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B U L L E T IN OF TH E BTTREATJ OF L A B O R . No. 96. WASHINGTON. Septem ber, 1911. WORKING HOURS, EARNINGS, AND DURATION OF EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN WORKERS IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES OF MARY LAND AND OF CALIFORNIA. BY MARIE L . OBENAUER. INTRODUCTION. Bulletin No. 91 of the Bureau of Labor, issued in November, 1910, gave the results of a study of the “ W orking Hours of Wage-Earning Women in Selected Industries in Chicago.” The report dealt espe cially with the working hours and earnings of women during the level of business and during the rush periods in a number of industries selected because of their importance as employing large numbers of women and because of the variety of conditions which they presented. The present report, continuing the study of the working hours and earnings of women, gives the results of similar investigations in two widely separated communities— Maryland and California. The indus tries selected for study in these localities are, with one exception, typical factory industries to be found in every industrial center of considerable size. The canning industry, also here included, is an im portant industry in both Maryland and California, and in both States employs large numbers of women. The purpose of the investigation in Maryland and California, whose results are given in the present report, was to ascertain not only the working hours and earnings of women in selected industries in those localities, but also to learn the duration of employment afforded women in industries where business is fairly continuous throughout the year, including as well some industries where em ployment is subject to the irregularities o f seasonal demands. There was no intention o f obscuring the importance o f working hours and of earnings in searching for the duration of employ ment. Manifestly, information in regard to the duration o f employ ment is necessary in order to judge fairly of the strain resulting from long hours. Furthermore, much light is thrown upon the economic 347 348 B U L L E T IN O F T H E B U R E A U OF L A B O R . reasons for working long hours by a knowledge of the steadiness of employment afforded the worker in the industry upon which she depends mainly for a living. Here, as in the previous investigation in Chicago, the industries chosen for study were selected largely with reference to the number of women employed. The desire was to study conditions affecting the greatest possible number of women wage earners in industries fairly representative of conditions in the locality. As representative of industries which are large employers of women in these localities, as well as throughout the country, the following industries were selected: Candy, biscuits, etc.; cigars and cigarettes; paper boxes; and shirts, overalls, etc. In Baltimore the straw-hat industry was selected as one peculiar to that city and a large employer of women and girls. Choosing industries for study on the basis of the number of women affected made it imperative both in California and Maryland to include the canneries in spite of singularly forbidding obstacles in the way of an effective study. W ithout going into the subject of the rapid growth of the canning and packing industries, it is enough to call attention to the fact that there are over 2,400 canning firms listed in the 1911 edition of the D irectory of the National Canners A ssociation;1 approximately 470 are credited to Maryland and 100 to California. In the 51 city and country canneries visited in these two States, the employers reported an average of 7,887 women workers during the canning season between May 1, 1910, and April 30, 1911. While the average for the 2,400 would unquestionably fall much below the average for these 51, which include some of the largest establishments in California and Maryland, it is equally true that even if the average were only one-fourth as much, the total number of women affected by cannery conditions is too great to be ignored in spite of the difficulties, later explained, in the way of secur ing available data as to hours, earnings, and duration of employment. In Maryland the investigation of the canning industry was made both in the city of Baltimore and in the country canneries outside of that city. For the other industries the study in that State was lim ited entirely to the city of Baltimore. In California, similarly, the study of the canning industry was carried on in San Francisco, Berkeley, and Oakland, and the country districts in that part of the State. In the other industries the investigation was confined to the cities of San Francisco and Oakland. The period covered by the data in regard to hours, earnings, and duration of employment was in all cases the year ending April 30, 1911. The investigation was carried on in Maryland from Augusti i According to the statement of a member of this association, the organization includes about 75 percent o f all the canneries in the country. HOTJHS A N D E A R N IN G S O F W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 849 to October, 1911, and in California during the months of June and July. The extent of the data upon which this report is based may best be seen in the following table, which shows for each of the two States included, and by industries, the number of establishments investi gated, the total number of women employed in such establishments, and the number of those women who furnished individual data for the purposes of this report. As will be seen from the table, the inves tigation included in Maryland 57 establishments, employing a total of 6,883 women, and individual data were secured from 1,267 of the employees. In California the investigation included 34 establish ments with a total of 5,552 women employees, of whom 1,569 fur nished individual information. ESTABLISHM EN TS AMD EM PLOYEES COVERED B Y THE IN V ESTIG ATIO N , B Y IN DU STRIES. Industry. W omen em ployed hi estab Women lishments investigated. Estab employees lishments furnishing in investi 16 years Under 16 Total. gated. dividual and over. years. data. M ARYLAND. Canning.......................................................................... Candy, biscuits, etc....................................................... Paper boxes................................................................... Shirts, overalls, e t c ...................................................... Straw bats...................................................................... 42 4 4 3 4 3,624 330 161 1,360 217 534 202 104 125 14 14,370 532 265 1,485 231 676 181 121 167 122 Total..................................................................... 57 5,702 979 16,883 1,267 Canning.......................................................................... Candy, biscuits, etc..........................................: ........... Cigars and cigarettes...................................................... Paper boxes................................................................... Shirts, overalls, etc........................................................ 9 10 2 7 6 3,338 539 77 199 1,179 2 179 15 3 17 6 2 3,517 554 80 216 1,185 604 347 61 155 402 Total..................................................................... 34 5,332 2220 2 5,552 1,569 C A L IF O R N IA . 1 Including 212 women whose ages were not reported. 2 In 2 establishments the number of girls under 16 years of age at work was not reported. It will be noticed that the number of establishments and employees included in the investigation, both in Maryland and California, was much greater in the canning industry than in the other industries covered. The large number of employees in the canning establish ments who were taken was considered necessary because of the ex treme irregularity of the work and the very considerable differences in conditions found in the various factories. For the other indus tries the smaller number seemed quite adequate because of the small variations in conditions between the several establishments and of the much greater steadiness of the work. In the study of the canning industry the lim ited period of employ ment afforded, the frequent interruptions throughout the entire period of operation, and the extreme irregularity of the daily hours are features of special interest, but also involving special difficulties. 350 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . In both Maryland and California the duration of employment o f the women in canneries furnishing individual inform ation was found to be less than one-half of that in the other industries included in the investi gation. The frequent interruptions in the work throughout the entire period o f activity, especially in the city canneries, affected the earnings o f the employees quite as seriously as the lim ited duration o f employ ment. Consequently, while the number o f weeks’ employment reported by women workers in the candy and biscuit, paper-box, straw-hat, cigar and cigarette, and shirt and overall industries may be regarded as fairly consecutive, at least within the well-known sea sons o f increased activity, this is not the case with the period of employment reported by women interviewed in the canneries. These two distinguishing facts, together with other related differences which appeared in the course o f the study, seemed to demand a separate and more detailed treatment o f the canneries as representing an extreme example o f an intermittent industry. Another im portant characteristic o f the canning industry seriously diminishing the earnings of employees is the irregularity of the working hours throughout the season. So marked is this phase of the industry that the period of activity can not be divided as in the other industries into busy and normal seasons, for one week m ay com bine within itself all the features o f a slack, normal, and rush season. A working week in the canneries may be made up o f 10, 8, 7, and 15 hour days, or it m ay be a steady drive o f from 12 to 15 hours a day for 6 days in Maryland, and for 7 in California, where there is no law against Sunday work. The “ average weekly hours,” as recorded in the accompanying tabulations for the canning industries, do not, therefore, approximate the usual or prevailing weekly hours, as do the average weekly hours for other industries. They show, however, the average daily amount of time put in during the recorded period o f employment. Further more, the “ usual day,” as recorded in the tabulations for this mark edly intermittent industry is comparable with the “ usual d a y” of the other industries in only a very lim ited sense, if at all. In the other industries studied the usual day during the normal season pre vailed for at least five days in the week, the last working day some times being shorter than the others. In the canning industry the most that can be said for the “ usual day” is that it occurs more frequently, taking the whole season together, than any other given hours, because it reflects the working time standard o f the wage earner. It is the number o f hours she works whenever the supply of material and other circumstances permit her to rise or fall to its level. “ N o tw o days alike” was a common answer to the agent’s question as to the usual day, and only patient probing would develop the com ing and going hours o f the workers whenever circumstances per m itted them to fix a working lim it. H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S O P W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 351 Tn the Maryland canneries visited no pay rolls of any kind were kept for the pieceworkers, as the brass-check, punch-card, or “ spotcash” system prevailed. In the California canneries the pay rolls, even when kept, were seldom of much help in the matter of hours, because such documents rarely recorded the number o f hours worked, as payment is largely on a piece-rate basis, and only the amount earned by an employee, who was designated by number, was set down. Because of the fluctuating character of the force, it fre quently happens also that the same pay-roll numbers will be used for two or more wage earners in the course of a short season. T o repeat for emphasis, then, the “ average weeks” in the canning and other industries are only comparable in the matter o f working time put in during a given number of weeks. W hile the “ usual days” m ay reflect the working-time standards that prevail in the two groups o f industries, the possibility o f comparison vanishes at this point, because in one group the usual day prevails for at least five days in the week, while in the canning industry it m ay occur one or more times during a given week or not at all, but does occur through out the whole season oftener than any other working time. The question naturally arises as to how the figures for daily and weekly hours and earnings were obtained under such circumstances, and what degree of accuracy the accompanying tables for the cannery workers represent. The method adopted was to secure, first, from the em ployer all the information available concerning the varieties o f fruits and vegetables packed in the establishment within the period covered b y the investigation, to ascertain when operation in each variety began and ended, and what were the range and average hours per week o f the establishment’s activity during the canning season for each Variety or group o f varieties. After securing this information the individual employees were interviewed. W hile each individual is a problem in herself, they all have the human trick o f talking and thinking in terms o f familiar objects. For exam ple: “ How many weeks did you work from May 1, 1910, to April 30,1911 ?” will, quite naturally, bring only a shake o f the head or a shoulder shrug as an answer. But “ Did you work in asparagus or spinach last year?” will bring all sorts of answers— “ N o, I didn’t go to work till cherries, and T stayed through the peaches;” or, “ I began right after school was out and worked through tom atoes till school began again;” or, “ I skipped the apricots, because fruit was so poor I couldn’ t make nothing,” etc. Here lies the opportunity of the investigator. B y keeping close to familiar things— the loss through poor fruit or vegetables, the “ long runs” because o f sudden excess shipments, the interruption because o f broken machinery, the impeding demands o f home duties— a fairly com plete account o f the workers’ time can be secured. In the overwhelming m ajority of 352 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E A U OF L A B O R . cases the women are anxious to tell the truth, and the agent with reasonable skill and tact can get it from them by assisting their mental operations with questions based on the information secured beforehand from the employer. To some extent the same difficulty is encountered in obtaining the earnings, though a pay roll here is of some help in that the agent is enabled to check the earning level as given by the individual em ployees with that as shown on the pay roll. Furthermore, it some times happens that workers, especially the asparagus and peach sorters in California and the canners (packers) in Maryland, are paid a flat rate per hour. In such cases both hours and earnings, barring deductions for fines and countercharges, can be determined for such period as the workers are employed on the time rate. That the workers have not overstated either hours or earnings is evidenced by the fact that whenever the hours could be checked mathematically because of the flat time rate they showed a substantial agreement with the figures given by the individual. The workers rarely gave the number of hours worked per day in definite figures. The questions and answers usually had to do with the hour of beginning work, the time allowed for lunch, the closing time, and the number of days worked per week, the “ figuring up” being done by the Bureau's agent. These tabulations, therefore, are presented with no claim for the accuracy of pay-roll statistics taken for a selected period. On the other hand, there is claimed for them a substantial accuracy which renders the figures a fair reflection of the hours, earnings, and duration of employment of women in the industries under discussion. A further claim made for them is that they show the individual and econom ic perspective which hours and earnings for a selected short period in the canning industry could not give because of the violent fluctuation of working hours occasioned by the “ runs” of different varieties of fruits and vegetables. HOURS, EARNINGS, AND DURATION OF EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES IN MARYLAND. In Maryland the hours, earnings, and duration of employment of women in factories were studied, as has been seen, with reference to 5 industries: The canning industry, in which 10 Baltimore and 32 country establishments were investigated; candy, biscuits, etc., in which 4 establishments were covered; paper boxes, 4 establishments; shirts, overalls, etc., 3 establishments; and straw hats, 4 establish ments. The 42 canneries employed together 4,370 women, while the 15 other factories employed 2,513 women. Inform ation in regard to each establishment was secured by agents of the Bureau by means of inquiries of the employer and through personal inspection of each factory. In addition, 1,267 of the women employees were inter viewed and certain individual data were secured for use in this report. HOURS AND EARNINGS OF WOMEN WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL. 3 5 3 MARYLAND CANNERIES. In the investigation of the Maryland canneries 42 establishments were visited, of which 10 were in the city of Baltimore and 32 were country canneries outside of that city. The city canneries employed 2,214 women, and 398 of these furnished individual data for use in this report. The 32 country canneries em ployed a total of 2,156 women, and 278 of these furnished individual data. The proportion o f women in the height of the canning season is from one-half to two-thirds o f the entire force. In the following table are shown for the city and country canneries investigated the number of 'establishments, the total number of women employed, the number furnishing individual data for this report, and the average number o f weeks worked by the individual employees reporting: DU RATIO N OF EM PLOYM ENT OF W OMEN IN SELECTED CITY AN D COU N TRY CAN. N ERIES OF M ARYLAN D. Location o f establishment. Women fur Average Establish W omen nishing in weeks ments in em em ployed. dividual vestigated. ployed data. City...................................................................................... Country............................................... ............................... 10 32 2,214 2,156 398 1278 25.2 8.0 Total.......................................................................... 42 4,370 676 18.1 i Includes employees who worked in both city and country canneries but w ho were found at work in the country and therefore included in this group. This table shows clearly a most striking difference between the city and country canneries. While in the city canneries the employees reported an average of 25.2 weeks of employment, in the 32 country canneries an average of only 8 weeks* employment was reported. The difference is not at all difficult to explain. The countiy canneries work up the products of the vicinity only. The city canneries draw supplies, beginning in the spring, from various sections and greater distances, and many of them, furthermore, are engaged in the packing of oysters after the fruit and vegetable season has passed. But, while in the country canneries the duration of employment is less than one-third of what is shown for the city canneries, in some other respects the differences are in favor of the country canneries. During the period of activity the hours are steadier; the equipment is better, especially in its provision of machinery and employment of im proved m ethods; and, partly as a result of the better equipment and im proved methods, the earnings are considerably higher. The m ost impressive thing about the Maryland canneries visited was the large number of children at work, a great many of them, apparently, under 12.years of age, some of them unquestionably and often admittedly under 11. The children appearing in the tables of 354 B U L L E T IN O F T H E B U R E A U OF L A B O R . the report in no way represent the proportion found in the canneries, as only such were scheduled as were helping mother or sister during the period covered by this investigation, viz, May 1, 1910, to April 30, 1911. The companies invariably denied employing these children, contending that they came as helpers to their mothers or sisters; nevertheless, about one-fourth of the workers in the canneries visited were children well under 14. The deeper influence of the presence, not only of these child helpers, but of the infants whom the working mother can not leave at home, will be discussed elsewhere in this Bulletin.1 The discussion in this section of the report is concerned chiefly with the influence of the helpers upon the earnings of the principal workers both in the city and country canneries included in the investigation. It should be borne clearly in mind, however, that the sanitary conditions described affect adult and child worker alike, whether in the city or the country. CANNERIES IN BALTIMORE, M D. LENGTH OF CANNING SEASON. While but 10 canneries were investigated in the city o f Baltim ore, as compared with 32 in the rest of the State, the number o f women employed in the 10 canneries was practically the same as the number employed in the much larger group of country canneries. Further more, as has been seen, the duration of employment o f the women employees studied was three times as great in the city canneries. During the progress of this investigation the canneries were occu pied chiefly with the canning of apples and tomatoes, but within a season nearly all these establishments pack from a dozen to twenty different products, beginning early in April with early spinach and running well into summer with berries of all varieties, cherries, peas, wax beans, etc. Then follow , beginning usually the last of July or first week in August, the tom ato, peach, pear, and apple seasons, during which time the establishments are usually running under heavy pressure, as there is a conflux rather than a succession o f these fruits and vegetables in August and September. Fall beans, fall spinach, and beets close the fruit and vegetable season, the oyster season for some of these canneries lasting only a few weeks in the late fall and winter. Certain varieties of vegetables that are obtain able throughout the seasons, such as the various kinds of beans and beets, are used as “ fillers” to keep the plant busy when the supply of staple products is short. These fillers, as well as the large assortment of fruits and vege tables available for the city canneries, have something of a steady ing effect on the working hours, though not sufficient to render the i See page 466 et seq. H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 355 . “ average weekly hours,” recorded in the tabulations, in any sense the prevailing week, as is the case in the other industries included in the present investigation. The fillers and larger assortment serve only to render the fluctuations in working hours less violent than in the California canneries visited, which were occupied largely with highly perishable fruits and did not deal to any extent in “ filler products.” In spite of the steadying influences mentioned, the irregularity of working hours in the Baltimore canneries visited was such that each night an announcement was usually made as to the hour for starting the following morning. W ORKING HOURS AND EARNINGS OF WOMEN IN BALTIMORE CANNERIES. In the 10 Baltimore canneries, em ploying 2,214 women, the number of weeks in operation ranged from 29 to 52, four of the canneries reporting 50 weeks or over. The average hours per week in opera tion, as reported by the employers, were com paratively low, exceeding 60 in the case of only one establishment, but in striking contrast with this is the long day with the occasional long week o f work, a charac teristic feature of the industry. Thus, the employers themselves re ported days of 17J, 16£, and 15J hours and weeks of 93, 91J, and 81 hours. Along with these hours should be noted the fact that among the 2,214 female employees of these canneries were 250 girls under 16 years of age. The information in regard to the number of women employed, the weeks in operation, and the hours per day and per week, as reported by the employers, is given in the following table. The employment o f children in the Maryland city and country can neries is the subject of discussion in a special section of this report (p. 466 et seq.). HOURS OF LABO R OF W OMEN EM PLOYED IN 10 BALTIM ORE CAN N ERIES DURING THE Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30, 1911, AS R E PO RTE D B Y EM PLO YERS. Women employed. Establishment num ber. 1............................... 2............................... 3............................... 4.............................. 5.............................. 6............................... 7.............................. 8............................... 9............................... 10............................... 16 years and over. 100 240 450 100 100 225 244 225 100 180 Under 16 years. Total. 20 60 42 39 15 25 6 5 18 20 120 300 492 139 115 250 250 230 118 200 Weeks estabMaxi lish- Hours Hours Hours mum ment of usual of long of short hours was in day. day. per day. opera day. tion. 51 50 52 47$ 43 50 33 30 29 33 11$ 10 12$ 9 10 10 10 11 10 11 13$ 13 12$ 11 12 11$ 12 13 11$ 12$ 6 5 6 5 6 5 5 6 5 6 15$ 17$ 13$ 15 15 12$ 18 16$ 12$ 15 Aver age hours per week. 46$ 58 54 36 50 54 40 48 54 66 1 Foreman reported a maximum week of 93 hours and maximum day of 15$ hours. 9 Employees reported as high as 71 hours per week. 9 Not reported. Maxi mum hours per week. 93 91$ 181 79$ 75 75 72 a68 65 (8) 356 B U L L E T IN OP T H E B U R E A U OP LABO R. It should be noted that all the figures of the foregoing table are as reported by the employers themselves. The long hours as there stated do not, of course, apply to their full extent to all the employees. The extent to which long hours were worked by the women employees can be studied in the reports o f 398 women who furnished individual data for use in this report. The reports o f these employees show average weekly working hours of 47.5 for the average season of 25.2 weeks. Of the 398 employees scheduled, 73, or 18.3 per cent, showed maximum working weeks of 72 hours or over. As Sunday work is illegal in Maryland, 72 hours or over a week .means an average of 12 hours or more a day. Y et the average working hours for these 73 women was but 53.9 per week. The com paratively small number of women working these extreme hours, together with the low average weekly hours for them, as well as for the whole force, would indicate a lack of attention to the distribution of labor. It would indicate that the employers count for the overflow work upon those who are willing to, or feel they must, work to the lim it of endurance, at the same rate paid for normal hours; or that there is no organized effort to secure a second shift for excess work. This is as true of the country canneries visited as of those in the city. The Bureau's agents dis covered one attempt to secure a night shift by paying a higher rate. The effort prom ptly resulted in a failure, because, being the only establishment paying a higher rate at night, the canner's night shift attracted women who had worked in other canneries during the day, and, without cooperation on the part o f other canners, there was no way of keeping such women off the force. The very object o f the night shift was, therefore, from the viewpoint of the employer, defeated. The attempt, furthermore, called forth a sharp protest. One canner, who did not do any night work at all himself, told of his protest in this instance. He said: A neighboring canner recently did some night work and offered as an inducement, in order to get the workers, 5 instead of 4 cents a bucket for skinning tomatoes. Some o f our people went over there to work on the night shift. The next morning we had difficulty in getting them to work on time. They were tired and didn't com e out when we blew for them, and when they did com e they dragged along at their work. I said to the canner, ‘ ‘Y ou 're getting on a tender spot when you offer an inducement to get our people to work on your night shift.1 Y ou 'll have to stop it. W e could use our people nights ourselves sometimes, but we don't do it, for it unfits them for their next day's work, and we don't want anyone else affecting the effi ciency of our workers that way. There are canners who are convinced that night work, or early morning work, is not a matter of choice, but o f necessity at times.i i It was a noticeable fact that the extended hours in the city canneries as in the country plants were usually worked in the early morning rather than late in the evening. It should be said that Sunday work is illegal in Maryland, so that the hours par week are distributed over not m ore than six days. There was one case, however, o f admitted violation for a short tim e. h o u rs an d e a r n in g s of w o m e n w o rk ers in m d . an d cad. 357 For such, a shift system under intelligent cooperation ought not to be more difficult to effect than in other industries. But few meii were found during the course of the investigation who regarded the long working day seriously. Commenting on the extremely long hours which some of the women reported, one canner said: These women are different from others. They can work 15 or 20 hours a day and it won’t hurt them. They’d be opposed to any restriction in working hours, for they are greedy and want to make all they can. This view that “ these people are different,” that conditions ordi narily regarded as menacing “ do not hurt them,” is as common in occurrence as it is singular in theory. The earnings of the individual women, secured in the manner already described, are given in tabular form at the end of this report. The particulars of this detailed table are the basis for the figures of the following summary table. In this summary table, it should be noted, the 398 employees are presented in five groups, according as they are time or piece workers with or without helpers, or helpers scheduled independently. average w eekly hours an d e a r n in g s of w om en w orkers d u r in g th e Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30,1911, IN 10 CANNERIES IN BA LTIM O R E , MD. Class of employees. Time workers without helpers............................................... . Pieceworkers without helpers........................................................ P iecew ork ers w ith o n e h e lp e r................................................................... Pieceworkers with two or more helpers......................................... Helpers independently scheduled.................................................. Number reporting. 144 191 42 10 11 Average Average Average weeks earnings hours em per week. per week. ployed. 31.1 22.1 22.0 19.1 19.0 45.7 48.0 50.5 49.2 50.5 $4.61 3.28 4.38 4.84 (9 1 Helpers have no separate pay checks; their earnings are included in the earnings o f the pieceworkers with helpers. This table shows a striking difference in the earnings of time workers and pieceworkers. The tim e workers have shorter average weekly hours than any other group, yet their average weekly earn ings are equaled only b y the pieceworkers who have tw o or more helpers. In comparing time workers and pieceworkers, it should be borne in mind that only pieceworkers have helpers, and that in the city the helpers are usually children of few years and small growth. Of 257 piece-rate employees scheduled in the 10 city canneries visited, 52, or over one-fifth, had one or more helpers during the period covered by the investigation, the worker being usually mother or older sister to the helpers. It should be remembered also that these 52 included only those who admitted that the helpers worked continuously for all or part o f the time during which the workers themselves were em ployed. If a child was at work, and mother and child both denied 18544 ° — No. 96— 12--------- 2 358 B U L L E T IN O F T H E B U R E A U O F L A BO R* that “ helping” was usual, or occurred during the period covered by this study, the child was not entered as a helper. A comparison o f the earnings as shown in the above table with the earnings o f employees in the country canneries, page 365, shows that the pieceworkers without helpers in the city canneries earned an average o f $1.54 a week less, though they maintained the same average working hours. The piece rate for the same class o f work does not vary appreciably in city and country canneries, so that the explanation of the difference in average earnings is not to be found in the difference in rate o f pay. In all probability the uneven supply o f material in the city, necessitating many unprofitable delays, together with the greater number of time-saving conveyors in the country canneries, is wholly responsible for the difference in the earnings of the pieceworkers in the city and country canneries. The discrepancy between the earnings of the. city and country time workers, as shown on the two tables, is not as great as it seems, since the city time workers' hours average over four hours less a week, making the relative difference in earnings but about $ 1. Among the city time workers the packers predominate. These have been sup planted to a large extent in the country canneries by machinery, leaving only the higher-paid time workers, who form the decided m inority in the group of city time workers. The most significant thing about the foregoing table is that to approach an average weekly earning of $5 a pieceworker in the city canneries has to have two or more helpers, the working week averag ing 49.2 hours for each of the workers. The canners or packers, who are selected, as was before pointed out, on the basis o f speed and efficiency, show an average weekly earning of $4.61, against an average weekly earning of $3.28 for the piece-rate workers without helpers, whose weekly working hours averaged 48, or nearly two and one-third hours more than the time workers. A piece-rate worker with one helper in the city canneries visited failed to equal the earnings of an individual time worker. Even with two helpers their earnings were but 23 cents higher than the individual time workers. The prevailing piece rate for tomatoes is 4 cents for a 40-pound bucket. W ith an even supply of fair-quality product an average skinner can skin 30 buckets in a 10-hour day. But while there are some violent extremes in weekly hours in scattered long-hour weeks, as the individual tabulations show, the average for the season is much under 60, and in addition there is much variation in the quan tity and quality of material, causing much loss of time. This fact, together with the time and energy wasted where there are no men carriers or conveyors, probably accounts for so much o f the difference in earnings as is not accounted for b y the lower degree o f efficiency among the pieceworkers. H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D CAL*. 359 DESCRIPTION OF WELL-EQUIPPED AND WELL-MANAGED CANNERY IN . BALTIMORE. The 10 canneries included in the investigation in Baltimore were rather uniform in construction, though they varied greatly in the matter of equipment and sanitary conditions. All of them have the three main divisions for preparing, packing, and cooking. The bestequipped plant visited was so located on the pier that fruits and vegetables arriving by water could be landed directly at the cannery. In this plant, the room in which the pieceworkers (skinners, peelers, and cutters) are employed is in the extreme end of the building, having plenty of light and air, which is badly tainted, however, with odors from the harbor. This room, which was visited during the tom ato packing season, was very clean and pleasant. As the tomatoes were brought into the cannery they were poured into a machine from which they were carried along on the conveyor or perforated moving belt. An arrangement of nozzles above and below thoroughly washed the tomatoes before they passed into the steam box, after which they were again washed before being carried to the skinning tables at either side of which the skinners sat. Each skinner had a faucet of water, a sinklike depression into which to put her tomatoes as she took them from the conveyor moving through the center of the table, and a large waste pipe to carry away the skins. She was also supplied with two large enameled buckets bearing the number of her place. When she had filled one of them, she placed it upon a second moving belt in the center of the table and higher than the first, and the finished product was carried away. When the bucket came back it contained a brass check for 4 cents— the price for skinning a 40-pound bucket of tomatoes. The skinners can sit at their work most of the time, and do, for the seats are of a convenient height. The conveyors and waste pipes relieved the women engaged in tomato skinning of all lifting or carrying, and eliminated the irritating partiality often shown when men distribute the supplies. The tom ato “ packing” or canning was done in a room less pleasant and more crowded than the skinning room. The tomato packers or canners stood at the tables and put the skinned tomatoes into cans. Though they were time workers, being paid at the rate of 10 cents an hour, and though there was no apparent effort to “ speed” them, their number was kept down to the point where it was necessary for them to speed in order to keep up to the supply of tomatoes that was poured on the cannery tables. The packers (sometimes called can ners) are usually older girls and younger women who are selected in this as in other plants on the basis of speed and general efficiency. The apple peeling and cutting room was not equipped with carry ing machinery o f any kind; consequently, the women and the children £60 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LA B O R . (all of whom are pieceworkers) had to do much carrying, as the sup plies were at considerable distance from the workers. Owing to care and efficient management and to the presence of carrying machinery and waste pipes in the tom ato room and to the segregation of the cooking facilities, the sanitary conditions in this plant were good and the workers were not com pelled to endure the enervating steam that affected the skinners and packers in other establishments where the cooking was done in the same rooms. W hile the foregoing description presents in a general way a picture of the main features of cannery construction and organization, the variations in equipment, administration, and cleanliness in the 10 establishments visited in Baltimore are so great as to make the picture entirely incomplete and not at all a fair reflection of the conditions as found. The plant described was by far the best equipped, cleanest, and best managed cannery of the 10 and serves to show that, while canning— particularly tomato canning— is “ m essy” and sloppy work, there is no necessity for the existence of such conditions as were found in some establishments. DESCRIPTION OF POORLY EQUIPPED AND POORLY MANAGED CANNERY IN BALTIMORE. In one cannery, located like the others on the water front, and laboring under the same advantages and disadvantages as far as product and labor supply are concerned, the conditions were such as inevitably to dissipate the energies and reduce the earning capacity of the employees, to say nothing of the effect upon the product canned under such conditions. In this plant the place where the tom ato skinners worked was a shed-like part of the building on the water front, having one side entirely exposed. In dry weather this feature has an element of com fort, for the workers get much air, though it is tainted by the odors arising from the harbor. In wet weather (and one o f the visits made by the bureau’s agents was on a stormy day), the workers were entirely unprotected, those nearest the outer side of the shed getting thoroughly wet. As the shed itself leaks, the workers even on the inside farthest removed from the open water front, suffered no little discom fort. If there was much wind, the rain drove far into the shed. In cases of chilly weather, the discom fort must reach a danger point, apparently, for there is no provision for reducing the exposure. But even when there were no showers to drench the workers, the equipment was inadequate and the supervision so faulty, that the resulting conditions were distressing and disgusting to a degree. The vat for steaming tomatoes was in the same shed and kept the women and children in a cloud of h ot humidity. The floor was covered with a slippery mixture of tom ato pulp and skins, for the provision for H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 361 carrying away refuse was wholly ineffective. Some of the women and children wore rubber boots as they stood at their skinning troughs, some were barefooted, and others wore coarse shoes, but the skirts of all the workers were wet, some of them up to the knees. The odors arising from the souring mass of tom ato pulp and skins on the floors, augmented by the juice dripping from the tables and benches, the clouds of steam from the nearby vats, together with the addition of an oppressive and distinguishing odor whose origin could not be determined, produced an environment that was distinctly discreditable and called for attention on broader grounds than the health and com fort of employees. Such carrying away of waste as was done the women had to do. The Bureau’s agents were told that the place was flushed out at night, but the mismanagement was such that by noon it was hard to believe that the place was ever cleaned. Many of the workers eat their lunches in this room. Men brought supplies of tomatoes from the vats to the skinning tables, but the women and the children carried the 40-pound buckets of skinned tomatoes over the reeking and slippery floor from the skinning shed into the room where the product is weighed, canned, and cooked. The skinning shed is about 50 feet long. From the entrance to the skinning shed to the place for depositing the buckets is, approximately, 30 feet. How far each woman or child carried her bucket, therefore, depended upon her location in the skinning shed. While the peelers and cutters’ room in this establishment was not so evilly environed as the tomato-skinning shed, it was far from intelligently managed. The women and children brought and car ried away all supplies, and the supply court was about 50 yards from the peeling room. As the cutters and peelers, as well as the tom ato skinners, are all pieceworkers, they can not afford to take time from their earning occupations to keep the immediate surround ings clear of waste and refuse. Sore hands and cut fingers— sometimes unswathed, sometimes wrapped in perilously dirty rags— were common sights in this estab lishment as in most of the others visited. The establishment described was unquestionably the worst of the 10 visited so far as sanitary conditions were concerned, yet none of the others was as good as the first one described, and most of them were needlessly, if not dangerously, dirty. It is a regrettable fact that only 3 of the 10 canneries visited in Baltimore had conveyors for the tomato rooms to bring supplies and carry away the skinned tomatoes and the waste. In 4 of the other 7 canneries men brought supplies to the tomato room, but women and children carried away the finished product. In all of the 10 the peelers and cutters did all their own lifting and carrying; Though there is scarcely room for argu ment as to whether or not the necessity of carrying on the part of 362 B U L L E T IN O F T H E B U R E A U OF LA B O R . skinners and peelers reduces their earning capacity, a careful com parison of the individual earnings of the workers in the two plants involved in the foregoing detailed description showed the earnings of those in the plant equipped with conveyors to be a little over 2 cents higher per hour than the earnings of the women in the plant without conveyors. The exact earniilgs and hours for each group of workers are shown in the following table: COM PARATIVE EARNINGS OF IN D EPEN D EN T PIECEW O RK ERS IN ESTABLISHM ENTS W ITH AN D W ITH O U T CONVEYORS TO R E LIE V E W OMEN W O R K E RS OF TH E N ECESSITY OF CARRYIN G SU PPLIES AN D W ASTE. [Piece rate was the same in the two establishments during the period covered by this investigation.] Establishments. Conveyors provided, so that pieceworkers do nocarryNeither conveyors nor men carriers provided, but women do all carrying................................................ Inde pendent piece workers sched uled. Average weeks em ployed. 31 23 45 33.75 8.3 22 23 54 3.40 6.3 Average Average Average hours earnings flam inga per per per hour week. week. (cents). A significant fact concerning the two establishments involved in the foregoing table is that the time-workers, who work under the same conditions in the two plants, earn practically the same amount per hour. MARYLAND COUNTRY CANNERIES. LENGTH OF CANNING SEASON. In all the 32 country canneries studied iii Maryland the most striking feature was the short period of operation. But while the duration of employment is much shorter than in the city establish ments, the working hours are much steadier, the average per week is slightly higher, and the long-hour drives less frequent. The coun try canner knows about what his “ pack” is to be when he brings his help from the city and can more easily adjust the supply of labor to the season's demands. It should not be inferred, however, that the country canneries furnish no instances of extreme hours. The Bureau's agents found a number of instances where the workers were “ blown ou t” (called out by the cannery whistles) at 4 and 3 o'clock in the morning and one instance at 1 a. m .1 The usual stopping time is at 6 p. m., with one hour for lunch, but when the pressure of work is particularly heavy this is cut to a half ho.ur, and the em ployees work also to 8, 9, and 10 o'clock. Early morning, however, seems to be the favorite time for the overflow work. One canneri i One establishment’s tim e card was printed for 24 hours in the day, beginning at 1 a. m . H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 363 explained to the agent that he could get more work out of his people in the early morning than he could by night work, as “ most of the time they were bound to stop when 6 o’clock came.” Notwithstanding these instances, however, the working hours fluctuated less violently in the country than in the city and the workers maintained slightly higher weekly average hours. WORKING HOURS AND EARNINGS OF WOMEN IN MARYLAND COUNTRY CANNERIES. In the 32 country canneries employing 2,156 women, the number of weeks in operation ranged from 6 to a maximum of 14, only 5 of the canneries reporting 10 weeks or over and 13 reporting less than 8 weeks. The average hours per week in operation, as reported by the employers, were comparatively low, reaching 60 in case of only one establishment and exceeding 50 in only 4 establishments. As opposed to the average week, however, the long day and the occa sional long week o f work are especially noticeable. Thus, the em ployers themselves reported days of 13, 13§, and 14 hours and weeks of 72, 73£, and 81 hours. Here again, as in the case of the city canneries, note should be taken of the large number of children subject to these working conditions, 284 girls under 16 years of age being reported b y the employers as employed in these canneries. In addition to this, the fact that there were many children who actu ally worked as helpers but were considered by the employers as not “ em ployed” must not be overlooked. In spite of the long hours shown here, the conditions in this respect, as reported in the country canneries, are not so bad as in the city canneries (see pp. 355 and 356). Inform ation in regard to the number of women employed, the weeks in operation, and the hours per day and per week, as reported by the employers, is given in the following table. The employment of children in the Maryland city and country canneries is the subject of discussion in a special section o f this report (p. 466 et seq.). 364 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . HOURS OF LA BO R OF W OMEN EM PLOYED IN 32 COUNTRY CANNERIES OF M ARYLAN D DU RIN G THE Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30,1911, AS R E PO R TE D B Y EM PLOYERS. Women employed. Establishment number. 11.................-............. 12............................... 13............................... 14............................... 15............................... 16.............................. 17............................... 18............................... 19............................... 20............................... 21............................... 22.............................. 23............................... 24............................... 25............................... 26............................... 27............................... 28............................... 29............................... 30................... ........... 31............................... 32............................... 33............................... 34.............. ................ 35............................... 36............................... 37............................... 38............................... 39............................... 40................... : .......... 41............................... 42............................... Weeks estabMaxilishHours Hours Hours •mum ment of usual of long of short hours 16 years Under in day. day. day. per and Total. was opera day. over. 16 years. tion. 37 26 80 75 65 3 14 7 5 6 (,)70 W12 25 40 30 31 35 40 72 50 150 110 25 28 15 56 53 48 46 30 70 80 73 45 95 ( ,) 7 13 20 5 4 5 5 20 8 15 17 5 12 5 9 12 19 4 5 10 4 10 15 8 40 40 87 80 71 162 82 50 67 38 60 35 35 40 45 92 58 165 127 30 40 20 65 65 67 50 35 80 84 83 60 103 6 8 8 14 13 7* 9 7* 9* 9 6 7 ? 7* 7* io 5 9 9 ■? 7 9 8* 6 9 11 7 9 10 10 10 9* 10 10 10 * 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 5 9 ? 5 5 5 13* io| 11* 11 11 11 11 11 13* 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 10* 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 if 9 10 10 11 % (,A 5 5 5 3 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 8 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 2 5 2 13* 14 14 12 12 11* 12 12 13* 11 11 11 11 12 11 12* 10* 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9* 11 9 10 10* 12* (,)5 % ? 2 Aver age hours per week. 42 52* 48 39 42 51 60 45 54 45 48 46 56 46 44 50 39 48 50 40 42 33 33 36 39 48 30 26 30 21 8 20 42 Maxi mum hours per week. 81 73* 72 72 72 69 8 69 68 67 66 66 66 66 66 66 *64* 63 63 60 60 60 60 60 60 57 57 54 52 50 32* (i) C) 1 Not reported. 2 Employees reported as high as 102 hoars per week. 8 For packing department only. A ll the figures of the foregoing table are, it should be noted, as reported b y the employers themselves. The extrem ely long hours as there stated do not, of course, apply to their full extent to all the employees. Individual reports from 278 women employees of the country canneries are available to show the length of the working hours and the extent of the overtim e work, and these reports are tabulated in detail at the end of this article. The data furnished b y these employees show average weekly working hours o f 48.6 for an average season of 8 weeks. In the following table the facts as to hours, earnings, and weeks of employment are summarized for the 278 women employees who furnished individual information. In this summary table the 278 employees are presented in the same five groups into which the employees of the city canneries were divided (see p. 357). H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 365 AVERAG E W E E K L Y HOURS AND EARNINGS OF WOMEN W O RK ERS IN 32 CANNERIES . IN M ARYLAN D OUTSIDE OF BALTIM ORE. Class of employees. Time workers without helpers...................................................... Pieceworkers without helpers....................................................... Pieceworkers with one helper........................................................ Pieceworkers with two or more helpers........................................ Helpers independently scheduled................................................. Average Average Number number hours weeks reporting. of em per week. ployed. 21 172 24 35 26 7.2 7.9 7.6 9.1 7.8 50.0 48.0 48.9 49.9 49.7 Average earnings per week. $6.06 4.82 8.48 13.30 0 1 Helpers had no separate pay checks; their earnings are included in the earnings of the pieceworkers with helpers. Reference to the above table shows that time workers without helpers in a week of 50 hours earned an average of $6.06, while piece workers without helpers in a week of 48 hours earned $4.82. It will be remembered that the table on page 357 showed that in city canneries time workers without helpers, in a week o f 45.7 hours, earned an average of $4.61. Allowing for the difference in the aver age weekly hours o f the city and country time workers (45.7 hours in city; 50 hours in country canneries), the country workers earn about a dollar a week more than the city workers. This is largely due to a difference in the class of workers. Among the city time workers the packers predominate. In the country canneries these have been sup planted, to a large extent, by machinery, leaving only the higher-paid time workers, who form the decided m inority in the group o f city time workers. The difference between the earnings of city and country piecework ers is more marked, the balance in favor o f the country pieceworkers being for those without helpers $1.54, those with one helper $4.10, and for those with two or more helpers $8.46 per week. This discrepancy is the more striking in view of the fact that the hours are almost iden tical and that piece rates for the same classes o f work do not vary appreciably in city and country canneries. The greater use of time saving tom ato conveyors in the country canneries is an influential factor, but is not in itself sufficient to explain the difference. CHILD WORKERS AS HELPERS. The higher average earnings in the country are undoubtedly due, in the main, first, to the evener supply of material which eliminates the waste of time occasioned when workers must await the arrival of shipments as in the city, instead o f having the products within easy wagon delivery from the cannery all the time. A more important factor in swelling the general average in the country is the fact that the pieceworkers in the country are frequently assisted not alone by children, as in the city, but by halfgrown and adult members of the 366 B U L L E T IN O F T H E B U B E A U OF L A B O R . fam ily who have no separate pay checks, their earnings in all cases being credited to the principal worker. That many of these “ helpers ” in the country have, on the whole, as much earning power as the prin cipals is shown by the preceding table, which reveals the pieceworkers with one helper to be earning not far from twice as much, even taking into consideration the difference in working hours, as those working alone. In emphasizing the influence of the adult helpers on the general average earnings in the country, there is no intention of ignoring or minimizing the importance of the presence of the child helpers. In the group described in the following tables as “ Pieceworkers with two or more helpers,” and even in the group with one helper, there are children unquestionably of ages not associated with industry in the minds of the public generally. It is, however, a fact that there were not so many young children in the country canneries visited as in the city plants, but special attention is called to the adult helpers to explain the higher general average earnings in the country can neries. Frequently a husband worked with his wife. W hen a fam ily o f four or five adults were working together, the common pay check would amount to $25 or $30 at the end of the week. The individual tabulations at the close of this report show in detail how many cases o f such earnings there were. The foregoing table also reveals the progressive influence o f more than one helper on the earnings of the worker in the country canneries. In scanning the table the reader should bear in mind not only the larger number of adults to be found among the helpers to country cannery employees, but also the short duration of employment as compared with workers in the city plants. USE OF LABOR-SAVING DEVICES IN MARYLAND COUNTRY CANNERIES. The much shorter duration of employment in the country canneries has an important bearing upon the problem of securing an adequate labor supply. An average of 8 weeks' employment is ominously brief for people whose bread-and-butter problem is with them 52 weeks in the year. Unless the earning and saving possibilities, or working conditions generally, are such as to offset the lim ited duration of employment, it would be difficult to persuade a sufficient number of workers to take chances on filling in the rest of the year either in the canneries of Baltimore City, from which a large proportion of them are drawn, or in a migratory search for labor. As far as general,working conditions are concerned, the country canning establishments themselves compare in equipment and general sanitary conditions more than favorably with the city canneries. In the first place, 10 of the canneries visited which packed tom atoes had mechanical conveyors, and nearly all the others had male carriers, H O U R S* A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 367 so that the women and children, most of whom are employed in the preparing and canning departments, did not have to carry the heavy buckets. Aside from the question of health, this circumstance meant a saving of time and energy and a consequent increase of earning power (as has been shown by the comparative earnings in the city plants having, and in those not having, carriers or conveyors). Much of the packing (canning) in the country establishments is done by machinery, reducing the number of time workers (for this work is usually paid for on a time-rate basis) to nearly one-fifth of the proportion prevailing in the city. Aside from these two facts, the organization and management of tom ato canning is much the same as in the city. Ten of the 32 country canneries visited handled corn, 5 o f them packing nothing else, while the remaining 5 packed tom atoes also. In general, the organization of com canning consists of two divisions, the husking and the canning. In some cases the husking shed is just a roof over a plot of ground where the com is dumped as it is delivered to the cannery. The huskers, seated on boxes, put the husked ears into large baskets, weighing about 50 pounds when filled. These baskets are carried by the workers themselves (except in two cases, where conveyors were used) to the cannery where each basket is weighed and emptied. When workers are not strong, one often helps another. The type of shed above described was found in 5 of the canneries visited outside of the city of Baltimore. In another type of husking shed the floor has a decided slant at the sides, down which the com slides within easy reach of the huskers as the teamsters un load it. When the baskets are filled, they are carried along to the end of the shed where a conveyor takes them to the cutting room of the cannery. Another conveyor running through the center of the shed carries away the husks which are constantly swept onto it by a man employed for this purpose. Four of the Eastern Shore com canneries visited had sheds of this construction but only one pro vided conveyors. It is plain, therefore, that in the country estab lishments com canning involves a good deal of carrying for the women. ^Furthermore, even in the establishments providing con veyors or carriers for either tomatoes or corn, there are degrees of effectiveness which were so low as to necessitate much lifting and carrying. On the whole, Maryland country canners seemed to recognize, especially in connection with tom ato canning, what too many city canners did not— that to provide conveyors or carriers is in the inter est of both employer and employee. One country employer said to the Bureau’s agent: No woman has lifted or carried a bucket of tomatoes or basket of com in this cannery for the last 15 years. It isn’ t at all necessary, 368 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . and all canners ought to be compelled to do away with making women carry heavy loads. I tried to persuade one big com canner to do as I do— have men do the lifting and carrying. He objected on the ground that it would be an additional expense. I figured out the cost after that and, balancing this with the increased amount of work the people did, I find it is a saving to pay .men to do the lifting. SANITARY CONDITIONS. On the whole, the country canneries visited were in better sanitary condition than the city establishments. 0 f 4 course, the season is not so long as in the city and the dampness and waste have less time to accumulate. The presence of conveyors and carriers, whose sole function is to convey the product and carry off waste, is largely responsible also for this superiority. In one or two instances the waste trough and flushing facilities were abominably managed, the trough becoming frequently choked with waste, and then flushed so violently as to throw the refuse all over the floor— and much of it onto the workers— and to keep the floors covered with puddles of water. These were plain cases of incompetent management, for the facilities were at hand for reasonable cleanliness. It should be remembered that skinning tomatoes is in itself “ m essy” work. The rapid action induced by the piece-rate system makes the worker careless o f flying juice or slopping water. In a number of cases women and children worked in a cloud of steam from the vats. This appears to be an entirely avoidable discom fort, as in many canneries this process was carried on where the steam did not reach the women workers at all. HOUSING OF COUNTRY CANNERY EMPLOYEES. Aside from better equipment, steadier hours, and higher earnings, the country canners quite generally offer free housing, fuel, and vege tables as inducements to prospective workers. A large proportion o f the help in the Maryland country canneries visited was drawn from Baltimore City through the agency of the “ row boss.” 1 He has a pivotal importance in the organization of the country cannery, usually being an English-speaking foreigner who gets his recruits from among the people of his own race. The prevailing price paid him by the canner is fifty cents a head for adult workers and in some cases 25 cents for children. In addition, the row boss is given a fairly good job during the canning season— frequently that of foreman. One canner, explaining the importance o f his row boss, said to the Bureau’s agent, “ He engages, works, and discharges all the foreign help. N ot one of them is paid unless he says it is all right.” * * This official gets his title from his function of assigning rows to the workers during berry-picking season. H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A E . 369 Free transportation to the canneries, free housing, fuel, and vegetables, together with the steadier hours and higher earnings, are the arguments used by the row boss in his work of securing an ade quate labor supply for his employer. Because the tables do not show the actual or relative value of these perquisites, which are held out by both canner and row boss as important factors in compensation, a brief discussion of their quantity and quality is pertinent. Cooking fuel (other fuel is not needed during the country canning season) is am ply provided. The workers are also free to use the com , tomatoes, or whatever the establishment is canning. In a few cases, the apple orchards, even though apples were not being canned, were available. This, however, is the lim it of the “ free vegetables” in the 32 country canneries visited. The housing facilities found in the m ajority of country canneries visited are difficult to describe in terms that will clearly set forth their importance as a factor in compensation. Better than venturing any general statements will be a few detailed descriptions of the hous ing facilities found during the course of this investigation of 32 country canneries in Maryland. N o . 1 .— The camp, which accommodated 15 Bohemian families, was located about two city blocks back of the cannery on a level, open tract of ground. It was laid out in rectangular form , the inclosure at one end being made by a large'wooden shed about 40 by 20 feet. This shack served as the sleeping quarters for the 15 families. It was a two-story building with a single room to each story, the first being about 2\ feet above the ground. There was a door at either end and these, with two windows, furnished light and ventilation on the first floor; the second-story single room had two windows. There were no partitions of any kind either upstairs or downstairs to shield one fam ily from , another, but the floor space was marked off into squares or “ apartments” for each fam ily, an aisle run ning down the center of each floor affording access to each square. The “ markers,” or partitions, which were not over a foot high, were boards resting edges up and keeping the straw, bedding, belongings, and occupants of one “ apartment” from encroaching on those of another. Clothing hung on the walls and from the rafters. The day of the agent’s inspection, the cannery was not operating and, as wet weather prevailed, the workers stayed closely indoors, some of them resting in the sleeping shack. On the second floor, a man was finishing the details of dressing, while a woman was lying in the “ square” a few feet away. It should be said that many of these families strive to maintain, often at the expense of health and com fort, a semblance of decencyin spite of the absolute lack of privacy. Some times only the outer garments are removed at night and much of such dressing and undressing as is done takes place under the covers. 370 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E A U OF LA B O R . Three babies, ranging in ages from 3 months to 18 months, were in the shack at the time of inspection. The air was decidedly stuffy and flies were plentiful. Two other sides of the camp were formed by cooking and eating shacks for each fam ily. These were of exceedingly primitive con struction, affording little protection from the rain. Each fam ily built its own eating shack of whatever material was available, mat ting, old canvas, etc., being the principal roofing. Improvised tables, benches, and stoves constituted the furnishings. The stoves were in some cases outside of the shacks and entirely exposed, so that meals had to be cooked in the rain or the cooking deferred until fair weather. As there was no drainage provided for the camp, the water stood in pools all about, and, in some cases, in the eating shacks, which are all without floors. The camp affords no toilet arrangements o f any kind, the near-by bushes serving as outhouses. One woman told the agent that two years ago she and her four children returned to the city from a camp of this kind with typhoid fever. The woman at that time was pregnant. This woman returned from the camp above described during the week of September 19, 1911, because the baby (which she was carrying in the canning season of 1909,1 when she was taken with typhoid fever) was ill-with sore throat. The doctor pro nounced the case one of diphtheria. N o. 2 .— A tw o-story, wooden shed on one side of the cannery gave shelter, on the second floor, to a half dozen single men. The ground floor was divided into two rooms. In one of these lived a man with two half-grown daughters; the other room was occupied by a man and his wife. The man worked in the cannery and the woman boarded the single men. A two-story, wooden shed on the other side of the cannery likewise housed both families and single men— the men down stairs, the families upstairs. The room on either floor was divided by partitions about a foot high into spaces the size of beds, the width of each being measured according to the needs of each fam ily. These spaces were filled with straw furnished by the canner. Over the straw was thrown such bedding as the people themselves brought from the city. The cooking and eating were done out of doors, with such facilities as the workers provided. N o. S .— But little description can be given of the sleeping quarters in this camp, as the shanties were locked. Against the two shacks were propped several “ lean-tos” which served as shelter for the eat ing tables. Camp fires and crude ovens were built, some under a rough shed, others out in the open. One woman scheduled in the cannery said to the agent, “ Five families live in our shack and we live like hogs.” The manager’s own statement for the method of * * The mother is again pregnant. H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A E . 371 housing employees here was, “ They just all bunk in together in big sheds and cook and eat out of doors.” N o. 4 *— The manager stated that each fam ily was given a room to itself. The workers stated that they were ‘ ‘ all together more or less.” Investigation showed that three or four families were bunked together in each of the several rooms into which the old barn, used as a sleeping shack, was divided. Some other outhouses supplemented these sleep ing facilities. The cooking and eating accommodations were outside. When the manager's attention was called to his original declaration that each fam ily was by itself, he said, “ W ell, you know, they are all related.” The toilet for this camp was right in the midst of the outdoor kitchens and eating tables, where it was most offensive. N o. 5 .— The housing here was the best that was seen on the Eastern Shore. The camp was high and dry. W hile it was visited on a clear day, there was, apparently, sufficient drainage to keep the camp in a sanitary condition even on a rainy day. The shacks stood in two rows, each fam ily having a room to itself. Between these two rows of houses, partly walled in, was the kitchen shed. This shed was well roofed, quite high, and large enough to accommodate the stoves and tables of all the families without crowding. N o. 6 .— There were two camps here. One was of old shacks, much patched, but in fairly orderly condition. Practically all of the kitchens about these shacks were covered with burlap, oilcloth, or matting. A second long shack, divided into 14 rooms, 1 for each fam ily, was located about 50 yards distant. Directly at the side of this shack and not over 10 or 15 feet away the tom ato skins and refuse from the cannery were being dumped. The odor arising from the soured, rotting mass of tom ato skins was fearful. Depositing this menacing mass right under the nostrils of the workers seemed inexcusable, as there was plenty of open space at greater distances. N ot content with destroying the com fort and im periling the health of the workers with this cannery refuse, a local employee of the company kept pigs in a sty not 10 feet from the new shack. Dry privies, used by occupants of both shacks and located between the two shacks, added variety to a medley of smells that may be conservatively described as “ sensational.” This assortment of odors was doubtless responsible for the fact that, while the cooking was done on uncovered, improvised stoves, the workers ate inside their shacks; and this circumstance, in turn, could be named as the cause of the unusually large number of flies inside these sleeping shacks. Three agents of the Bureau inspected these living quarters. N o . 7 .— The shack, which housed all the families in one room, was within a few feet of the cannery and was evidently built for a ware house. It was made of corrugated iron, without sashed windows and with one door only. Two holes had been cut into the iron on 372 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E A U OF L A B O R . each side of the building and the upper ends of loosened pieces swung on hinges, thus making a “ drop window.” No provision was made for holding these drops open from above and the use of props limited the opening to about one-half o f their capacity. A t the time o f the agents' visit the drops were not more than a fourth of the way open. Inside the shack it was very dim, the air was foul, and the flies were numerous. A man who was in the shack at the time of the agents' visit said that the roof leaked so badly that when it rained the occu pants could not keep dry. He told the agents also that his children had been sick. While the agents were talking to this man, a little girl, apparently 6 years old, was caring for a sick baby of about 20 months. N o . 8 .— The workers were housed in a tw o-story building which evidently had seen better days. It had been lathed and plastered, but most of the plaster had fallen off. Inside this oblong structure a long hallway separated two rows of rooms about 12 feet square. Two families occupied each of the 20 rooms. The cooking was done in front o f the building, in the open. N o . 9 .— The camp here was not laid out in the usual rectangular shape. In fact, it was not laid out on any plan at all. It was set back in the brush, the ground being uneven and broken by stumps and rocks. One row of shacks, which were all under one roof, stood on the bank o f a small stream. Each shack or compartment was large enough for a bunk and table and was well ventilated, a window being directly opposite each door. Cooking was done' on unshel tered camp fires. Just beyond the row o f shacks described was another which was taken to be additional housing facilities for can nery workers, but on closer investigation was found to be an aban doned pigsty. In addition, there was a large farmhouse where the American women workers lived. About 40 feet back o f the two rows of shacks was a small frame house where lived one woman worker and her four children. N o . 1 0 .— The camp was in the usual rectangular form, with one end open. Rows of individual shacks formed one side and one end of the rectangle. Each shack contained a sleeping bunk and was pro vided with a window, in most cases curtained. In many there were mantels holding pictures and other ornamental things. There was enough floor space in each room for table, trunk, or box and a lim ited amount of dressing space. The other side o f the rectangular camp was formed by the “ kitchens,” adequately roofed, but open at the sides. Each fam ily had its own kitchen and eating shack. The camp ground was well drained, but a dry toilet, too near the camp, marred the purity of the air. Near the camp were many trees under which the children, 6 and 7, were caring for the babies, all within sight of the mothers in the cannery shed. H O U B S A N D E A B N IN G S OP W O M E N W O B K E B S I N M D . A N D C A L . 373 N o. 1 1 .— The workers were housed in three two-story shacks, separated from each other by several hundred feet and distant from the cannery about two city blocks. In one shack 6 rooms were counted, and the agent was told by a worker who had just arrived for dinner that 10 families, numbering in all 33 people, were housed therein. The interior of one room was plainly visible from the entrance. There were two bunks, built one over the other, and each filled with straw, partly covered by wearing apparel. One worker, who was caring for a sick baby on the second floor, o f this shack, apologized to the Bureau’s agent for the appearance of things, explain ing that the necessity of caring for the sick child was responsible. Flies were everywhere in this shack, as in the two others, which were similar in construction and arrangement. As there was no shelter, aside from these sleeping shacks, it was necessary to use these for eating rooms when the weather was bad. The camp ground was free from standing water, although the day of inspection had been a rainy one. There were no odors from the toilets, which were at a con siderable distance. After visiting the other two shacks, the Bureau’s agent, returning to the cannery, met the woman with the sick child. She had been to the store and was carrying the child in one arm and her bundles in the other, explaining that she did not dare leave the child in the shack because of the dogs that prowled about the camp. O f the 32 canneries visited outside o f Baltimore City, 20 depended partially or wholly upon help from the city, and the housing facilities of 10 out o f the 20 contained sleeping shacks with single rooms occupied by from 2 to 15 families. It should not be inferred that the camps with individual sleeping shacks were in satisfactory con dition. The worst camp visited (described as N o. 6) had a sleeping room for each fam ily. In but few cases was there anything like adequate drainage. In the cases cited above, all grades of “ free housing” offered by the canners are reflected. Such apology or defense as managers made for the living quarters was either that “ these people are different” ; that “ they don’t live any better in the city ” ; or that the canning season lasted only a few weeks and it didn’t matter. One canner said to the agent, “ You don’ t know these people. You don’ t want to go near them any more than you need to. W e just say, ‘ Here are the houses,’ and we don’t go near them after that.” As to the first charge that “ the people do not live any better in the city,” it may be said that, while there is doubtless room for improvement in some o f Baltim ore’s housing conditions, the avail able housing records o f the section o f the city from which a large m ajority o f the cannery employees com e do not sustain the country canners’ contention. The only available information on this subject 18544°—No. 96—12----3 374 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E A U OF L A B O R . is contained in a report on housing conditions in Baltimore issued in 1907. According to this, in the district from which m ost o f the can nery help is secured, inspection of a typical congested block showed on it 136 houses containing 400 apartments and housing 1,807 people. Thirteen apartments were unoccupied, but exclusive of these, there were 904 rooms. This gives an average of 2.3 rooms and 4.6 persons to each apartment, or, approximately, 2 persons to a room .1 This is not ideal, but it is better than the conditions in the camps, where the highest standard found assigned an entire fam ily to one room, and the lowest crowded unrelated men, women, and children into the same sleeping space with absolutely no provision for privacy. But even if the charge of the country canners was true, and Baltimore city did permit a half dozen families— men, women, and children— to sleep in one room , it should not be the function o f the American employer to perpetuate or encourage the continuance o f conditions that are a menace to the community, especially when healthful, decent living quarters can be and are maintained by some country canners under difficulties no less serious than those which the most offending employers encounter. As to the plea concerning the brevity of the season, it is true that the country canning season is short compared with the season in the city, but no one has yet measured the train of influences o f such living conditions upon the health of the workers— all moral and ethical questions aside. Had time permitted, it would have been entirely pertinent to follow up some of the cases of illness chargeable to cannery camp conditions in order to find out just how much such illness had cost the workers in medicines, doctors, bills, and unemployment. It would be pertinent and interesting because, as was pointed out earlier, this “ free housing ” is held out by canner and “ row boss” as a factor in compensation. While this supplemental search was not possible, the sinister influence of most of the living conditions as described admits o f little doubt. It is the more to be regretted, because the few camps properly drained and adequately equipped show the possibilities in the line o f com fort and health, not only for the workers, but for the babies that might thus get a breath of country air and a respite from the oppressive heat of the city. CHARACTER OF LABOR FORCE IN MARYLAND CANNERIES. For the 676 women employed in Maryland canneries who furnished individual data for this investigation,information was secured con cerning age, race, and conjugal condition, and a study o f these facts 1 See Report on Housing Conditions in Baltimore, a study under direction of the Association for Im prov ing the Condition of the Poor and the Charities Organization Society, 1907, Table I, Houses, and Table III, Apartments. H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 375 discloses some marked differences between the character of the labor force employed in the canneries and that of the labor force in the other industries studied. The following table shows the number and per cent of women who were single, married, or widowed, tabulated according to race or nationality. An examination of the table shows that over 60 per cent of the force were of foreign birth, not quite 15 per cent colored, and the remainder, or approximately 25 per cent, native-born whites. One-half o f all the women reporting were married, 15.09 per cent were widowed, and only 34.32 per cent were single. The large percentage of married and widowed women is even more impressive when it is noticed that 13.31 per cent were under 16 years of age. In the other industries studied in Maryland in connection with this investigation the highest percentage o f married and widowed anywhere found was 8.98. RACE AND CONJUGAL CONDITION OF W AG E-EARN IN G W OMEN IN M ARYLAN D CANNERIES. Single. Race or nationality. Num ber. Per cent. Married. Num ber. Per cent. W idowed. Num ber. Per cent. Total. Per Num cent ber. of each race. American white.................................... Polish.................................................... German................................................. American colored................................. Bohemian............... ............................. A ll others.............................................. 