployer, engaged in h is establishm ent, w ithout
any specific em ploym ent relation and w ithout com pensation;
3. Industrial and other undertakers o f establishm ents, who regularly em ploy
either no one or at the most two persons su bject to insurance.
Par. 2. The Federal C ouncil specifies how far, under sim ilar assumption, persons
exem pted from insurance according to article 168 m ay join the insurance voluntarily.
P a r . 3. The constitution of the sick fund m ay make the right to join dependent on a
certain age lim it and on the presentation of a health certificate from a physician. The
establishm ent of an age lim it requires the approval o f the superior insurance office.
A r t ic l e 177

I f when this law becom es effective there are other groups in a federal State which
according to State law have the right to join the insurance voluntarily, then this right
shall be regulated according to detailed specifications issued b y the highest adminis­
trative authority.




w o r k m e n

's

IN S U R A N C E

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539

A r t ic l e 178.

The right to voluntary insurance ceases in every case where the regular total yearly
-Income exceeds 4,000 marks [$952].
S ection T wo — B enefits

of the

I nsurance .

I. GENERAL PROVISIONS AS TO BENEFITS.

A rticle 179.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The benefits provided b y the insurance consist of the benefits of
the sick funds (art. 225) in the form of sickness benefits, m aternity benefits, and
funeral benefits, as prescribed in this book.
Par. 2. These benefits are considered as the regular benefits of the sick funds, and
also even when the constitution makes use of the provisions of articles 188 and 192.
P a r . 3. The additional benefits specified b y the constitution are also objects of the
insurance; they may be granted only so far as this book provides.

A rticle 180.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The cash benefits of the fund shall be com puted according to a basic
wage. As such basic wage the constitution shall specify the average daily compensa­
tion of those classes of insured persons for whom the fund has been established, but
not to exceed 5 marks [$1.19] per working day.
P a r . 2. The constitution may also determine the average daily compensation
according to the various rates of wages of the insured persons b y classes up to 6 marks
[$1.43].
P a r . 3. The determination requires the approval of the superior insurance office
(decision chamber).
P a r . 4. In place of the average d aily com pensation the constitution m ay specify as
the basic wage the actual earnings of the in dividually insured persons up to 6 marks
[$1.43] per working day.
P a r . 5. For persons who voluntarily join the insurance, for whom no basic wage can
be ascertained according to the above, the constitution shall sp ecify the same.

A rticle 181.
P a r a g r a p h 1. In the case of rural sick funds the constitution m ay specify the local
wage rate as the basic wage.
P a r . 2. B ut for establishm ent officials, forem en, and other persons in sim ilar higher
positions, and also for artisans, the basic wage shall be determ ined according to article
180. In districts w ithout general local sick funds the same is applicable to the insured
persons who according to the nature of their em ploym ent should belong to such a fund.
P a r . 3. In districts w ithout a rural sick fund the constitution of the general local
sick fund m ay specify the local wage rate as the basic wage for the insured persons
who according to the nature of their em ploym ent should belong to a rural sick fu n d; in
this connection paragraph 2, sentence 1, is correspondingly applicable. The superior
insurance office can order the insertion of such a provision.
P a r . 4. In the case of insured persons whose basic wage in accordance with the
above is specified otherwise than as the regular basic wage of the sick fund, the fund
must keep a separate account for their contributions and benefits in so far as the highest
administrative authority does not provide otherwise.
n . SICKNESS BENEFITS.

A rticle 182.
As sickness benefits (K ranken h ilfe) shall be granted the following:
1. Sickness care (K ranken pjlege) from the beginning of the sickness on ; it includes
m edical attendance, and supply of m edicines, eyeglasses, trusses, and other
m inor therapeutic appliances;
2. Pecuniary sick benefit ( K rankengeld) in the am ount o f half the basic wage for
each w orking day, if the sickness incapacitates the insured person for w ork;
it is granted beginning w ith the fourth day o f sickness, bu t if the disability
begins later, then from the day o f its beginning.




540

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E - B U R E A U

OF L A B O R .

A r t ic l e 183.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The sick benefits terminate at the latest w ith the expiration o f the

tw enty-sixth w eek from the beginning of the sickness, bu t if the pecuniary benefit
has been received beginning w ith a later date, then from this later date. If there
was a period during the receipt of pecuniary benefit in w hich on ly m edical care was
granted, then for not more than 13 weeks this period shall not be in cluded for the
duration of the receipt of pecuniary benefit.
P a r . 2. If the pecuniary benefit has to be paid after the twenty-sixth week from the
beginning of the sickness, then with its receipt the claim to medical care terminates.
A r t ic l e 184.
P a r a g r a p h 1. In place of m edical care, the sick fund m ay grant treatment and

m aintenance in a hospital ([hospital treatment— KranTcenhauspflege) . This requires
the consent of the patient if he has a household of his own, or if he is a m em ber of
the househld of his fam ily.
P a r . 2. In the case of a minor over 16 years of age, his consent is sufficient
P a r . 3. H is consent is not required if—
1. The nature of the sickness demands a treatment or care w hich is not possible
in the fam ily of the patient;
2. The sickness is infectious;
3. The patient has repeatedly acted contrary to the sickness regulations (art. 347)
or to the orders of the attending physician;
4. H is condition or his conduct make continuous observation necessary.
P a r . 4. In the cases mentioned in paragraph 3, Nos. 1, 2, and4, the sick funds shall,
if possible, grant hospital treatment.
P a r . 5. Whenever several suitable hospitals are available which are willing to
undertake the hospital treatment on the same conditions, the sick fund shall, under
reservation of article 371, leave the choice to the beneficiary.
A rticle 185.
P a r a g r a p h 1. W ith the consent of the insured person, the sick fund m ay grant
care and attendance b y nurses, nursing sisters, or other attendants, particularly in
the cases where the admission of the patient to a hospital seems necessary, bu t can
not be effected, or when there is an im portant reason for leaving the patient in his
household or w ith his fam ily.
P a r . 2. For this purpose the constitution may perm it a deduction up to one-fourth
of the pecuniary benefit.
A rticle 186.

W henever hospital care has been granted to an insured person who has supported
dependents either w holly or prin cipally from his earnings, there shall in addition be
paid to the dependents house m oney ( H ausgeld) equal to one-half o f the amount of
the pecuniary sick benefit. The house m oney m ay be paid directly to the dependents.
A r t ic l e 187.
The constitution may—
1. E xtend the duration of the sick benefits up to one year;
2. Grant care for convalescents up to the duration of one year after the expiration
of the sick benefits;
3. Perm it the granting of such appliances to prevent disfigurem ent or deform ity,
w hich after the com pletion of the m edical treatment becom e necessary m
order to restore or maintain the ability to work.
A r t ic l e 188.

I f insured persons have already received the pecuniary sick benefit or the benefits
substituted therefor for 26 weeks successively or collectiv ely w ithin 12 months, either
on the basis of the im perial insurance or from a m iners’ sick fund or a substitute fund,
then the constitution m ay lim it the sick benefits to the regular benefits and to a total
duration of 13 weeks in a new case w hich occurs during the n ext 12 m onths. This is
on ly applicable where the sick benefits are dem anded on account of the same cause
of sickness w hich has not been rem oved.
A r t ic l e 189.
P a r a g r a p h 1. W here an insured person draws a pecuniary sick benefit at the same

tim e from another insurance, the sick fund has to reduce its benefit to such an extent




W O B K M E N ?S IN S U R A N C E

CODE OF J U L Y

19, 1911-----G E R M A N Y .

541

that the total pecuniary sick benefit of the mem ber does not exceed the average
amount of his daily earnings.

Par . 2. The constitution may refrain from making the reduction either as to all of
it or part of it.
A

r t ic l e

190.

W hen they make claim to the pecuniary sick benefit or its equivalent, the consti­
tution m ay require the members to com m unicate to the directorate the amount of the
benefits w hich they are receiving at the same tim e from another sickness insurance.
The question as to w hich sickness insurance provides the benefits is not perm issible.
A rticle 191.
P aragraph 1. The constitution m ay increase the pecuniary sick benefit up to
three-fourths of the basic wage and grant it generally for Sundays and holidays.
Pa r . 2. The constitution may grant the pecuniary sick benefit from the first day
of the disability in cases o f sickness either lasting longer than one week, or resulting
in death, or caused b y industrial accidents, or with approval of the superior insurance
office, also in other cases of sickness.
A rticle 192.
The constitution may refuse the pecuniary sick benefit to members either w holly
or partly if—
1. T hey have injured the sick fund b y an act punishable b y loss of civ ic rights,
for the duration of one year after the act;
2. The sickness has been caused intentionally or b y culpable participation in
brawls or disorderly conduct, for the duration of such sickness.
A rticle 193.
P aragraph 1. W ith the approval of the superior insurance office, the constitution
may establish a maximum amount for m inor therapeutic appliances, and also specify
that the fund may grant an additional allowance up to this amount for major thera­
peutic appliances.

Pa r . 2. It may grant for the care of patients still other means besides minor thera­
peutic appliances, particularly special diet for sickness.
P a r . 3. In the case of insured persons who voluntarily remain members of a sick
fund (art. 313) the constitution m ay grant them in the place of the sick care an amount
equal to at least one-half of the pecuniary sick benefit, if they are not residing in the
district of the sick fund or of the local insurance office.
A rticle 194.
The constitution may—
1. Increase the house m oney up to the amount of the legal pecuniary sick benefit;
2. Grant to insured persons, for whom no house m oney is to be paid, a pecuniary
sick benefit up to one-half of its legal amount in addition to hospital treat­
m ent.
III. MATERNITY BENEFITS.

A rticle 195.
P aragraph 1. W omen lying-in who in the preceding year before their confine­
m ent have been insured against sickness at least six months on the basis of the im perial
insurance or in a m iners’ sick fund shall receive a m aternity benefit in the am ount of
the pecuniary sick benefit for eight weeks, six of w hich must fall in the period after
confinem ent.
Par . 2. In the case of members of rural sick funds who are n ot subject to the Indus­
trial Code the constitution must specify that the duration of the receipt of m aternity
benefits shall be at least four weeks, bu t not more than eight weeks.
P a r . 3. The pecuniary sick benefit shall not be granted m addition to the m aternity
benefit. The weeks after the confinem ent must be consecutive.
A rticle 196.
P aragraph 1. W ith the consent of the women lying-in , the sick fund m ay—
1. Grant in place of the m aternity benefit, m edical treatment and m aintenance
in a lying-in hom e;




542

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

2. Grant treatment and attendance b y home nurses and deduct for it not more
than one-half of the maternity benefit.
P a r . 2. Article 186 is correspondingly applicable in the case of number 1.
A r t ic l e 197.

If a woman lying-in has been insured during the last year in several sick funds,
miners’ sick funds, or substitute funds, then on demand the amount of the maternity
benefit shall be repaid b y the other funds to the sick fund liable for the benefits,
according to articles 195 and 196, in proportion to the duration of her membership.
A r t ic l e 198.

The constitution may grant either to married women subject to insurance or to all
females subject to insurance under the requisites mentioned in article 195, paragraph
1, the services of a midwife and the services of an obstetrician if such becom e necessary
at the confinement.
A r t ic l e 199.
In the case of pregnant women who have belonged at least six months to the sick
fund, the constitution may—
1. Grant them a pregnancy benefit in the amount of the pecuniary sick benefit
for a total duration of not more than six weeks, if they becom e incapacitated
for work on account of their pregnancy;
2. Include in the duration of this benefit the time of the granting of a maternity
benefit before confinement;
3. Grant the services of a midwife and medical treatment if such becom e neces­
sary for ailments incidental to pregnancy.
A r t ic l e 200.

The constitution may grant to women lying-in of the class designated in article 195,
paragraph 1, a nursing benefit up to the amount of one-half of the pecuniary sick
benefit and up to the expiration of the twelfth week after the confinement, so long as
they themselves nurse their newborn children.
IV. FUNERAL BENEFITS.
A r t ic l e 201.

As a funeral benefit, there shall be paid at the death of an insured person twenty
times the amount of the basic wage.
A rticle 202.
If, while a member of a sick fund, a sick person dies from the same sickness within
one year after the expiration of the sick benefits, the funeral benefit shall be paid:
Provided . That he has been incapacitated for work up to his death.
A rticle 203.
From the funeral benefit are first defrayed the costs of burial, and they shall be paid
to the person who has taken care of the burial. In case there is a surplus, then in the
following order— the husband or wife, the children, the father, the mother, and the
brothers and sisters are successively entitled to receive it, provided that they were
living in the same household with the deceased at the time of his death. In the
absence of such persons the surplus reverts to the sick fund.
A rticle 204.
The constitution may increase the funeral benefit up to forty times the amount of
the basic wage; it may also establish the minimum amount at 50 marks [$11.90].
v.

b e n e f it s to t h e ‘ f a m il y .

A rticle 205.
The constitution may grant—
1. Sickness care to members not subject to insurance, of the family of an insured
person.




W O R K M E N 'S INSURANCE CODE OF JU R Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY.

543

2. A maternity benefit to the wife not subject to insurance, of an insured person.
3. A funeral benefit on the death of a wife or husband or a child of an insured
person. It may be fixed for the wife or husband at not more than twothirds, for a child at not more than one-half of the funeral benefit of a mem­
ber, and is to be reduced b y the amount of any funeral benefit for which
the deceased himself was insured according to law.
V I. GENERAL PROVISIONS.

A r t ic l e 206.

For persons subject to the insurance the claim to the regular benefits begins with
their membership (arts. 306 to 308).
A r t ic l e 207.

The constitution may specify that the claim of persons entitled to insurance who
have voluntarily joined the sick fund shall begin only after a waiting term of not more #
than 6 weeks.
A r t ic l e 208.
It may specify that the claim to additional benefits of the fund shall begin only after
a waiting term of not more than 6 months after their admittance. Such a provision
shall not be applicable to members who, during the last 12 months have already had
for at least 6 months a claim to the additional benefits of a sick fund or a miners’ sick
fund.
A r t ic l e 209.
P a r a g r a p h 1. B y separation from membership this waiting term can be inter­
rupted for the duration of not more than 26 weeks.
P a r . 2. For members who leave in order to perform their compulsory service in the
army or navy the above duration is increased b y this period of service.
A r t ic l e 210.

With the exception of funeral benefits, the cash benefits shall b e paid at the expira­
tion of each week.
A r t ic l e 211.
In cases where the insurance has already begun the benefits m ay be increased but
not reduced b y amendments to the constitution; changes in the basic wage shall have
no influence.
A rticle 212.
P a r a g r a p h 1. I f an insured person who is receiving cash benefits goes over to
another fund, the latter takes over the further payment of benefits according to its
constitution. The period during which benefits have already been received snail be
included in counting the duration of the benefits.
P a r . 2. The insured person shall receive additional benefits only if he has already
acquired a claim to additional benefits in his former sick fund.

A rticle 213.
If a sick fund has accepted the contributions for a person for 3 months without
interruption and without objection, after application has been made in due form and
not intentionally incorrect, and if it develops, after an insurance case occurs, that the
person was not subject to insurance and was not entitled to insurance, then the sick
fund must nevertheless grant him the benefits prescribed b y the constitution.
A rticle 214.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Insured persons who leave the fund on account of lack of employ­
ment ( Erw erbslosigheit) and who in the preceding 12 months have been insured
either not less than 26 weeks or for 6 weeks immediately previous to leaving the fund,
shall retain their claim to the regular benefits of the sick fund: P rovided , That the case
of insurance occurs during unemployment and within 3 weeks after leaving the fund.
On application the sick fund must certify to the beneficiary his claim for these benefits.




544

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

P a r . 2. A funeral benefit shall also be granted even after the expiration of the 3
weeks if the sick benefits have been paid up to the time of death.
P a r . 3. If the unemployed person remains in a foreign country and if the constitu­
tion does not provide otherwise the claim shall cease.
A rticle 215.
P aragraph 1. If the Federal Council specifies that persons not subject to insurance
according to article 168 may join the insurance voluntarily, it may restrict the regular
benefits either to medical care and to hospital treatment without house money, or to
their substitutes (art. 185) without pecuniary sick benefit.
P a r . 2. For those persons who join the insurance voluntarily the constitution,
with the approval of the superior insurance office, may restrict the sick-fund benefits
either to the same extent or restrict them to the pecuniary sick benefit.
P a r . 3. For such insured persons the contributions shall be correspondingly re­
duced.
A rticle 216.
P aragraph 1. Sick benefits shall be suspended—
1. As long as the beneficiary is serving a prison term or is in jail pending trial
or has been placed in a workhouse or reformatory; if the insured person has
become incapacitated for work through sickness, and if he has supported
wholly or partly his dependents b y his earnings, then they shall be granted
house money (art. 186).
2. For beneficiaries who, after the case of insurance has occurred, without approval
of the directorate of the sick fund voluntarily go to a foreign country, for the
length of their abode there without this consent; the Federal Council may
suspend the stopping of the claim for certain border territories.
3. For foreign beneficiaries so long as they are expelled from the territory of the
Empire on account of condemnation in a penal procedure. The same applies
to foreign beneficiaries who have been expelled from the territory of a federal
State because of condemnation in a penal procedure, so long as they do not
stay in another federal State.
P a r . 2. If the beneficiary has dependents in Germany to whom the constitution
allows family benefits then these benefits shall be granted.
A rticle 217.
P aragraph 1. When, after a case of insurance has occurred, an insured person
relinquishes his abode in Germany, without a suspension of sick benefits, the sick
fund may settle with him b y the payment of a lump sum. This must correspond to
the value of the cash benefits to which he would be entitled in Germany according to
the probable duration of the sickness; in such case three-eighths of the basic wage
shall be reckoned for medical care.
P a r . 2. In case of a dispute in regard to the settlement, the opinion of the physician
agreed upon b y the affected parties, otherwise of the official physician, is decisive.
A rticle 218.
Articles 216 and 217 are correspondingly applicable to maternity benefits, as also in
the case of article 205, Nos. 1 and 2, for the family members entitled to benefits.
A rticle 219..
P aragraph 1. Sick persons who reside outside of the district of their sick fund
receive, on demand of their sick fund, the benefits to which they are entitled from the
general local sick fund of their place of residence. I f a special local sick fund or a rural
sick fund for insured persons of their kind is in operation there, it must grant the
benefits.
P a r . 2. The same is applicable to family members entitled to benefits, as also to
unemployed persons who have left the insurance (art. 214).
A rticle 220.
The same is applicable to an insured person who falls ill during a temporary sojourn
outside of the district of his sick fund, as long as he can not return to his place of




w o r k m e n 's

INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY.

545

residence on account of his condition. An application from his fund is not necessary,
but within one week after the case of insurance occurred the sick fund which grants
tiie benefits must notify the sick fund of the insured person, and as far as possible
must carry out the latter’s wishes as regards the nature of the relief.
A rticle 221.
If an insured person falls ill in a foreign country he receives from the employer
the benefits to which he is entitled from his sick fund as long as his condition does not
permit of his returning to Germany. The employer must notify the sick fund within
one week of the occurrence of the case of insurance, and must carry out as far as pos­
sible its wishes as regards the nature of the relief. The sick fund may itself take over
the relief.
A rticle 222.
In the cases of articles 219 to 221 the sick fund of the insured person must refund
the costs to the other sick fund or to the employer. In such case three-eighths of the
basic wage shall be considered as reimbursement for the cost of the sick care.
A rticle 223.
P aragraph 1. Claims to sick benefits lapse within two years after the day of their
origin.
P a r . 2. Deductions from the claims of the persons entitled to benefits may only
be made for—
Reimbursement claims for amounts which the beneficiary has received in cases
of article 1542, or from the imperial accident insurance, bu t which must be
refunded to the sick fund.
Contributions overdue.
Advances paid.
Sick-fund benefits paid in error.
Costs of procedure which the beneficiary has to refund.
Fines imposed b y the director of the sick fund.
P a r . 3. Only half the amount of pecuniary benefits may b e deducted on account
of claims.
A rticle 224.
The local insurance office decides, b y judgment procedure, In disputes between
sick funds in regard to—
1. Claims for refund according to articles 197 and 222.
2. Refund of benefits granted in error.
S ection T hree — Carriers

op the

I nsurance .

I. KINDS OP SICK PUNDS.

A rticle 225.
P aragraph 1. Sick funds, according to this law, are—
The local sick funds ( Ortshrankenhassen ).
The rural sick funds ( Landhranhenhassen ).
The establishment sick funds (Betriebshranhenkassen ).
The guild sick funds ( Innungskranhenhassen ).
P ar . 2. Members of miners’ sick funds established under the provisions of State
laws may not join these sick funds.
n . GENERAL LOCAL SICK PUNDS AND RURAL SICK PUNDS.

A rticle 226.
P aragraph 1. Local sick funds shall be established for local districts (general local
sick funds) (A llgem eine Ortshrankenhassen); rural sick funds shall also be created for
similar areas.
Par . 2. The local and rural sick funds shall, as a rule, be established within the
district of a local insurance office.
Par . 3. The highest administrative authorities may decree and permit exceptions.




546

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E B U R E A U

OF L A B O R .

A r t ic l e 227.

The State legislation may specify for the territory or for parts of the territory of the
federal State that no rural sick funds m aybe established in addition to the general local
sick funds.
A rticle 228.
No rural sick fund shall b e established, in addition to the general local sick fund;
where the rural sick fund would not have at least 250 compulsory members.
A r t ic l e 229.

The establishment of a rural sick fund, in addition to a general local sick fund,
may, with the approval of the superior insurance office, be done away with, where
the local insurance office (decision chamber) deems it unnecessary after a hearing of
the employers and persons subject to insurance affected.
A r t ic l e 230.

The establishment of a general local sick fund, in addition to a rural sick fund,
may, with the approval of the highest administrative authority, be done away with,
where the local sick fund would not have at least 250 compulsory members.
A r t ic l e 231.
P a r a g r a p h 1. General local sick funds and rural sick funds shall be established
b y decision of the union of communes.
P a r . 2. Where it is permissible for the district of a local insurance office to create
one as well as several general local or several rural sick funds, the unions of com­
munes affected must come to an agreement thereon. If they can not agree, the
superior insurance office decides and decrees the establishment of the funds.

A rticle 232.
Where a general local or a rural sick fund is not established in proper time, the
superior insurance office decrees its establishment.
A r t ic l e 233.

1. The communes and unions of communes affected have the right
to the highest administrative authority against the decree of the superior
office.
If the final decree is not carried out within? the time limit, the superior
office establishes the sick fund or authorizes* the local insurance office to

Paragraph

to appeal
insurance
P a r . 2.
insurance
do so.

A rticle 234.
Persons subject to insurance who do not belong to a miners* sick fund or to a special
local or establishment or guild sick fund shall b e members of the general local or
rural sick fund of their class of occupation and of their place of employment.
A rticle 235.
P a r a g r a p h 1 . Members of the rural sick funds are—

Persons employed in agriculture.
Servants.
Persons employed in itinerant trades.
Persons engaged in home-working industries and their home-working employees.
P a r . 2. Persons employed in horticulture, in cemetery establishments, in the
care of parks and gardens, are, with reservation of article 236, paragraph 1, and arti­
cle 237, paragraph 1, members of rural sick funds only if they are em ployed in parts
of agricultural establishments.
A r t ic l e 236.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The Federal Council may assign to the rural sick funds still other
groups of insured persons who were not legally subject to insurance before this law
came into force.




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P a r . 2. For its territory or for parts thereof, the highest administrative authority
may assign to the general local sick funds individual groups of persons required to be
insured in the rural sick funds.
A rticle 237.
P aragraph 1. If a district has no general local sick fund, the persons subject to
insurance in local sick funds belong to the rural sick fund.
P a r . 2. If a district has no rural sick fund, the persons required to insure in the
rural sick fund belong in the general local sick fund.
A rticle 238.
Persons entitled to insurance who desire to insure themselves voluntarily and
who do not, according to articles 243, 244, 245, paragraph 4, and article 250, para­
graph 2, becom e members of a special local or establishment or guild sick fund may,
according to the class of their employment, join either the general local or the rural
sick fund of their place of employment.
HI. SPECIAL LOCAL SICK FUNDS.

A rticle 239.

.

P a r a g r a p h 1 Where at the coming in force of this law there is in existence a
local sick fund for one or for several branches of industry or kinds of establishments
or for insured persons of one sex only, such fund shall be authorized as a special local
sick fund, in addition to the general local sick fund, as long as it complies with the
requirement^ of articles 240 to 242.
P a r . 2. It may retain the benefits allowed to be granted up to the present time,
even though they are not of the same kind and are higher than those permitted b y
article 179, provided that such fund covers its expenses without exceeding the
maximum legal contributions.
A rticle 240.

A special local sick fund shall be authorized only if—
1. It has at least 250 members (art. 241).
2. Its continuance does not endanger the existence or solvency of the general
local, and the rural sick fund of the district (art. 242).
3. The benefits prescribed b y its constitution are at least equal in value to those
of the standard local sick fund, or are made equal within six months (art.
259 to 263).
4. Its solvency is permanently assured.
5. It does not extend beyond the district of the local insurance office.
A rticle 241.
The minimum number of members shall be reckoned according to the average for
the last three years, or if the sick fund has been in existence a shorter period, according
to the average for this period.
A rticle 242.
P aragraph 1. The general local sick fund or the rural sick fund are especially
considered as endangered if after the authorization of the special local sick fund the
membership of the former funds would not reach at least 250.
P a r . 2. Until the membership of the general local sick fund or of the rural sick fund
has reached this number, the sick funds with the smallest membership shall first be
excluded.
A rticle 243.
To the special local sick fund belong those groups of persons subject to insurance
for which the sick fund exists according to its constitution; persons belonging to these
groups and entitled to insure themselves voluntarily may join this fund. The con­
stitution may not enlarge the scope of the membership.
A rticle 244.
P aragraph . 1. If a special local sick fund is in existence for the industry branches
and kinds of establishments in which the majority of the persons subject to insurance




548

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

ot an establishment is employed, all persons subject to insurance em ployed in the
establishment shall belong to it, and likewise the persons entitled to insure them­
selves voluntarily can also join it; otherwise all of mem shall belong to the general
local sick fund.
P a r . 2. This does not affect membership in a special local sick fund operated for
members of one sex only.
IV.

ESTABLISHMENT SICK FUNDS AND GUILD SICK FUNDS.

A rticle 245.
P aragraph 1. A n employer may create an establishment sick fund for each estab­
lishment in which he employs permanently at least 150 persons subject to insurance
and for each agricultural establishment or inland navigation establishment in which
he employs permanently at least 50 persons subject to insurance. H e may also create
a common establishment sick fund for several establishments in which he employs
permanently at least 150 persons altogether or in agricultural or inland navigation
establishments at least 50 persons altogether who are subject to insurance. The per­
sons affected who are subject to the insurance are first to be given a hearing.
P a r . 2. So far as an employer belongs with his establishment to a guild, which
has a guild sick fund, he may not create an establishment sick fund for the employees
subject to insurance who must belong to the guild sick fund.
P a r . 3. A ll persons em ployed in the establishment who are subject to insurance
belong to the establishment sick fund. Article 181 is applicable where one of the
establishments is an agricultural establishment.
P a r , 4. Persons entitled to insure themselves voluntarily, who are em ployed in the
establishment, may join the sick fund as members.
A rticle 246.
Administrations of the Empire and of the federal States have the same right (art.
245, par. 1) for their service establishments. Article 245, paragraphs 3 and 4, are
applicable to the employees in these establishments.
A rticle 247.
In establishments which on account of their nature annually reduce their force
regularly or shut down temporarily (seasonal industries), the minimum number (art.
245, par. 1) must be on hand for at least two months.
A rticle 248.
A n establishment sick fund may only be created if—
1. It does not endanger the existence or solvency of existing general local sick
funds or rural sick funds (art. 242); in this connection a sick fund is not con­
sidered as endangered if it still has more than 1,000 members after the creation
of the establishment sick fund;
2. The benefits provided b y its constitution are at least equal in value to those of
the standard sick fund;
3. Its solvency is permanently assured.
A rticle 249.
P aragraph 1. Where a building owner employs temporarily a larger number of
workmen in a temporary construction establishment he has to create an establishment
sick fund on decree of the superior insurance office.
P a r . 2. With the approval of the superior insurance office the building owner may
transfer this obligation to one or more employers, who have w holly or partly under­
taken the construction on their own account, provided that sufficient surety is given.
P a r . 3. The provisions concerning a minimum membership as well as article 245,
paragraph 2, article 248, are here not applicable; the superior insurance office deter­
mines the extent of the benefits.
P a r . 4. If the decree is not carried out within the term specified, the superior
insurance office itself establishes the fund or charges the local insurance office with its
establishment.




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IN S U R A N C E

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OF J U L Y

19, 1911----- G E R M A N Y .

549

A r t ic l e 250.
* P a r a g r a p h 1. A guild may create a guild sick fund for the establishments of the
members who belong to the guild.
P a r . 2. The persons subject to insurance employed in the establishment belong to
this sick fund, so far as they are not subject to insurance in rural sick funds according
to articles 235 and 236. Persons em ployed in the establishments and entitled to
insure themselves voluntarily can also join it.
P a r . 3. Employees of an establishment, with which an employer has voluntarily
joined a compulsory guild or for which an establishment sick iund has been created
according to article 249, do not belong to the guild sick fund.
P a r . 4. Where a member of a guild removes his industrial establishment outside of
the district of the sick fund, the membership of his employees subject to insurance in
the guild sick fund ceases to exist.
A rticle 251.
P a r a g r a p h 1. A guild sick fund may only be established if—

1. It does not endanger the existence or solvency of existing general local sick
funds and rural sick funds (art. 242); in this connection a sick fund is not
considered as endangered if it still has more than 1,000 members after the
creation of the guild fund;
2. T he benefits provided b y its constitution are at least equal in value to those
of the standard local sick fund;
3. Its solvency is permanently assured.
P a r . 2. The committee of journeymen, the communal authority, o f the, locality
where the guild has its seat, the chamber of handwork, as well as the supervisory
authority of the guild, shall be given a hearing previous to the establishment of the
fund.
A r t ic l e 252.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The application for the approval of an establishment or guild sick
fund shall be directed to the local insurance office.
P a r . 2. The localinsuraiice office~shall offer to the rural sick funds and general local
sick funds affected an opportunity to give their opinion" and shall submit the applica­
tion with an expression of its opinion to the superior insurance office.

A rticle 253.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Establishment sick funds which have not been decreed according
to article 249, as well as guild sick funds, may only be established with the approval
of the superior insurance office.
P a r . 2. The superior insurance office (decision chamber) may only refuse the
approval for establishment sick funds, with reservation of article 273, paragraph 1,
No. 2, if the sick fund does not have the prescribed membership or if it does not meet
the requirements of article 248.
A rticle 254.

The following are entitled to an appeal to the highest administrative authorities
against the decision of the superior insurance office:
The employer or the guild if the approval is refused.
Each rural sick fund or general local sick fund affected, if the approval is granted.
The employer, if the creation of a sick fund has been decreed according to article
249.
A rticle 255.
P a r a g r a p h 1 . A n establishment sick fund which exis ted before the coming into force
of this law shall only be authorized if—
1. It has at least one hundred members, or in the case of sick funds for agricultural
or inland navigation establishments at least fifty members (arts. 241 and 247):
2. The benefits provided b y its constitution are at least equivalent to those of the
standard sick fund or are made so within six months:
3. Its solvency is permanently assured.
P a r . 2. Where a com m on establishment sick fund existed for establishments of
several employers it may b e authorized under the same conditions.
P a r . 3. These requirements are not applicable to establishment sick funds which
are authorized for establishments of the Empire or federal States.

18544°— No. 96— 12------14




550

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.
A rticle 256.

P aragraph 1. A guild sick fund which existed before the com ing in to force of this
law shall be authorized, if it complies with the requirements of article 255, paragraph 1,
Nos. 2 and 3.
P a r . 2. Where a common, guild sick fund existed for several guilds it may be
authorized under the same conditions.
A r t ic l e 257.

A n authorized establishment sick fund, or guild sick fund, may retain other and
higher benefits permissible up to the present time than those permitted b y article
179, if the fund covers its expenses without exceeding the maximum legal contri­
butions.
V.

CONTROVERSIES.

A rticle 258.
P aragraph 1. In disputes arising between sick funds, as to which of them the estab­
lishments or parts of establishments belong, the local insurance office (decision com­
mittee) decides. O n appeal the superior insurance office decides finally.
Pa r . 2. T h e same is applicable if the sick funds affected refuse to anyone the
right of membership in the sick funds.
P a r . 3. Where the decision assigns establishments or parts of establishments to
another sick fund, it shall also determine when the new insurance status comes in force.
P a r . 4. Final decisions concerning the right of membership in sick funds are bind­
ing for all authorities and courts.
VI.

BENEFITS OF EQUAL VALUE.

A rticle 259.
P aragraph 1. The competent local insurance office (decision comm ittee) decides
whether sick fund benefits are of equal value with other benefits.
P a r . 2. Estimates of the total value of the benefits shall be made in this conriection
with due consideration of the special kind of membership o f the individual sick funds.
P a r . 3. The Federal Council may determine particulars in this connection.
A rticle 260.
Benefits of the standard sick fund which have not been in force a full year shall
not be considered; nor shall additional benefits be considered which are on ly possible
at the expense of the reserve, or b y an increase o f the contributions to more than 4J
per cent o f the basic wage.
A r t ic l e 261.
P aragraph 1. The general local sick fund of the district shall be the standard sick
fund.
P a r . 2. In the case of a sick fund whose district embraces those of several general
local sick funds, the general local sick fund o f its seat shall be the standard sick fund.
A sick fund also grants benefits o f equal value if it has special groups o f members
and maintains for each group benefits whose value is equal to those o f the competent
general local sick fund.
P a r . 3. In the case of agricultural establishment sick funds the rural sick fund,
or where none has been established, the general local sick fund shall he the standard
sick fund.
A rticle 262.
P aragraph 1. Whether the benefits are of equal value shall be determined every
four years if facts are submitted which make it evident that Ule former determination
is no longer correct.
P a r . 2. In the case of a newly established sick fund the local insurance office can
take as a basis the benefits last determined of the standard sick fund.
A r t ic l e 263.

P aragraph 1. The local insurance office communicates its decision to the sick
funds affected, and as far as it concerns the creation of an establishment or o f a guild
sick fund, also to the rural sick funds and general local sick funds affected.




WORKMEN *S INSURANCE CODE OF JULY 19, 1911— GERMANY.

551

P a r . 2. The sick funds have the right of appeal to the superior insurance office.
This decides finally. In special cases it may request the opinion of the accounting
bureau of the Imperial Insurance Office before making a decision.
VH. COMBINATION, SEPARATION, DISSOLUTION, AND CLOSING.

1. L ocal and rural sick fu n d s.

A rticle 264.
P aragraph 1. A rural sick fund established for the whole district of the local
insurance office shall be combined with the general local sick fund of the district if
its membership falls below 250 and does so not merely temporarily.
• P a r . 2. This may be done when the local insurance office (decision committee)
after a hearing of the employers and persons subject to insurance affected deems its
continuance unnecessary.
P a r . 3. A general local sick fund established for the' whole district o f the local
insurance office shall be combined with the rural sick fund of the district if its mem­
bership M is below 250 and does so not merely temporarily.
A rticle 265.
P aragraph 1. If for the district of a local insurance office there have been estab­
lished according to article 231, paragraph 2, several general local sick funds, they
may be combined on decision of its committees and with the approval of the com ­
munes and unions affected.
P a r . 2. In the same manner several rural sick funds established according to article
231, paragraph 2 may be combined.
A r t ic l e 266.

A general local or a rural sick fund shall be closed if it becomes evident that it
should not have been established.
A rticle 267.
A general local or a rural sick fund, created for parts of the district of a local insur­
ance office, shall b e closed if—
1. Its membership falls below 250 and does so not merely temporal ily and no
combination according to article 265 is effected.
2. Its contributions, although they have amounted to 6 per cent of the basic
wage (arts. 389 and 890), inclusive o f other revenues, are not sufficient to
cover the regular benefits, and in case of a local sick fund if the employer
and the insured persons can not agree on an increase of the contributions,
or in case of a rural sick fund if the union of communes does not furnish the
requisite funds.
A rticle 268.
Where the district of a special local sick fund does not overlap that of the general
local sick fund, the committees of both sick funds may decide to make the consolida­
tion.
A rticle 269.
P a r a g r a p h 1. A special local sick fund may be dissolved on the decision of its
committee.
P a r . 2. It shall be closed if—
1. It does not com ply with the requirements of articles 240 to 242.
2. It becomes unable to pay its benefits according to article 267, No. 2.
3. It becomes evident that it should not have been authorized.

t . Establishm ent and guild sick fin d s .