73 44 45 38 15 17 43.45 27.16 27.95 38.38 36.59 37.78 69 105 83 47 18 20 41.07 64.82 51.55 47.48 43.90 44.44 26 13 33 14 8 8 15.48 8.02 20.50 14.14 19.51 17.78 168 162 161 99 41 45 24.85 23.96 23.82 14.64 6.07 6.66 Total........................................... 232 34.32 342 50.59 102 15.09 676 100.00 It is not surprising that more married women should be found in the canneries than in the other group of industries. The very inter mittent nature of the work permits women with homes to supple ment the fam ily income a part of the year with entire satisfaction to cannery employers who do not require all the year round service. Furthermore, while a rigid working schedule, such as prevails in the other industries, would cause permanent neglect o f home duties, the irregularity o f working hours in the canneries renders this neglect more or less partial. But even these conditions scarcely account for the wide divergence between the proportion of married women found in the canneries and the proportion employed in the other industries.1 Only 166 (24.5 per cent) of the cannery women studied in Maryland and 67 (11.1 per cent) in California had had any gainful occupation apart from their work in the canneries; 41 of these in Maryland and 15 in California had for this additional work some occupation, like * See pages 416 and 417. 376 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . picking or packing fruit, berries, or tomatoes, closely allied to their cannery work, leaving respectively only 18.5 per cent and 8.6 per cent having gainful occupations unrelated to the canneries. W ith respect to another point there is a striking difference between the women employed in canneries and those em ployed in the other industries. Over 25 per cent of those reporting in the Maryland canneries were 45 years of age or over, while in none o f the other industries did the women in that age group reach 3 per cent. The number and per cent of women employed in canneries who were in each specified age group are shown in the following table: NUM BER AN D PE R CENT OF W OMEN IN EACH SPECIFIED AGE GROUP IN M ARYLAN D CANNERIES. Age group. Number. Per cent. Under 16 years of age................................................................................................... M*to 44 years................................................................................................................. 45 years and over.......................................................................................................... 90 416 170 13.31 61.54 25.15 Total..................................................................................................................\ 676 100.00 The employment of the older women explains in large part the high percentage of the married and widowed women employed in can neries, but its significance goes farther. Reference to the table showing the average weekly earnings for the various industries by age groups (pp. 414 and 415) shows that almost uniformly the women :of 45 years and over are one of the two age groups showing lowest earning power. Reflected in these statistics of age, conjugal condition, and earnings o f the women is the fact that the canneries em ploy a very large amount of unskilled labor, much more, indeed, than do the other industries included in this investigation. This lim ited requirement in industrial skill, together with the sharply seasonal nature o f the work, is unquestionably responsible for the great proportion of married women in the canning industry. The distractions of rearing a fam ily, the claim for support from a husband— however inter mittent that support may be— are not conducive to the development or maintenance of any degree of industrial skill. W ithin this group of facts, too, lies the probable explanation of the fact that the clim ax o f the earning power comes in the 18 or 19 year group among the cannery women. Beyond these ages the great proportion of cannery women are married and working under the handicap of fam ily cares. Their early marriages are chargeable, doubtless, to the presence of so many foreigners. INDUSTRIES OTHER THAN CANNING IN BALTIMORE. In addition to the canning factories, four other industries were studied in Baltimore for the hours and earnings o f women employees. These industries were— candy, biscuits, etc.; paper boxes; shirts, H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 377 overalls, etc.; and straw hats. There are certain features in con nection with these industries that will bear special emphasis or call for brief comment. In the first place it is desirable to emphasize the fact that in appraising the comparative duration of employment reported by the women interviewed in the several industries the element of continuity of employment must be given due weight. Employment in the four industries named above, at least for fairly well defined and known seasons, is characterized by a degree o f certainty which does not obtain in the canneries. The women employed in each of these industries know that work awaits them each day in normal and rush seasons, and even in the dull period the great m ajority of them know that if they are kept on the force at all they will not go to the factories in vain. The longer period of employment of women in this group of industries as compared with those interviewed in the canneries, ranging from over twice to nearly two and two-thirds as long, is not more important than this quality o f continuity which permits the workers to make more or less definite plans for the period of suspended activity in their regular vocations. The greater regularity of working hours within the period of activity in these industries and the existence of pay rolls, together with settled methods of operation, make it possible to predicate conditions upon a much smaller number of interviews in each indus try than would have been safe in drawing conclusions concerning conditions in the canneries. The average hours as given in the tables are fairly representative of the prevailing weekly hours. However, it may be well to repeat the warning given in connection with the Chicago report on the first of this series of investigations relating to the working hours of wage-earning women, for it is neces sary to bear in mind in interpreting the accompanying tables “ that rarely is there an abrupt change from one season to another and from one degree of pressure to another as the unavoidable rigidity of tabular presentation might suggest. Between the seasons there is a period during which the pressure is considerably below that* indicated either by the normal or rush season hours;” 1 and as stated in the same report concerning the paper-box industry, but equally applicable to other employments: “ During the slackened season the work is done under low pressure, in a number of cases the piece workers coming to work with but indifferent regard to the regular establishment hour of beginning and leaving with equally lax attention to the exact hour for closing.” 2 W ith this qualification the tabulations state with fair accuracy the working hours of individual employees during the year ending April 30, 1911, for, while the establishment activity m ay have a very 1 Working Hours of Wage-earning Women in Selected Industries in Chicago, Bulletin No. 91 of the Bureau of Labor, p. 867. 8 Idem, p. 876. 878 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A BO R. markedly dull, as well as normal and rush season, the employer meets the situation by laying off entirely more or less of his force; so that, excepting for the “ stand-bys,” whether they be a large or a small proportion of the total enrollment, the employees get their dull season in the form of short or long lay offs, which are accounted for in the column showing duration of employment. A feature of working hours which the tables can not show, however, is the varying degree of pressure for the same given time. Some firms reported no overtim e at all and were corroborated by their employees in this statement, yet they reported a very marked busy season, when the workers were all laboring under a high tension. The pieceworkers increased their earnings considerably during such periods; the time workers, of course, gained no additional earnings from the increased activity. MANUFACTURE OF CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC. The hours and gamings of women in this industry were studied among the employees of 4 factories in Baltimore. These factories employed altogether 992 hands, 532, or 53.6 per cent, being women and girls, of whom more than a third (202) were under 16 years of age. Individual information for use in this report was secured from 181, who reported an average of 37.9 weeks employment for the year ending April 30, 1911. Factories engaged in the manufacture of candy, biscuits, etc., usually operate the year round, but the volume and pressure of the work vary greatly. In the 4 establishments which were studied in Baltimore a dull season of 9 to 13 weeks was reported in summer, when the force was somewhat reduced and the working time was shortened to 4 or 5 days per week in 2 factories and to 5£ days in 2 other factories. Two of the factories were closed for 1 week and 6 weeks respectively. On the other hand, from the beginning of September till Christmas and in the spring for several weeks preceding Easter, extra hands are taken on and the work is carried on under 'high pressure. The reports given by the 4 establishments covered show that they regularly ran 6 days a week, the total weekly hours varying from 50 to 60. In the rush season hours were increased so that days o f 12, 13, and even 13§ hours were reported and weeks o f 75 and even 85£ hours. In one establishment the pay roll showed 5 weeks of more than 80 hours’ work each. The follow ing table presents the inform ation in regard to employ ees and hours o f work as reported by the em ployers: H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 379 HOURS OF L ABO R OF W OMEN EM PLOYED IN CANDY, BISCUIT, ETC., FACTORIES DUR. ING NORMAL PERIODS AND DURING THE RUSH SEASONS OF THE Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30,1911, AS R E PO R T E D B Y EM PLOYERS, BALTIM ORE, MD. Women employed. Establish ment years Under number. 16and 16 over. years. Normal hours. Total. Long day. Short day. 9 10 10 9* 5 10 10 8 1 .................. 2 .................. 3.................. 4.................. 30 150 50 100 8 25 100 69 38 175 150 169 T ota l... 330 202 532 Busy season. Total Dura hours tion in per week.. weeks. 50 160 *60 4 55* 34 15 43 3 Aver age hours per week. 66f 69 *63f 64* Maxi Hours Hours mum of long of short hours per day. day. week. 13** 13 13| 1% 5 10 10 8 85* 75 72 64* i For 13 weeks in summer plant ran 50 hours per week. * For 9 weeks in summer plant ran 55 hours per week. * Employees in this establishment reported 3 hours overtime 3 days per week. 4 Plant closed 4 weeks in summer; for 9 other weeks averaged 38 hours per week. The long hours as above given are. as reported to agents of the Bu reau by the employers or as shown by the pay-roll records. It should not be understood that all women employees of the factories in ques tion worked the full quota of hours reported by the employers for the busy season, but. in each factory the percentage affected was large, as will be seen from the reports furnished by the individual women workers of their hours of work. The following statement summarizes for the 181 women furnishing individual data the average working hours during the normal season, the percentage working overtim e, and the average number o f weeks during which they worked overtim e, together with their average weekly hours during such time. A V E R AG E W E E K L Y HOURS W O R K E D IN NORM AL AND OVERTIM E SEASONS AND PE R CENT OF WOMEN W OR KIN G OVERTIM E IN 4 CANDY, BISCUIT, ETC., FACTORIES, BALTIM ORE, MD. Establishm ents investigated........................................................................................... 4 W om en em ployees furnishing in dividual data........................................................... 181 Average hours worked per w eek, normal season........................................................ 1 54.4 W om en working overtim e: Num ber................................................................................................ 143 Per cen t........................................................................................................................ 79 Average num ber of w eeks........................................................................................ 11.3 Average hours per w eek........................................................................................... 67.2 The extremes of hours which enter into these averages are shown on the individual tabulations at the end of the report. As heretofore stated, Sunday work is illegal in Maryland.2 Therefore, nearly 80 per cent of the women, recorded on the individual tabulations for 1 Notincluding 1 employee whose hours in normal season were not reported. * There was one instance where the pay roll showed Sunday work. The employer insisted that the hours recorded in the “ Sunday column” were overtime hours worked on regular week days. 380 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . the candy industry as working over 60 hours a week during the maxi mum weeks of the busy season, worked over 10 hours a day during such weeks. These same tabulations show that 36, or one-fourth of the 143 working overtime, worked on an average from 12 to 13 hours a day during the maximum week, which ranged from 72 to 78 hours. More im portant, however, is the fact that the average working hours for. this group of 36 during the overtime season ranged from 65 to approxim ately 75 hours per week. The fact germane to this discus sion is that the working day of from approxim ately 11 to 12£ hours revealed in these averages lasted for an average of nearly 17 weeks. That this average duration is closely indicative of the prevailing du ration, too, is shown by the fact that over two-thirds of the group of 36 under discussion report from 15 to 21 weeks. When the piece-rate system or an hourly rate of payment prevails, overtim e work usually means additional earnings. Gathering up in the individual tabulations the information concerning the hours and earnings of the 143 women who did overtime work in the candy and biscuit factories, the results are shown in the following table: COM PARATIVE HOURS AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL AND OVERTIM E SEASONS OF 143 WOMEN W HO R E PO R T E D O VERTIM E W O R K . Season. Average hours per week. Average earnings per week. Normal season.................................. ........................................................................... Overtime season........................................................................................................... 54.9 67.2 14.60 5.86 Per cent of increase in overtime season.................................................. 22.4 27.4 From the above table it is plain that the average increase of a little over one-fifth in working time results in over one-fourth increase in average earnings. Under the pressure of the rush season the em ployees not only work longer hours, but they increase the speed of their production and thus their hourly earnings.1 It is equally plain and highly significant that over 67 hours a week, which involves 6 working days of over 11 hours each, fails to net the worker an average of $6 a week. The preceding table gives the average hours and earnings per week of the 143 women who reported overtime work. In the following table the corresponding facts are given for the entire 180 reporting, the women being presented in 4 age groups. It will be seen that for the group of girls under 16 years the average weekly earnings were only $3.44. This group contains a considerable number of beginners, to whom only $2.50 a week is paid.* * The percentage of increased earnings would have been greater had it not been for one large firm that worked normally only 50 hours per week, but hired its employees “ on the basis of 60 hours a week” and paid no overtime until the women had worked in excess of that number. H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S O F W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 381 AVERAGE W E E K L Y HOURS OF LABO R AND EARNINGS IN NORMAL SEASON OF WOMEN IN 4 CANDY, BISCUIT, ETC., FACTORIES, B Y AGE GROUPS, BALTIM ORE, MD. Women * reporting. Age groups. Under 16 years........................................................................................ 16 to 24 years........................................................................................... 25 to 44 years........................................................................................ 45 vpars and ovp r__________ T o ta l___________ ________________ ____ Average hours worked per week. Average earnings per week. 73 92 14 1 54.6 53.7 58.1 60.0 $3.44 5.02 4.56 3.50 180 54.4 4.34 It is appropriate to repeat here what was said of the candy factories studied in Chicago: There is nothing unhealthful in the candy-making industry if the sanitation is not defective and if the toilet facilities are adequate. In the great m ajority o f cases the operations performed by women require nand work only and permit either a sitting or a standing position. Such machines as are operated by women are not obvi ously dangerous when provided with proper guards. Such disad vantages as are chargeable to the candy-making industry arise from the length of the working-day and the low wage rates.1 The individual hours and earnings of 181 women em ployed in the 4 candy, biscuit, etc., factories included in this investigation are given in the table at the end of this article. MANUFACTURE OF PAPER BOXES. The hours and earnings of women workers in paper-box factories were Studied among the employees of 4 establishments in Baltimore. These factories employed a total of 397 workers, 265, or 66.8 per cent, being women and girls, of whom about two-fifths were under 16 years of age. Individual data for use in this report were secured from 121, who reported an average of 41.4 weeks employment for the year end ing April 30, 1911. While the paper-box industry has its dull and busy seasons, they are not as sharply marked off as in some other industries, nor is the season of high pressure of so long duration. In the 4 establishments covered in Baltimore a dull season of about 13 weeks in summer was reported with only 5 or 5^ hours work on {Saturdays. No shutdown was reported in any establishment. Following this a rush season with overtime work was reported of from 9 to 17J weeks preceding Christmas. The facts given to agents of the Bureau by the 4 establishments studied show that in the normal season they ran 6 days a week, the weekly hours varying from 59 to 60. In the rush season hours were increased so that days of 12J, 12f, and 13 hours were reported, and weeks of 67, 67J, and 69 hours. 1 Working Hours o f Wage-earning Women in Selected Industries in Chicago. Bulletin No. 91 of the Bureau of Labor, p. 875. 382 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E A U OF L A B O R . The following table shows for each of the 4 factories covered the information in regard to employees and hours of work as reported by the employers: HOURS OF LA BO R OF W OM EN EM PLOYED IN 4 P A P E R -B O X FACTORIES DURING NOR MAL PERIODS AND DURING TH E RUSH SEASON OF THE Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30, 1911, AS R E PO R T E D B Y EM PLOYERS, BALTIM ORE, MD. Women employed. Establish ment num ber. Busy season. Normal hours. 16 years and over. Under 16 years. Total. Long day. Short day. Total hours per week. Dura tion in weeks. Aver age hours per week. 1 .................. 2 ........... 3.................. 4.................. 5S 33 60 10 32 12 30 30 90 45 90 40 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 94 160 >60 *59 >594 15 9 9 174 69 69 674 67 Total. 161 104 265 Maxi Hours Hours mum of long of short hours day. day. per week. 13 13 12f 124 10 10 9 94 69 69 67J 67 i For 13 weeks in summer plant ran 554 hours per week. * For 13 weeks in summer plant ran 55 nours per week. * For 13 weeks in summer plant ran 5(fhours per week. The facts given above in regard to overtime are as reported to agents of the Bureau by the employers, and it may be assumed do not overstate the conditions. It should not be understood that these hours were worked by all the women employees of the factories cov ered, as rarely in any factory, even in normal seasons, would all employees be found working full time. In each of these factories, however, the percentage of overtime workers was large, as will appear from the individual reports, which show 64.5 per cent of the women scheduled working overtime. The following table gives for the 121 women furnishing individual data the average working hours during the normal season, the per centage working overtime, and the average number of weeks during which they worked overtime, together with their average weekly hours during such time. A V E R AG E W E E K L Y HOURS W O R K E D IN NORM AL AND OVERTIME SEASONS AND PE R CENT OF W OMEN W O R K IN G OVERTIM E IN 4 P A PE R -B O X FACTORIES, B A LT I MORE, MD. Establishm ents investigated. . . * ................................................................................... W om en em ployees furnishing in dividual data........................................................... Average hours w orked per week, normal season......................................................... W om en working overtim e: N um ber........................................................................................................................ P e rce n t.......................................................................... Average num ber of weeks........................................................................................ Average hours per w eek........................................................................................... 4 121 58 78 64.5 10.3 67.8 From the foregoing table it appears that the average hours reported for the busy season were 67.8 per week, exceeding the overtime season hours of the candy and biscuit factories. But the duration of the H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 383 overtime season was slightly shorter and a smaller proportion of the force— approximately two-thirds as compared with four-fifths— worked overtime. Furthermore, the extremes in the maximum week, as shown in the reports of the individual women (pp. 428 and 431), do not equal those in.the candy and biscuit factories by 6 hours; 62 per cent, nevertheless, reported maximum weeks involving an average working day of from 11 to 12 hours. The general average working hours for the normal season are also higher than in the confectionery industry, showing 58 against 54.4 hours a week. In this connection it should be remembered that the paper-box industry in Baltimore, as in Chicago and in the California cities studied, involves more machine work and greater strain than the occupations in the candy and biscuit factories. Under such circumstances, long hours have larger elements of danger than where no strain is involved. It may be added further that the usual guards against obvious danger from the machines were too frequently lacking in the Baltimore establishments included in the investigation. A comparison of the hours and earnings in the normal week and during the overtime season will show what the extra work means to the women in the paper-box factories. The table which follows gives this information for the 78 box-factory women who reported overtime work: COMPARATIVE HOURS AND EARNINGS IN NORMAL AND OVERTIME SEASONS OF 78 WOMEN W HO R E PO RT E D OVERTIME W ORK. Season. Normal season............................................................................................................. Overtime season........................................................................................................... Per cent of in overtime season............................................................ Average hours per week. Average earnings per week. 57.9 67.8 15.01 6.24 17.1 24.6 Even in the overtim e season with the week of 67.8 hours, or over 11 hours a day, the earnings only reach $6.24. W ithout the over time work the average earnings are but $5.01. The average weekly hours and earnings for all the women employees in box factories furnishing individual data are shown, arranged by age groups, in the following table. The weekly earnings for 58 hours’ work are only $4.55. For the large group under 16 years of age the earnings are $3.11, even lower than in the candy factories. Here, as there, are found some beginners at $2.50 a week. 384 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E A U OF L A B O R . AVERAG E W E E K L Y HOURS OF LABO R AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL SEASON OF WOMEN IN 4 PA PE R -B O X FACTORIES, B Y AGE GROUPS, BALTIM ORE, MD. i Women reporting. Age group. Under 16 years........................................................................................ 16 to 24 years........................................................................................... 25 to 44 years........................................................................................... 45 years and over.................................................................................... Total.............................................................................................. J Average Average hours earnings worked per per week. week. 32 80 9 58.4 57.9 58.0 $3.11 4.94 6.17 12 1 58.0 4.55 MANUFACTURE OF SHIRTS, OVERALLS, ETC. The hours and earnings of women workers in shirt, overall, etc., factories were studied among the employees of three establishments in Baltimore. These factories employed altogether 1,845 workers, 1,485, or 80 per cent, being women and girls, of whom 8.4 per cent were under 16 years of age. Individual data for use in this report were secured from 167 who reported an average of 44 weeks o f em ploym ent during the year ending April 30, 1911. W ork in this industry is carried on throughout the year. Two of the plants covered in this investigation shortened their running hours during a dull period in summer, but this was only to the extent of introducing a shorter working day on Saturday during the months of July and August. On the other hand, the same two plants reported rush seasons of 9 and 17 weeks, respectively. In the third plant, while a busy season was recognized in the late fall and again in the late spring and early summer, it was reported that no overtime work was done. The facts given to the agents of the Bureau by the three establish ments included in this investigation show that in the normal season they ran 6 days a week, the weekly hours varying from 53 to 55£. In the rush season hours were increased in two establishments, so that days of 11 and 13 hours were reported, and a maximum week of 64^ hours. The following table shows for each of the three factories covered the information in regard to employees and hours of work as reported by the employers: H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D , A N D C A L . 385 HOURS OF LABOR OF WOMEN EM PLOYED IN 3 SHIRT, OVERALL, ETC., FACTORIES DURING NORMAL PERIODS AND DURING TH E RUSH SEASONS OF THE Y E A R ENDING APRIL 30,1911, AS R E PO RTED B Y EM PLOYERS, BALTIMORE, MD. Women employed. Establish ment years Under number. 16and 16 over. years. Total. 1 .................. 2 .................. 3.................. 420 440 500 15 10 100 435 450 600 Total. 1,360 125 1,485 Normal hours. Long day. 10 Short day. 5* 54 4 Busy season. Total hours per week. Dura tion in weeks. Aver age hours per week. 1 554 153 544 17 9 644 56 Hours of long day. 13 11 Hours of short day. Maxi mum hours per week. 644 57 1 For 9 weeks in summer plant ran 52 hours per week. The facts in regard to overtime as given in the foregoing table are as reported to agents o f the Bureau by the employers. In these estab lishments apparently a smaller per cent o f the employees than in the candy and paper-box factories are affected by the long hours. The reports from individual women employees show only 14.4 per cent of the women scheduled working overtime. The following table gives for the 167 women furnishing individual information the average working hours during the normal season, the percentage working overtim e, and the average number of weeks dur ing which they worked overtime, together with their average weekly hours during such tim e: A VERAG E W E E K L Y HOURS W O R K E D IN NORMAL AND OVERTIME SEASONS AND PER CENT OF WOMEN W ORKIN G OVERTIME IN 3 SHIRT, O VERALL, ETC., FACTORIES, BALTIM ORE, MD. Establishm ents investigated.............................................................................................. 3 W om en em ployees furnishing individual data............................................................ 167 Average hours worked per week, normalseasons....................................................... 54.2 W om en working overtim e: Num ber.......................................................................................................................... 24 P e rce n t.......................................................................................................................... 14.4 Average num ber of weeks.......................................................................................... 6.2 Average hours per w eek............................................................................................. 64 From the foregoing table it appears that the average hours reported for the overtime season were 64 per week, being less than in either the candy or paper-box factories. The duration o f the overtim e season was also somewhat shorter, being only 6.2 weeks. The extremes in the maximum week do not equal those in the other industries, reach ing only 64£ hours, although single days o f 13 hours were reported. The average working hours per week for the normal season were 64.2. A comparison of the hours and earnings in a normal week and during the overtim e season will show the increase in earnings afforded by the extra work o f the overtime force. The table which follow s 386 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A BO R. gives this inform ation for the 24 shirt and overall workers who re ported overtim e work: COMPARATIVE HOURS AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL AND OVERTIM E SEASONS OF 24 WOMEN W HO R E PO R T E D OVERTIME W O R K . Average weekly hours. Season. Average weekly earnings. Normal season............................................................................................................... Overtime season............................................................... .......................................... 57.1 64.0 $6.41 7.62 Per cent of increase in overtime season............................................................ 12 .1 18.9 It will be seen that in the normal season a week of 57.1 hours yields average weekly earnings of $6.41. In the overtime season with the hours increased to 64 per week, the average earnings are increased to $7.62. An increase in weekly working time of 12.1 per cent produces an increase in weekly earnings of 18.9 per cent. The earnings in the factories in this industry are considerably higher than those in either the candy or paper-box factories. The higher earnings in this industry are apparently due in part to the much smaller percentage of very young girls employed. For the group o f girls under 16 years of age the weekly earnings were slightly below those in the candy factories, but for the largest group of em ployees, those 16 to 24 years of age, the weekly earnings were $5.96 fis against $5.02 in the candy factories and $4.94 in the paper-box fac tories for women of the same age group. The follow ing table presents the weekly hours and earnings of the 167 women who furnished individual information, the facts being presented b y age groups: A V E R AG E W E E K L Y HOURS OF L A B O R AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL SEASON OF 167 WOMEN IN 3 SHIRT, O V ERALL, ETC., FACTORIES, B Y AGE GROUPS, BALTIM ORE, MD. Age group. Under 16 years........................................................................................ 16 to 24 years............................................................................................ 25 to 44 years............................................................................................ 45 vftars and ov er_____ _______ T otal___________ ___________ _______ __________ Women reporting. Average hours worked per week. 27 109 29 2 54.3 54.2 54.3 53.8 13.23 5.96 6.94 7.02 167 54.2 5.70 Average earnings per week. The extent of machine work, which is considerable in this industry, should be taken into consideration in judging the increased strain involved in the overtim e hours and earnings shown on the foregoing table and in scanning the individual tabulations at the close of this report. HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W OMEN WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL. 3 8 7 MANUFACTURE OF STRAW HATS. Four establishments in Baltimore furnished the basis of the study of hours and earnings of women workers in the straw-hat industry. These factories employed a total of 355 workers, 231, or 65.1 per cent, being women and girls, of whom only 6.1 per cent were under 16 years of age. Individual information for use in this report was secured from 122 who reported an average of 40.6 weeks’ employment for year ending April 30, 1911. W hile the straw-hat industry is to some extent seasonal in its char acter, three out of the four plants included in this investigation were continuously in operation throughout the year, only one plant report ing a shut down of 6 weeks during the.summer. In all of the plants, however, a dull season of from 9 to 13 weeks was reported, during which the working hours were somewhat shortened, one of the plants meeting the situation by laying off approxim ately half its force and cutting off one hour from its working day, and another running only 4 or 5 days per week during a period in summer. On the other hand, a busy season was reported o f from 9 to 21 weeks in the several establishments. The facts given to the agents of the bureau by the four establish ments covered show that in the normal season they ran 6 days a week, the weekly hours varying from 54 to 56. In the rush season hours were increased so that days of 12 and 12J hours were reported and weeks o f 63 and 68 hours. The following table shows for each of the four factories covered the information in regard to employees and hours of work as reported by the employers. HOURS OF LA BO R OF WOMEN EM PLOYED IN STRAW -H AT FACTORIES DURING NOR MAL PERIODS AND RUSH SEASONS OF TH E Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30, 1011, AS RE PORTED B Y EM PLOYERS, BALTIM ORE, MD. Women employed. Establish ment num ber. 16 years Under and 16 over. years. Busy season. Normal hours. Total. Long day. Short day. Total hours per week. Dura tion in weeks. Aver age hours per week. Hours of long day. Hours of short day. 94 94 94 9 64 64 9 1 56 2 54 54 *54 13 9 13 21 65 63 60 58} 124 12 } 12 10} 8} 64 6} 9 1 .................. 2 .................. 3 .................. 4.................. 35 88 60 34 7 5 2 35 95 65 36 Total. 217 14 231 i For 13 weeks in summer plant ran 47} hours per week. * For 9 weeks in summer plant ran 524 hours per week. • For 9 weeks in summer plant ran 49} hours per week. Maxi mum hours per week. 68 63 61} m 388 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E A U OF LA BO R, The hours as above given are as reported to agents of the Bureau by the employers of the establishments covered. While not all of the women employees in the factories in question worked the full number of hours reported, in each factory the percentage affected was large, 65.6 per cent of the individual women workers furnishing reports having done some overtime work. The following table summarizes for the 122 women furnishing indi vidual data the average working hours during the normal season, the percentage working overtime, and the average number of weeks during which they worked overtime, together with their average weekly hours during such period. A VERAG E W E E K L Y HOURS W O R K E D IN NORM AL AND OVERTIM E SEASONS AND NUMBER AND P E R CENT OF WOMEN W ORKING OVERTIM E IN 4 STRAW -HAT FAC TORIES, BALTIM ORE, MD. Establishm ents investigated............................................................................................. 4 W omen em ployees furnishing in dividual data............................................................. 122 Average hours w orked per week, normal season.......................................................... 53.9 W om en working overtim e: Num ber.......................................................................................................................... 80 Per ce n t.......................................................................................................................... 65. 6 Average num ber of w eeks.......................................................................................... 7.4 Average hours per w eek........................................................................................... 61.8 The extremes of hours which enter into these averages are shown only on the individual tabulations at the end of the report. An inspection of these individual tabulations of the straw-hat workers will show that they do not work the extreme hours reported in the other Baltimore factories. The average weekly hours for the 80 women who worked overtime, and the duration of overtim e, is con siderably less than in the candy and paper-box factories. It is slightly greater, however, than in the shirt and overall factories. The extent to' which the overtim e work increases the weekly earn ings is shown in the following table: COM PARATIVE HOURS AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL AND OVERTIME SEASONS OF 80 WOMEN W HO R E PO R T E D OVERTIME W O R K . Season. Average weekly hours. Average weekly earnings. Normal season.............................................................................................................. Overtime season........................................................................................................... 54.0 61.8 $6.84 8.86 Per cent of increase in overtime season............................................................ 14.4 29.3 According to the above table the average weekly earnings for the 80 women who reported overtim e were $6.84 for 54 hours’ work dur ing the normal season, while in the overtime season the weekly earn ings were $8.86 for 61.8 hours’ work, an increase of 29.3 per cent in H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S O F W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 389 weekly earnings with an increase of only 14.4 per cent in weekly hours. The foregoing table has given the average hours and earnings per week of the 80 women who reported overtime work. For the entire number of women in the straw-hat factories who furnished individual information (122), the weekly earnings were $6.73. The earnings in the straw-hat factories are thus seen to be higher than in the fac tories of any other industry in Baltimore included in the investiga tion. The small percentage of girls under 16 years of age is in part the cause of these higher earnings, although a comparison o f earnings by age groups shows that throughout every age group earnings in the straw-hat factories are in excess of those in any of the other indus tries. The average weekly hours and earnings for the 122 women reporting are shown in the following table, arranged by age groups: AVERAG E W E E K L Y HOURS OF LABO R AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL SEASON OF WOMEN IN 4 STRAW -HAT FACTORIES, B Y AGE GROUPS, BALTIM ORE, MD. Age group. Under 16 years................................................................................................ 16 to 24 years____ '........... .................................... ..... ................................... 25 to 44 years........................................................................................... TAAKt And ov er___ . . ______ _______________ _________________ Tn+Al________ Women reporting. Average weekly hours worked. Average weekly earnings. 8 83 28 3 54.0 54.0 53.4 53.6 13.70 6.56 8.05 7.38 122 53.9 6.73 HOURS, EARNINGS, AND DURATION OF EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES IN CALIFORNIA. The study of the hours and earnings of women in California, as in Maryland, dealt with five industries: The canning industry, in which 9 establishments were studied; candy, biscuits, etc., which covered 10 establishments; cigars and cigarettes, 2 establishments; paper boxes, 7 establishments; and shirts, overalls, etc., 6 establish ments. The 34 establishments altogether em ployed a total of 6,552 women. In addition to information furnished by the employer in the case of each one of these establishments, 1,569 of the women em ployees were interviewed, and each one furnished individual data for use in this report. In California, as in Maryland, a study of the canning industry included both city and country canneries. So far a&the other indus tries are concerned, the investigation was confined to the cities of San Francisco and Oakland. The period covered by the data in regard to hours, earnings, and duration of employment was in all cases the year ending April 30, 1911. The information included in the report was collected by 18544°— No. 96— 12----- 4 390 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . agents of the Bureau during the months of June and July. This afforded a good opportunity of observing cannery conditions early in the season of their activity. CALIFORNIA CANNERIES. LENGTH OF CANNING SEASON. This report on the canning industry in California is based upon information furnished by employers in 9 establishments employing 3,517 women, and upon data secured individually from 604 em ployees interviewed in such establishments. It will be noticed that the number of cannery employees inter viewed was considerably larger than the number in any of the other industries. This was considered im portant because of the extreme irregularity of the work and the very considerable difference in con ditions found in the various canneries. In the other industries the smaller numbers seem quite adequate, because of the much greater steadiness of the work and the close similarity in conditions in the several establishments. A definite idea of the length and variation of the canning season in California, as well as the periods in which the greatest stress is likely to occur, can be obtained from the following diagram issued by one of the largest canning companies in California. The informa tion is confined, o f course, to the varieties of fruits and vegetables named in the diagram. H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OP W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 391 DURATION OP THE CALIFORNIA CANNING SEASON, B Y V A R IETIE S. Showing earliest and latest days’ packing for period of 50 consecutive years in San Francisco and California generally. [Explanation: - entire season; heavy period.] 392 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. From this it appears that the entire season for all varieties of fruit and vegetable packing and canning falls between the middle of March and the first of December, a period of about 8J months. It is important to note on this diagram, however, that no variety affords a season of more than six months, and that some o f them do not last a single month. The table below shows an average of approximately 16£ weeks for the 604 employees scheduled in the 9 canneries selected for study in California. The lim ited duration of given varieties is an important fact in view of the inauguration and rapid growth of the “ packing-and-canning-where-grown ” policy. Where one large city plant handles all or nearly all varieties of fruits and vegetables shipped from all sections of the State there is a possibility of employment for the full period of 8£ months for some of the workers, the employment always characterized, how ever, by the sudden and extreme irregularities in working hours due to the uneven shipment of materials to the city plants. But when canneries have been established where well-known varieties of fruits or vegetables are grown and are practically con fined to the handling o f such varieties, the opportunities for em ploy ment are not measured by the entire canning and packing season, but by the duration of given varieties. The reports o f the 9 canneries which furnished inform ation for this investigation show that the duration o f activity in the industry in those canneries varied from 16 to 38J weeks. The tabulation o f the individual reports of 604 employees o f the same 9 canneries showed an average duration o f employment o f only 16.6 weeks. In the fol lowing table are shown for the city and country canneries investigated the number o f establishments, the total number o f women employed, the number furnishing individual data for this report, and the average number of weeks worked by the individual employees reporting. DU RATIO N OF EM PLOYM ENT OF WOMEN IN SELECTED C ITY AND COUNTRY CAN N ERIES OF C ALIFO RN IA. Location of establishment. Women Establish W omen furnishing ments in em ployed. individual vestigated. data. Average weeks of em ploy ment. C ity...................................................................................... Country............................................................................... 5 4 1,848 1,669 342 262 18.4 14.2 Total.......................................................................... 9 3,617 604 16.6 It will be observed from the foregoing table that the difference in duration o f employment reported by the country and city cannery employees in California is not nearly so great as between the corre sponding groups in Maryland, the difference in the California city and country plants being but a little over 4 weeks as against 17 weeks in HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL. 393 favor of the city canneries of Maryland. This is due, in part perhaps, to the fact that the California city and country canneries visited packed much the same fruits and vegetables. The country canneries also, while lim ited to the varieties of each product, were so located as to draw supplies from a larger district than those which fed the country canneries o f Maryland. Nevertheless, the difference of over 4 weeks’ employment, shown in the foregoing table in favor of the city canneries, is a factor o f no little influence in securing labor when taken in connection with the distance o f some o f the country canneries from the abiding places of the workers. T o offset these disadvantages the country employers must offer inducements, either in added earning opportunities, better working conditions, or in substantial perquisites. The material environment and general equipment which constitute the working conditions in the main o f the country and city canneries are practi cally the same. WORKING HOURS AND EARNINGS OF WOMEN IN CALIFORNIA CAN N ERIES. The five city canneries included in this investigation in California reported the employment o f 1,848 women. Considerable variation was reported in the number of weeks during which the establishments were in operation, one reporting only 16 weeks, while another reported 38$ weeks. Four o f the five canneries reported a season o f more than 29 weeks. The average hours per week in operation, as reported by the employers, exceeded 60 in only one case, where the average was 75 hours. As against this stands out the maximum hours o f the long day and the occasional exceedingly long week. Thus, the employers themselves reported days o f 18, 15, and 13$ hours and weeks o f 96$, 90, and 83 hours. In the California establishments, although some girls under 16 years of age were employed, their importance seemed to be much less than in the Maryland canneries, which have already been discussed. In the four country canneries, included in the investigation, 1,669 women were reported as em ployed. The weeks in operation varied from 19$ to 24, showing but little variation. The average hours per week reported by the country canneries compared unfavorably with the city canneries, ranging from 50 to 76f hours. In respect to the hours of the maximum day and the maximum week, the country can neries differed but little from those o f the city, days o f 13 and 16 hours being reported with weeks of 86$ and 92 hours. The information in regard to the number of women em ployed, the weeks in operation, and the hours per day and per week, as reported by the employers, is given in the table following. 394 BULLETIN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR. HOURS OF LA BO R OF WOMEN EM PLOYED IN 9 CALIFORN IA CANNERIES DU RIN G TH E Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30, 1911, AS R E PO RTE D B Y EM PLOYERS. W omen em ployed. Establishment num ber. 16years Under and 16 over. years. Weeks estabMaxi lish- Hours Hours Hours mum ment of usual of long of short hours in day. day. day. per Total. was opera day. tion. Aver age hours per week. Maxi mum hours per week. C IT Y C A N N E R I E S . 1................................ 2................................ 3................................ 4................................ 6 ................................ 468 400 280 300 290 30 35 20 25 0 ) 498 435 300 325 8 290 3§i 354 294 16 29* 13 n* 10* 1-1 10 14 13* 13 13 10* -5 8* 5 4 5 15 13* 18 15 13 75 (l) 60 55* 60 96* 896 83 86 4 70 450 350 200 600 35 14 20 0) 485 364 220 600 20f 19* 24 21 13 12 11* 10 15 13 12* 12 7 11 10* 5 16 13 13* 12 76* 75* 68* 50 8 92 « 86* 86 72 C O U N T R Y C A N N E R IE S . 6................................ 7................................ 9................................ 1 N ot reported. * 10 girls reported over 90 hours, the highest being 98 hours. * Not including girls under 16 years of age. 412 girls reported a maximum week of 80 hours and over, the highest being 98 hours. 6 3 girls reported over 92 hours, the highest being 96* hours. * 9 girls reported over 86* hours, the highest being 92 hours. It should be noted that all the figures of the foregoing table are as reported by the employers themselves. The long hours as there stated do not, of course, apply to their full extent to all employees. The extent to which they do apply can be seen in the reports of the 604 individual women em ployed in canneries, at the end o f this article. Reports of these employees show average weekly working hours of 60.4 for the average season of 16.6 weeks. A considerable difference appears between the employees o f the city and the country canneries. In the city canneries the average weekly hours were 57.8 for a season o f 18.4 weeks. In the country canneries the average weekly hours were 63.8 for an average season of 14.2 weeks. The following table summarizes the reports o f the individual women em ployed and presents for the workers in city and country can neries the number reporting, the number o f weeks employed, and the average hours and earnings per week. AVERAG E W E E K L Y HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W OMEN W ORK ERS DU RIN G THE Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30,1911, IN 9 CANNERIES IN AND N EAR SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.i Reporting. Average weeks employed. Average hours per week. City...................................................................................... C oun try.............................................................................. 342 262 18.4 14.2 157.8 2 63.8 167.21 *7.92 Total.......................................................................... 604 16.6 8 60.4 *7.52 Location. Average earnings per week. i Not including 3 forewomen and 11 workers whose hours and earnings were not reported separately. * Not including 1 forewoman and 13 workers whose hours and earnings were not reported separately. * Not including 4 forewomen and 24 workers whose hours and earnings were not reported separately. HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAD. 395 While the duration of employment reported by the cannery workers (city and country) scheduled in California1 is approximately 2 weeks less than for the cannery workers interviewed in Maryland, and the extremes in maximum wfeeks are less violent, as is shown by the tabulations at the end of this report, the average working hours per week are much higher, 57.8 and 63.8 in the city and country canneries, respectively, against 45.7 to 50.5 and 48 to 50 in the Maryland can neries. The individual tabulations also show many more weeks of 72 hours or over. Comparison of the two sets of tabulations shows that over one-half of the California cannery workers reported such maximum weeks, while less than one-fifth of the women interviewed in the Maryland canneries reported 72 hours or more. It should be remembered that 72 hours or over a week in California does not necessarily mean an average of 6 twelve-or-more-hour days, as Sunday work is not illegal in that State. This freedom from legal restraint in the matter of a 7-day week is largely responsible for the impressive list of maximum weeks, ranging from 72 to 98 hours, to be found in the individual tabulations for California. As the California canners contend that the long-hour drives are absolutely necessary because of the high perishability of the fruit, it is extremely interesting to note that a number of those reporting exceedingly long hours both in the average and maximum weeks are labelers and stampers, .who have to do with the product after it is canned, hermetically sealed, and cooked. The large proportion of the whole force working these long weeks would indicate a shortage of labor, as ordinarily only a small per centage of workers are willing to endure the strain of 80 hours and over even for the added earnings, particularly if there is enough work to maintain a good weekly average. The methods of keeping the force at work for the long drives in the country canneries did not differ materially from the methods adopted in the city canneries and described later. Referring to the preceding table and comparing the average hours in the 4 country canneries visited with the average working time reported by city workers, it appears that, while the country workers have 4 weeks less employment, they have 6 hours more per week for the season of 14 weeks than their fellow workers in the city plants. This means that the women in the country canneries put in really over 15 weeks of 57.8 hours, which is the average working time each week of the city employees scheduled. As the piece-rate system prevails almost uniformly in the canning as well as in the preparing departments, this should mean a considerable difference in earnings in favor of the women in the country canneries. 1 The probable reason for the difference in duration between city and country em ployment is explained in connection with the discussion of Maryland canneries (p. 353). 396 BU LLETIN OP TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. LONG HOURS AND HIGH-PRESSURE METHODS. The frequency of the excessively long week raises a question as to how women can be kept at work for such an unusually long time, for it would seem that the additional earnings would not be sufficient inducement, particularly when the hours are so excessive as to jeopardize the worker’s ability to maintain a fair average o f produc tive activity throughout the season. It should be borne in mind that the irregularity o f the working day is not a matter of caprice. This is said with no intention of implying that the extremes recorded in maximum working days and weeks are or are not unavoidable but only to call attention to the fact that the successful management of a canning industry involves the solu tion of some difficult problems. The materials used in a cannery are perishable and must be cared for within a given time. Frequently the “ given firne” is altogether inadequate to the quantity of goods to be handled, and the result is a working force increased to the capac ity of the factory or to the exhaustion of the labor supply and working to the lim it of endurance. The prevailing method of keeping the force at work during the long drives is to give preference in position and material to those who have shown a willingness to stand by until the fruit is cared for; to threaten loss of work to those who refuse to work the long hours, though the scarcity o f labor often renders this threat quite futile. Frequently the last work of the afternoon will not be punched or credited on the pay check until the employee has returned or stayed through the evening work. In a number of cases girls reported, and in two instances managers admitted, that the force had been locked in until the allotted work was done. Such methods were not infre quently accompanied by a firm’s refusal to allow any time off for supper, probably, not so much because of the loss of the half hour’s time as because of the worker’s unwillingness to return when once out of the establishment. In some instances the firm either served a lunch or permitted the workers to send for something to eat. In such cases some of the workers took a few minutes off, the cannery as a whole being in active operation continuously from the noon hour until 9 and 10 o’clock; sometimes till midnight, and in one estab lishment visited till 2 o ’clock in the morning. The last case was emphatically exceptional however, in the field covered by this investi gation, as the tabulations at the end of this article will show. From 6 and 7 in the morning till 9 and 10 at night with a half hour at noon for lunch and no time off for supper, making from 12 to 15 hours a day, was a frequent occurrence, as is equally evident from both the “ maximum week” and the “ average weekly hours” column in these tabulations. The long-hour drive, however, may be followed by a HOURS AND EARNINGS OP W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL. 397 day or days of but a few hours’ work, or o f no work at all. The underlying causes of this violent irregularity in working hours are explained in the forthcom ing report of the Immigration Commission. In the chapter dealing with “ Immigrant Labor in California Fruit and Vegetable Canneries/? the report says: The work in the canneries is irregular and requires a larger number o f employees at some times than at others. W ith the change of crops, the work varies in intensity; the crop of one fruit m ay be unusually good while that of another is poor. Late or early crops may crowd the cannery or makp it short of materials for operation, and transportation conditions m ay involve variations in the amount of work to be done. Moreover, changes in the prices of “ green fru it” may increase or diminish the amount shipped in that form and cause a variation in the amount supplied to the cannery. * * * Some times employees are worked overtime for several days in succession and then laid off for a day or so. * * * When there is much work to be done, Sunday work is required. While the whole section above referred to has to do with the question of immigrant labor, the paragraph quoted applies particu larly to the women employees, who, according to the same report, constitute from three-fifths to three-fourths of the entire force of cannery employees. Although the actual earnings reported in the California city canneries visited were 71 cents a week lower than those reported by the country workers interviewed, the relative earnings of the country workers were lower because they had to work an average of 63.8 hours to earn $7.92 a week, whereas the Women employed in the city canneries worked an average of 57.8 hours and earned $7.21. In other words, the earning power was a fraction of a cent lower per hour in the country than in the city canneries. LABOR SUPPLY OF THE COUNTRY CANNERIES. W hat then are the inducements offered to secure an adequate labor supply for the country canneries ? It should be borne in mind that the fluctuation of working hours in the country, while not so violent as in the city plants visited, was still sharp enough to render an earning of $3 in one day possible because of the uneven run of fruit. This possible $3 the prospective employees are not allowed to forget. It is constantly held up not as a possibility but as a proba bility by the employer and his labor agent. In reply to a question as to the employers’ assurance that there would be enough labor available to the country canner to enable him to care for the fruit and vegetables in the required time, one manager of a large California cannery said: “ A firm can take no chances on its labor supply. Before a plant is ever established in a country district a careful canvass of the labor situation is made.” The men 398 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. who later act as foremen are the principal agents in such a campaign. They ascertain the available number of helpers in the immediate district, the number obtainable from nearby towns, and they get, and keep, in touch with the “ m overs” or “ campers” who leave the cities in the canning seasons for the work in various country canner ies. The work of the foremen is effectively supplemented by want advertisements inserted in the small town papers and in the big city dailies. During the season in which this investigation was in prog ress the calls for help from country canneries were markedly notice able and not a little alluring, particularly as the peach and pear season advanced. One firm sent out a wagon with large side signs reading, “ Light and pleasant work with big pay.” The sign on the rear of the wagon gave the name and address of the cannery. A t the same time the city dailies were running urgent advertisements. The following were taken at random: W omen and girls.— Do you want to spend two months in ’ the country and earn good wages, w ith steady work in a fruit cannery? Tents furnished. W orking now . W anted.— W omen and girls for cannery work in country; com m encing im m ediately and steady u ntil N ovem ber 1; no experience necessary; good wages. Cottages and tents furnished. Call at once. A num ber of women and girls to register for work at Napa; season w ill begin about August 1; free tents; a profitable summer outing. W e want wom en and girls im m ediately for fruit cannery w ork; no experience n ec essary to earn big wages; tents furnished; tell your friends and go at once. In each of the above advertisements the big wages and the offer of “ free tents” or “ free cottages” occur. HOUSING FACILITIES. The housing question during the canning season is a problem, of course, and when labor is scarce the free tents and cabins are held out as an inducement. In many instances a charge of $2 a month is made for a cabin, the rental being rebated if the workers stay throughout the season. Some employers require that each cottage shall house at least two regular workers; others stipulate that every occupant “ old enough” shall work in the cannery. In none of the small town canneries visited in California did the firms restrict the occupation of the cottages to women as was done in one city cannery, which had a very few cabins for its detached and homeless workers. In the country districts the cabins are occupied largely by the Portuguese and Italians, some of whom own small ranches at considerable dis tance from the canneries. These workers occupy the cabins during the fruit season only, while a few of those having no interests else where live in them all the year round. A detailed consideration of the housing conditions as developed by this tent, cabin, and shack system would have no place here except for the fact that the housing is considered by both em ployer and HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL. 399 employee as a factor in compensation, and may fairly be regarded as having an important bearing upon the earnings of country cannery workers. On this basis the quality of the housing is a proper sub ject for discussion. The big, unpartitioned shed, housing dozens of families in the manner described in connection with some of the Maryland canner ies, was not found in any of the California canneries visited. The company cabins or tents were all constructed either for one fam ily or for four women. There was, of course, a wide range in the degree of healthfulness, com fort, and sanitation that characterized various groups of tents and cabins. Some of them were entirely too close to the cannery, getting the odors of decaying refuse, and when the drainage and management of the camp itself were inadequate offen sive odors assailed the workers day and night. Others showed intelligent care and effective protection on the part of the manage ment, with a consequent degree o f com fort and even attractiveness about the workers’ quarters that should be a real inducement “ to go into the country canneries for a summer’s outing.” This free housing, while a substantial perquisite, is practically the only inducement which the country canner has to offer, except for the more or less agreeable change involved in the trip to the country. It was evident, however, that the managers of country canneries did not depend to so great an extent upon help from the large cities as did the country canners of Maryland. The surrounding country, dotted with small ranches, was counted on for much o f the labor and for this the country cam^eries have no serious com petition from the city employers. W ith this resident supply of labor, glad to increase the fam ily income by work in the nearby canneries, the question is not so serious as if the country plants visited were wholly or princi pally dependent upon help attracted from the city. It should not be inferred that migratory labor is inconsequential. The “ campers” or “ movers,” who make a business of following up the different varieties of fruits and vegetables as they ripen, throughout the whole deciduous fruit belt of California, are factors in the labor supply of varying degrees of importance. But the very fact that they are not settled in the cities and have formed a migratory habit makes them less difficult to attract, and the availability of a resident supply of labor gives the cannery employer a good bargaining leverage. LACK OF RECORDS AND FREEDOM FROM REGULATION OF THE CANNING INDUSTRY. The entire absence of working-time records, and almost uniform lack of records of any description for the pieceworkers, in either the California or the Maryland canneries visited is a feature o f this inves tigation which calls for consideration. W ithout such records it is 400 BU LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. \ impossible for employers to make any progress in distributing the strain of excess work over the whole force, for there is nothing but the memory or personal interest o f the foremen to mark the working time o f each employee. W ithout such records, too, there would be no effective way o f preventing the employees o f a day shift in one cannery from working on the night shift in another. It must be borne in mind that to the overwhelming m ajority of these workers extra time carries but a single meaning— extra money. Their eagerness for this extra money finds at least some explana tion in the level o f earnings shown in the foregoing tables. The deeper and broader influence o f long hours on a half-grown girl or a married woman has no place in their calculations. To get enough to feed, to house, and to clothe themselves is the problem that absorbs their entire attention. The women have neither the time nor the facilities to figure out the cumulative losses due to excessive hours of labor. But it is singular that employers who direct other phases of their business along lines indicated by carefully kept accounts should attempt to regulate the supply of so large a part of their labor without the help of adequate records. The bureau's agents were frequently told by both employees and employers that after a certain point the earning power waned as the working hours lengthened, and that “ after a drive the work lagged." This is a loss for employer as well as employee, with the difference that to the employer a distribution of overtime strain would mean an immediate gain; to the employee accustomed to the increased earnings of excessive overtime work there would be an apparent loss of money in such distribution which it might take her some time to see was offset by the fact that her earning power during normal hours would be better sustained or increased. Apropos of the lack of either legal or voluntary regulations in the industry, the following paragraph from the volum e1 edited by a student of this subject, is pertinent: The exemption from regulation is also responsible for corresponding deficiencies in the technical administration of the industry (fruit and vegetable canning). The very fact that employers are legally free to make their operatives work without lim it, and to crowd any number of them into one room , makes them disinclined to put thought and capital into improving arrangements. The better dis posed o f them admit that the present system tempts them to buy carelessly; to make no adequate use of the telegraph and telephone in regulating deliveries; to dispense with cold storage, so that it is a common custom to keep the fruit in workrooms exposed to heat, steam, and the deteriorating influence of congregated humanity. A few firms stand out as preferring the upward way, scientifically organizing their supplies, providing cold storage, working their operatives only normal hours, and seeing to it that the work places are clean and healthy.i i “ The Case for the Factory A cts,” Mrs. Sidney W ebb, p . 52. HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL. 401 The extent to which this lack of records is carried can not be too much emphasized. Children and adults work side by side, delivering their buckets, baskets, or trays of prepared product and receiving therefor a brass check or cash, as the case may be. The brass check or cash in most cases is all the record the employer has for the work of an employee of whatever age. For the pieceworkers in the canneries visited, the data for hours and earnings, developed in the course of this investigation by the patient probing of the Bureau's agents in the manner described in the introduction to this report, are at present writing, therefore, more complete records than the canners themselves possess con cerning the working time of their own employees. DESCRIPTION OF A TYPICAL CALIFORNIA CANNERY. The typical California cannery, whether in the city or country district, is conducted with distinct reference to tw o main depart ments, viz, that in which the fruits and vegetables are prepared, canned, and cooked— the cannery proper— and that in which the goods are stored and, just before shipment, labeled. This latter division, which is known as the warehouse, is sometimes a separate building, varying in height from one to four stories, and sometimes only a room in the cannery proper. In either case it is usually large, airy, and well lighted. The cannery proper is a large one-story brick or wood structure. The brick canneries visited were flat roofed, and dependent for light and air upon doors and windows. Many of the wooden structures visited were windowless, but were supplied with skylights. In the brick structures the cooking room, where only men are employed, was usually walled off, the steam passing out through the doors and windows. In the wooden canneries the cooking room was not walled off, but in most cases the part of the cannery where the women were at work was not seriously affected because the steam passed directly through the open skylights. The windowless construction is an econom y o f floor space, as materials can be stacked around the walls without interfering with light or ventilation. In one or two cases, however, either the skylights were not properly managed or the cooking equipment was not sufficiently near the doors, for the whole plant was suffused with steam, making the air depressingly humid and superheated. Also, there were a few structures which were well supplied with ventilating facilities but reeked with foul air because no use was made o f such facilities. In each o f these cases, o f course, the health and efficiency o f the workers were subjected to an entirely avoidable handicap. In some o f the country canneries the cooking room was really an open court, leaving the rest o f the plant com pletely free from the heat and steam. 402 BU LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. Entering the cannery by the door through which the fresh fruit is brought one first encounters a number of long tables equipped with from two to four shelves running along the top. On these tables the fruit is prepared by preparers— more commonly known as “ cutters.” In California practically all of the cutters are women. Very frequently women, and, in some instances, children, carry the large boxes of fruit, weighing 40 pounds and over, from the general supply place to the preparing tables. This is important not only because of the number of immature girls in the canneries but because o f the presence of so many married women. Frequently these women are at work while pregnant, often working dangerously near to the day of confinement. In other canneries fruit was brought to the preparing tables by men. This method relieved the women o f the physical strain, but in some cases caused them anxiety because of an alleged partiality on the part of the .men in distributing the fruit or vegetables. The space between the cutting tables permits the workers to be seated while at work, but the necessity of reaching the four shelves makes work in this position difficult. Few can neries employ a person to keep the floor clean about the preparing tables, so the fallen, mashed, and spoiling fruits and vegetables render the surroundings distinctly unpleasant. As this investigation was completed before the beginning o f the tom ato season, it is not possible to say how unpleasant conditions become through this lack of care. N ext to the preparing tables are those for the canners who are also women. Their position and proxim ity to one another depend upon the presence or absence of an autom atic grader. This device is a long piece o f iron pierced its entire length with holes for the different grades of fruit. W hen the grader is used it is necessary for the canning tables to be close together because fruit is borne from the grader along m oving belts on these tables. As each table has a trough and belt on either side, there is at most a narrow passage between the two rows o f workers. As a rule eight girls work on either side o f the table. The trough is partitioned so that each girl has her own bin. As the fruit comes from the grader on the rolling belts, gates at each place push a portion o f it into the bin; where these gates are not stationary, the fruit is very unequally distributed, often because workers at the upper tables will draw the gates almost across the belt, thus taking most o f the fruit and leaving a wholly inadequate supply for those at the lower tables. Each table has two upper shelves, making neces sary a good deal o f reaching and rendering a sitting position while at work unprofitable under any circumstances. Where the grader is used the small space between the tables makes sitting impossible. The work o f the canners consists in washing and sorting the fruit, eliminating such as is im perfect and canning the rest. The workers1 HOURS AND EARNINGS OP W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL. 403 hands are constantly in cold water. “ Sore hands” was a frequent complaint among the canners and was charged to the cold water, while among the cutters both the cold water and the hardness of the green fruit was held responsible for damage to hands. The floor about the canning tables was always found in a damp condition and in some instances water stood in easily measurable depth. The canners, how ever, in the California establishments visited, were standing upon raised slats, so that they were fairly protected from an actual wetting. The filled cans are taken from the canning tables on trucks to the “ siruper.” A fter the air is exhausted from the cans by the use of steam they are capped and cooked. W ith the exception o f the grader, no machinery is placed near the women workers. The canners, however, are frequently near enough to the cooking equipment to get the full benefit o f the noise. While there is little or no strain occasioned by machine work, the piece workers soon strike a peculiar swaying motion, resembling that by which machine workers adapt themselves to the demands o f their machines, and which seems to lend itself to speed and facility of production. Two cannery officials— each in a different cannery— volunteered the opinion that cannery work was so much of a strain that workers were unfit to do other work when the cannery season was over. It was noticeable, however, that in spite o f the unusual length o f the working day during the “ drives,” there was little or no com plaint from the workers, because, with the piece-rate system, which prevailed almost uniformly, long hours meant to them only increased pay. CHARACTER OP LABOR FORCE IN CALIFORNIA CANNERIES. For the 604 women employed in California canneries who furnished individual data for this investigation, information was secured con cerning age, race, and conjugal condition, as well as concerning hours, earnings, and duration o f work, and a study o f these facts discloses some marked differences between the character of the labor force em ployed in the canneries and that o f the labor force in the other industries studied. The following table shows the number and per cent o f women who were single, married, or widowed tabulated according to race or nationality. An examination o f the table shows that nearly 90 per cent o f the force were o f foreign birth and only about 10 per cent native born. The married women constituted 47.85 per cent, the widowed 11.26 per cent, and the single 40.89 per cent. These per centages are even more striking when it is noticed that 13.90 per cent were under 16 years o f age. The differences in proportions o f mar ried and widowed between cannery employees and employees in the other industries are not nearly so great as in Maryland. 