A rticle 270.
Several establishment sick funds for establishments of the same employer may on
decision of their committees be combined into one fund.




552

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.
A r t ic l e 271.

In the case of a change in the organization of a public administration which has
created establishment sick funds for its establishments or services the superior insur­
ance office, or if several superior insurance offices are affected, the highest adminis­
trative authorities, on application and after a hearing of the administrative bodies
of the sick funds, shall fix the districts of the sick funds in a different manner.
A rticle 272.
An establishment sick fund may be dissolved on application of the employer and
with the approval of the sick fund committee.
A rticle 273.
P a r a g r a p h 1. A n establishment sick fund shall be closed if—

1. The establishment for which it was created ceases to exist.
2. The employer does not provide for orderly handling of the funds and the
accounts; the creation of a new establishment sick fund can be refused to him.
3. It becomes evident that it should not have been established or authorized.
P a r 2. If in the case of No. 2 above, an establishment sick fund created b y decree
(art. 249) is concerned, the local insurance office may engage at the expense of the
employer a representative for the management of the business of the fund.
A r t ic l e 274.

A n establishment sick fund not established b y decree (art. 249) shall be closed if—
1. Its membership falls below the minimum number and this decrease is not
merely temporary (art. 245, par. 1, and art. 255, par. 1, No. 1).
2. The employer with the establishment becomes a member of a voluntary guild
or a compulsory member of a compulsory guild which has a guild sick fund.
3. Its benefits are not equivalent to those of the standard sick fund and can not
be made so within six months.
4. Its solvency is no longer permanently assured.
A rticle 275.
An establishment sick fund created b y decree according to article 249 may be closed
by the superior insurance office.
A rticle 276.
Guild sick funds shall be com bined whenever their guilds are com bined.
A r t ic l e 277.
P a r a g r a p h 1. If a compulsory guild is created, and in consequence a guild is
closed, the rights and obligations which it had relative to its guild sick fund shall
be transferred to the compulsory guild.
P a r . 2, The fund shall be closed if the compulsory guild includes another district
or other industry branches.

A rticle 278.
A guild sick fund may be dissolved on decision of the guild meeting after a hearing
of the journeymen’ s committee and with the approval of the sick fund committee.
A rticle 279.
A guild sick fund shall be closed if—
1. The guild which established it goes into liquidation or is closed, with reserva­
tion of article 277, paragraph 1.
2. Its benefits are not equivalent to those of the standard local sick fund and can
not be made so within six months.
3. Its solvency is no longer permanently assured.
4. Orderly handling of cash funds and accounts is not provided.
5. It becomes evident that it should not have been established or authorized.




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3. Procedure.
A r t ic l e 280.

The superior insurance office (decision chamber) in whose district the sick funds
have their seat decides on the consolidation, dissolution, and closure of sick funds
as well as on the question of separating from such funds. Where the seats of the
sick funds affected are located in districts of different superior insurance offices, the
highest administrative authority determines the competent superior insurance office.
A r t ic l e 281.

The application for consolidation, separation, or dissolution is to be directed to that
local insurance office which is competent for the sick funds affected. I f their seats
are located in districts of different local insurance offices, the superior insurance office
determines the competent local insurance office.
A rticle 282.
P a r a g r a p h 1. A ny sick fund affected may make this application; in the case o f
local or rural sick funds, the competent union of communes can also do so; in the
case of establishment sick funds the employer may also do so, and in the case of guild
sick funds, the guild likewise.
P a r . 2. If this is not done in due time in cases of article 264, paragraph 1, or of
article 276, the local insurance office makes the application on its own initiative.
P a r . 3. If a sick fund must be closed, the local insurance office starts the procedure
on its own initiative. In the case of establishment sick funds created b y decree
it has the right to do so (art. 249).
A r t ic l e 283.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The local insurance office gives the parties affected an opportunity
to express themselves concerning the application.. Those sick funds, to which trans­
ferred members would have to belong in the future, are considered as affected, as well
as the persons designated in article 282, paragraph 1.
P a r . 2. The local insurance office presents the application with the expressions of
opinion and the amended constitution to the superior insurance office and expresses
thereby its own opinion, so far as it has not itself caused the change.
A r t ic l e 284.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The superior insurance office specifies in its decision the date on which

the amendment comes m force. There must be a minimum interval of four months
between the decision iand the date specified; in the case of closure of sick funds this
term may be shorter in urgent cases.
P a r . 2. The parties affected have the right of appeal against the decision to the
highest administrative authority.
A r t ic l e 285.
P a r a g r a p h 1. In the case of the consolidation of sick funds mutual agreement
must be made between the sick funds affected according to articles 286 to 297.
P a r . 2. The highest administrative authority may determine particulars concern­
ing the mutual agreement.
A r t ic l e 286.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The mutual agreement shall precede the decision of the superior
insurance office.
P a r . 2. T o bring about the mutual agreement the representatives of the sick funds
affected meet on invitation of the local insurance office under the direction of its
representative.
P a r . 3. I f an agreement is effected thereby, it shall require the consent of the sickfund committees affected as well as the approval of the local insurance office. The
decision committee may decline to grant tne approval for important reasons.

A rticle 287.
If no agreement is effected, or if one of the participating committees does not con­
sent, or tne features objectionable to the local insurance office are not removed, the
local insurance office (decision committee) takes charge of the arrangements.




554

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.
A r t ic l e 288.

P a r a g r a p h 1. The sick fund which receives the other assumes the rights and
obligations of the other sick fund, so far as articles 289 to 296 do not provide other­
wise.
P a r . 2. Article 326 is applicable where amendments to the constitution becom e
necessary.
A r t ic l e 289.

The members of the admitted sick fund who are subject to insurance becom e mem­
bers of the admitting sick fund. Members who are entitled to insure themselves
voluntarily have the right to membership in the admitting sick fund. The members
transferred thereby continue their insurance status without interruption.
A r t ic l e 290.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The admitting sick fund must take over the officials and employees
of the admitted sick fund under the same or equivalent conditions.
P ar . 2. The officials and employees of the fund must accept with the admitting
sick fund similar positions corresponding to their ability. T h ey must also content
themselves with another employm ent in the service of the sick fund which is not
obviously unsuited to their abilities. T hey becom e subject to the service rules of
the admitting sick fund; their total income shall not be reduced.
A r t ic l e 291.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The directorate of the sick fund which is to be admitted shall commu­
nicate without delay the decision of the superior insurance office (art. 284, par. 1) to the
physicians and dentists to which the sick fund stands in contract relations. Within
14 days thereafter the physician ov dentist may declare to the admitting sick fund
his readiness to render service for it under the conditions which he had already agreed
upon with the admitted sick fund, or under the terms which the admitting sick fund
makes with its own physicians and dentists. If the admitting sick fund does not
accept the offer without delay it must compensate the physician or dentist. I f the
physician or dentist has not declared his willingness within 14 days, the contract
relation m ay b e revoked b y either party, beginning from this point of time, b y observ­
ing three months* period of notice, bu t not sooner than the date of admission. Con­
tractual rights to give notice at an earlier point of time are hereby not affected.
P ar . 2. This shall be correspondingly applicable for contract relations of the sick
funds with owners and administrators of pharmacies, all classes of medical institu­
tions, and with the persons enumerated in article 122, as also with dealers.

A rticle 292.
The representatives of the sick funds affected and Ihe local insurance office may
determine that an admitted sick fund shall for a maximum period of four years b e
represented in the directorate of the admitting sick fund b y a specified number of
insured persons and employers.
A rticle 293.
The fund which is to be admitted shall ascertain b y a balance sheet (arts. 39, 40,
and 261 of the Commercial Code) its net assets, and for each transferred member
assign therefrom to the admitting sick fund an amount equivalent to the amount of
net assets falling to each member of the admitting sick fund.
A r t ic l e 294.
P a r a g r a p h 1. If there are still any free assets they are to be turned over to the
admitting sick fund.
P a r . 2. If this amount is large enough the committee of the Bick fund which is to
be admitted may form thereof a special fund for the members which are to b e trans­
ferred, from which they shall receive an increase in the funeral benefit. T he increase
must not exceed the amount of the funeral benefit according to articles 204 and 205,
No. 3.
P a r . 3. The directorate of the admitting sick fund shall administer this special
fund in accordance with the manner specified. If the last insured person transferred
has left, the balance shall go in the reserve fund of the sick fund.




WORKMEN*S INSURANCE CODE OF JULY 19, 1911— GERMANY.

555

P a r . 4. If the admitting sick fund grants considerably higher benefits, the sick
fund which is to be admitted has to turn over to it in advance an amount which
according to a proper estimate w ill equalize the difference.
A r t ic l e 295.

If it can be shown that the employer or the guild have made voluntary gifts to an
establishment fund or guild sick fund which is to be admitted^ they may transfer a
corresponding part of the free assets to the benefit of a special sick fund or a special
endowment (art. 294, par. 3) for the members who are transferred.
A r t ic l e 296.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Where a sick fund which is to be admitted does not possess the full
per capita amounts {art. 293) or any net assets, it shall turn over only the assets on
hand.
P a r . 2. If the balance sheet of an establishment fund or guild sick fund which is to
be admitted shows a deficit the employer or the guild liable for these amounts must
cover the deficit.
P a r . 3. I f such a deficit becomes evident in a local or rural sick fund which is to
be admitted, then the admitting sick fund may for one year increase the contributions
for the insured persons admitted, b y a special assessment up to the maximum legal
amount (art. 389).
A r t ic l e 297.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The parties affected have the right of appeal to the superior insurance
office (decision chamber) against the mutual arrangements approved or caused b y
the local insurance office. The decision of the superior insurance office is final.
P a r . 2. So far as the appealed decision relates to financial affairs, the superior
insurance office may ask the accounting bureau of the Imperial Insurance Office to
express its opinion.
A r t ic l e 298.
P a r a g r a p h I. Mutual arrangements between the sick funds affected also take
place if—
^
1. T he districts of the sick funds are changed b y a different delimitation of the
administration districts;
2. In a district where up to the present time no general local or no rural sick fund
existed, a sick fund of this kind is established;
3. A new sick fund of the same kind is separated from a general local or a rural
sick fund;
4. Persons belonging to the same industiy branch or the same kind of establish­
ment after a majority decision make application to be separated from an
authorized special local sick fund;
5. One of several establishments of an em ployer for which there exists a common
establishment sick fund changes ownership and one of the employers affected
applies for a separation;
6. A n em ployer with his establishments separates from an authorized common
establishment sick fund;
7. A part o f the members separate from a guild sick fund because the membership
class of the guild is to be delimitated in a different manner or a compulsory
guild is to be established;
8. A guild makes application to separate from an authorized common guild sick
fund.
P a r . 2. For the mutual agreement articles 286 to 297 are correspondingly applicable.
P a r . 3. In the case of unimportant changes and of article 271, a mutual agreement
may with the consent of the sick funds affected be done away with; article 288, para­
graph 2, and article 289 are then also correspondingly applicable.
A r t ic l e 299.

In the case of dissolution and closing of sick funds, their relations to others shall
be regulated according to articles 300 to 305.
A r t ic l e 300.
P a r a g r a p h 1. In so far as members of a sick fund which has been dissolved or
closed are present, the local insurance office after a hearing of their sick fund direc­




556

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

torate, assigns them to the appropriate sick funds. The members entitled to insur­
ance have the right of membership in the corresponding sick fund. The members
transferred thereby continue their insurance status without interruption. Article 288,
paragraph 2, is in such case correspondingly applicable.
Pa r . 2. The superior insurance office (decision chamber) decides finally on appeals
relating to the assignment.
A r t ic l e 301.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The directorate of the dissolved or closed sick fund shall wind up
the affairs of the sick fund. Until the affairs are wound up the sick fund is considered
as in continuance as far as the purpose of the liquidation so requires.
Par . 2. The directorate gives public notice of the dissolution or closing. The
payment of creditors who fail to present their claims within three months from the
notice may b e refused; the notice shall call attention to this fact. Known creditors
shall under the same reference be specially requested to present their claims. These
provisions are not applicable to claims connected with the insurance.
A r t ic l e 302.

Paragraph 1. The directorate of the sick fund which is being dissolved or closed
shall without delay notify the employees, physicians, and dentists with whom the
sick fund has contract relations of the decision of the superior insurance office (art.
284, par. 1). The contract relation terminates within three months after the notifica­
tion, but at the earliest with the date of dissolution or closing. The notice shall call
attention to this fact. Contractual rights to give notice at an earlier point of time are
hereby not affected.
P a r . 2. This is correspondingly applicable to contract relations of the sick funds
with pharmacy owners and pharmacy administrators, medical institutions of all
classes, and with persons enumerated in article 122.
A rticle 303.

Paragraph 1. If there are still any free assets after liquidation of the affairs, then
the local insurance office, with consideration of the transfer of members, shall assign
these assets to the sick funds.
Pa r . 2. Article 295 is hereby correspondingly applicable in the case of establishment
and guild sick funds.
Pa r . 3. The superior insurance office (decision chamber) decides finally on appeals
concerning the assignment.
A r t ic l e 304.
- Article 296, paragraph 2, is correspondingly applicable in the case of establishment
funds and guild sick funds if the assets are not sufficient to pay off the creditors.
A rticle 305.

Paragraph 1. Where the assets of a dissolved or closed local or rural sick fund are
not sufficient to pay the claims of the officials, the union of communes shall make up
the deficit; the official must accept a position offered him b v the union. This provi­
sion is correspondingly applicable to the guild in the case ol a guild sick fund.
P a r . 2. Article 290 is here correspondingly applicable.
S ection F ou r .— Constitution ,
i . membership .

1. B egin n ing and term ination .
A r t ic l e 306.

The membership of persons subject to insurance begins with the date of their
entrance in the employment subject to insurance.
A rticle 307.
The membership in the case of a newly created establishment sick fund begins for
all persons subject to insurance employed in the establishment, with the date on
which the sick fund comes into existence.




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A rticle 308.
The above is applicable, w ith reservation of article 250, paragraph 3, to em ployees
subject to insurance in establishments, w ith w hich guild members belong to a gu ild,
in the case of the creation of a guild sick fund or the later admission of the em ployer
to the guild.
A rticle 309.
P aragraph 1. T o w hich sick fund an insured person shall belong, who has at the
same tim e several em ploym ent relations subject to insurance, shall be decided b y his
prin cipal em ploym ent.
P a r . 2. In case of doubt, the em ploym ent relation into w hich he has first entered
shall be decisive.
P a r . 3. T he Federal Council m ay specify the particulars in such a case.
A rticle 310.
P aragraph 1. The m em bership of persons entitled to insurance shall begin with
the date of their admission to the sick fund. The adm ission is effected b y written
or oral application.to the directorate or to the office of registration (art. 319). P a r . 2. A sickness already existing at the tim e of adm ission does not entitle to
benefits for this sickness. If the constitution makes the right of adm ission dependent
on the presentation of a m edical health certificate (art. 176, par. 3), the same must
accom pany the application.
P a r . 3. Persons entitled to insure them selves voluntarily, w ho apply for adm ission,
m ay be subjected to a m edical exam ination b y the sick fund. It m ay refuse the appli­
cations of sick persons and such persons for whom the necessary m edical health cer­
tificates according to paragraph 2 do not suffice, this refusal to take effect beginning
w ith the application.
A rticle 311.
Persons unable to work* retain their membership as long as the sick fund has to
grant them benefits.
A rticle 312.
The mem bership ceases as soon as the insured person becom es a m em ber of another
sick fund or of a m iners’ sick fund.
A rticle 313.
P aragraph 1. If a m em ber who was insured on the basis of the im perial insurance
or in a m iners’ sick fund at least 26 weeks in the preceding 12 months, or for at least
6 weeks im m ediately previous thereto, leaves the em ploym ent subject to insurance,
he m ay retain his mem bership in his class or grade of wages as long as he resides regu­
larly in Germ any and does not cease to be a m em ber according to article 312. H e
m ay have him self transferred to a low er class or grade of wages.
P a r . 2. W hoever desires to retain his mem bership must n otify the sick fund w ithin
three weeks after leaving, or in the case of article 311 after the term ination of the bene­
fits. If a .member becom es ill in the second or third of these weeks, then w ith reser­
vation of article 214 he has a claim to benefits on ly if he has given n otice during
the first w eek. The fu ll paym ent, w ithin the same tim e lim it, of the contributions
provided in the constitution is equivalent to the notification. W ith the approval of
the superior insurance office the constitution m ay specify longer tim e lim its.
A rticle 314.
P aragraph 1. The mem bership of persons entitled to insure them selves voluntarily
ceases if they have failed tw ice in succession to pay the contributions on the date when
du e, and if at least four weeks have elapsed since the first of these dates. The consti­
tution m ay extend this tim e lim it to the next follow ing day of paym ent.
P a r . 2. If the directorate learns on good authority that th e regular total annual
incom e o f a m em ber entitled to insure him self voluntarily, exceeds 4,000 marks [$952],
it shall at once inform this mem ber that his mem bership has ceased. The m em bership
ceases w ith the delivery of the notification.




558

BULLETIN OF TH E BUKEAU OF LABOB.

A rticle 315.
If, after application in due form , a sick fund has accepted the contributions from a
person subject to insurance, for three m onths in succession and w ithout objection , it
must recognize him as a m em ber as long as there is no change in h is em ploym ent
status, at least u ntil the date on w hich the directorate of the sick fund, in w riting,
refers him or his em ployer to another sick fund.
A rticle 316.
In case the other sick fund contests his right to belong to it, the old sick fund m ust,
w ith reservation of a later refund, continue to accept provisionally the contributions
and to grant the benefits up to the tim e of the decision.
2. R egistration .

A rticle 317.
P aragraph 1. W ithin three days from the beginning and term ination of the em ploy­
m ent the em ployers must register each person em ployed b y them who is su bject to
m em bership m a local, rural, or guild sick fund at the place determ ined b y the con ­
stitution or according to article 319. Changes in th e em ploym ent status having in­
fluence on the insurance obligation shall also be registered w ithin three days.
P a r . 2. T he registration m ay be om itted if the work is interrupted for a shorter
period than one week and if the paym ent of contributions is kept up. T he constitu­
tion m ay extend the tim e lim it for registration beyond the third day and up to the
last working day of the calendar w eek.
P a r . 3. The sick fund m ay make an agreement w ith the adm inistrations of Im perial
or State establishm ents as to other m ethods of registration.
P a r . 4. The highest adm inistrative authority m ay issue regulations regarding the
form and contents of the registration notice.
A rticle 318.
P aragraph 1. The application must also contain the'Statements required b y the
constitution for the computation of contributions.
P a r . 2. Changes in these relations are to be reported w ithin the tim e lim it of regis­
tration.
P a r . 3. In the case of a change in wages the grade of wages does not change u ntil the
next paym ent of the contribution, unless the constitution provides otherwise.
A rticle 319.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The local insurance office m ay establish in its district join t registra­
tion offices for a ll or for several local, rural, and guild sick funds, or w ith the approval
o f the com m unal supervisory authority turn over the business o f these funds to the local
authorities.
P a r . 2. T he costs shall be divided among the different sick funds in proportion to
their annual revenues from contributions, unless the superior insurance office specifies
a different basis.
II.

CONSTITUTION.

A r t ic l e 320.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Before com ing into existence, each sick fund shall draw up a
constitution.
P a r . 2. It shall be drawn up in the case of—
Local and rural sick funds, b y the union of com m unes after a hearing of the em ­
ployers and insured persons interested;
Establishm ent sick funds, b y th e em ployer or his representative after a hearing
o f the em ployees;
G uild sick funds, b y the general m eeting o f the guild w ith the participation of
the journeym en's com m ittee according to article 95 o f the Industrial Code
(G ew erbeordnung ).
P a r . 3. If a fund is not established w ithin the tim e lim it fin ally decreed (art. 233,
par. 2, and art. 249, par. 4), the local insurance office shall draw up a constitution for it.




w o r k m e n ’s

INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY.

559

A rticle 321.
The constitution must indicate the district of the sick fund and the class of its m em ­
bers and specify the follow ing:
1. Name and seat of the sick fund;
2. Nature and exten t of benefits;
3. Amount of contributions and time of payment;
4. Com position, rights, and duties of the directorate;
5. Com position and convocation of the com m ittee and the m ethod of form ing
its decisions, as also its representation in dealings with third parties in case
of article 346, paragraph 1;
6. Drawing up of the prelim inary budget;
7. Drawing up and acceptance of the annual accounts;
8. Am ount o f allowances according to article 21, paragraphs 2 and 3;
9. M ethod of issuing p u b lic notices;
10. Am endm ent of the constitution.
A rticle 322.
In the case of the local, rural, and guild sick funds the constitution must, indicate
the places for registration.
A rticle 323.
The constitution may not specify anything w hich contravenes the legal regulations
or does not com e w ithin the purpose of the fund.
A rticle 324.
P aragraph 1. The constitution, as w ell as the amendments thereto, requires the
approval of the superior insurance office. W hen it gives its approval to the constitu­
tion, the superior insurance office shall at the same tim e sp ecify when the sick fund
com es into existence.
P a r . 2. The approval m ay be refused on ly b y the decision cham ber, and then on ly
in case the constitution does not com ply w ith the legal provisions.
P a r . 3. W here the law dem ands the approval for in dividual regulations of the consti­
tution b y the superior insurance office, tne approval m ay be refused b y the decision
cham ber on ly. The decision is final.
P a r . 4. The reasons for the refusal shall be stated.
A rticle 325.
Each m em ber shall receive free a printed cop y of the constitution and the amend­
ments thereto; also, on application, each em ployer who em ploys mem bers of the sick
fund shall receive a copy.
A rticle 326.
P aragraph 1. If it subsequently develops that a constitution according to article
324, paragraph 2, should not have been approved, the superior insurance office
(decision chamber) shall decree the necessary amendment.
P a r . 2. If within one month the committee does not decide upon the amendment
ordered b y a final decree, the superior insurance office (decision chamber) shall issue
the same with legal force.
P a r . 3. The same applies to amendments of the constitution ordered b y a final
decree, which are required b y the provisions of this law.
iii . administrative bodies op the funds .

1.

O rganization o f local and rural sick fu n d s.

A rticle 327.
The directorate and com m ittee transact the affairs of the funds. The members of
the com m ittee may not belong to the directorate; if such are elected in the directorate,
they must leave tne com m ittee.




560

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR,

A rticle 328.
P a r a g r a p h 1. T he members of the directorate elect from their own num ber the
president of the directorate.
P a r . 2. W hoever receives the majority of votes, either from the group of employers
or from that of the insured persons, is elected.

A rticle 329.
P a r a g r a p h 1. W hen this m ajority can not be obtained the election is adjourned
to another day.
P a r . 2. If also in the second session no election is effected, the directorate notifies
the local insurance office. The latter appoints a representative who administers the
rights and duties of the president at the expense of the sick fund u ntil a valid election
is effected. On appeal the superior insurance office decides finally. A n em ployer
m ay only then be appointed as representative if the m ajority of the group of em ployees
does not object and an em ployee only if the m ajority of the group of em ployers does
not object.
P a r . 3. A person employing only servants or nonpermanent workmen is not con­
sidered an employer in the meaning of paragraph 2.
A r t ic l e 330.

The members of the directorate of the local sick fund elect from their num ber in a
join t election one or more substitutes for the president.
A rticle 331.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The representatives of the union of communes elect the president
and the other members of the directorate of the rural sick fund, among w hich must b e
one or more substitutes for the president. One-third of these members must belong to
the em ployers affected (art. 332, par. 2), and two-thirds to persons insured in the mck"
fund.
P a r . 2. The highest administrative authority may specify that the president and
the other members of the directorate shall be elected in the same manner as the repre­
sentatives in the committee according to article 336, paragraph 2.
A r t ic l e 332.
P a r a g r a p h 1. One-third of the com m ittee consists of representatives of the em ploy­
ers affected and two-thirds of representatives of the insured persons. It has a m axi­
mum num ber of 90 representatives.
P a r . 2. An employer is considered as affected if he has to pay contributions to the
sick fund for his employees subject to insurance, and if he is not to be counted among
the insured persons according to article 14, paragraph 2.
A r t ic l e 333.
P a r a g r a p h 1. In the case of a local sick fund the em ployers affected who are of age
and the insured persons who are of age elect their representatives from their own num­
ber, and this must b e done in separate elections, under the direction of the directorate.
P a r . 2. The first election after the establishment of the sick fund takes place under
the direction of a representative of the local insurance office; later elections only where
no directorate exists.
P a r . 3. T he voting power of the individual em ployers shall be proportioned accord­
ing to the num ber of their em ployees subject to insurance; the constitution m ay grad­
uate it and provide a maximum num ber of votes. Provisions relating to graduation
and m axim um voting power require the approval of the superior insurance office.
A r t ic l e 334.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The interval betw een the n otice of an election (art. 333) and the
election itself m ust amount to at least one m onth. The constitution m ay fix a
longer m inim um interval.
P a r . 2. The constitution may specify that the election shall take place according
to districts or occupation groups.




W O RKM EN ?S INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911—HGERMANY.

561

A r t ic l e 335.

The representatives of the em ployers and of the insured persons in the com m ittee
elect from their group in separate elections, the members of the directorate as follow s:
The em ployers elect one-third, the insured persons two-thirds.
A rticle 336.
P a r a g r a p h 1. In the case of a rural sick fund the representatives of the union of
comm unes elect representatives from the num ber of the em ployers affected and from
the num ber of the insured persons in the fund.
P a r . 2. In such districts of local insurance offices in w hich on ly urban and rural
com m unes exist, bu t not independent manor districts, marks, or m arch districts*
(selbstandige G utsbezirhe, Gem arkungen Oder ausmdrkische B ezirke ), the State govern­
m ent m ay transfer the right to vote to the representatives of the individual communes
and can specify the particulars thereto.
P a r . 3. It m ay be decreed for the territory or parts of territories of the federal State
b y a State law that the directorate and com m ittee shall be elected in the same manner
as in the case of the local sick fund.
A r t ic l e 337.

Employers who are in arrears with the payment of contributions may be excluded
b y the constitution from eligibility and from the right to vote.
2. C om position o f establishm ent and guild sick fu n d s .
A r t ic l e 338.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Article 327 is correspondingly applicable to establishment sick
funds.
P a r . 2. The directorate and the committee consist of the employer or his represent­
ative and of the representatives of the insured persons; the committee has a maximum
number of 50 representatives of the insured persons.
P a r . 3. The employer or his representative is the president; he has one-half of the
number of votes granted b y the constitution to the insured persons.

A rticle 339.
The insured persons who are of age elect from their own number under the direction
of the directorate their representatives in the committee of the establishment sick
fund. Article 333, paragraph 2, and article 334, paragraph 1, are here applicable.
These representatives elect from the insured persons their representatives in the
directorate.
A rticle 340.
A person who voluntarily continues his mem bership in an establishm ent sick fund
is neither eligible nor has ne the right to vote.
A rticle 341.
P a r a g r a p h 1 . A rticles 327, 332, 333, 334, paragraph 1 , 335, and 337 are also appli­
cable to guild sick funds. The guild appoints the president and his substitutes from
the members of the directorate.
P a r . 2. If according to the constitution (art. 381, par. 2) the em ployers are required
to pay one-half and the insured persons the other half of the contributions, then each
of them is entitled to half of the representatives in the com m ittee, and the representa­
tives elected b y the em ployers elect one half of the members of the directorate, and
those elected b y the insured persons the other half.

3. D uties.

A rticle 342.
The directorate administers the fund so far as the law does not provide otherwise.




562

BU LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

A rticle 343.
P aragraph 1. The directorate is required, on demand, to give to the industrial
supervisory officials information relating to the number and class of cases o f sickness.
P a r . 2. The highest administrative authorities may specify the particulars here­
with.
A rticle 344.
The directorate must perm it representatives of the carriers of the accident and of the
in validity and survivors’ insurance to inspect in the office o f the sick fund during
business nours the books and lists for the purpose of ascertaining the num ber, tim e of
em ploym ent, and amount of wages of their insured persons.
A rticle 345.
P aragraph 1. The com m ittee decides on all matters w hich the law, constitution,
or service regulations do not assign to the directorate.
P a r . 2. T o the committee is reserved—
1. T he determ ination of the prelim inary budget.
2. The acceptance of the annual balance sheet.
3. The representation of the sick fund against the members of the directorate;
4. The decision on agreements and contracts w ith other sick funds;
5. The decision on the establishm ent of places of registration and of paym ent;
6. T he amendment of the constitution;
7. T he dissolution of the sick fund or the voluntary affiliation of it with other sick
funds.
P a r . 3. D ecisions according to numbers 6 and 7 need a m ajority both of the em ploy­
ers and the insured persons. In the case of amendments to the constitution a joint vote
is sufficient, if such are decreed according to article 326, or if they relate to benefits or
contributions, and do not run counter to article 388 or 389.
A rticle 346.
P aragraph 1. In the case of the acquisition, sale, or mortgaging of real estate, the
sick fund shall be represented b y the directorate and the com m ittee.
P a r . 2. The approval o f the com m ittee is necessary for—
1. The service regulations for the em ployees w nich have been form ulated or
changed b y the directorate (art. 355);
2. D ecisions of the directorate relating to the establishm ent of hospitals and con­
valescent homes.
A rticle 347.

.

P aragraph 1 The com m ittee regulates through sickness regulations the registra­
tion and control of sick persons as w ell as their con duct.
P a r . 2. These regulations require the approval of the local insurance office. I f the
approval is refused, the superior insurance office (decision cham ber) decides finally
on appeal.
P a r . 3. If notwithstanding a requisition of the local insurance office a sick fund
does not submit within the time lim it any sickness regulations, the superior insurance
office (decision chamber) shall draw up such regulations ana they shall be of legal
effect. T h e same is applicable to amendments or additions which have been ordered
b y decree.
P a r . 4. W ith the approval of the fund and under agreement regarding the costs,
the local insurance office may assist the sick fund in the control of sick persons. The
decision com m ittee decides concerning this m atter. If the fund declines such aid,
the superior insurance office decides finally on appeal.
A rticle 348.
The com m ittee specifies the m ethod of rem ittance of contributions and of paym ent
of benefits for members who do not reside in the district of the sick fund, and how the
control of sick persons is to be regulated where such members are concerned.
IV .

EMPLOYEES AND OFFICIALS OF THE FUND.

A rticle 349.
P aragraph 1. The positions of officials and those em ployees to whom the service
regulations (art. 351) are applicable^ and w hich are paid from the means of the sick
funds, shall be filled in the case of sick funds b y concurring decisions of both groups
in the directorate.




W O R K M E N *S IN S U R A N C E

C ODE OE J U L Y

19, 1911— G E R M A N Y .

563

P a r . 2. I f the groups can not agree, the decision is postponed to a later day.
Should then no agreement be effected, the appointm ent m ay be decided on if more
than tw o-thirds o f those present vote for it; such a decision requires the confirm ation
of the local insurance office. It may on ly be refused on the basis o f such facts w hich
perm it the conclusion that the person proposed lacks the necessary responsibility,
especially for an im partial discharge of nis official duties, or the ability requisite for
the position.
P a r . 3. In case of a refusal of the confirm ation, the superior insurance office (d e ci­
sion cham ber) decides finally on appeal of the directorate.
A rticle 350.
W hen no decision relating to an appointm ent is effected, or the confirm ation is
finally refused, th e local insurance office appoints tem porarily at the expense o f the
sick fund the persons necessary for the discharge o f the duties of the position. I f the
appointees have adm inistered the affairs during one year, the local insurance office
m ay, w ith the approval of the superior insurance office, appoint them perm anently
to the position, unless a valid decision relating to an appointm ent has m eanwhile
been effected.
A rticle 351.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Service regulations must be form ulated for the salaried em ployees
of the sick funds who, according to State law, are not State or com m unal officials, or
whose rights or duties are based on article 359.
P a r . 2. T o em ployees w ho are em ployed on ly on probation, for tem porary service,
as a preparatory service, or who adm inister the office on ly in ciden tally w ithout com pen­
sation, the service regulations are on ly applicable in so far as they expressly so provide.

A rticle 352.
T he service regulations regulate the legal and the general service relations o f the
em ployees, especially the proof o f their technical qualifications, their num ber, the
class o f appointm ent, th e giving of n otice or the discharge, and the determ ination of
penalties. T echn ical qualifications must also be proved in some other manner than
b y the com pletion of a prescribed educational course.
A rticle 353.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The service regulations must contain a scale of salaries. T hey shall
regulate the follow ing:
1. H ow long in case of involuntary disability the paym ent of the salary shall
continue;
2. For what periods seniority increases of salary shall be granted;
3. Under what conditions a pension and survivors’ relief shall be granted.
P a r . 2. T hey shall regulate also the requirem ents for prom otion.

A rticle 354.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Persons subject to the service regulations are appointed b y written
contract.
P a r . 2. The giving of notice o f dismissal or the discharge of such em ployees shall,
w ith reservation of paragraph 6, on ly be done on the concurring decision of the em ­
ployers and insured persons m the directorate, or, in case such a decision is not effected,
on decision o f the m ajority of the directorate, w ith the approval of the presiding officer
of the local insurance office; after 10 years of em ploym ent it m ay on ly take place for
im portant reasons.
P a r . 3. Agreements relating to the right of the sick fund to give n otice of dism issal
must not place the em ployee in a worse position than he w ould oe in the absence of an
agreement according to tne civ il law.
P a r . 4. The giving o f n otice o f dismissal or the discharge must not be forbidden
in cases in w hich there are im portant reasons.
P a r . 5. Fines shall only be prescribed for not more than one month’s salary.
P a r . 6. Em ployees who abuse their official position or their official affairs for the
purpose of religious or political a ctiv ity shall be reprim anded b y the president of the
directorate, and in the case o f repetition, after they have been given an opportunity
for a hearing, shall be discharged im m ediately; the dischaige requires the approval




564

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E B U R E A U

OF L A B O R .

of the president of the local insurance office. Religious or political activity outside
of official affairs and the exercise of the right of association shall not be prevented in
so far as they do not conflict with the laws, and in themselves shall not be considered
as reasons for giving notice of dismissal or for discharge.
A rticle 355.

.

P aragraph 1 Before form ulating the service regulations the directorate shall grant
a hearing to the em ployees who are o f age.
P a r . 2. In the directorate and also in the committee employers and insured per­
sons decide separately on the service regulations.
P a r . 3. The service regulations require the approval of the superior insurance
office. The directorate must designate to the superior insurance office those provisions
of the service regulations on which the two groups in the directorate or committee
have not agreed and must give a statement of the relative vote. The superior insur­
ance office decides on these provisions; in other respects it only may refuse the ap­
proval of the service regulations, if there is an important reason, especially if the num­
ber or the salaries of the employees are in striking, disproportion to their duties.
P a r . 4. If the approval is refused, the highest administrative authority decides
on appeal.
P a r . 5. The same is applicable to changes in the service regulations.
A rticle 356.
If, notwithstanding a requisition, a sick fund does not subm it within the specified
time lim it any service regulations, the superior insurance office shall draw up the same
and they shall have legal effect. The same is applicable to amendments or additions
ordered b y a decree.
A rticle 357.

.

P aragraph 1 Decisions of the directorate or of the committee running counter to
the service regulations shall be challenged b y the president of the directorate throdgh
an appeal to. the supervisory authority; the appeal effects a stay.
P a r . 2. I f the directorate or its president does not make use of the right of giving
notice of dismissal or of discharge against an employee, notwithstanding that there is
a serious reason therefor, the local insurance office may require them to do so. On
appeal of the directorate, the superior insurance office (decision chamber) decides
finally on the decree.
P a r . 3. A provision of the employment contract running counter to the service
regulations is invalid.
A r t ic l e 358.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The local insurance office (decision com m ittee) decides in disputes
relating to the service matters of em ployees su bject to the service regulations. On
appeal the superior insurance office decides finally. The im perial decrees (art. 35,
par. 2) regulate the particulars concerning the procedure of discharge of an em ployee
on account of contravention of the service regulations or in the case of article 354,
paragraph 6, in accordance with the provisions of the im perial law for officials con­
cerning the w rit of accusation, admission of counsel for the defendant, hearing of the
defendant, oral procedure, ana passing upon the evidence.
P a r . 2. The following special provisions are applicable to pecuniary claims.
P a r . 3. T he decision o f the superior insurance office must precede the suit. Suit
m ay only be brought w ithin one month alter the delivery of the decision of the superior
insurance office; the tim e lim it is a perem ptory tim e lim it in the m eaning of article
223, paragraph 3, of the Code of C ivil Procedure.
P a r . 4. A ppeal to the regular courts is excluded where the determ ination o f fines
is concerned. The regular courts m ust accept the decisions of the insurance authori­
ties on the question whether the period of dism issal having been observed, a n otice
of dism issal may be given for an im portant reason (art. 354, par. 2).
P a r . 5. E xecution of the valid decisions of the insurance authorities takes place
according to book eight of the Code of C ivil Procedure.
A r t ic l e 359.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The directorate of a local, a rural, or a guild sick fund m ay, w ith the
approval of the superior insurance office, em ploy officials for life or according to the
State laws w ithout recall or w ith the right to pension.




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P a r . 2. In the case of local, rural, or guild sick funds with over 10,000 insured per­
sons the superior insurance office may, after a hearing of the sick fund, decree that at
least the business directors shall be employed in this manner.
P a r . 3. The directorate may appeal against such a decree to the highest adminis­
trative authority.
P a r . 4. The State governm ent m ay assign to officials appointed in this manner the
rights and duties of State or com m unal officials.
P a r . 5. A rticle 357, paragraph 2, is applicable to the officials of the funds.
P a r . 6. No provision shall be made granting preference in the filling of'vacancies
to persons in possession of a certificate entitling the holder to a civil-service position
(soldiers entitled to civ il em ploym ent).
A r t ic l e 360.

W here, according-to the State laws, the officials of comm unes and other pu blic cor­
porations, who are not appointed for life or without recall, are obliged to join a pen­
sion fund under State control or a sim ilar institution, the State governm ent may
extend the provisions in force for this purpose to the corporations ana their em ployees
to the local, rural, and guild sick funds and their em ployees.
A r t ic l e 361.

A rticle 23, paragraph 1, is correspondingly applicable to managing officials or em­
ployees.
A r t ic l e 362.
P a r a g r a p h 1. In the case of establishm ent sick funds the em ployer appoints at
his expense and on his own responsibility the persons necessary to conduct the affairs.
A rticle 24 is correspondingly applicable to these persons.
P a r . 2 . E m ployees of establishm ent sick funds, who abuse their official position or
their official affairs for the purpose of religious or p olitical activity, shall be repri­
manded b y the president of the directorate, and in case of a repetition shall be im me­
diately discharged, after having been given an opportunity for a hearing; article 357,
paragraph 2, is then correspondingly applicable.
V.

ADMINISTRATION OF RESOURCES
A r t ic l e 363.

P a r a g r a p h 1. The resources of the sick fund shall on ly be used for the benefits
provided b y the constitution, for the accum ulation of the reserve, for the adm inis­
tration expenses, and for the general purposes of the prevention of sickness.

Par . 2. On the authorization of the highest administrative authorities it is per­
missible to use the resources of the sick fund for the attending of meetings which
shall serve the legal purposes of sickness insurance.
A r t ic l e 364.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The sick fund shall accum ulate a reserve equal to the minim um
amount of one year’s expenses com puted according to the average of the last three
years and shall maintain it at this amount. For this purpose it shall use the parts of
contributions paid b y em ployers for members of substitute sick funds (art. 517, par.
2), and at least one-tw entieth of the annual amount of the other contributions of the
fund.
P ar . 2. In the case of establishm ent sick funds created b y decree, the constitution,
with the approval of the superior insurance office, m ay make other provisions.
A r t ic l e 365.

Securities of the sick fund w hich are not m erely an investm ent of operating resources
w hich are tem porarily available, shall be kept in the custody of the union of comm unes,
unless the local insurance office provides otherwise.
A r t ic l e 366.

The Federal Council shall specify the m ethod and form of accounting.
18544°— No. 96— 12------15




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A r t ic l e 367.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The sick fund must subm it to the local insurance office a balance
sheet and also statements relating to—
1. Members.
2. Cases of sickness, cases calling for other benefits, and deaths.
3. Contributions received.
4. Benefits granted.
5. K ind and amount of reim bursem ent for m edical treatment.
6. N um ber of physicians, specialists, dental surgeons, dental assistants, owners
and administrators oi pharmacies, and other such persons selling medicines,
who give their services to the sick fund.
P ar . 2. The Federal C ouncil shall sp ecify the m odel forms and the tim e lim its for
transm itting them ; it m ay extend the contents of the reports. The reports and bal­
ance sheets shall be com piled uniform ly at least every four years for the Em pire.
VI.

RELATION TO PHYSICIANS, DENTISTS, HOSPITALS, AND PHARMACIES.
A r t ic l e 368.

The relations betw een sick funds and physicians shall be regulated b y written con ­
tract; the sick fund m ay, w ith the exception of urgent cases, decline to make pay­
ments to other physicians.
A r t ic l e 369.

In so far as it would not seriously add to the expenses of the sick fund, its members
shall be given the right to choose from at least tw o physicians. The insured person
has free ch oice among the physicians appointed b y the sick fund if he assumes him ­
self the additional costs. B ut the constitution m ay specify, however, that the person
under treatment m ay not change the physician during the same case of insurance or
during the fiscal year w ithout the approval of the directorate.
A r t ic l e 370.
P a r a g r a p h 1. If the providing of m edical care b y a sick fund is seriously endan­
gered b y the fact that the sick fund can not make contracts on reasonable conditions
w ith a sufficient num ber of physicians, or because the physicians do not observe the
contract, the superior insurance office (decision cham ber) m ay authorize the sick
fund on its application and su bject to revocation to grant in place of the care of patients
and other necessary m edical treatm ent a pecuniary benefit up to two-thirds of the
average amount of their legal pecuniary sick benefit.
P a r . 2. The superior insurance office (decision chamber) may at the same time
specify—
1. H ow the condition of the person who shall receive the benefits m ay be proved
b y other means than b y m edical certificates.
2. That the sick fund m ay discontinue or w ithhold the benefits until sufficient
proof is subm itted.
3. That the obligation of the sick fund to pay benefits ceases if sufficient proof is
not subm itted w ithin one year after the claim becom es due.
4. That the sick fund m ay direct those to whom it has to grant m edical treatment
to go to a hospital, even if the conditions of article 184, paragraph 3, do not
exist.
P a r . 3. The sick-fund directorate has the right of appeal to the highest adminis­
trative authority against the decision of the superior insurance office (pars. 1 and 2).
A r t ic l e 371.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The constitution m ay authorize the directorate to grant hospital
treatment on ly in certain hospitals, and where the sick fund must grant hospital
treatment, to decline to make paym ents to other hospitals, with the exception of
urgent cases.
P a r . 2. Hospitals intended exclusively for charitable or general welfare purposes
or established b y public unions or corporations, and ready to give hospital treatment
on the same conditions as the hospitals designated in paragraph 1, may only be ex­
cluded for an important reason and with the approval oi the superior insurance office.




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A r t ic l e 372.

P aragraph 1. If the m edical treatment or hospital care of a sick fund does not
satisfy the legal demands of the sick persons, the superior insurance office m ay, with
reservation o f article 370, decree at any tim e that these benefits shall be granted b y
other physicians or hospitals; the fund shall first be given a hearing.
P a r . 2. This decree shall only apply so long as its purpose requires, and must have
the approval of the superior insurance office if it is to be in force for more than one
year.
A r t ic l e 373.
P aragraph 1. If the decree is not carried out w ithin the tim e lim it specified, the
superior insurance office may itself take the necessary measures at the expense of the
sick fund. Contracts already made b y the sick fund w ith physicians and hospitals
are not affected.
P a r . 2. The fund m ay appeal against these decrees and measures w ithin one week
to the highest adm inistrative authority.
A r t ic l e 374.

A rticles 368, 372, and 373 are correspondingly applicable in regard to the relations
betw een hospitals and dentists.
' A rticle 375.
P aragraph 1. W ithin the territory of the sick fund, or w ith the approval of the
local insurance office outside of it, tne constitution m ay authorize the directorate to
make preferential contracts with in dividual owners or administrators of pharmacies
for the furnishing of m edicines, or in the case of m edicines w hich are for sale in the
open m arket, also w ith other persons selling them . A ll owners and administrators of
pharmacies in the territory of the sick fund may join in such agreements. The direc­
torate m ay then, w ith the exception of urgent cases and with reservation of article
376, paragraph 3, decline to make paym ents for m edicines furnished b y other parties.
P a r . 2. A rticles 372 and 373 are correspondingly applicable, if the supply of m edi­
cines granted b y a sick fund does not satisfy the legal demands of the sick persons.
A rticle 376.
P a r a g r a p h 1 . The pharmacies shall grant to sick funds a discount on m edicines
from the tariff prices for m edicines. The highest adm inistrative authority deter­
mines its rate; it may make it dependent for the in dividual pharmacies on a specified
m inimum consum ption b y the sick fund.
P a r . 2. The superior adm inistrative authority determines, w ith due consideration
of local conditions and of the usual retail prices, the maximum prices of such common
m edicines w hich may be obtained (in the retail trade) without physicians* prescrip­
tions. These-m axim um prices must not exceed the amount based on paragraph 1.
The highest adm inistrative authority m ay decree the particulars in this connection.
P a r . 3. If the beneficiaries procure the medicines designated in paragraph 2 from a
pharmacy at a price not exceeding the specified price, the superior administrative
authority may decree that the sick fund shall not decline payment for the reason
that it has agreed on lower prices with persons who are not owners or administrators of
pharmacies.
Section F ive — Supervision .

A rticle 377.
P aragraph 1. W ith reservation of articles 372 to 375 the local insurance office exer­
cises the supervision over the sick funds. It extends also to the observation of the
service and sickness regulations.
P a r . 2. If the appeal against a decree of the local insurance office is based on the
fact that the decree has no legal foundation and injures a right of the appellant or
imposes on him an unwarranted liability, the superior insurance office (decision cham­
ber) shall decide thereon.
P a r . 3. In the case of establishm ent sick funds for im perial or State establishments,
the highest adm inistrative authority m ay transfer to other authorities the duties of the
local insurance office w hich do n ot com e under the com petence of the judgm ent com ­
m ittee.




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OF L A B O R .

A r t ic l e 378.

As a representative of the sick fund, the local insurance office itself or through an
authorized agent m ay bring forward claim s of an establishm ent sick fund against the
em ployer resulting from his adm inistration of the resources and keeping of the accounts.
A r t ic l e 379.
P a r a g r a p h 1 . So long as the persons entitled to vote refuse to elect the adminis­
trative bodies of the sick fund, the local insurance office (decision com m ittee) shall
appoint the members or the substitutes.
P a r . 2. So long as the directorate, or its president, or the com m ittee, refuse to per­
form the duties they are charged w ith, the local insurance office shall execute them
itself, or through an authorized agent, at the expense of the sick fund.
S e c t io n S i x — R a is in g o p t h e F u n d s .
I. CONTRIBUTIONS.

A r t ic l e 380.

The means for the sickness insurance shall be collected from the em ployers and the
insured persons.
A r t ic l e 381.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The persons subject to insurance must pay two-thirds, their em­
ployers one-third of the contributions.
P a r . 2. In the case of guild sick funds the constitution m ay specify that the em­
ployers must pay one-half and the persons subject to insurance the other hah of the
contributions. Where this is specified b y an am endm ent to the constitution, the
decision requires a m ajority of the representatives of the em ployers as also those of the
insured persons.
P a r . 3. Persons entitled to. insure themselves voluntarily must pay the whole of
the contributions.
A r t ic l e 382.

The constitution m ay perm it insured persons who tem porarily draw lower wages
to remain insured in their old higher class of wages, if they them selves undertake to
pay the additional amount of the contributions or if the em ployer consents to such
higher rating.
A r t ic l e 383.
P a r a g r a p h 1. In case of disability no contributions are to be paid for the duration
of the sickness.
P a r . 2. The same is applicable during the receipt of the maternity and pregnancy
benefits.
A r t ic l e 384.
P a r a g r a p h 1 . The constitution m ay graduate the rates of the contribution accord­
ing to the branches of industry and classes of em ploym ent of the insured persons, and
provide for a higher proportion of the part paid b y the em ployer in the case of in di­
vidual establishm ents in so far as the risk of sickness is considerably higher.
P a r . 2. Sick funds with fam ily benefits m ay collect from the insured persons w ith
dependent fam ilies an additional contribution, w hich shall be specified b y the con­
stitution in a general manner. A rticles 381, 382, and 385 to 403 are not applicable
hereto.
P a r . 3. W here the constitution does not as a general rule allow sick benefits for
Sundays and holidays, it m ay correspondingly raise the contributions for members
for whom Sundays and holidays are working days.
P a r . 4. Provisions of this kind require the approval of the superior insurance office.
P a r . 5. If the directorate decrees higher contributions for an establishm ent, the
em ployer has the right of appeal to the local insurance office. In the legal procedure
the superior insurance office decides finally.
A r t ic l e 385.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The contributions shall be fixed in a percentage of the basic wage
in such a manner that, inclusive of the other revenues, they shall be sufficient for the
perm issible expenses of the sick fund.




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P a r . 2. The sick fund shall not collect contributions for other purposes.
P a r . 3. Where doubts arise whether the constitution or its am endm ent fixes the con­
tributions according to paragraph 1, the superior insurance office shall have the con­
tributions exam ined b y experts before approving them. If they are not sufficient, the
approval shall depend on an increase of the contributions or in a reduction of the
benefits to a rate not lower than the regular benefits.
A rticle 386.
A t the establishm ent of the sick fund the contributions m ay be fixed at more than
4§ per cen t of the basic wage on ly if it is necessary in order to provide the regular
benefits.
A rticle 387.
If the receipts of the sick fund do not cover its expenses, inclusive of the amounts for
the reserve, benefits shall be reduced to a rate not low er than the regular benefits or
the contributions shall be increased, b y an amendment to the constitution.
A rticle 388.
The contributions may be increased to more than 4J per cent of the basic wage only
for the purpose of providing the regular benefits, or on concurring decision of em ployers
and insured persons in the com m ittee.
A rticle 389.
P aragraph 1. If in the case of a local sick fund contributions as high as 6 per cent
of the basic wage do not cover the regular benefits, then the contributions m ay be
further increased on ly on a concurring decision of the em ployers and of the insured
persons in the com m ittee.
P a r . 2. Otherwise the superior insurance office shall order, w ith reservation of
article 268, the consolidation of the fund w ith other local sick funds. If this should
not be possible, or if notwithstanding the consolidation the contributions are not
sufficient to provide the regular benefits, the union of communes must pay frpm its
own resources the necessary assistance. As long as this is done it m ay place the office
of president of the sick fund in the hands of a representative.
A rticle 390.
If in the case of a rural, an establishment, or a guild sick fund contributions to the
amount of 6 per cent of the basic wage do not cover the regular benefits, the union of
communes, w ith reservation of article 265, paragraph 2, in the case of rural sick funds,
or the em ployer in the case of establishm ent sick funds, and the guild in case of guild
sick funds, must provide the necessary assistance from its own resources. As long as
this is done, in the case of a rural sick fund the union of communes can place the
office of president of the sick fund in the hands of a representative.
A rticle 391.
P aragraph 1. If to maintain or restore its solvency, a sick fund must qu ick ly
increase its revenues or reduce its expenses, the local insurance office (decision com­
m ittee) may tem porarily provide, until new regulations as provided b y the constitu­
tion are made, that as far as necessary the contributions m ay be increased and the
benefits reduced to not lower than the regular benefits; current benefits remain undis­
turbed.
P a r . 2. On appeal the superior insurance office decides finally.
A rticle 392.
If the revenues of a sick fund exceed the expenses and the reserve has reached
double the amount of its legal m inim um ,the contributions shall be reduced or the
benefits shall be increased b y means of an amendment to the constitution.
i i . payment op the contributions .

A rticle 393.
The em ployers must pay the contributions for their em ployees subject to insurance
on the days fixed b y the constitution. The days for paym ent m ay at the most be
one month apart. On the same days the persons entitled to insure them selves volun­
tarily must pay their contributions.




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BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.
A rticle 394.

P aragraph 1. A t the tim e of the paym ent of wages, the persons subject to insurance
must perm it their share of the contribution to be deducted from the cash wages. O nly
in this manner m ay the em ployers reimburse them selves for the shares of the contri­
bution.
P a r . 2. The highest adm inistrative authority m ay specify in what manner the
share of the contributions of persons subject to insurance is to be refunded from their
remuneration, if the same consists on ly of paym ents in kind or is paid b y third parties.
A rticle 395.
P aragraph 1. The deductions for the share of contributions are to be divided
even ly among the wage periods in w hich they fall. The partial amounts m ay without
im posing an additional burden on the insured persons be rounded off to amounts of
even 10 pfennigs [2.38 cents].
P a r . 2. I f deductions were not made for a wage period, they m ay be deducted
on ly at the wage paym ent of the n ext wage period, if the contributions are not paid
at a later tim e without any fault on the part of the em ployer.
P a r . 3. In the case of servants paym ents on account are not considered as wage
payments.
A rticle 396.
P aragraph 1. If the insured person is at the same tim e in several em ploym ent
relations subject to insurance, the em ployers are collectiv ely liable for the contribu­
tions.
P a r . 2. On application of one of the employers the local insurance office shall
apportion the contributions.
A rticle 397.
P aragraph 1. The contributions must be paid continuously until notice of leaving
has been given according to the regulations.
P a r . 2. I f the insured person leaves an em ploym ent betw een two pay days, and
if due notice of his leaving has been given, the contributions paid in advance shall
be refunded in proportion to the tim e.
P a r . 3. In case of establishment sick funds the contributions must be paid con­
tinuously until the term ination of m em bership.
P a r . 4. The constitution can specify that contributions shall always be collected
and refunded for fu ll weeks.
A rticle 398.

P aragraph 1. On application of a local, a rural, or a guild sick fund, as also on
application of members of the adm inistrative bodies of an establishm ent sick fund,
the local insurance office (decision com m ittee) m ay decree, w ith the right o f revocation,
that em ployers who are in arrears w ith the paym ent o f contributions, and who in a
process of execution have shown them selves to b e bankrupt, shall pay their own
share of the contributions on ly. The persons subject to insurance em ployed b y
them shall then them selves pay their share of the contributions on pay days.
Par . 2. Against this decree the em ployer m ay appeal to the superior insurance
office (decision cham ber). It decides finally.
A rticle 399.
The decree must designate the em ployer to whom it is applicable, together w ith his
name, residence, and place of business. H e shall be notified of it in writing, as also
the police authorities of his place o f residence and of his place of business, if it be
elsewhere. If the em ployer changes his residence or his place of business, the police
authorities shall n otify tne com petent authorities of his new place of residence or
place of business.
A rticle 400.
The em ployer shall n otify the persons subject to insurance em ployed b y him of the
decree b y placarding it perm anently in the work places, and at each wage paym ent
call their attention to the fact that they them selves must pay their share of the con­
tributions.




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A rticle 401.
The local insurance office (decision com m ittee) revokes the decree as soon as it
has proof b y the certificate of the sick fund directorate that all arrears and overdue
obligations of the em ployer to the sick fund have been discharged.
A rticle 402.
So long as the decree concerning em ployers who in a process of execution have
been shown to be bankrupt has not been issued, they must make the deduction from
the wages and must pay the amount, at the latest w ithin three days, to the sick fund
entitled thereto.
A rticle 403.
The constitution of a local, a rural, or a guild sick fund m ay specify under what con­
ditions the sick fund must demand advances from the em ployers.
A rticle 404.

P aragraph 1. On application of the sick funds affected the local insurance office
(decision com m ittee) m ay specify that the join t places of registration shall also be
pay offices to accept contributions and pay benefits.
P a r . 2. With the approval of their supervisory authorities, it may transfer to the
local authorities the business of the pay offices.
P a r . 3. The local insurance office may, with their consent and with an agreement
as to the costs, assist the sick funds in the collection of the contributions.
Par . 4. The communal supervisory authority m ay appoint, after a hearing of the
sick fund, the officials conducting the business as officials to make com pulsory collec­
tions.
A rticle 405.
P aragraph 1. If a dispute arises between the em ployer and his em ployees relating
to the com putation and apportionm ent of their share o f the contributions, the local
insurance office (decision com m ittee) decides finally.
P ar . 2. If a dispute arises betw een an em ployer, or an insured person, or a person
insured up to the present, or a person to be insured, and a sick fund relating to the
insurance status or the lia b ility to make, pay, or refund contributions, then the
local insurance office (decision com m ittee) shall decide and on appeal the superior
insurance office shall decide finally.
P ar . 3. Final decisions as to the insurance status are binding for all authorities
and courts. If the membership of an insured person has been defin itely declined
b y all sick funds affected because they hold that he should belong to another of
them, the sick fund to w hich he properly belongs shall be determ ined on application
b y the local insurance office (decision com m ittee) or the superior insurance office
(decision cham ber) having jurisdiction of the funds, or in the absence of such b y the
Highest adm inistrative authority, without being bound b y previous decisions.
Section Se ve n .— F ederations

op

F unds — S ections .

A rticle 406.
Paragraph 1. On concurring decision of their com m ittees, sick funds m ay com ­
bine in a federation of funds, if the seat is in the district of the same local insurance
office.
Pa r . 2. W ith the approval of the superior insurance office (decision cham ber), or,
if it is refused, with the approval of the highest adm inistrative authority, a federation
of funds may em brace districts or parts of districts of several local insurance offices.
The superior insurance office specifies finally w hich local insurance office shall exercise
supervision
A rticle 407.
The federation of funds may do the follow ing in com m on for the affiliated funds:
1. A ppoint em ployees and officials;
2. Prepare or conclude contracts with physicians, dental surgeons, dental assist­
ants, owners and administrators of pharmacies, or other dealers in m edicines,
with hospitals, as also for the furnishing of therapeutic appliances and other
necessities for the care of patients;




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3. Supervise the patients according to uniform principles;
4. Establish and con duct m edical institutions and convalescent hom es;
5. Defray the expenses for benefits up to one-half, or w ithin this lim it defray the
expenses for specified kinds of sickness or cases of sickness up to the whole
amount.
A rticle 408.
P a r a g r a p h 1. A constitution for the federation of funds shall be form ulated b y a
concurring decision of the interested com m ittees of the sick funds. It requires the ap­
proval of the superior insurance office. A rticle 324, paragraphs 2 and 4, is applicable
to the refusal of the approval.
P a r . 2. Articles 4 to 34 are here correspondingly applicable.

A rticle 409.
The
1.
2.
3.

constitution must specify the follow ing:
Name and seat of the federation and of the affiliated funds;
O bject of the federation;
Com position, election, rights, and duties of the directorate, and of the elected
com m ittee, if there be such;
4. Determ ination of the prelim inary budget and acceptance of the annual balance
sheet;
5. Assessment of the contributions for covering the expenses of the federation, as
also the assessing and accounting of the subsidy, if such be necessary;
6. Am endm ent of the constitution.
A rticle 410.

The provisions applicable to sick funds contained in articles 368 to 376 are also cor­
respondingly applicable to federations of funds.
A rticle 411.
P a r a g r a p h 1. A t the end of the fiscal year each sick fund m ay withdraw from the
federation if it has subm itted to the directorate a notice of withdrawal at least six
months in advance.
P a r . 2. The committees of the funds affected may dissolve the federation b y con­
curring decision.
P a r . 3. The fund w hich has withdrawn is collectively liable for the obligations of
the federation existing at the tim e of its withdrawal. Claims against the fund on
account of these liabilities lapse in two years after the withdrawal, so far as the claim
against the federation is not subject to a shorter lim itation; if the claim against the
federation matures only after the withdrawal, the period of lim itation begins w ith
the date when it becom es due.
A r t ic l e 412.
P a r a g r a p h 1. A t the withdrawal of a fund or at the dissolution of the federation,

each withdrawing fund receives a share of the n et assets (art. 293), w hich corresponds
for the last fiscal year to the proportion of its contributions to the total contributions
to the federation. In the case of a deficit, each withdrawing fund shall contribute
in the same proportion.
P a r . 2. Other arrangements may be made b y the constitution or b y m utual agree­
ment.
A r t ic l e 413.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The local insurance office has the supervision of the federation.
A rticles 377 to 379 are here correspondingly applicable.
P a r . 2. A rticles 349 to 361 are correspondingly applicable to the em ployees of the
federation; also articles 363 and 365 to the adm inistration of the resources. The
Federal Council may specify how far articles 366 and 367 are applicable.
P a r . 3. The local insurance office (decision com m ittee) decides in case of a dispute
betw een the federation and the different funds in regard to federation relations.
A r t ic l e 414.

For com binations of funds of other kinds, to prom ote the general objects of sickness
relief, the resources of the funds shall only be used w ith the approval of both groups
in the directorate. W ith the approval of the highest adm inistrative authority, such
com binations of funds may also undertake some of the special duties designated in
article 407.




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A r t ic l e 415.

W ith the approval of the superior insurance office, sick funds m ay establish sections
for specified groups of their members or for specified districts and assign to them a
part, bu t at the most two-thirds of the revenues and benefits. Particulars relating
to organization, adm inistration, duties, and com petence, shall be specified in the
constitution.
S e c t io n E ig h t .— S p e c ia l O c c u p a t io n s .
I. GENERAL PROVISION.

A rticle 416.
The provisions of this book are applicable together with the special provisions of—
A rticles 417 to 434, to persons em ployed in agriculture;
A rticles 435 to 440, to servants;
A rticles 441 to 458, to persons em ployed tem porarily;
A rticles 459 to 465, to persons em ployed in itinerant trades;
Articles 466 to 493, to persons engaged in home industries and to their hom e-work­
ing em ployees;
A rticle 494, to apprentices.
II. AGRICULTURE.

A rticle 417.
The follow ing persons are considered as em ployed in agriculture:
1. If they are em ployed in agricultural subsidiary establishments (Arts. 918
to 921).
2. If they are em ployed in agricultural establishments w hich are subsidiary
establishments of an industrial establishment, and according to article 540
are not insured in an industrial accident association (Berufsgenossenschaft) ,
b y the constitution of the same.
A rticle 418.
P a r a g r a p h 1. W hoever in case of sickness has a legal claim for relief against his

em ployer w hich is equivalent to the benefits of the com petent sick fund shall on
application of the em ployer be exem pted from the insurance obligation.
P a r . 2. The prerequisite is that—
1. The em ployer defrays the entire relief from his own resources;
2. H is solvency is assured;

3. That he makes application for all of his agricultural em ployees in so far as they
are obligated b y contract for at least two weeks’ regular work.
P a r . 3. A rticle 175 is hereby applicable with the provision that the superior
insurance office in place of the local insurance office decides finally.
A r t ic l e 419.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The exem ption is in force only for the duration of the labor contract.
It ceases earlier if the em ployer registers all his exem pt em ployees at the sick fund,
or if the local insurance office itself, or on application of an exem pt em ployee, deter­
mines that the em ployer is insolvent. The sick fund is not liable for benefits in cases
of insurance w hich have already occurred when the exem ption expires or w hich occur
in the case of article 214 in the first three weeks after this lapse; this does not affect
the claim of the person exem pted against his em ployer.
P a r . 2. Article 313 is applicable to the persons exempted, but shall be construed as
if these persons had been members of the sick fund up to the expiration of the exem p­
tion; articles 195 to 200, and 224, are here also correspondingly applicable.
A r t ic l e 420
P a r a g r a p h 1. On application of the em ployer the contributions to the fund shall

be correspondingly reduced for the duration of the labor contract, and the claim of
the insured persons to a pecuniary benefit shall cease, if it is shown that at least—
1. The labor contract has been concluded for one year;
2. The insured persons are in receipt—
E ither for the whole year, of payments in kind equivalent to 300 times the
daily pecuniary benefit provided b y the constitution,
Or for each working day, or a paym ent equivalent to this pecuniary benefit;
3. That they have a legal right to these benefits for the duration of the labor
contract.




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OF L A B O R .

P a r . 2. If the insured person is sick and incapacitated for work beyond the duration
of the labor contract, then his claim to a pecuniary benefit shall again com e into force.
The em ployer must refund to the sick fund the pecuniary benefit. A rticle 28 is cor­
respondingly applicable.
P a r . 3. The contributions shall be reduced b y the constitution with the approval
of the superior insurance office, according to the relation of the pecuniary benefit to
the value of the other benefits of the fund.
A r t ic l e 421.

W ith the approval of the superior insurance office, the constitution m ay reduce the
pecuniary benefit for insured persons who according to their labor contract are enti­
tled in cases of sickness to benefits of less amount than those designated in article
420, paragraph 1, num ber 2; the contributions shall be correspondingly reduced.
A r t ic l e 422.
P a r a g r a p h 1. So far as the em ployer does not grant the relief (arts. 418 and 419),
the sick fund shall on application of tne person exem pted grant the benefits provided
b y the constitution; if the em ployer does not furnish the benefits required b y the
contract (arts. 420 and 421), the fund must pay a pecuniary benefit to tne sick mem­
ber on application.
P a r . 2. The em ployer must reim burse the sick fund for what it has paid. A rticle
28 is correspondingly applicable.
P a r . 3. In disputes over the claim to reim bursem ent (par. 2, and art. 420, par. 2),
the local insurance office decides in judgm ent procedure.
A r t ic l e 423.
P a r a g r a p h 1. W ith the approval of the superior insurance office, the constitution
of a rural sick fund m ay specify that insured persons, who on the basis of the im perial
insurance have been granted a permanent yearly pension am ounting to 300 tim es
the daily pecuniary benefit provided b y the constitution, shall receive no pecuni­
ary benefit.
P a r . 2. The contributions of these members shall be correspondingly reduced
(art. 420, par. 3).
P a r . 3. With the approval of the superior insurance office, the constitution may
specify a lower basic wage than the local wages for employees who are partially and
permanently disabled.
A r t ic l e 424.

W ith the approval of the superior insurance office, and as a general measure or for
specified groups of insured persons, the constitution of a rural sick fund m ay reduce
the pecuniary benefit to one-fourth of the local wages for the period from O ctober 1
to March 31, or for a part of this period; it must reduce the contributions for the same
period correspondingly or increase the pecuniary benefit w ithin the lim its perm itted
for the rem ainder of the period. The same is correspondingly applicable to house
m oney.
A r t ic l e 425.
The provisions of articles 420 to 423 applicable to the pecuniary benefit are also
applicable to the other cash benefits of the fund with the exception of the funeral
benefit.
A r t ic l e 426.
For the territory of the federal State or for parts of it the highest adm inistrative
authority m ay perm it the rural sick funds to introduce extended sick treatm ent for
sick persons incapacitated for work.
A r t ic l e 427.

The constitution m ay contain such provisions only if in the district of the rural
sick fund—
1. The productive capacity of the agricultural em ployees or *their em ployers
w ould be im paired otherwise;
2. The presence of a sufficient num ber of hospitals and sim ilar m edical institu­
tions assures the execu tion of the extended sick treatment.




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A rticle 428.
Such provision requires the approval of the superior insurance office; in districts
in whicn agricultural em ployees are already insured according to the general provi­
sions of this book or according to the sickness insurance law the approval required is
that of the highest adm inistrative authority.
A r t ic l e 429.

E xtended sick treatment consists of m edical treatm ent and maintenance in a hos­
pital or a sim ilar m edical institution in the place of the care of patients and of the
pecuniary benefit. This extended benefit is considered as a regular benefit.
A r t ic l e 430.
P a r a g r a p h 1. A disabled sick person need not be rem oved to a m edical institution

if, according to a m edical opinion, it would not prom ote his cure.
P a r . 2. If through no fault of his own the disabled sick person is not taken to a
m edical institution, then the rural sick fund must grant the legal sick relief. The
constitution m ay specify that under the conditions m entioned in articles 420 and 421
the pecuniary benefit shall not be paid entitely or partly, bu t shall be credited to
the contributions of the insured persons w hich w ill becom e due at the next tim e of
paym ent.
A r t ic l e 431.
As long as the sick person declines hospital treatm ent in a case where such treat­
m ent requires his own consent, according to article 184, he has on ly a claim to m edical
treatm ent and to half the pecuniary benefit if he has up to the present supported
his relatives either w holly or principally with his earnings, unless the constitution
provides otherwise.
A r t ic l e 432.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The constitution shall specify in the case of extended sick treat­
ment whether and in what amount house m oney is to be granted in addition to the
hospital treatm ent.
P a r . 2. Where the constitution prescribes extended sick treatment it may at the
same tim e fix a maximum funeral benefit of 30 marks [$7.14]..
P a r . 3. The constitution may confine the granting of extended sick treatment to
cases of insurance occurring during unemployment and within three weeks after
membership has ceased.
P a r . 4. It shall correspondingly reduce the contributions for the insured persons
who in case of sickness are entitled only to the extended sick treatment.
A r t ic l e 433.

If the constitution of a rural sick fund contains specifications according to articles
423 to 432, the constitutions, of agricultural establishm ent sick funds w hich have
their seat in the district of the rural sick fund may specify the same regulations.
A r t ic l e 434.

Articles 503 and 517 to 520 are not applicable to agricultural em ployees with excep­
tion of the gardeners and of industrial workmen tem porarily em ployed in agriculture;
the Federal Council shall specify what em ploym ents shall be considered as tem porary.
m . servan ts.
A r t ic l e 435.

Articles 418; 419, 422, and 426 to 434 are also applicable to the insurance of servants;
however, the introduction of the extended sick treatment is not restricted b y the con­
ditions m entioned in article 427, paragraph 1, and the superior insurance office is
always the com petent office for the approval. On application of the em ployer or of
the insured person, rem oval to a m edical institution shall not occur if, according to
a m edical opinion, it is not necessary.
A rticle 436.
The em ployer m ay deduct the pecuniary benefit from the wages w hich he must
continue to pay to the servant during the sickness.




576

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OF T H E

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OF L A BO R.

A rticle 437.
E ven where the constitution does not provide for extended sick treatm ent, the sick
fund must grant it on application of the em ployer or of the servant, to a servant residing
in the household, if the sickness is contagious; or if because of the nature of the sick­
ness he can not be treated or taken care of in the household or this can be done only
w ith considerable inconvenience to the em ployer.
A rticle 438.
P aragraph 1. In a dispute betw een the em ployer and the sick fund in regard to
this kind of obligation (art. 437) the local insurance office decides finally.
P a r . 2. On its application the local insurance office may exem pt the sick fund
from the extended sick treatment in cases where without fault on the part of the sick
fund such treatment can not be provided.
A rticle 439.
I f servants are also em ployed in the establishm ent or in another business undertak­
ing of the em ployer, such em ploym ent, so far as it is not b y itself exem pt from insur­
ance according to article 168, shall b # determ inative for their insurance and for the
claims against the em ployer w hich they have in cases of sickness according to the
law or constitution.
A r t ic l e 440.
P aragraph 1. The State governm ent m ay specify that servants are exem pt from
insurance according to this law if, at its publication, relief provision in case of sick­
ness has been provided for them b y State law.
P a r . 2. In extent and duration this relief must be at least equivalent to the regular
benefits of the sick funds, or must be made equivalent w ithin six months after the
com ing into force of this law.
P a r . 3. The contributions collected for a servant in this connection must not be
higher than the shares of contribution that he would have to pay according to this law.
IV . TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT.

A rticle 441.
The em ploym ent is defined as tem porary if b y its nature it is usually restricted to
less than one week, or if it is restricted b y the labor contract in advance.
A rticle 442.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Persons em ployed tem porarily who are n ot exem pt from insurance
according to article 168 shall be insured in the general local sick fund, or if they are
prin cipally em ployed in agriculture in the rural sick fund o f their place o f residence.
P a r . 2. The sick fund must keep an alphabetical membership list of such persons
and must keep it up to date.
. P a r . 3. The membership in the sick fund begins with the registration in this list.
A r t ic l e 443.

As soon as a sick fund is inform ed that a tem porarily em ployed person of its district
does not belong to a sick fund, although subject to insurance, it must itself register such
em ployee.
A rticle 444.
P a r a g r a p h 1 . Persons subject to insurance must report themselves for registration.

P a r . 2. The local insurance office, the com m unal and the p o lice authorities, the
place of issue o f receipt cards (art. 1419), as w ell as the adm inistrative bodies and
the em ployees o f the insurance carriers, must n otify the proper sick fund o f every per­
son su bject to insurance who is tem porarily em ployed ana who is not already a mem ber
o fa s ic k fu n d .
P a r . 3. The highest administrative authority may regulate the particulars concern­
ing this duty.
A r t ic l e 445.
The sick fund m ay summon persons em ployed tem porarily to decide upon their in ­
surance obligation and com p el them b y a fine of not more than 10 marks [$2.38] to
com ply w ith the summons.




w o r k m e n

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577

A r t ic l e 446.