404 BULLETIN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR. The reasons assigned for the large proportion of married women found in the Maryland canneries (pp. 375 and 376) apply with equal force here. The irregularity o f the working hours, the interm ittent nature of the industry, and the com paratively low degree o f industrial skill required makes it easier for unskilled workers to secure employ ment in canneries than in the other industries. RACE AND CONJUGAL CONDITION OF W AG E-EARN IN G WOMEN IN CALIFORN IA CAN N ERIES. Single. Race or nationality. Married. W idowed. Total. Num ber. Per cent. Num ber. Per cent. Num ber. Per cent. Num ber. Italian................................................... Portuguese.............. ........................... American.............................................. Other nationalities............................... N ot reported...................... ................. 113 57 38 38 1 39.37 40.71 59.38 34.55 33.33 146 69 *17 55 2 50.87 49.29 26.56 50.00 66.67 28 14 9 17 9.67 10.00 14.06 15.45 287 140 64 110 3 147.75 23.30 10.65 18.30 T otal........................................... 247 40.89 289 47.85 68 11.26 604 100.00 Per cent. i Per cent based on total number reporting nationality. * Includes 1 American colored em ployee. Among the California workers, as was noted in the case of the women em ployed in the Maryland factories, the women em ployed in the canneries are notably older than those in the other industries. Over 20 per cent o f those reporting in the California canneries were 45 years o f age and over, while the highest per cent found in the other industries was 11.19 in shirt, overall, etc., factories. The num ber and per cent o f women em ployed in canneries who were in each specified age group are shown in the following table: NUM BER AND PER CENT OF W OMEN EM PLOYED IN CALIFO RN IA CAN N ERIES, B Y AGE GROUPS. Number. Age groups. Under 16 years of age................................................................................................... 16 to 44 years................................................................................................................ 45 years and over.......................................................................................................... T otal.................................................................................................................... Per cent. 84 395 125 13.90 65.40 20.70 604 100.00 ! The large employment o f women 45 years of age and over explains in part the unusually large percentage o f the married and widowed women employed in canneries. Reference to the table showing the average weekly earnings for the various industries by age groups (p. 415) shows that, uniform ly, the women of 45 years and over form one o f the two age groups showing lowest earning power, the other group being girls under 16 years o f age. In the city canneries more than a third o f the cannery workers scheduled fall within these two age groups, whereas less than 10 per cent of the workers scheduled HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN M D. AND CAL. 405 in the four other industries are in these age groups of low earning power. INDUSTRIES OTHER THAN CANNING IN SAN FRANCISCO AND OAK* LAND, CAL. In addition to the canneries, four other industries were studied in California with reference to the hours of labor, earnings, and dura tion of employment of the women employed. These industries are: Candy, biscuits, etc.; cigars and cigarettes; paper boxes; and shirts, overalls, etc. The tables for these four industries effectively tell the story of working hours and earnings as reported by the 965 women inter viewed in the course of the investigation. The working period of 45.5 weeks reported for the year under inves tigation by the women in these industries, as compared with the average of 16.6 weeks shown for the California cannery workers, is deserving o f special notice. This average is, moreover, fairly repre sentative o f all the industries, as the widest divergence found in any case is only six-tenths of a week. In judging o f the strain involved in the recorded working hours, it is important to remember that factory conditions are an influential factor and that the more even and salubrious climate of California has a direct bearing on such conditions. The absence o f cold weather permits more open windows during factory hours, and, consequently, better ventilation the year round than usually prevails in the fac tories visited in the cities of the Middle W est and the East. What was said in a previous report concerning the absence of any inher ently unhealthful conditions1 in the candy industry as revealed in the Chicago factories, for example, is even more applicable to the establishments visited in California, because fresh air is so important a factor in industrial hygiene. This does not mean that there were no cases o f bad ventilation. On the contrary, in spite o f the warm climate, there were factories visited where every window was closed and where there were no apparent means of airing the workrooms, except through the occa sionally opened doors. Sometimes, too, materials used in the man ufacture of candy had to be protected from cooling drafts, but, on the whole, these cases were not numerous, and the soft climate is an active influence for good ventilation. The length of the working day, the stress and duration o f the busy season, the average weekly earnings, and the bearing o f overtime work upon such earnings are the other factors of importance to be considered in connection with these industries. 1 “ There is nothing unhealthful in the candy-making industry if the sanitation is not defective and the toilet facilities are adequate.” W orking Hours o f Wage-earning W omen in Selected Industries In Chicago, Bulletin N o. 91, Bureau o f Labor, p . 876. 18544°— No. 96— 12----- 5 406 BU LLETIN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR. Between the hours as reported by the employers and those reported by the individual employees there are some discrepancies, particularly in the length of the maximum week and in the average hours for the rush seasons. Most of these discrepancies are more apparent than real. None of them presented inexplicable contradic tions. A t the time of this investigation there was much agitation over the eight-hour law. Many employers affected thereby were more or less on the defensive. There was, not unnaturally, a ten dency to emphasize, not the exceptional long day or week, but the ordinary strong pressure work that characterizes the establishm ents busy season. Often, under persistent questioning, Sunday work and five or six nights a week for “ an occasional w eek” would be admitted by the employers. Furthermore, a girl’s average hours during busy season may be higher than the average hours recorded by the firm because she may have worked only during the heaviest-pressure weeks o f the busy season. In such cases, of course, the discrepancies are only apparent. Wherever any significant discrepancies occurred between the statements o f employees and employers, that fact has been stated in a footnote to the tables summarizing the establishment schedules. These tables give only the firm’s working schedule in normal .and busy seasons, without reference to occasional concessions made to a part or the whole o f the force in the slack of the season. In short, the tables take the picture of working hours in a sharp black and white, om itting entirely the light and shade o f transition periods. MANUFACTURE OF CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC. The hours and earnings of women employed in making candy, bis cuits, etc., were studied in 10 establishments o f San Francisco and Oakland. These factories together employed 813 hands, 554, or 68.1 per cent, being women and girls, of whom 97.3 per cent were 16 years of age and over. Individual information for use in this report was secured from 347 women, who reported 45.6 Weeks o f employ ment for the year ending April 30, 1911. The factories engaged in the manufacture of candy, biscuits, etc., in San Francisco and Oakland usually operated the year round. The pressure of the work was reported as somewhat reduced in sum mer by practically all factories who reported a busy season during the two months preceding Christmas and also for several weeks pre ceding Easter. Following the overtim e work preceding Christmas, three of the factories reported a lay off o f one or two weeks. The reports given by the 10 establishments covered show that they ran regularly 6 days a week, the total weekly hours varying from 49 to 56£. In the rush season hours were increased so that days of 12, 12i , and even 13£ hours were reported, and weeks of 70 and even H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 407 78 hours. The so-called busy season continued, according to the reports of the employers, from 3 to 26 weeks in the various estab lishments. The following table presents the information in regard to the employees and hours of work as reported by the employers: HOURS OF LA BO R OF WOMEN EM PLOYED IN 10 CAN DY, BISCUIT, ETC., FACTORIES DU RIN G NORM AL PERIO DS AND DU RIN G TH E RUSH SEASONS OF TH E Y E A R END ING A P R IL 30,1911, AS R E PO RTE D B Y EM PLOYERS, SAN FRANCISCO AN D OAKLAN D, CAL. W omen em ployed. Establish ment years Under number. 16and 16 over. years. 1 .................. 2 .................. 3.................. 4.................. 5.................. 6.................. 7.................. 8 .................. 2 Total. 2 3 8 10 ................ 48 61 8 28 33 183 37 75 31 35 50 61 8 •28 35 186 45 75 31 35 T o ta l... 539 15 554 Busy season. Normal hours. Long day. Short day. Total hours per week. Dura tion in weeks. Aver age hours per week. it 9 9 8f 9 9 564 521 54 54 16 6 3 7 15 18 12 26 78 70 641 63 621 621 62 601 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 gi 7 7f 81 4* 534 52 52| 53| 49 Maxi Hours Hours mum of long of short hours day. day. per week. 9 % 12 12 12 12 ll 9 H T 8 78 70 641 63 621 62* 62 67f The hours and duration of the busy season as given in the fore going table are as reported to agents of the Bureau by employers. The reports from individual workers indicated that 76.4 per cent were working overtim e during a part or all of the busy season. The following statement gives for the 347 women furnishing indi vidual information the average working hours during the normal season, the number and per cent working overtime, and the average number o f weeks during which they worked overtime, together with the average weekly hours during such period: AV E R AG E W E E K L Y HOURS W ORKED IN NORM AL AND OVERTIM E SEASONS AND PE R CENT OF WOMEN W ORKIN G OVERTIM E IN 10 CAN DY, BISCUIT, ETC., FAC TO RIES, SAN FRANCISCO AND O AKLAN D, CAL. 10 Establishments investigated........................................................................................... Women employees furnishing individual data............................................................ 347 Average hours worked per week, normal season......................................................... 53.2 Women working overtime: Number........................................................................................................................ 264 Per cen t........................................................................................................................ 76.1 Average number of weeks........................................................................................ 17.9 Average hours per w eek.......................................................................................... 2 63.2 The result of the investigation, as indicated by the tables, shows that the industry here, as in Baltimore, led all the others except the canneries in the number of working hours during the maximum weeks 1 N ot including 1 not reporting. 2 N ot including 4 not reporting. 408 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E A U OF L A BO R. of the busy season. However, the long-hour weeks were more extreme and more frequent than were found in the individual reports for the workers in the candy and biscuit factories of Baltimore. Of the 264 women working overtim e in the San Francisco and Oakland candy and biscuit factories visited, 111, or 42 per cent, reported maxi mum weeks of from 66 to 90 hours. While this does not necessarily mean a working day of from 11 to 15 hours, as Sunday work was not prohibited, it frequently did mean days of such length, because reports of Sunday work were not numerous. The 111 women report ing these maximum weeks maintained an average of from 60 to 82£ hours during the busy season, which ranges from 1 week to 30 weeks in duration. The hours and earnings of the 264 women reporting overtim e work are shown in the following table for the normal season and for the weeks during which overtim e work was done: COM PARATIVE HOURS AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL AND OVERTIM E SEASONS OF 264 WOMEN W HO R EPO RTED OVERTIM E W O R K . Average hours per week. Season. Average per week. Normal season.............................................................................................................. Overtime season.......................................................................................................... 53.4 163.2 $7.72 *9.57 Per cent of increase in overtime season............................................................ 18.4 24.0 i Not including 4 not reporting. * N ot including 1 not reporting. The earnings of $7.72 for a week of 53.4 hours during the normal season are shown to be increased to $9.57 for a week of 63.2 hours during the period of overtim e work, the hours being increased 18.4 per cent while the weekly earnings are increased 24 per cent. The foregoing table gives the average hours and earnings per week of the women who reported overtime work. Of the 347 women who furnished individual data the weekly hours and earnings of 330 are presented in the following table, the women being arranged in four age groups. The individual hours and earnings of the women employed in the candy, biscuit, etc., factories in San Francisco and Oakland are given in the table at the end of this article. AVERAG E W E E K LY HOURS OF LABO R AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL SEASON .OF W OM EN IN 10 CANDY, BISCUIT, ETC., FACTORIES, B Y AGE GROUPS, SAN FRAN CISCO AND OAKLAN D, CAL. Women reporting. Average hours worked per week. Under 16 years........................................................................................ 16 to 24 years............................................................................................ 25 to 44 years........................................................................................... 45 years and over................................................................................. . 13 253 60 4 54.0 53.2 53.4 52.5 $4.62 *7.41 7.97 6.70 Total.............................................................................................. *330 53.2 *7.39 Age group. * N ot including 2 workers whose earnings were not reported separately. * N ot including 15 forewomen, and 2 workers whose ages were not reported. Average earnings per week. HOURS AND EARNINGS OF WOMEN WORKERS IN M D. AND CAL. 409 MANUFACTURE OF CIGARS AND CIGARETTES. Study of the hours and earnings of women in this industry in San Francisco was made in only 2 establishments. Here 311 persons were employed, 80, or 25.7 per cent, being women and girls, 77 of whom were 16 years of age and over. The 61 women furnishing individual data reported an average of 44.9 weeks of employment for the year ending April 30, 1911. The employers in these factories reported work the year round with no distinctly busy season, save in one factory where the regular working hours of 47 per week were increased to 48 for a single week. The reports given by the 2 establishments covered show that they regularly ran 6 days a week, the total weekly hours being 47 and 54. The normal hours of work per day and per week and the hours dur ing the busy season in the 2 cigar and cigarette factories covered in the investigation are shown in the following table: HOURS OF LABO R OF WOMEN EM PLOYED IN 2 CIGAR AND CIGARETTE FACTORIES DURING NORM AL PERIO DS AND DURING THE RUSH SEASONS OF TH E Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30, 1911, AS REPO RTED B Y EM PLOYERS, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Women employed. Establish ment num 16 years Under ber. 16 and over. years. Normal hours. Busy season. Total. Long day. Short day. Total hours per week. Dura tion, in weeks. Aver age hours per week. 9 8 9 7 54 47 1 48 1 .. 2 .................. 12 65 3 12 68 Total....... 77 3 80 Maxi Hours Hours mum o f long of short hours day. day. per week. 9 7 48 The following statement shows for the 61 women furnishing individ ual data the average working hours during the normal season, the number and per cent working overtime, and the average number of weeks during which they worked overtime, together with the average weekly hours during such period. In these establishments, it will be noticed, overtime is of small significance. AVERAG E W E E K L Y HOURS W O RK ED IN NORM AL AND OVERTIM E SEASONS AND PE R CENT OF WOMEN W ORKIN G OVERTIM E IN 2 CIGAR AND CIGARETTE FACTO RIES—SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Establishments investigated........................................................... 2 Women employees furnishing individual data............................................................. 61 Average hours worked per week, normal season.......................................................... 48.1 Women working overtime: Number.......................................................................................................................... 5 Per cent.......................................................................................................................... 8.2 Average number of weeks......................................................................................... 1 Average hours per w eek............................................................................................... 48.6 410 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A BO R. The 5 women reporting oyertime worked in an establishment whose normal season hours averaged less than 50 a week, while some women reporting no overtime were employed in an establishment whose prevailing hours were 54 per week during the normal season. The hours and earnings per week in normal and overtime weeks are shown for those working overtime in the table below COM PARATIVE HOURS AND EARN INGS IN NORM AL AN D OVERTIM E SEASONS OF TH E 5 WOMEN W HO R E PO R TE D OVERTIM E W O R K . Average hours per week. Season. Average earnings per week. Normal season.............................................................................................................. Overtime season.......................................................................................................... 47.0 48.6 18.06 8.48 Per cent of increase in overtim e season........................................................... 3.4 0.52 The hours and earnings per week for the full number of women scheduled are given in the following table, the women being grouped according to age: AV E R AG E W E E K L Y HOURS OF LABO R AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL SEASON OF WOMEN IN 2 CIGAR AND CIGARETTE FACTORIES, B Y AGE GROUPS, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Women reporting. Average hours worked per week. Under 16 years........................................................................................ 16 to 24 years........................................................................................... 25 to 44 years........................................................................................... 45 years and over..................................................................................... 3 27 27 4 47.0 48.8 47.4 48.8 15.13 7.52 6.46 5.58 Total.............................................................................................. 61 48.1 6.81 Age group. Average earnings per week. MANUFACTURE OF PAPER BOXES. The hours and earnings of women in paper-box factories were studied in 7 establishments in San Francisco. These factories employed 315 persons, 216, or 68.6 per cent, being women and girls, and all except 17 were 16 years of age and over. Individual data were secured from 155 women who reported an average o f 44.9 weeks of employment during the year ending April 30, 1911. The factories investigated reported no shutdown during the year, although the pressure of the work varied considerably. A busy season with overtime work was reported for two or three months preceding Christmas and in one factory in April and May also. The overtim e season as reported varied from 4 to 17 weeks. The reports given by the establishments covered show that in the normal season the factories were running 6 days a week, the total weekly hours ranging from 48 to 53£. In the rush season hours were H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 411 increased so that days of 11, 12, and 12J hours were reported and weeks of 68 and 72 hours. Sunday work was also reported by 3 of the 7 employers. The following table presents the information in regard to employees and hours as reported by the employers: HOURS OF LABO R OF WOMEN EM PLOYED IN 7 PA PE R -B O X FACTORIES DU RIN G NOR MAL PERIO DS AND DURING THE RUSH SEASON OF THE Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30, 1911, AS R E PO R T E D B Y EM PLOYERS, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. W omen em ployed. Establish ment num ber. 16 years and over. 1 .................. 2 .................. 3.................. 4.................. 5.................. 6.................. 7.................. 30 13 14 18 * 45 65 14 Total. 199 Under 16 years. 14 3 17 Busy season. Normal hours. Total. Long day. Short day. Total hours per week. Dura tion in weeks. 30 13 14 18 59 68 14 9 19 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8} 8 8 53 153 53 53 534 50} 48 17 4 8 13 12 14 ? Aver age hours per week. 72 68 67 624 59f Maxi Hours Hours mum of long of short hours per day. day. week. 12J 12 10 11 12 Hi 8 s 8 8 84 8 72 68 67 72 624 624 216 i Since December 26,1910, boors have been 8 per day. These long hours are as given to agents of the Bureau by the employers. W ith overtime work continuing for so long a period naturally a large percentage o f the force was affected. Thus, among the women furnishing individual information, 71 per cent were found working overtime. The following statement gives for 155 o f the women the average working hours during the normal season, the number and per cent working overtime and the average number o f weeks o f overtime, together with the average weekly hours during such period: AVERAG E W E E K L Y HOURS W O R K E D IN NORM AL AN D OVERTIM E SEASONS AND PE R CENT OF WOMEN W O RK IN G OVERTIM E IN 7 B O X FACTORIES—SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Establishments investigated........................................................................................... 7 Women employees furnishing individual data............................................. *........... 155 Average hours worked per week, normal season........................................................ 51.7 Women working overtime: Number........................................................................................................................ 110 Per cent........................................................................................................................ 71.0 Average number of weeks........................................................................................ 10 Average hours per w eek........................................................................................... 1 62.3 N ot only was a large percentage o f the women affected by the over time hours, but the duration o f the overtim e work was longer than in any o f the other industries studied in San Francisco.i i N ot including 1 forewoman. 412 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BU REAU OF L A B O R . The increase in hours during the overtime season as compared with the normal season and the consequent increase in earnings for the 110 women who reported overtime work are shown in the following table: COM PARATIVE H OU RS AND EARN ING S IN NORM AL AND OVERTIM E SEASONS OF 110 W OMEN W HO R E PO R TE D OVERTIM E W O R K . Average hours per week. Season. Average earnings per week. Normal season.............................................................................................................. Overtime season........................................................................................................... 52.0 62.3 $7.03 8.99 Per cent of increase in overtime season............................................................ 19.8 27.90 For the 110 women reporting overtime work the weekly earnings during the overtime season were $8.99, or 27.9 per cent, in excess of earnings in normal weeks. The hours and earnings per week for 150 of the 155 women fur nishing personal data are shown in the following table, the women being grouped according to age: AV E R AG E W E E K L Y HOURS OF LABO R AND EARNINGS IN NORM AL SEASON OF W OMEN IN 7 PA PE R B O X FACTORIES, B Y AGE GROUPS, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. W omen reporting. Average hours worked per week. Under 16 years........................................................................................ 16 to 24 y ears......................................................................................... 25 to 44 years........................................................................................... 45 years and over.................................................................................... 9 116 24 1 52.1 51.7 51.5 53.0 $4.88 6.52 8.37 6.50 Total.............................................................................................. 1150 51.7 6.71 Age group. Average earnings per week. i Not including 3 forewomen, and 2 workers whose ages were not reported. MANUFACTURE OF SHIRTS, OVERALLS, ETC. The hours and earnings o f women making shirts, overalls, etc., were studied in 6 establishments in San Francisco. The employees o f these factories numbered 1,296 persons, 1,186, or 91.4 per cent, of whom were women and girls. Only 6 girls under 16 years of age were employed. Individual data were secured from 402 women, who reported an average of 45.8 weeks of employment during the year ending April 30, 1911, a period slightly in excess of that reported b y any other group o f factories in California or in Maryland. None of the factories investigated in this industry reported a shut down during the year, and 3 of the factories reported no distinctly "b u s y ” season. Of the other 3 factories, in 1 the busy season was taken care of by the employment of extra hands, and in the other 2 overtime work was done for periods o f 17 and 18 weeks. In one case the overtime season was from January 1 to April 30, in the other it H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S O F W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 413 was for 12 weeks preceding Christmas and for 6 weeks following March 15. According to the reports of the employers, the plants regularly ran 6 days a week, the total weekly hours ranging from 44 to 54§. In the rush season 2 factories reported days of I l f and 12 hours and weeks of 57 and 61 £ hours. No Sunday work was reported. The following table gives the information in regard to employees and hours as reported by the employers: HOURS OF LABO R OF WOMEN EM PLOYED IN 6 SH IR T, O V E R A LL, ETC., FACTORIES DU RIN G NORM AL PERIODS AN D RUSH SEASONS OF TH E Y E A R ENDING A P R IL 30, 1911, AS R E PO R TE D B Y EM PLOYERS, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. W omen employed. Establish ment num 16 years Under ber. and Total. 16 over. years. 1 .................. 2 .................. 3.................. 4.................. 5.................. 6 .................. 165 140 425 60 375 14 4 1 Total. 1,179 6 1 169 141 425 61 375 14 Normal hours. Long day. 9 8f 1 Short day. ? Si 4 Busy season. Total hours per week. Dura tion in weeks. Aver age hours per week. 49} 48 54§ 51 48 44 18 17 60} 57 Maxi Hours Hours mum of long of short hours day. per day. week. 12 I lf 3 61} 57 1,185 The hours here given are as stated to agents of the Bureau by the employers. Here the percentage of all women affected by overtime was not so great as in other industries, being only 15.2. The following table gives for the 402 women furnishing personal data the average working hours during the normal season, the per centage working overtime, and the average number of weeks of over time, together with the average weekly hours during such period: AV E R AG E W E E K L Y HOURS W O RK ED IN NORM AL AND OVERTIM E SEASONS AND PE R CENT OF WOMEN W ORK IN G OVERTIM E IN 4 SH IR T, O V E R A LL, ETC., FAC TORIES—SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Establishments investigated........................................................................................... W omen employees furnishing individual data.................................................... Average hours worked per week, normal season............................................ . ......... Women working overtime: Number........................................................................................................................ Per cent....................................................................................................................... Average number of weeks........................................................................................ Average hours per week........................................................................................... 6 402 49.6 61 15.2 8.8 57.3 The increase in hours and earnings in the overtime season as com pared with the normal season is brought out in the following table for the 61 women who reported overtime work. The weekly earn ings which in the normal week o f 49.4 hours reached $9.3C, in the overtim e season with an average o f 57.3 hours amounted to $11*57. 414 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E A U OF L A B O R . COM PARATIVE H OU RS AN D EARN ING S IN NORM AL AND O VERTIM E SEASONS OF 61 W OMEN W HO R E PO R TE D OVERTIM E W O R K . Average hours per week. Season. Average earnings per week. Normal season............................................................................................................. Overtime season........................................................................................................... 49.4 57.3 $9.36 11.57 Per cent of increase in overtime season............................................................ 16.0 23.6 The hours and earnings per week for 379 of the 402 women furnishing personal data are shown in the following table, the women being presented by age groups. A V E R AG E W E E K L Y HOURS OF LA BO R AND EARN IN G S, IN A NORM AL SEASON, OF W OMEN IN 6 SH IR T, O V E R A LL, ETC., FACTORIES, B Y AGE GROUPS, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Women reporting. Average hours worked per week. Under 16 years........................................................................................ 16 to 24 years........................................................................................... 25 to 44 years........................................................................................... 45 years and over................................ .......................................................... 2 163 170 44 49.3 49.2 50.1 49.4 $4.73 8.62 9.47 7.03 Total............................................................................................... 1379 49.6 8.79 Age group. Average earnings per week. i Not including 9 forewomen, and 14 workers whose ages were not reported. T able I .— A V E R A G E W E E K L Y HOURS OF L A B O R A N D E AR N IN G S IN NORM AL SEASON OF WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U ST R IE S, B Y A G E GROUPS. BALTIMORE, MD. Industry and age group. Women reporting. Average hours worked per week. 14 82 134 105 52.1 49.1 46.0 44.5 $3.61 4.40 4.06 3.18 1335 46.5 3.85 73 92 14 1 54.6 53.7 58.1 60.0 3.44 5.02 4.56 3.50 * 180 54.4 4.34 32 80 9 58.4 57.9 58.0 3.11 4.94 6.17 12 1 58.0 4.55 27 109 29 2 54.3 54.2 54.3 53.8 3.23 5.96 6.94 7.02 167 54.2 5.70 Average earnings per week. CANNERIES. Tinder roa rs. 16 to 24 years............................................................................................ 25 to 44 years........................................................................................... 45 roars and nvnr___________ ____ _________________________________ Total............ CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC. U nder 16 roa rs. . . . 16 to 24 years............................................................................................ 25 to 44 years............................................................................................ 45 roars and o v e r ........................ ............. ................................................. Total............ U nder 16 roa rs____ PAPER BOXES. 16 to 24 years........................................................................................... 25 to 44 years........................................................................................... 45 roars and ov er........................ .................................................................. Total............ . Tinder 16 vears____ SHIRTS, OVERALLS, ETC. 16 to 24 years............................................................................................ 25 to 44 years............................................................................................ 45 vears and o v e r_________________________________ T otal________ _______________ i N ot including 63 who had no separate pay checks. * Not including 1 girl whose employm ent was confined to busy season. H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S O P W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 415 T able I . —A V E R A G E W E E K L Y H O U RS OF L A B O R A N D E A R N IN G S IN NORMAL SEASON O F WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U S T R IE S , B Y AGE GROUPS— Concluded. BALTIMORE, MD—Concluded. Women reporting. Average hours worked per week. Under 16 years........................................... 16 to 24 years.............................................. 25 to 44 years.............................................. 45 years and over....................................... 8 83 28 3 54.0 54.0 53.4 53.6 3.70 6.56 8.05 7.38 Total................................................. 122 53.9 6.73 Under 16 years...................................................... 16 to 24 years......................................................... 25 to 44 years......................................................... 45 years and over................................................... 140 364 80 6 55.4 54.8 55.1 54:7 3.34 5.64 6.83 6.61 Total............................................................. 590 55.0 5.27 72 208 175 121 58.8 60.9 60.5 60.7 $5.71 8.09 8.06 6.81 1576 60.4 7.52 13 253 60 4 54.0 53.2 53.4 52.5 4.62 * 7 .4 1 7.97 6.70 8 330 53.2 * 7 .3 9 3 27 27 4 47.0 48.8 47.4 48.8 5.13 7.52 6.46 5.58 61 48.1 6.81 9 116 24 1 52.1 51.7 51.5 53.0 4.88 6.52 8.37 6 .50 4 150 51.7 6.71 2 163 170 44 49.3 49.2 50.1 49.4 4.73 8.62 9.47 7.03 6 379 49.6 8 .79 27 559 280 53 52.2 51.5 50.7 49.7 4.77 3 7.58 8.77 6.89 •919 51.2 3 7.82 Industry and age group. Average earnings per week. STRAW HATS. TOTAL, EXCEPT CANNERIES. CALIFORNIA. CANNERIES. U n d e r 16 v e e r s ___ 16 t o 24 y e a r s ............................................................................................................. 25 t o 44 y e a r s . ......................................................................................... 4 R v eers e n d o v e r ................................................................................................... .. T o t a l.............. CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC. U n d e r 16 v e e r s ____ 16 t o 24 y e a r s ............................................................................................................. 25 t o 44 y e a rs ............................................................................................................. 46 veers an d o v e r . . _________ _________ __ __________ _______ . _. T o t a l............. CIGARS AND CIGARETTES. U n d e r 16 v e e r s ____ 16 t o 24 y e a r s ............................................................................................................ 25 t o 44 y e a r s ............................................................................................................. 46 v eers e n d o v e r ........... ............ ............................................................ ........ T o t a l.............. PAPER BOXES. U n d e r 16 v e e r s . . . 16 t o 24 y e a r s ............................................................................................................. 25 t o 44 y e a r s ............................................................................................................. 46 veers e n d o v e r .................................................................................................... T o t a l.............. SHIRTS, OVERALLS, ETC. U n d e r 16 v e e r s ____ 16 t o 24 y e a r s ............................................................................................................. 25 t o 44 y e a r s ............................................................................................................. 45 v eers a n d o v e r ..................................................................... .............................._ T o t a l.............. TOTAL, EXCEPT CANNERIES. U n d e r 16 vears. . . 16 to 24 y e a r s ............................................................................................................. 25 to 44 y e a r s ............................................................................................................. 45 vears e n d o v e r ..................................................................................................... T otal 1 Not including 4 forewomen, and 24 workers who had no separate pay checks. 3 N ot including 2 workers whose earnings were not reported separately. 3 Not including 15 forewomen, and 2 workers whose ages were not reported. 4 Not including 3 forewomen, and 2 workers whose ages were not reported. 3 Not including 9 forewomen, and 14 workers whose ages were not reported. 3 Not including 27 forewomen, and 19 workers whose ages were not reported. 416 B U L L E T IN T able OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R , II.—NU M BER AND P E R CENT OF WOMEN IN S P E C IFIE D AGE GROUPS IN SELE CTED IN D U STR IE S. MARYLAND. Under 16 years. 16 to 44 years. 45 years and over. Total. Industries. Num ber. Per cent. Num ber. Per cent. Num ber. Per cent. Num ber. Per cent. Canneries.............................................. 90 13.31 416 61.54 . 170 25.15 676 100.00 Candy, biscuits, etc............................. Paper boxes.......................................... Shuts, overalls, etc.............................. Straw hats............................................ 73 32 27 8 40.33 26.45 16.17 6.56 107 89 138 111 59.12 73.55 82.63 90.98 1 .55 2 3 1.2 0 2.46 181 12 1 167 122 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Total, except canneries.............. 140 23.68 445 75.30 6 1.0 2 591 100.00 125 CALIFORNIA. Canneries.............................................. 84 13.90 395 65.40 20.70 604 100.00 Candy, biscuits, etc............................. Cigars and cigarettes............................ Shirts, overalls, etc.............................. Paper boxes.......................................... 13 3 2 9 3.75 4.92 .50 5.81 329 54 355 145 94.81 88.52 88.31 93.55 5> 4 45 1 1.44 6.56 11.19 .64 347 61 402 155 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Total, except canneries.............. 27 2.80 883 91.50 55 5.70 965 100.00 T a b l e III.—RACE O R N A T IO N A L IT Y A N D CONJUGAL CON D ITION OF WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U ST R IE S. MARYLAND. Single. Race or nationality. Married. W idowed. Total. Num ber. Per cent. Num ber. Per cent of each race. 41.07 64.82 51.55 47.48 43.90 44.44 26 13 33 14 8 8 15.48 8.02 20.50 14.14 19.51 17.78 168 162 161 99 41 45 24.85 23.96 23.82 14.64 6.07 6.66 342 50.59 102 15.09 676 100.00 96.25 100.00 100.00 4 2.50 2 1.25 160 14 7 88.40 7.73 3! 87 175 96.69 4 2 .2 1 2 1.10 181 100.00 American.............................................. German................................................. A ll others.............................................. 90 19 9 96.77 100.00 100.00 3 3.23 93 19 9 76.86 15.70 7.44 Total........................................... 118 97.52 3 2.48 12 1 100.00 American.............................................. German................................................. AH others.............................................. 125 14 13 89.29 100.00 100.00 7 5.00 8 5.71 140 14 13 83.83 8.38 7.79 Total........................................... 152 91.02 7 4.19 8 4.79 167 100.00 Num ber. Per cent. Num ber. American (w h ite)................................ Polish.................................................... German................................................. American (colored).............................. Bohemian............................................. A ll others.............................................. 73 44 45 38 15 17 43.45 27.16 27.95 38.38 36.59 37.78 69 105 83 47 18 20 Total........................................... 232 34.32 American.............................................. German................................................. A ll others.............................................. 154 14 7 Total............................................ Per cent. CANNERIES. CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC. PAPER BOXES. SHIRTS, OVERALLS, ETC. H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 417 T able I I I .— RACE O R N A T IO N A L IT Y AND CONJUGAL CON D ITIO N O P WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— Concluded.i*4 M A RY LA N D —Concluded. Single. Race or nationality. Num ber. Married. Per cent. Num ber. Per cent. W idowed. Num ber. Per cent. 2 1 1.98 7.14 Total. Num Percent ber. of each race. 95 13 7 i 94.06 92.86 100.00 Total............................................ 115 94.26 4 3.28 3 2.46 122 100.00 Grand total................................. 792 6^.51 360 28.41 115 9.08 1,267 100.00 ST R A W HATS. American.............................................. German............................... ............ Irish...................................................... 4 3.96 101 14 7 82.79 11.47 5.74 C A LIFO R N IA . CANNERIES. Italian............................................. Portuguese...................................... American........................................ All others 8...................................... Not reported.................................... 113 57 38 38 1 39.37 40.71 59.38 34.55 33.33 ! 146 69 *17 55 2 50.87 49.29 26.56 50.00 66.67 28 14 9 17 9.76 10.00 14.06 15.45 287 140 64 110 3 47.75 123.30 1 10.65 118.30 Total...................................... 247 40.89 289 47.85 68 11.26 604 100.00 134.60 131.38 18.80 17.33 14.40 13.52 19.97 . CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC. American........................................ Italian............................................. German........................................... Irish............................................... Spanish........................................... English........................................... All others........................................ Not reported................................... 85.59 101 89 83.18 24 4 82.76 19 4 79.17 14 93.33 9 75.00 88.24 30 1 16.67 6.78 8 16 14.95 3 4 10.34 2 4 8.33 1 6.67 9 7.63 2 1.87 2 4 6.90 3 4 12.50 3 4 8.82 66.66 3 1 1 25.00 2.94 16.67 118 107 630 *25 15 12 34 6 287 83.19 37 10.72 21 6.09 •347 100.00 Spanish........................................... Porto Rican..................................... American........................................ Italian............................................ All others........................................ 7 2 10 7 6 36.84 18,18 100.00 77.78 50.00 11 7 57.90 63.64 1 2 5.26 18.18 2 4 22.22 33.33 2 16.67 19 11 10 9 12 31.15 18.03 16.39 14.76 19.67 Total...................................... 32 52.46 24 39.34 5 8.20 61 100.00 American..............1........................ Italian............................................ Irish............................................... German........................................... All others........................................ 37 19 21 17 43 78.72 86.36 100.00 89.47 93.48 2 2 4.26 9.09 8 1 17.02 4.55 2 2 10.53 4.35 1 2.17 47 22 21 19 46 Total...................................... 137 88.39 8 5.16 10 6.45 155 100.00 26 4 20.97 8 8.89 16 27.58 10 19.23 15 20.83 60.00 3 4 125 90 58 52 72 5 131.49 122.67 U4.61 U 3.10 U8.13 4 402 100.00 11.62 71,569 100.00 Total...................................... CIGARS AND CIGARETTES. PAPER BOXES. 30.32 14.19 13.55 12.26* 29.68 SHIRTS, OVERALLS, ETC. American........................................ Italian............................................ Irish............................................... German......................... ................. All others........................................ Not reported................................... 69 4 55.64 50 55.56 38 65.52 35 67.31 45 62.50 29 423.39 32 35.55 4 6.90 13.46 7 12 16.67 2 40.00 Total...................................... 237 59.10 86 21.45 78 Grand total............................ 940 60.03 444 28.35 182 19.45 i Percentages based on total number reporting nationality. * Including 1 American colored employee. * Under this head are included women o f other nationalities, the number o f whom under any one race or nationality does not exceed 39. It includes Austrian, Canadian, Cuban, Danish. Dutch, English, Finnish, Filipino, French, Hawaiian. Mexican, Norwegian, Polish, Porto Rican, Portuguese, Russian, San Salvadorian, Scotch, Slavonian, Spanish, Swedish, Swiss, and Welsh. 4 Percentages based on total number reporting conjugal condition. * Including 1 not reporting conjugal condition. * Including 2 not reporting conjugal condition, i Including 3 not reporting conjugal condition. 418 B U L L E T IN OP T H E BUREAU OP L A B O R , I V . — HOURS OF L A B O R , E AR N IN G S, A N D D U R A TIO N OF E M PLO Y M ENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U ST R IE S— B A L T I M ORE A N D N E A R -B Y CO U N TRY D ISTR ICTS. T able CANNERIES—42 establishments. [The hours here given as the “ Usual hours per day” are not usual in the sense that they prevail through out a week or given number of weeks as in the other industries included in this investigation—candy, bis cuits, etc.; paper boxes; shirts, overalls, etc.; and straw hats. They are usual only in the sense that they occur more frequently throughout the season than any other given hours, for they represent the number of hours the individual usually works when the supply of material and other circumstances perm it. They are not, therefore, comparable with the figures in the corresponding column of tabulations for the other industries named, where the usual hours per day during the normal season represent distinctly the pre vailing day throughout the normal period. In the canning industry this column of figures serves only to throw light on the average and maximum hours in adjoining colum ns.] Num Age. ber. 1 *2 83 4 5 6 87 8 *9 * 10 11 8 12 *13 8 14 8 15 *16 17 818 8 19 20 21 22 823 24 *25 *26 *27 *28 *29 830 8 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 *47 848 8 49 8 50 *51 8 52 29 44 17 22 35 30 42 18 26 17 31 34 36 26 50 46 37 11 11 15 55 10 40 18 17 33 20 14 38 58 15 30 40 17 17 17 19 48 53 49 32 26 14 22 17 19 10 15 16 14 15 14 Occupation. Aver age Weeks Usual hours hours em per worked ployed. day. per 'w eek. Preparer........................................... Tomato skinner and com husker.. Packer and oyster shucker............. Preparer.......................................... Tomato skinner and com husker.. Packer.............................................. Tomato skinner............................... Preparer........................................... Tomato skinner............................... Tomato skinner and com husker.. Tomato skinner............................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Tomato skinner and berry capper.. /\ Tomato skinner............................... Packer.............................................. Preparer........................................... ....... do............................................... / \ Packer and machine tender........... Tomato skinner............................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Preparer........................................... Machine tender............................... Packer.............................................. Can capper....................................... Packer.............................................. ....... do................................................ ....... do................................................ Tomato skinner............................... Packer............................................. 31 6* 6* 51 52 39 84 39J 6} 4 15$ 7$ gi 74 74 74 29 84 84 6 18 33$ 33| 8 15 * 15 474 8 6 8 114 6 6 114 4l| 43§ 414 41 94 424 ....... do................................................ ....... do................................................ Labeler............................................. Packer.............................................. Preparer and oyster shucker......... Tomato skinner............................... Tomato skinner and com husker.. ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Tomato skinner............................... ....... do................................................ 1 Including earnings o f 1 helper. * Em ployed in country cannery. 8 Including earnings o f 3 helpers. < Based on 31 weeks. » Including earnings o f 1 helper; based on earnings of 31 weeks. 20 25§ 30 28 29 4 28 224 84 11 11 10 14 8 11 114 57f 66 10 71 10 664 H4 114 <56 114 564 54 10 44 104 10 554 13 80 114 51 55 10 10 65 10 55 10 55 55 10 12 65 13 \ 70 10 59 94 I lf 60 12 574 12 57 7 364 134 } 354 104 12 73 10 67 12 73 62 10 10 67 10 67 61 10 12 55 114 54 12 58 42 11 60 114 114 48 10 50 554 10 ‘ 10 60 52 10 12 454 11 60 634 H i 114 12 664 10 55 10 50 10 47 10 47 10 47 10 434 Aver age earn ings per week. Maximum hours. Per day. 1 $3.90 5.15 8 16.60 7.05 8 3.50 8 4.65 1 11.75 4.25 4.00 3.80 7 4.50 5.85 2.25 4.95 7 8.00 1 11.35 4.80 3.55 { 3.30 6.00 16.20 (») W4.70 / l 3.65 11.80 4.55 15.30 6.40 7 16.65 18.30 4.40 5.25 5.30 5.30 4.00 6 .0 0 4.70 4.50 5.55 6 .1 0 5.55 4.55 6 .0 0 5.35 6 .2 0 6.30 (9 ) m m (9) (9) (9) 17 17 17 154 154 15 134 144 1? 15 14 17 14 14 14 16 \ lo t 144 14 14 14 10 14 } 164 15 17 15 16 17 17 15 14 14 14 14 14$ 144 12 15 15 15 (u ) 144 154 134 13$ 13 13 13 13 13 13 Per week. 102 102 102 100 93 93 90 874 87 86 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 83 lit 82 82 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 79 78i 78* 78 78 78 78 78 9 Based on earnings for 36 weeks. 7 Based on earnings o f 2 helpers. 8 W orked in 2 canneries. • Helper. Including earnings of 3 helpers for 84 weeks, u N ot reported. H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 419 T a b l e IV .— HOURS OF LA B O R , E A R N IN G S, A N D D U R A TIO N OF E M PLO Y MENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— B A L T I MORE AND N E A R -B Y C O U N TRY DISTR ICTS— Continued. CANNERIES—42 establish m en ts—Continued. Num Age. ber. 1 53 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 61 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 * 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 195 96 97 98 199 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 U16 15 40 37 29 38 60 28 30 39 35 40 18 18 18 19 21 25 19 18 22 40 58 32 30 29 25 51 17 44 43 17 17 21 31 43 27 37 53 41 17 30 34 49 37 16 20 15 40 55 45 50 50 33 23 62 57 14 29 50 59 56 52 28 42 Occupation. Preparer........................................... Tomato skinner............................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Tomato skinner and com husker.. Tomato skinner............................... Preparer........................................... Tomato skinner and com husker.. Inspector.......................................... Tomato skinner............................... ....... do............................................... Tomato skinner and com husker.. Tomato skinner............................... ....... do............................................... Tomato skinner and com cu tter... W rapper.......................................... Preparer........................................... Packer.............................................. Preparer........................................... ....... do............................................... Packer........................ ..................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Machine feeder................................ W eigher............................................ Preparer........................................... ....... do............................................... Packer.............................................. ....... do............................................... Checker............................................ Packer.............................................. Preparer........................................... Checker............................................ Preparer........................................... Packing machine and tender........ Packer.............................................. ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Tomato skinner............................... Preparer........................................... Packer.............................................. ....... do............................................... Tomato skinner............................... Preparer........................................... ....... d o............................................... Packer.............................................. Preparer.......................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Packer.............................................. Preparer.......................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Assorter........................................ Tomato sk in n er..................................... Preparer.......................................... ....... d o........................................... ....... d o............................................... Labeler............................................ Com cutter and inspector.............. 1 Employed in country cannery. 2 Includes earnings o f 3 helpers. 8 Based on earnings o f 2 helpers. 4 Including earnings o f 1 helper. e Including earnings of 1 helper for 4 weeks. Aver age Weeks Usual hours hours em ployed. per worked day. per week. V 8 8 11 7 ? 44 ? 7 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9! 10 9! 11* 10 10 10 10 ll! 10! 11! 11! 10 10 10 10 10! 10 9 11 60 51 51 47 43! 47 63 51 46 51 38 51 44 63 63 47 47 60 60! 39 61 54 52! Aver age earn ings per week. 16.75 *12.50 *7.50 4 9.45 410.20 3.10 7.25 5.00 *3.00 5.15 5.70 2.85 3.55 6.45 6.90 4.30 3.00 6.00 4 5.15 4.00 2.50 #2.35 4.75 4.55 4.85 5.15 4.25 5.25 3.80 4.00 3.20 7.25 4.50 8.15 4.45 2.35 5.70 *4.40 4.60 7.30 6.60 5.25 5.70 4 2.50 4.30 6.00 3.75 4 4.50 3.20 420 4 3.40 4 5.75 4 3.80 3.55 3.05 4 3.35 <*> 6.25 3.00 1.60 2.25 4.00 6.25 3.75 Maximum hours. Per day. 6 4 7 7 35 20 32 25 29 25f 29 34 48A 20 51! 42J 42 52! 37 28 38 22 62 28 30! 72! 3 33! 45 10 52 10 68 11 44! 30 24 57 10! 29 45! 10 26! 60 11* 42 46 6 12 73 11 38 66 20 52! 11* 7 36 10 11 26 56 22 12 43 11 12 60 8 54 10 11 60 20 64 i? 42 42! 26 53f i? 12 62 11 * 28 49* n* 35! 47! 10 9 29 54 32 43 11! 11! 66 I ll 21! 62! 10 10 10 50 25 38 10 24 10 46 35 10 40 30! 10 50 10 30 6§ <Based on earnings of 24 weeks. 7 Not reported. 8 Including earnings of 1 helper f< 3 helpers for 7 ! weeks. •Helper. 15! 13 13 13 13 13 17 13 13 13 13 13 13 15 17 13 13 15? 16! 15! 12 12} % 14! 12 (,)15 15! 12| 12 12 13 12! 12| 12| (7) M 1 14 16 13! 15 14! 12! 14§ 13 12! 13 13 m 15 13 12! 12 12 12 12 14! 12 15 Per week. 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 77 77 77 77 77 76! 76 76 76 75! 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 74! 74| 74 74 74 74 73! 73! 73! 73* 73 73 73 73 73 72! 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 weeks and of 420 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A BO R, T a b l e IV . — HO URS OF LA B O R , E AR N IN G S, AND D U RA TIO N OF EM PLO Y M ENT O F IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U S T R IE S — B A L T I M ORE A N D N E A R -B Y COUN TRY D ISTR ICTS— Continued. CANNERIES—42 establish m en ts—Continued. Num ber. Age. 117 1118 U19 120 12 1 122 123 124 125 126 *127 1128 U29 130 131 132 U33 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 1153 U54 155 156 *157 1158 1159 >160 1161 1162 163 1164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 19 48 12 34 29 60 30 56 15 16 33 18 46 18 36 22 17 16 46 23 40 52 16 30 31 58 49 26 57 16 22 22 44 16 43 22 10 11 15 24 46 13 40 46 30 40 49 19 13 61 19 16 42 28 18 27 32 60 40 57 48 70 52 68 37 37 17 58 15 Occupation. Tomato skinner............................... ....... d o .............................................. ....... d o .............................................. ....... d o............................................... Preparer.......................................... ___Jdo............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Packer.............................................. ___d o............................................... Tomato sk in n er..... ............ . Preparer.......................................... Tomato skinner.............................. Packer.............................................. Poeke.r arid nyster sh linker . ____ Preparer___ .................................... Checker and can capper................. Tomato sTHtihw*and packer........... Preparer.................. 7..................... Packer.............................................. ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ____ d o........ ...................................... ___ . d o . . . . ........................................ ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ___. d o . . . . ........................................ ....... d o............................................... ___. d o . . . . . . .................................... ....... d o.............................................. Labeler........................................... ....... d o ........................................... Preparer.......................................... ....... d o.............................................. Packer.............................................. Preparer.......................................... Com husker............. ....... ............ ___.d o ............................................... Preparer........................................... Assorter and tomato skinner......... Tomato Skinner............................... Preparer........................................... Com cutter and tomato skinner... ....... d o............................................... Tomato $kinner....... ...........„........ Tomato skinner and p acker.......... Preparer.......................................... Tomato skinner............................... Preparer........................................... Packer.............................................. Preparer........................................... Tomato skinner............................... ....... d o............................................... Preparer.......................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o ............................................. ....... d o............................................... Labeler............................................. ....... d o................................... ........... Packer.............................................. Preparer........................................... 1 Employed in country cannery. * Including earnings of 2 helpers. « Helper. 3 N ot reported. Aver age Weeks Usual hours hours em per worked ployed. day. per week. 13 8 6} 30 28 22 22 17 13 19 7} 10 7 16 52 21 13 13 41 25 254 461 10 40} 45 50 33} 22 19 7§ 51 51 14} 28 44 ?6 17} 11} 8 ?9 9 8 11 8 29} 29 42 H 11 28 27 20 25 23 25 26 29 25 25 25 50 33} 26§ 22 16 Hi 10 10 11 11} 11} 11} if 12 10 10 10 11 10} 10 10 11 10 10} 9 9 10 11 11 7 10 10} 10} 8 11 11 11 10 10} 9} Aver age earn ings per week. 66 52 13.45 27.50 50 60 629 609 63^i 539: 509; 56 53 36 51 53 60 50 48 1L <‘U $ 9 HA. L 8 271 41 35 30 JQl m 61 61 43 40 40 42 55 55 38 50 50 60 48 48 48 45 66 53 3.05 3.30 3.80 M .05 5.35 5.05 *12,35 4.90 4.10 5.10 4.70 6.80 5.05 5.00 4.75 4.75 4.90 4.30 5.40 3.75 4.10 3.50 3.00 4.95 4.85 4.90 6 .10 6 .10 3.00 6 6.00 4.00 2.15 2.70 2.75 2.70 3.40 •30.00 2.60 7 12.80 *6.65 •5.55 3.45 4.50 5.50 <*) 4.55 4.00 6.50 6.50 4.00 5.80 5.00 4.75 3.40 3.00 3.75 3.75 2.25 2.25 2.00 12.00 10.00 450 460 3.95 Maximum hours. Per day. 12} 13 12 13} (4)U 14 12} 15 14} 13 13 m 15* 12 14 12} 15 12} 13* 12 11} 15 14 if n 16 11 15 15 12 12 11} 11} 13 13 13 13 13 11} 11} i 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9} I lf 9} 11} 12} 4K1 10 11 } H 50 12 fiA 11 H Aft HI 10} 50 12 49 11} 12} 11 13 56 12 10 58 12 58 10 13 10 56 12 50 10} 11 12 56 5ft 11 10 58 10 11 5ft 12 10 9 13 54 13} 48 9 50 12 11 48 13} 11} 60 111 (<) 3 Including earnings o f 1 helper/ •Including earnings o f 4 helpers. * Including earnings o f 3 helpers. Per week. 72 72 72 72 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 70} 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70* 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 69} 69} 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 421 T a b l e IV .— HOURS OF L AB O R , E AR N IN G S, AND D U RATIO N OF EM PLO Y- MENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— B A L T I M ORE AND N E A R -B Y COU N TRY DISTRICTS— Continued. CANNERIES—42 establishm ents—Continued. Num Age. ber. 186 187 188 189 1 190 U91 1192 U93 U94 1195 1196 1197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 >246 1247 1248 1249 1250 *251 *252 16 56 21 16 66 57 11 39 53 52 20 25 21 34 40 17 51 48 49 16 30 26 43 66 70 37 17 23 25 38 18 45 20 28 30 55 53 54 58 36 56 12 45 38 40 38 39 30 40 29 40 42 37 33 32 18 27 27 21 14 9 6 12 9 12 9 13 Occupation. Packer.......................................... Preparer.......................................... Packer and weigher........................ Packer............................................. Tomato skinner.............................. ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Preparer.......................................... Tomato skinner and com husker.. Tomato skinner.............................. Preparer.......................................... Packer............................................. Preparer.......................................... Tomato skinner.............................. Preparer.......................................... Tomato skinner.............................. Packer............................................. Preparer.......................................... Packer.............................................. ....... d o............................................... ....... d o . . . . ....................................... Preparer.......................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Packer.............................................. ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o.............................................. ....... d o.............................................. ....... d o............................................... Tomato skinner.............................. Com cutter...................................... Tomato skinner........................... .. Tomato skinner and com cutter... Preparer.......................................... Com cutter...................................... Preparer.......................................... Tomato skinner.............................. Preparer.......................................... Com husker..................................... Tomato skinner............................... Com cutter...................................... Tomato skinner and com cutter... ....... d o............................................... Com cutter...................................... Tomato skinner.............................. Com husker..................................... Com cutter..................................... General worker............................... Tomato skinner............................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Com husker..................................... ....... d o............................................... Tomato skinner.............................. 1 Em ployed in country cannery. * Including earnings o f 1 helper. * Including earnings o f 3 helpers. 18544°— No. 96—12-----6 Aver age Weeks Usual hours hours em per worked ployed. day. per week. 11 20 30f 30§ 6 6 4 6 n 8| n 6 24 28 21 8 17 10 44! 17 30| 38 41! 22 25 23 7 26 26 2U 24§ 19§ 26 19! 23! 32 25 30| 13 25! 46! 2 6 7 9 9 6 6 9 9 5 8! 6 9 4 5 8§ 6| 6! 10 9 9 7 5! 5$ 2 6 12 11! 11 11 11 11 10 11 10 10 10 11 8 10 11 Hi 11 10 11 11 8 10! 10 10! 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 8 10 10 9 11 10 10 9! 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 54! 63 66 66 35! 35! 54| 35! 56 56 44! 35! 46! 45! 50 60 44 50 38 53 55! 37 39! 58! 44 61 60 38 38 44! 39 44! 44! 50 47! 44! 44! 50 52 55! 44 59J 35 50 54 56 56 56 56 56 51 54 55 50 55 48 59! 51 11 55 10 56 11 11 11 11 11 50! 50! 50 63 61 59! 39 Aver age earn ings per week. $5.45 4.25 6.90 6.60 8 10.80 *16.65 (4) 8 8.30 5.30 5.00 4.35 6.00 1.55 4.55 5.35 5.50 2.70 4.00 3.90 ®5.20 5.00 3.75 3.95 5.85 2.00 6.00 2.80 2.85 2.50 4.00 3.50 4.00 4.00 4.50 4.25 4.00 4.00 4.50 4.50 5.00 4.00 * 2.00 • 16.65 8 29.70 3 19.50 8 26.65 5 16.65 8 16.05 8 9.00 «8.90 8 20.00 *12.35 * 10.00 *6.35 *7.50 * 12.00 *27.00 6.95 9.90 5.60 (4) v) v4) (4) (4) (4) (4) Maximu:m hours. Per day. 14! 11! 13! 12 12 14 12 14 14 13 12 11 ! 12 12 12! 12 12 12! 12! 12 14 $ 12 12 12! 12! 12! 11! 12 12 13 13! 12! 13 14! 12! 13 13 13! 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 9! 9| 4 Helper •Including earnings o f 2 helpers. * Including earnings of 5 helpers. Per week. 69 69 68! 68! 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 67§ 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 66§ 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 422 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R , T a b l e IV.—HOURS OF L A B O R , EAR N IN G S, A N D D U R A TIO N OF EM PLO Y- MENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— B A L T I MORE AND N E A R -B Y CO U N TRY DISTR ICTS— Continued. CANNERIES—43 establishments—Continued. Num Age. ber. Occupation. 19 Com cutter...................................... 15 15 Tomato skinner and com cutter.... 20 Com cutter...................................... 16 Com husker..................................... 57 Com cutter...................................... 45 ....... d o............................................... 31 Preparer........................................... 28 Forewoman...................................... 24 Com cutter...................................... 21 ....... d o............................................... 21 Com husker..................................... 19 Com cutter................................, ... 17 ....... d o............................................... 15 ....... d o............................................... 1 1 Capping machine feeder................. 29 Tomato skinner............................... 40 Tomato skinner and oyster shucker 29 Tomato skinner............................... 19 Com husker..................................... 14 Com husker and tomato skinner... 34 Com cutter...................................... 38 ....... do............................................... 38 ....... do............................................... 47 60 ....... d o............................................... 14 Can capper....................................... 18 Com cutter...................................... 29 ....... do............................................... 31 ....... do............................................... 31 36 ....... d o............................................... 49 ....... d o............................................... 15 ....... d o............................................... 30 Com husker..................................... 40 11 70 Com cutter...................................... 42 35 36 ....... d o............................................... 38 ....... d o............................................... 22 Tomato skinner............................... 34 Tomato skinner and com husker... 47 Can capper....................................... 45 Tomato skinner and com cu tter... 1 1 Tray girl........................................... 16 Tomato skinner............................... 17 Com husker..................................... 17 Com cutter...................................... 18 Tomato skinner............................... 30 ....... d o............................................... 30 Com cutter..................... „ ............... 30 Tomato skinner and com husker... 55 Tomato skin ner............................. 50 ....... d o............................................... 20 Com cutter...................................... 18 ....... do............................................... 12 Com husker..................................... 14 Tomato skinner............................... 1 1 ....... d o............................................... 26 Preparer........................................... 67 Com cutter and oyster shucker___ 58 Preparer and oyster shucker.......... 50 ....... d o............................................... 50 Com cutter and preparer................ 17 Packer.............................................. 69 Preparer........................................... ‘ Employed in country cannery. * Helper. * Employed in city and in country canneries. 1 253 1254 1255 ‘ 256 ‘ 257 ‘ 258 ‘ 259 •260 ‘ 261 ‘ 262 ‘ 263 ‘ 264 ‘ 265 ‘ 266 ‘ 267 ‘ 268 ‘ 269 ‘ 270 ‘ 271 1272 ‘ 273 ‘ 274 ‘ 275 ‘ 276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 ‘ 290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 ‘ 310 1311 1312 1313 314 *315 *316 1317 * 318 319 320 Aver age Weeks Usual hours hours em per worked ployed. day. per week. 6 6 9 7 7| 6 6 13 6 6 4 6J 6| 6 6 6 9 27 8} 7| 9 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6| 6 6 6 6 6 7! 7* 7h 5§ 5 5f 5§ 5* 9 9 9 9 9 8* 7| 6 8£ 8* 5! 7 11 4 5! 5 5§ 8* 8J 33 14 52 14! 20i 28 32 Aver age earn ings per week. Maximum hours. Per day. Per week. (a) 11 11 55 11 11 35 (2) 54 11 11 11 66 $8.25 11 11 61 11 2.45 11 8 .10 11 55 11 64 11 8.75 11 6.40 11 •64 8.00 11 11 55 7.80 11 55 11 9.00 11 66 11 62 4.10 11 11 11 55 8.75 11 12.50 11 11 55 11.50 11 11 55 5.00 11 55 11 50! *9.20 11 11 58 •4.40 11 11 *8.50 39! 11 9J 11 61 *7.30 11 54 2.45 11 11 4.90 11 35 11 6.20 11 56 11 11 56 8.35 11 11 35 4.75 11 3.60 57! 11 11 3.20 11 35 11 11 35 4.00 11 11 55 8.75 11 11 55 8.75 11 11 55 8.35 11 55 9.35 11 11 8.40 55 11 11 11 55 5.65 11 50! 11 2.75 11 3.80 11 56 11 50! 2.35 11 11 11 46! 4.85 11 7.20 48 11 11 46! 6.35 11 11 6.35 46! 11 11 11 6.05 49 11 11 50! 6.45 11 11 54 8.55 11 11 50! 5.75 11 11 6 .10 54 11 50! 2.85 11 11 6.00 39| 11 n 11 40| 1.90 11 3.00 11 40 11 3.90 39! 11 9! 3.90 8! 39! 11 11 54 6.60 11 10 5.00 49 11 9 3.60 33 11 10 48 3.75 11 3.70 11 54 11 11 4.10 48 11 61 4.25 11 11 39! 2.25 11 9! 11 35 2.35 9! 9 45 4.00 11 11 40! 4.55 11 31 11 9 2.35 11 46! 6.35 11 10 5.40 11 33 50 10 5.00 11! 42 2.00 10 13 * Based on 6§ weeks. * Including earnings of 2 helpers. « Including earnings of 2 helpers for 6 weeks. 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 423 T able IV.— HOURS OF LA B O R , E AR N IN G S, AN D D U RA TIO N OF EM PLO Y MENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— B A L T I M ORE AN D N E A R -B Y COUN TRY D ISTRICTS— Continued. CANNERIES—12 establishments—Continued. Num Age. ber. 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 55 28 43 18 43 43 45 35 26 66 38 25 66 43 63 19 19 23 13 45 30 50 51 48 68 49 48 61 14 63 32 64 17 35 72 36 16 70 23 64 38 24 45 31 38 37 24 14 50 50 40 25 22 12 27 31 46 46 39 56 57 62 34 35 32 16 26 25 44 Occupation. Tomato skinner............................... Preparer........................................... ....... d o.................: ............................ ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Packer.............................................. Preparer........................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Labeler............................................ Tomato skinner.............................. Preparer.......................................... Tomato skinner.............................. Preparer........................... .............. Packer.............................................. Preparer........................................... ....... do............................................... Tomato skinner............................... Preparer........................................... ....... d o............................................... Com husker..................................... Preparer........................................... ....... d o ..-........................................... Tomato skinner............................... ....... d o............................................... Preparer........................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Weigher and packer....................... Preparer........................................... Packer.............................................. ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Packer, labeler, and oyster shucker Preparer........................................... Preparer and oyster shucker.......... Preparer........................................... ....... d o............................................... Aver age Weeks Usual hours hours em per worked ployed. day. per week. 13 20$ 33 33 33 22 33 33 26 23 17$ 20 26 26 12 13 13 2 1$ 26 17 2 1$ 32 38 34 24 19 25 30 21 13 38 25 13 11 29 15 7 26 9 24 30 15$ 33 25 37 13 7 10 24 13 6$ 28$ 28$ 8 8$ 20 13 11 47$ 28$ 38 39$ 34$ uf 6 51 28$ 16 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 11 10$ 10 11 10 11 10 10 10 11 10 10 9$ 11 10$ 9$ 10 10 10 10 10 11 10$ 11 10 10 10$ 10 10 10 10 9$ 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 55 32 44 44 44 49 44 44 44 40 45 55 44 44 44 55 55 35 44 54 32 42 43 50 56 50 56 40 45 44 40 43$ 55 49$ 38 44 56$ 38 54 48 42 45 46 44 40 51$ 60 58 44 55 60$ 42 42 60 60 40 60 52 35$ 42 43 35 37 50 50 30 46$ 42 43 Aver age earn ings per week. Maximum hours. Per day. $4.00 4.00 4.00 6.00 4.00 5.00 3.00 3.50 5.50 3.00 5.00 5.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 5.00 6.00 3.50 3.00 6.00 2.80 4.00 3.50 3.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 2.50 5.00 2.00 4.00 2.00 5.00 4.00 2.00 4.40 4.50 1.28 3.60 2 .10 4.35 3.10 1 5.00 1 6.00 1 4.50 *5.25 1 4.45 1 6.00 1 5.00 1 5.00 4.70 2.00 1.70 2.20 1 8.00 *3.05 1 6.00 13.70 3.55 2.90 4.15 3.50 3.70 5.35 4.20 3.00 4.50 3.00 <2.40 1Including earnings of 1 helper. * Including earnings of 2 helpers. * Employed in country cannery. * Including earnings of 2 helpers for 7 weeks and of 3 helpers for 1 week. 11 13 13 11$ 11 11 13 12 $ 13 13 13 11$ 13 11 13 13 12 13$ 12 H$ 12 12 11 11 11 11 11 12 13 12$ 11 11 12$ 12 11$ 11 11 12 11 11 14 16 13 12 11 13 11 11$ 13 13 11$ 15$ 15$ 11 13$ 12$ 11 11 15 14 11$ 13 St 14 12 $ 12 $ 12$ Per week. 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 65$ 65$ 65$ 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 64$ 424 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR, T a b l e IV.—HOURS OF LA B O R , EAR N IN G S, A N D D U R A TIO N O F E M PL O Y MENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— B A L T I M ORE AND N E A R -B Y COU N TRY D ISTRICTS— Continued. CANNERIES—42 establish m en ts—Continued. Num Age. ber. 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 *401 *402 *403 *404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 *412 *413 *414 *415 *416 *417 *418 *419 *420 *421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 *432 *433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 «447 «4 48 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 32 28 22 32 25 60 37 77 21 56 32 32 24 25 12 23 29 25 64 51 40 45 26 29 17 47 32 41 18 25 15 15 15 26 37 33 52 20 13 22 38 14 16 13 32 66 29 19 47 16 48 33 41 28 28 12 45 65 22 37 20 73 58 52 48 39 34 33 Occupation. Tomato skinner............................... Preparer........................................... Tomato skinner............................... Preparer........................................... ....... d o............................................... Packer.............................................. Preparer.......................................... ....... do............................................... Packer.............................................. ....... do............................................... Tomato skinner.............................. .....d o .............................................. ....... do............................................... Preparer.......................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Tomato skinner.............................. Labeler............................................ Tomato skinner.............................. ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... d o . . . . . ...................................... ....... do............................................... Preparer.......................................... ....... do............................................... Packer and oyster shucker............ Preparer.......................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Packer............................................. Preparer.......................................... ....... do............................................... Tomato skinner.............................. Preparer.......................................... ....... do............................................... Packer.............................................. Preparer.......................................... Tomato skinner.............................. Preparer.......................................... Packer.............................................. Preparer.......................................... Packer.............................................. Preparer.......................................... Tomato skinner............................... Labeler............................................ Preparer and oyster shucker......... Oyster shucker................................ Tomato skinner............................... Preparer.......................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o.................... .......................... Packer.............................................. ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... W eigher........................................... * Including earnings of 1 helper for 7 weeks. * Employed in country cannery. 3 Including earnings of 1 helper for 13 weeks. * Including earnings of 1 helper. 3 Including earnings of 3 helpers. Aver age Weeks Usual hours hours em per worked ployed. day. per week. 8 6$ 7 13 10 34$ 43$ 15 40 25$ 24 7 8f 8§ 9 26$ 45 32$ 27 29 24 14 8 1 7$ 7$ 7$ 8 8 8 7$ 7$ 6 17$ 32$ 31 25$ 11$ 7 16$ 30$ 30$ 6$ 6$ 6 16 11 9 13 2 6 42$ 11$ 33$ 11 9 47$ 18 6 10 31 28 33 33$ 43$ 47$ 34$ 34$ 10 10 10 10$ 10 10 8 11$ 10 10$ 10$ 10 5 5 10 9 10 9$ 10 10$ 9$ 9$ 10 10$ 5 5 10 10 10 10$ 10 10 9 9$ 9$ 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 10 10 9$ 10 10 10 10 10 9$ 11 10 10 9$ 10 10 5 10$ 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 60 60 60 50 57 39$ 29$ 47 35 57 33 43 34 34 56$ 42 37 54 44 42 42 46 37$ 63 39 39 37 37$ 37$ 54$ 37 37 54$ 45 54 34$ 38 49 60 43 55 55 56 56 57 40 56 56 60 60 40 50 56 38$ 56$ 60 50 35 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 40 50 45 Aver age earn ings per week. $5.00 3.90 4.20 13.90 5.10 3.95 2.95 1.45 3.00 5.70 3.45 3.45 3.40 3.50 2.00 2.70 2.55 3.40 3 3.10 <3.80 4 2.95 2.90 4.10 6.00 4.55 3.80 5.80 4.35 4.50 4.35 4.95 4.55 2.40 1.05 2.45 3.55 2.00 2.90 1.50 430 ®10.85 (•) 4.10 4.10 440 1.25 5.00 5.60 7 5.30 4 6.00 2.00 5.00 3.45 3.85 440 («) 5.00 3.20 5.00 • *4.50 2.30 1.75 2.50 400 3.00 400 5.00 4.50 Maximum hours. Per day. Per week. 12$ 12$ 11 $ 11$ 11$ 11$ 11$ 15 12 13$ 13 12 11 11 14 14 12$ 10$ 10$ 11$ 16 10$ 10$ 10$ 10$ 10$ 10$ 10$ 10$ 10$ 10$ 10$ 10$ 10$ 10$ 11$ 11 12$ 12$ 12$ 12$ 12$ 13 13 }}$ 11 12 12 12 11 11$ 13 11$ 15$ 11$ 11 14$ 10 12$ 11 10 12 11 >12 12 12 12 12 ®Helper. 7 Including earnings of 1 helper for 9 weeks. « Employed in city and in country canneries. 8 Including earnings of 2 helpers. 64$ 64$ 64$ 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 63$ 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 62$ 62$ 62$ 62$ 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 61$ 61$ 61 61 61 61 60$ 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S O P W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 425 T able IV.—HOURS OF LA B O R , E ARN IN G S, AND DU RA TIO N OF E M PLO Y MENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— B A L T I M ORE AN D N E A R -B Y COU N TRY DISTRICTS— Continued. CANNERIES—42 establishments—Continued. Aver age weexs Usual hours hours em per worked ployed. day. per week. A ir Num Age. ber. 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 4 489 4 490 4 491 <492 4 493 4 494 <495 4 496 4 497 4 498 4 499 4 500 4 501 4 502 4 503 4 504 4 505 4 506 4 507 4 508 4 509 4 510 4 511 4 512 4 513 4 514 4 515 4 516 4 517 4 518 4 519 4 520 4 521 4 522 4 523 4 524 16 15 55 40 70 17 28 26 15 32 59 13 53 50 44 20 43 10 46 29 33 49 40 44 38 38 36 36 53 15 14 14 12 14 11 11 13 13 15 22 Occupation. Packer............................................. ....... d o............................................... Preparer.......................................... ....... d o............................................... Packer............................................. W eigher........................................... Preparer.......................................... Packer............................................. Preparer.......................................... ....... d o............................................... Packer............................................. ....... d o.............................................. ....... d o.............................................. Preparer.......................................... ....... d o.............................................. ............ d o.............................................. Preparer and oyster shucker................ ............ d o............................................... Packer............................................. Preparer.......................................... ....... d o............................................... ............ d o ............................................................................ ............ d o ............................................................................. ....... d o ............................................................................ ....... d o.............................................. ....... d o............................................... ............ d o ............................................................................ ............ d o ............................................................................. ............ d o ............................................................................ Tomato skinner.................................................. ............ d o ............................................................................. ............ d o ............................................................................. ............ d o ............................................................................. d o ............................................................................ d o ............................................................................ Tomato skinner and oyster shucker. 48 Tomato skinner.................................................. 14 Tomato skinner and com husker.. 26 ............ d o ............................................................................. 34 30 ............ d o ............................................................................ 30 ............ d o ............................................................................. 44 ............ d o ............................................................................. 38 Preparer..................................................................... 31 Preparer and oyster shucker................ 35 Tomato skinner.................................................. 30 ............ d o ............................................................................. 53 ............ d o ............................................................................. 50 40 ............ d o ............................................................................. 60 72 ............ d o ............................................................................. 60 50 Preparer..................................................................... 56 Labeler and skinner...................................... 50 Com cutter and assorter........................... 47 Tomato skinner and com husker.. 42 Labeler........................................................................ 42 Preparer..................................................................... 40 Tomato skinner.................................................. 40 40 Tomato skinner and packer.................. 40 ............ ............ 1Including earnings of 1 helper. 2Including earnings of 3 helpers. * Helper. 4Employed in country cannery. Maximum hours. Per day. Per week. 6 34 37 37 37 13 26 25§ 21 29 29 29 12* 7 9 6 24 36 15 30* 22 31 17 12 15 28 28 33* 9 9 9 9* 6 6 7 7f 16* 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9* 10 10 10 11 11 10 10 10 9* 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 50 50 50 45 40 50 55 55 60 45 38 40 45* 45* 45* 48 58 54 50 44 36 55 45* 50 50 50 57 39 40 40 50 50 50 50 36 50 50 43 45 43 $5.00 5.00 2.65 2.85 1.75 5.20 5.50 5.50 5.00 4.50 2.00 1.75 4.55 4.55 4.55 2.35 2.75 2.90 2.30 2.10 2.90 3.00 13.00 2 5.00 12.30 15.00 17.50 U .40 16.00 (8) (3) (3) (3) (8) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 4.50 12 12 12* 10 12 12 12 12 10 12 11 10 10 12 10 10 10 10* 10 10 12 12 16 11 10 11 10 10 12 12 12 10* 10* 10* 10 13 13 10 10 10* 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 9 6* 4 7 8 9 7 10 16 8f 4 9 7* 6 7* 9 9 9 11 6§ 7* 3 9 8* 6* 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9* 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8* 10 9* 50 50 40 34 52* 50 43 54 35* 38 49 50 53 50 26 40 50 40 32* 13.90 16.55 110.50 17.15 14.75 14.60 17.30 *15.60 *4.40 6 6.80 *6.25 2 7.10 610.65 10* 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 10 10 10* 10 13 10* 10 10 10 10 10 . 10 10 10 10 10 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 47* lot * Aver age earn ings per week. 4? 43 60 37 40 40 (7) 3.85 3.00 3.00 3.15 4.10 4.95 5.35 4.25 3.65 3.25 1.95 5.75 5.20 55* 11 9 10 46* 10 * Including earnings of 2 helpers. •Including earnings of 4 helpers. 7With husband, son, and 2 daughters earn $33.35. 60 426 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U B E A U OF L A B O R , T a b l e IV.—HO U RS OF L A B O R , E A R N IN G S, AN D D U R A T IO N OF EM PLO Y MENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U ST R IE S— B A L T I MORE AND N E A R -B Y C O U N TRY D ISTR IC TS— Continued. CANNERIES— 4L2 establishm ents—Continued. Num Age. ber. »525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 534 535 536 1 537 l 538 1 539 1 540 l 541 1542 1 543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 571 572 1573 574 575 576 577 578 1 579 1580 1581 1582 1583 584 585 586 1587 1588 589 590 591 592 Occupation. Tomato skinner and packer.. Tomato skinner and busker.. Tomato skinner................... Preparer.............................. ....d o ................................. Tomato skinner................... Labeler............................... Assorter.............................. Preparer.............................. Packer................................. Tomato skinner................... -----do................................. -----do.................................. Labeler............................... Tomato skinner................... Assorter and general worker.. Tomato skinner................... Checker............................... Labeler............................... Tomato skinner................... ......do.................................. -----da.................................. -----do.................................. Labeler............................... ___ do.................................. ___ do.................................. Tomato skinner................... ___ do.................................. ___ do.................................. ___ do.................................. ___ do.................................. ___ do.................................. ___ do.................................. ___ do.................................. Prep .......do..................................... .......do..................................... .......do..................................... .......do..................................... Preparer................................. Tomato skinner..................... .......do..................................... .......do..................................... .......do..................................... .......do..................................... ----- do..................................... Tom ato skinner and packer. Forewoman........................... Preparer................................. ----- do..................................... Packer.................................... Preparer................................. .......do..................................... Tomato skinner..................... .......do..................................... .......do..................................... .......do..................................... .......do..................................... Assorter.................................. Preparer................................. Labeler................................... Tom ato skinner..................... .......do...................................... Labeler................................... Packer.................................... ___ do...................................... ----- do..................................... i Employed in country cannery. * Including earnings of 1 helper for 1 1 weeks. * Including earnings of 1 helper. Aver age eeks Usual hours hours «nper worked jyed. day. per week. 3 8$ 6* 9 9 9 6 9 7 43* 9 11 7 4 8$ 9 13 13 3 8 7$ 7$ 7* 3 6 10 6* 9 9 7* 7* 7$ 3 5 33$ 39$ 47$ 47$ 47$ 47$ 8 12* 12$ 12$ 12$ 7$ 9 30$ 9 9 20 44 24 27$ 7$ 6 14 14 5 21 20 50 9 2 50 43$ 12 12 9$ 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 11$ 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 10 10 10 10 10 9$ 9* 9* 9$ 9$ 10 10 11 11$ 8 10 10 9$ 10 5 9* 9$ 9* 9* 11 10 10 9 9 10 10$ 10 9 48$ 50$ 50 37 37 40 55 50 60 41$ 56 40 43 55 38 40 48 47$ 53 39 38 42 54 60 55 60 40 40 40 42 42 42 58$ 56 55 37 35$ 35$ 35$ 35$ 53$ 48 48 48 48 37$ 55 55 51$ 48 44 37$ 44 35 37 18$ 37$ 37$ 40 55 40 54 38 50 54 30 40 33$ Aver age earn ings per week. *4.90 4.10 4.15 3.95 440 3.10 9.60 5.00 6.00 4.15 2.50 2.50 465 11.0 0 3.70 5.00 5.70 4 75 7.80 3.75 4.20 4.25 5.40 7.00 6.90 9.00 2.70 3.00 3.20 4.25 2.75 3.40 2.85 2.00 8 2.20 3.80 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.55 3.95 2.95 4.40 5.10 *5.15 6.00 (4) 6 485 5.85 *3.00 *3.85 3.85 1.20 3.00 3.65 2.00 •4.90 5.75 2.20 5.50 3.00 6.00 3.00 430 6.00 3.00 400 3.00 Maximum hours. Per day. 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11$ 12$ 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 15 14$ 14$ 14$ 14$ 14$ 10 11 11 11 11 10$ 10 12$ 11$ 9$ 13* 13$ 9$ 13 9$ 9$ 11$ 11$ 9$ 12 11$ 10 10 10 10 12$ 12 11 4 Helper. 6 Including earnings of 1 helper for 9 8 Including earnings of 2 helpers. Per week. 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 59 59 59 59 59 58$ 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 57$ 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 55$ H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 427 T able I T .— HOURS OF LA B O R , E A R N IN G S, AND D U R A T IO N OF E M PLO Y MENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U ST R IE S— B A L T I MORE AND N E A R -B Y C O U N TRY D IST R IC T S— Continued. CANNERIES—42 establishments—Continued. Num Age. ber. 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 606 607 608 609 1610 1611 1612 1613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 1625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 23 56 18 43 41 53 52 50 29 41 19 38 56 43 45 39 23 61 68 33 40 24 27 25 44 32 50 54 32 24 28 29 20 13 46 10 29 67 17 24 58 43 60 35 23 7045 48 13 24 33 59 19 35 40 10 42 54 41 30 43 73 59 48 54 48 70 60 39 13 Occupation. Aver Usual age Weeks hours hours em per worked ployed. day. per week. Packer.............................................. ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Preparer........................................... Packer.............................................. ....... do............................................... Tomato skinner............................... Com husker..................................... Com cutter...................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Packer.............................................. Preparer........................................... Packer.............................................. ....... do............................................... Preparer.......................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Weigher........................................... Preparer........................................... ....... d o....*......................................... ....... do............................................... Preparer and oyster shucker.......... Preparer........................................... Preparer........................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Tomato skinner............................... Preparer........................................... .......do............................................... Packer.........................................: . . Preparer........................................... ....... do............................................... Packer.............................................. Preparer........................ •................ Tomato skinner............................... ....... do............................................... Preparer........................................... ..* ...d o ............................................... Tomato skinner............................... ....... do................................................ Can capper....................................... Packer.............................................. Com cutter....................................... Oyster shucker................................ Preparer.......................................... Tomato skinner............................... Packer.............................................. Preparer.......................................... .......do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... .......do............................................... ....... do............................................... Assorter and oyster shucker.......... Preparer.......................................... Preparer.......................................... Packer.............................................. Preparer.......................................... ....... do............................................... 1Employed in country cannery. *Including earnings of 2 helpers. * Including earnings of 1 helper for 9 weeks. 26* 24 29* 47* 21 353f 473r 8|r 63r 6* 6 6 32* 21 44 22§ 8| 8§ gz 9 28 8* 2 1* 24 20 16 33* 33| 28 26 27* 10 17 28 6 32 31 10 m 26 43* 28 23§ 2 8 18 20* 8§ 4 9* 7* 6* 13 24 9 22* 2* 32* 20} 13 24* 25 25 10 8| 21 34 13 9 10* 9 10 10 10 10 10 9* 11 11 11 11 11 10 9 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 10* 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 9 10 8 10 9 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 11 11 6 7* 9 10 9* 9* 9 10 , 10 10 10 10* 10 8 8 10 10 48 33* 33* 35* 37 50 50 35 44 44 44 55 55 30 38 37* 35 42 42 42 50 45 41 46 46 50 47 46 45 50 50 50 45 50 50 40 30 40 30 39 35 25 30 25 50 30 30 30 30 40 41 44 44 30 40 42 20 32 33* 36* 36 40 38 40 31 40 33 21* 40 40 Aver age earn ings per week. $4.40 3.00 3.00 3.65 1.60 5.00 5.00 3.30 3.75 6.60 4.90 9.00 7.50 3.00 *3.25 3.75 3.50 3.60 3.05 4.00 2.35 4.00 4.10 3.15 *3.25 4.20 3.10 3.35 4.50 3.65 2.95 3.70 <5.75 2.75 3.30 (5) 2.50 2.00 3.00 1.45 3.00 2.50 3.00 2.50 5.00 1.50 2.00 2.00 1.70 4.00 4.10 3.95 <•) 2.50 3.00 <2.00 5 1.50 2.30 1.75 2.50 1.55 1.40 3.75 2.30 4.00 .90 2.15 *4.00 Maximum hours. Per day. 12 12 12 12* 11* 12 * 12* 11 11 11 11 11 11 11* 9 12 14 9 9 9 9 9 12* 11* 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 12 12 9 10 10 11 12* 10 11* 12 12 10* 10 10 12 11 8 8 9* 13 10 11* 10 11* 12 11* 11 11 11 11 10 12 12 (*) <Including earnings of 1 helper. 6 Helper. •Five people earn 123.85. Per week. 55* 55* 55* 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 53 53 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 51 51 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 48 48 47* 46 46 46 46 46 45 45 44 44 44 44 42* 42 42 428 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OE L A B O R T a b l e IV .— HO URS OF L A B O R , E A R N IN G S, AN D D U R A T IO N OF E M PLO Y MENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U S T R IE S —B A L T I M ORE AND N E A R -B Y C O U N TRY D ISTR ICTS— Concluded. CANNERIES—42 establishments—Concluded. Num Age. ber. 663 664 665 666 667 668 * 669 670 671 672 *673 674 675 *676 27 47 42 51 70 30 40 44 38 19 60 17 29 21 Aver age Weeks Usual hours hours em per worked ployed. day. per week. Occupation. Preparer........................................... ....... do................................................ ....... do............................................... Tomato skinner............................... Preparer........................................... .......do................................................ Tomato skinner............................... Preparer........................................... ....... do................................................ Packer.............................................. Tomato skinner............................... Peeling-machine operator............... Preparer........................................... Com husker..................................... 10 10 10 10 10 7* 10 10 10 5 10 10 7 7* 2 1* 23 18 10 25 23 9* 21 14 13 6 3 12 6* 1 Including earnings of 1 helper. Aver age earn ings per week. 40 36 40 30 40 30 31 20 24 29 30 18 21 22* $2.40 2.25 2.45 *4.00 .75 1.50 13.20 .75 2.00 2.90 1.65 1.80 .75 2.25 Maximum hours. Per day. Per week. 42 41* 41 40 40 40 40 33 33 30 30 30 24 22* 12 11* 11 10 10 7* 10 11 11 10 10 11 8 7* 2 Em ployed in country cannery. T a b l e IV .— HOURS OF L A B O R A N D EAR N IN G S D U R IN G NORM AL AN D B U SY SEASONS, A N D NU M BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF IN D I V ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— BALTIM O R E. CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC.—4 establishments. Normal season. Num Age. ber. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Occupation. 18 Batch girl............................ 18 Stock girl............................. 18 Section head....................... 14 Packer................................. 14 Sorter, m achine.................. 16 Packer................................. 15 ....... do................................... 15 Bonbon d ip p er.................. 16 Sample packer.................... 27 Sorter, m achine.................. 21 Section head....................... 17 B ox folder........................... 14 Tender, m achine................ 23 Section head....................... 20 Dipper, m achine.............*. 17 Tender, machine................ 17 Dipper, machine................ 16 W rapper.............................. 16 Packer................................. 12 W rapper.............................. 21 Packer................................. 18 ....... do................................... 39 Labeler................................ 39 leer and packer................... 19 Packer................................. 21 leer and packer................... Busy season. Av Av Weeks A v Av em Usual erage erage Num erage erage hours ployed. hours hours earn ber work earn work of per ings ings ed ed per day. per per weeks. per week. week. week. week. 51 51 51 138 * 24§ 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 147 *45 * 42 51 51 51 *40 51 * 48* 52 52 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 56* 56* 56* 60 60 56* 56* 56* 56* 56* 56* 56* 56* 56* 56* 56 55§ 56 56* 56* 56* 60 59 58* 58* 60 $5.00 5.00 6.00 2.90 3.00 4.50 4.50 4.00 4.30 2.94 6.58 4.50 2.25 6.58 6.02 2.60 3.50 4.00 4.50 2.50 5.00 4.00 4.90 4.40 4.40 5.00 15 15 15 8 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 10 ia 15 15 20 7 14 14 39 74* 73* 72 71f 71* 71* 71* 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 70* 70 70 70 70* 70 70 69 68* * Time lost due to illness. * First employm ent in this industry; had worked elsewhere. * Time lost due to voluntary vacation. * Nine weeks in country, strawberry picking, and in tomato cannery. » Laid off 10 days; rest o f time lost due to voluntary vacation. $6.25 7.43 8 .10 4.00 3.75 7.10 7.30 6.00 5.75 4.27 9.00 6.40 4.48 9.00 9.00 4.48 7.17 5.50 5.25 3.00 6.20 5.15 6.37 5.65 5.40 6.23 Maxim nm hours. Per Per day. week. 13 13* 13* 13* 13* 13* 13* 13* 13* 13* 13* 13* 13* 13* 13* 13* 13* 13* 13* 13* 13 13 13 13 13 78 76* 76* 76* 76* 76* 76* 76* 76* 76* 76* 76* 76* 76* 76* 76* 76* 76* 76* 76* 76* 75 75 75 75 75 A N D E A B N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 429 7.—HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND SEASONS, AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF INDIlL WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—BALTIMORE—Continued. CAN DY, B IS C U IT S , ETC.—4 establish m en ts—Continued. Normal season. Cl. 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 Occupation. leer and packer___ Sample packer........ leer and packer....... Dipper and packer. Dipper..................... W rapper.................. Dipper Assistant forewom an. . . Packer............................ W rapper and packer___ Dipper and packer........ Packer............................ B ox folder, packer, and weigher...................... Packer............................ .d o............................. .d o............................. Sample girl.................... Packer............................ ....... d o............................. W rapper......................... leer and packer.............. Errand girl.................... B ox folder and packer.. B ox liner........................ leer and packer............. ....... d o ........................... Packer............................ leer and packer.............. Packer and labeler........ Batch girl....................... B ox folder...................... leer and packer.............. ....... do.............................. Packer............................ leer and packer.............. Packer............................ W rapper........................ leer and packer.............. Packer............................ Section head.................. leer and packer.............. Packer............................ .......do.............................. Dipper and wrapper— Dipper and packer........ Dipper............................ Busy season. Av Av Weeks Av Av em Usual erage erage Num erage erage hours hours ployed. hours earn earn ber per work ings of work ings ed ed per weeks. per per day. per week. week. week. week. 51 148 51 *12* 148 >33 *38 *37 51 51 *34 *32 *34 . 51 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 60 59 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 58 60 60 56} $4.00 4.40 4.50 3.00 3.50 2.50 3.00 4.00 3.50 6.00 4.50 3.00 3.00 3.00 41 8 42 16 16 16 16 16 21 21 30 15 15 15 68} 68} 68} 69} 68} 66} 66} 66} 65} 65} 70 69} 69} 69} 51 51 51 51 •48 7 43 •20 * 32} *22 *36 *26 * 4 *22 *30 52 *44} 52 51 51 52 52 *28 • 44 54 *6 *50 *30 52 50} *49 *30 51 *50 51 *41 *46 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 (10) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 56} 56} 56} 56} 56 55} 55} 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 59 58} 58} 57 56} 60 60 57} 60 (10) 60 60 60 59 60 60 60 50 50 50 50 50 4.00 4.75 3.50 3.50 3.76 3.50 2.50 3.40 3.35 3.50 3.00 3.50 3.50 4.00 3.95 4.40 2.94 3.50 3.00 4.50 4.00 3.90 3.33 (10) 3.56 5.31 4.00 4.90 4.50 4.50 3.36 3.00 3.50 3.30 2.50 3.50 15 15 15 15 15 15 3 15 12 15 8 4 1 20 4 8 13 5 15 42 40 9 30 4 2 30 8 7 37 41 11 16 16 16 16 16 69} 69} 69} 69} 69} 69} 69} 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 68 68 68 67} 67} 67} 67} 67 67 66 65 65 67} 67 66} 66 62} $5.03 5.53 5.60 5.80 4.50 3.50 3.75 6.00 6.00 4 6.00 5.38 3.75 5.85 4.37 5.63 7.25 5.62 4.00 5.00 4.20 4.40 4.00 4.08 4.67 4.37 4.25 4.38 4.85 5.00 5.60 3.75 4.10 3.75 5.63 4.93 4.90 4.33 5.04 4.10 6.75 4.65 5.95. 5.38 5.30 4.37 4.50 6.20 4.59 4.40 5.40 Dipper, wrapper, and 4.25 50 3.00 15 62} 51 9 packer......................... 5.65 52 10 55 4.25 15 65 leer and packer.............. 5.65 52 55 4.25 15 65 10 ....... do............................. 4.00 4 66 60 3.50 10 *17 Packer............................ 4.08 3.50 24 66 *32 60 10 ....... do............................. 64} 8.00 8.00 4 50 to 55} Examiner....................... i Laid off 1 week; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation. * First employment in this industry; had worked elsewhere. * Time lost due to voluntary vacation. 4 No extra pay for overtime and no deduction for time lost. • First employment. • Laid off 1 week; rest of time lost due to illness. 7 Eight weeks berry picking; laid off 1 week. • Only employment m period of investigation; in school rest o f the time. * Time lost in scattering days. » W orked during busy season only. Maximum hours. Per Per day. week. 13 13 13 12} 12} 12} 12} 12} 12} 12} 13 13} 13} 13} 75 75 75 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 70 69} 69} 69} 13} 13} 13} 13} 13} 13} 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 12} 12} 12} 12} 12} 69} 69} 69} 69} 69} 69} 69} 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 68} 68} 68} 68} 68} 12} 13} 13} 13 13 12} J 68} 68 68 66 66 64} 430 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR, T a b l e IV.— HOURS OF L A B O R AN D E ARN IN G S D U R IN G NORM AL AN D BU SY SEASONS, A N D NUM BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF IN D I V ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— B ALTIM O R E — Continued. C A N D Y , B IS C U IT S , E T C .—1 esta b lish m en ts—Continued.1 *4 1First employment; laid off 10 days. * First employment in this industry; had worked elsewhere. * First employment. 4 Laid off 4 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation. * First employment; laid off 2 weeks. * Laid off 1 week; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation. H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 431 T able IV.—HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND BUSY SEASONS, AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF INDI VIDUAL WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—BALTIMORE—Continued. CAN DY, B IS C U IT S , ETC.—4 establishm ents—Concluded. Normal season. Num Age. ber. 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 Occupation. Wrapper and sealer.......... Packer............................. Wrapper.......................... Packer............................. ...... do.............................. ...... do.............................. Wrapper.......................... Feeder, machine............... Wrapper.......................... Box folder and labeler...... Packer............................. Chute girl........................ Packer............................. ...... do.............................. ...... do.............................. Packer and labeler............ Packer............................. Packer and labeler............ ...... do.............................. Candy separator............... Dipper, cream.................. Dipper............................. Packer............................. Dipger............................. ...... do.............................. Floor girl......................... Packer............................. ...... do.............................. Batch girl........................ Wrapper.......................... Packer............................. Dipper and wrapper......... Packer............................. Dipper, cream.................. Dipper............................. Av Weeks em Usual erage ployed. hours hours per work ed day. per week. 1291 14 112 135 14 134 »16 116s *16 1HI 12 14 112$ 52 50 52 145 128 419 51 447 116 16 113 17 14 13 15 UO 119 46 *8 15 19 628 18 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 59 59 59 59 58$ 57$ 57| 57$ 55$ *>! 9$ 9$ 9$ 9$ 10 9$ 9 9 9 9$ 9$ 55$ 55$ 55$ 55$ 55$ 52$ 52 50 50 50 49$ 38 Busy season. Av Av A v- erage erage Num hours earn ber work eamings of ings ed per per per week. week. week. Ma.xrmiTm hours. Per Per day. week. 12.50 3.50 2.50 3.00 3.00 3.50 2.50 2.50 3.50 3.50 2.50 2.50 3.00 3.00 3.40 3.94 3.46 2.45 2.92 2.41 3.25 7.65 4.00 3.60 4.00 3.00 3.00 2.50 5.00 6.00 3.50 5.00 3.50 2.08 2.87 5.00 3.00 PAPER BOXES—4 establishments. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 Cover stayer........................ 18 Glue worker, hand............. 15 Tum er-in............................. 19 Machine operator, co v e r.. . 20 Cover stayer........................ 21 ....... do................................... 18 Machine operator, co v e r.. . 31 Glue worker, table............. 15 Floor girl............................. 19 Glue worker, table............. 19 B ox maker.......................... 16 Feeder, gluing machine___ 19 Table worker...................... 19 Cover stayer........................ 16 General worker................... 19 B ox maker.......................... 18 ....... do................................... * 50 52 130 52 52 50 *49 52 52 129 130 134 117 544 7 47 7 51 7 51 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 58$ 57| 60 58$ 58$ 58$ 58$ 58$ 58$ 59$ 59$ 59$ 59$ 58$ 58$ 58 58 $5.20 4.82 3.00 5.50 5.04 6.38 4.50 3.00 3.30 5.00 7.00 3.95 4.00 6.50 4.40 6.80 6.80 9 9 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 13 16 11 16 16 14 14 69$ 70$ 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 68$ 68$ 68$ 68$ 68$ 68$ 68$ 68$ 1 First employment. * First employment; sick 13 weeks. * First em ployment in this industry; had worked elsewhere. 4 Only employment in period of investigation; in school rest of tim e. 6 Time lost due to illness. * Time lost due to illness and to voluntary vacation. 7 Time lost due to voluntary vacation. $7.00 5.50 3.45 7.50 6.52 8.00 6.00 4.00 4.03 5.75 8.00 4.60 4.40 7.59 5.16 9.00 9.00 13 13f 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 72 701 69 69 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R , T.—HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND SEASONS, AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF IN DI„L WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—BALTIMORE—Continued. P A PE R B O X E S— 4 establish m en ts—Continued. Normal season. >er. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 Occupation. Tum er-in............................ Machine operator, co v e r.. . Glue worker, table............. .B ox maker.......................... Cover stayer........................ Machine operator, co v e r.. . B ox maker.......................... Feeder, gluing machine___ B ox maker.......................... Table worker...................... Floor girl............................. Machine operator, co v e r.. . Tum er-in............................ Machine operator, co v e r... Machine operator, co v e r.. . Glue worker, hand............. Feeder, gluing machine___ Glue worker, hand............. Bottom coverer................... Fancy-box maker............... Glue worker, hand............. Forewoman......................... Machine operator, co v e r.. . Lacer................................... Glue worker, hand............. Machine operator, c o v e r.. . Machine operator, ap ron ... Feeder, gluing machine___ Table worker...................... Machine operator, co v e r.. . Table worker...................... Machine operator, flange... .......do................................... Fancy-box maker............... Top coverer......................... General worker................... Machine operator, co v e r.. . Flapper............................... Fancy-box maker............... Packer................................. Cover stayer........................ Table worker....................... Machine operator, co v e r.. . Table worker...................... Glue worker, hand............. .......do................................... Machine operator, co v e r.. . Cover stayer........................ Floor girl............................. General worker................... Examiner............................ Machine operator, gluing... Machine operator, ap ron ... Tacker ana closer............... Top coverer......................... Machine operator, co v e r... .....d o .................................. Busy season. Av Av Weeks Av Av em Usual erage erage Num erage erage hours ployed. hours hours earn ber work earn work per ings of ings ed per weeks. ed aay. per per per week. week. week. week. 148 52 52 8 50 52 52 52 3 49 «48 <43 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 444 10 850 10 52 10 52 10 52 10 52 10 8 42 10 52 10 *42 10 850 10 50* 10 10 504 «41§ 10 7 39 10 440 10 «32| 10 51 10 51 10 51 10 850 10 10 504 51 10 51 10 52 10 #27 10 50 > 10 52 10 10 *48 *44 10 10 139 *46 10 10 504 134 10 50 10 52 10 52 10 10 504 51 10 10 8 424 51 10 10 51 U8 10 10 10 464 52 10 50 10 52 10 52 10 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 571 57* 574 58 58 58 58 58 59 58 58 57i 57! 57* 57] 57 i 571 57 56 56 56 55f 57* 56 57* 58 59 584 584 584 58* 58 57* 57* 574 57| 57* 57* 574 56| 564 56* 56* 56 553■ 58f 583. 583 583! $3.90 5.85 6.30 8.75 5.85 5.80 8.75 3.50 6.20 6.00 3.50 5.65 4.74 5.29 5.16 7.00 3.90 5.00 4.85 6.50 3.60 6.00 4.00 3.00 4.00 6.30 3.80 3.15 2.90 6.31 3.60 6.00 6.00 6.75 6.00 3.00 5.00 4.34 6.83 2.90 5.90 3.77 3.00 4.27 5.34 3.65 5.43 7.02 3.72 5.70 2.85 2.37 3.67 4.50 6.00 4.70 7.13 10 13 12 10 12 16 12 16 12 7 16 14 14 16 14 14 12 3 14 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 14 14 14 13 8 12 11 16 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 13 8 9 9 9 14 11 9 9 9 6 12 2 8 8 8 684 684 684 684 68* 684 684 684 684 68* 65* 68* 68* 68* 68* 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 67 65* 67* 67* 674 674 674 674 674 674 674 674 67* 67* 67* 67* 67* 67* 67* 67* 67* 67* 66 66 66 66 1 First em ploym ent. * Time lost due to illness. * Time lost due to voluntary vacation. * Time lost in scattering days. 6 Laid off l week; rest of time lost due to illness. * Laid off 10 days; rest o f tim e lost in scattering days. 7 First em ploym ent; laid off 2f weeks. 8 First em ploym ent; laid off I f weeks. * First em ploym ent; laid off 1 week. >8 Laid off 10 days; rest of time lost due to illness. $4.60 6.90 10.00 11.00 6.90 6.90 11.00 4.14 9.50 8.43 4.14 8.00 5.22 6.32 7.50 9.50 4.65 5.50 .5.50 8.10 4.25 7.35 6.50 4.50 5.00 6.30 4.50 4.25 3.75 9.00 4.25 7.50 7.50 9.00 4.60 2.75 6.50 5.00 7.00 3.75 7.00 4.90 3.45 5.40 6.00 4.18 7.00 8.00 4.95 7.50 4.50 3.45 3.74 5.00 6.50 7.00 8.00 Maximum hours. Per Per day. week. 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 12* 12* 12* 12* 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 12* 12* 124 124 12§ 124 124 12* 124 12* 12* 12* 12* 12* 12* 12* 12* 12* 12* 12 12 12 12 684 68 68 681 68 68 684 68| 684 68* 68* 68* 68* 68* 68* 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 67* 67* 674 67* 674 67* 67* 67| 674 674 67* 67* 67* 67* 67* 67* 67* 67* 67* 67* 66 66 66 66 H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S O F W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 433 T able IV .— HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND BUSY SEASONS, AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF IN DI VIDUAL WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—BALTIMORE—Continued. PAPE R B O X E S—4 establishm ents—Concluded. Noim alse iason. Num Age. ber. Occupation. Labeler................................ Feeder, gluing machine___ Oval worker........................ 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 16 16 17 19 13 18 15 15 12 14 20 14 15 14 36 15 15 14 14 14 14 13 16 16 16 15 20 102 103 104 15 14 14 105 106 107 108 16 14 24 15 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 19 17 16 18 17 18 Machine operator, co v e r.. . 12 Tum er-in............................. 13 ....... do.................................. 14 Bender................................ 16 Machine operator, cov er.. . 16 Corner stayer...................... 22 Machine operator, co v e r.. . 22 .......do.................................. Tum er-in............................ Liner.................................... Exam iner............................ Feeder, gluing machine___ Tum er-in............................ Glue worker, hand............. ....... do.................................. ....... do.................................. Tum er-in............................ B ox tier............................... Packer................................. ....... do.................................. ....... do.................................. ....... do.................................. Tum er-in............................ Exam iner............................ Feeder, gluing machine___ Tum er-in............................ Oval worker........................ Tum er-in............................ Glue worker, hand............. Exam iner............................ Labeler and glue worker, hand................................. Machine operator, co v e r.. . Glue worker, hand............. Cover stayer and glue worker, hand................... Glue worker, hand............. ....... do................................... Oval worker........................ Cover stayer and glue worker, hand................... Glue maker, hand.............. Machine operator, cover. . . Glue worker, hand............. ....... do.................................. Busy season Av Av Weeks Av Av em Usual erage erage Num erage erage hours ployed. hours hours earn ber earn of work ings ings per work ed ed per weeks. per per day. per week. week. week. week. 126 2 23 52 151 *5 28 2 26 2 34 2 15 3 30 24 «8* 26 23 24 24 24 2 8* 2 17 217 5 20 2 41 139 140 <44 149 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 56** 59 58 57f 60 60 59* 59* 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 58* 58* $4.50 3.90 5.00 7.04 2.75 4.50 3.00 4.00 2.25 2.50 4.00 2.75 2.50 2.50 3.50 2.50 2.75 2.50 3.00 3.30 3.90 2.00 5.00 2.70 4.50 3.20 <39 52 52 10 10 10 58* 58* 58 5.00 4.90 4.50 52 •50 <48 151 10 10 10 10 58 58 58 58 3.00 4.37 2.93 7.41 52 52 52 52 52 149 52 2 34 6 41 642 145 52 29 <48 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 57* 56* 56 55* 55 55 4.04 4.37 4.10 3.00 6.00 4.50 5.00 2.40 2.40 3.65 3.49 4.10 4.00 7.50 8 3 1 8 66 65 65 64 15.50 4.65 7.00 8.50 Maximum hours. Per Per day. week. 12 13 13 m 66 65 65 64 SHIRTS, OVERALLS, ETC.—3. establishments. Feller................................... Tucker................................ Examiner............................ Neckband maker............... Examiner............................ 2 34 7 47* *34 49 52 10 10 10 10 10 55* 55* 55 54J $8.00 7.50 3.50 6.00 5.95 4 2 12 4 1 64* 64* 64* 64* 64* i Time lost due to voluntary vacation. * First employment. <First employment; voluntary vacation 2 weeks. * First employment in industry; had worked elsewhere. 6 First employment; laid off 1 week. * Time lost due to illness. 7 Laid off 10 days; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation. $8.60 9.00 4.07 7.50 6.50 13 13 13 13 13 filff 20 29 18 19 24 434 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R , T a b l e IV.—HOURS OF L A B O R AND EAR N IN G S D U R IN G NORM AL AND B U SY SEASONS, AN D NUM BER OF W EEK S O F E M PLOYM EN T OF IN D I V ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— BALTIM O R E — Continued. SHIRTS, OVERALLS, ETC.—3 establishments—Continued. Normal season. Num Age. ber. A v A v Weeks A v A v em Usual erage erage Num erage erage hours earn ployed. hours hours earn ber per work ings of work ings ed ed per weeks. per per day. per week. week. week. week. Occupation. Machine operator, shirt fronts................................ Machine operator, drawers. Tucker................................ Machine operator, neckbands and cuffs............... Machine operator, cuffbands............................... Machine operator, collars.. Machine operator, cuffs and neckbands................ Machine operator, sleeves.. Machine operator, drawers. Shirt feller........................... Machine operator, nightrobe fronts........................ Shirt feller........................... 6 34 7 8 9 21 28 24 10 35 11 12 26 40 13 14 15 16 20 18 24 28 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 19 26 18 25 19 16 46 17 30 22 18 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 19 15 19 14 12 36 26 24 17 17 17 18 31 T u c k e r ....................................... 41 42 43 44 27 23 22 29 Feller and hemmer............ Feller................................... Presser................................. Machine operator, shirt 45 46 47 14 20 40 Stamper............................... 48 19 49 50 51 52 53 54 20 23 28 14 17 18 Finisher, drawer bands___ Machine operator, button.. Machine operator............... Shirt buttoner..................... Exam iner............................ M ach in e op erator, b u t t o n .. E T ftm in er__ _ T..................... Machine operator, sleeves.. Machine operator, neck b a n d s .... ................................ Labeler................................ ‘E x a m in e r................... ........... Marker................................ "Errand girl.......................... H em m er.................................... “E x a m in e r............................. .. Tucker................................. Machine operator, sleeves.. Joiner.................................. H e m m e r.................................... . d o ......................................... Machine operator, shirt fron ts...................................... 55 56 57 fron ts...... P resser..... ............... ............... Machine operator, shirt b a c k s .. ..................... Machine operator, button hole .................................. "E xam iner................................. Presser................................ Feller................................... Marker................ .. E x a m in e r __ * Machine operator, neck 52 52 52 10 10 10 54f 54| 54$ $5.70 6.00 7.50 13 12 3 644 644 644 150 10 54$ 6.50 4 52 *50 10 10 54f 54$ 9.00 8.00 2 6 52 52 52 50 10 10 10 10 54$ 54$ 54$ 54$ 4.50 7.00 4.30 7.25 52 52 52 50 52 52 52 150 50 84 «42 10 10 10 10 10 9f 10 10 10 104 10 54$ 54$ 54$ 544 544 544 54$ 54$ 54$ 58 554 6.83 7.14 6.50 5.40 7.00 7.00 3.50 6.59 7.23 4.00 8.00 »16 4 34 *36 8 30 *43 88 » 12 48 49 52 *48 52 52 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 55jr 5S>t 55^ 55l: 5& 55155 55 55 55 55 55 5.00 5.00 4.50 4.50 2.91 2.38 9.50 5.00 8.25 7.05 5.40 6.46 6.48 50 52 146 52 10 10 10 10 49 5 45 52 10 10 10 52 10 54$ 7.15 10 10 10 10 91 10 54 54 54 54 54 54 3.82 5.95 11.0 0 11.2 2 2.60 3.33 *50 52 52 *48 8 21 137 *4 830 16 Machine operator, fronts... 86 16 Skirt, h em m er .. . *48 17 Machine operator, sleeves.. i Time lost due to illness. * Time lost due to voluntary vacation. * First employment. b a n d s __ __ Busy season. at 7.14 7.46 5.22 11.0 0 54$ 54$ 7.22 2.89 9.00 55 55 Maximum hours. Per Per day. week. $7.00 6.75 9.00 13 13 13 644 7.50 13 644 644 64| 10.00 10.00 13 13 64$ 644 3 3 13 4 644 644 644 644 5.00 8.00 6.00 8.25 13 13 13 13 64$ 64$ 64$ 64$ 5 4 8 13 16 9 1 6 1 644 644 644 644 644 634 614 614 584 8.25 9.25 8.50 7.50 8.00 9.00 4.20 7.50 7.50 13 13 13 13 13 12$ 13 13 13 64j> 64 > 64 r 64 f 6463 r 61 r 61 584 554 4.00 10 55$ 544 5.00 g| 3.50 of 3.50 544 6.71 544 9$ 4 Returned; had been em ployed here before. 5 Time lost in scattering days. 644 64$ 64$ A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 435 r.—HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND SEASONS, AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF INDIL WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—BALTIMORE—Continued. SH IR T S , O V ERALLS, E T C .—3 establish m en ts—Continued. Normal season. um>er. 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 Occupation. Front maker....................... Machine operator, shirt fronts................................ Machine operator, cuffs___ Examiner............................ Machine operator, collar bands............................... Shirt hemmer..................... Machine operator, collars.. Facer................................... Collar setter........................ Cuff maker.......................... Machine operator, sleeves.. Machine operator, collars.. Machine operator, cuffs___ Collar setter........................ Buttonhole marker............ Machine operator, cuffs___ Buttonhole maker.............. Sleeve stayer...................... Packer................................. Shirt-front maker............... Machine operator, fronts... Machine operator, cuffs___ Machine operator, fronts... Machine operator............... Buttonhole maker.............. Stock girl............................. .......do.................................. Hemmer..................... . .......do.................................. Examiner........................... Sleeve hemmer................... Hemmer............................. Busheler............................. Sleeve hemmer................... Cuff maker.......................... .......do.................................. Hemmer.............................. Packer................................. Cuff maker.......................... Machine operator, fronts. . . Packer................................. Facer.................................... Machine operator, buttons. Exam iner............................ F eller.................................. .....d o .................................. .......do.................................. Examiner............................ Machine operator, cuffs— Machine operator, collars... Machine operator, sleeves.. Busy season. Av Av Weeks Av Av em Usual erage erage Num erage erage hours earn ployed. hours hours earn ber ings per work ings of work ed ed per per weeks. per day. per week. week. week. week. 120 9f 54** S6.70 *44 *46 8 42 9f 9f 9$ 54* 54* 54* 6.00 5.00 3.00 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54| 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 54* 6.25 6.50 7.50 5.60 6.75 6.50 6.72 4.32 3.85 4.33 3.37 4.81 6.71 4.81 3.00 4.81 5.39 5.77 3.85 6.71 8.15 10.26 5.50 5.50 6.28 3.40 3.50 2.75 3.50 4.00 2.50 4.00 4.16 5.32 3.50 2.50 5.25 7.00 4.50 4.00 4.93 3.00 6.73 7.18 5.00 4.50 2.30 2.75 7.18 7.00 52 *46 *43 52 4 39 52 8 50 8 50 ®26 52 52 52 8 48 52 134 52 51 52 52 148 52 52 « 39 8 50 *34f 131 51 730 49 *48 8 49 50 *47| 8 50 8 50 *26* 52 8 33 7 10 * 39f 4 37 14 51 4 48 52 7 30 51 8 50 8 49 52 91 9; 9 9; 9 9 9 91 91 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9f 9 9 9 9 9 9 91 9 9 91 9 9 9 9 9 9 91 9 91 9 9 9 9 91 91 91 91 9 91 91 91 * First employment. * Time lost in scattering days. * Time lost due to voluntary vacation. « Time lost due to illness. 6 First em ployment; sick 13 weeks. * Time lost due to illness and to voluntary vacation. * First employment in this industry; had worked elsewhere. * Laid o il 2 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation. Maximum hours. Per Per day. week. 436 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR, T able I V .— HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND BUSY SEASONS, AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF INDI VIDUAL WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—BALTIMORE—Continued. S H IR T S , O V E R A LLS, ETC.—3 establish m en ts—Concluded. Busy season. Normal season. Num Age. ber. 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 Occupation. F eller................................ Sorter................................. F eller................................ ___do................................. Sleeve feller...................... Hemmer............................ Facer.................................. Buttonhole marker___. . . Machine operator, cu ffs... Machine operator, collars.. Exam iner...................... ___ do............................. Packer............................ Collar setter................... Examiner...................... Sleeve feller................... Collar and cuff m aker... Errand girl..................... Shirt buttoner............... F eller...................... . General worker.............. Machine operator, cuffs___ Sleeve m aker................. Goat hemmer................. F eller............................. Machine operator, pajamas. Errand girl......................... Machine operator, loop s.... Marker............................... Feller.................................. Machine operator, pajama belts.. Machine operator, loops___ Hemmer............................. Machine operator, bu tton .. Machine operator, center maker.............................. ___ do.................................. Machine operator, buttons. Joiner.................................. Sleeve hemmer................... Examiner........................... Repairer.............................. Machine operator, sleeves.. Machine operator, fronts... Shirt feller.......................... Belt maker......................... Exam iner........................... Marker and errand girl....... Pajama maker.................... Sleeve maker...................... Y oker.................................. Machine operator, tacker... Sleeve feller........................ Machine operator, fronts.. . Machine operator, cu ffs.... Machine operator, sleeves.. Machine operator, shirt fronts................................ Av Av Weeks Av A v em Usual erage erage Num erage erage hours hours ployed. hours earn earn ber ings ings per work of work ed ed per weeks. per per day. per week. week. week. week. 52 52 150 «47 3-32 50 51 3 31 151 <4 3 38 52 148 5 50 126 «22 340 327 33 647 143 52 52 52 150 51 52 52 3 34 ®49 9| 9i 9f 9f 93 9; 9| 93 9j 9 $ 0 9 9i 10 9• 9• 9} • 544 544 544 54£ 54£ 541 54* 544 544 544 544 544 544 544 54| 53 53 53 53 9|• 53 9 • 52^ 9 • 52* 93: 52f 9 r 52i 93\ 52* 93r 52* 52 93 93• 52| 93: 52* 52* 93 52 52 52 52 9} 9* 9* 94 52f 52| 52f 52f 150 52 151 52 52 51 52 150 52 52 44 6 50 52 52 52 52 52 52 150 <20 350 9] 93• 93' 93 93 93 93r 93■ 93• 93• 9i 93r 93: 93‘ 93! 93 93■ 93: 93■ 93t 93f 52f 524 524 524 524 524 524 524 524 524 524 524 524 524 524 524 52f 52f 524 524 514 143 94 484 $7.00 3.00 5.24 7.00 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 7.00 3.50 4.50 4.79 7.05 3.42 6.50 7.50 3.50 2.50 5.25 8.00 7.45 5.50 7.46 7.00 6.91 3.37 8.00 3.48 5.40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.23 . 7.05 . 7.57 . 5.56 7.50 8.23 5.00 4.70 5.77 5.48 5.88 15.44 5.83 9.07 4.80 4.98 2.49 6.87 3.50 5.20 3.11 6.50 7.60 7.50 4.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.00 . 1 Time lost due to voluntary vacation. * Laid off 1 week; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation. * First em ploym ent. * Returned; had been em ployed here before. 6 Time lost due to illness. * First employment in this industry; had worked elsewhere. t Time lost in scattering days. Maximum hours. Per Per day. week. A N D E A R N IN G S O F W O M E N W O R K E R S IN M D . A N D C A L . 437 h —HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND SEASONS, AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF INDIWOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—BALTIMORE—Continued. lL S T R A W H A T S — 4 establishm ents. Normal season. «1 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Occupation. Trimmer.............. ___ d o................. . ___ do................... ___ do................... ___ do................... ___ do................... .....d o ................. . ___ do................... ___ do................... Machine operator. ___ do................... ___ do................... ....d o .................. Stock girl........................... . Trimmer............................. ___ do.................................. Machine operator............... ----- do.................................. ___ do.................................. ....d o ................................. ....d o ................................. ___ do.................................. Mender................................ Machine operator............... Mender................................ ___ do.................................. Machine operator............... Machine operator and fin isher................................. Trimmer............................. Machine operator............... ___ do.................................. ----- do.................................. Finisher.............................. Machine operator.. Stitcher.................. Machine operator.. ....... do..................... Forewoman........... Machine operator.. . .d o.................... ..d o .................... Examiner.............. Machine operator.. Trim m er................ Machine operator.. T ip maker....................... Machine operator............ .......do.............. .'............ Busy season. Av A v Weeks Av Av em Usual erage erage Num erage erage hours ployed. hours hours earn ber work earn work per ings ings of ed ed per weeks. per oay. per per week. week. week. week. 130 *47 *46 *47 50 50 *48 52 4 35 39 39 39 52 4 39 4 26 4 26 37 43 *46 46 39 4 51 46 45 129* 134 52 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* 54 53| 53j 531 53 534 521 54 .56 56 56 56 54 54 56 56 56 56 55* 55 54* 54* 54 54 54 54 54 $4.00 8.41 4.50 5.00 5.25 5.15 4.32 5.25 5.70 7.45 7.50 7.70 13.00 8.00 6.28 7.00 5.00 5.65 3.80 6.60 7.90 6.30 8.00 7.47 4.00 4.00 8.55 12 8 13 8 13 8 8 13 10 17 13 17 15 2 8 8 11 13 13 15 15 9 3 3 3 3 15 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 66 65* 65* 65* 65* 65* 66 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 $7.00 9.95 7.00 7.00 7.80 9.00 6.00 8.00 8.50 11.00 11.00 10.00 18.00 9.90 9.25 10.35 8.50 8.40 8.00 10.00 12.00 8.00 9.60 9.75 4.86 4.86 12.00 48 50 4 44 4 48 *41* •41 735* 48 52 52 51 *46 *46 51 4 51 52 139 49 39 49 *44 47 48 41 46 1 8* 9* 9 9j ! 9i 9j 95r 9j • 2) ■ 9) • 9i : 9) 9 9! 95r 9r 54 54 54 54 54 54 53| 8.00 4.56 7.50 7.10 9.00 6.50 7.25 9.63 7.91 8.67 8.81 5.93 10.00 7.90 8.00 9.84 3.72 5.75 5.95 7.85 6.80 6.75 11.45 7.00 7.00 2.70 3 63 4 63 3 63 8 63 6 63 1 63 6 63 8 •63 4 63 3 63 63 8 8 63 63 4 4 63 63 8 6 63 7 63 4 63 61* 8 61* 8 12 60 60 4 60 1 12 59 12 59 59 4 9.35 6.00 8.50 9.00 11.50 7.68 8.50 12.00 10.00 11.60 10.50 6.93 12.00 10.00 9.35 12.00 5.00 6.25 7.00 9.50 8.25 7.50 15.00 8.50 7.50 3.00 9 9j ! 9 9 9 9* 9, r 9r 9 95r 9 53I 53I 53I 53} 53} 53} 53} 53* 53§ 53* 53* 54 53 54 53} 53$ Trimmer. 56 55* ___ d o ... ----- d o ... 54 1 First employment. * Laid off 2 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary Vacation. * Laid off 2 weeks; rest o f time lost due to illness. 4 Time lost due to voluntary vacation. * Time lost due to illness. * Laid off 6 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation. * Laid off 4 weeks; voluntary vacation 12* weeks. * Laid off 1 week; rest of time lost due to illness. 44°— No. 9 6 -1 2 - Maximum hours. Per Per day. week. 13t r 13i r 13i t 13! r 13i ■ id) 13 ; • 12; 12; : 12; : 12; r 12! ‘ 12) r Id) r 12) ! 12) r 12) r 12) r 12) r 12) • 12) • 12) r 12 ! 12) r 12) 12 ■ 12) r 12* 12 12* 12* 12* 12* 12* 12*' 12) r 12) r 12 r 12 t 121 12) ! 121 : 12 r 12 10* 10* 12* 12* 12* 10* 10* 10* 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 61* 61* 60 60 60 59 59 59 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BU R E AU OF LABO R. *—HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND EASONS AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF INDIj WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—BALTIMORE—Continued. S T R A W H A T S —4 establish m en ts—Continued. Normal season. inn er. 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95. 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 Occupation. Busy season. Av Av W eeks A v A v em Usual erage erage Num erage erage hours hours ployed. hours earn earn ber per work ings ings o f ' work ed day. ed per weeks. per per week. week. week. week. 44 138 * 8§ 42 43 43 *29 434 43 38 48 * 39 4 43 4 39 43 43 4 48 4 50 4 48 6 46 51 4 51 4 51 48 48 51 45 4 43 45 43 43 40 41 4 44 48 * 45 7 41 *40 43 *12f 2 17 *42 *42 *16 43 44 *25} * 2l *9 *31 *17 4 26 43 126 $6.44 9} 54 59 4 5.60 9} 54 4 59 2.80 9} 54 4 59 9.69 9} 54 8 59 Xl UillllBl . 5.85 9} 54 3 59 9} 54 2 59 .d o. M l 9} 7.00 54 .d o . 8 59 9} 54 6.98 59 .d o . 8 3.85 9} 13 .d o . 54 57 5.53 58} 54 .d o . 9 8 7.50 Machine operator......... 9} 53| 2 58 9 54 5.47 .d o........................... 4 57 8.37 4 57 .d o ........................... 9 54 54 6.00 9 4 .d o ........................... 57 9} Trim m er....................... 6.60 54 4 57 .d o ........................... 5.43 9} 54 4 57 53| 12 Machine operator......... 9} 11.90 57 8.44 9 53} 4 .d o ........................... 57 7.55 9 4 57 .d o ........................... 53} 8.50 53} 4 57 9 ___ do............................ 6.91 53} 4 9 57 .d o ........................... 9 53} 6.97 4 57 .d o ........................... 53} 6.90 Finisher........................ 9 4 57 6.82 21 9 53} 57 Mender......................... 53} 7.34 Exam iner..................... 57 8 9} 53} 8.20 Machine operator......... 9 4 57 93 7.60 .d o........................... 54 93f 54 7.00 .d o ........................... 9 t 54 9.00 .d o ........................... 9 t 54 8.50 .d o ........................... Leather stitcher........... 9 t 54 5.75 9 Machine operator......... 6.20 54 93 5.66 .d o ........................... 54 9 5.28 54 .d o........................... 4.37 9 t 54 Trim m er...................... 10.77 Machine operator......... 9 f 54 8.80 9 t 54 93\ 54 7.90 — do................... 93t 54 8.60 ....d o ................... 93t 54 2.80 Trim m er.............. 93f 54 4.50 ....d o ................... 9.00 9 f 54 Machine operator. 11.80 9 ___ do................... 54 9 \ 54 7.00 ....d o ................... 9 3.30 Trim m er.............. 54 Lining stitch er... 6.70 9 t 54 Leather stitch er.. 3.00 9 54 2.50 Trim m er.............. 9 t 54 f 9 54 2.50 Hand sewer......... * 9 t 54 6.0Q — do................... 93t 54 Machine operator. 6.48 93 12.00 54 ....d o .................. 9 3.95 Trimmer.............. 54 Examiner............ 54 7.00 9} * Laid ofit 8 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation. * First employm ent. * Laid off 5 weeks; rest o f time lost due to voluntary vacation. 4 Tim e lost due to voluntary vacation. * Laid off 2 weeks; rest of tim e lost due to illness. * Laid oft 6 weeks; rest of tim e lost due to voluntary vacation. i Laid oft 9 weeks; rest of time lost due to illness. * Laid oft 9 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation. * Laid oft 10 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation. x t u i u u e i ..................... ..d o .................... ..d o .............. j... Machine operator.. $9.50 8.50 3.20 9.25 8.00 9.90 7.65 8.50 6.00 7.00 8.60 6.50 10.55 7.00 9.50 8.00 15.80 11.60 9.60 11.00 8.45 8.45 7.40. 7.70 7.88 10.00 Maximum hours. Per Per day. week. 103r 103• 10^r 103■ 1(Wr 10^• 10 > 10 10 r m ■ 10 ! 10 10 10 10! 103 10^ 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12} 10 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 58} 58 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 HOURS AND EARNINGS OP W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL. 439 IV.—HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND BUSY SEASONS AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF INDI VIDUAL WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—BALTIMORE—Concluded. T able S T R A W H A T S —4 establishm ents—Concluded. Normal season. Num Age. ber. Busy season. A v Av Aver Weeks erage Aver em Usual erage age age Num hours ployed. hours hours earn ber work earn per work of ings ings ed ed day. per per weeks. per per week. week. week. week. Occupation. 108 ' 28 Trim m er........................... 109 24 Machine operator.............. 17 Trim m er........................... 110 111 18 Machine operator.............. 112 18 25 Finisher............................. 113 114 15 Trim m er........................... 115 21 Machine operator.............. 116 16 B rim edger........................ 21 Machine operator.............. 117 118 20 Trim m er........................... 21 Machine operator.............. 119 35 ....... do................................ 120 121 26 122 18 124 244 *1 434 48 46 *8§ 5? 52 644 •44 42 *30 48 737 9]\ 54 54 54 9 r 54 93■ 54 54 9! ! 9jf 54 9 54 91 53| 53* 9 534 9 50 9 45 9 93 47* 93 47* 99 rr $5.19 8.59 2.50 9.00 9.80 6.50 2.80 6.50 2.91 12.18 6.00 5.00 5.50 7.00 7.00 Maximum hours. Per Per day. week. ' 4 48 $6.00 10 48 1 Laid off 11 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation. * Laid off 4 weeks; rest of tim e lost due to voluntary vacation. * First employment. * Laid off 8 weeks; rest of time due to voluntary vacation. * Laid off 4 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation. * Seven weeks illness; 1 week voluntary vacation. 7 Laid off 7 weeks; rest o f tim e lost due to voluntary vacation. IV.—H O URS. OF LA B O R , E ARN IN G S, AND .D U R A TIO N OF EM PLO YM EN T OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— SAN FRANCISCO, O AK LAN D , B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, CAL., AND N E A R -R Y TOWNS. T able CAN N ERIES—9 establish m en ts. [The hours here given as the “ Usual hours per day” are not usual in the sense that they prevail throughout a week or given number of weeks, as in the other industries included in this investigation—candy, biscuits, etc.; paper boxes; shirts, overalls, etc.; and straw hats. They are usual only in the sense that they occur more frequently throughout the season than any other given hours, for they represent the number of hours the individual usually works when the supply of material and other circumstances perm it. They are not, therefore, comparable w ith the figures in the corresponding column of tabulations for the other industries named, where the usual hours per day during the normal season represent distinctly the prevailing day throughout the normal period. In the canning industry this column of figures serves only to throw light on the average and maximum hours in adjoining columns.] Num Age. ber. 1 2 3 4 5 16 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 24 32 54 47 38 18 30 16 17 17 16 16 27 19 Occupation. Canner............................................. ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Cutter.............................................. Section head.................................... Canner..................... 1..................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Cutter.............................................. Maximum hours. Aver Average age Weeks Usual namings hours hours em per worked per ployed. day. per week. Per day. Per week. week. 24 22 26 23 22 19 31 29 29 32 29 29 32 32 12il 124 ll| 12* 12* 12 10 12* 12* 12* 12| 12* 12| 13 i Employed in country cannery. 66 66 68 65 68 76 70 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 $9.50 8.50 12.00 7.00 8.50 12.00 8.75 8.50 15.00 11.00 10.50 10.50 12.00 10.50 16* 16* 16* 16 16 16 14 14* 14* 14 14 14 14 14 98 98 97* 97* 97* 96* 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 440 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BU REAU OF L A B O R , T a b l e IV.—HOURS OF L A B O R , E AR N IN G S, A N D D U RA TIO N OF EMPLO YM EN T OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— SAN FRANCISCO, O A K LA N D , B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, CAL., A N D N E A R -B Y TOWNS— Continued. CANNERIES—9 establish m en ts—Continued. Num Age. ber. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 130 131 32 133 134 35 136 37 138 139 40 41 42 143 • 44 45 46 147 148 149 * 50 51 52 53 54 55 156 157 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 165 66 67 68 169 170 171 72 173 174 75 176 177 78 179 180 181 182 83 84 Occupation. Aver Maximum hours. s e Average Weeks Usual hours hours earnings em per worked per ployed. day. week. per Per day. «Per week. week. 25 Canner............................................. 26 22 Cutter.............................................. 31 27 ....... do............................................... 31 41 ....... do............................................... 24 45 ....... do............................................... 31 ....... do............................................... 37 7 16 Peeler and cutter............................ 31 18 ....... do............................................... 31 14 Labeler............................................ 10 16 30 19 51 16 ....... do............................................... 51 19 ....... do............................................... 51 40 Canner............................................ 16 30 Department head........................... 51 50 Cutter.............................................. 19 15 15 18 24 16 ....... do............................................... 19* 19 Checker............................................ 19* 31 Cutter.............................................. 27 16 Stamper........................................... 19* 22 60 Canner............................................. 28 Cutter.............................................. 11 35 ....... do............................................... 16 14 5 18 11* 24 Canner.............................................. 6 15 ....... do............................................... 19* 32 15 Stamper........................................... •7 37 Canner.............'............................... 32 46 53 Cutter.............................................. 19* 26 Canner............................................. 19* 15 Cutter.............................................. 18 34 Head forewoman............................. 26 60 Canner............................................. 20 23* 25 Cutter.............................................. 24 17 34 Department head........................... 17* 32 Canner............................................. 28 38 ....... do............................................... 10 23 19* 18 ....... do............................................... 26 26 26 35 Department head............................ 26 22 23 Cutter............................................... 16 Canner.............................................. 20 15 Carrier.............................................. 26 16 Canner.............................................. 13 16 Cutter.............................................. 8 15 Canner.............................................. 31 21 Cutter.............................................. 28 32 Head forewoman............................. 29* 33 Canner............................................. 18* 15 Sorting-machine tender.................. 19* 23 17 Canner.............................................. 12 36 Cutter.............................................. 33 Canner.............................................. 19* 4 55 Cutter.............................................. 13 40 ....... d o............................................... 19 17 Checker............................................ 18* 38 Cutter.............................................. 29 60 ....... d o............................................... 24 Canner............................................. 19* 17 Cutter............................................... 8 5 14 ....... d o............................................... 19 17 ....... d o............................................... 26 15 Cleaner............................................. 20 Cutter.............................................. 8* i Employed in country cannery. * Helper. 12* 12* 12 12 12 12* 13 13* 10 10 10 10 10 12* 10 13 12 10 12 12 10 11* 11* 12 14 12 11* 12* 12* 15 14 12* 13 10* 11* 12* 13 10* 10 9 10 10* 11* 10 11* 11* 11* 10 U* 12* H* 10 10* 10* 12* 13 11* 10* 10* 12 10* 14 12 10* 12* 10* 13* 12 11* 12* $13.00 17 66 9.00 13* 71 10.50 13* 71 6.50 13* 71 9.50 14* 71 6.00 13* 69* 8.00 15 71 8.00 14 71 7.00 14 86* 8.50 14 83 7.50 14 70 7.50 14 70 7.50 14 70 10.50 13* 71 8.00 1? 70 10.00 15 76§ 7.00 14* 7? 8.00 13* 70 10.10 14 74 9.70 16* 77*. 14 9.50 60 9.75 15 78 7.00 15 58 9.00 73* 14* 17.00 85* 15* 15 8i (2) 12.50 13* 73* 14 9.00 87 6.36 14 67* 7.25 15 90 15 11.90 68 14 9.00 73 13* 4.50 79 14 74 11.50 14 7.25 71 18.75 16* 63* 14 4.00 69| 8.00 16 6? 14 5.00 56 14* 64 16.00 13* 7.80 60 15 9.50 74 15 17.00 74 14 10.50 60 15 9.00 57 14 8.00 61* 14 8.50 71 14* 10.00 70 14 7.50 61* 65 7.00 16 15 4.50 76* 14* 8.50 60 15 55 7.00 18 15.20 76 15 12.00 73 15 7.40 74 8.70 15 71* 14* 8.50 65 14 9.50 73 14 6.00 86 6.00 60 14* 17* 82 9.60 7.50 15 72* 14* 8.00 65 13 11.10 72* 16 63* 7.75 7.40 15 75* 8 12.00 14* 69 13 54* 6.00 7.00 68 18 3 Including earnings of 1 helper. 94* 94* 94* 94* 94* 94* 94* 94* 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 93* 93 93 92* 92* 92 92 91 91 90* 90* 90* 90* 90 90 90 90 89* 89* 89 89 88* 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 87* 87* 87* 87* 87* 87* 87* 87 87 87 86* 86* 86* 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 85* 85* 85* 85 HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL. 441 T able IV .—HOURS OF LA B O R , EARN IN G S, AND DU RA TIO N OF EM PLO YM EN T OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— SAN FRANCISCO, O AK LAN D , B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, CAL., AN D N E A R -B Y TOWNS— Continued. CANNERIES—9 establishments—Continued. Num Age. ber. 185 186 187 88 89 90 91 192 93 94 195 196 197 198 99 1100 101 102 1103 1104 1105 106 U07 108 1109 1110 illl 112 1113 114 115 1116 1117 1118 1119 120 121 122 1123 124 125 1126 1127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 1139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 30 46 15 15 15 14 16 17 58 56 18 56 50 18 35 18 17 30 18 18 49 32 23 14 12 17 16 15 26 52 40 18 46 24 16 17 16 17 22 22 24 30 16 64 40 49 32 59 46 47 21 24 22 23 22 27 27 46 60 55 52 50 32 38 28 41 40 15 15 Occupation. Cutter........ ..................................... ....... d o............................................... Canner and cutter........................... Canner.............................................. ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Cutter.............................................. ....... d o............................................... Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. ....... d o............................................... Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. ....... d o............................................... Labeler............................................ ....... d o............................................... Cutter.............................................. Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Cutter.............................................. ....... d o............................................... Cutter and canner........................... Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. Labeler............................................ ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Cutter.............................................. Checker............................................ ....... d o............................................... Cutter.............................................. Canner.............................................. Cutter.................................... .*........ ....... d o.......... .................................... Canner.............................................. ....... d o............................................... Cutter.............................................. ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... .....d o .............................................. ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. Canner and cutter........................... Cutter.............................................. ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Canner.............................................. Aver Maximumm hours. age Average Weeks Usual hours hours earnings em worked per ployed. per week. <$. Per day. Per week. week. 11 20§ 20 23 22 22 19 19$ 5 11$ 19 16 17 19$ 8 10 39 51 19$ 25$ 20$ 20 12$ 22 7 11 9 13$ 52 52 52 37 10 13 20$ 30 25$ 26 14 26 24 15 17$ 10 24 19 31 21$ 12 17 6 8 29 10 19$ 22 18 33 29 29 29 29 25 29 28 20 29 29 24 i Employed in country cannery. 11$ 12$ 13$ H$ 12 12 12 13 12 H$ 13 12 12$ 13 10 12 10 10 11$ 12$ 12 10$ H$ 12 10$ 12$ 13$ 11$ 10$ 10 10 10$ 13 12 12 11$ 12 10$ 11$ 10$ 10 13$ 12$ 11$ H$ 11 11 10$ 11 10 10$ 13$ 12$ 13 12 10 12$ 12$ 11 12$ 10$ 10$ 11 10$ 10 11 12$ 12 12$ 73$ 73 73$ 58$ 42 45 46$ 76$ 79$ 74 76$ 76 73 75$ 70 75$ 70 70 66$ 75 70$ 69 71$ 48 59$ 76$ 76 72$ 60 50 50 62 77$ 71$ 70 62$ 65 58$ 71 60 55 81 75$ 72$ 57$ 64 60 67 60 64 50 81 64 76 72$ 55 64 64 62 64 60* 60 60 60 50 62 64 67$ 75$ $7.00 10.00 17.00 8.50 3.00 3.00 2.75 8.00 6.50 6.00 8.20 4.00 6.00 8.00 7.00 6.40 7.50 7.50 8.00 10.20 14.50 19.00 8.00 m w 7.60 7.50 8.25 9.00 9.60 9.60 7.75 7.80 5.50 8.75 7.80 8.50 12.00 9.50 9.00 4.00 8.40 10.50 5.00 5.25 7.50 6.45 10.00 3.25 8.50 6.00 12.25 7.00 10.50 17.00 10.00 7.50 7.80 6.00 6.00 8.00 8.00 8.50 10.50 6.00 7.50 9.00 12.50 6.00 2 Helper. 13$ 14$ 15$ 15$ 14$ 14$ 14$ 17$ 13$ 12$ 17$ 14 13$ 17$ 12 14 14 14 15 16 14 18 13$ 14 14 14 14$ 13 13 13$ 13$ 13 13 14$ 13$ 15$ 14 14 14 15 12 14 14$ 12$ 12$ 13$ 13$ 15 13$ 13$ 16 13; r : 13 13^r i6| • iz\r 13 r 133r 13}r 133 143 r 14^■ r 13 13 • 13i r 133r 13 r 133r 133r 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 84$ 84$ 84$ 841 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 83$ 83$ 831 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 82| 82$ 82$ 82 82 82 82 82 81$ 81$ 81$ 81J 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 442 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . T a b l e IV ,— HOURS OF LA B O R , E AR N IN G S, A N D D U RA TIO N O F EMPLO YM EN T OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— SAN FRANCISCO, O A K LA N D , B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, CAL., AND N E A R -B Y TOWNS— Continued. CAN N ERIES—9 establish m en ts—Continued. Num Age. ber. 154 155 156 157 *158 *159 *160 *161 162 163 *164 165 166 167 168 169. 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 *181 182 183 *184 *185 *186 *187 *188 189 *190 *191 192 *193 194 *195 *196 *197 198 199 200 201 *202 *203 *204 *205 *206 *207 208 *209 210 *211 212 213 *214 215 *216 217 *218 219 *220 221 *222 14 13 15 16 33 45 12 50 35 16 23 35 48 50 35 27 20 24 41 50 34 28 46 47 40 18 18 16 18 18 12 21 17 27 36 14 41 50 23 45 51 16 16 36 24 13 15 16 24 45 49 60 21 22 18 29 17 19 35 23 41 65 38 26 15 19 15 35 45 Occupation. Canner............................................ Cutter.............................................. Canner.............................................. ....... d o............................................... Cutter................ .............................. ....... d o.............................. *............... Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. Canner............................................. Cutter............................................... Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. ....... d o............................................... Canner.............................................. ....... d o............................................... Cutter.............................................. Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. Sorter............................................... Canner............................................. Cutter.............................................. Canner............................................. Cutter.............................................. ___do............................................... — do.............................................. ....... do............................................... Peeler............................................... Cutter.............................................. .....d o .............................................. Canner............................................. Cutter.............................................. ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Canner............................................. ....... d o............................................... Cutter...... ....................................... ....... do........ : .................................... ....... do............................................... Canner............................................. Cutter.............................................. Attendant....................................... Canner............................................. ....... do............................................... Labeler............................................ Cutter................ .*............................ Canner............................................. Forewoman..................................... Cutter.............................................. i Helper. s Employed in country cannery. Maximum hours. Aver age Average Weeks Usual hours hours earnings em worked per ployed. week. per & Per day. Per week. week. 22 6 16* 33 13 12§ 194 12$ 204 25 12 17 19* 31 26* 17 10 25* 19* 18 29 14 25* 15* 15 29 15* 19* 29* 29 19* 8 19* 12* 19* 8 20§ 20* 4 5 26 10 19* 19* 29* 6 21 20 194 26* 11 20f 31 31 10 11 26 31 12 52 16 20 31 13 10 23 3* 6 11 13* 47 $5.10 13* 13* 13* 81 0) 12 75* 9.00 13* 8.50 63| 13* 12* 79* 11* 7.00 11* 12 69* 6.80 14 44 4* 14 0) 12 69* 7.50 13* 10* 56 5.00 14 10 56 14 (3) 13* 68 7.60 14 60 18.00 14 9 10* 5.25 56 13 60 10 9.00 14 10* 65 8.00 13 10 60 7.00 i4* 9 50 3.00 14* 10* 60 10.00 18 12* 74* 13* 4.50 13 10* 60 12.00 10* 56 9.00 14 10* 60 12* 7.00 10* 64 3.00 13 62 10* 7.00 15 9 60 14* 10.00 10* 60 10.00 15* 10* 60 8.00 15 11* 72 14 9.50 10* 60 10.00 15* 60 10* 10.00 13 50 6.00 16 11* 75 14* 11* 19.00 11* 65* 9.00 If 11 63* 13 7.15 12* 62 10* 8.00 10* 60* 14* 9.00 11* 69* 13* 7.90 12 68 13 6.00 •12 60 14 13.50 12 76* 6.00 14* 10 60 14 6.80 12* 69* 15 8.90 1.2* 63 10 7.75 65* 10 6.85 12* 10* 60 14 10.00 13 78 2.00 13 12 44 14 4.00 56 10 8.00 13 73* 14 9.30 12* 12 65 4 12.50 14 73* 14 10.00 12* 12 12 68 5.00 12 10 58* 7.00 12 58* 11 9.00 12 56 10* 6.00 14 12 69* 5.80 12* 58* 6.00 11* 12 58* 10 15.00 54 14 10* 7.00 63 13 6.50 9* 72 12 13 6.50 12 55 5.00 9* 12 58* 10 7.80 60 14.00 9 14* 15 75* 9.00 12* 15 10* 68 11.90 72* 14 7.78 12* 14* 40 10 6.75 14 69 7.75 11* * Not reported, * Including earnings of 1 helper. 81 81 81 81 80* 80* 80* 80* 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 79* 79* 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 78* 78* 78* 78* 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 77* 77 77 77 77 H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OF W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 443 T a b l e IV.— HOURS OF LA B O R , EARN IN G S, AND D U RATIO N OF EM PLOYM ENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— SAN FRANCISCO, O A K LA N D , B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, CAL., A N D N E A R -B Y TOW NS—Continued. CANNERIES—9 esta b lish m en ts—Continued. Num Age. ber. 223 224 ‘ 225 226 227 228 229 230 >231 232 ‘ 233 ‘ 234 ‘ 235 236 ‘ 237 238 239 ‘ 240 ‘ 241 ‘ 242 ‘ 243 244 *245 ‘ 246 247 ‘ 248 ‘ 249 250 251 ‘ 252 253 ‘ 254 ‘ 255 ‘ 256 ‘ 257 258 259 ‘ 260 ‘ 261 ‘ 262 263 ‘ 264 265 ‘ 266 ‘ 267 ‘ 268 ‘ 269 ‘ 270 ‘ 271 272 273 274 ‘ 275 ‘ 276 277 1 278 279 ‘ 280 ‘ 281 282 283 284 ‘ 285 286 287 288 289 290 >291 Occupation. Aver Maximum hours. age Average Weeks Usual hours earnings hours em worked per ployed. per per week. day. Per day. Per week. week. 36 Canner............................................. 17 15 38 Cutter.............................................. 17 Canner............................................. 74 22 14 ....... do............................................... 31 39 Peeler and cutter........................... 14 31 Canner............................................. 29 46 Cutter............................... .............. 24 27 ....... d o............................................... 23 34 Department head........................... 23 18 Cutter.............................................. 31 ....... do............................................... in 20§ 64 ....... d o............................................... 46 ....... d o............................................... m 24 23 8 15 52 36 Labeler............................................ 19 46 Cutter.............................................. 3 18 ....... d o . . . . ....................................... 161 41 47 ....... do............................................... 12| 41 ....... d o............................................... 9 52 19 Labeler............................................ 10 15 Cutter.............................................. 7 14 ....... d o............................................... 6 13 Canner............................................. 14 13 Cutter.............................................. 9 17 ....... d o............................................... 24 17 ....... d o............................................... 25 18 Peeler and sorter............................. 18§ 39 Cutter.............................................. 7 36 Sorter............................................... 14 31 Canner............................................. 4 50 Cutter.............................................. 56 ....... d o............................................... 124 124 47 17 23 Canner............................................. 13 22 Cutter and peeler............................ 194 29 Cutter.............................................. 23 27 Canner............................................. 19 30 Cutter.............................................. 66 ....... do............................................... 234 20 ....... d o............................................... 194 14 16 ....... d o............................................... 24 Section head.................................... 194 36 Cutter.............................................. 194 17 ....... do............................................... 194 4 36 181 28 28 Canner............................................. 154 22 17 (* ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 17 (* ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 17 Canner............................................. 41 Cutter.............................................. 194 .......d o............................................... 7 48 16 34 ....... do............................................... .......d o............................................... 25 174 17 51 Canner............................................. 9 27 .......do............................................... 28 Cutter.............................................. 194 21 13 Canner............................................. 6 14 ....... d o............................................... 9 24 Cutter.............................................. 1 17 Canner............................................. 124 36 ....... d o............................................... 17 21 17 16 Cutter.............................................. 17 25 45 Canner............................................. 114 10 17 Cutter.............................................. ‘ Em ployed in country cannery. * N ot reported. 9 11 124 12 10 10 10 104 104 104 124 12 12 104 114 104 10 124 12 12 124 104 12 124 124 114 I24 10 10 12 13 10 12 12 124 9 10 11 11 12 104 124 114 11 12 114 12 114 124 10 10 9 114 94 74 12 9 12 114 12 104 124 114 9 9 9 9 114 104 56 604 704 454 60 60 60 46 67 56 754 68 66 60 72 634 60 71 73 68 724 634 73 76 76i 68 724 55 60 69 73 60 68 734 75 534 60 634 54 694 60 734 69 68 69 70 71 68| 70f 62 62 54 69 594 604 71# 56 74 724 41 66 66 74 54 60 56 56 684 66 $14.00 7.50 12.00 4.00 8.50 6.00 8.00 6.00 13.00 8.00 6.00 5.50 8.50 8.00 6.25 8.00 6.50 9.00 6.30 5.00 7.60 8.00 4.75 9.00 10.50 2.50 7.50 6.50 9.00 4.50 7.30 6.50 7.50 5.50 9.40 15.00 8.50 8.50 14.50 8.05 6.00 7.40 9.00 9.00 *8.50 10.00 6.00 6.10 16.00 8.00 10.00 10.00 11.00 7.00 8.10 10.00 17.00 19.00 5.80 6.00 6.00 5.00 9.50 10.00 16.00 14.00 5.00 10.00 6.70 144 12 14 144 14 14 13 1331 123! 18' 14 143 133E 15 143 133[ 13 13 133r 143t 13 \ 133> 143i 16 14 13 134 13 14 14 13 134 14 14 133 143 133 13 12 13 13 134 15 133 133 15 133 123 123 12 12 14 14 123\ 13 124 14 14 12 13 11 m 134 14 14 144 13 124 12 * Includirg earnings of 1 helper. 774 774 774 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 764 764 764 764 764 764 764 76| 764 764 764 764 764 764 764 764 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 754 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 744 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 73} 73} 444 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR, T a b l e IV .— HOURS OF L A B O R , E AR N IN G S, AND D U RA TIO N O F EM PLO YM EN T OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— SAN FRANCISCO, O A K LA N D , B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, CAL., AND N E A R -B Y TOWNS— Continued. CAN N ERIES—9 establish m en ts—Continued. Num Age. ber. 292 293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 299 1300 1301 1302 303 304 1305 306 307 308 309 1310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 1334 1335 336 337 338 1339 340 341 342 1343 1344 1345 346 1347 1348 349 350 351 1352 353 1354 355 356 357 358 359 >360 33 44 43 40 16 14 14 16 16 37 29 64 45 40 62 45 17 13 40 17 16 21 27 28 48 60 44 25 23 22 20 19 60 24 40 17 17 16 50 19 18 35 35 35 21 21 29 26 51 14 24 50 50 17 60 50 22 47 60 20 55 16 50 35 24 25 37 20 17 Occupation. Cutter............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Canner.............................................. ....... do............................................... Carrier.............................................. Cutter.............................................. ....... do............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Canner............................................. ....... do............................................... Cutter..................... *....................... Labeler............................................ Cutter.............................................. ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. ....... do............................................... Feeler and cu tter........................... Canner........................... Cutter.............................................. Canner.............................................. ....... do............................................... Cutter.............................................. Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. ....... do............................................... Forewoman................................ Cutter.............................................. ....... do............................................... Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... .......do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. Labeler............................................ Cutter.............................................. ....... do............................................... Canner and cutter........................... Canner.............................................. Aver Maximum hours. age Average W eeks Usual hours hours earnings em per ployed. per worked per week. day. Per day. Per week. week. 7 13* 20? 20f 1 11 10 13* 19* 24 17 7 25 9 19 15* 12 5 19* 11 17 29* 6 29* 21 9* 30 13 19 8* 6 22 32 10 12 10* 14 9 15 9 22 9 12 6 29* 29* 25 9 16 8 16 19* 19* 23 1 19* 15* 15* 27 20 8 18§ 17* 23 13 5 13* 18 10 10 n* ul n* 12 12* 11* 11* 10* 9* 10* 11* 11* 12 n* 10* 10 10 9| 9 10 10* 10 10* 10 10* 10* 10 10 10* 10 12 10 10* 10 9 10* 10 10* 10* 10* 10 10 11* 10* 10* 10* 11 10 10* 10* 11 11* 10* 10* 11* 11* 11* 10* 10 10* 2 11* 10* 10 9 10* 10* 10* 1 Em ployed in country cannery. 60 68* 69 67* 73* 68 68 68* 62* 65 66* 58 60 70 63* 57 55 69 57* 54 63 60 60 56 55 63 60 60 60 54 50 64* 50 56 52 49 58 60 58 54 60 60 69 67 56 54 58 59* 62 66 60 70* 69 65 71 69* 61* 58 55 64* 26 67* 40 64 56 60 64 64* $9.00. 6.00 6.00 6.20 2.00 5.50 3.50 7.00 11.00 8.75 15.50 4.50 5.00 10.50 7.00 7.00 7.25 5.00 6.35 5.00 7.50 7.00 6.30 5.00 7.00 4.50 6.00 9.00 9.50 7.00 7.00 5.00 3.00 5.00 12.00 7.00 8.00 5.00 7.00 6.00 12.00 6.00 16.50 6.00 12.00 6.00 10.00 10.50 9.00 4.50 7.00 6.50 8.00 7.00 8.00 6.00 7.10 8.70 6.00 7.50 6.00 2.60 8.75 7.00 8.50 6.00 7.00 8.00 10.50 13 12* 13* 13* 13* 14* 15 12* 11* 13* 11* 13* 12* 12* 13 11* 13* 13* ll| 13 14 15 13* 12* 13* 10* 14 13* 14 13 12 12 12 13 12 14 14 13 14 14 15 16 12 12* 14 12* 14 12 16 13* 14 12* 12* 14 13* 12 13 12* 10* 12* 12 13 12* 14 14 13 14 14 13* 73* 73* 73* 73* 73* 73* 73* 73* 73 73 73 73 73 72| 72* 72* 72* 72* 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 71* 71 71 71 71 71 70* 70* 70* 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M EN WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL. 445 T a b l e IV .— HOURS OF LA B O R , E ARN IN G S, AND DU RA TIO N OF EM PLO YM EN T OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— SAN FRANCISCO, O AK LAN D , B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, CAL., AND N E A R -B Y TOWNS— Continued. CANNERIES—9 establishments—Continued. Num Age. ber. 1361 1362 1363 364 365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 >377 1378 379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 387 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 1393 *394 *395 1396 1397 1398 399 400 1401 1402 403 404 405 406 407 1408 409 410 1411 1412 1413 1414 415 416 1417 418 1419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 1427 1428 429 1430 13 15 16 23 16 71 35 13 18 22 26 66 66 50 68 45 46 25 19 18 36 35 65 45 49 17 16 14 17 18 18 20 20 20 24 49 14 35 15 13 14 18 19 22 30 28 26 31 50 29 34 26 42 35 17 40 46 50 50 19 35 50 14 17 16 38 54 14 18 34 Aver Maximum hours. Average Weeks Usual s e hours hours earnings em per per worked ployed. day. week. per Per day. Per week. week. Occupation. Cutter and canner......................... Conner............................................. Cutter.............................................. Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. Tally clerk....................................... Conner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... Assistant forewoman...................... Cutter.............................................. Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. ....... do............................................... Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. Canner and cutter........................... Cutter.............................................. .......d o ............................................... Canner............................................. Cutter.............................................. Canner.............................................. ....... do............................................... Cutter.............................................. ....... do............................................... .......d o............................................... Sorter............................................... Cutter.............................................. ....... d o............................................... Stamper............................. . ........... Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. ....... do............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Laborer............................................ Section head.................................... Cutter.............................................. ....... d o............................................... Canner.............................................. ....... d o............................................... Cutter.............................................. ....... d o............................................... : — d o.............................................. ....... d o............................................... Canner.............................................. 1 Employed in country cannery. 9 8 8 Hi 8 4 164 74 23 15* 234 15 184 204 16 23 234 13 16 234 194 24 234 8 12 23 174 20* 20* 23* 204 234 23* 13 244 204 4 Hi 7 8 5 6 8 6 6 2 28 184 29 13 194 194 8 10 84 13 20 31 20§ 33 14 294 8 34 34 16 4 5 31 21 8 N ot reported. 10* 104 104 Hi IO4 ll| 9 104 10 10 10 10 104 10 114 10 10 10 104 10 104 104 10 10 10 94 104 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 104 Hi Hi 9 10 10 10 10 104 104 104 11 11 94 104 104 104 111 10 12 10 114 104 104 9 9 104 8 10 10 94 « Helper'. 67 65 65 69 64 67 514 64 51 52 51 65 634 53 66 58 51 58 604 51 60 65 584 54 614 52 55 53 53 51 54 51 51 64 51 53 52 64 62 66 67 60 47 50 50 50 40 63 55 60 634 654 624 63 55 60 65 55 45 57 60 55 64 59 424 64 624 64 50 60 * $4.50 8.00 8.00 6.00 8.50 5.00 4.60 7.00 15.00 3.50 10.65 4.00 7.50 9.00 5.20 10.00 11.50 11.50 6.00 10.50 5.57 11.0 0 4.80 12.50 9.00 5.50 5.50 (2) (3) 13.00 12.80 12.76 13.00 7.20 10.50 4 6.80 2.50 12.00 5.00 5.00 2.00 9.20 5.00 5.50 5.00 6.00 7.80 11.0 0 4.50 4.50 7.50 11.50 6.00 6.50 4.50 4.50 8.75 7.60 6.50 6.25 8.50 6.00 4.50 7.37 4.25 9.50 4.50 4.50 8.60 15.00 13 13 13 Hi 144 . I ll Hi Hi 12 12 12 12 114 12 114 11 12 11 14 12 124 I lf 11 12 12 Hi 124 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 12 12 12 12 14 144 Hi 114 13* 134 134 14 13 104 134 I34 I24 114 14 12 13 13 1U 134 I44 124 144 124 124 124 124 Hi 12 134 13 11 Including earnings of 1 helper, 70 70 70 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 684 684 684 68 68 68 68 68 674 674 674 674 674 674 674 674 674 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 664 446 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E AU OF LABO R. T able IV .— HO URS OF L A B O R , EAR N IN G S, AND D U R A T IO N OF EMPLO YM EN T OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U S T R IE S — SAN FRANCISCO, O A K L A N D . B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, CAL., AND N E A R -B Y TOWNS— Continued. CANNERIES—9 establishments—Continued. Num Age. ber. 431 432 433 434 435 436 2 437 2 438 2 439 2 440 2 441 442 2443 444 445 2 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 2 455 2 456 457 2 458 2 459 2460 2 461 462 2463 2 464 s 465 2 466 2 467 2468 2 469 2 470 471 472 2 473 2 474 2 475 2 476 * 477 478 2 479 2 480 *481 482 2 483 484 * 485 *486 * 487 *488 * 489 *490 491 * 492 493 *494 *495 496 *497 498 53 37 45 45 42 27 34 19 22 34 20 25 14 33 28 45 42 45 65 35 36 58 55 45 36 24 17 15 30 39 36 17 46 18 20 19 18 18 18 18 17 50 42 19 21 24 30 45 31 45 13 47 19 36 45 44 16 42 15 18 47 16 28 33 32 28 49 19 Occupation. Aver Maximum hours. Usual age Average Weeks hours hours earnings em per per worked ployed. day. per week. Per day. Per week. week. Cutter.............................................. ....... d o.............................................. flannAr.............................................. ' Cutter.............................................. Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. d o.............................................. ....... d o............................................... __ d o.............................................. ....... do............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Canner........................... ................. Cutter.............................................. Labeler............................................ Cutter.............................................. ....... do............................................... ....... do............................................... ....... d o............................................... Labeler............................................ Cutter.............................................. ....... do............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Canner.............................................. ....... d o . . . . ........................................ C utter.............................................. Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. ....... d o............................................... Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Canner.............................................. ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Stemmer.......................................... Canner.............................................. Cutter.............................................. Canner.............................................. ....... d o............................................... Cutter and peeler............................ Canner.............................................. 1 Including earnings of 1 helper. 22 25 2 31 6 17* 10 19* 12 19* 5 8 8 8 15* io| 20 26 9* U* 3* 19* 8 4 16 8 2 11 19* 19* 14* 10 11 19* 19* 19* 6* 29 19* 103 10 19* 4 19* 19* 19 19* 7 9 3 5 5 14 19* 9 4 19 3 3 4 10 4 10* 10* 10 10 10 in 11 v irc 10* 11 10* 10 10 9* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 8 9* 10* 10* in 10} 10} 10} 10J 10} 9} 10} 10} 10} 10} 10} m in 9 10J 10! 10 10 10 10 10 loi 9} 10} 10} Q 10 9* 11 in 10 & q! 10} m 10* 10 10 10* 10 10 58* 60 50 60 60 56 62 63 63 63 59 54 63 62* 61 63* 62f 58 54* 55 58 30 51 56* 60 64 56 63 62* 63 62 50 50 60 60 60 60 60 60 58 54 50 59 60 60 60 63 60 61 59 57* 56 55* 50 60| 53 59I 50* 53* 30 50 58 51* 59 54 59 40 1$6.00 7.00 4.50 9.00 7.50 7.00 5.80 11.00 12.50 6.50 6.10 4.00 7.50 7.00 7.63 7.00 5.00 4.00 5.00 7.00 6.00 3.50 5.00 7.50 12.00 8.50 5.50 6.00 6.00 7.50 13.50 7.00 7.00 9.75 11.00 14.00 6.50 6.25 7.75 6.00 7.00 5.00 6.50 6.00 11.00 5.00 15.00 5.50 7.24 7.80 2.50 11.00 12.00 6.00 7.60 6.00 7.50 7.50 8.50 13.50 5.00 3.00 8.00 5.75 (*) 5.00 3.00 6.00 * Em ployed in country cannery. SI 12 11 12 12 11 i? 11 12 13 12* 12* 15 11* 12* 12* 13 11* 11 12 11* 14 11 11 11 lot 104 104 104 104 ini 104 104 11 lot 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 11 104 104 11 11 11 9* 12 13 10 10* 10 10 13 10 11 * Not reported. 66* 66* 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 65* 65* 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 63* 63* 63* 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 62 62 62 62 62 62 61* 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M EN WORKERS IN MD. AND CAD. 447 IV.—HOURS OF L A B O R , E A R N IN G S, AND D U R A TIO N OF EM PLO YM EN T OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U S T R IE S— SAN FRANCISCO, O AK LAN D , B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, CAL., AN D N E A R -B Y TOWNS—Continued. T able CAN N ERIES—9 esta b lish m en ts—Continued. Num Age. ber. >499 1500 1501 1502 1503 504 505 506 1507 508 509 510 511 512 1513 1514 1515 516 1517 *518 1519 1520 *521 522 *523 *524 *525 1526 527 528 529 530 531 *532 533 *534 *535 1536 1537 538 539 540 1541 1542 1543 1544 545 1546 547 1548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 1560 561 562 563 1564 565 566 567 *568 Occupation. Maximuim hours. Aver age’ Average Usual Weeks hours hours earnings em per worked per ployed. day. week. per Per day. Per week. week. 5 10 I5.0Q 57 5 10 60 6.75 5 10 58} 4.00 204 10 10 2.00 18} 53 10 4.60 4 9 56 7.00 20} 10} 56 6.00 Cutter.............................................. 10} 50 6.00 8} ....... do............................................... 10 57 6.75 20} 13} 10 9.00 56 ....... do............................................... 13 9 6.00 36 ....... do............................................... 15 44 400 9 Labeler............................................ 7.00 8 10 60 ....... do............................................... 4 10 60 7.50 Cutter............................................... 2 10 59 2.50 43 4.00 8 9} ....... do............................................... 57} 450 9 9} ....... do............................................... 3.00 41 7 8 20} 5.50 55} 9} *9.00 ....... do............................................... 30 9} 9} 9} 30 ....... do............................................... 9} (8) Canner............................................. 8.50 9} 54 7} Cutter.............................................. 5.50 19} 55 9} ....... do............................................... 6.00 9 8 45} 5.00 ....... d o............................................... 54 8 9} Labeler............................................ 15.00 20 56 9} Cutter.............................................. 9.00 19} 9} 55 Canner............................................. 5 5.50 54 9} Cutter............................................... 5.00 9 36 8} Canner............................................. 22 3.50 9 42} Cutter............................................... 5.75 15 43} 7} Canner............................................. 21 *7.00 10 36 ....... d o............................................... 21 7.00 10 36 Cutter.............................................. 5.75 19} 53 9 ....... do............................................... 6.00 8 40 8} 3.00 3 54 9} 6.70 19} 50 8} 1.90 2 51 9 12} 5.75 9 50 ....... do............................................... 5.00 5 44 8 ....... do............................................... • 6.00 5 8 46 ....... do............................................... *5.00 24 48 8} ....... do............................................... 4.00 51 1 . 9 8.00 2 48 8} 3} 50 8} (*) 3.50 44 3 9} ....... do............................................... 6.00 46 8 7} ....... do............................................... 5.50 17 49 8 6.00 40 8 8 Canner............................................. 7.00 23} 47 8 Cutter............................................... 2.00 4 30 8 ....... do............................................... 5.00 40 8 8 13 400 8 40 ....... do............................................... 8 30 9} (8) 21 5.50 ....... do............................................... 8 40 Peeler and cutter............................ 4 6.00 8 48 Cutter.............................................. 15} 2.40 43 7} ....... do............................................... 23 2.50 8 40 Canner............................................. 8 40 3.50 8} 8 ....... do............................................... 10 40 9.00 Cutter............................................... 6 8 40 (s) 4.00 4 ....... do............................................... 8 40 ....... do............................................... 9} 8 3.00 36 ....... do............................................... 2 40 8 (8) 3.00 12 40 8 3.00 ....... do............................................... 4 8 48 400 Canper............................................. 40 8 9} 3.00 Sorter............................................... 4 40 8 9.00 Canner............ ................................. 40 28 8 3.50 Cutter............................................... 40 8 7} 1 Em ployed in country cannery. * * Including earnings of 1 helper. 52 28 33 16 18 16 16 59 50 27 46 50 17 17 14 19 44 16 46 33 12 20 17 13 50 34 47 18 32 28 35 60 27 34 15 15 37 73 33 13 16 40 34 38 13 18 16 34 15 22 13 14 14 14 18 40 24 74 13 15 16 16 14 15 14 28 14 16 16 13 Cutter.............................................. ....... d o............................................... ....... d o............................................... Canner.............................................. Cutter............................................... Canner............................................. 10 10 10 12 10 13 13 13 10 10 10 12 10 10 ' 10 10 10 13 9} 9} 9} 9} 9} 13 9} 9} 9} 9} 11} 10 12} 14 14 9 12 9} 10 9 9 12} 13 8} 9 8} 8} 10} 13 8} 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8} 8 8 8 8 8 8 ' 8 8 8} 8 8 13} 8 * Helper. 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 59 58} 58 58 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 56 56 55 54} 54} 54 54 54 54 54 54 52} 52 51 51 51 51 50} 50 50 50 • 49 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR, —H OURS OF L A B O R , EA R N IN G S, AN D D U R A T IO N O F E M 5NT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SE LE C TE D IN D U S T R IE S — ilANCISCO, O A K LA N D , B E R K E L E Y , SAN JOSE, C A L ., AND Y TOWNS— Concluded. CAN N ERIES—9 establish m en ts—Concluded. iumt>er- Occupation. 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 C u tter..,.......................................... ....d o ..!.......................................... Canner.............................................. Cutter............................................... Canner.............................................. Cutter............................................... ....d o ............................................... ....d o ............................................... ....d o ............................................... Canner............................................. Cutter............................................... Stemmer.......................................... Cutter............................................... Canner.............................................. Cutter........... .................................. ....d o ............................................... ....d o ............................................... ....d o ............................................... Section bead.................................... Cutter............................................... Canner............................................. ....d o ............................................... ....d o ............................................... ___ do............................................... Cutter........................................... ___ do............................................... ___ do............................................... .......do............................................... .......do............................................... Canner.............................................. Cutter........................................... . Helper. Maximum hours. Aver Average Usual s e Weeks hours hours earnings em per per worked ployed. day. week. Per day. Per week. per week. 8* 4 13 19 3} n 20 15 4 4 4 5* 4 5 3 16 9 12 6 17 25 27 8 27 25 33 30 74 7* 5 9 17 3 10| 21* 6 8 7* 9 10* 12* 8* 10 6* 7 7 7 7 11* 7* 7* 2 10* 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8* 10 10 9* 7* 8 7* * Em ployed in country cannery. 40 45* 36 42 403 42* 30 36i l 30j \ 30; t 30 : 30 i 30 ; m ! 32 20* 66* 60* 60 60 60 59 59 58* 57 57 57 56* 54* ’ 53 53 52* 49* 49* 48* 0 ) 35.30 5.00 3.50 1.50 3.75 4.00 3.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 2.25 1.75 2.25 .75 0) 7.50 8.00 6.40 8.50 6.00 10.00 7.00 10.00 8.00 7.50 7.20 3.75 4.00 6.00 2.70 7.75 3.30 4.20 6.00 7.00 8 8 9 in 12* 8* 10* 7 11* 11* 11* 11* U* 11* 8 10* 14* 14* 13 13 13 13* 13* 13* 14 14 14 13* 13* 11* 12* 12* 9* 14* 14* 13* • N ot reported. 48 47 45 44* 43| 42* 42 40* 38 38 38 38 38 38 34 20* <8) m m (3) (3) ?3) (3) ?3) (3) (3) (3) m (3 ) (8) (3 ) (3 ) (3 ) (3 ) (*) (8> HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL. 449 T able I V .— HOURS OF L A B O R A N D E ARN IN G S D U RIN G NORM AL AN D B U SY SEASONS AND N U M BER O F W E E K S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— SAN FRANCISCO A N D O A K LA N D , CAL. CANDY, BISCUITS, BTC.—10 establishments.8 Normal season. Num Age. ber. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Occupation. 39 38 22 16 20 33 22 22 24 24 18 18 16 17 18 21 33 21 18 21 26 20 22 16 19 20 21 19 20 24 20 18 20 20 17 0) 24 18 18 19 18 16 19 18 24 26 41 19 18 20 19 21 20 23 21 30 18 21 20 16 17 16 18 17 17 Packer................................. Sampler............................... TTanny poftlrer______ _____ General worker................... Sealer o f boxes.................... Section head....................... Shipping clerk.................... General worker................... ....... d o.................................. W rapper............................. Tag sticker.......................... W rapper..%........................ ....... d o.................................. Label sticker....................... W rapper............................. Packer................................. D ipper................................. ....... do.................................. Table worker...................... W rapper............................. D ipper................................. Stock girl............................. D ipper................................. Stock girl............................. D ipper................................. ....... do.................................. W rapper............................. Dipper................................. .......d o.................................. Packer................................. Dipper................................. ....... d o.................................. W rapper............................. Forewoman. .\..................... Dipper................................. Packer................................. Sticker................................. W rapper.............................. Packer................................. Table worker...................... Packer................................. D ipper................................. ....... d o.................................. ....... do.................................. ....... d o................*................. Packer................................. General worker.................. Dipper................................. Forewoman........................ Packer................................. Dipper................................ ....... ao................................... Packer................................. ....... do.................................. Dipper................................. ....... do................................... ....... do.................................. Dipper, m achine................ D ipper................................. i N ot reported. * Time lost due to illness. Busy season. A v A v W eeks A v A v em Usual erage erage Num erage erage ployed. hours hours earn ber hours earn work work of per ings ings ed ed day. per per w ’ks. per per week. week. week. week. 48 50 50 52 52 244 52 46 46 52 52 52 51 51 51 51 *36 52 52 52 51 52 52 52 *49 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 *36 41 51 51 51 51 50 51 47 40 52 52 52 52 52 4 39 4 50 52 52 52 52 52 37 52 52 52 *40 51 51 51 51 9* 7 82$ $10.00 571 $6.00 9 53* 8.45 7 68* 9.50 53* 7.50 7 60* 8.50 9 9} 6.50 7 0) 57 7.50 2 6.00 81 9.00 9* 57 9* 2 6.50 81 9.00 57 9 8.00 3 53 79* 14.65 9 5.30 3 53 76* 9.50 9 3 53 8.00 79* 15.75 9 53* 10.50 70f 8 15.00 8 9 53* 7.50 70f 1G.50 704 9 10.00 8 15.00 53* 4 9 53* 10.50 70 16.00 9 53* 7.50 70 8 10.25 9 53* 10.50 70 15.00 8 53* 9 10.50 8 70 15.00 & 6.00 4 75* 57 7.00 52* 2 74§ 8 9.00 0) 8! 52* 2 74* 10.00 8.00 74| 52* 2 10.00 8f 9.00 52* 3 714 81 7.00 8.65 9 54 1 74 10.75 7.40 8! 4 71 52* 13.00 9.60 52* 3 8! 5.70 8.50 70* 8! 52* 4 71 8.60 12.00 8^ 52* 3 73* 10.00 6.70 83 52* 4 71 * 13.00 9.60 52* 7.30 4 71 10.20 83 4 70* 10.25 52* 8.00 83 73* 13.50 3 20.00 83 52* 72* 52* 4 12.00 8.60 83 2 73* 8.65 52* 7.00 83 52* 2 73* 8.65 7.00 83 52* 4 71* 10.00 7.90 8 52* 4 70* 7.00 6.00 83 1 73 6.00 8.00 9 • 57 12 65* 9 53* 18.00 14.00 12 64 9 53* 8.50 6.66 64 4 7.00 9 53* 5.50 65f 53* 8 9 7.50 10.25 5 67* 11.50 9 53* 10.30 66* 9 53 6.00 6 9.00 (l) 8.14 7.00 83. 52* (*) 2 52* 65* 7.00 6.00 83 3 69* 9.65 13.00 83. 52* 3 52* 69* 10.00 13.00 83 4 67 9.60 13.00 83. 52* 52* 4 67 7.70 10.50 83 52* 4 6.70 67 9.00 83 52* 4 8; 5.89 69* 9.00 4 62 * 6.70 9.00 83. 52* 52* 4 69 13.15 16.00 83 52* 3 69* 11.00 8.50 83 52* 4 8.65 67 12.00 83 52* 4 8.00 67 11.50 83 52* 3 6.70 66* 8.50 83 7 69 6.50 9.00 n ■ 57 62* 54 7 9 9.50 10.50 7 69 8.00 9* 57 9.98 69 9* 9.00 7 10.50 57 4 69 9* 7.00 9.00 57 12 64* 53* 5.00 6.20 9 12 64* 12.50 10.00 9 53* 12 64* 53* 8.00 10.00 9 7 0) 7.50 6.00 9 53 8 First employm ent. 4 Time lost due to voluntary vacation. Maxim nm hours. Per Per day. week. 13* 12 12 13* 13* 13* 12* 12* 12* 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12* 13* 13* 13* 13* 13 12! 3-2! 12 12! 12j 12! 12! 12! : 12! 12! 13! 12! 12! 1$ ' 12 12 12 12 12 12 •13* 13* 12f 12f 12* 12* 12* 12* 12* 12* i 12* 11* 12* 12* 13* 12 13* 13* 13* 12 12 12 12 90 84 84 81 81 81 791 79 79 77 77 77 77* 77 77* 77* 75* 74 74 74 74 74 73* 73* 73* 73* 731 73* 73* 73* 73* 73 71* 71* 71* 71* 71* 71 70* 70 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 68* 450 B U L L E T IN OP T H E B U R E AU OF LABO R. T a b l e IV*— HOURS OF LA B O R AND EARN IN GS D U R IN G N O RM AL A N D BU SY SEASONS A N D NUM BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— SAN FRANCISCO AN D O A K LA N D , CAL.— Continued. CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC*—10 estabUsliments—Continued. Normal season. Num Age. ber. 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 10 1 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 12 1 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 38 27 40 16 18 16 30 19 $6 26 33 35 20 24 22 27 32 20 18 30 24 20 19 16 16 21 28 19 16 18 20 20 33 27 18 24 30 34 25 26 23 23 23 18 18 21 20 20 16 21 35 30 18 17 16 16 32 24 21 19 19 19 18 17 21 26 24 Occupation. D ipper................................. ....... d o.................................. ....... d o.................................. ....... d o.................................. W rapper............................. D ipper................................. ....... d o.................................. Packer................................. Forewoman........................ Packer................................. ....... d o.................................. ....... do................................... ....... d o.................................. ....... do.................................. Forewoman........................ Packer................................. ....... do.................................. Dipper................................. Packer................................. Dipper................................. Packer................................. Table worker...................... Sorter........................ *........ Packer................................. D ipper................................. ....... do.................................. General worker................... Packer................................. D ipper................................. Tray girl............................. Dipper................................. Fancy packer...................... ....... do.................................. Hard-candy maker............. Forewoman......................... Dipper................................. ....... do................................... ....... do................................... Forewoman................... D ipper..................... ........... Helper.................................. W rapper............................. Table worker...................... Packer................................. Packer and stacker............ .......do................................. ....... do..............................:. . Packer................................. Packer and stacker............ Packer................................. ....... do................................... ....... do.................................. ....... do................................... ....... do.................................. Forewoman........................ Labeler................................ ....... do.................................. Packer and stacker............ Packer................................. ....... do.................................. Weigher............................... Packer................................. ....... do................................... i Time lost due tp illness. Busy season. A v Aver A v Aver Weeks em Usual erage age Num erage age hours earn ployed. hours hours earn ber per work ings o f work ings ed per per w 'ks. ed day. per per week. week. week. week. *49 51 51 51 51 *38 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 51 52 51 52 51 2 21 *28 44 *34 52 52 . 51 52 52 52 150 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 50 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 26 149 52 9 534 533: 9 53 ! 9 53 ‘ ’ 9 533’ 9 533 9. 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 9 . 53 53 9 53 9 53 9 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 53 9 9 53 524 8f 9 53 57 9} 94 57 57 8 . 524 9 • 57 52| $ 8i 524 54 9 54 9 9 54 54 9 54 9 54 9 54 9 54 9 9 54 54 9 54 9 54 9 54 9 54 9 524 8f 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 9 53 $8.00 7.90 9.00 8.00 9.00 5.00 10.50 10.30 15.00 10.30 8.85 10.30 10.30 10.30 10.30 10.00 10.30 10.30 6.00 8.85 8.00 10.30 8.00 4.00 5.50 11.0 0 9.50 8.00 8.00 11.0 0 8.00 8.80 5.90 8.80 5.90 7.40 8.80 11.75 8.80 8.80 8.80 14.75 8.80 5.90 5.90 7.00 10.20 10.20 6.60 6.60 6.60 6.60 6.60 7.50 6.60 7.50 6.60 7.50 10.20 7.75 8.00 6.60 10.20 6.60 10.50 6.00 10.20 * First employment. 12 12 12 12 4 12 4 25 30 25 25 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 7 25 12 25 3 24 4 4 3 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 3 3 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 27 27 27 20 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 30 Maximum hours. Per Per day. week. 644 $10.00 644 10.00 11.50 64* 624 10.00 654 11.00 624 6.70 68 14.50 60f 12.25 17.50 604 12.25 604 60| 10.50 12.25 .604 604 12.25 604 12.25 12.25 6O4 15.00 6O4 12.25 60| 12.25 8.00 (5) 6O4 10.50 64 9.00 12.25 6O4 64* 11.0 0 664 6.00 66 6.90 66 14.00 66 11.0 0 66 10.00 66 8.50 66 15.50 66 10.00 66 11.25 66 7.50 66 11.25 66 7.50 66 9.50 11.25 66 66 15.00 11.25 66 66 11.25 66 11.25 66 18.75 11.25 66 66 7.50 66 7.50 8.65 66 564 12.00 564 12.00 7.50 56* 56 * 7.50 56 * 7.50 57* 7.70 56* 7.50 56* 8.00 56 * 7.50 56 * 8.25 56* 7.00 56* 8.75 56* 12.00 56* 8.50 56* 8.50 56* 7.50 12.00 56 * 7.50 11.75 574 6.50 561 564 12.00 * Not reported. 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 684 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 6& n\ 674 13 r 664 12 • 66 12 > 66 12 66 13 66 12 66 12 66 12j 66 13 66 13 66 13 66 13 66 13 66 13 66 13 66 13 66 13 66 13 66 13 66 13 66 13 66 13 66 134 66 12 65 12 65 12 65 12 65 12 65 12 65 12 65 12 65 12 65 12 65 12 65 12 65 12 65 12 65 12 65 12 65 12 65 12 . 65 12 65 12 65 12 65 H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S OP W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 451 T able IV .— HOURS OF LA B O R AND EARN IN G S D U R IN G NORM AL A N D BU SY SEASONS A N D NU M BER OF W E EK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S—SAN FRANCISCO AND O A K LA N D , CAL.— Continued. C A N D Y, B IS C U IT S , E T C .—10 establish m en ts—Continued. Normal season. Num Age. ber. 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 17 17 23 20 16 16 26 17 17 17 17 19 19 17 25 26 18 18 17 27 19 18 30 24 17 19 24 25 25 47 17 19 19 16 15 47 17 16 16 18 19 21 19 18 18 29 16 18 19 18 14 19 1» 25 21 19 34 17 18 23 16 19 14 18 18 Occupation. W rapper............................ Weeks em Usual ployed. hours per day. 50 49 45 52 34 45 50 50 50 50 50 52 50 50 ....... do.................................. 50 Forewoman........................ W rapper............................. 50 ....... ao.................................. 50 Wrapper and packer.......... 50 50 W rapper................ ............ 50 ....... do.................................. 50 D ipper................................. 50 ....... do.................................. 50 Packer................................. 43 leer...................................... 51 Fancy packer...................... 51 51 Forewoman........................ Labeler................................ 51 Packer................................. 51 47 W rapper............................. 51 52 51 Section head........................ W rapper............................. 51 Dipper................................. 51 W rapper.............................. 51 51 ....... do.................................. Dipper................................. 39 51 ....... do.................................. Filler.................................... 51 52 Carton maker...................... 51 ....... do............................ Packer................................. 50 50 Carton maker...................... 51 Forewoman......................... 29 Sorter.................................. 51 leer...................................... 51 W rapper............................. MO 52 Dipper................................. 48 W rapper............................. 2 26 Packer................................. 49 W eigher.............................. 48 248 Forewoman........................ Packer................................. » 52 ....... do.................................. 50 *36 ....... do.................................. 4 48 ....... do................................... Dipper................................. 51 Packer................................. 151 ....... d o.................................. 51 D ip p e r .............................. 545 ....... do................................... 51 W rapper.............................. 51 Packer................................. W rapper............................. ....... do.................................. Packer................................. Forewoman........................ Packer................................. D ipper................................. ....... do.................................. ....... do.................................. 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 . 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Busy season. A v A v Aver erage age Num erage Aver age hours earn hours ber work earn work ings of ings ed ed per w 'ks. per per per week. week. week. week. 15.50 54 5.00 54 8.90 54 52 7.00 5.00 54 4.00 54 10.00 534 8.50 534 7.30 534 8.50 534 10.60 534 10.25 534 10.50 534 9.00 534 9.00 534 10.75 534 5.80 53| 9.20 534 8.00 534 5.00 534 6.00 534 534 - 9.00 7.75 534 10.50 534 7.50 534 6.00 534 534x 11.00 7.00 534 5.50 534 5.50 534 6.00 534 534 6.00 5.50 534 5.00 534 4.66 534 534 6.00 5.00 534 5.00 534 4.66 534 5.00 534 13.50 534 13.50 534 534 10.50 10.50 534 9.50 534 15.00 534 534 7.50 7.50 534 54 7.30 5.90 54 4.50 53 7.50 53 9.50 53 53 10.50 12.00 53 7.50 53 6.00 53 5.50 53 4.50 53 8.50 53 53 5.00 53 5.75 53 5.00 53 12.00 53 5.50 12 12 4 12 12 2 8 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 2 6 7 7 8 8 2 6 12 12 12 12 4 4 3 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 6 8 9 8 4 2 1 17 2 17 3 5 2 12 4 6 1 6 3 2 6 6 63 63 63 63 63 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 62§ 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 61 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 62| 624 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 16.85 6.35 12.00 8.75 6.35 5.00 11.75 12.25 8.75 9.50 10.00 12.00 11.75 10.00 10.50 7.00 7.75 11.50 11.00 6.00 8.00 10.75 10.70 11.00 9.40 7.50. 13.50 8.50 6.50 6.50 7.50 6.70 7.00 6.00 5.60 7.50 6.25 6.50 5.00 5.50 25.00 20.00 11.40 11.40 17.00 18.00 8.75 8.15 8.75 7.00 5.25 9.00 9.50 12.25 15.00 8.75 7.50 6.80 6.00 12.00 8.15 6.85 6.85 16.50 6.80 M a y im n m hours. Per Per day. week. 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 63 63 63 63 63 624 624 624 62| 624 62§ 62* 624 624 62f 625 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 624 62} 62} 62} 62* 62} 62} 624 624 62} 624 62} 62} 62} 62} 62} 62| 62* 62? 62? 62* 624 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 i Time lost due to illness. * Laid off 13 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation. * Time lost due to voluntary vacation. 4 Time lost due to illness, 3 weeks; laid off, 1 week. 6 Laid off 1 yreek; rest of tim e lost due to illness. 452 BULLETIN OF TH E BUBEAU OF LABOR, IV.— HOURS OF L A B O R AN D EARN IN GS D U R IN G N O RM AL A N D BUSY SEASONS AN D NUM BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— SAN FRANCISCO AND O A K LA N D , CAL.— Continued.1 7 *4 T able CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC.—10 establishments—Continued. Normal season. Num Age. ber. 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 * 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 20 19 16 17 22 24 15 25 16 30 18 22 26 16 35 25 27 35 17 17 19 20 18 15 17 19 18 25 21 17 18 21 20 23 21 28 19 19 43 20 16 16 17 32 44 21 17 19 28 21 17 21 17 22 21 23 23 24 18 20 Occupation. D ipper................................. Packer................................. W rapper............................. W rapper and packer.......... Helper................................. Sample packer..................... Packer..................*............. ....... d o.................................. D ipger................................. leer...................................... Forewoman........................ leer...................................... P a c k e r.............................. leer...................................... General worker................... leer...................................... D ipper................................. leer...................................... Packer................................. leer...................................... Forewoman........................ W rapper.............................. ....... d o.................................. Packer................................. Packer and stacker............ Packer................................. W rapper and packer.......... Stacker................................ Packer................................. leer...................................... Packer................................. leer...................................... D ipper................................. leer...................................... ....... d o................................... ___ .d o ................................... Forewoman......................... Fancy packer..................... Labeler................................ Packer................................. W rapper..................... 1___ Packer................................. Packer and stacker............. Packer................................. W rapper and packer.......... Assorted packer.................. Liner of boxes..................... Carton m aker...................... Busy season. Av Aver Av Aver Weeks em Usual erage age. Num erage age hours hours ployed. hours earn ber earn per work ings o f work ings ed ed day. per per w ’ks. per per week. week. week. week. 51 51 51 50 139 144 51 50 *26 52 52 52 51 340 4 24 52 51 51 51 340 51 51 6 32 «21 51 , 52 52 52 50 48 48 50 •31$ 52 1 44 50 52 52 51 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 49 ^50 7 18 7 32 « 32 51 51 51 52 50 52 52 52 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8f || 9* 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 52* 52 54 53* 53* 53* 53* 53* 53* 53* 53* 53* 53* 53* 53* 53* 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 54 54 53* 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 112.00 6.50 4.50 6.00 5.00 11.50 4.50 7.50 5.00 9.00 9.00 10.15 7.50 7.50 10.50 7.50 12.00 10.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 6.00 7.50 7.50 7.50 12.00 9.00 7.50 7.50 8.15 7.20 9.00 5.00 7.50 7.50 7.50 10.50 6.50 4.90 7.20 7.20 7.20 7.20 7.20 4.90 7.50 11.75 5.95 7.50 5.00 7.50 8.95 10.30 10.50 8.79 6.00 5.80 8.50 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 1 4 4 6 6 3 1 10 6 6 6 8 2 2 7 1 2 4 5 3 4 4 5 2 3 3 6 4 3 4 8 5 5 5 5 5 •5 5 5 4 1 1 3 1 3 4 2 2 2 20 2 2 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 60* 6o| 60* 59* 59* 59* 59* 59* 59* 59* 59* 59* 59* 59* 59* 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 58 57 56* 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 $16.50 8.00 5.75 7.50 5.50 12.00 6.40 8.15 6.00 12.00 11.00 13.30 8.75 8.75 12.50 8.75 15.00 13.00 8.75 8.15 8.75 8.75 8.75 7.50 8.45 8.75 8.75 14.00 10.00 8.75 8.15 9.75 8.75 10.25 5.80 8.75 8.00 9.40 13.00 6.50 5.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 5.75 8.75 13.00 6.50 8.00 5.40 8.10 9.75 12.00 11.25 9.75 6.50 6.50 9.00 Maximum hours. Per Per day. week. 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 124 in 12* 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 12 12 -1 2 12 12 12 •12 12 12 12 12 1 Time lost due to voluntary vacation. * First em ploym ent; tim e lost, due to illness, 3 months. * W orked elsewhere during rest of year. 4 First em ploym ent in this industry; had worked elsewhere. 6 Time lost due to illness, 2 weeks; 18 weeks em ployed elsewhere. • First em ploym ent. 7 Time lost due to illness. • Time lost due to voluntary vacation, 2 weeks; rest of tim e em ployed elsewhere. 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 if 60* 59* 59* 59* 59* 59* 59* 59* 59* 59* 59 59 59 • 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 58 57 56* 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN M D. AND .— HOURS OF L A B O R AND EARN IN GS D U RIN G NORM SEASONS A N D NUM BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM DU AL WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— SAN F R A.KLAND, CAL.— Continued. CANDY, BISCUITS, ETC.—10 establishments—Continued. Normal season. Occupation. uei. 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 18 25 19 38 22 19 18 39 17 17 17 14 14 16 23 37 15 19 21 17 47 19 28 17 21 15 16 17 18 22 19 Liner o f boxes......... Snap packer............ Packer and stacker. ....... d o ................... W rapper.................. Dipper i i . . .............. R oller runner.......... General worker....... W ra p p e r.............. Sealer of b ox es.. ___ d o............ '.. W rapper, i ....... Sealer of b ox es.. D ipger.............. Sealer of b ox es.. Packer.............. W rapper........... . General worker.. D ipper.............. . Tray girl........... W rapper........... . D ipper.............. . ------do................ .... .d o................ W rapper.___ Cake dipper___ leer. 20 .....d o ...................... W rapper.................. Packer..................... . 17 leer.......................... . 18 ___ d o ..................... . 19 Packer..................... . 32 ----- do...................... . 19 Stacker.................... . 18 Packer and weigher.. 18 Stacker.;................. . 16 Packer...................... 18 D ipper...................... 19 Carton maker........... 16 ....d o ...................... . 27 ....d o ....................... 16 ----- d o....................... 43 Closer of boxes.......... 23 Packer...................... 27 ....d o ....................... 18 Stacker...................... 15 W rapper................... 20 Packer...................... 16 Carton maker........... 15 Packer...................... 16 W rapper................... 22 Packer...................... 21 Dipper., % 22 15 18 Weeks em Usual ployed. hours per day. 52 52 52 50 52 52 43 50 12 1 16 124 18 16 18 18 112 52 18 120 18 130 52 52 52 50 50 *20 1 16 i 20 132 52 126 52 52 50 51 52 51 52 51 50 50 138 52 52 52 52 52 4 48 »32 52 52 124 120 52 12 2 112 52 52 51 * 12 > 12 Cleaner, cans. Packer. 9 * First employment. * N ot reported. * First employment in this industry* 18544°—No. 96—12----- 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9} 9} 9} 9} 9} 9} 9} 9} 9} 9} 9} 9} 9} 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Busy seaso A v Aver Av erage Aver Num erage age age hours hours earn ber work* earn work ings of ings ed ed w ’ks. per per per per week. week. week. week. 53 53 53 53 53 53 49 49 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 54 54 54 53} 53} 53} 53} 53} 53} 53} 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 $5.80 7.50 4.80 8.70 7.50 9.50 5.50 6.50 5.00 (*) (*) 4.50 5.00 4.50 5.00 8.00 10.00 4.50 5.00 5.00 5.00 8.80 5.90 5.50 6.00 7.00 4.50 5.00 4.50 3.50 7.50 5.00 7.50 10.45 8.75 8.25 6.75 9.00 7.50 7.50 8.70 7.25 4.80 5.80 10.30 5.80 7.20 5.80 5.80 6.00 10.00 f.5 0 3.40 7.50 12.00 4.50 4.50 10.00 6.60 7.00 4.00 5.00 56 56 56 54 53} $6.50 8.00 6.00 8.70 7.75 5.95 8.00 * Time lost due to illness, i Tim e lost due to voluntary vacatu 454 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. T able IV .—HOURS OF L A B O R AND EARN IN GS D U R IN G NO RM AL A N D BUSY SEASONS AN D NU M BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM EN T OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— SAN FRANCISCO AND O A K LA N D , CAL.—Concluded. C A N D Y, B IS C U IT S , E T C .—10 establish m en ts—Concluded. Normal season. Num ber. 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 32S 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 Occupation. 29 Cleaner, can s... 19 Packer.............. 32 D ipper.............. 18 .......d o................ 14 Errand girl....... 17 Packer.............. 17 W rapper........... 16 T y er................. 17 W rapper........... 18 Packer.............. 17 W rapper........... 16 Packer.............. 18 W rapper........... 20 21 General worker. 48 W rapper........... 18 General worker. 17 B ox maker....... 17 Roller runner... 31 Packer.............. 16 General worker. 17 .......d o............... 16 ....... d o............... 25 Packer.............. 18 General worker. W rapper........... 21 General worker. 16 ....... d o............... Busy season. AyAv- AverWeeks erage Averem Usual erage Num hours ployed. hours hours earn earnber work mgs of work ings ed ed per w ks. per per per week. week. week. 52 52 51 51 116 18 52 119 52 122 112 52 52 52 112* 52 52 136* 52 116 115 52 124 52 *23 *20 *12 9 9 9 9 8f 8i 8i 8i 8i 8; 8: 53 53 53 53 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 * First employment. $9.00 7.50 12.00 9.00 5.00 5.00 4.90 5.00 4.90 5.00 5 00 5.00 8.50 7.00 6.50 6.50 5.45 5.00 6.00 5.00 5.00 5.50 5.00 9.00 5.00 6.50 4.00 6.00 Maximum hours. Per Per day. week. HOURS AND EARNINGS OP W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL. 455 T able IV.—HOURS OF LA B O R AN D EARNIN GS D U RIN G NORM AL A N D BU SY SEASONS A N D NUM BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF IN D I V ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. CIGARS AND CIGARETTES—2 establishments. ,l Employed elsewhere rest of time. * First em ployment. * Time lost due to voluntary vacation. 4 Laid off 10 weeks; voluntary vacation of 4 weeks. * Voluntary lay-off of 1 day each week. 456 BULLETIN OF TH E BUBEAU OF LABOR, IV.—HOURS OF L A B O R A N D EARN IN G S D U R IN G NO RM AL AND B U SY SEASONS A N D NUM BER O F W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.— Continued. PAPER BOXES—7 establishments.1 2 3 4 Ta b l e Normal season. Num Age. ber. 1 2 3 4j 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 21 18 43 18 19 21 18 16 19 18 18 21 17 22 22 24 25 17 20 17 25 35 30 21 22 22 17 19 18 16 36 22 25 (8) 19 17 16 18 15 22 35 21 19 21 18 18 16 19 18 17 32 19 16 16 25 17 16 25 16 19 17 16 Occupation. Strapper.............................. Glue worker, m achine....... Glue worker, hand............. Turner-in............................. Machine lacer...................... General worker............... :. Glue worker, machine....... Machine operator, co v e r.. . Table worker...................... Feeder, automatic machine Catcher................................ Machine operator, cover. . . Stripper and gluer.............. Table worker...................... Gold-leaf worker................. General worker................... Glue worker, hand............. Feeder, automatic machine Strapper.............................. Stayer and strapper........... B ox m aker.......................... ....... do................................... .......do................................... Comer stayer...................... Strapper.............................. B ox maker.......................... General worker................... Strapper.............................. Coverer................................ Stayer.................................. Glue worker, hand............. Strapper, machine.............. Glue worker, hand............. Top labeler.......................... Strapper.............................. Turner-in............................. W ire operator..................... Glue worker, m achine....... T ier...................................... Cleaner................................ Machine operator................ Strapper............................... ....... do................................... B ox maker.......................... B ox maker, small............... Strapper............................... ....... do................................... Coverer................................ Strapper............................... Errand girl.......................... Paper coverer..................... Candy box maker............... Helper.................................. Errand girl.......................... Forewoman......................... Lacer.................................... Glue worker, hand............. Lacer.................................... Strapper............................... Weeks em Usual ployed. hours per day. 52 52 52 52 150 52 52 52 52 52 49 52 49 232 52 52 52 52 52 49 52 52 52 52 52 *50 52 52 50 51 52 52 «45 52 52 2 24 29 « 21 52 52 52 52 52 52 51 52 52 52 51 *25 51 52 52 40 8 48 150 52 52 51 52 51 50 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9* 9 8* 8* 8* 8* 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8* 8* 8* 8* 8* g| 9 9 8* 9 9 Busy season. A v Aver A v erage erage Aver age Num hours age hours earn ber work earnwork ings ings of ed ed per w’ks. per per per week. week. week. week. 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 50 50 53 50 53 53 53 53 50 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53* 53* 53* 53 53 53 53 53 53 53* 53* 53* 50* 50* 52 50* 53* 53* 53* 53* 53* 53* 53* 50* 50* 50* 51* 50* 53* 53* 50* 53* 53* $6.00 5.00 11.50 8.00 8.00 9.00 5.00 8.00 8.00 5.80 4.70 6.00 4.80 8.50 5.00 10.00 10.00 4.90 8.30 5.40 9.20 9.20 7.30 9.00 8.30 9.20 6.10 8.75 6.85 4.95 8.00 10.00 10.50 9.00 7.50 4.50 3.50 6.35 3.95 9.00 6.90 6.40 7.00 7.80 6.30 4.90 4.75 7.40 7.00 4.10 8.80 5.90 3.90 5.00 10.00 5.40 6.40 15.80 7.30 7.80 7.30 5.40 12 69* 12 65* 12 67 12 66 12 65* 12 63* 12 65* 12 65* 12 62* 4 68 4 68 12 62* 12 68 12 62* 12 65* 12 63 12 65 4 68 8 67 8 67 8 67 8 67 8 62* 12 62* 8 67 8 67 8 67 6 63 6 63 6 63 12 62* 12 60* 12 60 2 63 4 63 4 . 63 6 62* 1 62* 12 62* 14 59? 14 14 59? 59? 14 14 59? 12 62* 6 62* 6 62* 12 62* 12 62* 5 62* 12 62* 14 59* 14 59* 14 59? 14 14 59? 14 12 62* 12 14 59? 12 62* 12 62* 1 Time lost due to illness. 2 First em ploym ent. 3 Tim e lost due to voluntary vacation. 4 Laid off three weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation. 6 Not reported. • First em ploym ent in this industry. $9.00 6.00 15.00 11.0 0 10.00 12.30 7.00 10.50 12.00 8.00 7.00 8.50 7.50 11.25 7.50 13.00 14.00 7.00 11.00 6.80 12.60 12.60 10.00 12.00 11.00 12.60 8.00 9.00 9.25 6.00 12.50 14.00 12.00 9.75 8.75 5.00 4.00 6.00 5.20 11.00 8.50 8.00 9.35 10.50 7.50 n5.50 5.80 9.00 8.00 5.00 12.00 9.00 5.00 6.00 13.00 6.50 7.00 21.00 9.00 10.00 9.00 6.50 Maximnui hours. Per Per day. week. 13 12 12 13 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 10 10 10 10 10 13 10 11 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 12 12* 12 11* 111 11* 11* 11* 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 U* 11* H* 10 10 10 12 12 U* 12 12 75 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 65* 65* 65* 65 65 65 63 63 63 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* 62* HOURS AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL. 457 T able I V .— HOURS OF L A B O R A N D EARN IN GS D U RIN G NORM AL A N D B U SY SEASONS AN D NU M BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.— Continued. PA PE R B O XES—7 esta b lish m en ts—Continued. Busy season. Normal season. Num Age. ber. 15 17 17 25 15 23 24 17 20 30 17 23 15 36 18 17 17 16 19 19 20 30 18 21 18 16 17 18 14 30 20 % 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 17 38 20 20 22 23 24 17 18 18 33 29 19 30 18 17 15 24 21 16 18 17 48 18 23 18 15 16 16 18 19 Occupation. A v- AverA v AverWeeks em Usual erage • age_ Num hours ployed- hours hours earn ber ings of work per work ed ed per per w’ks. per day. per week. week. week. B ox closer., Strapper..., Candy-box m aker.............. Strapper.............................. General worker................... General worker and box m axer, h a n d ................... H elper..'.............................. Paper coverer...................... Candy-box m aker.............. B oxglu er............................ Indexer of packing b ox es.. Strapper.............................. T ie rl!.................................. Turner-in............................. Coverer................................ ....... do................................... Turner-in............................ Strapper.............................. General worker................... Glue worker, hand............. Strapper.............................. Candy-box maker............... Strapper.............................. Top labeler.......................... Machine lacer...................... Stayer.................................. General worker................... Expert box makar.............. Coverer................................ Feeder.................................. B ox maker.......................... ....... do........................-.......... Table worker...................... Glue worker, m achine....... Table worker...................... Stock girl and timekeeper. Stock girl............................. Stripper............................... Glue worker, hand............. ....... do................................... Stripper............................... Lacer................................... Feeder.................................. Stripper............................... Labeler................................ Top labeler.......................... Turner-in............................ Stayer.................................. Glue worker, m achine....... Table worker...................... Strapper.............................. General worker................... Gold-leaf worker................. Strapper.............................. Table worker...................... Assorter............................... Turner-in............................ General worker................... Paster.................................. Folder.................................. 1 Time lost due to illness. * First employment in this industry. * N ot reported. 53j 139 52 52 8£ g| 01 50 r 50 > 504 52 52 »40 52 52 52 52 52 52 50 52 52 *26 52 147 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 4 49 52 52 52 52 52 1 46 52 52 52 3 39 52 50 5 17 *28 »16 16 52 624 s8 52 52 52 *16 5 16 324 58 526 «44 52 fa 504 504 S ! s 84 9 9 9 9 9 8! 3 r 1’f 1r 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 504 504 534 504 534 534 534 504 504 504 504 504 504 504 534 534 50 53 53 53 53 53 504 50 50 \ 504 50 50ii 50;; 53 50 48 534 Maximum hours. Per Per day. week. $4.75 5.80 5.25 7.90 6.50 6.80 12 12 6 12 14 5 624 624 624 59A 59g 624 $6.00 6.90 6.00 9.20 7.50 10.00 12 12 12 11$ I lf 114 10.30 5.80 7.50 10.00 7.00 4.95 5.80 5.90 4.00 8.75 8.75 3.95 5.90 8.00 7.80 9.80 5.90 10.00 8.50 5.40 5.40 6.90 4.45 11.80 5.80 7.80 7.30 9.00 7.00 9.00 7.50 11.80 11.80 7.30 4.40 6.00 6.50 5.30 9.00 7.90 14 14 14 14 14 14 12 14 6 12 12 6 2 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 12 12 4 8 4 12 12 3 14 14 2 2 1 1 2 12 1 3 594 59$ 593 59$ 59$ 593 62$ 59X 62$ 62$ 624 624 624 59$ 594 59* 59$ 59$ 59$ 59$ 59$ 59$ 59$ 62| 624 62 62 62 62 62 62 57$ 58 * 13.00 7.00 8.00 12.00 9.00 6.75 6.50 7.00 4.50 10.50 12.00 4.30 7.00 10.00 10.00 11.00 7.00 12.00 10.50 6.05 7.00 8.50 5.40 15.00 7.90 9.75 8.75 15.00 10.00 12.00 8.50 14.00 14.00 7.50 4.80 6.50 7.00 5.75 12.00 8.00 9.334 114 114 111 114 114 114 12 114 12 12 12 12 12 114 114 lli Hi 11 11 Hi lli Hi lb 12 12 12 9 12 12 12 12 11$ 11 11 lli 11 ill u 12 104 11 gj s g 59I 8 594 8i 594 jjj 594 8i 9 59 9 574 8.00 8 54 4.40 9 9 4.60 534 5.40 9 6.95 9 534 9.00 534 9 4.00 84 9* 4.50 53* 7.30 9 53 9 53 6.50 9 7.50 53 53 8.00 9 9 5.00 53 4.00 9 53 4.50 9 53 9 5.00 53 8 51 8.00 6.50 48 3 5.20 504 84 4 Time lost due to voluntary vacation. * First employment. • Laid off 6 weeks; rest of time lost due to illness. 51 458 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR, T a b l e IV .— HOURS OF L A B O R AN D EAR N IN G S D U R IN G NO RM AL A N D B U SY SEASONS A N D NUM BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.— Continued. PA PE R B O X E S—7 establish m en ts—Concluded. Busy season. Normal season. Num Age. ber. 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 19 25 14 16 20 17 29 33 19 16 20 20 17 15 16 17 26 17 35 20 20 17 18 18 (i*7) 18 20 19 19 Occupation. Taper.................................. Liner.................................... Folder................................. Glue worker, hand............ Strapper.............................. Stitcher............................... General worker................... H elper................................. Glue worker, m achine....... General worker................... Forewoman........................ Stripper............................... Stitcher............................... Helper................................. Tier...................................... Assorter............................... Corrugated-box m aker___ ....... do.................................. Assorter............................... Corrugated-box m aker___ Feeder................................. Tier...................................... B ox m aker.......................... T ier...................................... Forewoman........................ Glue worker, m achine....... Stripper............................... Paster and box maker....... B ox maker.......................... Weeks em Usual ployed. hours per day. 126 52 150 52 *26 52 52 *8 52 *8 52 *26 52 4 17 50 52 52 52. 149 52 *17 6 12 *28 4 20 148 * 40 *8 *25 4 12 84 84 Sh 8* gl 8} 8* 8§ 84 8§ 84 84 84 84 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 A v- AverA v Aver erage age Num hours age hours earn earn ber work ings ings of work ed ed per per w ’ks. per week. per week. week. week. 504 504 504 50| 50£ 504 50| 504 50} 50$ 504 50* 504 504 50 50 50 50 50 50 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 Maximum hours. . Per Per day. week. $5.80 8.50 4.60 6.50 7.25 6.05 7.30 7.50 6.90 4.50 9.80 4.90 5.40 4.45 4.70 4.55 5.80 4.90 5.80 8.30 9.00 4.95 4.50 4.50 11.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.25 S H IR T S , O V E R A L L S, E T C .—6 e s t a b lis h m e n t s . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 19 37 21 28 19 25 (7) 28 Feller................................... B oxpleater......................... Hemmer.............................. Inspector............................. Assistant f orewoman......... Machine operator, y ok es... Feller................................... Machine operator, button hole................................... ....... do................................... Machine operator, bu tton .. Front maker....................... Machine operator, bu tton .. K nitter................................ Rewinder............................ 25 35 39 20 27 16 19 28 Forewoman......................... 19 Machine operator, bu tton .. 29 Exam iner............................ 19 (7) ....... do................................... 28 Presser................................. 33 150 148 52 52 52 52 52 9| 9 94 9 84 9 54 ■ 54 • 53 1 545f 535! 51 534 $8.00 14.00 15.00 11.90 6.90 14.45 11.80 2 4 8 3 4 12 1 654 $10.00 63* 16.00 15.00 63* 62* 14.00 62| 7.50 60 15.50 13.50 594 m 12J m 174 12 114 12 664 63 63 62 62 60 594 52 52 52 52 52 *50 *14 52 *51 150 *48 52 52 52 52 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8] 8| 8| 8 8! 8| 534 534 53| 53 53 494 494 494 494 48 48 48 48 48 48 11.80 9.80 9.00 10.80 11.80 10.50 5.20 8.80 19.75 12.00 9.00 9.75 6.50 12.00 9.50 5 4 2 6 1 6 6 17 17 16 16 16 10 12 12 594 594 594 59 59 584 58£ 58£ 584 57 57 57 57 57 57 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 m IV 59i 59? 59? 59* 59 58. 58* 58* 58? 57* 57 57 57 57 57 i Time lost due to illness. * Time lost due to voluntary vacation. * First employment. * First em ploym ent in this industry. » Only employment during period of investigation. « Laid off 0 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation. 7 N ot reported. * Had had other employment. 14.00 12.50 11.50 14.00 13.25 11.50 6.00 10.00 22.00 15.00 11.00 11.50 7.00 15.00 11.30 hi 11 11 hi H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S O F W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 459 ‘ T able I V .— HOURS OF L A B O R AN D EARN IN GS D U RIN G NORM AL A N D B U SY SEASONS A N D NUM BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U ST R IE S— SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.— Continued. S H IR T S , O V E R A LLS, ETC*—6 establish m en ts—Continued. Normal season. Num Age. ber. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 Occupation. Weeks em Usual ployed. hours per day. 39 Presser................................. 32 ....... do................................... 40 Marker................................ 25 Forewoman........................ 15 Machine operator, bu tton .. 16 Tacker................................. 24 Exam iner............................ 24 ....... do.................................. 19 Machine operator, buttonhole.................................. 21 21 ....... do.................................. Presser................................ (4) 20 Marker................................ 21 Exam iner............................ 23 ....... do.................................. 46 .......do.................................. 24 Machine operator, button hole.................................. 23 41 Marker................................ 27 Machine operator, sleeves.. 23 Machine operator, bu tton .. 18 ....... do.................................. 26 Machine operator, button hole.................................. 26 Sleeve maker...................... 21 Joiner.................................. 24 Machine operator, button hole.................................. 17 K nitter............................... 26 Forewoman........................ 18 W inder................................ 23 22 Machine operator, bu tton .. 27 Forewoman........................ 18 Stamper.............................. 22 Folder................................. 21 Machine operator, bu tton .. 19 Folder................................. 21 Packer................................. 18 K nitter................................ 28 Presser................................ 40 Coat maker.......................... 32 Machine operator, overalls. 21 ....... do.................................. 50 ....... d o.................................. 21 ....... do.................................. 25 ....... do.................................. 40 ....... do.................................. 41 ....... do................................... 30 Coat facer............................ 27 Finisher.............................. 40 Front maker....................... 34 Back maker........................ 40 Machine operator, overalls. 33 ....... do.................................. 24 ....... do................................... 32 ....... d o.................................. 16 Stamper.............................. 32 Pants maker....................... 39 Cuff maker.......................... 22 Machine operator, overalls. 1 Time lost due to voluntary vacation. * Time lost due to illness. * First employment. * N ot reported. Busy season. Av A v erage Aver erage Aver age Num hours age hours earn ber work earn work ings ings of ed ed per w ’ks. per per per week. week. week. week. Maximum hours. Per Per day. week. 150 52 *42 52 *24 *46 52 52 8* 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 $12.00 14.00 5.00 12.00 6.00 8.50 8.50 9.75 12 12 3 16 16 2 16 16 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 $15.00 18.00 7.00 15.00 8.50 9.00 9.75 11.50 11| 11 11 lli HI lli 11| lli 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 52 150 52 . 52 150 52 52 52 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 11.00 14.00 12.50 10.00 9.00 9.75 9.75 9.00 14 16 10 14 16 14 14 16 57 57 57 55# 57 57 57 57 12.50 19.00 15.00 12.00 11.00 11.55 11.55 11.55 HI HI 111 11| IV 11| H| HI 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 150 52 150 50 151 52 8$ 8§ 8f 8* 8 8 48 48 48 51 48 47* 11.00 12.00 12.00 13.40 8.50 8.80 16 4 16 8 1 4 57 57 57 57 57 56* 15.00 14.00 14.00 16.00 10.50 10.50 H| U 111 lli 11 11 57 57 57 57 57 56* 151 52 52 8 8 8 47 47 47 8.80 7.50 7.80 4 1 1 56 56 56 12.00 10.00 8.50 11 11 11 56 56 56 52 *48 52 *44 151 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 « 48 7 29 52 52 52 52 52 i 40 52 52 52 52 52 *16 52 52 52 52 *30 52 *20 52 11* 11.80 8 56 8* 50 14.00 12 49* 6.00 6 55* 9 6.50 12 49* 12 55* 12.00 9 13.00 12 49* 4 55* 7.80 9 8.00 12 55* 12 8.80 49* 9 9.50 8.50 43* 1 55* 10* 11.50 7* 12 49* 9 20.00 3 55* 21.00 8j : 51| 1 54§ 8.50 9.00 H| 11 5.50 8] 48 1 54 7.00 1 54 11 8 8.50 48 11.00 1 54 11| 48 7.50 8i 10.00 # 48 10.50 16 52* 11.55 lli 49* 8 12 9 7.30 52* 7.30 12 6.00 111 51 7.00 8l l 48 9 \ 5411 13.40 9 \ 54 10.40 9 54 8.90 9 54! 8.90 9 5451 8.80 54 • 9 6.00 54 i 11.80 9 54 9 11.80 9 54 . 10.40 54 ; 10.40 9 9 54 7.80 54 ■ 9 8.80 9 54 ; 5.90 9 54 13.00 54 ■ 9 9.90 9 54 ■ 8.90 54 6.40 9 9 54 ■ 8.80 9 54 ■ 5.00 54|f 8.80 96 Had had other employment. * Time lost due to illness and to voluntary vacation. 7 First employment in this industry. 56 55 55 55 55 55 55 54 54 54 54 54 52} 51 60 ABl BT IN Cl BULLETIN OP TH E BUREAU OP LABOR, -H O U R S OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORM. REASONS AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYM1 )U AL WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—SAN S H IR T S , O V E R A LLS, E T C .—6 establish m en ts—Continued. Normal season. 'urnter. 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 Occupation. 28 Machine operator, overalls. 26 ___ d o.................................. ___ do.................................. ___ do................................... 21 ___ do................................... 23 ___ do................................... 36 ___ do................................... 24 ___ d o.................................. 26 .......d o.................................. 28 Forewoman........................ 34 Machine operator, overalls. 30 Pants maker....................... 48 Repairer.............................. 37 Front maker....................... 18 Sleeve maker...................... 20 18 Cuff maker.......................... 36 Sleeve maker...................... 33 Pants maker....................... 48 ....... do.................................. 33 ....... d o.................................. 43 ....... d o.................................. 25 ....... do.................................. Forewoman........................ 31 Exam iner............................ 19 Machine operator............... 23 Instructor........................... 35 Machine operator................ 72 Seamstress.......................... 37 Machine operator, special.. Finisher............................... <2) 60 Machine operator................ 35 Machine operator, button hole.................................. 20 R iveter................................ 18 ....... d o.................................. 18 ....... do................................... 34 Machine operator, bu tton .. 30 General worker................... 52 Machine operator, overalls. 20 ....... do.................................. 39 Machine operator................ 32 Assistant forewoman.......... 19 Marker................................. Joiner................................... Feller................................... Machine operator, cuffs___ % Machine operator, button hole.................................. 54 Machine operator, cuffs___ 48 Shirt maker........................ 23 Front maker........... •........... Machine operator, button hole.................................. 35 Overall front maker........... 23 Machine operator, overalls. 40 Finisher............................... 31 Machine operator, overalls. 22 Finisher............................... 23 Machine operator, overalls. 20 ....... do................................... 35 ....... do................................... 35 ....... do.................................. 48 ....... d o................................... A v Aver A v AverWeeks em Usual erage age Num erage hours ployed. hours hours earn ber work eam work ings of ings ed ed per w’ks. per week. per week. week. 52 150 52 52 52 52 52 52 151 52 52 144 52 52 142 52 150 3 21 52 52 52 140 425 52 52 3 12 52 52 52 149 52 151 52 149 149 49 52 50 52 52 52 52 68 52 52 52 9* 9| 9* 9* 9* 9* 91 9$ 91 9| 91 9§ 9f n 9$ 9* 9{ 9| 9* 9§ 91 9* 9* 9* 9§ 9* 9* 9* 9* 9* H 543 18.80 . 54|• 8.80 . 54|• 5.90 . 8.80 . 54 54 . 8.80 . 54?> 8.80 . 6.70 . 54? 54 5.70 . 54 ; 7.40 . 54 ; 14.95 . 54 5.90 . 54?i 8.80 . 7.40 . 54 s 54? 11.50 . 54 5.80 . 54 8.80 . 54? 7.50 . 54? 3.00 . 54? . 7.40 . 543• 6.50 . 54 • 8.90 . 54 • 8.90 . 54 • 7.40 . 54? 1 14.95 . 54? 10.95 . 54? 8.00 . 54 ■ 10.45 . 54)1 .11.80 . 54 ! 7.45 . 54 • 12.00 . 54? 5.90 . 54 11.80 . If 94 9 9 9 9 54 54? 54; 54? ; 54? 54? 54? 54? 54 : 54?• 54 53| 53# 53* 8.80 7.40 7.40 7.40 15.00 8.80 6.90 8.00 7.40 10.45 5.90 5.40 8.50 11.80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 52 52 52 9 9 9 9 53* 53* 53* 53* 7.00 13.80 9.00 9.50 . . . . 52 52 150 322 140 52 52 130 148 52 52 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 9.80 7.40 5.90 7.40 10.40 9.50 5.90 11.80 5.80 5.90 7.90 . . . . i Time lost due to voluntary vacation. * Not reported. • First em ployment. Busy seasox 9} 9f 9* 9* 9§ 9| * Time lost due to illness. &Had had other employment. AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL. 461 .—HOURS OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND SEASONS AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF DUAL WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—SAN FRANCISCO, S H IR T S , O V E R A LLS, E T C .—6 establish m en ts—Continued. Normal season. lum ber. 