The person registered continues to be a m em ber also during the tim e in w hich he
is not tem porarily em ployed for com pensation.
A r t ic l e 447.
P a r a g r a p h 1 . T he insured person shall on his resignation be taken o ff the list if he
produces proof that he has becom e a m em ber o f another fund, or that he has given up
the tem porary em ploym ent and has done so n ot m erely tem porarily.
P a r . 2. H e shall also be taken off the list if the sick fu nd establishes these facts in
any other manner, or if it learns that the insured person has died or has moved to the
district of another sick fund.
P a r . 3. A person who has been taken off the list m ay continue to b e a mem ber ac­
cording to article 313. The constitution shall specify the particulars concerning con­
tributions and benefits.
A rticle 448.
P a r a g r a p h 1. If the insured person again resigns from the other sick fund (art.
447), or again takes up the tem porary em ploym ent, he shall im m ediately apply again
for registration in the list.
P a r . 2. The sick fund shall supervise the insurance status of such persons.

A rticle 449.
P a r a g r a p h 1. If the insured person has been registered b y a n em ployer at his sick
fund according to article 317, then this fact is to be noted on the list.
P a r . 2. Membership based on this registration continues the earlier membership
without interruption.
P a r . 3. After notice of leaving has been given through the employer, the notation
on the list shall be canceled.
A r t ic l e 450.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The contributions and the benefits shall be established b y the con­
stitution in each case according to the loca l wage rates; in such case it m ay increase
'b y supplem entary charges the rates of local wages for in dividual groups o f persons tem­
porarily em ployed. The approval of the superior insurance office is required for the
rates so established.

Pa r . 2. Paragraphs 2 and 3, of article 423, may be applied.

P a r . 3. The sick fund shall enter these contributions and benefits in separate
accounts.
P a r . 4. The persons em ployed tem porarily must them selves pay their share of the
contribution (art. 381, par. 1).
P a r . 5. They have a claim to additional benefits of their sick fund provided b y the
constitution only in so far as the constitution so specifies.
A rticle 451.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The constitution m ay specify that persons em ployed tem porarily
shall have a claim to sick-fund benefits on ly after a waiting term of n ot more than 6
weeks.
P a r . 2. If an earlier membership existed not longer than 26 weeks previous, then
its duration shall be included in the waiting term.
A r t ic l e 452.
P a r a g r a p h 1. If a person em ployed tem porarily before his sickness, has not paid
his share of the contributions for more than 8 weeks durihg the last 26 weeks, he shall
receive on ly m edical treatm ent; th e funeral ben efit m ay not exceed 30 marks [$7.14].
P a r . 2. The same is applicable to an insured person who has been a member
less than 26 weeks, if he has not paid his share of the contributions for more than onefourth of the duration of the insurance.
A r t ic l e 453.

A t the end of each quarter the union of comm unes must pay to the sick fund the
total amount of the shares of the contributions of the em ployers, for w hich an account
is subm itted.




578

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR,
A r t ic l e 454.

P a r a g r a p h 1. The union of comm unes m ay assess this am ount in such a manner
that it is paid either b y all the inhabitants of the sick-fund district, or separately b y
the local sick funds ana the rural sick funds of the district according to the num ber of
inhabitants affected.
P a r . 2. Inhabitants who are accustom ed to em ploy persons tem porarily either in
large num bers, or for long periods of tim e, shall b e assessed at a higher rate in such

A rticle 455.
P aragraph 1. W ith the approval of the union o f com m unes and of the superior in ­
surance office, the constitution m ay specify that persons tem porarily em ployed shall
not pay any share o f the contributions.
P a r . 2. In such a case the sick fund shall grant them on ly the benefits described
in article 452, paragraph 1.
A rticle 456.
P aragraph 1. The State governm ent m ay specify how far an approval is necessary
for decisions of the union of com m unes made according to articles 454 and 455.
P a r . 2. I t m ay specify the legal procedure perm issible against the assessment (art.
454).
A rticle 457.
In their capacity as em ployers o f tem porary em ployees, as w ell as persons tem pora- .
rily em ployed who do n ot pay any contributions according to article 455, they are
neither entitled to hold office in the sick fund nor en titled to vote.
A rticle 458.
P aragraph 1. For the federal State or for parts o f it, the State governm ent m ay
regulate the registration and payjnent of contributions for persons tem porarily em­
ployed in other ways.
P a r . 2. The State governm ent m ay also decree that persons tem porarily em ployed
shall be insured according to the general provisions of this book , though if they are em­
ployed in agriculture, then according to the provisions specially applicable thereto,
if the State governm ent itself or a statute of the union of comm unes or the constitution
of the sick fund, takes care that the insurance, especially the registration, shall b e ad­
m inistered properly and that the contributions shall b e correctly paid.
V . ITINERANT TRADES.

A rticle 459.
P aragraph 1. The em ployer, who must have an itinerant trade license, m ust reg­
ister the persons em ployed in his itinerant establishm ent, if he intends to take them
w ith him from place to place; he must, how ever, register on ly their num ber and have
this num ber made members in the rural sick fund of the place where he applied for
the license from the p olice authority.
a perm it on ly after the receipt of the license according to article 62 of the Industrial
Code must b e registered through the intervention of the authority com petent for this
perm it.
A rticle 460.
P aragraph 1. A t the registration the em ployer must p a y in advance the contribu­
tions either for the period up to the expiratioif of the itinerant trade license, or for a
shorter period, w ith the perm ission of the directorate o f the fund.
P a r . 2. If the license or the perm it (art. 459, par. 2) is revoked or the establishm ent
shuts down otherwise, then the directorate on application shall refund the excessive
contributions; the directorate shall also make a refund for the fu ll calendar weeks,
for which it can be shown that the em ployer did not take the persons w ith him .
A rticle 461.
P aragraph 1 . In the case of article 459, paragraph 1 , the sick fund shall certify
according to the m odel form determ ined b y the federal cou n cil, the contributions




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INSURANCE CODE OF JULY 19, 1911-----GERMANY.

579

w hich have been received or postponed, together with a statement of the basic wage
and of the w eekly contribution. This certificate is to be subm itted to the p olice
authorities when application is made for the itinerant trade license.
P a r . 2. In the case of article 459, paragraph 2, the contribution shall be paid to the
authority there designated, and shall be transmitted b y them to the com petent rural
sick fund.
P a r . 3. The itinerant trade license may be granted only if the certificate is produced,
the perm it only if the contributions have been paid.
Par. 4. The basic wage and the w eekly contributions shall be stated on the itiner­
ant trade license.
A r t ic l e 462.

.

P a r a g r a p h 1 T he insured person shall receive the regular benefits of the sick
funds. A rticle 382 is not applicable to them . The constitution m ay sp ecify that
the insured person on his own application shall also have a claim to the additional
benefits Of the sick fund as long as the persons to whom they are to be granted remain
in the district of the sick fund.
P a r . 2. If the sick fund grants more to its other members, it may correspondingly
reduce the contributions o f persons employed in itinerant trades.

A rticle 463.
P a r a g r a p h 1. For the periods w hich are not more than one month back the em­
ployer m ay deduct from the wages o f the insured persons two-thirds of the contribu­
tions paid b y him for them .
P a r . 2. T he local insurance office of the place where they are staying decides in
a dispute as to the deductions.
A r t ic l e 464.

A person who carries on an itinerant trade for another (art. 60d, par. 2, o f the Indus­
trial Code) shall have the rights and duties of the em ployer according to articles
459 to 463.
A rticle 465.

.

P a r a g r a p h 1 T he Federal Council may specify the particulars for the execution
of articles 459 to 464.
P a r . 2. I t m ay specify how far persons who are em ployed b y an em ployer w ithout
itinerant trade license in his itinerant trade establishm ent (art. 59 o f the Industrial
Code) and whom he takes with him from place to place, are su bject to insurance,
and it m ay regulate their insurance otherwise than as stated in articles 459 to 464.

v i.

home - working industries .

A rticle 466.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Persons engaged in hom e-working industries, who are not exem pt
from insurance according to article 168, shall, so far as the law does not otherwise
prescribe or perm it, be insured in the rural sick fund in whose district they have
their own working place, w ithout regard to the seat of the establishm ent of the person
who gives them the order.
P a r . 2. Their home-working employees shall be insured in the same fund.

A rticle 467.
The Federal Council m ay specify under what conditions persons engaged in hom e­
working industries, to whom a yearly total minimum incom e of 2,500 marks [$595]
is assured, m ay on their application, be exem pted from insurance as regards their
own person.
A r t ic l e 468.

.

P a r a g r a p h 1 A rticle 442, paragraphs 2 and 3, and articles 443 to 449, are corre­
spondingly applicable to persons engaged in hom e-working industries and^ their hom e-

P a r !^2. $ itlio u t p r e ju d ic e d ^these provisions, persons engaged in hom e-working
industries who regularly em ploy, apart from the members of the fam ily in the house­
hold, at least two persons subject to insurance as hom e workers, shall register them­
selves and all em ployees in the sick fund for the purpose of entry in the list accord­
ing to articles 317 to 319, and shall withdraw the names in the same manner.




580

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.
A rticle 469.

The resources for the sickness insurance shall b e raised partly b y subsidies from
those persons on whose order and for whose account the work is done on the hom e­
work system (subsidies of the persons giving the order), partly from the persons en­
gaged m hom e-working industries them selves and partly from their hom e-working
em ployees (contributions).
A rticle 470.
P aragraph 1. The subsidies of the persons giving the order shall b e based on ly
on the wages w hich they pay to the persons engaged in hom e-working industries
for the delivered w ork; no attention shall be paid to the facts as to whether the in d i­
vidual person engaged in hom e-working industries belongs to a sick fund, to w hich
sick fund he belongs, or what contributions he pays for him self and his em ployees
in the fund.
Par . 2. The value of raw materials and supplies w h ich the person engaged in a
hom e-working industry has furnished, may be left out of consideration in com puting
the wages.
A rticle 471.
The subsidies of the persons giving the order shall be com puted uniform ly for all
industry branches and for the territory of the Em pire in such a manner that in any
one year their total amount shall cover half of the total cost w hich w ould accrue to
the rural sick funds if they should grant the regular benefits w ith the local wages
as the basic wage, and if all persons engaged in hom e-w orking industries su bject to
insurance should belong to them.
A rticle 472.
P aragraph 1. The subsidies of the persons giving the order are fixed up to D ecem ­
ber 31, 1914, at 2 per cen t of the wages paid.
Par . 2. Thereafter the Federal Council shall determ ine them for four-year terms
after a hearing of the accounting bureau of the Im perial Insurance O ffice; for the first
10 years after the com ing in force of this law the Federal Council is not restricted to
these periods.
A rticle 473.
P aragraph 1. During the first week of each m onth, the person giving the order
must transmit to the rural sick fund of the seat of his establishm ent a list of the per­
sons engaged in hom e-working industries em ployed enuring the past m onth.
Pa r . 2. Where no rural sick fund exists for the seat of the establishm ent of the
person giving the order, the list is to be transmitted to the general local sick fund.
A rticle 474.
P aragraph 1. In the list there shall be stated the name and the seat of the estab­
lishm ent of the person engaged in hom e-working industries as w ell as the amount
of the earnings.

Pa r . 2. If the value of the raw and other materials furnished by the person engaged
in home-working industries have been included, then the quantity and value of these
materials shall also be given as well as the amount actually paid after deduction of
their value.
A rticle 475.
P aragraph 1. On application of the person engaged in hom e-working industries,
the local insurance office com petent for his residence determ ines finally as to the value
of the raw and other materials.
Pa r . 2. For industries in w hich hom e work is custom ary in the district, the local
insurance office shall itself determ ine the average value of raw and other materials
and verify such valuations from tim e to tim e. On appeal the superior insurance office
decides finally. On application, the local insurance office com m unicates the average
value to the person engaged in hom e-working industries, the person who gives the order,
and to his sick fund (art. 473).
A rticle 476.
This fund must com m unicate the list of persons engaged in hom e-working indus­
tries not insured w ith itself, to the fund in w hich they are designated as m einbers.
In case of doubt the list shall be com m unicated to the proper.fund b y the local insur­
ance office to w hich the working place of the person engaged in hom e-working indus­
tries belongs.




WORKMEN ’ s INSURANCE CODE OF JULY 19, 1911— GERMANY.

581

A rticle 477.
Paragraph 1. W hen transmitting the lists, the person who orders the work shall
pay the subsidies due. The com puted amounts are to b e rounded off to even pfennigs.
P a r . 2. U ntil the tim e of the mutual balancing of accounts (art. 492, par. 2) the fund
m ust keep in custody the subsidies paid to it for the account of other funds.
A rticle 478.
Paragraph 1. The fund to w hich the person engaged in hom e-working industries
belongs, must credit him with the subsidies paid for him according to the lists.
P a r . 2. If subsidies have been paid b y the persons giving the order for noninsured
persons, or if for other reasons the subsidies can not be credited to an insured person,
the fund must use them to cover any deficits w hich arise out of the insurance of per­
sons subject to insurance in home-working industries.
P a r . 3. If the result of the last three fiscal years shows that a considerable surplus
is available, it must be used for the purpose of reducing the contributions or ofdncreasing Hie benefits for persons subject to insurance in hom e-working industries.
A rticle 479.
Paragraph 1. The provisions relating to disputes over contributions (art. 405)
are correspondingly applicable to disputes over subsidies.
P a r . 2. The persons giving the order have the status of em ployers for the purposes
of articles 137 to 140.
A rticle 480.
Paragraph 1. The constitution shall determine specifically the contributions
which persons engaged in home-working industries must pay for them selves and for
their hom e-working em ployees, as w ell as the sick benefits for these persons.
P a r . 2. The local wages serve as the basic wage.
A rticle 481.
Paragraph 1. The contributions are to be computed in such a manner that, to­
gether with the subsidies of the persons who*give the order, they shall cover the cost
which accrues to the fund from the insurance of its members engaged in home-working
industries.
P a r . 2. As long as the amount of the subsidies can not be approxim ately determ ined,
the contributions of the members engaged in hom e-working industries are to be com ­
puted in such a manner that they shall cover one-half of the cost w hich would accrue
to the sick fund b y granting the regular benefits to these members.
P a r . 3. The general provisions relating to contributions are correspondingly appli­
cable to the contributions w hich the person engaged in hom e-working industries has
to pay for him self and his home-working em ployees.
A rticle 482.

Paragraph 1. The sick benefits shall consist of a pecuniary benefit in addition to
m edical treatment.
P a r . 2. The amount of the pecuniary benefit is based on the amount of the sub­
sidies of persons giving orders w hich have been credited to the person engaged in
home-working industries. Unless the constitution specifies otherwise, the pecuniary
benefit in such case stands in the same relation to the legal pecuniary benefit as the
amount of the subsidies credited during the last fiscal year to the person engaged in
home-working industries stands to that of all the contributions, w hich the person
engaged in hom e-working industries has paid during this p eriod ; higher benefits
than those prescribed b y the constitution shall not be granted.
Par . 3. If the insurance has been in force only a short tim e then the contributions
of this period on ly shall serve as basis.
A rticle 483.
W ith the approval of the superior insurance office the constitution m ay specify
how far the pecuniary benefit shall be reduced or w ithheld, if the person engaged in
home-working industries is in arrears with his contributions.
18544°— No. 96— 12------16




582

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.
A rticle 484.

Paragraph 1. W hatever is applicable to the pecuniary benefit is also applicable
to the other cash benefits of the fund, but w ith the exception of the funeral benefit.
Pa r . 2. W ith the approval of the superior insurance office the constitution may
graduate the funeral benefit according to article 482, paragraphs 2 and 3.
A rticle 485.

Paragraph 1. On his application the fund shall perm it the person engaged in
hom e-working industries to pay double the amount of the contributions. The con­
stitution m ay specify the particulars, such as when he m ay make the application and
withdraw it. The share of the contributions of his hom e-working em ployees is not
changed in such cases.
Par . 2. In this case the subsidies paid in for him shall be paid over or credited to
the person engaged in hom e-working industries. He and his em ployees subject to
insurance are entitled to the fu ll benefits w hich the constitution prescribes for insured
persons engaged in hom e-working industries.
Pa r . 3. The subsidies shall also be paid over or credited to persons engaged in
hom e-working industries who are insured on account of other em ploym ent subject to
insurance.
A rticle 486.

Paragraph 1. If persons engaged in home-working industries are permanently
employed only by the same person giving the order, with their consent he may also
pay their contributions.
P a r . 2. H e m ay then collect the contributions from the person engaged in hom e­
working industries in the same manner as an em ployer collects the share of contribu­
tions from insured persons. The paym ent of the earnings*is in such a case considered
as the same as the paym ent of wages.
A rticle 487.
A rticles 426 to 432 are here correspondingly applicable.
A rticle 488.

Paragraph 1. If when this law com es into force the insurance of persons engaged
in hom e-working industries is already regulated b y statutory provisions for a given
district or an industry, then the highest adm inistrative authority m ay on application
of the com m unes or of the union of comm unes affected perm it the statutory pro­
visions to remain in force.
P a r . 2. The approval is conditional upon the fact that the person giving the
order and the person engaged in hom e-working industries have their establishm ent
seat in the district of the local insurance office, or in the larger district determ ined
b y the highest adm inistrative authority according to local requirem ents, and that the
benefits granted to persons engaged in nom e-working industries are at least equivalent
to those granted b y this law.
Pa r . 3. Am endm ents to the statutory provisions require the approval of the highest
adm inistrative authority.
P a r . 4. Subsidies received from other persons giving orders to one engaged in hom e­
working industries shall be paid or credited to him .

A rticle 489.
P aragraph 1. The union of comm unes may b y statute exem pt the person subject
to insurance engaged in hom e-working industries from the obligation of contribution
and assume itself the costs, in so far as they are not covered b y the subsidies of the
persons giving the order; article 485, paragraphs 1 and 2, is then applicable.
Pa r . 2. In such a case it may be specified that the fund shall grant to these persons
subject to insurance only the benefits designated in article 452.
P a r . 3. The statute must have the approval of the superior insurance office (decision
cham ber), and the provisions of paragraph 2 must have the approval of the highest
adm inistrative authority.
A rticle 490.
Paragraph 1. The State governm ent m ay decree that in districts in w hich the
persons engaged in hom e-working industries are unable to pay contributions, the
union of communes shall assume the costs designated in article 489, paragraph 1.



WOBKMEN’ s INSURANCE CODE OF JU LY 19, 1911— GERMANY.

583

P a r . 2. The insured persons engaged in home-working industries shall then
receive only the benefits specified in article 452; article 485, paragraphs 1 and 2, is
not applicable.
A rticle 491.
P a r a g r a p h 1. W here persons engaged in hom e-working industries are em ployed
b y interm ediaries, such as persons who give the work out, factors, or subcontractors
(Zndschenm eister) on the order of a third party, then the latter is considered as the
person who gives them the order.
P a r . 2. The Federal Council may transfer to the interm ediaries either all or part of
the duties of the person who gives the order; the person who gives the order must
refund to them the subsidies already paid.

A rticle 492.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The Federal Council shall specify the manner in w hich the provi­

sions relating to the insurance of persons engaged in hom e-working industries shall be
executed.
P a r . 2. It shall especially regulate the manner in w hich the sick funds shall account
for the subsidies among each other. It may order the participation of the accounting
bureau of the Im perial Insurance Office in the accounting. It shall draw up the
m odel forms for the lists and shall specify the bases w hich must be subm itted for the
reexam ination of the subsidies.
A rticle 493.
The Federal Council may specify the manner in w hich German persons who give
orders to foreign persons engaged in hom e-working industries m ay be drawn on for
contributions for the sickness insurance of persons engaged in hom e-working industries
w hich they would have to pay if they em ployed Germans, and how these paym ents
are to be used. It may punish contraventions of these provisions with a fine of not
more than 300 marks [$71.40].
V II. APPRENTICES.

A rticle 494.
P aragraph 1. N o pecuniary benefit shall be granted to any class of apprentices
who are em ployed without compensation.
P a r . 2. The contributions shall be correspondingly reduced.
S ection N in e .—Min e r s * Sick F unds .
A rticle 495.
P aragraph 1. In their constitutions the miners* sick funds must grant to their
members at least the regular benefits of the local sick funds.
P a r . 2. With the approval of the supervisory authority, they may p a y the pecuniary
benefit otherwise than weekly, but in no longer intervals than semimonthly.
A rticle 496.
Miners* sick funds m ay collect an entrance fee from members who can prove that
they have already belonged to another sick fund, on ly if more than 26 weeks have
elapsed betw een the resignation and admission.
A rticle 497.
A n application for exem ption from com pulsory insurance according to article 173
shall require the consent of the m ajority of votes both from the group of em ployers in
the directorate and from the group of tne insured persons.
A rticle 498.
P aragraph 1. A rticles 206 and 383 are applicable to the members.
P a r . 2. If the constitution specifies a waiting term for the claim to additional bene­
fits, then members who leave for the purpose of performing their term of service in
the Arm y or N avy m ay interrupt this waiting term for the duration of the service
period, as w ell as for a maximum of 26 weeks additional. No new entrance fee shall
be collected from them in this case.




584

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

A r t ic l e 499.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The provisions of articles 119, 223, paragraphs 2 and 3, relating to
transfer, assignment, attachm ent, and charging up of insurance claim s, are applicable
to all benefits w hich the m iners’ associations or sick funds must pay according to this
law or to the State laws.
P a r . 2. The highest adm inistrative authority shall specify w hich authority is com ­
petent for the approval according to article 119, paragraph 2.
A r t ic l e 500.
P a r a g r a p h 1. A rticles 211 to 214, 219 to 222, 224, 313, and 314 are here corre­
spondingly applicable.
P a r . 2. If tne place of residence of a sick person belongs to the territory of a miners’
sick fund, the latter must grant the preliminary relief, Urgent cases excepted.
A r t ic l e 501.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The representatives of the insured persons in the general m eeting
(m iners’ elders) in the directorate of the m iners’ sick funds, m iners’ associations, and
m iners’ funds, must be elected b y secret ballot. E lection according to the principles
of proportionate representation is perm issible.
P a r . 2. In valid miners m ay be elected to the general m eeting and to the directorate
of a m iners’ sick fund, even if they pay contributions to the sick fund as voluntary
members.
A r t ic l e 502.
P a r a g r a p h 1. A rticles 368 to 376 are here applicable.
P a r . 2. In other cases, so far as this law does not provide otherwise, the provisions
of State laws relating to miners’ associations and miners’ funds remain unaffected.
S e c t io n T e n .— S u b s t it u t e F u n d s ,
i . a u t h o r iz a t io n .

A r t ic l e 503.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Mutual insurance associations to w hich a certificate as a registered
aid fund according to article 75a of the sickness insurance law has been granted before
A pril 1,1909, shall on their application be adm itted as substitute funds for the district
and class of their members subject to insurance: Provided , That they have a permanent
m em bership of more than 1,000 members, and that their constitution meets the
requirements of articles 504 to 513.
t
P a r . 2. On application of such an insurance association the highest adm inistrative
authority of its seat m ay reduce the m inimum m em bership to 250.
A r t ic l e 504.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The admission of persons subject to insurance m ay be made depend­
ent on participation in other societies or associations on ly if the constitution at the
tim e of the establishm ent of the association contained such a provision applicable to
all the members.
P a r . 2. In other respects members shall not be obliged to perform acts or to refrain
from actions which do not affect the object of the association.
A r t ic l e 505.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Persons subject to insurance who belong to the class of persons for
whom according to its constitution the association was established shall, w ith reserva­
tion of article 504, paragraph 1, not be denied adm ission; in particular, adm ission shall
not be made dependent on their age or state o f health.
Par . 2. T he association m ay, how ever, su bject those who apply for adm ission to a
m edical exam ination, and refuse the admission o f persons who are sick at the tim e.
P a r . 3. The association may reject persons subject to insurance who apply for
admission if they are in debt to the substitute fund for contributions from a former
membership or if they have a claim to benefits from some other insurance w hich are
at least equal to the benefits of their sick fund.




w o r k m e n ’s

INSURANCE CODE OP JULY 19, 1911---- GERMANY.

585

A rticle 506.
P aragraph 1. If not later than January 1, 1911, the association has graduated the
contributions of persons subject to insurance, according to their age at the tim e of
admission, then it m ay retain these grades and change them w ith the approval of its
supervisory authority. B ut the highest grade must not exceed the lowest b y more
than was the case on the date specified, and at the most b y one-half. The association
m ay increase the contributions of persons subject to insurance according to their state
of health at the tim e of admission, but such increase shall not be greater than onefourth of the regular rate.
P a r . 2. The association shall not graduate its benefits according to the age or state
of health of those who join.
A rticle 507.
P aragraph 1. The person subject to insurance shall be granted benefits at least
equal to the regular benefits of the sick funds according to the basic wage w hich is the
standard in his sick fund. The association may restrict persons subject to insurance
to the low est class of mem bership w hich meets these requirem ents.
P a r . 2. Benefits for persons subject to insurance m ay be reduced on ly to the same
extent as in the case of the sick funds. The association must draw up sickness regula­
tions (art. 347, par. 1) for them ; the regulations must have the approval of the local
insurance office com petent for its seat.
P a r . 3. The association may increase the pecuniary benefit b y one-fourth of the
basic wage (par. 1) to persons subject to insurance who do not make use of the right
of article .517, paragraph 1.
A rticle 508.
The association may grant to its members and their dependents w ithout restriction
as to duration or amount all the benefits w hich sick funds of their kind are perm itted
to grant b y article 179. The benefits to survivors of deceased members shall not
exceed ten times the w eekly benefit to w hich the deceased person was entitled.
A rticle 509.
P aragraph 1. The resources of the association m ay be used on ly for the benefits
provided b y the constitution, for the accum ulation of the reserve, for m e costs of adm in­
istration, and for the general purpose of the prevention of sickness.
P a r . 2. •It is also permissible to use them for the attendance at meetings which shall
serve the legal purposes of the sickness insurance and of the substitute funds.
P a r . 3. The association shall not collect contributions for other purposes from the
persons subject to insurance.
P a r . 4. It m ay on ly undertake matters w hich the law relating to registered aid
funds (R eichs-G esetzblatt 1876, p. 125, and 1884, p. 54) perm it, or w hich this book
[book tw o] permits.
A r t ic l e 510.
Only members who are of age and in possession of their civ ic rights m ay belong to
the directorate or supervisory council.
A rticle 511.
A fter their admission the association m ay not exclu de members or treat them less
favorably in regard to contributions or benefits because they have passed a certain age
lim it or because their state of health has undergone a change.
A rticle 512.
Members who have belonged to it for two years shall not be excluded because they
have resigned from a society or association, or are exclu ded therefrom . If it ex­
cludes a mem ber before the expiration of two years for such a reason, it shall refund
him not less than the entrance fee, if he has paid such.
A rticle 513.
The association m ay perm it the resignation of persons su bject to insurance on ly at
the close of the calendar quarter, regardless of the fact that they m ay have changed
their em ploym ent in the m eantime.




586

BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR.
A r t ic l e 514.

P a r a g r a p h 1. T he superior adm inistrative authority of its seat shall d ecide on the
application of an association for authorization to act as a substitute fund. The Im pe­
rial Insurance O ffice shall decide in case its district extends beyond the borders of the
federal State.
P a r . 2. If the application is approved, the association receives a certificate to that
effect and it shall add to its name the words “ substitute fu n d .”
P a r . 3. T he authorization m ay b e refused on ly if'th e association does not m eet the
requirem ents of the provisions of articles 503 to 513. The reasons for refusal shall be
stated.
A rticle 515.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The certification of the superior adm inistrative authority must be
ublished b y the newspaper designated for its* official announcem ents and the certication of the Im perial Insurance O ffice b y the Reichsanzeiger.
P a r . 2. As proof of authorization a printed copy of the constitution of the associa­
tion m ay b e used and it shall contain the certification, in addition to the year of
publication, num ber, and page num ber, of the newspaper.

P

A rticle 516.
P a r a g r a p h 1. If an authorized association does not m eet, or no longer meets the
conditions of authorization, and in spite of the request of its supervisory authority
does not rem edy this d efect w ithin the specified tim e lim it w hich must be not less
than six weeks, then the certification shall be revoked.
P a r . 2. It shall also be revoked if the association increases the group of persons
subject to insurance who m ay belong to the association.
P a r . 3. T he reasons for revocation shall be com m unicated. I t shall be published
in the same manner as the certification.
n . RELATION TO SICK FUNDS.
A r t ic l e 517.
P a r a g r a p h 1. In the case of persons subject to insurance who are members of a
substitute fu n d, their rights and duties as members o f that sick fund to w hich they
belong shall b e suspended if they apply therefor; they shall have no claim to benefits
of the sick fund and shall neither hold office nor vote.
P a r . 2. Their em ployers have to pay on ly their own share of the contribution to
the sick fu n d; the share of the insured person is not paid.

A rticle 518.
P a r a g r a p h 1. If the class from w hich the association recruits its members is
com posed prin cipally of insured persons of the class specified in article 165, paragraph
1, Nos. 3 to 5, or of office em ployees, b rick makers, or other insured persons, in whose
occupations a frequent change of em ploym ent from one place to another is custom ary,
the Im perial Insurance O ffice m ay, on application of this substitute fu n d, decree,
w ith the jig h t to revoke the decree, that the sick funds shall transmit to the substitute
fund four-fifths of the shares «of contributions paid to them according to article 517,
paragraph 2, b y the em ployers for its mem bers.
P a r . 2. The Federal Council m ay specify the particulars herew ith as w ell as in
regard to the publication of the decree.
A r t ic l e 519.
P a r a g r a p h 1. If a person su bject to insurance intends to m ake use of the right of
article 517, paragraph 1, he shall make application to the directorate at the tim e of
admission to the sick fund, or at the latest on the second pay d ay; he shall com m uni­
cate to it the name and seat of the substitute fund and prove that h e belongs to it.
P a r . 2. On application of a substitute fund th e federal cou n cil m ay confer on it
the right to make applications in place of the persons su bject to insurance.
P a r . 3. The sick fund shall give inform ation to the em ployers of the person subject
to insurance, on ly in regard to the question whether his rights and duties are suspended
bu t not as to w hich substitute fund he belongs.




W O R K M E N ’ S IN S U R A N C E

CODE

OF J U L Y

19, 1911-----G E R M A N Y .

587

A rticle 520.
P aragraph 1. If the application has not been made at the proper tim e on admission
to the sick fund, then it m ay be made not earlier than at the beginning of the n ext
calendar quarter; it must be made to the directorate at least one month in advance;
the admission to the substitute fund must also b e proved to the directorate.
P a r . 2. The same is applicable to members of the sick fund who join on ly after
admission to a substitute fund.
A rticle 521.
P aragraph 1. The substitute fund shall send a notice of the withdrawal of a mem­
ber su bject to insurance who has made use of the right of article 517, paragraph 1, to
the directorate of its sick fund or to the com m on place of registration established for
it, not later than at the close of the calendar quarter; it shall also send a n otice w ithin
a m onth at the latest o f the exclusion of such a mem ber or of his transfer to a class of
m em bership entitled to lower benefits than those specified in article 507, paragraph 1.
P a r . 2. I f the sick fund or the place of registration is unknown to the substitute
fund, the notification shall be directed to the local insurance office in whose district
the mem ber was em ployed at the last paym ent of the contribution. This em ploy­
ment and the place where he is staying at that tim e shall be indicated. T he lo c a l
insurance office shall transmit the notification to the directorate of the proper sick
funds.
A rticle 522.
P aragraph 1. The constitution of the substitute fund shall specify w hich o f its
adm inistrative bodies or em ployees shall make the notifications and the applications
w hich have been transferred to the fund according to article 519, paragraph 2.
A rticle 523.
If, in the case of a member of a substitute fund, the pecuniary benefit to w hich he
would be entitled in his sick fund is increased so that the pecuniary benefit of the
substitute fund for his mem bership class would no longer m eet the requirem ents of
article 507, paragraph 1, then his rights and duties according to article 517, paragraph
1, shall be suspended u ntil the close of the calendar quarter, bu t for not less than two
weeks.
A r t i c l e 524.
The obligations of insurance carriers according to article 116, and of sick-fund direc­
torates according to article 344, are also applicable to substitute funds.
A rticle 525.
The local insurance office shall decide b y judgm ent procedure in disputes betw een
substitute funds and sick funds over the refund of benefits granted illegally (art.
224, No. 2).
Section E le v e n .— F inal P rovisions

and

P enal P rovisions .

I. PINAL PROVISIONS

A rticle 526.
P aragraph 1. A union of communes, in the meaning of this book, is a union whose
district forms the district of the fund or embraces it as the next larger union.
P a r . 2. The highest adm inistrative authority may specify in w hich cases the
com m une is com petent in place of the union of com m unes: Provided , That the district
of the fund does not extend beyond that of the com m une.
P a r . 3. W here no union of communes exists, the State governm ent shall specify
w hich is com petent.
A rticle 527.
P aragraph 1. If a local, or rural sick fund has been created for several communes
(independent manor districts, or marks, or march districts),1 which together do not
1Selbstandige Gutsbezirke Oder Gemarkungen, ausmarkische Bezirke.




588

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E B U R E A U

OF L A B O R .

form a union of com m unes, they shall be com bined according to particular provision of
the State governm ent in to a union for special purposes (Zw eckverband).
P a r . 2. T he provisions of this book as to unions of com m unes are also applicable
to such unions for special purposes.
A rticle 528.
I f the district of a fund extends beyond the district of a local insurance office, then
the local insurance office of its seat shall be com petent for it.
II. PENAL PROVISIONS.

A rticle 529.
P a r a g r a p h 1. If an insured person violates the sickness regulations or the order
of the attending physician, or neglects the notification incum bent on him accord­
ing to article 190, then the directorate of the fund m ay im pose upon him fines of
not more than three times the amount of the daily pecuniary benefit for each case
of contravention.
P a r . 2. The directorate of a m iner’s sick fund, and of a substitute fund, has the
same authority as regards a m em ber subject to insurance who violates the sickness
regulation or the order of the attending physician.
P a r . 3. On appeal the local insurance office decides finally.

A rticle 530.
P a r a g r a p h 1. W hoever in violation of his obligation does not register persons sub­
je ct to insurance (arts. 317, 319, and 468, par. 2), or does not subm it the lists of em ploy­
ees engaged in hom e industries (art. 473), may be fined not to exceed 300 m arts
[$71.40], if he acts intentionally, and not to exceed 100 marks [$23.80] if he acts negli­
gently.
P a r . 2. Whoever violates in other ways the provisions relating to the registration
of persons liable to insurance or to the submission of lists or persons engaged in home
industries (arts. 317 to 319, art. 468, par. 2, and arts. 473 and 474) may be fined not to
exceed 20 marks [$4.76].
P a r . 3. Whoever in violation of his obligation neglects to submit applications as
required b y article 519, paragraph 2, and article 522, or to make reports as required b y
article 521, may be fined not to exceed 20 marks [$4,761.
P a r . 4. The local insurance office shall assess these fines. On appeal the superior
insurance office decides finally.

A rticle 531.
P a r a g r a p h 1 . The fund shall recover contributions w hich are in arrears independ­
ently of the fine.
P a r . 2. It m ay also require the persons fined to pay from one to five times the
contributions w hich are* in arrears. The amount shall b e collected in the same man­
ner as comm unal taxes. This is not applicable to persons engaged in hom e-working
industries who violate article 468, paragraph 2.
P a r . 3. A rticle 396 is here correspondingly applicable.

A rticle 532.
P aragraph 1. Em ployers and persons giving the order (art. 486) shall be punished
w ith a fine of not more than 300 marks [$71.40], or be punished w ith arrest, unless a
severer penalty is provided b y pther legal provisions if they intentionally do any of
the follow ing:
1. D educt from the em ployees’ earnings larger shares of contributions than this
law perm its, or make deductions in the case m entioned in article 398;
2. Violate the provisions of article 402.
P a r . 2. The same penalty shall be im posed on em ployers who act in contravention
of the provisions of article 400.
A rticle 533.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Em ployers and persons giving the order (art. 486) shall be punished
with confinem ent in jail if they intentionally keep back from the fund entitled
thereto the shares of contributions w hich they have deducted from their em ployees
or have received from them .




w o r k m e n ’s

INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY.

589

P a r . 2. They m ay in addition be fined not more than 3,000 marks [$714] and be
sentenced to the loss of their civ ic rights.
P a r . 3. I f there are m itigating circum stances, then a fine only may be im posed.
A r t ic l e 534.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The em ployer m ay transfer the obligations w hich this law imposes
on him to establishm ent managers, persons charged with supervision, or other em­
ployees of his establishm ent.
P a r . 2. If such representatives act in contravention of this law, the penalty shall be
imposed on them. In addition, the employer is also liable to punishment, if—
1. The contravention took place w ith his knowledge;
2. H e has not observed the necessary care in the selection and supervision of his
representatives; in this case on ly a pecuniary fine m ay be im posed on the
em ployer.
P a r . 3. One to five times the contributions which are in arrears (art. 531, par. 2)
m ay also be assessed on the representative and collected from him . Besides the rep­
resentative the em ployer is also liable for this amount if he has been fined according
to paragraph 2.
A r t ic l e 535.

The penal provisions of article 23, paragraph 2, are applicable to managing officials
and em ployees of the funds and of the federations of funds; they are applicable to the
em ployers in the case of establishm ent funds and to the persons appointed according
to article 362, paragraph 1, if they intentionally com m it acts w hich injure the fund.
A r t ic l e 536.

The same penal provisions (arts. 529 to 535) are applicable—
1. T o the members of the directorate, if a stock com pany, a mutual insurance
association, a registered cooperative society, a guild, or other legal person is
the em ployer;
2. T o the business manager if a society with lim ited liability, is the em ployer;
3. T o all partners personally liable, as far as they are not excluded from the rep­
resentation, if any other business corporation is the em ployer;
4. To the legal representatives of insolvent and partially insolvent em ployers, as
w ell as to the liquidators of a business corporation, a mutual insurance asso­
ciation, a registered cooperative society, a guild, or other legal person.




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OF TH E

B U R E A U OF LA BO R.

BOOK THREE.— ACCIDENT INSURANCE.

P A R T O N E.
IN D U ST R IA L ACCIDENT IN SU RAN CE.
Section One .— Scope

op the

I nsurance .

A rticle 537.
P aragraph 1. Subject to the insurance are—
1. Mines, salt works, ore-treating works, quarries, pits (open digging);
2. Factories, shipyards, m etallurgical and m etal working plants, pharmacies,
and if they are conducted as a business, breweries and tanneries;
3. Yards for the preparation o f building materials, establishm ents executing
work in building, decorating, stone cutting, locksm ithing, blacksm ithing,
or plum bing (B runnenarbeit) ; furthermore stone-breaking establishments as
w ell as building work done b y other than regular building establishm ents;
4. T he chim ney-sw eeping, w indow -cleaning, butchering trades, and the opera­
tion of bathing establishments;
5. T he entire establishm ent of the railroad and the postal and telegraph adm in­
istrations as w ell as the establishments of the naval and m ilitary adm inis­
trations;
6. Inland navigation, rafting, flat-boating and ferries, the hauling of ships (tow ­
ing), inland fishing, fish culture, the operation of ponds and the cutting
of ice, if done as a business or adm inistered b y the Em pire, a State, a com ­
mune, a union of comm unes or other p u blic b od y, dredging, as w ell as the
keeping of vessels on inland waters;
7. Establishm ents engaged in hauling, express, livery, the hiring of riding
animals and keeping of stables ii carried on as a business, the keeping
of vehicles other than water conveyances if driven b y mechanical or
anim al power, as w ell as the keeping of riding anim als;
8. E levator, storage, and cellarage establishments if conducted as a business;
9. The trades of goods packer, goods loader, agent, sorter, weigher, measurer,
inspector, stower;
10. Establishm ents for the transportation of persons or goods, and tim ber-felling
establishm ents, if they are connected w ith a com m ercial undertaking
w hich extends beyond the scope of a sm all-scale establishm ent;
11. Under the same assumption (num ber 10 preceding), establishm ents for the
treatment and handling of goods.
P a r . 2. T he Im perial Insurance Office decides w hich com m ercial undertakings
(num bers 10 and 11) are not subject to the accident insurance on the ground that
they are sm all-scale establishments.
A rticle 538.
Those establishm ents are considered as factories in the meaning of article 537,
num ber 2, w hich—
1. W ork up or work over articles as a business and for this purpose em ploy regu­
larly at least 10 workm en;
2. M anufacture or work up as a business, explosives or explosive materials or
'oduce or distribute electrical power;
e use o f steam boilers or of m achinery m oved b y m echanical or animal
power, provided that such use is not m erely tem poraiy;
4. Are placed in the category of factories b y the Im perial Insurance Office.

S

A rticle 539.
Other establishments are also subject to the insurance if they are im portant parts
or subsidiary establishments of the establishments described in articles 537 and 538.
A rticle 540.
A rticle 539 is not applicable—
1. T o agricultural establishments w hich are subsidiary establishments.
The constitution (art. 675) may also place subsidiary establishm ents of
this kind under the industrial acciden t insurance if the persons em ployed




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591

in them are principally persons from the main establishm ent. W hen such
a provision com es into force, the subsidiary establishm ent is withdrawn
from insurance in the agricultural accident association. The provision
m ay on ly b e canceled at the end of a fiscal year. Before a provision of
th e constitution on th e membership%of an agricultural subsidiary establish­
ment is approved, the agricultural accident associations affected must be
heard. It the accident associations do not com e to an agreement, the
Federal C ouncil decides the matter upon application. T he agreement of
the agricultural accident association must in any case b e secured, if the
provision has not yet been in force more than three years;
2. T o marine navigation establishments, and other establishments falling under
articles 1046 and 1049, w hich are im portant parts of the establishments
described in articles 537 and 538 and extend beyond the local traffic or are
subsidiary establishments.
A rticle 541.
A rticles 916, and 918 to 921, regulate what establishments and activities of the kind
described in articles 537 and 538 as parts or subsidiary establishm ents of an agricul­
tural establishm ent are to enter the agricultural instead of the industrial accident
insurance.
A rticle 542.
P aragraph 1. If, of several establishments w hich an undertaker has in the tern-,
tory of the same superior insurance office, some are of the kind that belong to the
industrial and some to the agricultural accident insurance, and if they do not already
belong to the same accident association according to the preceding regulations, then,
upon application of the em ployer, th ey are to be assigned to one accident associ­
ation i f altogether not more than 10 persons subject to the insurance are regularly
em ployed in the establishments.
P a r . 2. The application is to b e made to the superior insurance office, which, after
a hearing of the accident associations affected, decides upon the assignment.
P a r . 3. The employer and the accident associations affected may appeal from the
decision of the superior insurance office.
P a r . 4. U p to the time that the decision comes into force, the employer may with­
draw the application.
P a r . 5. T he assignment may be revoked on ly at the close of a fiscal year and
as long as the grounds m entioned in paragraph 1 apply, on ly upon the application
of the em ployer. If the assignment has not yet been in force for three years since
the rendering of the final decision, then the revocation shall also require the consent
of the accident associations affected.
A rticle 543.
P aragraph 1. The Federal Council m ay exem pt from the insurance establish­
ments having no particular accident risk.
P a r . 2. The Im perial Insurance Office prepares the decision of the Federal C ouncil;
in this connection the decision senate must render an opinion.
A rticle 544.
Paragraph

1. T he follow ing are insured against accident in establishm ents or

activities w hich are subject to the insurance according to articles 537 to 542 (indus­
trial acciden ts): Provided, That these tw o groups are em ployed in these establish­
ments or activities:
1. Workmen, helpers, journeym en, apprentices;
2. Establishm ent officials whose annual earnings do not exceed 5,000 marks
[$1,1901 of incom e.
P a r . 2. Acts which have been forbidden do not exclude the assumption of an indus­
trial accident.
A r t ic l e 545.
Foremen and technical officials are also to be considered as establishm ent officials.
A r t ic l e 546.

The insurance covers household and sim ilar service to w hich insured persons, who




592

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OF T H E B U R E A U

OF L A B O R .

are principally em ployed in an establishm ent or in insured activities, are assigned
b y the undertaker or his representative.
A r t ic l e 547.

B y decision of the Federal Council the accident insurance can be extended to speci­
fied occupational diseases in industries. The Federal Council is authorized to issue
special regulations for the administration thereof.
A r t ic l e 548.

The constitution m ay extend the com pulsory insurance—
1. T o undertakers of establishments whose annual earnings do not exceed 3,000
marks [$714], or who regularly em ploy for com pensation either no one or
at the most tw o persons subject to insurance;
2. T o persons engaged in hom e-working industries (art. 162) without regard to
the num ber of persons subject to insurance em ployed, who are the under­
takers of an establishm ent described in articles 537 and 538;
3. T o establishm ent officials whose annual earnings exceed 5,000 marks [$1,190]
of com pensation.
A r t ic l e 549.
P a r a g r a p h 1. T he directorate of the accident association m ay declare exem pt
from the insurance those undertakers who, according to the constitution, are subject
to the com pulsory insurance (art. 548, num ber 1) but are exposed to no special acci­
dent risk. T he directorate shall revoke the exem ption whenever the reasons there­
for no longer exist.
P a r . 2. On appeal, the superior insurance office decides finally.
A

r t ic l e

550.

P a r a g r a p h 1. Undertakers (art. 633) as w ell as pilots on inland waters, who con­
du ct their business for their own account, m ay insure them selves against the results
of industrial accidents if they do not have annual earnings of more than 3,000 marks
[$714], or if they regularly em ploy for com pensation either no one, or at the most two
persons su bject to insurance.
P a r .. 2. The constitution m ay also adm it them to self-insurance, if they have annual
earnings of more than 3,000 marks [$714], or regularly em ploy for com pensation at
least three persons subject to insurance.
A r t ic l e 551.

The provisions of article 548, Nos. 1 and 2, and of article 550, on the insurance of
em ployers, apply also to their w ives or husbands engaged in the establishm ent.
A r t ic l e 552.

The constitution m ay provide under what conditions accidents of the kind described
in articles 544 and 546 m ay be insured against:
1. B y the undertaker of the establishment,' on behalf of persons who are em ployed
in the establishm ent, but are not insured according to articles 544, 545, and
548, No. 3;
2. B y the undertaker of the establishm ent, or the directorate of the accident asso­
ciation, on behalf of persons who are not em ployed in the establishm ent but
who visit the working place of the establishm ent or m ove about therein;
3. B y the directorate of the accident association, the members of their official
bodies, and their em ployees.
A r t ic l e 553.

The constitution may provide that the voluntary insurance shall be out of force
if the contribution has not been paid in spite of warning, and that a new application
shall remain of no effect until the arrears of contributions have been paid.




W O RKM EN ’ S INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY.

593

A r t ic l e 554.
P a r a g r a p h 1. E xem pt from the insurance are—

1. Arm y and N avy officers and surgeons to whom the officers’ pension law (R eichsGesetzblatt, 1906, p . 565) is applicable;
2. M ilitary persons of the low er classes to whom the noncom m issioned officers’
and privates’ ( M annschaft) provision law (Reichs-G esetzblatt, 1906, p . 593) is
applicable;
3. The other persons describe b y article 1 of the. acciden t relief law for officials,
e tc., o f June 18, 1901 (Reichs-G esetzblatt, p . 211);
4. Officials v h o have been appointed at a fixed salary and w ith a claim to retire­
m ent pension in the establishments of the adm inistration of a federal State,
of a union of communes, or of a com m une;
5. Other officials of a federal State, of a union of comm unes, or of a comm une if relief
for them has been provided according to articles 14 of the above-m entioned
accident relief law.
P a r . 2. B uilding operations outside of a building establishm ent conducted as a
business, as w ell as the keeping of riding animals or conveyances not conducted as a
business (art. 537, Nos. 6 and 7 ), are considered as establishments in the m eaning of
the accident relief law.
S e c t io n T w o .— B e n e f i t s o f t h e I n s u r a n c e .
A r t ic l e 555.

The object of the insurance is the com pensation specified in the follow ing provi­
sions for the damage arising from b od ily injury or death.
A r t ic l e 556.

The injured person and his survivors have no claim if they have purposely brought
about the accident.
A rticle 557.
P a r a g r a p h 1. If the injured person has brought the accident upon him self b y the
performance of an act w hich according to a verdict of the court is a crim e or an inten­
tional misdemeanor, then the com pensation for damages m ay be w holly or partly
denied.
'
P a r . 2. Contravention of m ining regulations shall not be considered a misdemeanor
in the m eaning of the preceding paragraph.
P a r . 3. The pension may be either w holly or partly paid to the injured person’s
dependents livin g in the Em pire, if in case of his death they would have a claim to
a pension. German protectorates are to be included in the Em pire in the meaning
of this provision.
P a r . 4. The com pensation m ay also be denied if no verdict of a court has been
rendered because o f the death or the absence or of any other reason connected with
the person of the injured party.
A r t ic l e 558.

In case of an injury, there is to be granted from the beginning of the fourteenth
week after the a ccid e n t-1. M edical treatm ent; it includes physician’s services and the providing of m edi­
cines, other therapeutical appliances as w ell as the aids w hich are requisite
to assure the success of the treatment or to alleviate the results of the injury
(crutches, supporting apparatus, and the lik e );
2. A pension during the continuance of the disablem ent.
A rticle 559.
The amount of the pension is as follow s, as long as the injured person as a result of
the accident is—
1. T otally disabled, two-thirds of the annual earnings com puted according to
articles 563 to 570 (fu ll pension);
2. Partially disabled, that part of the full pension w hich corresponds to the pro­
portion of the loss of earning power (partial pension).




594

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OP T H E BU BEAU

O P L A B OB.

A rticle 560.
As long as the injured person is, as a result of the accident, so helpless that he can
n ot exist w ithout the services and care of others, the pension is to be correspondingly
increased, though not to m ore than the fu ll am ount of his annual earnings.
A rticle 561.

P aragraph 1. I f the injured person at the tim e of the acciden t was already per­
m anently and totally disabled, m en only m edical treatm ent (art. 558, No. 1) is to be
granted.
Pa r . 2. As long as in consequence of the accident he is so helpless that he can not
exist without the services and care of others, a pension not greater than one-half of
the full pension is to be granted.
A rticle 562.
As long as the injured person as a result of the acciden t is unem ployed through no
fault of his own, the accident association m ay for a tim e raise the partial pension to not
more than a fu ll pension.
A rticle 563.

Paragraph 1. The pension shall b e com puted according to the com pensation w hich
the injured person had drawn during the last year in the establishm ent (annual earn? a r . 2. In so far as the annual earnings exceed 1,800 marks [$428.40], the excess
shall be reckoned at only one-third.

A rticle 564.

Paragraph 1. I f the injured person had been em ployed in the establishm ent a fu ll
year before the acciden t, the annual earnings shall b e considered as 300 tim es the
average earnings for a fu ll working day, subject to the provisions o f article 569.
Pa r . 2. I f it is shown that it was custom ary to operate for a greater or a sm aller
num ber o f' working days, then the m ultiplication snail b e m ade w ith this num ber
instead of 300.
A rticle 565.
If the injured person had n ot y e t been em ployed in the establishm ent a fu ll year
before the accident, then the annual earnings shall b e com puted in such a manner
that the num ber of days on w hich the injured person was em ployed in the establish­
m ent shall b e m ultiplied b y the average earnings for a fu ll working d a y ; for the rest
of the custom ary num ber of working days o f operation o f the year there shall be added
the average earnings w hich, during this tim e, insured persons o f the same kind and
earning capacity in the establishm ent or in a neighboring establishm ent have secured
for a fu ll working day.
A rticle 566.
I f the com putation according to article 565 can n ot b e carried out, then the annual
earnings shall b e com puted b y m ultiplying the custom ary num ber o f working days of
operation in the year w ith the com pensation w hich the injured person during the
em ploym ent in the establishm ent received on an average for a fu ll working day.
A rticle 567.
I f the custom ary num ber of working days of operation in the year is so sm all that
those em ployed in the establishm ent regularly perform work elsewhere for com pensa­
tion in addition, then in the cases specified in articles 565 and 566, the num ber o f
working days necessary to make up the 300 shall be added to the am ount com puted
according to articles 565 or 566, using the local wages for adults over 21 years of age
w hich at the tim e of the accident have been determ ined for the place o f em ploym ent
of the injured person (arts. 149 to 152).

A rticle 568.
If the injured person had been em ployed b y the hour, then the average earnings
for the fu ll working day m ay not be placed higher than the average earnings for a work­
man of the same kind who has been em ployed during the whole working day.




w o r k m e n ’s

INSURANCE CODE OP JULY 19, 1911— GERMANY.

595

A rticle 569.
Articles 564 to 568 are to b e correspondingly applied if the annual earnings are
com posed of amounts specified for not less than w eekly periods.
A rticle 570.
I f the annual earnings do n ot equal 300 times the local wages for adults over 21 years
(art. 567), then 300 tim es this wage shall be considered as the annual earnings.
A rticle 571.
In the case o f persons who, previous to the accident, were already partially and
perm anently disabled, that part of the local wages shall b e used as a basis w hich
corresponds to the proportion of earning capacity before the acciden t.
A rticle 572.
A rticles 563 to 571 apply correspondingly to injured persons who were em ployed
in an insured a ctiv ity without belonging to an insured establishm ent.
A rticle 573.
P aragraph 1. I f the insured person is insured against sickness on the basis o f the
im perial insurance or in a miners’ sick fund, he shall be granted at least the regular
sick-fund benefits of m edical treatment and pecuniary benefit according to article 179.
H ow ever, the pecuniary benefit from the beginning of the fifth w eek after the accident
u ntil the expiration of the thirteenth week shall amount to at least tw o-thirds o f the
basic wage. This m ay not be refused, even in the case m entioned in article 192, unless
the injured person has brought the accident on him self during the com m ission of a
crim e or during an intentional misdemeanor (art. 557, pars. 1 and 2). The corre­
sponding rule applies to the house m oney.
P a r . 2. If an insured person receives at the same tim e pecuniary sick benefits from
another insurance, then the reduction of the pecuniary benefit described in para­
graph 1 shall b e made according to article 189.
P a r . 3. For members o f substitute funds the basic wage o f their sick fund, w hile
for members o f m iners’ sick funds the basic wage as specified in article 180, shall be
determ inative.
P a r . 4. I f the person insured against sickness becom es ill as the result of an acci­
dent w hile in a foreign country, then the provisions o f articles 221 and 222 are appli­
cable in a corresponding manner.
A rticle 574.
Those persons are to be considered as insured against sickness in the m eaning o f
article 573 w ho:
1. Are exem pt from the insurance according to articles 418 and 435, in so far as
the sick fu n d has to make provision for them (art. 422);
2. On account of lack o f em ploym ent have separated from m e sick fund, bu t still
have a claim on the fund (art. 214).
A rticle 575.
If in the case of persons su bject to the agricultural sickness insurance the pecuniary
sick benefit or the nouse m oney is not to be paid, or to b e paid on ly in part because
according to articles 420,421, and 425 there are contractual benefits to be paid b y the
em ployer, or because according to article 423 the person is in receipt of a pension on the
basis of the im perial insurance, then the value o f such benefits is to be in cluded in
the sick relief specified in article 573 in so far as they are payable during the same
tim e.
A rticle 576.
P aragraph 1. W hatever must b e granted b y the sick funds, the m iners’ sick funds,
or the substitute funds according to articles 573 and 575, in addition to the m inim um
benefits w hich m ust otherwise b e provided according to the law or the constitution,
must b e repaid b y the accident association, or in other cases b y the undertaker (art.
633), whenever a com pensation m ust be paid to the injured person beyon d the thir­
teenth week. T he constitution of the accident association can specify that the latter
in all cases must reim burse the additional benefits.
P a r . 2. The same holds true in a corresponding manner if the injured person who
is insured against sickness has no claim to sick benefits.




596

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

A rticle 577.
P aragraph 1. I f an injured person belongs to the group of insured persons accord­
ing to articles 544 and 545. out is not insured against sickness on the basis of the im perial
insurance or in a miners1fund, then the undertaker, under reservation of paragraphs
2 and 3, must grant him the sick benefits during the first 13 weeks. For the amount of
the benefits and for their reim bursem ent articles 573 to 576 are applicable. W ith the
consent o f the injured person the undertaker can also grant care and m aintenance
according to article 185, paragraph 1, and for this deduct not more than one-fourth of
the pecuniary sick benefit. As the basic wage for this purpose, the local wage for the
place of em ploym ent (arts. 149 to 152) shall be used. These provisions shall apply in
the case of establishm ent officials on ly if their annual earnings do not exceed 2,500
marks [$595].
P a r . 2. In the cases m entioned in articles 169, 418, and 435, the em ployer has to
provide the injured person for the first 13 weeks w ith the benefits specified in para­
graph 1. In such case that basic wage shall be used w hich is determ inative for the
sick fund. In these benefits those m entioned in articles 169, 418, and 435 shall be
included. A nything in excess of this must be repaid to the em ployer b y the accident
association or b y the undertaker (art. 576). The same holds true in the case men­
tioned in articles 170 and 171 if the claim s arising out of article 169 are provided to the
persons m entioned in those articles.
P a r . 3. If a dom estic servant is exem pt from the insurance because of other relief
specified in article 440, paragraph 1, then the provisions of paragraph 2, sentences 1 to
4, apply to him in a corresponding manner, though the carrier providing the other relief
takes the place of the em ployer. The carrier providing the other relief must claim
reim bursem ent for the additional benefits from the undertaker if the accident asso­
ciation is not obliged to make the repaym ent.
A rticle 578.

The details for the carrying out of articles 573 to 577 are to be specified b y the
Im perial Insurance Office.
A rticle 579.
P aragraph 1. The accident association m ay take over either w holly or in part the
benefits to be paid b y the undertaker. The latter m ust reim burse the association to
the exten t to w hich the injured person could claim sick benefits from him and in so
far as the association itself w ould n ot be obliged to make repaym ent. In such case the
reim bursem ent for sick care shall be three-eighths of the basic wage according to w hich
the pecuniary sick benefit of the beneficiary is to be com puted.
P a r . 2. This shall be correspondingly applicable if, in the cases m entioned in
article 577, paragraphs 2 and 3, the em ployer or the carrier of other relief takes the
place of the undertaker.
A rticle 580.
P aragraph 1. If in the case o f injured persons to whom articles 573 to 577 do not
apply it is to be feared that they must later be provided w ith accident com pensation,
the accident association m ay inaugurate a course of treatment, even before the end of
the thirteenth week after the accident, for the purpose of rem oving or alleviating the
results of the injury.
P a r . 2. The accident association can place the injured person in a m edical institu­
tion; in such case article 597, paragraphs 2 to 4, is applicable.
P a r . 3. W ith the consent o f the injured person the association can grant care and
maintenance as specified in article 185, paragraph 1.
P a r . 4. The injured person m ay claim from the accident association an appropriate
recom pense for the earnings he loses on account of the course of treatment.
A rticle 581.

P aragraph 1. W ithin the first 13 weeks after the accident, the acciden t associa­
tion may also have a m edical exam ination made o f the injured person even if it does
not grant a course o f treatm ent, and can also ca ll for inform ation concerning the
treatm ent and the con dition o f the injured person from the sick fund, the miners’
sick fund, the substitute fu n d, the physician in charge, or in the cases m entioned
in article 577, from the undertaker.
P a r . 2. On application o f the acciden t association, the local insurance office m ay
com pel the undertaker to provide this, inform ation w ithin a specified tim e on penalty
of fines not exceeding 100 marks [$23.80].
P a r . 3. Appeals from the determ ination of the fines shall b e d ecided finally b y
the superior insurance office.




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A rticle 582.

P aragraph 1. If the pecuniary sick benefit ceases before the expiration of the 13
weeks, but the disability continues after the paym ent ceases, then the pension must
be granted from the day on w hich the pecuniary sick benefit ceases.
P a r . 2. The constitution m ay also perm it the paym ent o f the pension even if
after the paym ent of the pecuniary sick benefit ceases, a loss of earning power remains,
bu t w ill apparently end before the expiration of the 13 weeks.
A rticle 583.
P aragraph 1. I f tho sick fund, m iners’ sick fund or substitute fund has im prop­
erly stopped the paym ent o f its benefits' before the expiration of the 13 weeks,
then the claim of the injured person to the pecuniary sick-benefit up to the amount
of the pension (art. 582) is transferred to the accident association.
P a r . 2. The same rule is applicable in the case of the benefits paid b y the under­
taker (art. 577).
A rticle 584.
I f the accident association, during the tim e it was required according to article 558
to furnish com pensation, has not provided benefits for the injured person, and if
during this tim e, the sick fund, the m iners’ sick fund, or the substitute fund has
granted pecuniary sick benefits or care and m aintenance in a hospital according to
articles 182, 184, and 185, then the injured person shall be considered as having been
totally disabled during this tim e.
A rticle 585.
Controversies concerning claim s for reim bursem ent arising out of articles 573 to
577, and article 579, shall be decided by judgm ent procedure ( Spruchverfahren ).
A rticle 586.
P aragraph 1. In fatal cases there must in addition be granted—
1. As a funeral benefit, the fifteenth part of the annual earnings; how ever, this
must not b e less than 50 marks [$11.90]; article 203 is applicable in a corre­
sponding manner;
2. A pension to the survivors from the date of the death; it consists of a fraction.
of the annual earnings according to the provisions of articles 588 to 595.
P a r . 2. The annual earnings shall be com puted in the same manner as in the case
of bod ily in ju ry; how ever, article 571 does not apply in this connection.
A rticle 587.
If because of an earlier accident this rate of annual earnings is smaller than that
received b y him previously, then the earlier pension is to be in cluded in the annual
earnings; in such case, how ever, that am ount may not be exceeded w hich as annual
earnings was used as the basis of the earlier pension.
A rticle 588.
If the deceased leaves a w idow or children, the pension shall amount to one-fifth
of the annual earnings—
For the w idow up to the tim e of her death or remarriage;
For each ch ild up to the com pleted fifteenth year of age; for an illegitim ate ch ild,
how ever, on ly in so far'as the deceased has provided him with m aintenance
according to legal obligation.
A rticle 589.

I f the w idow remarries, she receives three-fifths of the annual earnings as a
settlem ent.
A rticle 590.
P aragraph 1. The w idow has no claim if the marriage has taken place on ly after
the accident.
P a r , 2. The acciden t association m ay, how ever, under special circum stances, even
then grant a w idow ’s pension.

18544°— No. 96— 12----- 17




598

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

A rticle 591.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The provisions concerning pensions of children shall apply also for
children of a fem ale person who is not a married woman.
P a r . 2. T he same h olds true for children of a married woman born before mar­
riage, or for her children of an earlier marriage, if they do not have the legal status of
law ful children of the surviving husband.

A rticle 592.
P aragraph 1. In case a married woman is k illed, who on account of the disability
o f the husband had supported her fam ily either w holly car in part ou t of her own
earnings, for the duration of the need there is to be granted % pension equal to onefifth of th e annual earnings—
T o the w idower u p to the tim e of his death or remarriage;
T o each ch ild u p to the com pleted fifteenth year of age.
P a r . 2. The widower has no claim if the marriage has taken place after the accident.
P a r . 3. I f the husband of the deceased person, w ithout legal grounds therefor has
absented him self from the household and has not fu lfilled his obligations of m ainte­
nance toward the children, then the accident association m ay grant the pension to
the latter.
A rticle 593.
P aragraph 1. I f the deceased has left relatives in the ascending lin e whom h e
has supported to an im portant degree out of his earnings, then for the duration of the
need a pension is to be granted to them , w hich together shall be one-fifth of the annual
earnings.
P a r . 2. I f there are relatives of different degree in the ascending lin e, then the
pension shall be approved for the parents in preference to the grandparents.
ARTieLE 594.
If the deceased leaves orphan grandchildren whom h e has w holly or partly sup­
ported out o f bis earnings, then for the duration of the need there shall be granted to
them , up to the com pleted fifteenth year of each, a pension equal altogether to onefifth o f the annual earnings.
A rticle 595.
P aragraph 1. T h e pensions of the survivors m ay not together exceed three-fifths
of the annual earnings; in the contrary case they shall b e decreased, and in the fol­
low ing m anner: In tne case o f consorts or children in the same degree; relatives of
the ascending lin e have a claim on ly in so far as consorts or children, and grand­
children on ly in so far as those named first do n ot exhaust the highest am ount nam ed.
P a r . 2. In case one survivor ceases to have a right to a pension, the pensions of
the others are to be increased to the highest permissible amount.
A rticle 596.
P aragraph 1. The survivors of a foreigner, if such survivors at the tim e of the
acciden t do not custom arily reside in Germany, have no claim to a pension.
P a r . 2. The Federal Council can exclu de from this provision foreign border terri­
tories or subjects of such foreign States the legislation o f w hich provides a correspond­
ing relief for the survivors o f Germans k illed b y an industrial accident.
P a r . 3. German protectorates are considered as German territory in the meaning
o f paragraph 1.
A rticle 597.
P aragraph 1. In place of the benefits prescribed in article 558 the acciden t asso­
ciation m ay grant free m edical treatm ent and m aintenance in a m edical institution
(m edical-institution care).
P a r . 2. If the injured person has a household of his own, or is a member of the
household of his fam ily, then his consent thereto is necessary.
P a r . 3. In the case of a minor over 16 years of age his consent insufficient.
P a r . 4. T he consent is not necessary if—
1. T he nature o f the in ju ry requires treatm ent or care w hich is not possible in
the fam ily of the injured person;
2. The sickness is in fectiou s;




W O R K M E N 's INSURANCE CODE OE J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY.

599

3. The injured person has repeatedly acted contrary to the directions of the
•attending physician;
4 . T he condition or con duct of the injured person m ake continuous observation
necessary.
P ar .. 5. In the cases mentioned in paragraph 4, numbers 1, 2, and 4, the accident
association shall, if possible, provide treatment in a medical institution.
A rticle 598.

I f the acciden t association provides treatment in a m edical institution after the first
13 weeks, or on account o f the cessation o f the pecuniary sick benefit before that tim e,
then a pension m ust b e granted to th e relatives o f the injured person in so far as it
would be granted in case of his death (relative’s pension). This claim is also possessed
b y the w ife whose marriage w ith the injured person has taken place after the accident.
A rticle 599.

W ith the consent of the injured person the accident association m ay grant care and
attendance b y sick nurses, nursing sisters, or other nurses (house care— H auspflege),
especially when the placing of the injured person in a m edical institution is indicated,
but m ay not b e carried out, or an im portant reason exists for leaving the injured per*
son in his household or in his fam ily.
A rticle 600.
P aragraph 1. I f the accident association assumes the paym ent of the benefits of
the undertaker according to article 579, then in place of the sick care and of the pe­
cuniary sick benefit, it m ay provide hospital care and house m oney according to arti­
cles 184,186, and 577, paragraph 1; w ith th e consent o f the injured person the accident
association m ay also grant care according to article 185, paragraph 1, bu t in such case
shall deduct n ot more than one-fourth o f th e pecuniary sick benefit.
P a r . 2. The undertaker must reim burse the accident association to the exten t to
w hich the injured person could claim sick benefits from him and in so far as the asso­
ciation itself would not be obliged to make repaym ent. In such case the reim burse­
m ent for the sick care shall b e three-eighths oi the basic wage according to w hich the
pecuniary sick benefit of the beneficiary is to be com puted.
Pa r . 3. The same holds true in a corresponding way if in the cases m entioned in
article 577, paragraphs 2 and 3, the em ployer or the carrier of other relief takes the
place of the undertaker.
A rticle 601.

Controversies concerning claim s for reim bursem ent arising out of article 600 shall be
decided in judgm ent procedure ( Spruchverfakren ).
A rticle 602.

The accident association m ay b y its constitution grant special relief to the injured
person who is placed in a m edical institution ( H eilanstalt) and to his dependents
either b y general rules or according to the need o f the parties.
A rticle 603.
The accident association m ay at any tim e inaugurate a new course of treatment if it
may be expected that such w ould increase th e earning capacity of the accident pen­
sioner.
A rticle 604.
In addition to the injured person, the sick fund, the m iners’ sick fund, or the substitute
fund to w hich he belongs, m ay apply for the resum ption o f the m edical treatm ent.
A rticle 605.
P aragraph 1. I f the sick funds, the miners’ sick funds, the substitute funds, or the

carriers o f the accident insurance have placed an injured person in an institution pos­
sessing adequate arrangements for treatm ent, then the injured person during the course
of treatment m ay not b e placed in another institution w ithout his consent.
Pa r . 2. The local insurance office of the p lace where he is staying m ay grant the
consent instead.




600

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

A r t ic l e 606.

If the injured person has not complied with a regulation which affects the medical
treatment without any legal or other appropriate reasons therefor, and if his earning
capacity w ill thereby be unfavorably influenced, then his compensation may be dis­
allowed for the time being, either wholly or partly, after this result has been pointed
out to him.
A rticle 607.
P a r a g r a p h 1. On application the directorate of the accident association m ay grant
to the person receiving pension m aintenance in a hom e for invalids ( Invalidenm us ),
an orphan asylum ( W aisenhaus), or a sim ilar institution, in place of the pension.
P a r . 2. Such institutions are considered as hospitals, hom es, and sanatoria, in the
meaning of article 11, paragraph 2, and of article 23, paragraph 2, of the law on relief
residence (R eichs-G esetzblatt, 1908, p . 381).
P a r . 3. So placing the receiver of a pension obligates him to a release of his pension
for a period of three months, and if he does not protest within one month before the
expiration of this period, to a further period of three months.

A rticle 608.
I f an im portant change takes place in the conditions w hich were of im portance in
the determ ination of the com pensation, then a new determ ination m ay be made.
A rticle 609.
During the first tw o years after the accident a new determ ination on account of a
change in the condition of the injured person m ay be undertaken or dem anded at any
tim e. If, how ever, w ithin this tim e lim it a permanent pension has been legally deter­
m ined, or if this tim e lim it has expired, then a new determ ination m ay be undertaken
or dem anded on ly in periods of at least one year. These periods are n ot affected
b y the inauguration o f a new course of treatment. The periods m ay be shortened b y
m utual agreement.
A rticle 610.
The decision, or the final decision, which decreases or withdraws the pension w ill
becom e effective with the expiration of the month following its announcement.
A r t ic l e 611.

The increasing or regranting of the pension m ay be claim ed only for the tim e after
the registry of the claim therefor.
A r t ic l e 612.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The cost of the m edical treatment and funeral benefits are to be
paid w ithin one week after their determ ination, w hile pensions are to be paid in
m onthly amounts in advance. I f the pension amounts to 60 marks [$14.28] or less,
then it is to b e paid in quarterly amounts in advance: Provided , That it is not probable
that it w ill cease to b e paid before the expiration o f the quarter.
Par . ? . W ith the consent of the person entitled to the pension the accident associa­
tion m ay pay the same at longer intervals of tim e.
P a r . 3. The pension shall be rounded off in amounts of full 5 pfennigs [1.2 cents]
for the month or the quarter.
A r t ic l e 613.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The pension shall be paid for the rest of the month in w hich the

death occurred, in w hich the remarriage occurred, and in w hich the pension was sus­
pended. In cases where in addition to the part o f the m onth on account o f the pen­
sion of the injured person there is also a pension of the survivors, then the latter shall
have a claim to the higher amount.
P a r . 2. If the pension is to be paid for a longer period of time, the accident associa­
tion may pay the pension for this period also.
A r t ic l e 614.

If the person entitled to com pensation has not received it at the tim e of his death,
then the w ife or husband, the children, the father, the m other, the brothers and
sisters are entitled to it in order: Provided , That they have lived w ith the person
entitled to the pension at the tim e of his death in the same household.




W O R K M E N *S IN S U R A N C E

CODE OE J U L Y 19, 1911-----G E R M A N Y .

601

A rticle 615.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The pension shall be suspended—

1. As long as the beneficiary is serving a prison term of more than one month or
has been placed in a workhouse or reform atory.
If he has dependents in Germany who in case of his death would have a
claim to a pension, then the pension up to the amount of his claim shall be
turned over to them .
2. So long as a person who is a German subject remains in a foreign country and
neglects:
To inform the accident association of his whereabouts;
As an injured person, on the demand of the accident association, to present
him self from tim e to tim e to the com petent consul or other German au­
thorities designated b y him .
The Im perial Insurance Office shall specify the particulars in regard
to com m unicating and presentation.
I f the person entitled to pension proves that he has neglected to make
the prescribed com m unication and presentation without any fault of his
own, then the right to the pension shall be resumed again.
3. As long as the foreign beneficiary voluntarily resides in a foreign country;
4. As long as a foreign beneficiary is expelled from the territory of the Em pire
on account of a.condem nation in a crim inal process. The same applies to a
foreign beneficiary who has been expelled from the territory of one of the
federal States on account o f a condem nation in a penal procedure, so long
as he does not stay in another federal State.
P a r . 2. In the cases m entioned in num bers 3 and 4, the Federal C ouncil may
3nd the cessation of a pension for foreign border territories, or for the subjects of
foreign States whose legislation guarantees a corresponding relief to Germans
and their survivors.
Par . 3. I f the expulsion of a foreigner entitled to a pension (par. 1, N o. 4) is not
directed b y a condem nation, or on account of a condem nation in a penal procedure,
then paragraph 1, N o. 2, shall be applicable.
P a r . 4. German protectorates shall be regarded as German territory in the meaning
of these provisions.
A rticle 616.

3

If the pension of an injured person amounts to one-fifth of a fu ll pension or less,
then the accident association, w ith his approval and after a hearing b y the local insur­
ance office, may settle upon him a capital sum corresponding to the value of his annual
pension.
A rticle 617.
P a r a g r a p h 1. A foreigner entitled to a pension who gives up his custom ary abode
in Germ any, or who resides custom arily in a foreign country, can w ith his consent
receive a settlem ent from the accident association equal to three tim es the am ount of
his annual pension, and w ithout his consent may be paid a capital sum corresponding
to the value of his annual pension.
Par . 2. The Federal Council may n u llify this provision for foreign border territories.