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 Occupation. Machine operator, overalls. ....... d o.................................. ....... do.................................. ....... do.................................. ....... do.................................. ....... do...........; ...................... ....... d o.................................. Pants maker....................... Back maker................... Machine operator, overalls. ....... d o.................................. ....... do................................... ....... do.................................. Presser................................. Machine operator, overalls. ....... do................................... ....... do................................... ....... do.................................. Seamstress.......................... Machine operator, overalls. ....... do................................... ....... do................................... ....... do.................................. ....... do................................... ....... d o.................................. Repairer.............................. Collar maker....................... Shirt maker........................ Finisher............................... Forewoman........................ Machine operator, neck bands............................... Joiner.................................. Machine operator, sleeves.. Buttoner............................. Sleever................................. Machine operator, neck bands............................... Cuff maker.......................... Front maker....................... Stamper.............................. ....... do................................... Pinners................................ Finisher.............................. Braider................................ Trimmer............................. ....... do................................... Alterer................................. W inder................................ ....... do................................... Cutter.................................. W inder................................ Knitter................................ Picker.................................. Marker and tagger.............. Helper................................. Raveler............................... Cutter.................................. Finisher............................... Weeks em Usual ployed. hours per day. Busy season. A v A v erage Aver erage Aver age Num hours age hours earn ber work earn work ings of ings ed ed w 'ks. per per per per week. week. week. week. 140 52 52 144 135 52 148 52 150 151 144 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 2 12 52 52 150 52 52 52 4 49 25 52 *50 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8§ 8* 8§ 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 51§ 51 51 51 $8.90 7.45 5.90 7.40 10.30 5.90 8.80 7.40 10.00 7.40 8.80 8.80 7.40 7.95 7.90 7.40 5.90 7.50 7.40 5.80 5.90 8.00 5.80 7.40 5.90 8.45 5.00 7.40 5.40 13.90 52 8 34 8 25 «16 52 8* 8* 8} 8* 8* 51 51 51 50* 50* 8.00 10.80 10.50 3.45 4.00 Maximum hours. Per Per day. week. 48 8* 14.80 so* i si 50* •16 3.00 i 212 8* 50 4.00 i Si «25 50 5.90 _. 1 52 49f 8* 11.80 ( ... •26 9 49* 5.80 i 748 9 49} 4.30 ............ I.......... 49* 50 9 10.75 ............ 1.......... 49* 150 9 8.80 ............ ........... 4 50 9 49} 14.75 3 30 9 49* 7.30 1 1 •17 9 49* 4.50 ) 9 49} •17 5.50 j 52 9 49* 8.75 i 49* 8 17 9 5.10 ! 52 9 49} 6.30 49* •26 9 6.25 I 4 48 9 49* 5.80 i 3 48 9 49* 3.60 i 4 51 9 49} 5.80 1 '49} 9 9.80 150 9 49* 9.30 150 1 Time lost due to voluntary vacation. a First employment. 3 N ot reported. 4 Time lost due to illness. 8 Additional employment in another establishment, same industry, not reported. 3 Had had other employment. 7 Time lost due to illness and to voluntary vacation. B U L L E T IN OE T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R , -H O U R S OF LABOR AND EARNINGS DURING NORMAL AND IEASONS AND NUMBER OF WEEKS OF EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES—SAN FRANCISCO, S H IR T S , O V E R A LL S, E T C .—6 establish m en ts—Continued. Normal season. JVl. 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 Occupation. Seamer................................ Chief examiner................... Finisher............................... Machine operator, button.. Finisher.............................. Forewoman........................ Cutter.................................. Finisher............................... Cutter.................................. Finisher............ - ............... .......do.................................. Binder and trimmer.......... Finisher............................... .......do.................................. Feller................................... .......do.................................. Front maker....................... Machine operator, collars... Machine operator............... .......do................................... Back-pocket maker............ Finisher, pants................... ....... do.................................. Machine operator, collars.. Machine operator, sleeves.. Side seamer, pants............. Machine operator, tacker.. Checker............................... Collar maker....................... Inspector............................. Machine operator, b u tton .. Front maker....................... Y oker.................................. Coat maker.......................... Machine operator, collars.. Front maker....................... Collar sewer........................ Collar maker....................... Checker............................... .......do................................... Collar and shirt maker....... B ox pleater......................... Tacker................................. .......do................................... Presser................................. .......do................................... Sleeves................................. Presser................................. Cufl presser......................... Machine operator............... Forewoman......................... Machine operator, join er... Machine operator, sleeves.. Machine operator, side seams................................ Busy season. Av A v Aver Weeks erage Aver em Usual erage age Num hours age hours ployed. hours earn ber work earn per work ings ings o f ed ed per per w’ks. per day. per week. week. week. week. 119 52 s 50 *51 52 52 *50 52 4 17 49 52 52 52 52 *50 52 125 125 52 52 •51 *26 *50 125 52 52 50 •51 52 52 52 •12 52 • 51 •30 •50 52 52 *50 52 52 #51 52 52 52 •25 52 52 52 52 *40 7 42 52 52 131 52 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 49, 49» 49| 49? 49« 49? 49l 49* 49£ 49| a 491 48| 8 48 8 48 8 48 8i 48 a 48 a 48 a 48 a 48 8 48 8 48 8} 48 a 48 8i 48 8 ‘ 48 a 48 8 48 a 48 8 48 a 48 8 48 8 48 a 48 a 48 a 48 a 48 a 48 a 48 a 48 a 48 a 48 a 48 a 48 a 48 a 48 a 48 a 48 a 48 a| 48 a 48 48 a 8 8| $8.00 14.00 7.80 11.00 9.75 14.50 9.75 10.75 5.00 12.50 15.75 10.80 48 80 11.00 9.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 9.50 12.00 5.40 7.50 8.75 11.80 aoo 9.75 11.30 9.75 9.75 14 50 9.75 aoo 5.75 5.75 7.25 9.75 75 75 75 a a a so a 6.85 aso 6.75 3.50 3.00 7.00 7.50 4 25 14 00 12.00 9.50 12.00 20.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 1 First employment. * Time lost due to illness and to voluntary vacation. * Time lost due to voluntary vacation. * Had had other employment. * N ot reported. * Time lost due to illness. 7 Laid off 8 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation. Maximum hours. Per Per day. week. H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S O P W O M E N W O R K E R S I N M D . A N D C A L . 463 T able I V .— HOURS OF LA B O R AND EARNIN GS D U RIN G NORM AL AN D BU SY SEASONS AND NUM BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF IN D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.—Continued. S H IR T S , O V E R A LLS, E T C .—6 establish m en ts—Continued. Normal season. Num Age. ber. 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 25 21 32 21 60 39 25 34 21 38 33 35 26 29 20 35 32 26 21 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 23 19 45 23 34 60 22 28 25 18 18 19 45 288 289 20 19 290 291 292 25 30 40 293 294 40 24 295 296 297 298 27 23 21 25 299 300 301 302 303 30 35 35 40 21 304 305 306 307 25 22 17 16 Occupation. Machine operator, sleeves.. Machine operator, pockets. Machine operator, button.. ....... do.................................. Tacker................................. Machine operator, collars.. Machine operator............... Machine operator, collars.. Machine operator....... .— ....... do.................................. ....... do.................................. Machine operator, fronts... Machine operator, pleats. . . Machine operator, seams. . . ....... do.................................. ....... do.................................. Machine operator, cuffs----Machine operator, pockets. Machine operator, neck bands............................... Machine operator, sleeves.. Machine operator, hemmer. Body ironer........................ Machine operator, bosom s.. Folder ana presser.............. Button sewer, hand.......... Packer................................. Presser and folder.............. Presser................................ ....... do.................................. ....... do.................................. Machine operator, collars... Machine operator, button hole.................................. ....... do.................................. Machine operator, side seams................................ ....... do................................... Machine operator, join er... Machine operator, front seams................................ Machine operator, join er... Machine operator, collar bands............................... Machine operator, cuffs— Machine operator, inseams. Machine operator, join er... Machine operator, side seams................................ Machine operator, join er... Machine operator, fronts... Machine operator, pan ts... Machine operator, h em s... Machine operator, neck bands............................... Machine operator, seam s... Machine operator, hem s.... Machine operator, button.. ....... do.................................. Weeks em Usual ployed. hours per day. Busy season. Av Av erage Aver erage Aver age age hours hours earn ber work earn work ings of ings ed ed w’ks. per per per per week. week. week. week. 139 52 52 52 52 52 >44 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 *46 4 26 *51 8| $ 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 $9.00 11.00 8.50 8.00 3.00 12.00 17.00 6.50 14 00 10.00 10.00 8.00 10.50 11.00 10.50 12.00 8.50 12.00 52 *48 139 52 52 52 52 *50 52 18 120 125 52 Si & 8 8 8 8 s\ 81 8 8 81 81 8] 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 20.00 12.00 6.50 8.80 11.80 12.50 2.50 9.00 10.00 7.00 5.00 7.50 11.75 52 *50 8$ 8| 48 48 10.15 11.75 *46 *44 <40 8§ 8f 8f 48 48 48 8.00 15.00 11.00 52 52 8i 8| 48 48 12.00 8.00 *48 52 *39 52 8f 8| 8f 8§ 48 48 48 48 9.00 8.50 10.00 11.00 *51 52 52 52 132 8 8 8 8 8 48 48 48 48 48 12.00 15.00 12.00 12.00 6.00 52 52 4 22 *49 135 8 8 8 8 8 48 48 48 48 48 11.00 9.50 10.50 7.30 4 20 1 First employment. * Time lost due to voluntary vacation. * Time lost due to illness. 4 Had had other employment. 6 Laid off 2 weeks; rest of time lost due to voluntary vacation. * Laid off 3| weeks; rest of time lost due to illness. Maximum hours. Per Per day. week. BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR, .—HO URS OF L A B O R AND E ARN IN G S D U RIN G N O RM AL A N D SEASONS A N D NU M BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM EN T OF D U AL WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STR IE S— SAN FRANCISCO, Continued. S H IR T S , O V E R A LLS, E T C .—6 establish m en ts—Continued.1 Normal season. uei. 308 300 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 Occupation. Barrer.................................. Shirt buttoner.................... Joiner.................................. Machine operator, fronts... ....... do.................................. Suspender maker............... B ib maker........................... Suspender maker............... B ib maker........................... B ib hemmer........................ Sleeves................................. Front maker....................... ....... do.................................. ....... do.................................. ....... do.................................. ....... do.................................. Back maker........................ Machine operator, inseams. Machine operator, fronts.. ....... do.................................. Machine operator, cuffs— Coat maker......................... Machine operator, fronts.. Coat maker......................... Machine operator, cuffs___ Machine operator, fronts... Machine operator................ Pants maker...... ................ Machine operator................ Folder................................. Machine operator, join er... Suspender maker................ B oxpleater......................... Collar maker....................... ....... do.................................. Joiner.................................. Collar maker....................... Sleever.........: ...................... Collar maker....................... Neckband ironer................ Starcher............................... Packer................................. Button sewer...................... Machine operator, collars . . Machine operator, neck bands............................... Collar maker....................... Front maker....................... Machine operator, overalls. ....... do................................... ....... d o.................................. Machine operator, backs... Machine operator, overalls. ....... do................................... ...^ .d o .................................. Weeks em Usual ployed. hours per day. Busy season. A v Av Aver erage Aver age Num erage age hours earn hours ber work earn work ings of ings ed ed per w’ks. per per per week. week. week. week. 121 118 a8 117 52 8 39 444 52 52 52 52 52 550 550 150 50 8 44 <46 <42 52 124 544 <51 125 <35 <44 48 550 8 34 52 52 <48 544 49 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 40 52 52 52 525 48 8! $! 48 8f •48 8| 48 48 8f 8f 48 8| 48 8| 48 8f 48 48 8f 48 8f 8| 48 8§ 48 8f 48 8| 48 8§ 48 8| 48 ga 48 8| 48 48 8f 8§ 48 8| 48 ga 48 g§ 48 ga 48 48 8f 8J 48 g| 48 8| 48 gf 48 gf 48 8§ 48 gf 48 8§ 48 48 8f 8$ 48 gf 48 ga 48 gf 48 ga 48 48 8f ga 48 48 8f 8| 48 48 8f 8f 48 8| 48 8 47* $5.40 4.60 9.00 7.50 6.75 9.75 9.50 8.00 9.00 11.75 10.25 9.75 8.80 9.50 8.50 10.00 10.60 10.50 12.00 12.30 5.50 10.00 9.75 6.00 13.00 11.00 8.75 11.75 8.50 8.50 9.00 9.50 8.00 7.00 8.50 8.00 14.80 5.00 10.00 6.00 10.00 12.00 10.00 7.90 9.80 8.80 3.00 13.40 52 52 110 530 5 36 5 36 5 30 <44 5 37 78 544 548 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 47* 47* 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 8.90 7.00 7.50 5.90 7.40 3.00 5.90 4.00 7.40 7.40 5.00 5.00 hours. Per Per day. week. .........1.......... i l ... . ! ; i ............ i ..................... | I ! .........'............. 1..................... 1 1 First employm ent. 8 First em ploym ent since marriage. 8 Had had other em ploym ent. <Time lost due to illness. 5Time lost due to voluntary vacation. « Time lost due to illness and to voluntary vacation. 7First employm ent during year eovere d. i ............ i ..................... ......i , i i i AND EARNINGS OF W O M E N WORKERS IN MD. AND CAL. 465 iE IV.—HOURS OF L A B O R A N D EARN IN GS D U RIN G NORM AL A N D rSY SEASONS AND NUM BER OF W EEK S OF EM PLOYM ENT OF D IV ID U A L WOMEN IN SELECTED IN D U STRIES— SAN FRANCISCO, L .— Concluded. S H IR T S , O V E R A LLS, E T C .—6 establish m en ts—Concluded. Normal season. [um ber. Age. 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 376 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 18 21 32 17 19 25 34 27 23 20 (*) 34 35 23 17 34 23 45 36 25 24 40 31 33 35 35 43 16 17 17 16 17 39 23 60 Occupation. Machine operator, special.. Joiner.................................. Pants maker....................... Front maker....................... Cuff maker.......................... Coat h a n d .......................... Machine operator, overalls. Tacker................................. Hemmer.............................. Collar mftlrftr....................... Collar and neckband maker Presser................................ Button sewer...................... Placket maker.................... Shirt maker........................ Presser, boxer, and finisher. Alteration hand................. Buttonhole m aker............ Shirt nlaker........................ Forewoman........................ Custom worker................... Machine operator, collars.. Buttonhole m aker............ Collar maker....................... Bander................................ Riveter................................ ....... do.................................. Sleever................................ Machine operator............... Feller.................................. Machine operator, overalls. Machine operator, collars.. Machine operator, overalls. Av Aver A v- AverWeeks em Usual erage age Num hours age ployed. hours hours earn ber work earn work per ings of ings ed ed day. per per w ’ ks. per per week. week. week. week. 52 150 52 144 52 *8 52 52 52 52 50 26 52 26 >44 151 52 52 151 150 150 52 33 425 150 52 »44 52 52 *13 52 •13 149 *50 140 1Time lost due to voluntary vacation. * First employment. * N ot reported. Busy season. 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 81? 81f 8jr 8• 8: si • 8j■ 8r 8: 8 8J 7* 8 8 7) 7 74 6 6 5} 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 46f 464 m 464 464 46| 464 464 464 464 464 464 464 444 444 44 44 43 43 394 394 39 354 33{ 33 Mfyx-imnm hours. Per Per day. week. $10.25 7.40 11.50 7.90 5.90 4.50 8.50 10.80 7.40 8.00 14.50 9.60 6.37 12.87 9.75 9.80 8.30 12.75 8.80 11.75 10.75 14.75 8.00 5.00 11.00 9.75 12.50 5.90 5.80 3.50 6.00 6.00 490 7.30 3.50 4 First employment in this industry. * Time lost due to illness. * Had had other employm ent. EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN MABYLAND INDTJSTBIES. BY M A B IE L . OBENAUER AND M A RY CO N YN G TO N . INTRODUCTION. When the inquiry into hours and earnings o f women in selected industries in Maryland, the report on which is presented in the early pages o f this Bulletin, was begun there was no thought o f including children; it was to be simply an investigation o f certain conditions affecting women. But as the facts gathered were studied it became evident that the work of children was so closely connected with the work of the women that it could hardly be ignored. Children were working side by side with their elders, sometimes as helpers, some times as independent workers, performing the same operations, keep ing the same hours, subject to the same physical and moral influ ences from their environment; in brief, undergoing in every respect the women’s experiences. To discuss the employment o f the women and to om it the children altogether would give such jtn incom plete and misleading picture of the industries studied that, in the light of the data gathered, such a course seemed impossible. But since the investigation had been carried on with a view to the study o f women only, the inform ation on other points was naturally imperfect and unsatisfactory. The children had been included only in so far as their employment affected the earnings or the work of women. Consequently the present article is based on facts gathered almost incidentally in the course o f an inquiry undertaken for another purpose. Its incompleteness is fully realized, but in spite o f obvious omissions it is believed that the facts here presented are sufficiently striking and significant to justify the insertion o f this article. CHILDREN IN THE CANNERIES. A few words o f explanation may be required as to the reasons for giving so much more space to children in the canneries than in the other industries investigated. In the first place, the latter have been studied and reported upon a number o f times by a number of different agencies, so that conditions in them are better known than those o f the canneries. Secondly, conditions in the other industries are more standardized than in the canning business. As a result o f this, fewer young children are em ployed, their hours do not fluctuate EM PLOYM ENT OP CHILDREN IN MARYLAND INDUSTRIES. 467 so violently, and their work is already to some extent regulated and supervised, so that these industries do not so much need consideration. And, finally, the fact that the canneries are practically exem pt from all age restrictions upon child labor from the beginning of June to the middle of October renders the industry peculiarly worthy of study as an illustration o f the results of nonregulation. Taking up, then, the canning industry, the investigation shows three groups o f children affected by it— the children in the canneries at work, the children in the canneries not at work, and the children left in the country camps while their elders are at work in the can neries. It is with the first of these groups that this study is princi pally concerned, but a few words may be given to the others. NONWORKING CHILDREN IN THE CANNERIES. Children too small to work and babies are frequently brought into the canneries because their mothers have no place to leave them outside. Again and again the individual slips used to secure the data contain such items as “ W oman has one helper, 9 years old; has three other children with her in the plant, one 5 years, another 2 i years, and the third 18 months old.” “ Girl 4 years old and boy of 2 stay in plant with mother.” “ Has 8-year-old helper; also has with her two younger children, one aged 3 years, the other 6 months.” As a cannery is not designed for day-nursery purposes, these children naturally fare badly. A reference to the descriptions o f the preparing sheds and rooms given on pages 360,361,368 of this Bulletin will show how utterly unsuited they are for the accom m odation of young children. The babies are laid down wherever space can be found for them, while those a little older play about as best they can. “ A great many children too small to work were playing about the room, and babies were asleep on overturned boxes.” “ About 20 children stood about on the wet, sloppy floor; some napped on boxes or on the floor, but the m ajority wandered aimlessly about the dirty, unattractive yard, so as to remain within the m others sight.” “ Tom ato baskets were piled so close to the skinning tables that there was no dry space left for the little children to be- placed. Some were in boxes, others were in baby buggies in the com ers, others toddled about on the floor, which was very wet and sloppy.” It seems reasonable to suppose that this custom of bringing children into the plants may be in part responsible for the very early age at which some of them begin working as helpers. They are there any how, so why shouldn’t they make themselves useful, is an argument which would inevitably appeal to the mother, who as a pieceworker— and all the women in the preparing department are pieceworkers— sees a cash value in the assistance o f even the smallest child. 468 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. NONWORKING CHILDREN IN CANNERY CAMPS. Y et, notwithstanding the drawbacks to the presence o f these children in the canneries, unquestionably, in some o f the country neighborhoods, they are safer there than in the places available out side. Nineteen o f the thirty-three country canneries visited brought workers from Baltimore and provided sleeping quarters for them. In about one-third o f these cases the sleeping quarters were so located that children left in them were in sight o f their mothers in the prepar ing sheds and could play about in perfect safety. In the remainder the camps were so situated that children left in them were more or less dangerously isolated. Sometimes the workers would arrange among themselves to leave an older child at the camp in charge o f the younger ones, but sometimes these older children were themselves so young as to need guardians. In one case where the camp was out o f sight o f the cannery the investigators found four little girls, their age's ranging from 5 to 10 years, playing about with no older person in charge. The door of an unused sleeping shack stood open, and on the floor within, a man lay asleep. No other instance was found quite so suggestive o f danger as this, but it was not uncommon to find small children in camps out o f sight and hearing of their elders. These were in country districts where the investigators, adult women, were warned that it was unsafe for them to walk outside the village alone. CHILDREN WORKING IN THE CANNERIES. N U M B E R O F C H IL D R E N A T W O R K . Turning now to the third class, it is a striking fact that as soon as any inquiry is made about children em ployed in canneries the seeker for information is assured in nine cases out o f ten that there are no such children. “ W e never em ploy children; we let women bring their children in with them because they've no place to leave them and w ouldn't come themselves if we didn't." “ W e don't hire children; the parents bring them in sometimes to help, but w e've northing to do with that." “ W e don't want children; they're only an annoyance to us, but if we tried to keep them out we couldn't get workers." These and similar statements are the usual responses to interrogations on this subject. Only occasionally is an employer encountered who admits hiring children. But if the question concerns children working in the canneries, a very different response is inevitable. The helper system, described in the preceding article (pp. 353, 354), accounts for the presence of large numbers o f children who, though not em ployed by the proprietors, are working quite as zealously as the older members of their families who are employed. As there is no pay roll or other record of these children, their number can only be estimated. The investigation dealt with those parts of the work carried on by the women, i. e., preparing, packing, and labeling, wholly om itting those parts carried on by men and boys. Children were not observed working at packing EM PLO YM EN T OF CHILDREN IN MARYLAND INDUSTRIES. 469 or labeling. In the work of preparing, they were numerously engaged. Considering as children all those 14 years o f age or under, the agents who visited the canneries felt that a conservative estimate would place their number at one-fourth that o f the women. The individual slips filled out in the canneries show that in getting the records of 586 adults (counting as adults those 15 years of age or over) the agents secured information concerning 189 children working with them either as helpers or as independent employees. This would indicate that the children were nearly one-third as numerous as the women. The number and proportion of children at work differs widely from cannery to cannery, depending considerably on the attitude of the owner. “ I’ve got about as many children as women here,” said one owner, disregarding the usual distinction between employing the children and merely permitting them to work, and fully accepting the responsibility for all within his plant. In another case the pro prietor stated that he made a special effort to secure workers who either had no children or would agree not to bring them into the plant, and his cannery showed a noticeably smaller number than usual of children working. Speaking generally, however, the above estimate would represent the average proportion of children in the 42 estab lishments visited. C H A R A C T E R O F C H IL D R E N ’ S W O R K . In general, the canners, while admitting that numbers o f children are working as helpers in their plants, assert that they do not take their work seriously. “ They work when they feel like it and when they get tired they stop, or go out and play,” was a very common statement. But notwithstanding the frequency with which this assertion was offered, there seemed abundant reason for believing that the child helpers, with occasional exceptions, remained in the cannery as long and worked as steadily as their elders. The grounds for such a belief may be thus summarized: 1. The scale of wages for pieceworkers— and the helpers were found wholly among the pieceworkers— demands the steady work of the child as well as the adult to secure a wage approximating that of the time workers. This point is discussed at some length in the preceding article (pp. 358 and 365), so it need only be mentioned here. 2. The work places are arranged to provide for the children as fully as for the adults. In the canneries with modern equipment, where conveyors bring the fruits or vegetables to a long table in which each worker has her sink-like depression to work over, the child helpers had their assigned places as uniform ily as the adults. Where such conveniences were lacking and the workers were crowded to gether, with the material piled on a long bench in front of them, again 18544°— No. 96— 12----- 9 470 BULLETIN OE TH E BUREAU OE LABOR. the children had their stations, with boxes in some cases arranged so as to bring them up to the level o f the table o r bench. During a drive, space around a cannery table is quite too valuable to be wasted on workers who do not stick to their jobs. In some cases the workers were so crowded that the agents had difficulty in getting sufficiently near them to fill out the tabulation slips. Under such conditions, it seems hardly reasonable to believe that a manager would give up one-fourth, more or less, o f his space to children who worked only when and as long as they felt inclined. 3. The children, with a very few exceptions, maintained that they came as early and stayed as late as their elders, and that they did not stop to play. There may be some question as to the weight which should be given such a statem ent com ing from a child perhaps too young to be reliable; but when a hundred or more, questioned independently, agree, their testim ony deserves at least consideration. 4. The observations of the agents making the investigation all went to show that the children worked steadily. The agents were in the canneries at all times o f day, sometimes for half a day at a stretch, but they never happened to see a helper leave his work and start o ff to play. This is, o f course, purely negative testimony, but the fact that the helpers, when seen, were always working hard and steadily is not without significance. They did sometimes see a child lagging at its work, in which case it would be sharply called to order by the older person it was helping. 5. The time at which the children begin work is entirely incon sistent with any theory of their mingling work and play in the casual fashion ascribed to them. I f they are working only to amuse them selves it is incredible that they should be going into the cannery at 5 or 4 o ’clock, and even earlier in the morning. Y et the children and the mothers agreed that the children came to work with the other employees. To test this statement, agents stationed themselves near the entrances of several canneries on the morning of September 20, 1911, to see whether any children went in early. The first comers were two boys, obviously under 12, their ages estimated at 8 and 10 years, respectively, who went into a cannery at 3.45 a. m. Between that hour and 5 a. m. 115 children were seen entering, their apparent ages ranging from 5 to 15 years. Approxim ately two-thirds were plainly under 12. Some o f these children may have been taken in for lack of any place to leave them, just as were the babies in arms who were car ried in. But this explanation would not apply to the children o f 7 o r 8, or older, who were seen hurrying along entirely by themselves. The children were not followed into the factories and watched to see whether they worked all day long; it is conceivable that they went in, worked a few hours, and then came out again. But since work was EM PLO YM EN T OF CHILDREN IN MARYLAND INDUSTRIES. 471 going on until the evening, common sense suggests that if these chil dren had intended to spend only a few hours working, they would have taken those hours at a more convenient time, and not have cut short their morning sleep for the sake of being in the cannery before 5 o’clock. 6. Finally, from time to time, employers themselves would make unguarded admissions concerning the amount of work done by chil dren and their value in the canneries. “ I get a commission on all the help I bring in ,” explained one row boss, “ 50 cents a head for grown-ups, and 25 cents for children. ” Another employer, explain ing that long hours didn’t hurt the cannery women, said that they would resent any limitation of time because “ they are greedy and want to make all they can, and they make the children work along with them .” In another case, “ M r.----------stated that he had about as many children as adults, ‘ and the children know how to work, too.’ He pointed out one small boy who, he said, husked 20 baskets of corn a day. The child later said the same thing, and gave his age as 10 years. M r.----------used this instance to show what he was doing to train children in industry.” Few of the owners were as frank as this one, but indications were not lacking that they shared his appre ciation o f children as workers. It will be seen that there is no absolute and definite proof that the children work as long hours as the adults. In the absence o f pay roll data, such proof could be secured only by going into the plants and watching the children from the time they come in until they leave, which was not done. Nevertheless, the cumulative force of the above indications is sufficient to warrant a belief in the children’s statements that they “ work right along w ith” their elders, and whenever such a statement was made the hours of the helper have been counted in the following tables the same as those of the worker whom she was aiding. N U M B E R , A G E , A N D S E X O F C H IL D R E N S T U D IE D . In the course of the investigation information was gathered con cerning 189 workers 14 years old or younger. Of these, 53 were independent workers1 drawing their own earnings, 37 were helpers for whom individual tabulation slips had been made out, and the re mainder were helpers who had been noted on the slip of the worker whom they helped. This latter fact explains the failure to give the sex in some instances; occasionally a slip simply contained the state ment that there were so many helpers of such ages. If the helper’s work differed in hours or length of season or any other detail from 1In this chapter “ independent worker” denotes a child drawing her own pay, whether or not she had a helper. 472 BULLETIN OF TH E BUBEAU OF LABOR. that of the helped, the fact was noted, so that sex is the only matter in which there are serious omissions. The following table shows the number, age, and sex, as far as re ported, of these children: AGE, SEX, AND NUMBER OF CHILDREN IN CANNERIES. [The investigation was carried on in the late summer and fall of 1911, but the period for which information was gathered was the year preceding May, 1911. To get the age during the period of investigation, one year was subtracted from the age given in August or September, 1911.] Age. 5 years.................. 6 years.................. 7 years.................. 8 years.................. 9 years.................. 10 years................. Boys. Girls. 1 1 2 4 5 1 2 2 6 6 13 Sex not re Total. ported. 1 2 6 8 6 6 4 3 10 18 17 20 Sex not re Total. ported. Boys. Girls. 11 years............... 12 years............... 13 years............... 14 years............... 2 2 4 2 19 20 17 20 11 6 5 3 32 28 26 31 Total......... 24 111 54 189 Age. The extremely low ages of a few children shown in this table, while striking, are of less real significance than the low-age level of the whole group. In the very nature of things the utilization of children of 5 must be exceptional.1 But the age com position of this group shows that it is anything but exceptional for children to be working at ages which, though not so extreme, are much below those usually considered safe or right. Maryland fixes the legal age for beginning work at 12, which may be taken as an indication that it is considered harmful to the interests of the community as a whole to let children younger than this enter industry. Yet less than half of these children (85, or 45 per cent) have reached this age, and nearly one-third (72, or 32.8 per cent) are not over 10. Owing to the helper system and the period of exemption, there is no violation of law necessarily involved in these facts, but the physical effect upon the children can not be thus evaded or set aside.i i That children as young, as this are not only at work, but sometimes actually employed, was, however, shown b y the pay roll of one establishment visited, which contained among the time workers the names of 4 boys ranging from 5 to 11 years old. On being questioned about these ages, the employer declared they were given correctly. EM PLOYM EN T OF C H IL D R E N I N M ARYLAND IN D U S T R IE S . 473 HOURS OF LABO R PER D AY. The following table shows the usual and the maximum daily hours of work for these children: USUAL D A IL Y HOURS AND MAXIMUM D A IL Y HOURS W O RKED EM PLOYED IN CANNERIES, B Y AGES. B Y CHILDREN USUAL HOURS. Children who worked— Age. 5 years.......................... ........... 6 years...................................... 7 years...................................... 8 years...................................... 0 years...................................... tft years..... ..................... 11 years..................................... 12 years..................................... 13 vears..................... .............. 14 years.................................... Total............................... 8 hours 9 hours 10 hours 11 hours 12 hours Under 8 and under and under and under and under and hours. 9 hours. 10 hours. 11 hours. 12 hours. over. 1 1 4 4 1 3 1 4 3 1 1 6 5 7 13 18 23 11 18 2 6 4 6 10 3 10 9 22 103 53 2 1 2 1 4 Total. 4 3 19 1 17 17 20 131 28 1 25 130 3 1 1 *184 MAXIMUM HOURS. Children who worked Age. 5 years.............. ......................... 6 years....... ....... .............. 1___ 7 years....................................... 8 years....................................... 9 years....................................... 10 years..................................... 11 years..................................... 12 years..................................... 13 years..................................... 14 years..................................... Total............................... 9 hours 10 hours 11 hours 12 hours 13 hours 14 hours 15 hours and and and and and and and Total. under 10 under 11 under 12 under 13 under 14 under 15 over. hours. hours. hours. hours. . hours. hours. i 1 2 1 5 1 1 4 1 7 4 6 10 5 9 3 9 5 6 13 6 7 7 48 59 3 3 2 4 2 4 6 3 1 2 1 5 5 7 4 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 24 30 10 1 3 4 3 39 3 17 17 20 3 31 28 3 25 *29 57 6 183 1 2 1 Not including 1 child, usual daily hours not reported. * Not including 5 children, usucl daily hours not reported. a Not including 1 child, maximum daily hours not reported. * Not including 2 children, maxiumm daily hours not reported. 6 One child, aged 6, had maximum daily hours of between 16 and 17, and 2 children, aged, respectively 11 and 13, of between 17 and 18. « Not including 6 children, maximum daily hours not reported. In considering these hours the exceeding irregularity of the work must be borne in mind. The usual day does not mean the day which the worker might normally expect, but only the length of the day which occurred more frequently than any other. Some idea of the fluctuations in the daily hours is gained by comparing the usual with the maximum daily hours. Twenty-seven (14.8 per cent) of 474 BU LLETIN OE TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. the children for whom these hours are reported have a usual day of less than 10 hours, but only 5 (2.7 per cent) are not called upon to work 10 hours or over on occasion. Only 1 child has a usual day of 12 hours, but nearly two-fifths of the group (71, or 38.6 per cent) give 12 hours or more as a maximum day. The length o f the child’s working day depends partly upon the amount of work to be done and partly upon its parents’ attitude. From those having the less striking maximum hours, the agents occasionally received the halfapologetic explanation of the comparatively early hours at which their long days ended: “ Mother won’t let me work after 6 o ’clock,” or 8, or 9, as the case might be. These were exceptions, however; in general, the children expected to be on duty as long as their elders were. Sometimes then hours were even longer than the adults. A mother, for instance, might sometimes stay out for a few hours to do the fam ily washing, or to care for a sick child, or for some other reason, but, in such cases, the helpers would go steadily on with their work. HOURS O F LABO R P E R W E E K . The weekly hours show even more plainly than the daily hours the irregular and fluctuating character of the work. The table following shows the average number of working hours per week for each child, the average being taken for its whole working season, and the maxi mum number of hours worked during the rush weeks: AVERAGE W E E K L Y HOURS AND MAXIMUM W E E K L Y HOURS W O R K E D B Y CHILDREN IN CANNERIES, B Y AGES. AVERAGE HOURS. Children who worked— Age. 30 hours and un der 40 hours. 6 years____ 6 years____ 7 years-----8 years-----9 years-----10 years__ 11 years— 12 years — 13 years___ 14 years.. . 2 4 4 3 3 3 5 5 29 Total 40 hours and un der 48 hours. 1 1 3 1 5 11 4 4 30 48 hours and un der 54 hours. 1 1 4 5 3 10 11 7 8 6 56 54 hours and un der 60 hours. 60 hours and un der 66 hours. 2 1 3 4 7 5 3 1 G 66 hours and un der 72 hours. 1 5 3 *9 1 i 17 17 20 131 28 5 4 9 2 3 1 123 4G 21 2 8 181 C 1 Not including 1 child, average weekly hours not reported. 2 Not including 5 children, average weekly hours not reported. Total. i 30 475 EM PLOYM ENT OF CHILDREN IN MAKYLAND INDUSTRIES. A V E RAG E W E E K L Y HOURS AND MAXIMUM W E E K L Y HOURS W O R K E D B Y CHILDREN IN CANNERIES, B Y AGES—Concluded. MAXIMUM HOURS. ! ; Children who worked— 40 hours and under 48 hours. Age. 48 hours and under 54 hours. 54 hours and under 60 hours. 60 hours and under 66 hours. 1 5 years___ 6 years___ 7 years___ 8 years----9 years----10 years.. . 11 years.. . 12 y ears... 13 years.. . 34 years.. . 2 5 1 1 i* 1 1 1 4 4 2 72 hours and under 78 hours. 78 hours and under 84 hours. 4 ............ 12 .......... 4 ............ 1 1 12 9 10 1 1 2 11 1 6 9 64 76 6 18 2 2 84 hours to 90 hours. 3 7 4 13 14 5 31 1 ' " ' * 2 1 ........ Total 2 66 hours and under 72 hours. 11 1 3 1 3 5 1 Total. 4 3 l19 17 17 29 131 1 28 125 3 *184 139 i Not including 1 child, maximum weekly hours not reported. * Not including 5 children, maximum weekly hours not reported. It will be noticed that the average weekly hours would not, for adults, be considered long. O f those for whom these hours were reported only 23 (12.5 per cent) worked 60 hours or over, while 59 (32.1 per cent) worked under 48 hours. B ut the maximum hours shown in the second part of the table indicate that this relatively moderate average was consistent with weeks of excessive overtime. Only 17 of these children (9.2 per cent) worked less than 60 hours during their long weeks, while 56 per cent (103 children) worked an average of 11 or more hours daily throughout these weeks. Com ment on these hours, as on the maximum daily hours, seems super fluous. F o r adults, they would be excessive; for children, they need no characterization. LEN GTH O F W O R K IN G SEASON. The statement is frequently made that the long hours are relatively unimportant because the working season is so brief. *1They only work two or three weeks anyhow; it’s not long enough to hurt them ,” was a frequent statem ent. 476 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . The following table shows, by ages, the length of the working period for each child: LENGTH OF W ORKIN G SEASON FOR CHILDREN IN CANNERIES, B Y AGES. Children who worked— Age. Under 4 weeks. 8 12 20 24 16 28 weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks 32 and and and and and and w ;eks under under under under under under and 12 24 8 20 28 16 32 over. weeks. weeks. weeks. weeks. weeks. weeks. weeks. 4 weeks and under 5 years.. 6 years... 7 years.. 8 years.. 9years.. 10 years. 11 years. 12 years. 13 years. 14 years. Total. 4 3 10 IS 17 20 32 28 26 31 67 Total.. 74 10 It appears that 7 of these children (3.7 per cent) worked for less than a month, and nearly two-fifths (74, or 39.2 per cent) worked under two months. In other words, three-fifths (115, or 60.8 per cent) worked for periods varying from two to over eight months. EFFECT OF W O R K ON SC H O O L A T T E N D A N C E . A question as to the effect of such working periods upon school attendance naturally suggests itself. The length of the school term differs from place to place, often being longer in city than in country regions. Many of these children, however, even when working in the country, came from Baltimore. Also, even for a country dis trict, an eight months’ session is not unusual, so it is probably a very safe assumption that if a child is at work before the beginning of June or after the end of September his school attendance suffers. Only 24 of these children had begun work in the canneries before the first of June, but a considerable number worked beyond the end of September. The table following shows, by ages, when their working seasons ended. EM PLOYM ENT OF CHILDBEN IN MARYLAND INDUSTEIES. 477 END OF W ORKING SEASON FOR CHILDREN IN CANNERIES, B Y AGES. 1 Not including 1 child for whom this feet was not ascertained. * Not including 2 children for whom this feet was not ascertained. * Not including 5 children for whom this feet was not ascertained. According to the Maryland law, school attendance is compulsory only until 12, so the older children need not have been at school had they not been in the canneries. It will be noticed, however, that the proportion of the younger children working after September is large. Of the 103 children under 12, for whom the date of ending work is reported, 87 (84.5 per cent) worked until some time in October or later. The Maryland child-labor laws and school-attendance laws conflict on this point, so it is difficult to say whether or not the absence of these children from school up to October 15 can be con sidered a violation of law. There is no question, however, that their .school work must suffer through this absence. W O RK DONE BY C H IL D R E N . W hat were these children doing in the canneries ? In the depart ments investigated, no children were found working about machinery, in the usual acceptation of that term. Some used small mechanical apple-parers, but the m ajority did not make even this approach to becoming machine operators. According to the season, they sorted spinach or hulled berries or picked over cherries, or peeled peaches, pears, and apples, skinned tomatoes, husked corn, and, in short, shared in whatever work of preparation was to be done, mean while running whatever errands their elders m ight demand, and, where mechanical conveyors or men were not employed, bringing fresh supplies and carrying awTay to the packers the fruit or vegeta bles when prepared. Husking com demands considerable muscular effort, but most of the work of the preparers is in itself rather light. Bringing supplies and carrying the filled buckets or baskets to the packing department is the heaviest work assigned the children. A t the time of the investigation tomatoes and com were both in full season. The buckets in which the skinned tomatoes were carried back held 40. pounds, while the baskets or crates for the husked corn held from 50 to 60. These are heavy loads for young children, 478 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUBEAU OF L A B O K . especially when they and their parents are stationed at the end of the preparing shed farthest from the packing department. Some times children, too small to carry their loads, were seen dragging them over the floor, and sometimes two would join forces to accom plish the task. In this respect the children generally fare worse in the city than in the country canneries, because the greater difficulty of securing help in the country tends to induce the owners to install im proved machinery, including the mechanical conveyors, which relieve the helpers of their heaviest task. The conditions, as to com fort and healthfulness, under which the children work, are precisely the same as in the case of the adults. As they are fully discussed in the preceding article, they need only be referred to here. See pp. 360-362, 368.) L E G A L IT Y OF EM PLOYM EN T. An inquiry into the legality of the work of these children reveals very few cases which can without hesitation be pronounced viola tions of law. This results from two causes: The helper system and the “ exem pted period.” The section of the Maryland law forbidding the em ploym ent of children under 12 in various occupations ends with the words, “ except in the counties, from June 1 to O ctober 15, in every^year.” This exem ption releases the country canneries from all legal restraints upon the age of children em ployed during four months and a half. The law itself makes no mention o f city canneries, but the officials charged with its enforcement have decided that since a city cannery may be situated within a block or two of one in a county, differing from the latter only in being within the city line, to apply the law to one and not to the other would be unfair dis crimination. Consequently, all canneries, no matter where situated, are held to be exem pt from the age provisions o f the child-labor law from the beginning of June to the middle of October. Where there is no law there can be no violation o f law, so during the greater part of the season it would be an im possibility for any children to be illegally em ployed in the canneries. The table giving the end of the working season, however, shows a number of children working later than O ctober 15. In general, these were either over 12, in which case their employment was perfectly legal, or else they were helpers, in which case they were not “ em ployed” at all, and their presence in the plant was held to be not in violation of the law. Only two clear cases of illegality were found. One independent worker of 11;was em ployed from August 26 to O cto ber 29, her employment during the last two weeks of this period being unlawful; and another independent worker, also 11 years old, worked from April 6 to December 5, being illegally em ployed for 7 f weeks before the exempted period began, and for 7 weeks after it ended.1i i Of the 53 independent workers, 37 were 12 years of age or over, and so might legally work the whole year round; 14, who were under 12, worked only during the exempted period. EM PLOYM ENT OF C H I L D R E N I N M A R Y L A N D IN D U S T R IE S . 479 As the investigation was not primarily concerned with children, the facts as to residence were not obtained which would have made it possible to say how far the school-attendance law was violated by the retention of the helpers under 12 in the canneries after the close of the exempted period. Nineteen children under 12, the 2 independ ent workers just referred to and 17 others, were so retained. F oi the 19 under 12 years of age the ages and the time at which their work ended were as follow s: Number of children. 1.............. 1.............. 4.............. 4.............. ' Date of ending work. Age. 6 7 8 9 Nov. 9. Nov. 2. Oct. 31, Oct. 31, Nov. 9, Dec. 10. Oct. 21, Nov. 15, Dec. 6, Dec. 10. Number of children. 2............ 7............ Age. IJate of ending work. 10 11 Oct. 20, Oct. 31. Oct. 20, Oct. 29, Oct. 31, Nov, 2, Nov. 15, Dec. 5, Dec. 5. , Twelve of these same children had begun work in the canneries earlier than June 1. Concerning long hours the legal situation is clearer. The Mary land law contains a provision forbidding the employment of chil dren under 16 more than 10 hours a day. As far as the canneries are concerned, this law appears to be a dead letter. O f the whole group of children studied, there were but five who had not had a maximum day of over 10 hours, while 157 had had usual days ex ceeding this limit. The fact that some of the children were helpers would not affect the legal aspect of this situation, since the law care fully states that a child is neither to be employed or permitted or suffered to work more than 10 hours a day. Consequently, every case of maximum or usual daily hours in excess of 10 means a vio lation of the terms of the law. CHILDREN IN INDUSTRIES OTHER THAN CANNING. COMPARISON WITH CANNING INDUSTRY. Turning from the canneries to the other industries included in this study, a marked difference is observable in regard to the employment of children and their hours of work. The helper system disappears and with it the exceedingly young workers found in the canneries. W ork is steadier and hours more regular. Days of 14, 15, and 16 hours are not found among the children, but the average weekly hours are high. Children do not go to work at 5 or 6 in the morning, but in the rush season they keep on for one, two, or three hours after the usual closing time. Their work is carried on under the usual factory conditions. The three points o f interest touched upon in this inves tigation are the extent to which young workers are em ployed, their hours of labor, and the extent to which the child-labor law is disre garded in their employment. 480 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. NUMBER AND AGES OF CHILDREN EMPLOYED. On the first point it is difficult to speak definitely. In industries more or less seasonal, like those studied, the number em ployed fluc tuates considerably, and at the time this investigation was made— September— the busy season had not yet begun. “ If you had come a couple of months later you'd have found 50 per cent more girls and women here," said the manager of one confectionery establishment. To a large extent the extra force taken on in the rush season is com posed of young workers, so that the number found in the dull season would not be fully representative of the number em ployed. One manufacturer was asked, “ How can you get in enough extra help for your busy season, since the places aren't perm anent?" “ Oh, there's no trouble about th at," he replied, “ the girls w e've got already bring in their younger sisters, or their friends' younger sisters, as many as we need." Also, in taking the facts about the individual workers, the Bureau's agents were not looking for children; they were inves tigating the hours and wages of women, and, as far as they exercised any discrimination, it was to choose the older workers, so that again the number o f young workers shown would probably be unduly small. The following table shows by industries the whole number of workers questioned, the ages of those under 16, and the number and propor tion under 16 and under 14: NUMBER, AGE, AND PE R CENT OF W O R K E R S U N DER 16 Y E A R S OF A G E IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES, SEPTEM BER, 1911. [The ages as here shown are as given by the workers themselves; no verification obtained.] Workers in each industry. Age. Candy, biscuits, etc. Paper boxes. Shirts, overalls, etc. Under 12 years........................... ................................... 12"y e a r s ........................................................................ 13 y e a r s ......................................................................... 14 years........................................................................... 15 years........................................................................... 1 23 40 41 30 4 12 22 17 3 8 20 8 Total..................................................................... 135 55 Total number of workers investigated.............. Percentage workers under 16 form of whole number taken............................................................................ Percentage workers under 14 form of whole number taken............................................................................ 265 153* Straw hats. Total. 2 1 6 3 1 32 61 89 58 39 12 241 190 129 737 50.9 35.9 20.5 9.3 32.7 24.2 10.4 6.7 2.3 12.7 . It will be seen that the candy and biscuit and paper-box factories show a considerably larger proportion of young workers than the other two. There is a marked difference in this matter between establish ments. The following table, giving the number and proportion of girls under 16 in each establishment, both as stated b y the manager and as found among the individual workers questioned, shows the range o f variation. The proportion of those under 14 is also given; it will be noticed that the variation for these is greater than for those under 16. EM PLOYM ENT OF C H IL D R E N I N M A R Y L A N D IN D U S T R IE S . 481 NUMBER AND PE R CENT OF W O R K E R S UNDER 16 Y E A R S OF A G E IN IN D IV ID U A L ESTABLISHMENTS. Girls under 16 years of age. Industry and establishment number. Managers’ statement. Girls’ statement. Girls under 14 years of age: Girls’ statement. Percent Per cent Percent Number. of female Number. of female Number. of female workers. workers. workers. Candy, biscuits, etc.: No. 1....................................................... No. 2 ....................................................... No. 3....................................................... No. 4.................. ..................................... Paper boxes: No. 1...................................................... No. 2....................................................... No. 3....................................................... No. 4....................................................... 25 69 14.3 40.8 57 36 24 18 69.5 40.4 37.5 60.0 32 66.6 21.0 32 30 30 26.6 35.5 33.3 75.0 23 15 7 10 37.0 47.0 35.7 5 7 3 100 8 12 20.0 10 10 12 1 39.0 11.2 15.6 40.0 18.5 14.3 7.1 2.9 The situation as shown by these two tables seems to warrant esti mating the proportion of workers under 16 as varying from one-fifth to well over one-half of the total female employees in candy aiid bis cuit factories and from one-fifth to not far from one-half in paper-box factories. In the other two industries the proportion of young workers is so much smaller that the figures need no particular discussion. A striking fact brought out by the above table is the ignorance of the manufacturers themselves as to the number of young workers in their employ. Practically all these children claimed to be 12 or older; their employment was perfectly legal, and there was no reason for misrepresenting their number, yet the estimates given by the managers were widely out of the way, erring almost as much in the way of over statement as of under statement. The above tables show workers actually found in the various fac tories in September, 1911, from whom information was obtained. A considerable number of these, however, had not been employed in these places during the period covered by this investigation— the year ending April 30, 1911. Inform ation as to hours, etc., was gathered only with relation to this period, so that, in considering conditions of work, it is necessary to discard those persons not working in their present places earlier than May, 1911. Before discussing the hours and other data concerning these chil dren, it is necessary to say a word as to the age grouping. The age was given for September, 1911, but the period covered by the investi gation ended April 30, 1911. The great m ajority of the children studied (69.3 per cent) had been working for from six months to one year within the investigation period— that is, from 11 to 17 months before they were interviewed. Accordingly it seemed reasonable to secure their ages by subtracting one year from the age given in Sep tember. In four cases, however, in which a child gave its age as 12, and in one case in which it was 13, it was learned definitely that this was its age at the time it began work, and in these cases no subtraction 482 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A BO R. was made. Making these modifications, the number and ages of the children 14-years of age or younger are shown in the following table: NUMBER AND AGES OF CHILDREN IN SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES PR IO R TO M AY, 1911. Candy, biscuits, etc. Age. Shirts, overalls, etc. Paper boxes. Straw hats. Total. Under 12 years............................................................... 12 years........................................................................... 13 years........................................................................... 14 years........................................................................... 2 19 24 28 1 4 13 14 4 15 8 5 2 4 27 57 52 Total..................................................................... 73 32 27 8 140 1 Here, just as in the tables for those at work in September, 1911, the candy and biscuit and paper-box factories show more young workers than the other two industries. The proportion of workers 14 or under is for candy and biscuits, 40.3 per cent: for paper-boxes, 26.4 per cent; for shirts, overalls, etc., 16.1 per cent; for straw hats, 6.6 per cent; and for the whole group, 24.3 per cent. DURATION OR EMPLOYMENT. The importance of hours of labor depends to some extent upon the length of the working period. For the most part the children here studied worked continuously; the length of their working period prior to May, 1911, was as follows: LEN GTH OF W ORKIN G PERIO D PR IO R TO MAY, 1911. Children working periods of— Industry and age. Under 8 weeks. 16 weeks 24 weeks 36 to 52 and un and un weeks, der 24 der 36 weeks. weeks. inclusive. 8 weeks and un der 16 weeks. Candy, biscuits, etc.: Under 12 years... 12 years................ 13 years................ 14 years................ 2 19 24 28 14 Total. Paper boxes: Under 12 years. 12 years............. 13 years............ 14 years............ 36 4 13 14 ?! 14 Shirts, overalls, etc.: 12 years............... 13 years................ 14 years................ 32 4 15 8 l I Total. Straw hats: Under 12 years.. 12 years............ 13 yeans............ 14 years............ i i 18 4 !- i- 2 S Total........... 73 1 IIl! Total. Grand total. Total. 15 ! 15 I 29 ~140 EM PLOYM ENT OF C H I L D R E N I N M A R Y L A N D IN D U S T R IE S . 483 Less than one-third (30.7 per cent) of these children had been employed under six months in these establishments, and nearly onehalf had been there from nine months to a year. As all of them had been at work during the five months between the beginning of May and the time when this investigation was made, it is apparent that they stick to their jobs very steadily, getting the full effect of whatever conditions prevail in their respective industries. NORMAL HOURS OF LABOR. The following table shows the average number of hours worked per week during the normal season:1 NUMBER OF CHILDREN W ORKIN G DURING NORMAL SEASON, A V E R AG E W E E K L Y HOURS, B Y INDUSTRIES AND AGE. These figures represent the average of the actual hours worked. They are to a certain extent misleading, because, owing to the short hours of the slack season, a low weekly average is compatible with fairly long daily hours. Thus, the 12-year-old worker in the candy, biscuits, etc., industiy, whose average weekly hours are reported as under 48, had worked 8 weeks in the dull season. The daily hours were 9J, but she worked only 4 days a week, thus making a weekly average of but 38 hours. 1 The “ normal season” includes all the year except the period of overtime work. 484 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . The usual daily hours varied considerably. In the candy, biscuits, etc., industry in one establishment the usual day was 9 hours, in one 9£, and in the others 10. In the paper-box establishments visited the usual daily hours were 10; in shirts, overalls, etc., from to 10; and in straw-hat making, from 9 to 9£. Usually for a period varying from 9 to 13 weeks in the summer there would be a short day once a week, most commonly of 5 hours. In some cases no work was done on Saturday through the summer, and in others some reduction of hours was made on Saturday throughout the year. In spite of such reductions, the above table shows that over one-fourth (27.4 per cent) of the children 14 and under employed in making candy, bis cuits, etc., averaged 10 hours a day for 6 days a week throughout the season of normal work. The other industries show nothing like this proportion of young workers with continuous 10-hour days, but less than one-fourth of the whole group (32, or 22.8 per cent) averaged under 9 hours a day continuously. OVERTIME WORK. The question of overtime involves two factors: the length of the period through which it lasts, and the number of hours overtime per week or per day. Overtime is not uncommon among these younger workers. Of the 140 aged 14 or under, 52, or 37.1 per cent, had worked during the rush period more than 60 hours a week. The number working overtime, their ages, and the length in weeks of the overtime period are shown by industries in the following table: LENGTH OF OVERTIME PERIOD, IN W EEKS, O F CHILDREN IN SPECIFIED INDUS TRIES, B Y AGE OF W O R K E RS. Children working overtime— Industry and age. 1 week and un der 6 weeks. Candy, biscuits, etc.: Under 12 years..................... 12 years................................. 13 years................................. 14 years................................. 2 4 10 Total.................................. 16 6 weeks and un 13 weeks. 14 weeks. 15 weeks. 16 weeks. der 12 weeks. Total. 3 4 1 3 3 7 1 1 3 1 6 H 24 7 14 5 42 | Paper boxes: 12 years................................. 13 years................................. 14 years................................. 3 3 1 1 3 5 Total.................................. 6 1 1 8 Straw hats: 12 years................................. 13 years................................. 14 years.........................____ 2 2 Total.................................. 2 Grand total........................ 18 1 2 13 1 1 14 5 52 EM PLOYM ENT OF C H IL D R E N I N M A R Y L A N D IN D U S T R IE S . 485 It will be noticed that the overtime period is rather apt to be long. In candy, biscuits, etc., a trifle under two-fifths of the children (38.1 per cent) have a rush period of less than 6 vreeks, for 16.6 per cent it lies between 6 and 12 weeks, and for 45.2 per cent it is 15 weeks or over. Among the paper-box workers only 1 child had an overtime period of less than 8 weeks, but none were found working overtime more than 14 weeks. The average number of hours worked per week during the overtime period is shown in the following table: A V ERAG E W E E K L Y HOURS DURING PERIOD OF OVERTIME W O R K OF CHILDREN IN SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES, B Y AGE OF W ORKERS. Children working weekly average ofIndustry and age. 61 hours 66 hours 70 hours and and and under under under 66 hom*s. 70 hours. 72 hours. Total: Candy, biscuits, etc,: Under 12 years.......................................................................... 12 years................. .*.................................................................. 13 years..................................................................................... 14 years..................................................................................... 1 6 14 5 2 8 3 2 1 6 HI 24 Total..................................................................................... 21 15 6 42 1 Paper boxes: 13 years...................................................................................... 14 years..................................................................................... 3 5 3 5 Total...................................................................................... 8 8 Straw hats: 13 years..................................................................................... 2 2 i * One other child of 13 had worked overtime, i. e., over her usual hours, but as the whole number of hours worked in her overtime week was under 60 she is omitted from this table. While the above table shows the average weekly hours during the overtime periods, the daily hours can not be deduced from it. It is customary during the rush season to crowd the extra work into a given number of days, often 2 or 3. Sometimes, however, there will be overtime 5 days a week, with an extra amount on 1, 2, or 3 days. This often causes much longer days than are indi cated by the weekly average. Thus, the one child of 11 who worked overtime in the candy, biscuits, etc., industry was employed in an establishment where the regular day was 10 hours. For 13 weeks of her overtime she worked 10 hours a day 3 days a week, and 13 hours on the other 3; for 2 additional weeks at the height of the rush she worked 10 hours 1 day, and 13} on the other 5. Con sequently, her average of 70 hours a week throughout her rush season meant 41 days of 10 hours, 39 days of 13 hours, and 10 days of 13} hours. Five other cases were found of 13}-hour days occur ring five times a week; in two cases the period during which they 18544°— No. 96— 12----- 10 m B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUREAU OF L A B O R . occurred was 3 weeks long; in one ease, 4 ; and in two, 5 weeks long. Three of the children concerned were 13 and two 14 years old. ILLEGAL EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN. Overtime work was responsible for most of the illegalities noted. Three eases were found in which children had been at work below the legal age, 12 years. In one of these cases: a child giving her age in September, 1911, as 12 had been working for 34 weeks before May 1, another such child had been working 51 weeks before May 1, and in the third instance a child who said she was 12 years old in March, 1911, had been at work 12 weeks before the close o f the inves tigation period. A fourth child, who, in September, gave her age as 12 had been working for 21 weeks before May 1; the presumption is strong that she began work illegally early, but since the date of her birthday was not ascertained, no definite statement can be made. Concerning illegally long hours the last table shows the situation clearly. According to the Maryland law, no child under 16 may work over 10 hours a day in any factory or manufacturing business in any part o f the State, or in any mercantile business in Baltimore. It is manifestly impossible for a child to average over 60 hours a week without working more than 10 hours on at least one day, so that the average hours there shown necessarily involve illegal overwork. The individual tabulations show that 31 of these children worked on occasion days o f 12 hours (or 12 and a fraction), and 21 worked days o f 13 or 13 and a fraction hours. One child, it will be remem bered, was omitted from the overtime table, not having reached an average of over 60 hours. Nevertheless, in her 1 week o f overtime she worked 2 days o f 12| hours each. The attitude of the different establishments toward these illegally long hours was not uniform. The managers or proprietors, when giv ing the length of the overtime period and the usual overtime hours, usually put in the explanation; “ O f course, you understand that this applies only to those over 16; it’s against the law to work children under 16 more than 10 hours a day.” When the workers were ques tioned it became evident that in some establishments there was a real attempt to obey the law; a few children might be found who had worked more than 16 hours a day, but these cases were not numerous and might easily be accounted for as oversights or inadvertences. In other places it was apparent that little, if any, attention was paid to the matter and that violations of the law were numerous. In one factory a curious attempt was made to represent the long hours as legal. The manager had made the usual statement about n ot employing children under 16 more than 10 hours a day and the workers were being asked the customary questions. A forewoman who kept rather close to one of the agents gathering the information seemed EM PLOYM ENT OE C H IL D R E N I N M A R Y L A N D , IN D U S T R IE S /* 487 disturbed as one child after another gave hours for beginning and ending work and time taken for meals, which showed days of 12 hours or more. At last she interposed: “ These girls come at the same time as the others in the rush season, but they don’ t begin work till 9 o’clock.” “ What do they do in the interval ?” asked the agent. “ Oh, anything,” replied the forewoman, vaguely. “ Do you mean they sit idle for two hours every morning?” “ Oh, no,” said the forewoman, “ they sweep, or scrub, or do any thing like that we have for them to do, but they don’t begin their regular work till 9.” As the wages of the children concerned, who were pieceworkers, showed a marked increase during the overtime period, there seems considerable reason for doubting this explanation. Even if it were true, it is difficult to see how the law forbidding more than 10 hours’ work is obeyed by keeping a child at one occupation for an hour or so and at another for 10. In this particular establishment, however, the hour of beginning work, according to the manager’s statement, is 7.30 a. m., while during the overtime period these girls were in the factory 12§ hours a day from two to five times a week. If, there fore, they did not begin their “ regular work” until 9 o’clock, and if their employment at other work counted as no employment at all according to the intent of the law, they were still working at their trade for 11J hours on each of these long days, and must be consid ered as presenting cases of illegal employment. ATTITUDE OF MASSACHUSETTS MANUFACTURERS TOWARD THE HEALTH OF THEIR EMPLOYEES. BY W M . C. HANSON, M. D. INTRODUCTION, In the latter part of 1908 a movement was inaugurated among the manufacturers of Worcester County, Mass., to help'pay for the care of those persons in their employ who are afflicted with tuber culosis, and a considerable number of employers signed statements indicating in one form or another their approval of the movement. As an organized effort for the reduction of tuberculosis and for the betterment of health conditions among the employees, this move ment seems sufficiently important to make it worth while to ascer tain what it really is, to what extent manufacturers have joined it, what has been accomplished by it, what the manufacturers who joined it think of it, and what other Massachusetts manufacturers have to say about it. Furthermore, it seems desirable to consider how far it has been the policy of representative firms in different parts of the State to help financially to any extent an employee taken ill with any disease while in their employ. First of all, it seems proper to call attention briefly to what the State of Massachusetts is doing for the health and welfare of persons employed in industrial establishments, and to the general relations which exist between employer and employee. The State inspectors of health, under the supervision of the State board of health— a supervision which is based upon broad general principles— have, among other duties, charge of the health inspection of industrial establishments. Consequently, they have had opportunity to ob serve the attitude of manufacturers to their employees and to the laws of the Commonwealth which safeguard the health of the em ployees. From the data thus collected, manufacturers may be classified in two general groups. There are, on the one hand, those who concern themselves but little with the health and welfare of their employees, men who regard all protective legislation as unnecessary interference on the part of the State with private enterprise. To this class belong, in the main, the smaller industrial establishments which need considerable looking after in order that they may be kept in reasonably good sanitary condition. Many owners, or men in charge of such establishments, comply with the laws unwillingly, if, M ASS. M A N U F A C T U R E R S AN D H E A L T H OF E M P L O Y E E S . 489 indeed, they do not oppose their enforcement. Only such changes are introduced in the buildings as are absolutely necessary, and no attempt is made to see that the changes bring the most fruitful results. In this class of establishments one finds an atmosphere of distrust between employer and employee. The prevailing idea is that their interests are divergent. The employer regards any out lay of expense to improve conditions under which his employees work as an unjust burden placed upon him by the State. The em ployee, on the other hand, regards any attempt to change condi tions with considerable suspicion. Fortunately, however, this class of industrial establishments is rapidly diminishing in number and such a state of affairs as mentioned is fast disappearing. The second class of manufacturers represents principally the larger industrial establishments. These owners of the larger, and the more progressive owners of the smaller establishments, recognize the fact that their interests are identical with those of their employees, from a purely economic standpoint. These employers recognize that money invested for the maintenance of sanitary and healthful condition^ in their establishments is a profitable investment. They-also recognize that aside from all humanitarian motives the expense .of maintaining good sanitary conditions increases the efficiency of their employees. In this class of establishments one finds a readiness and willingness on the part of the employers to comply with the laws of the Common wealth. Indeed, suggestions from the State inspectors of health as to how to improve conditions are often sought for. Compliance with the laws is not carried out in a perfunctory manner. On the con trary, care is taken that all improvements are utilized in such a way as to secure the best working conditions possible. In short, the manufacturers realize that good working conditions result in obtain ing better, more intelligent, and steadier employees. They realize, further, that absences on account of sickness are diminished and a higher grade of efficiency is secured. STATEMENTS OF MANUFACTURERS RESPECTING SANITARY CONDI TIONS AND FINANCIAL AID TO EMPLOYEES. “ We have shops in which the sanitary conditions are a source of pride to us. They are clean, well kept, well lighted, and the help are safeguarded against any unhealthy influence. We do not allow any spitting on the floors. * * * The efficiency of our employees depends upon their good health and we recognize the fact.” “ While we render no financial aid to those ill, we do try to keep the condition under which our men work as good as we can, and we keep a special oversight of our young apprentices, realizing that upon them we shall later depend for our skilled work. Our doctor examines apprentice boys before the company makes out their first 490 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . papers, and during the time of their apprenticeship they are under the constant supervision of their instructor, who notifies their par ents whenever any of them appear to be ill or below physical par.” “ Make the conditions in the mills right and the mill conditions will not make employees sick and in need of aid.” “ We intend to keep on bettering mill conditions and have just installed a humidifying apparatus at a cost of about $20,000.” As to the policy of firms in regard to helping financially, to any extent, an employee taken ill while in their employ with any dis ease, opinions of representative manufacturers throughout the State are as follows: “ We have helped employees who have been ill by contributing to a subscription taken up among the employees. This was done for one man ill with typhoid fever and enabled him to pay hospital bills and to keep his family from want for a period of eight weeks. A similar subscription was taken for a man suffering from kidney disease * * *.” “ Formerly we occasionally helped out an employee who was sick, but a few years ago two benefit societies were organized among the help. The only part we play now is to take the monthly assessments from the pay envelope at the request of the officers of the societies. Sometimes, in the spring of the year, when a good many are out with colds and extra assessments would have to be made, the company assist enough to fill a deficit or to prevent another assessment, but the company has no voice in*their management.” “ There is no fixed plan or system. Have been accustomed to give assistance in deserving cases, each case being considered indi vidually. In one case a hospital bill was paid and in another rent was given, etc. * * * No discrimination is made in reference to tuberculosis.” “ We do nothing financially for those who may become ill from any cause, our care being strictly limited to accidents.” “ The firm has not helped in case of illness, tubercular or other wise, but we have often helped financially in cases of accidents in our shops, even though we carry liability insurance. It not uncom monly happens that an injured man draws his pay while away from his work.” “ While we have no settled policy in the matter, this company has helped financially, and probably will continue to do so, its em ployees who become ill while in their employ, although such cases are selected cases, so to speak; that is to say, it is not done in all cases. We have now on our pay roll a girl ill with tuberculosis, M ASS. M A N U F A C T U R E R S A N D H E A L T H OF E M P L O Y E E S . 