A rticle 618.
In cases of settlem ent w ith a corresponding capital sum (arts. 616 and 617), the
Federal C ouncil shall regulate the com putation of the value of the capital sums.
A rticle 619.
If on a new investigation the accident association becom es convinced that the
benefits were incorrectly disallow ed, either w holly or partly, or have been withdrawn
or suspended incorrectly, it may determ ine these anew.
A rticle 620.
The accident association does not need to demand the return of the com pensation
w hich it had to pay before a legal decision came into force.
A rticle 621.
With the exception of the cases mentioned in article 119, claims for compensation
may be transferred, assigned, and pledged with legal effect, also on account o f demands




602

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

of the sick funds, m iners’ associations, miners’ funds, substitute funds, and insurance
institutions w hich are entitled to reim bursem ent according to articles 1501, 1522, and
1528. The transfer, assignment, and execution is on ly perm issible to the amount of
the legal claim s for reim bursem ent.
A rticle 622.
Claims may be reduced only b y the follow ing:
Arrears of contributions;
Advances made out of the assets of the accident association;
Compensation w hich was paid in correctly;
Costs of procedure w hich are to be returned;
Fines w hich have been im posed b y the directorate of the accident association;
Claims for reim bursem ent of the accident association according to articles 903
and 904.
Section T h r e e .— Carriers

op the

I nsurance .

I. THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS AND OTHER CARRIERS OP THE INSURANCE.
A rticle 623.
As carriers of the insurance, the accident associations comprise the undertakers of
the insured establishments (art. 633, par. 1).
A rticle 624.
The E m pire or the federal State is the carrier of the insurance if the establishm ent
is conducted for its account in the tw o eases m entioned below , w hich also include
building work and activities in connection w ith the keeping of riding anim als or
conveyances not managed as a business (art. 537, Nos. 6 and 7). These tw o cases are—
1. In the case of the adm inistration of the postal service, the telegraph service,
the navy, and the army;
2. In the case of the railways.
A rticle 625.

P aragraph 1. The Em pire or the federal State is the carrier of the insurance if the
establishm ent is conducted for its account in the case of establishm ents for dredging,
inland navigation, rafting, flatboating, and ferrying, unless the establishm ents, accord­
ing to article 2, paragraph 2, of the law of May 28, 1885 (R eichs-C esetzblatt, p. 159),
belong to the accident associations created for them .
P a r . 2 . The later entrance of such establishments into an accident association,
or the rewithdrawal, or the reentranee, in case the accident association does not agree
thereto, is perm issible only w ith the approval of the Federal Council, and in the
absence o f other agreement on ly at the close of a fiscal year.
Pa r . 3. In case o f rewithdrawal the Em pire or the federal State must from then on
satisfy the claim s for com pensation w hich exist against the accident association on
account o f accidents in the establishm ent w hich has withdrawn, and in this connection
an appropriate portion of the reserve and of other assets of the accident association
must b e turned over to the Em pire or to the federal State. The latter are then required
to assume the paym ent of an appropriate part of the interest and refunding paym ents
for the floating debt (art. 779).
P a r . 4. T he accident association and the Em pire or the federal State may b y m utual
agreement act in variance of the provisions of paragraph 3; in such cases th e decision of
the general m eeting o f the accident association is required.
P a r . 5. If controversies arise in regard to distributing the assets betw een the a cci­
dent association and the Em pire or the federal State, they m ay settle the question
b y an arbitration decision; otherwise it shall be d ecided b y the Im perial Insurance
O ffice (decision senate).
A rticle 626.
In so far as the Em pire, a federal State, a p u blic union or other corporation, has
the sole right through law or treaty to engage in inland navigation on a waterway or a
part thereof (tow ing and the lik e), these establishments belong to the accident associa­
tion created for them.
A rticle 627.
P aragraph 1. The Em pire or the federal State is the carrier of the insurance for
operations other than the building work and activities in connection w ith the keeping
or riding animals or conveyances not conducted as a business according to article 624




w o r k m e n ’s

INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY.

603

(art. 537, Nos. 6 and 7): Provided , That these other building operations or activities
are conducted for its account. This does not apply, whenever the Em pire or the
federal State through a declaration of the im perial chancellor or of the highest adm inis­
trative officials enter in to the accident association, which is the proper one for buildingtrades operations or for the undertakers of establishments engaged in hauling, or in
inland navigation, as a business. The declaration of entrance shall also specify the
date on w hich the entrance becom es effective.
P a r . 2. The rewithdrawal and the reentrance is perm issible if the accident associa­
tion does not agree thereto, only w ith the approval of the Federal Council, and in the
absence of other agreement on ly at the close of a fiscal year.
P a r . 3. In the case of a rewithdrawal, article 625, paragraphs 3 to 5, is applicable
in a corresponding manner.
A rticle 628.
P aragraph 1. A com m une, a u n ion of communes, or another p u blic corporation is
the carrier of the insurance for such building work and activities in connection with
the keeping of riding animals or other conveyances not conducted as a business (art.
537, Nos. 6 and 7) w hich it conducts as an em ployer in establishm ents other than
railw ays: Provided , That the highest adm inistrative authorities, on application,
have declared the corporation able to assume the burden. Otherwise such a corpora­
tion shall be insured together with the designated operations and activities according
to article 629.
P a r . 2. The highest administrative authorities may unite several communes,
unions of communes, or other public corporations into a federation for the common
carrying out of the insurance and declare the latter to be capable of carrying the
burden.
P a r . 3. A com m une, a union of communes, or another p u b lic corporation, may
through a declaration of its directorate enter into the com petent accident association
(art. 627, par. 1 ). The declaration of entrance shall also specify the date on which
the entrance becom es effective.
P a r . 4. If such a corporation is declared to be unable to carry the burden, then its
rewithdrawal from the accident association and its reentrance, in the absence of other
agreement, is perm issible only at the close of a fiscal year. If it is declared capable of
carrying the burden, then, article 627, paragraph 2, is applicable for its re withdrawal
from the acciden t association and its reentrance; for its rewithdrawal article 625,
paragraphs 3 to 5, is also correspondingly applicable.
A rticle 629.
P aragraph 1. Building work w hich other undertakers do not carry out as a busi­
ness shall be insured at the expense of the undertakers, or of the comm unes, or of the
unions, through special institutions (branch institutes) w hich shall be attached to the
accident associations of the building trades em ployers (arts. 783 to 835). The accident
association is the carrier of the branch institute.
P a r . 2. In the same way branch institutes (arts. 836 to 842) shall be attached to the
accident associations of the undertakers o f establishments engaged in hauling and
inland navigation as a business for the insurance of activities connected with the keep­
ing of riding animals or other conveyances n ot conducted as a business (art. 537, Nos. 6
and 7). The Federal Council can attach the branch institutes or parts of them to other
accident associations. In place of the branch institutes or parts of them , the Federal
Council m ay create m utual insurance associations as independent insurance carriers,
and in such case regulates their organization. In case the Federal Council herewith
alters the status of branch institutes or of mutual insurance associations it shall regulate
the transfer of the burden of accidents and of the assets.

II. COMPOSITION OF THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS.
A rticle 630.

.

P aragraph 1 The acciden t associations shall be created according to geographical
districts; they in clude all establishments of the branch of industry for w hich they were
created. In the case of accident associations for railways or the establishments desig­
nated in*article 537, Nos. 6 and 7, this provision may be departed from .
P a r . 2. The Federal C ouncil m ay approve the uniting of the undertakers of establish­
ments w hich belong to miners’ associations, or to miners’ funds, into miners’ accident
associations.
P a r . 3. Those accident associations w hich have been created in accordance with
earlier accident insurance laws retain their former status under reservation of the
changes perm itted according to articles 635 tq 648.




604

BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOK.

A rticle 631.
P aragraph 1. If the establishm ent includes im portant parts of industries of different
kinds, it is to be assigned to that accident association to w hich the principal estab­
lishm ent belongs. ' The same holds true under reservation of article 540, of subsidiary
establishments, and of such insured activities w hich are portions of the establishment.
P a r . 2. Establishments and operations in inland navigation and rafting are included
in the insurance of the principal establishment only if they do not extend beyond local
traffic.
P a r . 3. Activities which according to their nature belong to the insurance of a branch
institute or a mutual insurance association are to be insured in the accident association
to which the undertakers engaged in activities of the same kind belong when the latter
are more important than the other activities.
A rticle 632.
The provisions of article 542 are applicable in a corresponding manner for several
establishments of the same undertaker all of w hich are subject to the industrial acci­
dent insurance and do not otherwise com e under article 631, paragraph 1. This does
not hold true for establishments engaged in inland navigation and rafting.

A rticle 633.
Paragraph 1. The undertaker of an establishment is the one for whose account the
establishment is conducted.
P a r . 2. In other cases the undertaker is—
1. In the case of building work which is not carried out b y a building establish­
m ent conducted as a business, the one for whose account it is conducted;
2. In the case of the activities connected w ith the keeping of riding animals or
conveyances not conducted as a business (art. 537, Nos. 6 and 7), w hoever
keeps the riding animal or conveyance.
A rticle 634.
P aragraph 1. An accident association has in those cases to compensate accidents in
insured activities in an establishm ent which is conducted for the account of an under­
taker not belonging to it, if an undertaker belonging to it has given the order and has to
make paym ent therefor.
P a r . 2. This applies in a corresponding way for the branch institutes.
III. CHANGES IN THE STATUS OF THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS
A rticle 635.
Changes in the status of the accident associations are perm issible with the beginning
of a fiscal year, according to articles 636 to 648.

A rticle 636.
Several accident associations m ay unite them selves b y a concurrent resolution of the
general m eetings of the accident associations. The resolution must have the approval
of the Federal Council.
A rticle 637.

P aragraph 1. The general m eetings of the accident associations affected can
resolve that in dividual branches of industry or geographically lim ited parts of an acci­
dent association shall be transferred to another association. The resolution m ust
receive the approval of the Federal Council.
of one of the accfcfent associations affected.

A rticle 638.
If application is made on the basis of a resolution of the accident associations to have
several accident associations united, or separate branches of industry or geographically
lim ited parts, separated from the accident association and added to another, then if an
accident association affected protests, the Federal Council shall decide the m atter upon
appeal.




W O R K M E N^ INSURANCE CODE OP JULY 19, 1911— GERMANY.

605

A rticle 639.
The general meeting of the accident association decides in the first place upon an
application to create a special accident association for separate branches of industry, or
geographcally lim ited parts. The Federal Council decides finally.

A rticle 640.
The Im perial Insurance Office prepares the decision of the Federal C ouncil; in such
cases the decision senate must express an opinion.

A rticle 641.
T he Federal Council may withhold its approval to the creation of a new acciden
association if—
1. The num ber of establishments or of the necessary persons would be too small
to guarantee its permanent solvency;
2. The acceptance of establishments in the accident associations is refused, w hich
for the same reasons (N o. 1) are not in a position to form a solvent acciden t
association of their own and can not properly be assigned to another accident
association.
A rticle 642.
If several accident associations com bine to form a new accident association, then all
their rights and duties are transferred to the latter as soon as the change becom es effec­
tive.
A rticle 643.
I f parts of an accident association are separated to form another or to be joined to
another, then the other accident association from that tim e on must satisfy the claim s
for com pensation w hich had grown up against the old accident association on account
of accidents in the establishments w hich have been separated. The same is also
applicable if agricultural subsidiary establishments are transferred to an industrial
accident association according to the constitution (art. 540, No. 1).

A rticle 644.
A cciden t associations upon w hich are placed the obligation of com pensation have a
claim to a corresponding part of the reserve and of the other assets of the accident
association released from these obligations. They are required to assume the paym ent
of a corresponding part of the interest and of the amounts necessary for the refunding of
the floating debt (art. 779).
A rticle 645.
The general m eetings of the accident associations affected m ay act in variance w ith
the provisions of articles 642 to 644 through concurrent resolution.
A rticle 646.
If a dispute arises during the negotiations in regard to the division of the assets
betw een the accident associations affected, they m ay settle the matter b y an arbitra­
tion decision; otherwise the Im perial Insurance Office (decision senate) shall decide.
A rticle 647.

Paragraph 1. If an accident association becom es unable to fu lfill its legal obliga­
tions, the Federal C ouncil m ay dissolve the same if the Im perial Insurance Office
(decision senate) makes application therefor.
P ar . 2. The branches of industry of a dissolved accident association shall be appor­
tioned to other accident associations. The latter are to be heard in advance.
Par . 3. On the dissolution of an accident association its rights and duties are assumed
b y the Empire.
A rticle 648.
If an accident association w hich is subject to the supervision of a State insurance
office (art. 723) is dissolved a3 insolvent, then its rights and obligations are to be assumed
b y the federal State.




606

B U LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

Section F our — O rganization

of the

A ccident A ssociations .

I. MEMBERSHIP AND THE RIGHT TO VOTE.
A rticle 649.
Each undertaker i3 a mem ber of an accident association whose establishm ent belongs
to the branches of industry covered b y it and in whose territory the establishm ent has
its seat. T he Empire* the federal States* com m unes, unions of com m unes, and other
p u b lic corporations are members in so far as articles 624 to 628 do n ot prescribe
otherwise.
A rticle 650.
Membership begins w ith the opening of an establishm ent or w ith the placing of it
under the insurance obligation; for the Em pire and the federal States, for com ­
munes, unions of comm unes, and other p u b lic corporations, the beginning of the
membership i3 regulated according to articles 625 to 628.
A rticle 651.
P aragraph 1. In each establishm ent the undertaker must m ake known through a
placard—
1. To w hich accident association and section the establishm ent belongs;
2. W here the place of business of the directorate of the accident association and
of the section is located.
P ar . 2. If an agricultural establishm ent is placed under th e industrial accident
insurance according to article 540, num ber 1, and article 542, the placard must call
attention thereto.
A rticle 652.
If members or their legal representatives do not possess civ ic rights, th ey shall not
have the right to vote.

ii. registration op the establishments.
A rticle 653.

P aragraph 1. W hoever w ith an establishm ent becom es a mem ber of an accident
association, m ust w ithin one w eek report to the local insurance office in whose district
the establishm ent has its seat the follow ing:
1. T he kind of the establishm ent and the ob ject of the establishm ent;
2. T h e num ber of insured persons;
3. The acciden t association to w hich the establishm ent belongs;
4. If the establishm ent is first opened after the law come3 in to force, the date of
opening and if the establishm ent becom es subject to the insurance on ly after
the law enters into force, the day when insurance obligation begins.
P a r . 2. T he report is to b e sent in du plicate; th e receipt thereof w ill be acknowl­
edged.
P ar . 3. If an establishm ent has already been reported and when a change in the
person on ly of the undertaker of the establishm ent has occurred, then a repetition of
the report according to paragraph 1 is not required.
A rticle 654.
The local insurance office assigns each establishm ent in its territory concerning w hich
a report has been received, w ithin one w eek b y sending one of the reports to the
directorate of the accident association designated therein.
A rticle 655.
If in the opinion of the local insurance office the establishm ent belongs to an accident
association other than that designated, it shall n otify the directorate of the latter
accident association as w ell as the undertaker and shall transmit the reports to the
directorate of the other acciden t association.
A rticle 656.
P aragraph 1. If the report is n ot sent in or is incom plete, the local insurance
office can require the undertaker to give the information within a specified time
under penalty of a fine up to 100 marks [$23.80].




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INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19> 1911— GERMANY.

607

P ar . 2. On appeal against the determination of the fine the superior insurance office
decides finally.
P a r . 3. The local insurance office assigns the establishment within one week after
the expiration of the specified time lim it b y furnishing the information itself (art. 653,
par. 1).

in. register op establishments.
A rticle 657

The directorates of the accident associations must keep registers of establishments
on the basis of the reports sent to them b y the Im perial Insurance Office and of the later
assignments (arts. 654 and 656).

A rticle 658.
T he members shall b e listed in the register of establishments after it has been ascer­
tained that they have joined the proper association.

A rticle 659.
P aragraph 1. M embership certificates shall be sent to the members listed in the
register of establishm ents, b y the directorate of the acciden t association. If the
accident association is divided into sections, the m em bership certificate must designate
the section to w hich the undertaker belongs.
P ar . 2. If acceptance in the register is declined, a decision with the grounds there­
fore must b e transmitted to the head of the establishm ent through the intervention of
the local insurance office.
A rticle 660.
W ithin one month after the delivery of the mem bership certificate or of the decision
declining mem bership, appeal against the acceptance or the disallow ance must be made
b y the undertaker to the superior insurance office. T he appeal is to be transmitted
to the local insurance office. If in proceedings on the appeal it is shown that although
the establishm ent is subject to the accident insurance it still does not belong to any of
the existing accident associations, then the matter is to be laid before the Im perial
Insurance Office. The latter shall assign the establishment to that accident association
to w hich according to its nature it i3 most nearly allied.
A rticle 661.
If the undertaker does not make an appeal against a decision declining mem bership
w ithin the proper tim e, the local insurance office m ay lay the matter before the
Im perial Insurance O ffice; upon application of the accident association such action
must be taken.

A rticle 662.
I f in the case m entioned in article 655 the directorate of the accident association
designated in the notification accepts the membership of the undertaker, then the direc­
torate of this association shall n otify the directorate of the other accident association.
The latter can w ithin one month after the receipt of the com m unication make an appeal.

A rticle 663.
Extracts from the register of establishments are to be com m unicated to the directo­
rates of the sections in regard to the undertakers belonging thereto.IV
.

IV. CHANGES IN THE UNDERTAKERS—CHANGES IN THE ESTABLISHMENT AND IN ITS
MEMBERSHIP IN THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION.
A rticle 664.
W ithin the tim e specified in the constitution the undertaker must report changes
in the person for whose account the establishm ent is conducted to the directorate of
the acciden t association for entry in the registry of establishm ents. H e remains
liable for the contributions up to the end of the fiscal year during w hich the change is
reported w ithout, however, releasing his successor from the liability.




608

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

A rticle 665.
The undertaker must report changes in his establishm ent w hich are of im portance
for his mem bership in the acciden t association to the directorate w ithin the tim e
specified in the constitution.
A rticle 666.
I f upon application of the undertaker or if on its own accord the directorate believes
it necessary to refer the establishm ent to another accident association, then it shall
refer the establishm ent to the latter and com m unicate this fact to the association and
through the local insurance office to the undertaker with a statement of the reasons
therefor.
A rticle 667.

P aragraph 1. The head of the establishm ent and the directorate of the other acci­
dent association m ay make protest against the assignment to the directorate w hich
has so assigned the establishm ent; the last-named directorate shall lay the protest
before the superior insurance office.
P a r . 2. I f protest is not made within the proper time, then the establishment shall
be reinscribed in the register and another membership certificate shall be made out
or the undertaker.
A rticle 668.
If an accident association demands the assignment of an establishm ent and the
undertaker or the accident association to w hich the establishm ent has hitherto belonged
objects to the transfer, then the directorate of this acciden t association shall lay the
matter before the superior insurance office for decision.
A rticle 669.
If the undertaker makes claim for the change in the registry of his establishm ent,
then in case of objection on part of both accident associations he m ay make application
for a. decision to the superior insurance office.
A rticle 670.
The provisions of articles 666 and 667 for the assignment of an establishm ent apply
correspondingly in regard to its release from m em bership.
A rticle 671.

P aragraph 1. If the application for the transfer or release of mem bership has been
granted, then the change in the mem bership in the acciden t association shall becom e
effective on the date on w hich the application has first been received b y one of the
directorates of the accident associations affected. I f the establishm ent has been
transferred or released from m em bership b y the action of the officials, then that date
shall be used on w hich the transfer or the release from m em bership has been com ­
m unicated to the undertaker.
P a r . 2. The directorates affected and the undertaker may agree upon another date.
A rticle 672.
If the transfer or release from m em bership is delayed to an im portant extent because
the legal or constitutional provisions have not been observed, then upon application
the superior insurance office m ay decide that the change in the m em bership of the
accident association shall becom e effective on a date earlier than that specified in
article 671; paragraph 1, how ever, not earlier than the beginning of the fiscal year
during w hich the claim for contributions has not yet lapsed.
A rticle 673.
P aragraph 1. If single establishments or subsidiary establishments go from one
accident association to another, then article 643 applies in regard to the transfer of
the accident burden.
P a r . 2. The acciden t association taking over an establishm ent has a claim to a cor­
responding part of the reserve of the accident association released. This part is to be
com puted according to an average rate w hich the Im perial Insurance Office shall




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INSURANCE CODE OP J U L Y 19, 1911— GERM ANY.

609

determ ine every five years, separately for industrial and agricultural associations,
according to the amount of the reserves of all the accident associations.
P ar . 3. A rticles 645 and 646 are to be applied here.
A rticle 674.

Paragraph 1. The obligation to make reports in case of changes in an establish­
m ent w hich affect the apportionm ent in the risk tariff (art. 711) ana further procedure
are to be regulated in the constitution.
P a r . 2. If the committee or the directorate of the accident association has to draw
up and change the risk tariff (art. 707), then the general meeting of the accident associa­
tion may also transfer to this body the regulation of the obligation to give notice in
case of these changes in the establishment.
P a r . 3. The undertaker may appeal against the decision which the accident associa­
tion issues upon the notification or the changes or in acting on its own initiative.
V.

CONSTITUTION.

A rticle 675.
The accident associations regulate their internal administration and their order
of business through a constitution w hich the general meeting of the accident association
decides upon.
A rticle 676.

P aragraph 1. The prelim inary directorate elected b y the general meeting for the
purpose of establishing the organization shall conduct the general meeting and manage
the business of the accident association until the directorate elected on the basis of a
valid constitution shall take over the business.
'
P ar . 2. The preliminary directorate shall consist of a chairman, a secretary, and at
least three associates.
A rticle 677.
The constitution must specify—
1. The name, the seat, and the district of the accident association;
2. T he com position, rights, and duties of the directorate;
3. T he form of the declarations of the decisions of the directorate as w ell as its
signature on behalf of the acciden t association, the manner of making deci­
sions in the directorate, and its representation as to third parties;
4. T he calling of the general m eeting of the accident association and its method
of arriving at a decision;
5. The right to vote of the members and the exam ination of their credentials;
6. The rates for loss of earnings and for traveling expenses w hich are to be granted
to the representatives of the insured persons (art. 21);
7. The representation of the accident association as against the directorate;
8. The procedure to be followed b y the administrative bodies of the accident
association in rating establishments in classes of the risk tariff;
9. The procedure in cases of changes in the establishment and of a change in the
person of the undertaker*
10. The consequences of shutting down an establishment or of a change in the
person o f the undertaker, especially as to the guaranteeing of his contribu­
tions, if he shuts down the establishm ent;
11. T he drawing up, exam ining, and acceptance of the annual balance sheet;
12. The adm inistrative action relating to the issuance of the regulations containing
provisions for accident prevention and for the supervision of the establish­
ments;
13. The procedure in case of the reporting and release from m em bership of insured
undertakers, of pilots and o f other persons insured according to article 548,
num ber 3, and article 552, as w ell as concerning the amount and ascertain­
m ent of the annual earnings of undertakers and of pilots;
14. The .method of publishing notices;
15. The provisions as to the am endm ent of the constitution.
A rticle 678.
The constitution m ay specify—
1. That the general m eeting of the accident association shall be com posed of •
delegates;
2. That the acciden t association shall be divided into local sections;
3. That special district agents shall be appointed as local officials of the accident
association.




610

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.
A rticle 679.

.

P aragraph 1 If the constitution specifies the above, it must at the same tim e
specify—
The election of the delegates;
The seat and the district of the sections;
The com position and calling of the general m eetings o f the sections and the man­
ner of form ing decisions;
The com position, rights, and duties of the directorates o f the sections, the election,
the districts, ana the rights and duties o f the special officials and their sub­
stitutes.
P a r . 2. The general m eeting o f the accident association m ay delegate the delim ita­
tion of the districts, and the election of the district agents and their substitutes, to the
directorate of the accident association or o f the section and m ay delegate the election
of the directorates of the sections to the general m eetings o f the sections.
A rticle 680.
The constitution m ay em power the directorate o f the acciden t association to im pose
fines up to 25 marks [$5.95] upon undertakers and persons holding equal positions ac­
cording to article 912 who act contrary to their duties as stated in the constitution.
A rticle 681.
The constitution requires the approval of the Im perial Insurance O ffice. I f the
approval is to be denied, then the decision senate shall d ecid e the m atter; the reasons
for the disapproval are to be stated. If the approval is not given , then on appeal the
Federal C ouncil shall decide.
A rticle 682.
If the approval has been finally denied, then w ithin a tim e specified b y the Im perial
Insurance O ffice the general m eeting of the acciden t association shall d ecid e upon a
new constitution. I f no decision is m ade or if the new constitution is also finally dis­
approved, then the Im perial Insurance O ffice shall issue the constitution and direct
tnat the necessary steps for its execution shall be taken at th e expense of the acciden t
association.
A rticle 683.
The constitution may be am ended on ly with the approval o f the Im perial Insurance
O ffice. If such approval is to be denied, then the decision senate shall d ecid e; the
reasons for the disapproval are to be stated. If the approval is denied, then upon
appeal the Federal C ouncil shall decide the matter.

A rticle 684.
Paragraph 1. I f the constitution has been approved, then the directorate of the
accident association shall publish the name and seat of the accident association and
the districts of the sections in th e Reichsanzeiger.
P ar . 2. The same rule is applicable in the case of amendments.
v i. administrative bodies op the accident association.

A rticle 685.
The board of directors shall adm inister the acciden t association in so far as the law
or the constitution do n ot provide otherwise.

A rticle 686.
The follow ing matters remain w ithin the power of the general m eeting of the acciden t
association:
1. The election of the members of the directorate;
2. The am endm ent of the constitution;
3. The exam ination and acceptance of the annual balance sheet, if the general
m eeting o f th e acciden t association has not appointed a special com m ittee
for this purpose;
4. The specification of the am ount of the lum p sums for loss o f tim e and th e rates
for travel expenses for the mem bers of the official bodies o f the acciden t
association.
m




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INSURANCE CODE OF JUDY 19, 1911---- GERMANY.

611

A rticle 687.
P a r a g r a p h 1. S ubject to the reservations o f articles 13 and 14, w hoever belongs to
an accident association as a mem ber, or holds a place equal to a m em ber (art. 13, par. 2),
may be elected to the directorate or as a district agent o f th e acciden t association, or as
a delegate in the general m eeting of the acciden t association (art. 678, N o. 1).
P a r . 2. Those members of a guild, or of the supervisory council of a stock company,
of a copartnership with shares (Kommanditgesellschaft auf Ahtien,) or of a company with
limited liability belonging to an accident association, are eligible as members of the
directorate who have been at least for five years the undertaker or the du ly author­
ized manager o f an establishment belonging to an accident association.
P a r . 3. I f branches of industry o f various kinds or various kinds o f establishments
(such as large, m edium , and sm all establishm ents) are com bined in one accident asso­
ciation, then they shall as far as possible be represented in the directorate. The con­
stitution shall specify the particulars.
P a r . 4. T he constitution of an accident association m ay provide that the delegates
o f the insured persons m ay belong to its directorate, or if the acciden t association is
d ivided in to sections, to tn e directorates o f the sections, and that th ey shall have the
right to vote. T he m ining acciden t association m ay provide in its constitution that the
delegates o f the insured persons must b e elders o f a m iners’ fund. T heir election
shall be made through the delegates elected according to article 858; article 856 is
applicable in regard to their eligibility.

A rticle 688.
The members of the accident associations may have them selves represented in the
general m eeting of the accident association through other members possessing the right
to vote or through a du ly authorized manager of their establishm ent.
A rticle 689.
As long as and in so far as the election of the legally authorized official bodies of the
accident association does not take place, or the legally authorized official bodies refuse
to perform their duties^ the Im perial Insurance O ffice shall either itself or through
agents conduct the business at the cost of the accident association.
VII. EMPLOYEES OP ASSOCIATIONS.

A rticle 690.
P a r a g r a p h 1 . The general m eeting of the accident association shall regulate in ap­
propriate manner the general conditions of appointm ent and the legal status of the
em ployees of the accident association through service regulations.
P a r . 2. Employees who are em ployed only on probation, for temporary services,
for preparation, or only in a subsidiary manner without compensation, are only sub­
ject to the service regulations in so far as the latter provide.

A rticle 691.
The principles stated in articles 692 to 699 shall control in the matter of the service
regulations.
A r t ic l e 692.
Appointm ents are to be made through written contracts.
A rticle - 693.
P aragraph 1. The right of the accident association to give n otice of dismissal may
not place the em ployee less favorably than he would be in the absence of an agree­
m ent under the c iv il law.
P a r . 2. A n em ployee entitled to notice before dismissal may be discharged w ithout
such n otice if an im portant reason exists therefor. In the case of em ployees w ho may
b e dism issed w ith n otice w ho have been em ployed longer than 10 years, th e n otice
of dismissal m ay b e given on ly for an im portant reason. In th e latter case it shall also
be considered as an im portant reason if the em ployee, because of a change in the status
of the accident association or in its business adm inistration, can b e spared, not m erely
tem porarily; in such cases the em ployees with the shorter service term of that em ­
ployee class in w hich the change is necessary shall first be given n otice of dism issal.




612

BULLETIN OF THE BUKEAU OF LABOR.
A r t ic l e 694.

•A n appointm ent for life is perm issible in so far as the service regulations provide
therefor. The latter must then also regulate the conditions for life appointm ents as
w ell as the legal status of such em ployees.
A r t ic l e 695.

The service regulations must specify the salaries w hich are to be paid as a minimum
for the separate classes of the em ployees, with the exception of those specified in article
690, paragraph 2, as w ell as the oasis for an increase in salary. The regulations shall
at the same tim e specify how long the salary shall continue to be paid if the em ployee,
w ithout any fault of his own, is prevented from rendering services.
A r t ic l e 696.

Em ployees who abuse their positions in the service or their official business for the
purpose of religious or p olitical a ctivity shall be reprim anded b y the directorate, after
an opportunity has been given to defend them selves, and in case of repetition shall be
dism issed; their dism issal shall require the approval of the Im perial Insurance O ffice.
R eligious or political a ctiv ity outside of their official activities, and the exercise of the
right of association in so far as it does not con flict w ith the laws, shall not be prevented
and shall not be considered as a reason either for notice of dism issal or for discharge.
A r t ic l e 697.

If the service regulations grant a right to retirem ent pension or to benefits for sur­
vivors, then the regulations shall specify the conditions for the granting thereof.
A r t ic l e 698.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Appointm ents m ay be intrusted on ly to the business directors for
the persons designated in article 690, paragraph 2. The chairman of the directorate
must then w ithin a tim e specified in the service regulations, bu t of not more than six
months, determ ine as to further em ploym ent according to article 690, paragraph 2.
For such persons he shall also specify the conditions both of notice of dismissal and of
discharge.
P a r . 2. In addition the directorate shall decide in regard to the appointm ent, the
n otice of dismissal and discharge, as w ell as upon the apportionm ent to one of the
classes of em ployees, the increase in salary, and the granting and disallow ance of
retirem ent pension and benefits for survivors.
A r t ic l e 699.

The service regulations shall specify the authorities com petent for the im position
o f penalties and the legal rem edies against them . Fines m ay not b e im posed for
amounts higher than the service incom e of one m onth.
A r t ic l e 700.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Before form ulating the service regulations the directorate shall give
the adult em ployees a hearing.
P a r . 2. The service regulations require the approval of the Im perial Insurance
Office.
P a r . 3. If this approval is not given and if w ithin the specified tim e other service
regulations are not drawn up or are not approved, then the Im perial Insurance Office
shall issue the service regulations.
P a r . 4. The same holds true for amendments.
A r t ic l e 701.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Decisions of the directorate of the acciden t association or of the
general m eeting of the accident association w hich con flict w ith the service regulations
must b e challenged b y the chairman of the directorate in the form of an appeal to the
Im perial Insurance O ffice; the appeal acts as a stay.
P a r . 2. I f a provision of the contract of appointm ent conflicts with the service
regulations it shall be void.




■w o r k m e n ’ s INSURANCE CODE OP JULY 19, 1911— GERMANY.

613

A rticle 702.
No provision shall be made granting preference in the filling of vacancies to persons
in possession of a certificate entitling the holder to a civil-service position (soldiers
entitled to civ il em ploym ent).
A rticle 703.
P aragraph 1. The directorate m ay on their own responsibility transfer specified
duties to salaried business managers.
P a r . 2. The Im perial Insurance Office shall specify the details in such cases.
A rticle 704.
The salaries of the em ployees shall be determ ined b y the directorate in detail in the
budget.
A r t ic l e 705.
P aragraph 1. In controversies connected with the conditions of service of
em ployees who are subject to the service regulations, the Im perial Insurance Office
(decision senate) shall decide upon appeal if the matter relates to n otice of dismissal,
discharge, fines o f more than 20 marks [$4.76], or pecuniary claim s.
P a r . 2. Pecuniary claims are subject to the following special provisions:
P a r . 3. A ppeal to law is perm issible. Suit m ay only b e brought w ithin one month
after the decision of the Im perial Insurance Office has been m ade; the tim e lim it is a
perem ptory tim e lim it in the meaning of article 223, paragraph 3, of the Code of
C ivil Procedure;
P a r . 4. The regular courts shall b e required to follow the decisions of the Im perial
Insurance Office on the question whether, the period of notice of dismissal having
been observed, a notice ol dismissal m ay be given for an im portant reason (art. 693,
par. 2, sentences 2 and 3);
P a r . 5. In questions concerning the determ ination of fines, an appeal to the regular
courts is n ot perm issible;
P a r . 6. On the basis of valid decisions of the insurance authorities, executions shall
be made according to book 8 of the Code of C ivil Procedure.
VIH. FORMATION OF THE RISK CLASSES.
A r t ic l e 706.

The general m eeting of the acciden t association must form risk classes according to
the degree of risk of accident for the establishments belonging to the accident asso­
ciation in the form of a risk tariff and grade the amount of the contributions thereon.
A r t ic l e 707.

The general m eeting m ay authorize a com m ittee or the directorate to draw up and
amend the risk tariff.
A rticle 708.
P aragraph 1. The risk tariff m ust be reexam ined after not m ore than two fiscal
years at first, and thereafter at least for every five-year period with respect to the
accidents w hich have occurred.
P a r . 2. I f the am endm ent of the tariff is not intrusted to the directorate, the latter
m ust place before the com petent official bodies of the acciden t association the result
of the reexam ination, together w ith a list of the accidents entitled to com pensation
arranged according to branches of industry. These officials must decide whether the
risk tariff is to be retained or is to b e am ended.
A rticle 709.
The risk tariff and every amendment thereto shall require the approval of the
Im perial Insurance O ffice, to w hich the list of accidents shall b e subm itted in the case
m entioned in article 708.
A rticle 710.
I f the com petent official bodies of the accident association do not draw up the risk
tariff w ithin the tim e specified to them or if the tariff is not approved, then the Im pe­
rial Insurance Office itself shall draw up the tariff after a hearing of the official bodies
of the accident association.
18544°— No. 96— 12----- 18




614

BULLETIN OF THE BUKEAU OF LABOR.
A rticle 711.

P aragraph 1. The acciden t association assigns the establishments in the risk
classes for the duration of the tariff according to provisions of the constitution.
P a r . 2. After the classification of the establishments the accident association may
reclassify an establishment for the period of the tariff, if the statements of the under­
taker were incorrect or if a change has taken place in the establishment.
P a r . 3. The undertaker has the right of appeal against the classifies 1hn.
A rticle 712.
P aragraph 1. The general m eeting of the accident association may
m entary charges or grant rebates for the com ing tariff period or a part tL
of establishments in accordance w ith the accidents w hich have occurred m m eir
establishm ents.
P a r . 2. The em ployer has the right of appeal against the determ ination of supple­
m entary charges.
IX . DIVISION AND JOINT CARRYING OP THE BURDEN.

A rticle 713.
P aragraph 1. The constitution m ay provide that the sections shall bear the com ­
pensation for accidents w hich occurred in their districts up to three-fourths, and in
the case of the m ining accident association a proportion in excess thereof.
P a r . 2. The amounts w hich thereby becom e a burden to the sections are to be
assessed upon their members according to the risk class and the am ount of their
contribution.
A rticle 714.
P aragraph 1. A cciden t associations m ay make an agreement to carry in com m on
either the w hole or a part of the burden of com pensation.
P a r . 2. In such case it must be specified how the com m on burden is to be distributed
upon the accident associations affected.
A rticle 715.
The agreement shall require the consent of the general m eetings of the acciden t
associations affected and the approval of the Im perial Insurance O ffice. It m ay
becom e effective on ly w ith the beginning of a fiscal year.
A rticle 716.
P aragraph 1. The general m eeting of the accident association shall decide how
the share of the accident association in the com m on burden shall be distributed upon
the in dividu al members.
P a r . 2. I f not otherwise provided, it shall be assessed in the same manner as the
amounts paid for com pensation w hich the accident association according to this law
is required to pay.
x . administration op the assets .
A rticle 717.
The Im perial Insurance Office m ay publish regulations in regard to the safe-keeping
of the securities.
A rticle 718.
P aragraph 1. The accident association must in vest not less than one-fourth of its
assets in bonds of the Em pire or of the federal States.
P a r . 2. The association m ay invest not more than one-half of its assets in a manner
otherwise than prescribed in articles 26 and 27. For this purpose it shall obtain the
approval of the Im perial Insurance O ffice.
P a r . 3. I f an accident association desires to invest more than one-fourth of their
assets according to paragraph 2 it must in addition have for this purpose the approval
of the Federal Council, or if the association is subject to the State insurance office, it
must have the approval of the highest adm inistrative authorties of the federal State.




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INSURANCE CODE OF JUDY 19, 1911— GERMANY.

615

A rticle 719.
P aragraph 1. Such an investm ent (art. 718, pars. 2 and 3) is perm issible on ly in
securities; in other ways on ly for adm inistrative purposes, on ly for the avoidance of
loss of assets, or for undertakings w hich—
1. Are for the benefit either exclu sively or principally of the persons subject to
the insurance;
2. Or in so far as th ey prom ote the personal credit of the members of the accident
association in the way of cooperation.
P a r . 2. The Im perial Insurance Office shall specify the particulars for the cases
m entioned in paragraph 1, No. 2.
A rticle 720.
P aragraph 1. A pproval is required for—
The purchase of pieces of ground valued at more than 5,000 marks [$1,190];
The erection of buildings valued at more than 10,000 marks [$2,380];
The purchase o f necessary articles of furniture the total value of w hich is more
than 5,000 marks [$1,190].
P a r . 2. The approval is not needed for the purchase of pieces of ground on w hich
the accident association has made loans in the case of com pulsory sale.
A rticle 721.
The accident associations must make reports to the Im perial Insurance Office accord­
ing to the regulations o f the latter, in regard to their business and finances. The Im pe­
rial Insurance Office shall each year draw up a report concerning the total financial op­
erations of the preceding fiscal year. This report is to be laid before the Reichstag.
Section F iv e — Supervision .
A rticle 722.
The Im perial Insurance Office shall exercise supervision of the accident associations.
A rticle 723.
If a State insurance office is created for a federal State, it shall exercise supervision
of the accident associations w hich do not extend beyond its territory.
A rticle 724.
For these accident associations, the State insurance office shall take the place of the
Im perial Insurance O ffice in matters concerning—
Controversies concerning the apportioning of several establishments to one a cci­
dent association according to articles 542 and 632;
Controversies betw een an accident association and* a p u b lic corporation in case
o f negotiations in regard to the distribution o f assets m entioned in article 625,
paragraph 5, and the corresponding provisions of article 627, paragraph 3, and
of article 628, paragraph 4;
Changes in the status of accident associations (arts. 635 to 648);
A cceptance in the register of establishments (arts. 660 and 661);
Changes in the m em bership of an establishm ent in the accident association in the
case m entioned in article 673, paragraphs 1 and 3;
A pproval and drawing up of the constitution (arts. 681 to 683);
Taking over the business of the accident association (art. 689);
Service regulations for the em ployees of the accident association (arts. 690 to 702),
as w ell as controversies arising out of their service relations (art. 705);
R isk tariffs (arts. 706 to 712);
Joint carrying of the burden of compensation (art. 715);
Adm inistration of the assets of the accident associations in the cases m entioned
in articles 717 to 720, but excluding article 719, paragraph 2;
The collection of contributions and premiums (art. 736, pars. 2 and 3), as w ell as
as the building up of the reserve (arts. 741 to 747);
Guarantees of one having building work done (art. 773);
Covering of the claim s of the Postoffice Department (arts. 781 and 782);
Branch institutes and insurance associations (arts. 783 to 842) but excluding the
cases m entioned in articles 799 and 839;
A dditional institutions o f the accident associations (arts. 845 to 847);
A cciden t prevention and supervision (arts. 848 to 891), but excluding the cases
m entioned in article 883;
Reporting the names of the adm inistrative officials (art. 893).




616

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.
A r t ic l e 725.

P a r a g r a p h 1. If the matter concerns the cases m entioned herewith, the Im perial
Insurance Office decides whether an accident association w hich is subject to another
State insurance office or to the Im perial Insurance O ffice, is affected. The State
insurance office then forwards the docum ents to the Im perial Insurance O ffice. These
cases are the follow ing:
Controversies relating to the assignment of several establishments to one accident
association according to articles 542 and 632;
Changes in the status of the accident associations in the cases m entioned in articles
640 and 646;
A cceptance in the register of establishments (arts. 660 and 661);
Changes in the mem bership of an establishm ent in the accident association in
the case m entioned in article 673, paragraphs 1 and 3;
Joint carrying of the burden of com pensation (art. 715).
P a r . 2. If the matter relates to com m on additional institutions of several accident
associations (art. 847), then the Im perial Insurance O ffice remains the com petent
authority for these additional institutions provided that all of the accident associations
affected are not subject to the same State insurance office.

Section Si x .— P ayment
I.

op the

Compensation — R aising

the

F unds .

PAYMENTS THROUGH THE POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT.
A r t ic l e 726.

P a r a g r a p h 1. The accident association shall pay the com pensation upon notifica­
tion of the directorate of the accident association through the P ost Office Departm ent,
and furthermore through that post office in whose district the beneficiary resides.
P a r . 2. The payee shall be notified of the paying office b y the directorate.
P a r . 3. I f the payee removes his residence, he may make application either to the
directorate or to the post office of his old place of residence to have the paym ents
changed to his new place of residence.
A r t ic l e 727.

E very person who is entitled to keep a pu blic seal is authorized to give out and to
attest the requisite certificates in such paym ents.
A rticle 728.
The highest postal authorities may collect from each accident association an advance
sum. A ccording to the ch oice of the accident association it shall be transm itted either
quarterly or m onthly to the. office designated b y the Post O ffice Departm ent, and
may not b e greater than that amount w hich the accident association w ill probably
have to pay in the current fiscal year.
A rticle 729.
The Im perial Insurance Office m ay specify in what manner paym ents are to b e made
to payees who custom arily reside in a foreign country.
A r t ic l e 730.

The m ining accident association m ay specify through its constitution that miners*
associations or miners* funds shall pay the com pensation instead of the Post Office
Departm ent.
II.

RAISING THE FUNDS.
A r t ic l e 731.

P a r a g r a p h 1. The accident associations must collect the means for their expendi­
tures in the form of members* contributions, w hich shall cover the needs of the pre­
ceding fiscal year.
P a r . 2. In the case of the engineering and excavating association ( T iefbau-B erufs genossenschaft) the contributions must, in addition to other expenditures, cover the
capitalized value of the pensions w hich have becom e a lia b ility of the acciden t asso­
ciation in the preceding fiscal year. The principles for the obtaining of the capitalized
values are to be determ ined b y the Im perial Insurance Office.




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INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY.

617

P a r . 3. In the case of the branch institutes for building work fixed premiums as
well as contributions are to be collected from the communes and other unions, and in
the case of branch institutes and insurance associations for the keeping of riding
animals or conveyances fixed premiums are to be collected (arts. 783 to 842).
A rticle 732.
P aragraph 1. The members, contributions are to be assessed, first, according to
the earnings received b y the insured persons in the establishm ents, though the local
wage rate for adults over 21 years of age must be the m inim um , and, second, according
to the risk tariff.
P a r . 2. I f the earnings received during the contribution period exceed an annual
amount of 1,800 marks [$428.40], then only one-third of the excess shall be included in
the computation.
A rticle 733.
The constitution- may provide that in the assessment of the contributions the
earnings actually received shall be used in the com putation.
A rticle 734.
In the case of establishm ents w hich regularly em ploy not more than five insured
persons, the constitution may provide that w ith the consent of the undertaker a
lum p sum shall be paid instead of the com puted in dividual earnings, or that uniform
contributions shall be paid according to a standard specified b y it; the constitution
shall also specify the principles to be used in these cases.
A rticle 735.
The constitution may provide that in the case of a person giving orders to a home
worker, he shall pay the contributions of those em ployed in hom e work b y the home
worker, and if the latter him self is insured according to the constitution, the person
giving orders shall also pay for him .
A rticle 736.
P aragraph 1. Contributions may not be collected from members nor shall funds
from the property of the accident association be em ployed for purposes other than—
For covering the cost of the com pensation and the cost of adm inistration;
For the accum ulation of a reserve (arts. 741 to 748);
For the paym ent of the advances to the post office (art. 728) and for the refunding
and interest of the floating debt (art. 779);
For rewards in the case of rescuing injured persons;
For acciden t prevention;
For securing em ploym ent for persons injured b y acciden t;
For the establishm ent of m edical or convalescent institutions;
For the establishm ent of institutions of the kind specified in article 607.
P a r . 2. I f according to article 720 the approval o f the Im perial Insurance Office
is required for the purposes therein designated, such approval is also required for the
collection of contributions for such purposes.
P a r . 3. These provisions are correspondingly applicable to.insurance associations
( Versicherungsgenossenschaften ) .
A rticle 737.
P aragraph 1. N ew ly created accident associations may collect in advance from
its members for the first year the funds w hich are necessary to defray the cost of
adm inistration and to pay the post-office advance.
P a r . 2. If the constitution dues not provide otherwise, these contributions shall be
based on the number of persons subject to the insurance who are employed in the
establishments of the members.
A rticle 738.
P aragraph 1. The constitution may provide that the members shall pay advances
on the contributions (art. 731).
P a r . 2. The constitution may provide that the directorate shall be entitled to
collect advances from—
fa) Establishm ents w hich apparently w ill exist only tem porarily;
(b ) Individu al members who have been repeatedly in arrears in the paym ent of
the contributions.




618

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

P a r . 3. The advances shall be collected from the in dividual members according to
the amount of those contributions w hich were assessed upon them for the preceding
fiscal year or were paid according to article 734.
P a r . 4. The advances of new members are to be based on the amount which they
would have had to pay as members, according to the scope of their establishment, for
the cost of the preceding fiscal year.
P a r . 5. The constitution or the general meeting of the accident association shall
specify the date of payment; two weeks thereafter the advance must have been paid
to the directorate.
A rticle 739.
If the highest postal officials make use of their right to collect advances (art. 728) ‘
the constitution may provide that the requisite funds, in so far as they are n ot available
out of the assessment for the preceding fiscal year (art. 749), are to be collected from
the members of the current fiscal year through contributions (art. 731).

A rticle 740.
P aragraph 1. T he directorate m ay collect from the undertakers of establishm ents
whose seat is located in a foreign country, contributions of double amount and require
them to give security if they carry on in Germany an establishm ent subject to the
insurance for a tim e on ly.
P a r . 2. This provision is correspondingly applicable to branch institutes and
insurance associations for the keeping of riding animals or conveyances.

A rticle 741.
The accident associations must accum ulate reserves.

A rticle 742.
Paragraph 1. The reserve shall be form ed b y means of supplem entary charges
reckoned on the amounts paid out as com pensation.
P a r . 2. There shall be collected—
In the first assessment, 300 per cent;
In the second, 200 per cent;
In the third, 150 per cent;
In the fourth, 100 per cent;
In the fifth, 80 per cen t;
In the sixth, 60 per cen t;
In the seventh to the eleventh each tim e 10 per cent less.
P a r . 3. The interest shall also be turned in to tne reserve.
A rticle 743.
Paragraph 1. A fter the first 11 years, or if this period had already expired at the
tim e of the com ing into force of the industrial acciden t insurance law (R eichs-G esetzblatt, 1900, p . 585) then from the year 1901 on, the supplem entary charge shall be so
measured that in the follow ing 21 years the capital of the reserve shall be equal to
three tim es the com pensation w hich is to be paid in the year of the last supplem entary
charge.
P a r . 2. I f an accident association in the 21 years would have to collect unreasonably
high supplem entary charges, then the Im perial Insurance Office can extend the period
not more than 10 years.
P a r . 3. The Im perial Insurance Office specifies the amount of the supplem entary
charge w hich the accident association has to collect.

A rticle 744.
Paragraph 1. The interest on the reserve received in the interm ediate period (art.
743) m ay be used to cover the current expenditures. A fter the expiration of this
period those amounte are to be taken from the interest w hich are necessary to prevent
the further increase in the assessments w hich according to experience w ould b e charged
on the average on each 100 marks [$23.80] of earnings. The rem ainder of the interest
is to b e added to the reserve until the reserve is equal to one-half of the capital
necessary to cover the com pensation liabilities at the period in question.
P a r . 2. In special cases the Im perial Insurance Office may specify w hich part of
the interest shall be used for the reduction of the assessments and yrhich part for the
addition to the reserve.




W O R K M E N 'S

IN S U R A N C E

CODE

OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----G E R M A N Y .

619

Pa r . 3. The Im perial Insurance Office shall also specify the manner in w hich the
capitalized value of the liabilities for com pensation is to be obtained.
A rticle 745.
The securities in w hich the reserve is invested are to be reported at their purchase
price in determ ining the assets.

A rticle 746.
W ith the approval of tKe Im perial Insurance Office an accident association in case
of need can draw on the capital of the reserve and also draw on the interest thereof
before the expiration of the first 11 years. The reserve is then to be restored according
to regulations of the Im perial Insurance Office.
A rticle 747.
The general m eeting of tne accident association m ay upon application of the directo­
rate decide to make additional supplem entary charges for the reserve at any tim e.
Such decisions require the approval of the Im perial Insurance Office.

A rticle 748.
P aragraph 1. A rticles 742 to 747 are not applicable to the engineering and excavat­
ing association. The existing reserve, however, shall be m aintained at its present
am ount; the interest thereon can be used to cover the liabilities of the accident
association.
Pa r . 2. W ith the approval of the Im perial Insurance Office the acciden t association
m ay in case of need draw on the capital of the reserve. It shall then be restored accord­
ing to provisions of the Im perial Insurance Office.
III. PROCEDURE IN ASSESSMENTS AND COLLECTIONS.

A rticle 749.
P aragraph 1. The directorates of the accident associations must assess upon the
members the paym ents w hich the highest postal authorities prove to have been made
(art. 777), together w ith the other expenditures, according to the standard of apportion­
m ent already determ ined upon. In such case the provisions concerning the division
and join t carrying of the cost (arts. 713 to 716) are to be considered and the advances
already collected to b e deducted.
P ar . 2. A rticle 764 applies to the engineering and excavating association: article 731,
paragraph 3, article 763, and articles 799 to 842 are applicable to the branch institutes;
article 731, paragraph 3, and article 842, paragraph 2, are applicable to the insurance
associations.
A rticle 750.
P aragraph 1. For the purpose of the assessment and the collection of the contri­
butions each m em ber, unless lum p sums are used or uniform contributions are to be
paid (art. 734) must transmit his wage list w ithin six weeks after the close of the fiscal
year to the directorate of the accident association.
Pa r . 2. This wage list must contain—
1. The insured persons em ployed in the establishm ent during the preceding
fiscal year and the earnings received b y them ;
2. If the wages actually earned are not used as a standard, a com putation of the
earnings w hich are to b e used in the assessment of the contribution;
3. The risk class in w hich the establishm ent is rated.
Pa r . 3. The constitution m ay specify that in place of the individual insured persons
and the earnings received b y m em , the wage list shall contain the num ber of the in ­
sured persons and the total amount of earnings for the whole fiscal year or for shorter
periods (summary wage list).
A rticle 751.
The constitution m ay provide—
That the wage list shall be transmitted either quarterly or sem iannually;
That current waget lists (wage books) shall be kept from w hich this inform ation
can be taken;
That the wage lists (wage books) shall be preserved for three years.




620

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E B U R E A U

OF LABO R.

A rticle 752.
In the case of members who do not transmit the wage lists punctually or whose lists
are incom plete, the accident association shall itself either prepare the list or com plete
the same.
A rticle 753.
On the basis of the wage lists, the lum p-sum paym ents and the uniform contributions,
the directorate of the accident association shall prepare a total list of insured persons
who have been em ployed b y the members during the preceding fiscal year, and a state­
m ent of the earnings that can be included in the com putation w hich the insured per­
sons have received . On this basis it shall com pute the contribution w hich falls to each
mem ber in order to cover the total expenditure.
A rticle 754.
P aragraph 1. T o each mem ber shall be sent an extract from the assessment roll
w hich shall b e drawn up for the distribution of the annual expenditures of the a cci­
dent association, together w ith the dem and, that w ithin two weeks he shall pay the
contribution determ ined upon, from w hich shall have been deducted the advances
paid, in order to avoid com pulsory collection and in the case of voluntary insurance in
order to avoid exclusion (art. 553), if the constitution perm its this step.
P a r . 2. The extract must contain statements which w ill permit the person required
to make a payment to verify the computation of the contribution.
A rticle 755.
P aragraph 1. A fter the transmission of the extract, the accident association can
then determ ine the contribution otherwise only if—
The classification of the establishm ent in the risk classes is changed at a later tim e;
A change in the establishm ent occurring in the course of the fiscal year becom es
known afterwards;
T he wage list proves inaccurate.
P a r . 2. If in such cases or on account of failure to report an establishment the acci­
dent association has lost contributions, then the undertaker shall at a later time pay the .
amount lacking, provided that the claim has not lapsed.
A rticle 756.
In the case of a new or subsequent determ ination of the contribution the procedure
is the same as in the case of the first determ ination.

A rticle 757.
P aragraph 1. W ithin two weeks the members m ay make protest against the deter­
m ination of their contributions to the directorate, bu t remain obliged to make pro­
visional paym ent.
P a r . 2. They are not required to make provisional payment if the earnings are
already contained in the wage list for another accident association and the contri­
butions which are based on these earnings have been paid to this accident association.

A rticle 758.
P aragraph 1. If the directorate does not com ply w ith the protest or does not com ­
p ly to the extent applied for, then an appeal against its decision is perm issible on ly
subject to article 759.
P a r . 2. Appeals shall b e based only upon—
Mistakes in com putation;
Inadequate consideration of the rebates (art. 712);
Incorrect rates of earnings;
Inaccurate rating in a risk class.
P a r . 3. Protests on account of the last two reasons are not perm issible if the direc­
torate has itself drawn up the wage list or com pleted the same on account of the delay
of the undertaker.

A rticle 759.
If claim s are based on the reasons stated in article 757, paragraph 2, and the
accident association declines to recognize them as w ell founded, it must place the




W O R K M E N ^ INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY.

621

matter before the superior insurance office. The latter shall decide to w hich accident
association the earnings are to be reported and suspends a divergent determ ination of
the contributions even if such determ ination has already becom e effective. An
appeal against the decision of the superior insurance office effects a stay.
A rticle 760.
P aragraph 1. If the contribution is reduced upon the appealing of a claim or upon
protest, then the amount lost is to be included in the assessment for the succeeding
fiscal year.
P a r . 2. Excessive payments are to be returned or to be deducted from the contri­
bution for the succeeding fiscal year.
A rticle 761.
If it develops later that a contribution paid without a protest has been collected
either w holly or partly without right, then the provisions of articles 757 to 760 are
correspondingly applicable.
A rticle 762.
U n collectible contributions shall be charged to the w hole m em bership. They
shall be covered for the tim e being out of the available funds of the accident associa­
tion, or if necessary, out of the reserve, and shall be considered in the assessment of the
succeeding fiscal year.
A rticle 763.
In the case of accident associations to w hich a branch institute is attached the
directorate of the accident association determ ines w hich part of the paym ents called
for b y the highest postal authorities is to be paid b y the accident association and
which part is to be paid b y the branch institute.
A rticle 764.
I

P aragraph 1. The engineering and excavating association shall pay that part w hich
falls upon the accident association itself from its available funds.
P a r . 2. A t th e same tim e it must com pute according to article 731, paragraph 2,
the capitalized value of the burdens w hich have arisen for the association in the pre­
ceding fiscal year and collect the same from its members, together w ith the other
expenditures according to the standard of apportionm ent already determ ined upon.
In such case the provisions concerning the division and join t carrying of burdens, arti­
cles 713 to 716, are to be considered and the advances already collected to be deducted.
P a r . 3. In other matters articles 750 to 763 are applicable.
A rticle 765.
Paragraph 1. If the undertaker of a building operation conducted as a business is
in arrears with the paym ent of contributions and the execution procedure shows that
he is bankrupt, then the local insurance office oil application of the directorate of the
accident association m ay order, with the right to revoke the same, that the person for
whose account the building is done as w ell as subcontractors are in so far liable for the
contributions during one year after their final determ ination, as they have arisen
after the issuance of the order. For such cases the constitution may specify the par­
ticulars in regard to the keeping of wage lists to determ ine the amount of wages for
which the person on whose account the building is being done or the subcontractor is
liable.
P a r . 2. The liability of subcontractors takes precedence of that of the person for
whose account the building work is done.
A rticle 766.
P aragraph 1. An order of this kind must clearly designate the undertaker to whom
it applies, giving his name, residence, and business establishm ent. The order shall
be com m unicated not on ly to him bu t also to the police authorities, both of his resi­
dence and of the seat of his establishm ent if the latter is in a separate place.
P a r . 2. If the em ployer changes his residence or the seat of his establishment then
the p olice officials shall notify the authorities who are com petent for the new place of
residence or seat of the establishment.
P a r . 3. The p olice authorities must, on request, give the parties affected inform ation
concerning the order.




622

BUUDEHN

of

the

bureau

of l a b o r .

A rticle 767.
P aragraph 1. The undertaker must without delay give n otice in writing concerning
the order to the person on whose account the work is done. I f he takes over a contract
lor building work then he niust give notice thereof in advance. Subcontractors must
without delay give inform ation concerning the n otice to the person giving the order.
P a r . 2. W hoever acts contrary to these provisions shall b e punished w ith confine­
m ent in ja il up to.one year; in addition a fine up to 3,000 marks [$714] m ay b e im posed.
I f he has acted negligently he shall b e punished w ith a fine up to 100 marks [$23.80].
T he penalty is on ly im posed if the person giving the order suffers damage as a result
o f the contravention.
A rticle 768.
The local insurance office shall suspend the order w henever it has been proved to it
through certificate of the directorate that the undertaker is no longer in the debt of
the accident association.
A rticle 769.
The superior insurance office decides finally upon appeal against—
Decrees of the local insurance office;
Refusals to issue such decrees;
D ecisions of the local insurance office on the cancellation of the decree.
A rticle 770.
In controversies betw een the accident association and the person on whose account
the bu ildin g work is done or the subcontractors in regard to the lia b ility in such cases
(art. 765)v the superior insurance office (decision cham ber) shall d ecid e; appeal to the
regular courts is not perm itted.
A rticle 771.
A rticles 765 to 770 are correspondingly applicable for establishm ents conducted as
a business engaged in hauling, inland navigation, and inland fishing. In such cases
the proprietor of the apparatus used in the business takes the place of the person on
whose account the building work is done and of the person giving the order. In case
there are several proprietors they are liable as collective debtors.
A rticle 772.
P aragraph 1. T he highest adm inistrative authorities of the federal State m ay
specify that before the beginning of the building work the persons on whose account
th e work is done shall furnish guaranties to the b u ildin g accident association for the
paym ent of the contributions or the premium s.
P a r . 2. T hey shall also specify at the same tim e the com m unes and the building
operations to w hich this provision is applicable.
P a r . 3. For such building operations the bu ildin g perm it shall b e issued on ly if
the accident association certifies that the guaranty has b een provided.
A rticle 773.
The accident association shall determ ine the kind and the amount of the guaranty;
the amount is to be proportioned according to the probable wage paym ents for
the insured bu ildin g workers. The Im perial Insurance O ffice shall issue general
regulations.
A rticle 774.
The person for whose account the building work is done m ay apply for the return of
the guaranties from the accident association w henever the bu ildin g work is carried out
b y building contractors for whom he is not liable (art. 765).
A rticle 775.
The highest adm inistrative authorities may withdraw their regulations (art. 772).
A rticle 776.
In controversies betw een the accident associations and persons for whom building
work is done in the cases m entioned in articles 772 to 775, the superior insurance office
shall decid e; appeal to the regular courts is not perm issible.




w o r k m e n

IV.

's

IN S U R A N C E

CODE O P J U L Y

19, 1911-----G E R M A N Y .

623

TRANSFERRING AMOUNTS TO THE POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT.

.

A rticle 777.

P aragraph 1 W ithin eight weeks after the end of each fiscal year the highest
postal authorities shall report to the directorates of the acciden t associations the pay­
ments made on their account and shall designate the post offices to w hich these
amounts are to b e refunded.
P ar . 2. A fter acknowledgm ent b y the directorates of the acciden t associations of
the amounts dem anded, the highest postal authorities shall n otify the accounting
bureau o f the Im perial Insurance O ffice o f the amounts w hich have been paid in the
preceding fiscal year for each acciden t association.
P a r . 3. The accounting bureau balances the actual amounts w hich are to be
refunded to the Post Office Departm ent.
A rticle 778.
If an accident association does not have to pay an advance to the Post Office Depart­
m ent, then the directorate o f the acciden t association shall transmit the amounts
w hich it has to pay to the Post O ffice Departm ent w ithin three months after the
receipt of the demand to the offices designated therein.

A rticle 779.
Paym ents for com pensation w hich the Post Office Departm ent made in the year
1909 for an acciden t associati.on are to b e treated as the floating d eb t of the latter,
and m ust have 3£ per cen t interest paid thereon, and are to be refunded at the rate
of 3 } per cen t, together w ith the interest saved. The Em pire shall defray two-fifths
o f these amounts o f interest and refunding, w hile the acciden t associations have to
transmit three-fifths to the Post Office Departm ent in Ju ly o f each year, together
w ith the partial amounts of the postal advance then due.

.

A rticle 780.

P aragraph 1 The size of the postal advance and the am ount to be paid according
to article 779 shall be determ ined for each accident association b y the accounting
bureau o f the Im perial Insurance Office, and a statem ent thereof shall be com ­
m unicated to the acciden t associations and to the highest postal authorities.
P a r . 2. For the com putation of the postal advance the highest postal authorities
com m unicate to the accounting bureau the am ount o f the paym ents in the pre­
ceding fiscal year w hich have been authorized b y the directorates o f the acciden t
associations. U ntil the am ount of the new postal advance has been determ ined the
partial amounts shall continue to be paid in the same amounts as heretofore. These
amounts shall be deducted when the new advance has been determ ined upon.
A rticle 781.
I f the claim s of the Post Office Departm ent are not paid punctually b y the accident
associations, then the Im perial Insurance Office, upon application of the Post Office
Departm ent, shall institute proceedings for com pulsory collection .

A rticle 782.
In order to cover the claim s of the Post Office Departm ent the Im perial Insurance
Office shall first make use of the available assets in the treasury o f the acciden t asso­
ciation . In so far as these assets are not sufficient, proceedings for com pulsory collec­
tion against the members of the acciden t association shall be instituted and continued
until the arrears are covered.

Section Seven—B ranch I nstitutes.
I. BRANCH INSTITUTES FOR THE BUILDING TRADES.

1. Establishm ent, scope, and organization .

A rticle 783.
P aragraph 1. Those persons shall be insured in the branch institutes attached to
an acciden t association of persons carrying on building work, who are em ployed in
such work b y the undertaker carrying on building work otherwise than as a business
in the d istrict of the acciden t association (art. 633, par. 2t No. 1).
Par . 2. The same shall be applicable in the case of self-insured undertakers engaged
in such building work.




624

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E

BUREAU

OF L A B O R .

A rticle 784.
The branch institutes m ay n ot undertake other kinds of insurance.
A rticle 785.
In addition to the bu ildin g work for w hich they have been established, the branch
institutes o f the bu ildin g trades acciden t associations m ay have transferred to them
building work on railways, canals, roads, streams, dikes, and other bu ildin g opera­
tions in their district if an undertaker engaged in building work not con du cted as a
business (art. 633, par. 2, No. 1) executes such work and if not more than six working
days are actually covered b y each separate piece of work.
A rticle 786.
The adm inistrative bodies of the accident association shall adm inister the branch
institute if the constitution of the latter does not provide otherwise (art. 794).
A rticle 787.
P aragraph 1. The incom e and expenditures of the branch institute are to be
accounted for separately, and the assets are also to be kept separately.
P ar . 2. A special reserve must b e accum ulated for the branch institute. It m ay
not be used for the purposes of the acciden t association.
A rticle 788.
P aragraph 1. The rest of the property w hich is intended for the branch institute
m ay b e used for the accident association on ly w ith the approval of the Im perial
Insurance O ffice.

P a r . 2. The approval for this purpose may only be granted if the part of the prop­
erty which remains in the branch institute will probably be sufficient to cover perma­
nently the liabilities already outstanding against the branch institute.
A rticle 789.

In so far as it is necessary the accident association must advance out of its own
reserve the funds for the business operation of the branch institute.
A rticle 790.
P aragraph 1. The branch institute must collect for the costs of adm inistration such
sums as are actually required for its separate adm inistration.
P a r . 2. W ith the approval o f the Im perial Insurance Office, a lum p sum m ay in
addition be im posed on it as its share of the join t costs of adm inistration.
A rticle 791.
The branch institute m ust share in the advance w hich the acciden t association has
to make to the Post Office Departm ent (art. 728) according to the proportion of the
com pensation paym ents w hich the Post Office Departm ent in the preceding fiscal
year has paid out for the accident association and for the branch institute.
A rticle 792.
P aragraph 1. The general m eeting of the acciden t association must establish for
the branch institute a constitution of its own.
Par . 2. In the discussions on this subject a representative of the Im perial Insurance
Office m ust be present and, upon his dem and, must be heard at any tim e.
A rticle 793.
The constitution of the branch institute must contain provisions concerning—
1. The obligation to give n otice an the part o f the undertakers designated in
article 633, paragraph 2, No. 1, who wish to insure them selves, as w ell as the
am ount and the com putation o f the annual earnings o f these undertakers;
2. D elim itation o f the rights o f the directorate and o f the general m eeting o f the
acciden t association m the adm inistration of the branch institute;
3. Accum ulation o f the reserve;
4. Drawing up, exam ining, and accepting of the annual balance sheet;
5. Publication o f the annual accounts;
6. Am ending the constitution of the branch institute.




w o r k m en ’s

INSURANCE CODE OP J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY.

625

A r t ic l e 794.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The constitution of the branch institute m ay specify that it shall
b e administered through separate adm inistrative bodies.
Par . 2. In such case it shall also specify the seat of these adm inistrative bodies, their
com position, their districts, and the scope of their rights.

A rticle 795.
The general m eeting of the acciden t association m ay transfer to the directorate of
the acciden t association the delim itation o f the districts o f the separate adm inistrative
bodies and the election of their members,.
A r t ic l e 796.

The constitution of the branch institute and its amendments require the approval
o f the Im perial Insurance Office. I f the approval shall b e refused, the decision senate
shall d ecide the m atter; the reasons for the refusal are to be com m unicated. I f the
approval has been refused, then on appeal the Federal C ouncil shall d ecide.
A r t ic l e 797.

The directorate of the accident association must publish the districts and the com ­
position of the separate adm inistrative bodies in the Reichsanzeiger.
A r t ic l e 798.

The follow ing building operations shall be insured in a branch institute:
1. Those operations m w hich the separate operations actually consum e m ore than
six working days (longer bu ildin g work) to be insured at the expense of the
undertaker (art. 633, par. 2, N o. 1), with the use of fixed premium s according
to the prem ium tariff (arts. 799 to 824);
2. Those operations in w hich the separate operations consum e not more than six
working days (short building w ork), to be insured at the expense of the com ­
munes or of the unions designated in articles 828 to 830 whose district is
covered b y the accident association; the paym ents therefor shall be made
in the form of contributions w hich shall annually b e assessed upon these
comm unes or unions according to the expenditure of the preceding fiscal year.
2 . Insurance at the expense o f the undertakers— Prem ium s.

A rticle 799.
P a r a g r a p h 1. For each month and not later than three days after the expiration
thereof the undertakers of longer building operations must submit a report to the
officials designated b y the highest administrative authorities in Whose district the
building work is carried out concerning the following:
1. The number of working days on which operations were conducted;
2. The paym ents made to the insured persons therefor.
P ar . 2. The Im perial Insurance Office shall prescribe the form of this report.

A rticle 800.
P a r a g r a p h 1. I f this report is not sent in or is incom plete, the authorities shall
make it out or com plete it according to their own knowledge of the conditions.
Par . 2. For this purpose they m ay require those su bject to this provision to give
the inform ation w ithin a specified tim e under penalty of a fine up to 100 marks [$23.80].

A rticle 801.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The authorities must transmit the reports w ithin two weeks after the
expiration of the quarter o f the calendar year through the channels of the local insur­
ance office to the directorate o f the accident association or to the adm inistrative body
of the acciden t association designated b y the latter.
Par . 2. In this connection the authorities (art. 799) must certify that nothing is
known to them concerning the execution of other building work in their district con­
cerning w hich reports should be made.




626

BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.
A r t ic l e 802.

The tariff of premium s must show what unit rate must be paid in premiums for each
one-half mark [11.9 cents] of com putable wages or fraction thereof.
A r t ic l e 803.

I f the accident association graduates the contributions in the risk tariff according to
the class of building work, then the same proportion must also be used for the unit
rates of the premiums.
A r t ic l e 804.
P aragraph 1. The Im perial Insurance Office determ ines in advance the tariff of
remiums at least every five years for each accident association after hearing the
irectorate thereof.
P a r . 2. The following factors shall be used as the basis for this purpose:
Th6 capitalized value of the benefits w hich a branch w ill probably have to pay
on account of accidents in connection w ith longer building operations, based
on an annual average;
The supplem entary charges for the creation of the reserve;
A lum p sum for tne costs of adm inistration of the branch institute w hich are to
be com puted according to the annual average of the preceding tariff period
after deducting the share for shorter building operations (art. 832). The Im pe­
rial Insurance Office shall specify the details in this connection.
P a r . 3. In this connection the interest on the reserve shall be deducted, provided
that according to the constitution of the branch institute the interest does not accrue
to the institute itself.
A r t ic l e 805.

S

The Im perial Insurance Office shall publish the tariff of premiums in the Reichsanzeiger and in the papers w hich are designated for official announcem ents of the highest
or superior adm inistrative authorities in whose district the tariff shall be in force.
A rticle 806.
The tariff shall com e into force not earlier than tw o weeks after its publication.
A rticle 807.
A fter each quarter of the calendar year the directorate of the accident association
shall com pute on the basis of the tariff of premiums and the reports, the prem ium s to
be paid b y each undertaker and shall draw up the assessment roll.
A rticle 808.
I f the earnings of the insured persons per day of building work are low er than the
local wage rate specified for adults in the place of em ploym ent, then the premiums
shall b e com puted according to the latter.
A rticle 809.
Extracts from the assessment roll are to be forwarded to the com m unes with the
request that th ey shall collect the premium s from the undertakers in their district
and w ithin one m onth transmit the same to the com petent adm inistrative b od y of the
accident association after deduction of the postal fee.
A rticle 810.
P aragraph 1. The accident association must grant a fee to the communes for the
collection of the premiums, and the amount of this fee shall b e determ ined b y the
highest adm inistrative authorities acting in agreement with the Im perial Insurance
Office.
P a r . 2. No fee shall b e granted for a com m une’ s own building operations.
A rticle 811.
For those premiums w hich the communes can not prove are actually lost or are
im possible o f collection b y com pulsory execution, the communes are liable and must
forward them in advance.




W O RKM EN

INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY.

627

A r t ic l e 812.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The extract from the assessment roll must contain statements w hich
w ill enable the person required to pay the premiums to verify the com putation thereof.
P a r . 2. If it is afterward shown that the report of earnings was incorrect then the
same regulations shall b e applicable for the premiums as in the case of contributions
due the accident association (arts. 756 and 757).
A r t ic l e 813.