491 whose expenses are paid by us. I mean that we allow her full wages. She is not in a sanitorium, however, and pays her own bills. She has not worked for some weeks.” “ Wepension old and faithful employees. * * * One employee has been drawing full pay for the last five years. In case of accident we assume the entire expense of the case and sometimes pay full wages besides, although this does not mean that we assume liability for the accidents. We are willing to help our employees, and that applies as much to tuberculosis as to anything else.” “ The company has no special plan for assisting employees who are ill. A workman who had been employed for less than two years would probably receive no assistance. An older workman would be looked up and such assistance as necessary rendered. Each case is regarded as a personal matter, and the fact that aid is given is not advertised.” Thus a large number of firms, while not having a. settled policy in the matter of aiding their employees in case of illness, frequently do so. It is the general opinion of manufacturers, however, that cases of illness among their employees, if dealt with at all, should be dealt with individually, the amount of aid depending on the length and quality of service rendered by the individual. Often old employees who have given faithful service for many years, though the amount of work they do does not warrant it, still receive full pay. Another way in which manufacturers aid their employees is by assisting them to organize and maintain mutual-benefit asso ciations and by contributing generously to the funds of such organ izations. SPECIAL HEALTH AND WELFARE WORK. But besides the attitude taken by manufacturers, who believe that it would be poor policy to assume any financial obligation in case of the illness of an employee, steps have been taken by many manufac turers on their own initiative to promote the health and welfare of their employees. There are various directions in which this activity is manifested; for instance, in the maintenance of attendants or of trained nurses and in the employment of a physician who is either on the premises all the time or who makes periodic visits and is called whenever needed. Nor is the interest of the manufacturer in every instance confined to the factoiy. Some companies have trained nurses who not only supervise the employees at their work, but visit their homes and do a great deal of educational work. A consider able number o f firms are now contemplating the employment of trained nurses for similar work. One company, employing from two to three thousand men, women, and children, obtained information 492 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . during the year ending April, 1910— with the assistance of two trained nurses and a physician— concerning the health of 2,296 employees, of which number 1,011 were males and 1,285 were females. Two hundred and forty-four cases of illness were of a surgical nature. Ten employees were found to be ill with tuberculosis and were pro vided for at the State sanatorium at Rutland. With one exception their condition appears to be favorable for recovery. Two have already returned to work, and some of the others have left the sana torium with the disease arrested. When an employee returns from Rutland he is under observation j his home is visited and such help is given as is practicable in order that he may hold the gain made at the sanatorium. The nurses and physician also discovered a number of boys and girls who appeared to be in danger of respiratory disease, such as influenza or tuberculosis, and in each instance instructions in hygiene were given and the health of the children followed up until normal health was restored and efficient work accomplished. Such special attention is given to employees under 18 years of age. While generally these young persons are found to be in good physical con dition, the teeth and the tonsils in many cases are found to need attention. The ventilation of the workrooms is studied, and, when ever necessary, changes are made which in some instances have given rise to a marked improvement in the output of the pieceworkers and in the energy and effort of the time workers. Another striking example of the attitude taken by a manufacturing company toward sickness among its operatives is the following: The company maintains an accident and retiring room in charge of a trained nurse, who, in addition to giving first aid, attends to minor medical cases and visits sick operatives in their homes to insure proper medical attention and care. During the year 1910 more than 1,600 such visits were made. In rendering financial aid to oper atives in the past it has been the custom to consider cases individu ally. Sometimes the wages are paid, sometimes hospital bills, in some cases both. The company maintains four free beds at the local hospital. In regard to tuberculosis, the nurse has devoted special attention to investigating the prevalence of this disease during the past two years. In 1910 about 80 cases were cared for, and at the present time 5 are under treatment. In some instances the company pays the bills or part of them, but all patients, through the nurse, are given proper care. It has been customary to turn the chronic cases over to the State or to the local tuberculosis society or to find suitable homes for them in the country. There is a mutual-benefit association with voluntary membership, costing an employee 25 cents per month. Although it is managed by the operatives, the company frequently contributes to its success. This company neither advertises nor con ceals the fact that operatives may receive financial aid from the firm in case of sickness and does not object to having it known. MASS. MANUFACTURERS AND H EALTH OF EMPLOYEES. 493 THE TUBERCULOSIS CAMPAIGN. Owing to the recent educational campaign relative to tubercu losis many of the Massachusetts manufacturers have been led to take some action to prevent the further spread of the disease. The first firm in the State to take up the work, in a manner following educa tional campaign lines introduced outside of industrial establishments, was a small shoe company in Oxford. In 1906 this company became actively interested in the question of the prevalence of tuberculosis among its employees. In the spring of 1906 the company distributed a circular among its employees which told in simple language the con tagious nature of the disease, the manner of its spread, and the steps that must be taken in order to avoid infection. The circular urged all employees who had a cough to be examined by a physician and to send their sputum for examination to the State board of health. It ended with the following statement: “ The firm hopes that it will be notified of any case of consumption occurring among the employees or their families. If anyone now in the employ o f ----------Co. has the disease or contracts it and secures admission this year to the State sanatorium at Rutland, the firm will agree to .pay his or her board there for three months.” A similar circular has been distributed among the employees of this company each succeeding year, although only one case of tuberculosis among the employees has been brought to light. The employee in question was a girl who worked in the office. She was provided for in the country, where she is living at the present time apparently cured of the disease. The company feels that while the expression in 1906 of its willingness to assume the responsibility of caring for its tubercular employees for a period of three months has resulted in helping only one employee, the educa tive effect of the campaign among its operatives has been beneficial. THE WORCESTER TUBERCULOSIS MOVEMENT. With this precedent the State inspector of health of the Worcester district, in the latter part of 1908, secured written statements from several firms to the effect that in case any employee was found ill with tuberculosis the firm would pay the expenses of said employee for a period of three months or longer in the State sanatorium at Rutland or in some other sanatorium. The first statement was secured November 14. It reads as follows: “ Referring to my conversation with you a few days since, I desire to say that should any of the employees of th e----------Co. be so unfor tunate as to contract tuberculosis, our company will pay their expenses at the Rutland sanatorium for a period of three months or longer if necessary.” Since that time other firms, at the solicitation of the inspector, made similar statements in writing, so that up to April, 1911, signed 494 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LA BO R. letters representing 34 industrial establishments in Worcester County had been received at the office of the State board of health from the inspector of health in the Worcester district. These letters vary somewhat, as follows: “ Referring to our conversation of this morning in reference to tuberculosis, would say we are pleased to confirm what we told you verbally, that we will be responsible for the expenses of any of our employees afflicted with this disease (tuberculosis) for a period of three months, or possibly longer, at Rutland.” “ Referring to my conversation with you yesterday, I beg to say that it has been the habit of t h e ----------Co. to pay the expenses of its employees who need assistance at various hospitals where they may have been treated for physical disabilities. It is my recollec tion that we have already done this at the Rutland sanatorium and we shall be ready to do so in the future as the occasion may arise.” “ We are glad to contribute our assistance and influence in pro moting the good work that is being done for those afflicted with tuberculosis. W e understand the expense of treatment for each patient (at the Rutland sanatorium) is at the rate of $4 per week, and we will pay this amount for at least three months for anyone who is found to have the disease while, in our employ. W e desire to express our appreciation of the efforts being made to wipe out this dreaded disease. We hope this effort may be an enlightening influence that will teach people to better understand their personal responsibility for their own health.” “ Referring to conversation with you this day, I desire to say that should any of our old employees be so unfortunate as to con tract tuberculosis, we will pay their expenses at the Rutland sana torium for a period of three months.” “ Should you find upon examination that any of our old employees require treatment for tuberculosis, we will be responsible for their expenses of $4 per week at Rutland or other similar place for a period of three months.” “ Confirming our conversation of a short time since, would say that this company takes pleasure in saying that for the present we would pay the board of any of our employees who should be unfor tunate enough to contract tuberculosis, at Rutland sanatorium, or a similar institution, for 12 weeks at the rate of $4 weekly, provided said employee has been in our employ six months.” “ Agreeable to our conversation with you in reference to the matter of paying for a three months* treatment in the State sanitorium for any employee of ours who has contracted tuberculosis, I wish to say that if upon examination of any regular employee of this corporation M ASS. M A N U F A C T U R E R S AN D H E A L T H OF E M P L O Y E E S . 495 who has been in our employ for one year or longer; we shall be glad to pay for a three months’ treatment in the Rutland sanatorium or any other sanatorium which would be a benefit to this employee.” “ We certainly will fall in line, and should you, upon examination as required by law,1 find among our regular employees anyone who has contracted tuberculosis, the disease being in its first stages, we will care for his or her expense at the Rutland sanatorium for a period of three months.” It will be seen from the above statements that the manufacturers who have identified themselves with the so-called “ tuberculosis movement” have put themselves on record as showing a willingness to assist to a certain extent persons who have become ill with tuber culosis while in their employ. Of the 34 manufacturers who have thus gone on record, 24 have limited the time for which they are to pay the patients expenses to 3 months; 4 to 3 months or over; 1 to 4 months; whereas 5 did not specify the length of time. Fourteen of the manufacturers specified that the patients should go to the State sanatorium at Rutland, while 20 specified the Rutland or any other sanatorium. One manufacturer limited the offer to those employees who had worked for the firm for 6 months; 5 manufacturers to those who had worked for the firm for 1 year or over; 6 to those who con tracted the disease while in their employ; 3 to “ old employees” ; whereas 9 manufacturers made no qualification. The 34 firms, who have given out the written statements may be classified according to the number of persons employed in each establishment as follows: Number of firms. 2.............................................................. 4............................................................... 10............................................................. 8.........'.................................................... 3.............................................................. Number of employees in each establish ment. 25-50 50-100 100-200 200-300 300-400 Number of firms. Number of employees in each establish ment. 2.............................................................. 2.............................................................. 2.............................................................. 1.............................................................. 600-700 700-800 900-1,000 Over 1,000 The largest number of persons employed in any one of the 34 establishments was 1,300, the smallest number 32. The total number of employees in all the establishments is about 10,000; the total number of minors about 1,000. The sanitary conditions of these establishments have been found to vary considerably. In some the conditions were excellent, in others only reasonably good, whereas in 3 establishments marked improvements have been made since the signing of the agreement. The results of the sanatoria treatment up to date, so far as submitted to the office of the State board of 1 The State law provides lor making inquiry concerning the health of minors in factories. include adults. It does not 496 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . health, are as follows: Eleven firms have aided employees found ill with tuberculosis, either by paying their board in the State sana torium at Rutland or in some other sanatorium, in private homes, or by rendering financial aid in the employee’s own home. Twentyseven employees in all have been aided as follows: 1 2 4 9 em ployee in each of 4 establishments. em ployees in each of 5 establishments. em ployees in 1 establishm ent. em ployees in another establishm ent. The length of time during which aid was given varied from 6 weeks to 6 months, while 1 case was cared for for 8 months, and 1 for 10 months. Of the persons treated, 3 were reported “ cured,” 8 “ condition improved,” 1 “ condition not improved,” 7 “ died,” and 5 “ moved away.” Three persons are still under treatment. It can not, of course, be questioned that the attitude on the part of those manufacturers who have heralded the agreement as a powerful weapon in the fight against tuberculosis is highly desirable. In the first place the movement itself is of great educational value, in asmuch as it calls to the attention of both employer and employees the existence and prevalence of tuberculosis in factories. The greatest value of such a movement, however, should be that an offer on the part of the manufacturer would lead to the discovery of cases of the disease which would otherwise remain untreated. In this way incipient cases of the disease would be discovered and placed under treatment and more advanced cases segregated. These two pro cedures are the most powerful weapons in the fight against the spread of the disease. Now let us see how much was actually accomplished in the particular instances mentioned. It has already been shown that considerable good has been done by the aid rendered to the 27 persons found ill with tuberculosis, but this number of persons was found in 11 of the 34 establishments. No records have been sub mitted to the office of the State board of health concerning employees found with tuberculosis in the remaining 23 establishments. The question arises, therefore, what, more than the mere signing of the letter, has been done in the other 23 establishments ? WORCESTER TUBERCULOSIS MOVEMENT FROM POINT OF VIEW OF MANUFACTURERS WHO ALLIED THEMSELVES TO IT. Interviews with a number of the manufacturers who signed the so-called agreement were of interest. On the whole, it was found that the manufacturers did not consider their letter to the State inspector of health to be literally an “ agreement.” As stated by an employer of several hundred persons, they “ simply put themselves on record as showing a willingness to assist to a reasonable extent any worthy employee who has been with them for some time and M ASS. M A N U F A C T U R E R S AND H E A L T H OF E M P L O Y E E S . 497 becomes ill with tuberculosis while in their employ.” Seven of the employers interviewed stated that the letter did not bind them to help any o f their employees and that they should judge each case on its merits. One employer of more than 900 persons stated that he considered his letter as binding only in the sense that he was willing to consider the advisability of paying the expense at the Rutland sanatorium or similar institution of any employee found to have tuberculosis. He did not consider that he was obliged to pay any part of the expense of any person who happened to be in his employ who was found to show some sign or symptom of the disease. He said that if his attention was called to the fact that a person who had been in his employ 10 or 15 years now had tuberculosis and that if the said employee had proved himself worthy of help, he would be perfectly willing to assist him by paying toward his expenses while under treatment. He thought that the State inspector of health had taken a good step in interesting the manufacturers along this line, but that his work had “ limited itself to this point.” Another manufacturer, whose letter stated that he would pay the expense of treatment for three months for any person in his employ who might be unfortunate enough to contract tuberculosis, said when consulted, that he did not offer to pay any portion of the expenses of an employee found ill but merely offered to pay for the physical examination. He ended his letter with the following statement: “ We believe that you are doing a good work, which should have the cooperation of all manufacturers and business men in general.” It can be seen from the above interviews that many of the manu facturers who wrote letters did not consider them as binding contracts. In other wurds, it was not the intention of the most of the manu facturers to deal indiscriminately with their employees. Now, then, the helping of a deserving unfortunate employee discovered ill with, tuberculosis, while praiseworthy, is not going to be a great factor in the eradication of tuberculosis. What is of more importance to the community is the discovery of persons with incipient signs or symp toms of the disease. With this end in view all the manufacturers who signed the so-called “ agreement” were asked whether they would be willing to post notices in their factories urging the employees to be examined for the purpose of detecting early indications of the disease. Of the 34 firms only 6 expressed a willingness to post such notices. The other 28 refused to do so. In fact, 7 of the 34 firms said.that they did not want it known among their employees that they had committed themselves to pay any part of the expenses of an employee found ill with the disease. In order to determine the attitude of manufacturers throughout the State to this Worcester movement a great number of them were interviewed, nearly all of whom opposed the adoption of such a 498 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUBEAU OF L A BO B. policy. This opposition and failure to indorse the movement was not confined to any one class of manufacturers. Indeed, it was met with in some of the best establishments in the State, where a great deal of money is spent annually for welfare work. Manufacturers looked at the situation from different viewpoints, stating their argu ments against such a policy as follows: W O RCESTER TUBERCULOSIS MOVEMENT FROM POINT OF VIEW MANUFACTURERS OUTSIDE OF W ORCESTER COUNTY. OF “ Class legislation is pernicious. I think the Worcester movement unfortunate in that it favors class legislation and puts a premium on illness, particularly if that illness should be tuberculosis, to the exclusion of other dangerous diseases.” “ It is neither wise nor proper to lead persons who work in factories to expect that they will be cared for if afflicted with tuberculosis or any similar disease.” “ To bind employers to an agreement to assume the care and pay for the treatment of employees at sanatoria is to break down the morale and independence of the individual and to encourage in its wake pauperizing expectancy with its direful results.” “ It seems to me that an enabling act of the legislature would be necessary before the corporations could contribute to the relief of sufferers from tuberculosis or any other disease such as appears to be done by Worcester manufacturing concerns.” “ I fail to see how we could do much along humanitarian lines without the consent of the stockholders, much as the management might desire to do it. Our mills are run by stockholders, by a board of directors with a president, treasurer, and superintendent ” * * *. “ Do you know of other business interests engaged in such move ments? Are the railroads, express companies, butchers and bakers sending their employees afflicted with tuberculosis to sanatoria and paying their bills? Pay the employees what is due them; make the mills sanitary. We can not feed, clothe, nurse, and doctor the employees. It is not business. I am not in favor of such a thing.” “ I am opposed to the Worcester idea as tending to an assumption that corporations are liable for such illness as tuberculosis or other dangerous diseases.” “ Welfare work or special action by a wealthy manufacturert for special reasons, is taken up and urged b y interested persons as the standard for all, which in many instances works a considerable hardship.” (The manufacturer pointed out that while he was not opposed to welfare work or tuberculosis work, in numerous instances it has not seemed to accomplish all that was anticipated.) M ASS. M A N U F A C T U R E R S AN D H E A L T H OF E M P L O Y E E S . 499 “ Better housing, better the mill conditions. Pay good wages and the employees would be able to pay their own way in everything * * The State may find this problem of helping its people, caring for and treating them, a very large one indeed.” “ Our mills are better than ever they were. The tenements, on the other hand, are but little improved. Some of our employees come and go weekly. They seldom spend 50 hours a week in any one mill. What do they do and where are they the other 118 hours in the week? The tenement landlord has them more hours in the week than we do. I don’t see why any of our mills should pay for the care and treatment of diseased persons simply because they are on our pay rolls.” The arguments thus advanced against the Worcester policy m ay be summarized as follows: The employer should pay his employees the best possible wages and provide for them the best sanitary conditions, both of which factors would result in mutual advantage. If an employee who has rendered faithful service for many years is unfortunate enough to be taken ill, most manufacturers recognize a moral responsibility and are ready to render assistance. A great number of manufacturers also assume responsibility in aiding em ployees who are accidently injured at their work, but they can not see why they should be held responsible for a disease which is perhaps contracted outside of the factory. W hy should not the landlord of tenements, in which disease is often contracted, be held responsible ? W hy should not he be required to pay for his tenants who are taken ill with tuberculosis? Corporations are not adapted for such work which, at best, is to be regarded as a charitable undertaking, and many employers feel that they want to do their charity work in their own way. One manufacturer, employing about 1,500 operatives, who has done a great deal for his employees, when asked his opinion of the plans adopted by the Worcester manufacturers said: “ We do not believe in charity because we think it fosters improvidence and that when a corporation undertakes this sort of work it is getting upon dangerous ground. As a business proposition and one that pays well, we see that our operatives work under the most favorable conditions we are able to provide. For the same reason we provide a trained nurse and an accident and retiring room for our operatives. She dresses minor wounds and attends to the lesser complaints of the operatives, especially of those under age and women * * *. She visits the homes of our tubercular former operatives and gives instruc tion to the patient and family * * *. In regard to the tubercu losis problem, I think the plan asking the manufacturer to send all his tubercular operatives to Rutland is utterly impracticable. For one thing, it fosters the paternal attitude which is an unwise stand 500 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . to take. We consider the cases as individuals, and since we began the work a little over a year ago we paid the expenses of about 15 operatives for as long as it was necessary for them to remain there. So far we have not been imposed upon by the people seeking our employ for this reason, and before paying expenses we consider the length of service, character of the work, etc. We do it because we want to do our share in helping the State with this problem. We intend to continue this policy and do not inteiid to conceal or adver tise it.” To sum up, an agreement on the part of a manufacturer to help tubercular employees can be of value from a standpoint of the general campaign against tuberculosis, provided it leads to the discovery of new cases. In order to detect new cases the employer must be willing to post notices to call attention to the disease and to urge physical examinations. In most of the Worcester factories no examination of the employees was made following the so-called agreement. Not even notices were posted to urge the employees to be examined in order to detect any early signs of tuberculosis. More over, many of the manufacturers in Worcester County do not consider that their letters bind them to any contract, stating emphatically that it is not their intention to render aid to any of their employees, but that they will consider individual cases. This principle is, as we have seen, no different from that of a great number of Massa chusetts manufacturers who provide the best practicable working conditions for their employees. THE WORKMEN’S INSURANCE CODE OF JULY 19, 1911, OF GERMANY. TRANSLATED B Y HENRY J. HARRIS, PH. D. IN TRODUCTION. The Twenty-Fourth Annual Keport of the Commissioner of Labor, entitled “ Workmen’s Insurance and Compensation Systems in Europe,” contained a section devoted to the workmen’s insurance system of Germany. In this section was given an account of the official plan for the revision and extension of the workmen’s insurance system, but at the time the volume was published the German Parliament had not acted on the Government’s plan. As finally adopted by the legislative body, a number of changes were made, which makes it necessary to outline briefly the general features of the new codification of all the workmen’s insurance laws. For those who may wish to make a comparison of the new code with the former laws it may be stated that a translation of the law of June 30, 1900, relating to the accident insurance of persons employed in manufacturing and similar industries, was given on pages 2509 to 2552 of Volume II of the report just mentioned, while a translation of the invalidity insurance law of 1899 will be found on pages 966 to 1002 of Bulletin No. 91 of the Bureau of Labor. The law of July 19, 1911, is a codification of all the legislation relating to the several branches of workmen’s insurance in the German Empire. Previous to the date of this act the sickness insurance, the accident insurance, and the invalidity insurance were each regulated by a separate law or series of laws. At the time when the compulsory insurance system was introduced into Germany the plan of having the three branches of insurance adopted simultaneously was con sidered, but was declared by Bismarck to be a task of such magnitude that no other plan was feasible except to introduce the various branches of insurance one after the other. Furthermore, it was found necessary to introduce the insurance laws for the different industries, one after the other, so that while the first accident insur ance law was enacted in 1884 it required five additional laws to cover all the industries which were intended to be included in this branch of the workmen’s insurance system. A somewhat similar procedure was followed in the case of the sickness insurance and the invalidity and old-age insurance. All of the insurance laws were revised and to some extent codified between the years 1899 and 1903, but it was not until 1910 that a single law covering all phases of workmen’s insurance was drafted by the German Government. The codification 18544°— No. 96—12-----11 501 502 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . of 1911 therefore represents the experience of a quarter of a centuryin a system of compulsory insurance covering practically the whole industrial population of the German Empire. GENERAL FEATURES. The new workmen’s insurance code has retained the former gen eral scheme of organization; although frequently advocated, there has been no attempt to consolidate the organizations conducting the sickness, accident, and invalidity insurance. Separate administra tive bodies conduct these three branches of insurance, while the new branch, the insurance for widows and orphans, or as the law terms it, “ the survivors’ insurance,” is carried on by the invalidity insur ance organizations. A new feature which the code introduces is the system of government offices to supervise the insurance organ izations. The first of these new institutions is designated in the following translation as “ local insurance office” ( Versicherungsam t) and covers a district of small area, usually of one or a few communes or parishes. Above the local insurance office is the so-called “ supe rior insurance office” (O berversicherungsam t) , which supervises opera tions in insurance matters and whose most important function is the work formerly performed by the arbitration courts for work men’s insurance which were abolished by the new law. The central administrative body is the imperial insurance office ( B eichsvericher u n gsam t), except in the case of Bavaria, the Kingdom of Saxony, Wurtemberg, and Baden, where State insurance offices ( Landesver sicherungsam t) take the place of the imperial insurance office for insurance organizations located entirely within the boundaries of these States. In all of these Government offices the plan of having representatives of the employers and of the insured persons partici pate to a large degree in the administration of the insurance has been retained. SICKNESS INSURANCE. The workmen’s insurance code provides for six types of sickness insurance funds: Local sick funds, rural sick funds, establishment sick funds, guild sick funds, miner’s sick funds, and substitute sick funds. The former communal or parish sickness insurance has been abolished. The local insurance funds provide the insur ance for the greater number of insured persons, and in particular for persons not included in any of the other groups mentioned above; these funds are practically a continuation of the former local insur ance funds and are also intended to provide for persons formerly included in the communal sickness insurance. The rural sick funds are a new institution and are not necessarily confined to rural dis tricts, but may also exist for cities; these funds provide for the sickness insurance of household servants, persons engaged in home working industries, casual laborers, farm laborers, etc. This is the only new W ORKMENS IN S U R A N C E CODE OF J U L Y 19 , 1911-----G E R M A N Y . 503 type of insurance fund provided for the sickness insurance. The other types of funds are practically the same as those instituted by former sickness insurance laws; the so-called substitute funds are merely the mutual-aid funds which are recognized under the preceding laws and which are allowed to continue, though under more careful supervision and with certain restrictions as to size, etc. The tend ency in the new law has been to encourage sick funds of larger size, as experience had shown that funds with a smaller number of members did not possess a sufficiently extensive actuarial basis. The groups of persons brought under the compulsory sickness insurance for the first time are the following: Household servants, clerks and apprentices in pharmacies, members of orchestras and theatrical companies, teachers and tutors, persons engaged in home working industries, ship's crews of German sea-going vessels and the crews of vessels engaged in inland navigation. Voluntary insurance is permitted under more liberal conditions than heretofore. During the discussion of the provisions of the code an attempt was made to change the proportion of contributions paid by the employer and by the insured persons. As finally enacted, the existing plan of having employers pay one-third and the insured persons two-thirds of the contributions has been retained; in the case of members of guild sick funds, however, the contributions may be levied in the pro portion of one-half upon each party. The benefits of the sickness insurance are practically unchanged in the new law and consist of medical care, a sick wage, hospital care, and care in the home, together with an allowance for the family in the case of hospital treatment; in addition, a pecuniary sick benefit is paid in maternity cases for a period of eight weeks. The funeral benefit consists of 20 times the amount of the wage of the insured per son used as a basis for computing dues and benefits. Under the law, the sick funds are allowed to vary these benefits in a number of ways, and likewise the funds may extend the amount and duration of the benefits in certain cases. ACCIDENT INSURANCE. The organization of the accident insurance is practically unchanged under the new code. The functions of the former subsidiary insur ance institutes ( V ersich eru n gs-A n stalten ) have been slightly increased, and in the future they will be designated as “ branch institutes” ( Z w eig-A n staU en ). Their special function is to provide insurance for petty business undertakers of all kinds, and more especially in the building trades, livery and hauling, inland navigation, and marine navigation. These branch institutes are subsidiary organizations of the accident association for these industries and are administered either directly or indirectly by the governing bodies of the accident 504 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . associations, though the branch institutes as heretofore have a legal and formal separate existence. The classes of persons insured are still composed of workmen and administrative or operating officials; the latter, however, only in so far as their annual earnings do not exceed 5,000 marks ($1,190), this amount having previously been 3,000 marks ($714). The new industry branches included in the insurance are certain groups of breweries, pharmacies, tanneries, bath establishments, fishing in inland waters, fish culture, ice cutting, and establishments conducted as a business for the keeping of livery stables for draft animals, riding animals, and breeding animals, and the keeping of conveyances and riding animals. The accident insurance for agriculture and forestry and for marine navigation is practically unchanged. The system of collecting assessments each year to cover the ex penditures for the preceding year, modified by a reserve the interest of which is intended to reduce the annual assessments, has not been changed. As heretofore, the branch institutes, however, annually col lect premiums sufficient to cover the capitalized value of the pension granted instead of using the assessment system. Annual salaries in excess of 1,800 marks ($428) have only one-third of the excess counted. In agriculture a different basis of assessment may be used, namely, the so-called u labor-need,” though the land tax, the area cultivated, or some other basis may also be used. No change has been made in the system of risk tariffs for industrial establishments. The definition of industrial accident has gradually been made more exact during the 25 years’ experience under the various laws. The code does not include industrial or occupational diseases as accidents, but authorizes the federal council to include such diseases under acci dent insurance. The definition of an industrial accident as now pre scribed specifies that it must be a sudden event occurring at a specific time, and having a causal connection with the operation of the estab lishment. The benefits of the accident insurance have not been changed by the new code. IN VALIDITY AND SURVIVORS’ INSURANCE. The invalidity insurance is conducted by territorial organizations, these organizations being directed by committees, etc., consisting onehalf of employers and one-half of insured persons. The governments, either State or local, appoint the officials who conduct the current affairs of these organizations. For a few industries, such as trans portation, mining, etc., “ special institutes” are allowed to conduct the insurance of persons engaged in these industries. The new feature of the insurance code is that relating to survivors’ insurance, or, as it is popularly called, widows’ and orphans’ insurance. w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY. 505 This branch of insurance is to be conducted by the territorial organi zations which administer the invalidity insurance. The new groups of persons included under the invalidity insurance are clerks and apprentices in pharmacies and members of orchestras and theater companies. By the decrees of the federal council the invalidity insurance has already been extended to persons engaged in home-working trades, to persons engaged in tobacco industries, and to a large proportion of persons engaged in textile industries. An effort has been made in the code to make the group of persons covered by the invalidity insurance identical with that covered by the sickness insurance. The provisions as to voluntary insurance and as to the continuation of insurance in the case of a person who ceases to be employed in an industry requiring compulsory insurance have been made more liberal. An important innovation is that designated as “ voluntary supplementary insurance,” according to which the amount of the invalidity pension (but not of the other benefits) can be increased by payments of sums of 1 mark (23.8 cents) at any time and in any amount. Persons who have made such payments receive a supplementary pension equal to an annual sum consisting of 2 pfennigs (0.48 cents) for each mark so paid, multiplied by the number of years between the year of payment and the date of invalidity. On account of the new features of the invalidity insurance, an increase in dues was necessary; the increase in the lower wage classes was one-fifth or less, while in the three upper wage classes, namely, those persons earning 550 marks ($130.90) or over, the increase in contributions is about one-third. As before, the contributions are paid one-half by the employers and one-half by the insured person, while the Empire annually grants a subsidy of 50 marks ($11.90) to each pension. The former method of payments of contributions through stamps pasted on receipt cards has been retained; in the case of persons engaged for periods of time such as by a quarter or by the year, the stamps may be affixed at such intervals of time. Under certain cir cumstances the insured person himself may affix the stamps and require the employer to repay one-half of the contribution. All cards must be renewed at the local office of the insurance institute at least once in two years. The new code restricts the possibility of making effective a claim to a new valid pension which has once lapsed; in particular, the conditions are more strict for persons who have passed their fortieth year of life, and especially difficult for those who have passed their sixtieth year. Benefits are paid on the occurrence of “ invalidity” ; that is, a disability caused by sickness or physical defect which prevents the insured person from earning one-third of the amount which a normal 506 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . person of similar training and status in life is able to earn. In this case the previous occupation and the person’s aptitude for another occupation are taken into account in ascertaining his right to a pension. Under the code, the invalidity pension consists of an annual subsidy from the Empire, a basic amount fixed by the number of contributions paid and a subsidy of one-tenth of the pension for each child of the pensioner under 15 years of age, with a maximum of five-tenths. An old-age pension is paid after the completion of the seventieth year of life without regard to the physical condition of the claimant, and has not been changed as to its amount or as to the age limit. The new widow’s pension is a benefit paid to the invalid widow of an insured person, so long as she remains unmarried, and consists of an imperial subsidy of 50 marks ($11.90) annually, plus three-tenths of the invalidity pension of the deceased. The orphan’s pension is paid to the orphans of the insured person under 15 years of age and consists of an annual subsidy from the Imperial Government equal to 25 marks ($5.95) and three-twentieths of the invalidity pension of the deceased for one orphan, and one-fortieth of this pension for each additional orphan. The orphan’s pension, however, may not exceed the amount of the invalidity pension of the deceased, and the total sum of the orphan’s and widow’s pensions may not be more than one and one-half times the pension of the deceased. A new benefit, designated as “ widow money,” is paid to such persons on the death of the insured person and is equal to the amount of one year’s pension of the widow, plus 50 marks ($11.90) imperial subsidy. Another new benefit is the orphan’s benefit, paid when the orphan completes his fifteenth year of life, and is equal to eight times the monthly amount of the orphan’s pension, plus 16§ marks ($3.97) imperial subsidy. The date when all of the provisions of the new code are to be put into force is to be announced in the Reiehs-Gesetzblatt. The issues of this gazette up to November 1,1911, have not contained any orders on this subject.1i i The periodical Soziale Praxis of Oct. 19,1911, contained the following statement: “ The postponement of the date when the workmen’s insurance code goes into force to Jan. 1, 1913, is announced by the Zentralblatt der Reichsversicherung. “ The difficulties which developed in drawing up the administrative regulations for carrying into effect the imperial insurance code, both on the part of the imperial and of the State officials, made this post ponement necessary. In particular, the merging of the existing rules with the new regulations has required more time than was anticipated, and likewise the work necessary in connection with the new application of the insurance status to casual laborers and to the home-working industries showed that the earlier date was impossible, though heretofore the date of July 1,1912, has been assumed to be the one which would be adopted. “ On the other hand, attention should be called to the fact that the regulations for the introduction of the insurance code, as stated in the introductory law to the code, came into force immediately upon their publication, namely, on Aug. 1, 1911, and that the provisions relating to the invalidity and survivors’ insurance (B ook Four) come into force on Jan. 1,1912, without fail. The only question, therefore, is in regard to the regulations concerning the sickness insurance and the accident insurance. According to other reports, a definite date for putting these two parts of the insurance code into force has not yet been determined.” w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY. 5 0 7 AN ALYSIS OF TH E CODE AN D TH E IN TR O D U C TO RY LAW . Book One.— General provisions: Section O ne.— Scope of the im perial insurance................................... Section T w o.— Carriers of the im perial insurance— I. Designation....................................................................................... I I . Legal com petence........................................................................... I I I . Adm inistrative bodies...................................................................... IV . Honorary offices................................................................................. V . Assets.................................................................................................... V I. Supervision.................................................................... Section Three.— Insurance authorities— I. General provisions.......................................................................... I I . Local insurance offices— 1. Establishm ent............................................................................ 2. Com position................................................................................ 3. Committees................................................................................. 4. Costs............................................................................................. I I I . Superior insurance offices— 1. Establishm ent............................................................................ 2. Com position................................................................................ 3. Chambers.................................................................................... 4. Supervision—Costs.................................................................... IV . Im perial Insurance Office— State insurance offices— 1. Jurisdiction—Seat..................................................................... 2. Com position........................ 3. Senates....................; .................................................................. 4. A ccounting bureau— Costs..................................................... 5. State insurance offices.............................................................. Section Four.— Other general provisions— I. A uthorities............................... I I . Legal assistance.............................................................................. I I I . B en efits.................................... IV . M edical treatm en t........................................................................... V . Tim e lim its ..................................................................................... V I. N otification s...................................................................................... V II. Fees and stamp ta x e s .................................................................... V III. Prohibitions and p en a lties...........................................- ............. I X . Local wage rate ............................................................................. X . Place of em p loym en t.................................................................... X I . Legislation of foreign cou n tries.................................................. X I I . General definitions— 1. Em ploym ents su bject to insurance...................................... 2. Earnings...................................................................................... 3. A griculture................................................................................. 4. Persons engaged in hom e-working industries...................... 5. German seagoing v essels......................................................... 6. Fiscal year.................................................................................. Book T w o.— Sickness insurance: Section One.— Scope of the insurance— I . Compulsory insurance........................................................................ I I . Voluntary insurance........................................................................ Section T w o.—Benefits of the insurance— I . General provisions as to benefits................................................. I I . Sickness benefits................................................................................ Article. 1,2 3 4 5-11 12-24 25-29 30-34 35 36-38 39-55 56-58 59,60 61-67 68-76 77,78 79-82 83,84 85-97 98-102 103,104 105-109 110-114 115-117 118-121 122,123 124-134 135,136 137,138 139-148 149-152 153-156 157,158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165-175 176-178 179-181 182-194 508 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . B ook Tw o.— S ickness insurance— C oncluded. Section T w o.—Benefits of the insurance— C oncluded. I I I . M aternity benefits.............................................................................. IV . Funeral benefits................................................................................. V . Benefits to the fam ily..................................................................... V I. General provisions........................................................................... Section Three.— Carriers of the insurance— I. K inds of sick funds......................................................................... I I . General local sick funds and rural sick funds............................ I I I . Special local sick funds.................................................................... IV . Establishm ent sick funds and gu ild sick funds.......................... V . Controversies.......................................................................... V I. Benefits of equal valu e.................................................................. V II. Com bination, separation, dissolution, and closing— 1. Local and rural sick funds...................................................... 2. Establishm ent and guild sick funds...................................... 3. Procedure.................................................................................... Section Four.— Constitution— I. M embership— 1. Beginning and term ination..................................................... 2. Registration................................................................................ I I. C onstitution....................................................................................... I I I . Adm inistrative bodies of the funds— 1. Organization of local and rural sick funds.......................... 2. Organization of establishm ent and guild sick funds.......... 3. D uties........................................................................ IV . E m ployees and officials of the fu n d ............................................. V . Adm inistration of resources.......................................................... V I. R elation to physicians, dentists, hospitals, and pharm acies.. Section F iv e.— Supervision............................................................................. Section S ix.— Raising of the funds— I. Contributions..................................................................... I I . Paym ent of the contributions.......................................................... Section Seven.— Federations of funds.— S e ctio n s.................................... Section E ight.— Special occupations— I. General provisions........................................................................... I I . A griculture.......................................................................................... I I I . Servants................................................................................................ IV . Tem porary em ploym ent................................................................... V . Itinerant trades......................................................................... V I. H om e-working in du stries............................................................. V II. A pprentices...................................................................................... Section N ine.—Miners’ sick funds................................................................. Section T en.— Substitute funds— I. A uthorization................................................................................... I I . Relation to sick funds..................................................................... Section E leven .— Final provisions and penal provisions— I. Final provisions............ I I . Penal provisions............................................................................... Book Three.—A ccident insurance: Part One.— Industrial acciden t insurance— Section One.— Scope of the insurance............... ................................... Section Tw o.— Benefits of the insurance............ ................................ Article. 195-200 201-204 205 206-224 225 226-238 239-244 245-257 258 259-263 264-269 270-279 280-305 306-316 317-319 320-326 327-337 338-341 342-348 349-362 363-367 368-376 377-379 380-392 393-405 406-415 416 417-434 435-440 441-458 459-465 466-493 494 495-502 503-516 517-525 526-528 529-536 537-554 555-622 W ORKMENS IN S U R A N C E CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— G E R M A N Y . Book Three.—A ccident insurance— Continued. Part One.— Industrial accident insurance— Concluded. Section Three.— Carriers of the insurance— I. The accident associations and other carriers of the insurance.......................................................................................... II. Composition of the accident associations.......................... I I I . Changes in the status of the accident associations.......... Section Four.— Organization of the accident associations— I. Membership and the right to vote..................................... I I . Registration of the establishm ents..................................... I I I . Register of establishm ents................................................... IY . Changes in the undertakers—Changes in the establish m ent and in its mem bership in the accident associa t i o n ......................................................................................... Y . Constitution................................................................................. Y I. Adm inistrative bodies of the accident association........ *.. V II. Em ployees of associations...................................................... V III. Formation of the risk classes................................................. IX . D ivision and join t carrying of the burden......................... X .' Adm inistration of the assets.................................................... Section F ive.— Supervision..................................................................... Section S ix.— Paym ent of the com pensation— Raising of the funds— I. Payments through the Post Office Departm ent.............. II. Raising of the funds............................................................... I I I . Procedure in assessments and collection s........................... IV . Transferring amounts to the Post Office Departm ent----Section Seven.—Branch institutes— I. Branch institutes for the building trades— 1. Establishm ent, scope, and organization..................... 2. Insurance at the expense of the undertaker^— Prem ium s........................................................................ 3. Insurance at the cost of com m unes............................... II. Branch institutes for the keeping of riding animals and conveyances..................................... Section E ight.— A dditional institutions............................................... Section X in e.— A ccident prevention— Supervision— I. Regulations for accident prevention.................................. I I . Supervision..................................................................... I II. Special provisions for building operations and for the ' keeping of riding animals and conveyances................... Section T en.— Establishm ents and activities on account of pub lic bodies.................................................................................................. Section E leven.— L iability of undertakers and their represent atives— I. L iability to injured persons and survivors......................... II. L iability to accident associations, sick funds, e tc ............ Section T w elve.— Penal provisions.......... ............................................. Part Tw o.—Agricultural accident insurance— Section One.— Scope of the insurance.................................................. Section Tw o.— Benefits of the insurance.............................................. Section Three.— Carriers of the insurance— I. A cciden t associations and other carriers of the insurance.. II. Changes in the status of the accident association............ 509 Article. 623-629 630-634 635-648 649-652 653-656 657-663 664-674 675-684 685-689 690-705 706-712 713-716 717-721 722-725 726-730 731-748 749-776 777-782 783-798 799-824 825-835 836-842 843-847 848-873 874-889 890, 891 892-897 898-902 903-907 908-914 915-929 930-955 956-959 960, 961 610 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . Book T hree.— A ccident insurance— Continued. Part T w o.—A gricultural accident insurance— Concluded. Section Four.— Organization— Article. 962-966 I . M embership and right to v ote.......................... . ................... I I . Registration of the establishm ents..................................... ... 967 I I I . Changes in the undertakers— Changes in the establish m ent and in its mem bership in the accident associ ation...................................................... ................................... 968-970 971-974 IV . Constitution................................................................................. V . Adm inistrative bodies of the accident association.......... 975-977 978 Y I. E m ployees of the association................................................... V II. Formation of the risk classes................................................. 979 V III. D ivision and jo in t carrying of the burden......................... 980-982 I X . Adm inistration of the assets.................................................. 983,984 Section F iv e .— Supervision........... ......................................................... 985-987 Section S ix.— Paym ent of the com pensation— Raising of the funds— 988 I. Payments through the Post Office D epartm ent......... I I. Raising of the funds— 1. General provisions............................................................ 989 2. Standard of the labor need and of the risk classes.. 990-1004 3. Standard of the tax rate.................................................. 1005-1009 4. Other standards......................................................... 1010 5. General provisions.......................................... 1011-1013 I I I . Procedure in assessments and collection s............................ 1014-1027 1028 IV . Transferring amounts to the Post Office D epartm ent— Section Seven.—A dditional institutions.............................................. 1029 Section E ight.—A cciden t prevention— Supervision.......................... 1030-1032 Section N ine.— Establishm ents of the Em pire and of the States.. 1033 Section T en.— Regulation b y State legislation....................... \......... 1034-1041 Section E leven.— L iability of undertakers and their represent atives ........................................................................................................ 1042 Section T w elve.— Penal provisions........................................................ 1043-1045 Part Three.— Navigation accident association— Section One.— Scope of the insurance................................................... 1046-1064 Section Tw o.—Benefits of the insurance.............................................. 1065-1117 Section Three.— Carriers of the insurance............................................ 1118-1122 * Section Four.— Organization— I. Membership and right to vote— R epresentatives............ 1123-1131 I I . Registration of establishm ents............................................. 1132 I I I . Register of establishm ents.................................................... 1133,1134 IV . Changes in the conditions of the establishm ent.............. 1135-1141 V . C onstitution........................................................................... 1142-1145 V I. A dm inistrative bodies of the acciden t association...... 1146 V II. Em ployees of the association............................................. 1147 V III. Making the estimates— R isk tariff and special costs---1148-1156 I X . Adm inistration of the assets............................................. 1157 Section F iv e.— Supervision..................................................................... 1158 Section S ix.— Paym ent of the com pensation— Raising of the funds— I. Paym ents through the Post Office Departm ent................. 1159-1161 II. Raising of the funds............................................................... 1162-1164 I I I . Procedure in assessments and collection s............................ 1165-1184 IV . Transferring amounts to the Post Office Departm ent....... 1185 W ORKM EN’s IN S U R A N C E CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— G E R M A N Y . 511 Book Three.—A ccident insurance— Concluded. Part Three.— Navigation acciden t association— Concluded. Section Seven.— Branch institute lor sm all-scale establishments Article, engaged in navigation and in deep-sea fishing and coast fishing. 1186-1197 1198 Section E ight.—A dditional institutions............................................... Section N ine.— A cciden t prevention—Supervision— I. Regulations for the prevention of accidents......................... .1199-1208 II. Supervision................................................................................ 1209-1217 Section T en .— Establishm ents of the Em pire and of the States. . . 1218 Section E leven .—L iability of undertakers and their representa tives........................................................................................................... 1219 Section T w elve.— Penal provisions........................................................ 1220-1225 Book Bour.—Invalidity and survivors’ insurance: Section One.— Scope of the insurance— I. Compulsory insurance................ .*................................................... 1226-1242 I I . Voluntary insurance......................................................................... 1243,1244 I I I . W age classes..................................................................................... 1245-1249 Section T w o.— Benefits of the insurance— I. General provisions......... ............................................................... 1250-1254 I I . In validity pensions....................................................................... 1255,1256 I I I . Old-age pensions............................................................................. 1257 IV . B enefits of survivors......... *........................................................... 1258-1268 V . M edical treatm ent........................... 1269-1274 V I. Payments in kind instead of pensions.................................... 1275-1277 V II. W aiting term ................................................................................. 1278,1279 V III. E xpiration of the claim .............................................................. 1280-1283 IX . Computation of insurance benefits.......................................... 1284-1297 X . Cessation of the benefits............................................................. 1298-1303 X I . W ithdrawal of the pension........................................................ 1304-1310 X I I . Suspension of the pension—Capitalsum settlem ents........... 1311-1318 X I I I . Special powers of the insurance institute................................. 1319,1320 X IV . R elation to other claim s............................................................... 1321-1325 Section Three.— Carriers of the insurance— A . Insurance institutes— I. External features— 1. Establishm ent.................................................................... 1326-1328 2. Local com p eten ce.. . . ...................................................... 1329-1331 3. Changes in the districts................................................... 1332-1337 I I . Internal features— 1. Constitution........................................................................ 1338-1341 2. D irectorate......................................................................... 1342-1350 3. Com m ittee........................................................................... 1351-1355 4. Adm inistration of the assets............................................ 1356-1358 5. General provisions....... ..................................................... 1359 B . Special institutes— 1. General provisions........................................................................ 1360-1374 2. Special institute of the navigation accident association___ 1375-1380 Section Four.— Supervision............................................................................ 1381,1382 Section F ive.— Paym ent of the benefits— Raising of the funds— I. Paym ent through the Post Office D epartm ent............................ 1383-1386 I I . Raising of the funds— 1. General provisions..................................................................... 1387 2. Size of the contributions......................................................... 1388-1392 512 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. Book Four.—Invalidity and survivors* insurance— C oncluded. Section F iv e .— Paym ent of the benefits— R aising of the funds— C oncluded. II. R aising of the funds— C oncluded. Article. 3. Periods of m ilitary service and of sickness......................... 1393,1394 4. General cost— Special cost...................................................... 1395-1400 1401 5. Reinsurance federations.......................................................... 6. L iability for the obligations of the institute....................... 1402 7. D istribution and refunding of the insurance benefits— Transferring amounts to the Post Office D epartm ent... 1403-1410 Section S ix .— Procedure as to contributions— I. Stamps............................................................................................ 1411,1412 I I . R eceipt cards................................................................................... 1413-1425 I I I . Paym ent of contributions through the em ployer— Proof of m ilitary service and of sickness.............................................. 1426-1438 IV . Paym ent of the contributions b y the insured persons.......... 1439-1441 V . In valid contributions.................................................................. 1442-1445 V I. Contributions paid in error........................................................ 1446 V II. C ollecting the contributions...................................................... 1447-1457 V III. Rounding off the am ounts......................................................... 1458 IX . Controversies as to con tribu tion s............................................. 1459-1464 X . S u p erv ision ................................................................1............... 1465-1470 X I . Special provisions........................................................................ 1471 Section Seven.— Voluntary additional insurance....................................... 1472-1483 Section E ight.— Final provisions and penal provisions— I. S ick funds........................................................................................... 1484 I I . Special provisions for seam en........................................................ 1485,1486 I I I . Penal provisions.................................................... 1487-1500 B ook F ive.—R elations of the insurance carriers to each other and to other b o d ie s: Section One.— Relations of the insurance carriers to each other— I. Sickness insurance and accident insurance.............................. .. 1501-1517 I I . Sickness insurance and in validity and survivors* insurance.. 1518-1521 I I I . A cciden t insurance and in validity and survivors, insurance. 1522-1526 Section Tw o.— Relations of the insurance carriers to other bodies............ 1527-1544 Book Six.—Procedure: A . Determ ination of benefits— Section One.— Determ ination b y the insurance carrier— I. Inauguration of the procedure.......................................... 1545-1550 II. Sickness insurance.................................................................... 1551 I I I . A cciden t insurance— 1. Reports of accidents......................................................... 1552-1558 2. Investigation of accidents............................................... 1559-1567 3. Decisions of insurance carriers— a. General provisions........................................................ 1568-1582 b . D ecision .......................................................................... 1583-1590 c . Protest............................................................................. 1591-1599 d . Special provisions for'th e protest against changes in perm anent pensions............................................. 1600-1605 e. Final d e cisio n ................................................................ 1606,1607 f. Other provisions............................................................. 1608-1612 IV . In validity and survivors, insurance— 1. Submission of claim s........................................................ 1613-1616 2. Preparation of the case b y the local insurance office. 1617-1629 3. D ecision of the insurance carriers................................. 1630-1634 4. Renewal of application s.................................................. 1635 w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY. 5 1 3 Book Six.— Procedure— C oncluded. A. Determ ination of benefits— C oncluded. Section Tw o.— Determ ination b y judgm ent procedure— I. Procedure before the local insurance office— Article. 1. Com petence of the local insurance office..................... 1636-1640 2. D isqualification and rejection of members of the judgm ent com m ittee.................................................... 1641-“ 649 3. Procedure up to the oral proceedings........................... 1650-1659 4. Oral proceedings................................................................ 1660-1674 II. Procedure before the superior insurance office.................. 1675-1693 I I I . Procedure before the Im perial Insurance Office (or the State insurance office)— 1. Sickness, and in validity and survivors, in su ran ce.. 1694-1698 2. A cciden t insurance........................................................... 1699-1706 3. General provisions............................................................. 1707-1721 IV . R eopening of the procedure— 1. Grounds for contesting..................................................... 1722-1726 2. Com petence........................................................................ 1727 3. Course'of the procedure................................................... 1728-1733 4. Final provisions................................................................. 1734 Section Three.— Special kinds of procedure— I. Controversies of several insurance carriers in regard to the obligation to furnish com pensation............................ 1735-1738 II. Procedure of distribution........................................................ 1739-1742 I I I . Determ ination of the validity of a claim to a w idow s pension.................................................................................... 1743 IV . Contesting the final decisions of the insurance ca rrier.. . 1744 Section Four.— Special provisions for the navigation accident insurance— I. General provisions..................................................................... 1745 II. R eporting of accidents............................................................. 1746-1752 I I I . Investigation of accidents..................................................... 1753-1766 IY . Penal provisions........................................................................ 1767 V . Com petence of the adm inistrative bodies for determ ina tions......................................................................................... 1768,1769 Y I . Controversies.............................................................................. 1770 B . Other judgm ent matters— I. General provisions............................................................................ 1771 I I . C om petence........................................................................................ 1772-1775 I I I . Other provisions............................................................................. 1776-1779 C. D ecision procedure— Section One.— General provisions.......................................................... 1780-1790 Section Tw o.— A ppeals............................................................................. 1791-1796 Section Three.— Further appeals........................................................... 1797-1801 D . Costs and fees— I. Costs of the procedure..................................................................... 1802,1803 I I. Fees of law yers................................................................................. 1804,1805 Introductory Law for the W orkm en's Insurance Code: Section A— I. General provisions........................................................................... 1-6 I I . Insurance authorities................. 7-13 I I I . Sickness insurance............... 14-42 IV . A cciden t insurance.......................................................................... 43-63 V . In validity and sur\dvors’ insurance.......................................... 64-84 V I. Procedure........................................................................................ 85-99 V II. Final provision.............................................................................. 100 Section B ............................................................................................................. 101-104 514 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. THE WORKMEN’ S INSURANCE CODE .1 BOOK ONE— GENERAL PROVISIONS. S e c t io n O n e — S c o p e o p t h e I m p e r ia l I n s u r a n c e . A r t ic l e 1. Included in the im perial insurance (Reichsversicherung) are— The sickness insurance (Kranlcenversicherung ) ; The accident insurance ( Unfallversicherung); The in validity and survivors’ insurance (In validen- und H interbliebenenversicherun g). A r t ic l e 2. O f the special provisions— Articles 165 to 536 apply to the sickness insurance; A rtices 537 to 1225 apply to the accident insurance, of w hich articles 537 to 914 apply to the industrial (gew erbliche), articles 915 to 1045 to the agricultural ( la n d w iri^ a ftlich e), and articles 1046 to 1225 to the navigation accident insur ance (See - Tfnfallversicherung ) ; Articles 1226 to 1500 apply to the in validity and suvivors’ insurance. S e c t io n T w o — C a r r i e r s o f t h e I m p e r ia l I n s u r a n c e . i . d e s ig n a t io n . A rticle 3. P a r a g r a p h 1 . .The follow ing are the carriers (T ra cer) of the im perial insurance unless this law provides otherwise: For th e sickness insurance, the sick funds (Krankerikasseri) ; For the accident insurance, the employers’ mutual trade associations ( Berufsge nossenschaften ) ; 1 2 For the in validity and survivors’ insurance, the insurance institutes ( Versieherungsanstalten ). P a r . 2. The provisions of articles 4 to 34 apply to these insurance carriers, n . legal com petence. A rticle 4. The carriers of insurance may sue and be sued. m . a d m in is t r a t iv e b o d ie s . A rticle 5. P a r a g r a p h 1. Each carrier of insurance has a directorate. T he latter represents it in and out of court. It has the status of a legal representative. P a r . 2. Restrictions on the scope of this representation, not specified in the law, m ay b e specified b y th e constitution, and have effect against third parties. The constitution may do this on ly in so far as this law permits. P a r . 3. The constitution m ay specify, that also in dividual members of the directo rate of the insurance carriers m ay represent them . A rticle 6. P a r a g r a p h 1. The directorate must n otify its supervisory authority w ithin one week of the result of each election and of each change in its com position. P a r . 2. In so far as the directorate needs credentials, a certificate of the supervisory officials as regards its composition and the extent of its power of representation suffices. 1 Reiehsversieberungsordnung. (Number 3921.) Vom 19. Juli 1911. Reichs-Gesetzblatt, Aug. 1, 1911, pp. 609 ft. 2In the following translation the Berufsgenossenschaften have been designated as “ accident associa tion s/’ W O R K M E N ’s INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 515 A rticle 7. In urgent matters the directorate may take a vote b y correspondence. A rticle 8. P aragraph 1. If decisions of the administrative bodies of the insurance carrier are contrary to the law or the constitution, the president of the directorate shall appeal from them to the supervisory authority. P a r . 2. The appeal effects a stay. A rticle 9. In the adm inistrative bodies their president has the right to vote, and if there is a tie he gives the casting vote. A rticle 10. The required number of substitutes for the members shall be elected. A rticle 11. The sessions are not pu blic. IV . HONORARY OFFICES. A rticle 12. P aragraph 1. O nly Germans who have attained their majority are eligible to the administrative bodies of the insurance carriers. Pa r . 