-h

The communal authority shall make the extract available for inspec• .is affected, for two weeks, and shall make known the beginning o f the
i. ^
-saner customary in the locality.
JL A i t . A .
x o x v /J r m ay also forward the extract to the persons affected instead of leaving
it open for inspection.
A r t ic l e 814.
The persons required to make payments m ay make protest against the com putation
of the premiums to the directorate of the accident association or to the other com ­
petent adm inistrative bod y (art. 794) w ithin two weeks after the expiration of the
period stated in article 813, paragraph 1, or after the delivery thereof; the person
required to make paym ent, however, is obliged to pay the same for the tim e being.
In such cases article 757, paragraph 2, and article 759, are correspondingly applicable.
A r t ic l e 815.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Subject to article 814, sentence 2, the protest m ay on ly be based
upon the follow ing:
Mistakes in com putation.
Incorrect statement of wages.
Incorrect use of the tariff of premiums.
The assertion that no obligation for the paym ent of premiums exists.
P a r . 2. The protest m ay not be based upon incorrect statement of earnings if the
authority has itself drawn up the same or com pleted it because of the failure of the
person obligated to make such report.
A r t ic l e 816.

Against the decision issued b y the superior insurance office upon appeal, further
appeal is perm issible on ly if the appellant shows that he is not obligated to make
paym ents of premiums.
A r t ic l e 817.
If it later develops that an amount paid without protest was collected either w holly
or in part in correctly, then articles 814 to 816 shall be correspondingly applicable.
A rticle 818.
Premiums w hich m ay not be collected are, in case of need, to be covered out of
the reserve of the branch institute and are to be considered in determ ining the next
tariff of premiums.
A rticle 819.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The owner of a building is liable for a period of one year for the
premiums and other paym ents of bankrupt undertakers after the obligation has been
finally determ ined.
P a r . 2. The lia b ility of the subcontractors takes precedence of that of the building
owner. *
A r t ic l e 820.

In case the building owner has given security to the accident association according
to official regulations of the State authorities (art. 772), then the association is also
liable for the premiums and other paym ents w hich tne building owner must pay
according to article 798, num ber 1, as an undertaker, or must pay according to article
819 on account of bankm pt undertakers.




628

BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOK.
A rticle 821.

If controversies arise betw een the accident association (branch institute) and bu ild­
ing owners or subcontractors in regard to the liability, then the superior insurance
office (decision cham ber) shall decide; appeal to the regular courts is not perm issible.
A r t ic l e 822.

The accident association m ay not demand on behalf of the branch institute any
payments from the undertakers except premiums, fines, and costs, w hich are to be
collected in accordance w ith this law.
A r t ic l e 823.
P a r a g r a p h 1. If communes, unions of comm unes, p u b lic corporations, and other
building owners regularly carry out building operations w ithout making use of other
undertakers, then upon their application a lum p sum based on the average annual
num ber of working days can be determ ined upon in place of the earnings according to
w hich premiums are to be com puted.
P a r . 2. A t the same tim e the date when the premiums are to be paid must be deter*
m ined.
P a r . 3. In such cases the provisions concerning m onthly reports (arts. 799 to 801)
and the quarterly com putation and the collection of the premiums (arts. 807 to 811)
are not applicable.
A r t ic l e 824.

W henever the share of the branch institute in the amounts w hich are to be paid to
the Post Office Department arise from accident caused b y longer building operations,
the funds for the replacem ent thereof shall be taken from the available cash in pre­
miums.
3. Insurance at the cost o f com m unes.
A rticle 825.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The funds for covering amounts paid for com pensation and costs of
adm inistration w hich accrued to a branch institute on account of accidents in short
building operations shall be raised b y annual assessment upon the com m unes in pro­
portion to the population in the districts included in the acciden t association.
P a r . 2. If the branch institute has participated in the advance of the acciden t
association to the Post Office Department, then on this account an advance m ay b e
assessed upon the communes equal in amount to the contributions of the preceding
fiscal year.
P a r . 3. Beginning with the fiscal year w hich follow s the last census, the num ber o f
inhabitants officially determ ined b y it shall be used as a basis.
A r t ic l e 826.

A n extract from the assessment roll is to be forwarded to the communes w ith a
request for the paym ent of the amount determ ined upon w ithin tw o weeks under
penalty of com pulsory collection .
A r t ic l e 827.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The extract must contain statements w hich w ill enable those ob li­
gated to make the paym ent to verify the com putation.
P a r . 2. Protests and appeals are subject to the same provisions as in the case of the
accident association (art. 757, par. 1, arts. 758, 760, and 761); however, protests are
permissible only if they are based upon mistakes in computation or upon errors in the
statement of the population.
A r t ic l e 828.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The highest adm inistrative authority m ay decree that unions o f
communes m ay take the place of the communes or in specified districts several com ­
munes m ay join tly assume the costs w hich accrue to them on account of the accident
insurance w ith the branch institute.
P a r . 2. This authority shall specify at the same time how such unions shall be repre­
sented and administered and shall specify the principles upon which the joint cost is
to be apportioned to the individual communes.




w o rkm en 's

INSURANCE CODE OP JULY 19, 1911-----GERMANY.

629

A r t ic l e 829.

The highest adm inistrative authority m ay in addition provide that adm inistrative
districts shall take the place of the communes in the assessment and in such case how
the amount assessed shall be apportioned to the individual comm unes.
A r t ic l e 830.

P aragraph 1. In so far as the highest adm inistrative authority has not issued such
regulations the comm unes may unite them selves on their own initiative for taking over
the costs w hich accrue to them on account of accidents in short building operations.
P a r . 2. T hey shall at the same tim e specify how the union is to be represented and
adm inistered. The union must have the approval of the highest adm inistrative
authority.
A r t ic l e 831.
The decrees and the agreements of these unions (arts. 828 to 830) are to be com m u­
nicated to the accident associations affected and to the Im perial Insurance Office.
A rticle 832.
The amount of the costs of administration w hich are to be assessed upon the com ­
munes and the unions shall be determ ined in a corresponding manner as m the case of
insurance at the cost of the undertaker (art. 804).
A rticle 833.
W ithin the individual communes or unions of communes the costs arising out of the
insurance of short building operations shall be collected in the same way as communal
taxes.
A rticle 834.
P aragraph 1. The State laws or legal enactments of the individual communes or
of a union of com m unes can specify another standard of apportionm ent and especially
specify that the owners of land or buildings shall bear the cost.
P a r . 2. Legal provisions of this kind shall require the approval of the superior
adm inistrative authority.
A rticle 835.
The communes or other unions have no claim to the reserve of the branch institute
on account of the costs w hich accrue to them through the insurance of short building
operations.
H. BRANCH INSTITUTES FOR THE KEEPING OF RIDING ANIMALS AND CONVEYANCES.

A rticle 836.
P aragraph 1. Those persons shall be insured in the branch institute w hich is at­
tached to an accident association of undertakers of establishments engaged in hauling or
inland navigation as a business who are em ployed in the district of the acciden t asso­
ciation in establishments for the keeping of riding animals or conveyances not con­
ducted as a business (art. 537, Nos. 6 and 7).
P a r . 2. The same rule applies in the case of self-insured undertakers in such activi­
ties.
P a r . 3. In the case of conveyances on water these activities shall be insured in the
branch institute of the accident associations for inland navigation; in other cases in
the branch institute of the A ccident association for hauling establishments conducted
as a business: Provided , That the Federal Council does not enact other provisions in
accordance with article 629, paragraph 2.
A rticle 837.
P aragraph 1. The general m eeting of the accident association m ay provide that
instead of one several branch institutes m ay be created for individual areas of their
district.
P a r . 2. Such provisions shall require the approval of the Im perial Insurance
O ffice; they are to be published in the Reichsanzeiger.
18544°— N o. 96— 12----- 19




630

B U L L E T IN

OF T H E B U R E A U

OF L A B O R .

A r t ic l e 838.

In the branch institutes insurance at the cost of the undertakers (art. 633, par. 2,
N o. 2) shall be for premiums according to a tariff of premium s.
A r t ic l e 839.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The undertakers must make a report for each quarter of a calendar
year and not later than three days after the expiration thereof to the authority in
whose district the activities are carried on, and who shall be specified b y the highest
adm inistrative authority, concerning the follow ing subjects:
1. The working days on w hich operations were con ducted;
2. T hepaym ents made to the insured persons therefor.
P a r . 2. The Im perial Insurance Office shall prescribe the form for the report.
P a r . 3. Persons neglecting to make such reports shall be proceeded against as in
the case of the branch institutes for building work (art. 800).

A rticle 840.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The authority shall, w ithin two weeks after the expiration of the
quarter of the calendar year transmit these reports through the channels of the local
insurance office to the directorate of the acciden t association or the adm inistrative
b ody of the acciden t association designated b y the latter.
P a r . 2. In connection therewith the authority (art. 839) shall certify that nothing
further has becom e known to them concerning the keeping of riding animals or vehicles
(art. 537, numbers 6 and 7) not conducted as a business, in their district.
A r t ic l e 841.

The tariff of prem ium s must show what unit rate of premium s must be paid for each
one-half mark [11.9 cents] or fraction thereof of com putable earnings.
A r t ic l e 842.
P a r a g r a p h 1. In other matters the provisions for branch institutes for building
work (arts. 784, 786 to 797, 803 to 818, and 822 to 824) shall be applicable for these
branch institutes.
P a r . 2. I f an insurance association takes the place of a branch institute then articles
647, 648, and 736 shall be applicable to it, and the provisions for branch institutes
contained in articles 803 to 818, 822 to 824, 836, paragraphs 1 and 2, and articles 838
to 841, shall be correspondingly applicable. The insurance association must also
accum ulate a reserve.

S ection E ight .— A dditional I nstitutions .
A rticle 843.
T he acciden t associations m ay create institutions for—
1. Insurance against lia b ility for undertakers (art. 633) and persons of lik e
status.
2. Funds providing subsidies to pensions and funds for retirem ent pensions for
establishm ent officials, members of the acciden t association, insured persons,
officials of the accident associations, and the relatives of these persons.
3. The procuring of em ploym ent for persons injured b y accident.
A r t ic l e 844.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The acciden t association shall be the carrier of these institutions.

P a r . 2. Participation in these institutions is voluntary.
A r t ic l e 845.

Decisions of the general m eeting of the accident association:
Concerning institutions of the kind designated in article 843, Nos. 1 and 2, and
the by-law s thereof, must have the approval of the Federal Council.
Institutions of the kind designated in article 843, N o. 3, must have the approval
of the Im perial Insurance Office.




w o r k m e n 's

INSURANCE CODE OF JULY 19, 1911-----GERMANY.

631

A r t ic l e 846.

The supervision of these institutions shall be adm inistered b y the Im perial Insurance
Office.
A rticle 847.
P a r a g r a p h 1 . A cciden t associations may unite to form such institutions in
com m on.
P a r . 2. The agreement of union may only becom e effective at the beginning of a
fiscal year.
P a r . 3. For the approval of such unions article 845 shall be correspondingly
applicable.
Section N in e .— A ccident P revention — Supervision .
I. REGULATIONS POR ACCIDENT PREVENTION.

A rticle 848.
P a r a g r a p h 1 . The accident associations are obliged to issue the necessary regula­
tions concerning—
1. The arrangements and orders w hich the members are required to provide for
the prevention of accidents in their establishments.
2. The rules of conduct w hich the insured persons must observe for the prevention
of accidents in the establishments.
P a r . 2. Regulations for the prevention of accidents may also be issued for individual
districts, branches of industry, and kinds of establishments.
P a r . 3. In these regulations it must be specified in what manner they are to be
made known to the insured persons.
P a r . 4. If workmen are em ployed in an establishm ent who are not fam iliar with
the German language then the regulations for the prevention of accidents and the
decrees of the m ining inspection w hich replace them are to be made in another lan­
guage: Provided , That together 25 persons speak such language.

A rticle 849.
If establishm ents belong to an accident association and these establishments because
of their nature should have been apportioned to another acciden t association (arts.
540, 542, 631, and 632), then regulations for the prevention of accidents shall be
issued for these establishments w hich correspond to the regulations of those accident
associations to w hich the establishments because of their nature should have belonged.
A r t ic l e 850.

A n appropriate period of tim e is to be allow ed to the members in order to institute
the arrangements prescribed for the prevention of accidents.
A r t ic l e 851.

Violations b y the members of these regulations m ay be punished w ith fines up to
1,000 marks [$238], b y the insured persons with fines up to 6 marks [$1.43].
A r t ic l e 852.

A draft of the regulations is to be transmitted to the Im perial Insurance Office. If
the acciden t association is divided into sections, the directorates of the sections
affected must in advance render an opinion upon the draft.
A r t ic l e 853.
P a r a g r a p h 1. In the preparation and final decision upon these regulations the
directorate of the acciden t association must call in representatives of the insured
persons who shall have the fu ll right to vote thereon and shall have the same num ber
of votes as the members of the directorate participating.
P a r . 2. The same shall be correspondingly applicable for opinions in regard to
protective regulations issued on the basis of article 120e, paragraph 2, of the Industrial
Code.




632

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

A rticle 854.
The directorate of the acciden t association must in vite the Im perial Insurance
Office to the sessions in w hich the draft of the regulations is to be prepared and decided
upon.
A rticle 855.
In case regulations for the prevention of accidents or protective regulations on the
basis of 120e, paragraph 2, of the Industrial Code are applicable for individual sections
only, then the directorates of these sections shall call in the insured persons for the
purpose of securing their opinion. In such cases article 853, paragraph 1, shall be
correspondingly applicable.
A rticle 856.
The draft of the regulations is to be com m unicated to the representatives of the
insured persons at the same tim e that the invitation is sent for the m eeting in w hich
the regulations are to be discussed, or considered, or decided upon.
A rticle 857.
Once each year the directorate, w hich shall call in at the same tim e representatives
of the insured persons (art. 853, par. 1) shall take cognizance of the reports of the
technical supervisory officials and shall suggest measures w hich seem required for the
im provem ent of the regulations for the prevention of accidents. In such cases article
854 is applicable.
A rticle 858.
P aragraph 1. Representatives of the insured persons shall be elected from the
associates of the superior insurance office in whose district the acciden t association
or the section has members. Those associates of the superior insurance office on ly
are entitled to election , how ever, who are com petent to act as representatives of the
insured persons and do not belong within the scope of the agricultural accident insur­
ance or the navigation accident insurance.
P a r . 2. The m ining accident association m ay in its constitution provide that the
representatives of the insured persons must be elders of the miners. If this provision
is enacted the representatives of the insured persons shall be elected from the elders
of the m iners’ associations and miners’ funds affected.
A rticle 859.
As representatives of the insured persons on ly those are eligible who are them selves
insured according to this law against accident and are em ployed in an establishm ent
w hich belongs to an accident association. In other respects article 12 is applicable.
A rticle 860.
P aragraph 1. The Im perial Insurance Office shall issue the election rules.
P a r . 2. A representative of this office shall conduct the election.
A rticle 861.
For each representative of the insured persons a first and a second alternate must
be elected. The alternate shall take his place if he is prevented from perform ing his
duties and replace him for the remainder of his term of office if he leaves before this
tim e, in the order according to w hich the election results.
A rticle 862.
The Im perial Insurance Office shall decide controversies concerning the validity
of the election.
A r t ic l e 863.

The chairman of the directorate shall determ ine the allowance (art. 21) for the repre­
sentatives of the insured persons.




w o r k m en 's

INSURANCE CODE OP JUD Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY.

633

A r t ic l e 864.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The regulations for the prevention of accidents must have the
approval of the Im perial Insurance O ffice; the decision senate shall decide thereon.
P a r . 2. The m inutes of the proceedings of the directorates must accom pany the
application for the approval. The minutes must show how the representatives of the
insured persons have voted; they must further contain an opinion of the directorates
of the sections affected.
A r t ic l e 865.
P a r a g r a p h 1. A n opportunity must be given to the highest adm inistrative author­
ities affected to express an opinion before the approval is granted.
P a r . 2. Regulations for the prevention of accidents applying to establishments
which are subject to the mining inspection may be approved only if the highest admin­
istrative authority acquiesces.
A r t ic l e 866.

E ven if the regulations for the prevention of accidents or parts thereof do not apply
solely to individual sections, the Im perial Insurance Office m ay order that the direc­
torates of the sections shall call in the representatives of the insured persons to secure
their opinion before granting its approval.
A r t ic l e 867.

If the general meeting of the accident association amends the decisions w hich the
directorate and the representatives of the insured persons have made, then the Im pe­
rial Insurance Office shall specify whether the directorate, together w ith the repre­
sentatives of the insured persons, shall again discuss and decide upon this matter.
A r t ic l e 868.

If the Im perial Insurance Office makes its approval dependent on the amendment
of the regulations, then it shall also specify whether the representatives of the insured
persons shall be called in for discussion and for final decision.
A r t ic l e 869.

The directorate of the accident association must com m unicate the regulations to the
superior adm inistrative authorities whose districts are affected.
A r t ic l e 870.

The directorate of the accident association is authorized to determ ine the fines
im posed upon members of the accident association, and the local insurance office
(decision com m ittee) for those im posed upon insured persons. The superior insurance
office (decision cham ber) shall decide upon appeal against the im position of fines b y
the directorate of the accident association.
A r t ic l e 871.

Those decrees w hich the State officials have issued for specified branches of industry
or kinds of establishments for the prevention of accidents, must, in advance, b e com ­
m unicated to the directorates of the accident associations or o f the sections for their
opinions, provided that there is no risk in the delay. In such cases the representa­
tives of the insured persons are to be called in in the same manner as in the discussion
of the regulations for the prevention of accidents.
A r t ic l e 872.

The p olice authorities must com m unicate to the accident association affected those
orders w hich they enact for the prevention of accidents according to article 120d, para­
graph 1, of the Industrial Code.
A r t ic l e 873.
W henever the matter concerns the issuance of regulations for the prevention of
accidents w hich at the same tim e are intended to assure the safe operation of railways,
then articles 852 to 856, 866 to 868, 871, and 872 are not applicable.




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OF L A B O R .

n. SUPERVISION.
A rticle 874.
The accident associations must provide for the execution or the regulations for
the prevention of accidents.
A rticle 875.
The accident associations are authorized, and upon demand of the Im perial Insur­
ance O ffice, are obligated to appoint technical supervisory officials in sufficient num­
ber to supervise the carrying out of the regulations for the prevention of accidents and
to take cognizance of the arrangements of the establishm ents in so far as this is of
im portance in regard to mem bership in the accident association or for the classification
in the risk classes. For such officials those persons m ay also be appointed who have
form erly belonged to the insured establishments as workm en.
A rticle 876.
In order to verify the wage reports w hich have been handed in , the acciden t asso­
ciations m ay inspect, through their accounting officials, those books and lists from
w hich the num ber oi workmen and officials em ployed and the am ount of the wages
earned are com puted.
A rticle 877.
The business of the technical official and of the accounting official m ay, w ith the
approval of the Im perial Insurance Office, be united in one person.
A rticle 878.
The undertakers are obligated to perm it the technical supervisory officials of their
accident association to enter the place of their business during business hours and are
obligated to lay before the accounting officials the books and lists (art. 876) in such
place.
A rticle 879.
P aragraph 1. The Im perial Insurance Office m ay force the undertakers to com ply
with their duties arising out of article 878 upon the application of any person partici­
pating in the supervision, b y the im position of fines up to 300 marks [$71.40].
P a r . 2. The superior insurance office decides finally upon appeal.
A rticle 880.
The undertaker m ay demand special experts instead of the technical supervisory
officials if he fears, on account o f the latter’s inspection, some damage to his trade
secrets or other injury to his business activities.
A rticle 881.
P aragraph 1. In such cases the undertaker must, as soon as possible, designate to
the directorate of the accident association several persons who are com petent and
ready to inspect the establishm ent at his expense and to give the acciden t association
the necessary inform ation.
P a r . 2. The Im perial Insurance Office shall decide, upon request, if the parties
can not agree in the matter.
A rticle 882.
The local insurance office of the place of residence shall p u t under oath the members
of the adm inistrative bodies of tne accident associations, the technical supervisory
and accounting officials, as w ell as the special experts, to keep secret all matters w hich
becom e known to them through the supervision of the establishments or through the
exam ination of the books or lists, as w ell as not to make an unauthorized use of business
and trade secrets.
A rticle 883.
' P aragraph 1. The directorate of the accidents association must report the name
and residence of the technical supervisory and accounting officials to the superior
adm inistrative authorities affected.




W O R K M E N 'S

IN S U R A N C E

C O D E OF J U L Y

19, 1911---- G E R M A N Y .

635

P a r . 2. The directorate must make reports to the Im perial Insurance Office con­
cerning the activities of the technical supervisory officials and, upon request, to the
State supervisory officials (art. 139b of the Industrial Code).
A r t ic l e 884.
P a r a g r a p h 1. If the supervisory official of the acciden t association has received
inform ation concerning orders w hich the State officials have issued for the prevention
of accidents, then he m ay not give orders in con flict therewith.
P a r . 2. If, however, he believes a conflicting order necessary or considers an order
of the State officials inconsistent w ith a regulation for the prevention of accidents, he
shall report thereon to the directorate of the accident association. The latter may
then call upon the superior officers of the State officials.

A rticle 885.
P a r a g r a p h 1. If the State supervisory official considers orders of the acciden t
association as conflicting or inconsistent with the regulations for the prevention of
accidents, then the official shall com m unicate the fact to the directorate or the accident
association.
P a r . 2. If the directorate considers the protest unfounded, it m ay call upon the
superior officers of the State officials.
A r t ic l e 886.

The directorate of the accident association must transmit to the Im perial Insurance
O ffice inform ation concerning all proceedings w hich concern differences of opinion
betw een the two sets of supervisory official.
A rticle 887.
If on account of the negligence of an undertaker the accident association incurs cash
expenditures on account of the supervision of his establishm ent or on account of the
exam ination of his books and lists then the directorate m ay charge these costs to the
undertaker and in addition im pose upon him fines up to 100 marks [$23.80]. The
costs shall also be collected in tne same manner as com m unal taxes.
A r t ic l e 888.

W ith the consent of the association and under an agreement as to the costs the local
insurance office may assist the accident association in regard to the supervision of
those receiving pensions. In this matter the decision com m ittee shall decide. If the
com m ittee declines then on appeal the superior insurance office shall decide finally.
A rticle 889.
The undertakers are required to perm it the permanent members of the Im perial
Insurance Office authorized b y the Im perial Insurance Office to enter their places
of work during the hours of operation, in order to determ ine the adm inistration and
effect of the regulations for the prevention of accidents w hich have been issued (art.
848). The Im perial Insurance Office m ay enforce the com pliance of this obligation
through fines up to 300 marks [$71.40].I.
III. SPECIAL PROVISIONS POR BUILDING OPERATIONS AND FOR THE KEEPING OF RIDING
ANIMALS AND CONVEYANCES.

A rticle 890.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Regulations for the prevention of accidents are also to be issued for
activities in connection w ith building operations not carried on as a business and for
the keeping of riding animals and conveyances not carried on as a business (art. 537.
Nos. 6 and 7).
P a r . 2. That accident association is competent in whose branch institute the per­
sons employed in such activities are insured. If they are insured in an insurance
association, then the latter is competent.




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OF L A B O R .

A rticle 891.
Paragraph

1. Subject to the follow ing provisions, articles 848 to 889 shall be

applicable also for these activities.
F a r . 2. In case of violations of th e regulations for the prevention of accidents, fines
up to 100 marks [$23.80] may be im posed on the undertakers of short building opera­
tions.
P a r . 3. In an insurance association, the representatives of the insured persons are
elected from the associates of the superior insurance office over whose districts the
accident association or section extends; in this case article 858, paragraph 1, sentence
2, shall be applicable.
S ection T e n .— E stablishments

and

A ctivities

for

the

A ccount

of

P ublic

B o d ie s .
A r t ic l e 892.

.

P a r a g r a p h 1 If the Em pire or a federal State is a carrier of the insurance, then
it shall take the place of the accident association and assume the rights and duties of
the adm inistrative bodies of the accident association through adm inistrative authori­
ties. For the m ilitary adm inistration, the latter shall be specified b y the highest
m ilitary adm inistrative authority of the division of the army, for the other adm inis­
trations of the Em pire, the im perial chancellor, and for the State adm inistration, the
highest adm inistrative authority.
F a r . 2. The same rule shall be applicable for comm unes, unions of communes,
.and other pu blic bodies w hich are earners of the insurance. The highest administra­
tive authority shall specify the officials for the execution hereof.

.
adm inistrative authorities.
Paragraph

A rticle 893.

1 The Im perial Insurance Office shall be inform ed concerning the

P a r . 2. The administrative authorities already authorized shall continue to act.
A

r t ic l e

8 94 .

If the Em pire, the federal State, the comm une, the union of com m unes, or another
p u blic corporation, is a carrier of the insurance, then the follow ing articles are not
applicable:
The provisions relating to changes in the status of the acciden t association (arts.
635 to 648);
The provisions in regard to the constitution of the accident association contained
in articles 649 to 720;
The regulations concerning supervision (arts. 722 to 725);
T he provisions concerning the collection of funds as w ell as concerning the pro­
cedure in regard to assessments and collections (arts. 731 to 776);
The provisions in regard to transferring amounts to the Post Office Departm ent
in articles 781 and 782;
The provisions concerning branch institutes (arts. 783 to 842);
The provisions in regard to additional institutions (arts. 843 to 847);
The provisions in regard to accident prevention and supervision m articles 848
to 887, and 889 to 891;
The penal provisions in articles 908 to 910, 912 and 913.
A rticle 895.
W hoever designates the adm inistrative authorities shall also issue the adm inistrative
regulations in order to execute the provisions of this section.
A r t ic l e 896.

The adm inistrative provisions m ay extend the insurance obligation to establish­
m ent officials w ith annual earnings of more than 5,000 marks [$1,190], in so far as the
latter are not exem pt from insurance according to article 554.
A rticle 897.
P a r a g r a p h 1. If the adm inistrative authority in order to prevent accidents wants
to issue regulations w ith penal provisions covering insured persons, then n ot less than
three representatives of the insured persons shall be called in for discussion and advice.




W O R K M E N 'S INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911—G E R M A N Y .

637

P a r . 2. A representative of the authority shall conduct the discussion; he m ay not
be the im m ediate official superior of the representatives just m entioned.
P a r . 3. In so far as the matter concerns the issuing of regulations which are intended
to assure the safe operation of railways, the above is not applicable.
Section E le ve n .— L iability

op

U ndertakers

and

T heir R epresentatives .

I. LIABILITY TO INJURED PERSONS AND SURVIVORS.

A rticle 898.
The undertaker (art. 633) is liable to injured persons and their survivors (art. 588 to
594) even if they have no claim to a pension, according to other legal provisions for
the com pensation of injuries w hich an accident of the kind designated in articles
544 and 546 has caused, only if it has been determ ined b y the penal decision that he has
purposely caused the accident. The liability of the undertaker is then lim ited to the
am ount b y w hich such com pensation exceeds that of the acciden t insurance.
A rticle 899.
The same rule is applicable in the case of com pensation claim s of injured persons
and their survivors against the authorized agents or representatives of the establish­
m ent and against the overseers of the establishment ana of the workm en.
A rticle 900.
The claim may also be made valid if on account of the death, absence, or ot a cause
other than that w hich rests in the person of the one obligated, no penal decision has
been delivered.
A rticle 901.
P aragraph 1. If the regular court must decide in regard to such claim s, then the
court is bound b y the decision w hich has been delivered in a procedure according to
this law, as to the follow ing points:
W hether an accident w nich entitles to com pensation has occurred;
T o what extent and b y what carrier of the insurance, the com pensation is to be
granted.
P a r . 2. T he regular court shall suspend its procedure until the decision in the pro­
cedure according to this law has been rendered. This, how ever, does not apply to
arrests and acts for the tim e being.
A rticle 902.
Instead of the person entitled to the com pensation, the undertakers or persons o f
lik e status according to article 899, from whom the injured person or his survivors
dem and com pensation for injuries, m ay apply for the determ ination of the compensa­
tion according to this law , and m ay also make use of legal rem edies. The lapse of
tim e lim its w hich, w ithout their fault, have expired, shall not act against them ; this
shall not apply for tim e lim its of procedure in so far as the undertaker or person of lik e
status according to article 899 shall him self conduct the procedure.
H. LIABILITY TO ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, SICK FUNDS, ETC.

A rticle 903.
P a r a g r a p h 1. If it is determ ined b y a penal decision that the undertaker or
person of lik e status according to article 899 has caused the acciden t either purposely
or negligently through failure to observe such care to w hich they are especially ob li­
gated on account of their office, occupation, or industry, then they are liable for every­
thing w hich the com m unes, poor law unions, sick funds, m iners’ associations, miners’
funds, substitute funds, and funeral or other relief funds have had to expend because
of the acciden t according to the law or constitution. Instead of the pension the
capitalized value thereof m ay b e dem anded.
P a r . 2. T hey are also liable—
I f it has been determ ined b y the penal decision that in the direction or execu­
tion of a bu ildin g operation they have acted contrary to the generally recog­
nized rules in building w ork;
I f the acciden t has been caused through such violations.




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OF L A B O R .

P a r . 3. The provisions of article 900 in regard to lia b ility w ithout determ ination
b y penal decision are also applicable for these claim s.
P a r . 4. Undertakers and persons of equal status according to article 899 are liable
to the accident association for its expenditures, even if there has been no determ ination
b y penal decision.
A r t ic l e 904.
P a r a g r a p h 1. For accidents caused b y the persons named below , the follow ing
bodies are liable as undertakers, if the persons so named have perform ed duties belong­
in g to them ; the bodies liable and the persons for whom lia b ility attaches are—
1. A stock com pany, m utual insurance association, a registered cooperative so­
ciety, a guild, or other legal person, for a member of the directorate;
2. A com pany w ith lim ited lia b ility , for a business director;
3. A ny other business corporation, for a partner who is authorized to conduct
the business;
4. In the case of the liquidation of a business corporation, a m utual insurance
association, a registered cooperative society, a guild, or other legal person,
for one of the liquidators.
P a r . 2. This provision is correspondingly applicable for the Em pire, federal States,
com m unes, unions of comm unes, as w ell as other corporations, foundations, and insti­
tutions created^by p u b lic law.
A r t ic l e 905.
P a r a g r a p h 1. If the accident has been brought about negligently throjigh failure
to observe that care, to w hich the undertaker and persons of equal status (art. 899)
because of their office, occupation, or industry are especially obligated, then the gen­
eral m eeting of the accident association m ay refrain from m aking a claim for the
acciden t association.
P a r . 2. The constitution may transfer this right to the directorate.
A r t ic l e 906.

.

P a r a g r a p h 1 If the directorate desires to make a claim for reim bursem ent it shall
com m unicate in writing its decision to the person liable to make reim bursem ent.
T he latter m ay then appeal w ithin one month to the general m eeting of the accident
association.
P a r . 2. If the person to make reimbursement appeals within this time to the
general meeting of the accident association, suit may be instituted only after the
decision of the latter, and in other cases only after the expiration of one month with
a notification.
A r t ic l e 907.
P a r a g r a p h 1. Such claim s lapse in 18 months after the day on w hich the penal
decision has becom e effective. In those cases in w hich no penal decision is required
th ey lapse w ithin one year after the legal and effective determ ination of the obligation
to com pensation on the part of the accident association, b u t at the latest w ithin 5 years
after the accident. If file general m eeting of the acciden t association is appealed to,
such action shall act as a stay to the expiration. A new period of expiration m ay on ly
then begin, if the general m eeting of the acciden t association has made a decision
or if the appeal has been decided otherwise.
P a r . 2. The provisions of article 901, paragraph 1, in regard to the regular courts
being bound to follow the decision, are also applicable for these claims.
S e c t io n T w e l v e .— P e n a l P r o v i s i o n s .
A r t ic l e 908.

Under a proviso that the undertaker was aware of the inaccuracy of the state­
m ents or must have known under the circum stances, the directorate of the accident
association m ay im pose fines upon em ployers up to 500 marks [$119]—
1. If on the basis of the law or of the constitution they have transm itted reports
for the com putation of contributions or premiums or for the classification in
risk classes w hich contained actually incorrect statements;
2. If in the report of the establishm ent (art. 653) a later date is stated as the tim e
of the opening of the establishm ent or of the beginning of the insurance obli­
gation than m at date on w hich the establishm ent was opened or becam e
subject to the insurance.




w o r k m en 's

IN S U R A N C E

CODE

OP J U L Y

19, 1911-----G E R M A N Y .

639-

A rticle 909.
The directorate of the accident association m ay in addition im pose fines not to
exceed 300 marks [$71.40] on the undertakers if they do not com ply in due tim e w ith
the obligation—
1. T o report the establishment and changes in the establishm ent, as also to post
placards in the establishm ent;
2. T o keep and preserve wage lists (wage books);
3. T o transmit wage reports and the reports for the com putation of premium s;
4. T o com ply w ith the provisions of the constitution m regard to the shutting
down of an establishm ent and to a change of the undertaker.
A rticle 910.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The superior insurance office (decision cham ber) shall decide finally
upon appeals against the determ ination of fines b y the directorate of the accident
associations.
P a r . 2. The decision chamber shall decide, though not finally, in the cases men­
tioned in articles 870 and 887 as well as of article 891 in connection with these pro­
visions.
A rticle 911.

Undertakers or their em ployees who purposely deduct contributions or premiums,
either w holly or partly, from earnings or deliberately bring about the same, shall be
punished w ith fines up to 300 marks [$71.40] or with im prisonm ent, if a severer penalty
nas not been incurred according to other legal provisions.
A rticle 912.
W henever on the basis of this law the undertaker is liable to penalties the follow ­
ing' persons shall b e considered as having the same status:
1. The members of the directorate, if a stock com pany, m utual insurance associ­
ation, registered cooperative society, guild, or other legal person is an under­
taker;
2. T he business manager, if an association with lim ited lia b ility is an undertaker;
3. A ll copartners personally liable, provided that they are not exclu ded from
representation, if another form of business corporation is the undertaker;
4. T he legal representatives of undertakers not legally com petent to transact
business, or partially so, as w ell as liquidators of a business corporation, a
m utual insurance association, a registered cooperative society, a guild, or any
other legal person.
A rticle 913.
P a r a g r a p h 1. The undertaker may transfer the duties laid upon him on the basis
of this law to business managers; in so far as the matter does not relate to arrangements
founded on regulations for the prevention of accidents, he m ay also transfer the duties
to a supervisory staff or other officials of his establishm ent.
P a r . 2. If such representatives act in violation of those regulations w hich im pose a
penalty upon the undertaker, then the penalty shall apply to them . In addition to
them the em ployer m ay be penalized in the follow ing cases:
1. If the violation has taken place w ith his know ledge;
2. If in the selection or supervision of his representatives he has not observed
the required care in the transaction; in these cases no other penalty than a
fine m ay be im posed upon the undertaker.
P a r . 3. If the fines which have been imposed b y the directorate of the accident
association can not b e collected from the representatives, then the employer is liable
in their place. His liability is to be specified in fixing the penalty.

A rticle 914.
In the case of insured persons, the fines im posed upon them shall b e paid in to the
sick fund if the person penalized belongs at the tim e of the violation to a sick fund;
otherwise, it sha! 1 b e paid in to the general local sick fund of his place of em ploym ent,
and where such fund does not exist, then in to the rural sick fund. The same shall
also apply to fines w hich adm inistrative authorities im pose upon insured persons
(art. 897).




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OF T H E B U R E A U

OF L A BO R.

PART TW O .
A G R ICU LTU R A L ACCIDEN T IN SU RAN CE.
Section On e .— Scope

of the

I nsurance .

A r t ic l e 915.

P aragraph 1. Agricultural establishments (art. 161) are subject to the accident
insurance.
P a r . 2. The Im perial Insurance Office may specify what branches of industry
are considered as agricultural establishments.
A rticle 916.
P a r a g r a p h 1. If the agricultural undertaker carries on work on his own land or
on the land of others for his own agricultural establishm ent w ithout transferring
this work to another undertaker, then the follow ing shall be considered as parts of
the agricultural establishm ent:
Current repairs to buildings w hich are used in agricultural operations;
The cultivation of the ground and other building work for the establishment,
especially the making or m aintenance of roads, dams, canals, and watercourses
for this purpose.
P a r . 2. I f because of pu blic and law ful obligation, the agricultural undertaker
carries on work for the communes for the malring or m aintenance of buildings, roads,
dams, canals, and watercourses, as an undertaker, and these obligations rest upon
him as an agriculturalist, then they are to be considered as part of his agricultural
establishm ent.

A rticle 917.
P aragraph 1. In the meaning of article 915, paragraph 1, gardening and the care
of parks and gardens as w ell as cem etery establishments shall be considered as agri­
cultural establishments in so far as they are not subject to industrial accident insurance.
P a r . 2. Sm all hom e gardens, and ornamental gardens w hich are not worked regu­
larly, and to a considerable extent with a special labor force and whose products
are consum ed principally b y the household are not considered as agricultural estab­
lishm ents.
A rticle 918.
The insurance is applicable also to underta