2. The following are not eligible: 1. Persons who in consequence of crim inal sentence have lost the right to hold p u blic office, or who are being prosecuted at the tim e for a crim e or m isde meanor w hich may cause the loss of this right, in case fu ll proceedings have been begun against them ; 2. Persons who are lim ited in the disposition of their property as the result of a court decree. A rticle 13. P a r a g r a p h 1. W hoever regularly employs at least one person subject to insurance, and this person is insured with the insurance carrier, is eligible as a representative of the undertakers ( Untemekmer) 1 or of other employers. P a r . 2. Managers of establishments having a power of attorney have the same status as undertakers or other employers; business managers, and establishment officials of participating employers (art. 332, par. 2). have the same status as employers in the election to administrative bodies of sick rands; the legal representatives of members of an accident association have the same status as undertakers in the elections to the administrative bodies of accident associations. P a r . 3. Members of a public authority with supervisory powers over a carrier of insurance are not eligible. A rticle 14. P aragraph 1. O nly persons insured in the insurance carrier are eligible as repre sentatives of the insured persons. Par . 2. In th e sickness, in validity, and survivors’ insurance, the insured persons w ill b e accredited to th e em ployers in the com position of the adm inistrative bodies, if they em ploy regularly more than tw o persons subject to insurance. In the accident insurance insured members of the accident associations are accredited to the under takers if they em ploy regularly at least one person subject to insurance. A rticle 15. P aragraph 1. The representatives of the undertakers and of other em ployers and of the insured persons are elected according to the principles of proportional representa tion. 1 The undertaker of an establishment is the one for whose account the establishment is conducted. See see. 633. 516 BULLETIN OF TH E BTJBEAU OF LABOR. P a r . 2. If the voting is restricted to nomination lists, the constitution determines the time lim it for their submission; the election is secret, without affecting the nomi nation lists. A rticle 16. P aragraph 1. The term of office is four years. P a r . 2. After the expiration of this term, the elected persons remain in office until their successors take office. P a r . 3. W hoever ceases to hold office may be reelected. A rticle 17. P aragraph 1. W hoever is eligible as an undertaker or other em ployer may refuse election on ly under the follow ing conditions: 1. If he has com pleted his sixtieth year of age. 2. I f h e has more than four legal children under age; those of his children adopted b y another w ill not b e in cluded herewith. 3. I f he is prevented b y sickness or infirm ity from adm inistering the office as required b y the regulations. 4. I f he has more than one guardianship or,trusteeship. The guardianship or trusteeship of children of the same parents counts on ly as one such; two coguardianships are equal to one guardianship; one honorary office of the im perial insurance is equal to one coguardianship. 5. I f he em ploys servants only. P a r . 2. A fter a m inim um tenure of office of two years, reelection for the next term may be declined. P a r . 3. The constitution may also* specify other reasons for declining. A rticle 18. An undertaker or other em ployer declining an election w ithout perm issible cause m ay b e punished b y the president of the directorate b y a fine up to 500 marks [$119]. A rticle 19. The president m ay fine a mem ber of the directorate who fails to perform his duties not to exceed 50 marks [$11.90], and on repetition w ith a fine not to exceed 300 marks [$71.40]; if, however, the matter relates to a sick fund, then on ly up to 100 marks [$23.80]. H e must rem it the fine if a sufficient excuse is established afterwards. A r t ic l e 20. T he decision of a supervisory authority in appeals on cases referred to in articles 18 and 19 is final. A rticle 21. P aragraph 1. The persons elected administer their offices without compensation as an honorary office. P a r . 2. T he insurance carrier refunds them their cash expenditures and allows to the representatives of the insured persons reim bursem ent for earnings lost or in its place a lum p sum for loss of tim e. T he constitution m ay also allow such a lum p sum to the representatives of undertakers or other em ployers. P a r . 3. The determination of the lump sums requires confirmation b y the authority which approves the constitution. P a r . 4. The honorary members of the directorate shall not at the same tim e b e sala ried officials of the insurance carrier. A rticle 22. T he representatives of the insured persons must n otify their em ployer of each call to a m eeting of the adm inistrative bodies. If this is done w ithin the required tim e, their absence from work does not give to the em ployer a sufficient reason to discontinue the relation of em ployer w ithout observance of the regular period of notice of dism issal. w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 517 A rticle 23. P a r a g r a p h 1. The members of adm inistrative bodies are liable for faithful busi ness administration to the carriers of insurance in the same manner as guardians to their wards. The insurance carrier m ay relinquish claim s on account of such liability only with the approval of the supervisory authority. T he latter m ay enforce the lia b ility in the place of and at the expense of the carrier. P a r . 2. A m em ber who intentionally injures the insurance carrier shall be punished w ith confinem ent in jail. In addition the penalty can also in clude the loss of civ ic rights. I f the mem ber has com m itted an act to procure for him self or some other person a pecuniary advantage, in addition to the prison sentence a fine not to exceed 3,000 marks [$714] m ay b e im posed. P a r . 3. During a discussion of those questions which affect the personal interests of a member or his relatives the member must abstain from taking part in the discussion and voting, and during the discussion must leave the room where the discussion takes place. A rticle 24. P a r a g r a p h 1. If facts becom e known concerning an elected person w hich prove his in eligibility or his untrustworthiness for the conduct of business, he shall b y reso lution be rem oved from office, either b y the directorate, or, in the case of a sick fund, b y the supervisory authority. P a r . 2. Before the passing of such a resolution he shall be given an opportunity to make a statement. P a r . 3. A n appeal against the resolution is perm issible to the Im perial Insurance Office (decision senate) ( Beschlusssenat), or, if the case relates to a sick fund, to the * superior insurance office (decision cham ber) (Beschlusskam m er). P a r . 4. A n elected person w ill b e relieved of his office on his own application b y resolution of the directorate if during his term of office one of the grounds of refusal specified in article 17, paragraph 1, numbers 2 to 5, becom es effective. V. ASSETS. A rticle 25. P aragraph 1. T he means of insurance carriers shall be used on ly for legally pre scribed and perm issible purposes. P a r . 2. R evenues and expenditures shall be accounted for separately and the assets kept safe separately. P a r . 3. The insurance carriers shall engage only in such business as is assigned to them b y the law. A rticle 26. P a r a g r a p h 1 . The assets shall be invested at interest lik e trust funds (arts. 1807 and 1808 of the C ivil Code) in so far as this law does not perm it other investm ents. P a r . 2. T he assets may also be invested in securities in w hich the laws of the States perm it the investm ent of trust funds, and also in such mortgages, payable to the holder, of German joint-stock mortgage banks, on w hich the im perial bank ( Reichsbank ) makes loans in Class I. A rticle 27. P a r a g r a p h 1. The highest adm inistrative authority may also approve the invest m ent of the assets in loans of communes or unions of communes in so far as this is not already perm issible according to article 26, paragraph 1. P a r . 2. The authority m ay lim it the investm ent in certain classes of interest-bear ing securities to a specified amount. P a r . 3. If the district o f the insurance carrier em braces territories or parts of terri tories of several federal States, the approval of their highest adm inistrative authority is required for such investm ents. P a r . 4. The highest adm inistrative authority m ay perm it, w ith the right of with drawing this permission, that tem porarily available assets m ay be invested in another manner. A r t ic l e 28. P aragraph 1. Arrears shall be collected in the same manner as com m unal taxes. The staying effect of objections to the obligation of paym ent is regulated according to the State laws. 18544°— No. 96—12------ 12 518 BU LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. P ar . 2. The constitution of the insurance carrier m ay determ ine, as far as not already prescribed b y the State laws, that the procedure of collection b e preceded b y a procedure of warning, and that a fee m ay be collected for such procedure of warning. This fee is collected in the same manner as arrears. The determ ination of its am ount requires the approval of the supervisory authority. Pa r . 3. Arrears have preference of other claim s according to article 61, num ber 1, of the bankruptcy law {K orikursordnung ) . A rticle 29. P a r a g r a p h 1. The claim to arrears lapses, as far as they have not been fraudulently w ithheld, in two years after the expiration of the calendar year when they are due. P a r . 2. The claim for refund of contributions lapses in six months after the expira tion of the calendar year of their payment, with reservation as to article 1446, para graph 2, and articles 1462 and 1464. P a r . 3. The claim for benefit payments from the insurance carrier lapses in four years after they are due, in so far as this law does not prescribe otherwise. V I. SUPERVISION. A rticle 30. The right of supervision of the supervisory authority consists in seeing that the law and constitution are observed. A rticle 31. . P a r a g r a p h 1 The supervisory authority m ay exam ine at any tim e the business and accounting management of the insurance carrier. P a r . 2. The members of its adm inistrative bodies, its district agents ( Vertrauensm dnner), officials, and em ployees must produce, on dem and, to the supervisory authority or its representatives all books, bills, vouchers, and records, and also docu ments, securities, and assets in their custody, and give all inform ation dem anded in the execution of the right of supervision. P a r . 3. The supervisory authority m ay require the persons specified in paragraph 2, under reservation of article 985, paragraph 2, to observe the law and the constitu tion, b y fines not to exceed 1,000 marks [$238]. A rticle 32. The supervisory authority m ay demand that the adm inistrative bodies be called in to session; and if such demand is not com plied w ith, m ay them selves call m eetings and take charge of the proceedings. A rticle 33. The supervisory authority decides, w ithout derogation of the rights of third parties and as far as the law does not prescribe otherwise, in disputes as to the rights and obligations of the adm inistrative bodies, as to the interpretation of the constitution and as to the validity of elections. A r t ic l e 34. P a r a g r a p h 1. Subject to the supervision are also convalescent homes, m edical institutions, and sanatoria (G enesungsheim e, H eil- und Pflegeanstalten) created and m aintained b y the insurance carrier. P a r . 2. The supervisory authority may in its inspections call to its assistance representatives of employers and of the insured persons. S e c t io n T h r e e .— I n s u r a n c e A u t h o r i t i e s . 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS. A rticle 35. P a r a g r a p h 1. The p u blic authorities of the im perial insurance are— The local insurance offices ( Versicherungsam ter) (arts. 36 to 60); The superior insurance offices ( 0 berversicherungsam ter) /arts. 61 to 82); The Im perial Insurance O ffice (Reichsversicherungsam t) and the State insur ance offices (Landsversicherungsdm ter) (arts. 83 to 109). w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 519 Par . 2. As far as this law does not regulate the business management and the pro cedure of the insurance authorities, it shall be done, with reservation of article 109, paragraph 1, b y im perial decree with the approval of the Federal Council. n . LOCAL INSURANCE OFFICES. 1. Establishm ent. A rticle 36. Paragraph 1. In each inferior adm inistrative authority there shall be established a section for workm en’s insurance (local insurance office). The highest adm inistrative authority m ay specify that there shall be established for the districts of several inferior adm inistrative authorities a join t local insurance office. P ar . 2. The State governments of several federal States m ay agree to establish for their territories or parts thereof a join t local insurance office in an inferior administra tive authority. A rticle 37. P aragraph 1. The local insurance offices take cognizance of the business of the im perial insurance according to the provisions of this law, and im part inform ation in affairs pertaining to the im perial insurance. P ar . 2. They may support the insurance carriers in the latters’ affairs according to the provisions of this law. Par . 3. The State governm ent m ay assign to the local insurance offices other duties pertaining to miners’ insurance. A rticle 38. In federal States in w hich the com position of the State authorities does not perm it of the establishm ent of local insurance offices at the inferior adm inistrative authorities and where there exists only a superior insurance office, the local insurance offices can also be established as independent authorities. The highest adm inistrative authority shall specify the details herewith. 2. C om position . A rticle 39. P aragraph 1. The director of the inferior adm inistrative authority is the president of the local insurance office. One or more perm anent substitutes of the president are to be appointed. A ny person qualified b y education and experience in workm en’s insurance affairs m ay be appointed a substitute. P a r . 2. The appointm ent requires the approval of the superior insurance office, in so far as the perm anent substitutes are not appointed according to State law in the same manner as the higher adm inistrative officials. P a r . 3. If the local insurance office is created in a com m unal authority, the sub stitutes are appointed b y the president of the union of communes whose district contains that of the local insurance office. Where the State law prescribes a con firmation for the election of higher comm unal officials, it is also applicable to the appointm ent of substitutes for the president of the local insurance office. A rticle 40. P aragraph 1. In the cases specified b y the law there shall be called in repre sentatives of the insurance ( Versicherungsvertreter) as associates (B d d tzer) of the local insurance office. P a r . 2. T hey shall be selected one-half from the em ployers and one-half from the insured persons. A rticle 41. P aragraph 1. Their total num ber must be at least 12; w ith the approval of the superior insurance office, the num ber may be augmented b y the local insurance office, or b y the form er after a hearing of the local insurance office. P a r . 2. A representative of the insurance shall not also be a salaried official of the local insurance office, or a representative of the insurance at another local insurance office, or an associate in a superior insurance office, or a nonpermanent member of the imperial or of a State insurance office. 520 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. A rticle 42. P aragraph 1. Representatives of the insurance are elected b y the members of the directorates of those sick funds w hich have at least 50 members in the district of the local insurance office. P a r . 2. The members of the directorates of the three gro\ips of funds m entioned herewith participate in the election in so far as they have at least 50 members in the district o f the local insurance office; of the substitute funds, and funds located out side of the local insurance office, m oreover only if they notify in due tim e the person in charge of the election of their participation and prove the num ber of their members in this district; these three groups of funds are— 1. The miners’ sick funds; 2. The substitute sick funds; 3. The seamen’s funds, and other associations of seamen for the preservation of their rights, approved b y the authorities. P a r . 3. In place of the representatives of the insured persons in the directorate, the votes shall be cast b y — In the case of the miners’ sick funds, the elders of the miners’ sick funds com petent for the district of the local insurance office; In the case of the substitute funds w hich have local adm inistrative offices, the business managers of the local administrations com petent for the district of the local insurance office. A rticle 43. The num ber of votes of a fund depends on its num ber of members in the district of the local insurance office, and shall be determ ined b y the latter before each election. The num ber of votes shall be even ly d ivided among the members of the directorates and among the persons entitled to vote in their place according to article 42, para graph 3. A rticle 44. P aragraph 1. In the directorates of the funds the members who are em ployers take part on ly in the election of representatives of the em ployers, the members who are insured persons in the election of representatives of the insured persons. Par . 2. Directorates w hich contain no em ployers, participate only in the election o f the representatives of the insured persons. P a r . 3. In the case of funds of the itind designated in article 42, paragraph 2, w hich have no representatives of the insured persons in the directorate, the voting is done b y other workm en’s representatives who are in the fund. P a r . 4. W hatever relates to the directorates is also applicable to the persons entitled to vote in their place according to article 42, paragraph 3. A rticle 45. P aragraph 1. The voting is done b y written ballot and on the principle of pro portional representation. The highest adm inistrative authority decrees the election regulations. Par . 2. The president of the local insurance office shall con duct the election. P ar . 3. E lection disputes are decided finally b y the superior insurance office. A rticle 46. P aragraph 1. For the representatives of the insurance, substitutes are specified in the same manner according to need. P a r . 2. Substitutes replace representatives of the insurance who leave before the expiration of their terms. A rticle 47. . P aragraph 1 O nly men who reside or have the seat of their establishm ent or are em ployed in the district o f the local insurance office, and who are not in eligible according to article 12, are eligible. P a r . 2. Only insured persons, their employers, and the latters’ managers of estab lishments with power of attorney are eligible. Insured persons are accredited to the employers, if they regularly employ more than two persons subject to insurance. P a r . 3. In the case of local insurance offices on the seacoast, navigators o f practical experience who are n ot shipowners, or managers of ship-ow ning establishm ents (shipping agents, arts. 492 to 499 of the Commercial Code), or who do not h old a power o f attorney, m ay also be elected as representatives of the insured persons. w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY. 521 A rticle 48. A t least one-half of the representatives of the insurance must be participants in the acciden t insurance. A rticle 49. P aragraph 1. A t lea3t one-third of the representatives of the insurance shall reside or be em ployed at the seat of the local insurance office itself, or not more than 10 kilom eters [6.21 miles] distant from it. P a r . 2. The principal branches of industry, especially agriculture, and the dif ferent parts of the district shall be considered in the election. Par . 3. The highest adm inistrative authority m ay decree special or exception al provisions herewith. A rticle 50. Paragraph 1. A rticles 16, 17, and 22 are correspondingly applicable; but the local insurance office determines the adm issibility of other reasons for declinin g. P a r . 2. As long and in so far as no election takes place, or the persons elected refuse to perform their duties, the president of the local insurance office appoints represent atives from the num ber of eligible persons. A rticle 51. P aragraph 1. W hoever declines the election or appointm ent w ithout a permis sible reason, m ay be punished b y the president of the local insurance office w ith a fine not to exceed 50 marks [$11.90]. P a r . 2. The local insurance office may release a representative from his office if a sufficient reason exists. P a r . 3. On appeal the superior insurance office (decision cham ber) decides finally. A rticle 52. Paragraph 1. If facts becom e known concerning a representative of the insurance w hich prove his in eligibility or w hich show that he is gu ilty of malfeasance of his office, he m ay be rem oved from his office b y the president. P a r . 2. On appeal the superior insurance office (decision chamber) decides finally. A rticle 53. P aragraph 1. The president of the local insurance office obligates the represen tatives of the insurance to the faithful discharge of their duties. P a r . 2. The president m ay punish a representative who fails to perform his duties with a fine not to exceed 30 marks [$7.14] and on repetition not to exceed 100 marks [$23.80]. H e must rem it the fine if afterwards a sufficient excuse is established. . P a r . 3. On appeal the Im perial Insurance Office (decision cham ber) decides finally. A rticle 54. Paragraph 1. The representatives adm inister their office w ithout com pensation as an honorary office. P a r . 2. The local insurance office shall reimburse them for their cash expenditures. P a r . 3. In addition it shall grant to the representatives of the insured persons reim bursem ent for lost earnings, or in place thereof a lum p sum for their loss of tim e. It may also allow such a lum p sum to the representatives of the em ployers4 The lum p sums require the approval of the superior insurance office (decision cham ber). A rticle 55. The local insurance office m ay assign specified official duties to the representatives as its district agents. 8. Com m ittees. A rticle 56. P aragraph 1. Each local insurance office creates one or more judgm ent com m ittees for matters w hich this law assigns to the judgm ent procedure (Spruchverfahren). P a r . 2. The judgm ent com m ittee (Spm chausschuss) consists of the president of the local insurance office and of one representative for the em ployers and one for the insured persons. 522 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. A rticle 57. P aragraph 1. Each local insurance office creates a decision com m ittee (Beschlussausschuss) for matters w hich this law assigns to the decision procedure (.Beschlussverfahreri). P a r . 2. The decision com m ittee consists of the president of the local insurance office and of two representatives of the insurance. O f these, the representatives of the em ployers and of the insured persons each elect one from among them selves, together with at least one substitute; the elections of the two parties shall be separate, shall be b y sim ple m ajority of votes, and the term of office shall be four years. A rticle 58. The highest adm inistrative authority can specify how far the local insurance office m ay call in for the decision procedure techm cal governm ent and com m unal officials of its district as advisors ( B eirate) w ith consultative vote. 4. Costs. A rticle 59. P aragraph 1. The federal State defrays all costs of the local insurance office. If the local insurance office is created in a comm unal authority, th ey are defrayed b y the union o f com m unes whose district em braces that of the local insurance office. The highest adm inistrative authority determ ines the division of costs, if there is a join t local insurance office created for the districts of several inferior adm inistrative author ities. P a r . 2. W ith the exception of the allowances of the insurance representatives, the insurance carriers have to defray the cash expenditures originating from ju dicial mat ters (arts. 1591 to 1674) so far as the cash expenditures are not to be defrayed according to paragraph 3. P a r . 3. Fines, according to article 51, paragraph 1, article 53, paragraph 2, article 1577, paragraph 1, article 1617, paragraph 1, article 1626, paragraph 1, article 1652, paragraph 3, and article 1664, paragraph 1, as w ell as specially im posed costs of pro cedure (art. 1802) and contributions according to article 60, accrue to the treasury of the federal State or of the union of communes (par. 1). A rticle 60. P aragraph 1. In case of the assignment of duties connected w ith th e miners* insurance, to a local insurance office according to article 37, paragraph 3, the miners* associations or miners* funds affected must pay an appropriate contribution toward the costs of the local insurance office. P a r . 2. The superior insurance office determ ines the contributions; an appeal against the determ ination to the highest adm inistrative authority is perm issible. H I. SUPERIOR INSURANCE OFFICES. 1. Establishm ent. A rticle 61. P aragraph 1. A ccording to the provisions of this law, the superior insurance offices take cognizance of the business of the im perial insurance as higher ju d icial, decision, and supervisory authorities. P a r . 2. The State governm ent m ay assign to them also other duties connected w ith the miners* insurance. A rticle 62. Paragraph 1. The superior insurance office is as a rule established for the district of a higher adm inistrative authority. Pa r . 2. The highest adm inistrative authority m ay delim it the district differently. Pa r . 3. The State governm ents of several federal States may establish for their territories or parts thereof a join t superior insurance office. w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY. 523 A rticle 63. P aragraph 1. The highest adm inistrative authority may also establish superior insurance offices for— 1. The adm inistration of establishments and service establishm ents of the Em pire or of the federal States w hich have their own establishm ent sick funds; 2. Groups of establishm ents, for whose em ployees special institutes (Sonderanstalten) provide the in v a lid ity and survivors’ insurance; 3. Groups of establishm ents belonging to miners’ associations or miners’ sick funds. P a r . 2. For these special superior insurance offices article 62, paragraph 1, and articles 72, 73, and 80 are not applicable. In other respects the provisions relating to superior insurance offices are applicable to them as far as articles 70, 75, and 81 do not prescribe otherwise. P a r . 3. The highest adm inistrative authority specifies their com petence. A rticle 64. The highest adm inistrative authority may attach the superior insurance offices to superior im perial or State authorities, or may establish them as independent State authorities. A rticle 65. P aragraph 1. The highest adm inistrative authority specifies the seat of the supe rior insurance office. P a r . 2. For a join t superior insurance office the approval of the State governments affected is required. A rticle 66. The highest adm inistrative authority com m unicates to the Im perial Insurance Office for publication the* seat and district oi all superior insurance offices of their territory w ithin one m onth from their establishm ent or change. A rticle 67. If a superior insurance office is attached to a superior im perial or State authority, the director of the latter is at the same tim e the president o f both. A director of the superior insurance office is appointed as his permanent substitute. 2. C om position . A rticle 68. The superior insurance office is com posed of members and of associates. A rticle 69. P aragraph 1. The superior insurance office shall appoint, at the same tim e, in addition to the director at least one mem ber as his substitute. P a r . 2. A t least one substitute shall be appointed for each mem ber. P a r . 3. The members shall be appointed to the principal position or for the term of the principal position from the num ber of p u blic officials, the director either for life or according to State law, without recall. A rticle 70. The highest adm inistrative authorities m ay specify that other official duties shall be assigned to the director, and that the other members, as w ell as in the case of special superior insurance offices the director, exercise their office as a subsidiary occupation. A rticle 71. P aragraph 1. The associates shall be elected one-half from the em ployers and one-half from the insured persons. P a r . 2. The num ber of associates is 40; it may be increased or decreased b y the highest adm inistrative authority. P a r . 3. A n associate m ay not at the same tim e be a nonperm anent m em ber of the Im perial Insurance Office or of a State insurance office. 524 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LA BO R. A rticle 72. Paragraph 1. The industrial accident associations, the navigation accident asso ciation, and the execu tive authorities specify for each superior insurance office an accident association or execu tive authority to represent their right to vote (art. 73, par. 1). If there is no agreement, the Im perial Insurance Office shall specify the particulars. Pa r . 2. The names of these representative associations and representative execu tive authorities are to be com m unicated to the Im perial Insurance Office and to be published b y it. A rticle 73. Paragraph 1. The associates from the em ployers shall be elected one-half b y the em ployer members in the com m ittee of the com petent insurance institute and onehalf b y the directorates of the com petent agricultural associations and of the repre sentative accident association; if representative execu tive authorities have been specified, th ey shall vote in place of the directorate of the representative association. The Im perial Insurance Office decrees the election regulations. Par . 2. T he associates from the insured persons are elected b y the representatives of the insured persons of the local insurance offices of the district of the superior insur ance office according to the principle of proportional representation. The num ber of votes of the representatives of the insured persons is determ ined b y the superior insurance office according to the num ber of sick-fund m em bers of the district o f their local insurance office (art. 43). The highest adm inistrative authority decrees the election regulations. A rticle 74. Paragraph 1. The voting is done b y written ballot. The director of the superior insurance office conducts the election. P a r . 2. Election disputes are decided finally b y the superior insurance office (decision chamber). A rticle 75. P aragraph 1. The em ployer associates for a special superior insurance office are elected b y the em ployer members of the directorate either of the establishm ent sick fund, or of the special institute, or of the miners’ associations or miners’ funds; if there are no representatives of the em ployers in a directorate, the voting is done b y the representatives of em ployers who belong to another adm inistrative body. P ar . 2. The associates from the insured persons are elected according to the principles of proportional representation b y the com m ittee members o f insured persons, either of the establishm ent sick fund or the special institute, or b y the elders of the m iners’ fu n d; as far as miners’ associations or miners’ funds are adm itted as special institutes or belong to a special institute, the voting is also done b y the elders of the miners’ funds; if a special institute has no com m ittee, the voting is done b y the representa tives of the insured who belong to another adm inistrative body. P a r . 3. The highest administrative authority specifies the particulars. A rticle 76. Articles 46 to 48, article 49, paragraphs 2 and 3, and articles 50 to 54 are correspond ingly applicable for the election, rights, and duties of associates and their substitutes. Appeals (art. 51, par. 3, art. 52, par. 2, and art. 53, par. 3) are to be directed to the highest adm inistrative authority; fines (art. 51, par. 1, and art. 53, par. 2) m ay be im posed not to exceed 300 marks [$71.40]. S. Chambers (K am m ern). A rticle 77. P aragraph 1. Each superior insurance office creates one or more judgm ent cham bers (Spruchkam m em ) for matters assigned b y this law to judgm ent procedure (Spruchverfahren). P a r . 2. The judgm ent cham ber is com posed of a mem ber of the superior office, as president, and of two associates of the em ployers and of two of the insured persons. w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— G E R M A N Y . 525 A rticle 78. P aragraph 1. Each superior insurance office creates one or more decision cham bers (Beschlusshamm ern) for matters w hich this law assigns to the decision procedure (Beschlussverfahren). Par . 2. The decision chamber is com posed of the president of the superior insurance office, of a second mem ber, and of two associates. O f these, the associates of the em yers and of the insured persons elect one each, and also at least one substitute each, om their m idst, and the election shall be according to a sim ple m ajority o f votes, for a term of four years. Par . 3. In case of a tie, the president casts the deciding vote. 4 . S uperviA on— Co ts. A rticle 79. P aragraph 1. The highest adm inistrative authority exercises the supervision over the superior insurance office. Par . 2. T hey assign to it the necessary em ployees and provide its business rooms. P ar . 3. The bureau, clerical, and subordinate em ployees have the rights and duties of im perial or State officials, except when em ployed as substitutes, or tem orarily, or m preparatory work, the State governm ent determ ines the particulars erew ith. P a r . 4. The president obligates them to the conscientious discharge of their official duties, so far as they are not already obligated b y an oath of office. E A rticle 80. P aragraph 1. The federal State defrays all costs of the superior insurance office. P a r . 2. The insurance carriers have to pay a lum p sum for each case under adjudi cation in w hich they are concerned; if in a case costs are to be defrayed according to paragraph 4, the lum p sum is correspondingly reduced. Par . 3. The lum p sums shall be determ ined b y the Federal Council uniform ly for the Em pire for each branch of the workm en’s insurance, and shall be revised every four years. T hey shall cover half of the costs of the superior insurance offices w ithout the allowances of members and their substitutes and w ithout the fees (art. 1803). P a r . 4. The fees according to article 1803, the fines according to articles 76 and 1679, as w ell as the specially im posed costs of procedure (art. 1802), and the contri butions according to article 82, accrue to the treasury of the federal State. A rticle 81. P aragraph 1. A ll costs of special superior insurance offices created for establish ments of the Em pire or of a State are to be defrayed b y the administrations of the establishments. The receipts (art. 80, par. 4) accrue to the latter. Par . 2. A ll costs of the other special superior insurance offices are to be refunded after deduction of the receipts (art. 80, par. 4) b y the insurance carriers participating to the federal State. A rticle 82. If, according to article 61, paragraph 2, matters of the m iners’ insurance are assigned to a superior insurance office, then the miners’ associations ( K nappschaftsvereine ) and miners’ funds ( K nappschaftshassen ) affected have to make appropriate contribu tions to its costs. The highest adm inistrative authority determ ines the contributions. IV . IMPERIAL INSURANCE OFFICE— STATE INSURANCE OFFICES. 1. Jurisdiction — Seat. A rticle 83. Paragraph 1. The Im perial Insurance Office, according to the provisions o f this law , takes cognizance of the affairs of the im perial insurance as the highest authority on ju d icia l, decision, and supervisory matters. P a r . 2. It has its seat in Berlin. A rticle 84. Its decisions are final as far as the law does not provide otherwise. 526 B U L L E T IN OF T H E 2. BUREAU OF L A B O R . C om position. A rticle 85. The Im perial Insurance Office is com posed of perm anent and nonperm anent members. A rticle 86. P aragraph 1. The Em peror appoints the president and the other permanent members for life on proposal of the Federal Council. P ar . 2. From the perm anent members the Em peror appoints the directors and the presidents of senates. Par . 3. The im perial chancellor appoints the other members. A rticle 87. P aragraph 1. The Im perial Insurance Office has 32 nonperm anent members. The Federal Council elects 8 of these, of w hich at least 6 must be from its mem ber ship; 12 are elected as representatives of the em ployers and 12 as representatives of the insured persons. Par . 2. A ccording to need, substitutes shall be elected for the em ployers and the insured persons in the same manner. I f members retire before the expiration o f their term of office, the substitutes take their place in the order in w hich they were elected. A rticle 88. P aragraph 1. The em ployers and the insured persons are elected separately b y written ballot under the direction of the Im perial Insurance O ffice, the insured per sons according to the principles of proportional representation, the em ployers accord ing to a sim ple m ajority of votes, in w hich a tie shall be decided b y lot. P ar . 2. The proportion of votes of each electing body is determ ined b y the Federal Council according to the num ber of their insured persons. It m ay specify the m an ner of electing b y districts. Par . 3. The Im perial Insurance Office publishes the result of the election. A rticle 89. Of the 12 em ployers, 6 are elected b y the em ployer members belonging to the com mittees of insurance institutes and of the corresponding representations of the special institutes, as follow s: Four from the field of the industrial accident insurance; Two from that of the agricultural accident insurance. A rticle 90. The other 6 em ployers shall be elected b y the directorates of the acciden t associa tions and b y the execu tive authorities, and, furthermore, from the field of each of them , as follow s: Four from the industrial associations and execu tive authorities, one of whom shall be from the navigation accident association; Two from the agricultural accident associations and execu tive authorities. A rticle 91. The 12 insured persons shall be elected b y the insured persons who are asso ciates of the superior insurance offices, as follow s: Eight from the field of the industrial and navigation acciden t insurance, of whom one shall be from the field of the navigation acciden t insurance; Fom from tjie field of the agricultural acciden t insurance. A rticle 92. O nly men are eligible who are not exclu ded according to article 12. A rticle 93. Paragraph 1. The follow ing are eligible as em ployers: The members of acci dent? associations who are entitled to vote, their legal representatives, the managers of their establishments w ith power of attorney, and the officials of establishments for w hich an executive authority has been appointed. w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY. 527 Par . 2. Moreover, there are eligible, according to article 89, em ployers who are mem bers of the com m ittee of an insurance institute or of the corresponding representa tion, of a special institute. A rticle 94. E ligible as insured persons are persons insured against accident according to this law ; furthermore, insured persons who are members of the com m ittee of an insurance institute, even if they are not insured against accident; and for the field of the navi gation accident insurance, navigators of practical experience who are not shipown ers, managers of shipowning establishments, or authorized representatives thereof. A rticle 95. A rticle 49, paragraph 2, and articles 50 to 52, article 53, paragraphs 2 and 3, are correspondingly applicable; but the Im perial Insurance Office (decision senate), however, is com petent for punishm ent (art. 51, par. 1, and art. 53, par. 2) and removal from office (art. 52). Fines (art. 51, par. 1, and art. 53, par. 2) m ay be im posed not to exceed 500 marks ($119). A rticle 96. Paragraph 1. The nonpermanent members receive a yearly allowance for their participation in the work and sessions of the Im perial Insurance Office, and, in so far as they reside outside of Berlin, refund of traveling expenses com ing and returning, according to the rates in force for advisory councilors ( Vortragende R ate) of the high est im perial authorities. Par . 2. Substitutes receive the same refund of traveling expenses and a per diem allowance of 18 marks ($4.28). A rticle 97. The im perial chancellor obligates the nonperm anent members elected b y the Federal Council, the president of the Im perial Insurance Office obligates the other mem bers and their substitutes, before they enter on their duties, to the faithful discharge of their duties. 8. Senates. A rticle 98. Paragraph 1. The Im perial Insurance Office forms judgm ent senates (Spruchsenate) for matters w hich m is law assigns to judgm ent procedure. P ar . 2. The judgm ent senate is com posed of a president, a nonperm anent member elected b y the Federal Council, a perm anent m em ber, tw o officials of the judiciary called in for this purpose, an em ployer, and an insured person. A perm anent member may take the place of the mem ber elected b y the Federal Council. A rticle 99. Paragraph 1. The president, a director, or a president of the senate presides in the judgm ent senate. The im perial chancellor m ay intrust another permanent mem ber w ith the chairm anship. > Par . 2. The im perial chancellor summons the officials of the ju diciary to the judgm ent senate. A rticle 100. Paragraph 1. The Im perial Insurance Office creates decision senates (Beschlusssenate) for matters w hich this law assigns to the decision procedure. Par . 2. The decision senate consists of the president, or of one director, or of a sen ate president as presiding officer, and of the follow ing: A nonperm anent member elected by the Federal Council, a permanent m em ber, an em ployer, and an insured person. A permanent m em ber m ay take the place of the mem ber elected b y the Federal Council. A rticle 101. Paragraph 1. The Im perial Insurance Office creates the great senate (Grdssen Senat) for the duties w hich this law assigns to that body. Par . 2. W ith reservation of enlargement according to article 1718, paragraph 2, the great senate consists of the president or his representative, two members elected by tne Federal Council, two permanent members, two officials of the ju diciary, two em ployers, and two insured persons. 528 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. A rticle 102. P aragraph 1. If all the members of the Im perial Insurance Office elected b y the Federal C ouncil are prevented from serving, perm anent members shall be called in to take their place. P a r . 2. The other members of the great senate and at least two substitutes for each shall be designated in advance for one fiscal year according to detailed provision of im perial decree (art. 35, par. 2). Of these there shall be designated two permanent members and two officials of the ju diciary and their substitutes for each of the follow ing subjects: Sickness insurance; A cciden t insurance; In validity, and survivors’ insurance. 4. A ccou n tin g bureau —-Costs. A rticle 103. Paragraph 1. An accounting bureau ( R echnungstelle ) is to be established in the Im perial Insurance Office. P a r . 2. It executes the work assigned to it b y this law . It supports the Im perial Insurance Office in its accounting and technical insurance w ork. The Im perial Insur ance Office specifies the nature of the inform ation to be furnished to it for this purpose b y the insurance carriers. A rticle 104. Paragraph 1. The Em pire bears the costs of the Im perial Insurance Office, in clu sive of the costs of procedure. P a r . 2. The fines according to articles 95 and 1698, paragraph 1, article 1701, para graph 1, as also the specifically im posed costs of procedure (art. 1802), accrue to the im perial treasury. 5. State insurance offices . A rticle 105. Paragraph 1. A State insurance office w hich was established before this law, for the territory of a federal State, m ay remain in existence as long as there are under its jurisdiction at least four superior insurance offices. P a r . 2. As far as this law so prescribes, the State insurance office takes the place of the Im perial Insurance Office for this territory. P a r . 3. The costs of the State insurance office are borne b y the federal State. A rticle 106. P aragraph 1. The State insurance office consists of perm anent and nonperm anent members. P a r . 2. The State governm ent appoints the perm anent mem bers. They are to be appointed either for life or according to the State law , w ithout recall as far as their appointm ent is for the actual office. P a r . 3. A t least eight representatives of the em ployers and eight representatives of the insured persons shall be elected under the direction of the State insurance office, b y w ritten ballot, as nonperm anent mem bers. O ne-half of them shall com e from the agricultural and the other half from the industrial accident insurance. A rticle 107. Paragraph 1. A rticle 87, paragraph 2, and articles 88 to 97, are correspondingly applicable for the election, rights, and duties of the members, in so far as article 106, paragraph 3, or the follow ing pages do not provide otherwise. P a r . 2. The highest adm inistrative authority takes the place of the Federal Council and of the im perial chancellor. P a r . 3. The em ployers are elected b y — 1. The em ployer members in the com m ittees of the insurance institutes'and in the corresponding representative bodies of special institutes, created for or embracing the territory o f the federal State. 2. The directorates of the accident associations and the execu tive authorities em bracing establishments w ith their seat in the territory of the federal State. W here this territory is identical w ith the district of one or more sections, the section directorates elect in place of the association directorates. w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OF JU L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 529 Par . 4. The insured persons are elected b y the insured persons who are associates of those superior insurance offices w hich are created for or em brace the territory o f the federal State. Par . 5. The State governm ent determines the proportion of votes according to the number of insured persons. A rticle 108. Paragraph 1. The rem oval of a nonperm anent mem ber is decided upon b y the State insurance office. P ar . 2. A rticles 98 to 100, and 104, paragraph 2, are correspondingly applicable for the State insurance office; the highest adm inistrative authority takes the place of the Federal Council and of the im perial chancellor; the treasury oI the federal State takes the place of the im perial treasury. A rticle 109. Paragraph 1. As far as this law does not regulate the business management and the procedure of the State insurance office, it is done b y the State governm ent. P a r . 2. The State government specifies the allowances to nonpermanent members. Section F our.—Other General P rovisions, i . authorities. A rticle 110. The highest adm inistrative authority may transfer to other authorities some of the duties and rights assigned to them b y this law. A rticle 111. P aragraph 1. The highest adm inistrative authority specifies— 1. W hich State authority and w hich authorities and representative bodies of unions of communes and of communes are com petent for the duties w hich this law assigns to the superior and inferior adm inistrative authorities, to the local police authorities, to the comm unal authorities, to the unions of com munes, and to the communes, as w ell as their authorities and representatives. 2. W hich unions are to be considered as unions of com m unes; a single com m une is on ly then considered a union of communes in the m eaning of the law if so specified b y the highest adm inistrative authority. 3. W hether and w hich local business of the im perial insurance shall b e transacted b y comm unal authorities in place of the local insurance offices. P a r . 2. The specifications shall be published in the Reichsanzeiger. A rticle 112. If at least half the members of the adm inistrative bodies are com posed of repre sentatives of the insurance elected b y secret ballot, the highest adm inistrative author ity m ay assign duties of the local insurance office to adm inistrative bodies of— Miners’ associations or of miners’ funds. Establishm ent sick funds for establishment administrations and service estab lishments of the Em pire and of the federal States. Special institutes of the Em pire and federal States. Judicial duties may not be transferred. A rticle 113. Paragraph 1. I f an insurance authority, an insurance carrier, or an establishm ent embraces territories of several federal States, the State governm ent or the highest ad m inistrative authority of the federal State of its seat, takes cognizance of the powers w hich this law assigns to the State governm ent or to the highest adm inistrative author ity as far as is not otherwise prescribed. P a r . 2. I f the State governments or the highest adm inistrative authorities do not agree, where this law prescribes their cooperation, the Federal Council decides between the State governm ents, and the im perial chancellor betw een the adm inistrative authorities. The same is applicable i f they do not agree as to their com petency, or in case o f paragraph 1, as to the seat. 530 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. P a r . 3. The im perial chancellor exercises the rights of the highest adm inistrative authority for the establishments of the Em pire and ror their special insurance authori ties and for insurance carriers. A rticle 114. The provisions of this law are also applicable for the independent manors and marches (ausvmrhische B ezirke). The lord of the manor or the march authorities (GeTmrkungsberechtigte) exercise there the rights and duties in place of the communes. II. LEGAL ASSISTANCE. A rticle 115. Paragraph 1. The p u blic authorities are required to com ply w ith all requests pertaining to the execution of this law com ing to them from insurance and other pu blic authorities and from adm inistrative bodies of the insurance carriers, especially to execute all decisions w hich m ay b e carried out. P a r . 2. Supervisory transactions as described in article 347, paragraph 4, article 404, paragraph 3, and articles 888, 1465, and 1470, m ay b e dem anded on ly under the con ditions named therein. A rticle 116. The adm inistrative bodies of the insurance carriers have to g ive this legal assistance to each other as w ell as to the authorities and poor-law unions. A rticle 117. Per diem allowances, traveling expenses, fees for witnesses and experts, and all other cash expenditures arising out o f legal assistance, m ust b e paid b y the insurance carriers as their own adm inistrative costs. hi . benefits. A rticle 118. Benefits granted according to this law or to supplem entary State laws, and relief given in their place through the transfer of the claim s, are not p u b lic charities. A rticle 119. P aragraph 1. The claim s of the persons entitled thereto m ay, w ith reservation of article 1325, on ly b e legally transferred, assigned, or attached— 1. T o cover an advance on his claim s received b y the person entitled to benefits either from the em ployer or from an adm inistrative bod y o f the insurance carrier or one of its members, before the allowance o f the benefits. 2. T o cover claim s designated in article 850, paragraph 4, of the Code of C ivil Procedure (Z ivilprozessordnung ) . 3. T o cover claim s from comm unes, poor-law unions, and the em ployers and funds representing them , entitled to reim bursem ent according to article 1531; transfer, assignment, and attachm ent are on ly perm issible up to the amount of legal claim s for reim bursem ent. 4. T o cover arrears o f contributions w hich have been overdue not longer than three months. P a r . 2. As an exceptional measure, the person entitled thereto may also transfer the claim in other cases, wholly or partly, to other persons, with the approval of the local insurance office. A rticle 120. Paragraph 1. T o inebriates not under guardianship, benefits in kind m ay be granted w holly or partly. This must be done on demand of a poor-law union affected or of the com m unal authority o f the place o f residence o f the inebriate. In the case of inebriates under guardianship, the granting o f the benefits in kind is on ly perm issible with the approval of the guardian. On his dem and it must b e done. P a r . 2. The com m une where the claim ant resides grants the benefits in kind. The claim to cash benefits is transferred to the com m une up to the value of the payments in kind received. Benefits in kind m ay also be granted b y placing him in a sanato rium for inebriates or w ith approval of the com m une, through the intervention of an institution for inebriates. w o r k m e n 's INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 531 P a r . 3. A balance of cash benefits is to be assigned to the husband or wife of the person entitled to compensation, his children or his parents, or, in case he has none, to the commune to be used for him. A rticle 121. Paragraph 1. The local insurance office (decision com m ittee) decrees the order after a hearing of the com m unal authority and of the person entitled to benefits and com m unicates it in writing to them and to the insurance carrier. It decides in dis putes betw een the com m unal authority and the person entitled to benefits. P a r . 2. On appeal the superior insurance office decides finally. Par . 3. W hen the case relates to cash benefits of the accident or of the in validity and survivors’ insurance the insurance carrier notifies the Post Office .Departm ent if the claim to cash benefits has been finally transferred to the com m une. IV. MEDICAL TREATMENT. A rticle 122. Paragraph 1. The m edical treatment in the meaning of this law shall be given b y registered physicians, and for dental diseases b y registered dental surgeons (appro b a te Zahnarzte) (art. 29 of the Industrial Code). It includes assistance of other per sons as barber surgeons, m idwives, m edical helpers, m edical attendants, nurses, masseurs, etc., as also dental assistants ( Zahntechniker), bu t on ly in the case of an order b y the physician (or dental surgeon) or in urgent cases, if no registered physician (or dental surgeon) is available. Par . 2. T he highest adm inistrative authority m ay specify how far otherwise assist ants m ay give independent treatment w ithin the lim its of their powers as authorized b y the State. A rticle 123. In the case of dental diseases, bu t excluding diseases of the m outh or gums, treat m ent m ay be given w ith the approval of the insured person b y dental assistants in addition to dental surgeons. The highest adm inistrative authority specifies how far dental assistants m ay give otherwise independent treatm ent in case of such dental diseases. This authority may specify how far this m ay also be done b y m edical helpers and m edical attendants. It specifies further who is to b e considered a dental assistant in the m eaning of this law. V. T IM E L IM IT S . A rticle 124. Paragraph 1. If the beginning of a tim e lim it is determ ined b y an even t or point of tim e, the tim e lim it begins w ith the day follow ing the event or the poin t of tim e. Par . 2. I f a tim e lim it is extended, the new tim e lim it begins w ith the expiration of the old one. A rticle 125. Paragraph 1. A tim e lim it determ ined b y days ends w ith the expiration of its last day, a tim e lim it determ ined b y weeks or months w ith the expiration of that day of the last week or the. last m onth w hich corresponds according to name or num ber to the day on w hich the event or the point of tim e falls. P a r . 2. In case the corresponding day is missing in the last month, the time lim it ends with the month. A rticle 126. In case it is not necessary for a period of months or years to be continuous, then the month w ill be reckoned as having 30 days and the year as having 365 days. A rticle 127. Paragraph 1. In case the day set for the statement of intention or for a paym ent or for the expiration of a tim e lim it falls on a Sunday or a general holiday recognized b y the State in the place of declaration or of paym ent, then the succeeding working day takes its place. Par . 2. This provision is not applicable for the duration of benefits to w hich an insurance carrier is bound. 532 B U L L E T IN OF T H E A BUREAU r t ic l e OF L A B O R . 128. P aragraph 1. So far as this law does not provide otherwise, legal measures are to be inaugurated w ithin one m onth after delivery of the contested decision. P a r . 2. For seamen sojourning outside of Europe this tim e lim it is determ ined b y the office w hich decreed the contested decision; it must be at least three months from the date of delivery. A rticle 129. P aragraph 1. So far as this law does not provide otherwise, legal measures shall be inaugurated at the office w hich has to make the decision. P a r . 2. The tim e lim it is considered as observed when the legal measures have been received in tim e b y another German authority or b y an adm inistrative bod y of the insurance carrier, or in case of the navigation accident insurance also b y a Ger man marine office (Seem annsam t) in a foreign country. P a r . 3. The legal docum ents are to be delivered im m ediately to the com petent authority. A rticle 130. Legal measures effect a stay on ly in cases where the law so provides. A rticle 131. P aragraph 1. In case an interested person has been kept b y natural events or b y other unavoidable accidents from observing the legal tim e lim it of procedure, he shall on application be granted reinstatem ent to his previous status. Par . 2. On application reinstatem ent w ill also be granted if the docum ent received too late has been m ailed at least three days before the expiration of the tim e lim it. A rticle 132. P aragraph 1. In the case of article 131, paragraph 1, application for reinstatem ent must be made w ithin a period, the duration of w hich shall be determ ined b y the dura tion of the period lapsed. The period begins w ith the day on w hich the preventing cause was rem oved. • P a r . 2. In cases of article 131, paragraph 2, application for reinstatem ent shall be made w ithin one m onth. The period begins w ith the day on w hich the interested party learns that he has not observed the tim e lim it. P a r . 3. N o application for reinstatement may be made after the expiration of two years from the end of the time limit. A rticle 133. Paragraph 1. The application for reinstatem ent shall— 1. State the facts form ing the basis for the reinstatem ent; 2. Indicate the means to make these facts eviden t; 3. Make good the lapsed transaction if it has n ot already been done. Par . 2. The application is made to the authority where the tim e lim it has lapsed; article 129, paragraphs 2 and 3, are correspondingly applicable. The decision rests w ith the authority w hich decides upon the action w hich has later been made good. A rticle 134. Paragraph 1. The procedure concerning the application shall be com bined w ith that concerning the action made good later, bu t the application m ay first of all be discussed and decided alone. Par . 2. For the decision concerning the adm issibility of the application and its contesting, the same provisions are applicable as for the action made good later. V I. NOTIFICATIONS. A rticle 135. Paragraph 1. N otifications w hich start a tim e lim it m ay b e made b y registered letter. Par . 2. The postal receipt justifies after two years from its making out, the assump tion that delivery has been made w ithin the regular tim e lim it after the m ailing. W O R K M E N *S I N S U R A N C E CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----G E R M A N Y . 533 A rticle 136. P aragraph 1. Persons not livin g in Germany must upon demand designate a per son authorized to receive notifications. Par . 2. If the abode is unknown and a person authorized to receive notifications has not been designated w ithin the tim e lim it set, then an announcem ent in the busi ness rooms of the authority or of the proper office m ay take the place of the notifica tion: the tim e lim it must not be less than one month. v n . PEES AND STAMP TAXES. A rticle 137. A ll proceedings and docum ents necessary to the insurance carriers and insurance authorities to establish and transact the legal relations betw een the insurance carriers on the one hand and the em ployers or insured persons or their survivors on the other, are exem pt from fees and stamp taxes, as far as this law does not provide otherwise. A rticle 138. The same is applicable for proceedings out of court and docum ents of this kind, and for such nonofficial powers of attorney and official certificates w hich, according to this law , becom e necessary for identification and authentication. vm . PROHIBITIONS AND PENALTIES. A rticle 139. P aragraph 1. Em ployers and their em ployees, as w ell as insurance carriers, are prohibited from restricting insured persons in the acceptance or discharge of an hon orary office of the im perial insurance, or from injuring them on account of the accept ance or manner of discharge of such an honorary office. The em ployers and their em ployees are further prohibited from preventing either w holly or partly, either through agreements or working regulations, the application of the provisions of this law to the in ju ry of the insured persons. Pa r . 2. Agreements conflicting herewith are void. A rticle 140. Em ployers or their em ployees infringing article 139, paragraph 1, shall be punished b y fines not to exceed 300 marks [$71.40] or b y im prisonm ent as far as they are not liable to more severe penalty in accordance with other legal provisions. A rticle 141. P aragraph 1. The persons named below , if they disclose w ithout authority what they have learned w hile perform ing their official du ty about diseases or other inva lid ity of insured persons, or the causes thereof, shall be punished b y fines not to exceed 1,500 marks [$357] or b y im prisonm ent for not more than three months; prosecution shall be instituted on ly on application of the insured person or of the supervisory authority; these persons are— A mem ber o f an adm inistrative body or an em ployee of an insurance carrier; A mem ber or an em ployee of an insurance authority; A representative or associate in an insurance authority. Pa r . 2. Other persons for whom this law provides a benefit from an insurance carrier are considered as insured persons. A rticle 142. P aragraph 1. The follow ing persons, if they disclose business or trade secrets w hich they have learned w hile perform ing their official duties, shall be punished w ith fines not to exceed 1,500 marks [$357], or with confinem ent in ja il: Persons designated in article 141, paragraph 1; Special experts according to article 880; Members of com m ittees for the decision of appeals made under article 1000, para graph 2, and of protests made under article 1023, paragraph 1. 18544°— No. 96— 12------13 534 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LA BO R. P a r . 2. If this is done to injure the undertaker, or to procure for themselves or other persons pecuniary advantages, they shall be punished b y imprisonment. In addition to the prison sentence they may be punished with tne loss of their civic rights and fines not to exceed 3,000 marks [$714J. P a r . 3. Prosecution in the case mentioned in paragraph 1 shall be instituted only on application of the undertaker. A rticle 143. The persons designated in article 142, paragraph 1, shall be punished with im pris onm ent if they make use of business or trade secrets to the disadvantage of the under taker or to procure for them selves or other persons a pecuniary advantage. In addi tion to im prisonm ent they m ay be sentenced to the loss of their civ ic rights and fined not to exceed 3,000 marks [$714]. A rticle 144. In cases m entioned in article 142, paragraph 2, or article 143, if there are m itigating i rcumstances, the punishm ent shall be a fine not to exceed 3,000 marks [$714]. A rticle 145. In the case of officials subject to the rules of service of a State or communal authority, the provisions applicable for them take the place of articles 141 to 144. A rticle 146. Paragraph 1. W ith reservation of article 59, paragraph 3, article 80, paragraph 4, article 104, paragraph 2, article 108, paragraph 2, and articles 914, 1045, and 1224, fines accrue to the treasury of the insurance carrier; those im posed b y a court on ly then when this law so provides. P a r . 2. Fines, except such as are imposed b y a court, shall be collected in the same manner as arrears. A rticle 147. Contraventions of this law for w hich the courts are not com petent, expire b y lim i tation in three months, if not punishable with a fine of more than 300 marks [$71.40], otherwise in one year. The period of lim itation begins w ith the day on w hich the act was com m itted. It is interrupted b y any action directed against the violator b y the bodies com petent to im pose a penalty. W ith the interruption begins a new period of lim itation; it ends at the latest with the expiration of 10 years from the day on w hich the contravention took place. A rticle 148. Punishm ents im posed finally and not decreed b y the courts expire b y lim itation in two years. The period of lim itation begins w ith the day on w hich the decision becam e final. It is interrupted b y any action directed to tne execution of the pun ishm ent b y the bodies charged w ith the execution. W ith the interruption begins a new period of lim itation; it ends at the latest with the expiration of four years from the day on w hich the decision becam e final. IX . LOCAL WAGE RATE. A rticle 149. P aragraph 1. As the local wage rate that rate shall b e used w hich is the d aily wage custom arily paid in the locality to ordinary day laborers. P a r . 2. The superior insurance office determ ines and publishes the local wage rate. The directorates of the insurance institutes affected shall b e previously given a hear ing; the local insurance office shall express an opinion after having given a hearing to the com m unal authorities and to Hie directorates of the sick funds affected. A rticle 150. Paragraph 1. The local wage rate shall be determ ined separately for men and for women, for insured persons under 16 years, for those betw een 16 and 21 years, and for those over 21 years. w o r k m e n ’s IN S U R A N C E CODE OF J U R Y 19, 1911— G E R M A N Y . 535 P a r . 2. The insured persons under 16 years (juveniles) may be classified as young persons of 14 years and over and children of less than 14 years; apprentices are con sidered as young persons. P a r . 3. In other respects the local wage rate as determined uniformly according to the average for the whole district of each local insurance office. Exceptions are permissible when there are considerable differences in the amount of wages in different localities or between city and country. A rticle 151. Paragraph 1. The local wages are determ ined at the same time for the whole Em pire, at first until Decem ber 31, 1914, afterwards always for four years. Changes in the interim shall on ly be in force until the n ext general determ ination. P a r . 2. All changes shall come into use only two months after their publication. A rticle 152. Before the beginning of each four-year term the im perial chancellor shall publish in the Zentralblatt fur das Deutsche R eich a list of all determ inations in force, and also at least annually a list of changes made in the meantime. X. PLACE OP EMPLOYMENT. A rticle 153. Paragraph 1. The place of em ploym ent is the place in w hich the em ploym ent actually takes place. P a r . 2. For insured persons who are employed at a definite work place (establish ment, place of service), this shall be considered also as the place of employment, while they are performing elsewhere pieces of work of short duration for the employer. Pa r . 3. The same is applicable to insured persons who are em ployed at various tim es from a definite place of work on single pieces of work in districts of various local or rural sick funds. Pa r . 4. I t is further applicable to insured persons who are on ly em ployed on single pieces of work outside of the definite work place, if both the latter and their place of em ploym ent are situated in the district of tne same local insurance office. A rticle 154. For employed persons for whom no definite work place is provided, the seat of the establishment is considered as the place of employment. A rticle 155. For insured persons who have been engaged b y the administration of an establish m ent for a varied em ploym ent to be carried on in different comm unes, that com m une where the im m ediate management of the work has its seat is to b e considered as the place of em ploym ent. A fter a hearing of the interested administrations and com munes or unions of comm unes the superior insurance office can specify otherwise in this regard. A rticle 156. For insured persons em ployed at an agricultural occupation, changeable in various comm unes, the seat of the establishm ent (arts. 963 and 964) is considered as the place of occupation. XI. LEGISLATION OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES. A rticle 157. P aragraph 1. So far as other countries have put into operation a system of relief corresponding to the im perial insurance, the im perial chancellor, w ith the approval of the Federal C ouncil and w ith due regard to reciprocity, m ay make agreements as to what extent the relief shall be regulated according to the im perial insurance or the relief provisions of the other country for establishments overlapping from the territory of one country into that of another, as w ell as for insured persons tem porarily occupied in the territory of the other country. P a r . 2. Likewise if there is a reciprocal consideration, the insurance of citizens of a foreign country may b e regulated otherwise than according to the provisions of this 536 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U E E A U OF L A B O E . law, and the operation of the relief of the one country be facilitated in the territory of the other. In these agreements the obligation of the em ployers to pay contributions according to this law must not be reduced or done away w ith. T he R eichstag must b e notified of these agreements. P a r . 3. These provisions are correspondingly applicable in the case ef a relief which takes the place of the imperial insurance. A rticle 158. W ith the approval of the Federal Council, the im perial chancellor can decree that a right to reim bursem ent m ay be exercised against subjects of a foreign State or their legal successors. x n . GENERAL DEFINITIONS. 1. E m ploym ents subject to insurance . A rticle 159. W ith reservation of the provisions of articles 551, 928, and 1062, the em ploym ent of husband or w ife b y the other does not establish any insurance obligation. 2. E arnings. A r t ic l e 160. P a r a g r a p h 1. In the meaning of this law, earnings consist not on ly of salaries of wages, bu t also of participation in profits, receipts in kind, or other receipts w hich the insured person receives from the em ployer or a third party in place of salary or wages or in addition to them ; even if it is on ly a matter of custom . P a r . 2. The value of receipts in kind shall be reckoned according to local prices, which are to be determined b y the local insurance office. 3. A griculture. A r t ic l e 161. In so far as there are no different provisions, the provisions of this law relating to agricultural establishments, agricultural em ployers, agricultural undertakers, and agricultural em ployees, are also applicable to forestry establishm ents, forestry em ployers, forestry undertakers, and forestry em ployees. 4. P ersons engaged in hom e-working industries. A r t ic l e 162. P a r a g r a p h 1. In the meaning of this law, those independent workmen who manu facture or prepare industrial products in their own workrooms on the order and for the account of others are considered as persons engaged in hom e-working industries. P a r . 2. T hey are also considered as such if they them selves procure the raw or auxiliary m aterials, as w ell as for the tim e during w hich they work tem porarily for their own account. 5 . German seagoing vessels. A r t ic l e 163. E very vessel sailing under the German flag, and used exclu sively or preferably ( vorzugsweise) for m aritim e navigation, is considered as a German seagoing vessel. M erely because natives of protectorates display the flag of the Em pire (art. 10 of the protectorate law, Reichs-G esetzblatt, 1900, p. 812), the ship does not becom e a German seagoing vessel in the meaning of this law. 6. F iscal year. A r t ic l e 164. The fiscal year shall be the calendar year. W O R K M E N *S I N S U R A N C E CODE O F JU L Y 19, 1911-----G E R M A N Y . 537 BOOK TWO— SICKNESS INSURANCE. S e c t io n O n e — S c o p e o p t h e I n s u r a n c e . I. COMPULSORY INSURANCE. A r t ic l e 165. P a r a g r a p h 1. T he follow ing are insured against sickness: 1. W orkmen, helpers, journeym en, apprentices, and servants. 2. Establishm ent officials, forem en, and other em ployees in sim ilar higher posi tions, if such em ploym ent is for all of them their principal occupation. 3. Clerks and apprentices in com m ercial establishments, and clerks and appren tices in pharmacies. 4. Members of the stage and of orchestras, without regard to the artistic value of their services. 5. Teachers and tutors. 6. Persons engaged in home-working industries. 7. The crews of German seagoing vessels, provided that they are subject neither to articles 59 to 62 of the Navigation Code (R eichs-G esetzblatt, 1902, p. 175, and 1904, p. 167), nor to articles 553 to 553b of the Commercial Code; also the crews of vessels engaged in inland navigation. P a r . 2. The prerequisite of insurance for all persons designated in paragraph 1, under Nos. 1 to 5 and No. 7, with the exception of all classes of apprentices, is that they shall be em ployed for com pensation (art. 160), and that for those designated under Nos. 2 to 5 as w ell as for masters of vessels, that their regular annual earnings in the form of com pensation do not exceed 2,500 marks [$595]. A r t ic l e 166. The special provisions of articles 416 to 494 are applicable to the insurance of persons em ployed in agriculture, as servants, of persons em ployed tem porarily or in itinerant trades, of persons engaged in hom e industries and their hom e-working em ployees, as w ell as of all classes of apprentices em ployed without com pensation. A r t ic l e 167. If when this law com es into force, other groups of em ployees are subject to insurance in a Federal State according to State laws, then the State governm ent m ay decree that in case of sickness they are insured according to this law, and m ay determ ine the par ticulars thereof. A r t ic l e 168. The Federal Council determ ines how far tem porary services are exem pt from the insurance. A r t ic l e 169. P a r a g r a p h 1. E xem pt from the insurance are persons em ployed in the establish ments or in the service of the Em pire, of a Federal State, of a union of com m unes, of a com m une, or of an insurance carrier, if there has been guaranteed to them from th eir em ployers a claim at least equal to the sick benefits in the amount and duration of the regular benefits of sick funds (art. 179), or for the same period, to salary, retirem ent pension, part pay or sim ilar receipts equal to one and a half tim es the amount of the pecuniary sick benefits (art. 182). # P a r . 2. The same is applicable to teachers and tutors of public schools and institu tions. A r t ic l e 170. P a r a g r a p h 1. On application of the em ployer, persons em ployed in the establish ments or in the service of other pu blic unions or pu blic corporations shall be exem pted b y the highest adm inistrative authorities from the insurance obligation if th ey have been guaranteed one of the claim s designated in article 169 from their em ployer, or if they are on ly being trained for their profession. P a r . 2. T he same is applicable for officials and em ployees of the court, dom anial, cam eralistic, forest, and sim ilar administrations of the State sovereigns, of the ducal regency of Brunswick, and of the administration of the entailed estates of the princes o f H ohenzollem . 538 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUEEAU OF L A BO R. A r t ic l e 171. On application of the em ployer, the highest adm inistrative authority m ay also specify now far persons em ployed in establishments or in the service of nonpublic corporations, or as teachers and tutors of nonpublic schools or institutions are exem pt from the insurance, if there has been guaranteed to them from their em ployer one of the claim s designated in article 169, or if they are being trained solely for their occupation. A r t ic l e 172. The follow ing are exem pt from the insurance: 1. Officials of the E m pire, of the federal States, of the unions of comm unes, of the comm unes, and of the insurance carriers, and teachers and tutors in pu blic schools or institutions, as long as they are being trained solely for their occupa tion; 2. M ilitary persons who carry on during their service, or during their training for a c iv il em ploym ent, one of the occupations designated in article 165, to whom article 169 is to be applied; 3. Persons who are em ployed in teaching for com pensation during their scientific training for their future occupation; 4. M embers o f ecclesiastical societies, deaconesses, sisters of schools and sim ilar persons, if because of religious or ethical m otives they are em ployed in nurs ing, education, or other activities of p u b lic benefit ana do n ot receive as com pensation more than free m aintenance. A rticle 173. U pon his application, a person able to work perm anently on ly to a sm all extent shall be exem pted from the insurance obligation so long as the poor-law union w hich is liable for relief at the tim e agrees thereto. A rticle 174. On application of the em ployer, the follow ing shall b e exem pted from the insurance obligation: 1. A pprentices of every kind, so long as they are em ployed in the establishm ent o f their parents; 2. Persons tem porarily em ployed during unem ploym ent in workm en’s colonies or sim ilar benevolent institutions. A rticle 175. P a r a g r a p h 1 . The directorate of the fund decides on the application for exem ption (arts. 173,174). The exem ption becom es effective from the tim e o f the receipt o f the application. P a r . 2. If the application is refused, the local insurance office on appeal decides finally. II. v o l u n t a r y i n s u r a n c e . A r t ic l e 176. P a r a g r a p h 1. The follow ing persons m ay join the insurance voluntarily if their total yearly incom e does not exceed 2,500 marks [$595]: 1. E m ployees exem pt from insurance of the kind designated in article 165, paragraph 1; 2. Members of the fam ily of the em ployer, engaged in h is establishm ent, w ithout any specific em ploym ent relation and w ithout com pensation; 3. Industrial and other undertakers o f establishm ents, who regularly em ploy either no one or at the most two persons su bject to insurance. Par. 2. The Federal C ouncil specifies how far, under sim ilar assumption, persons exem pted from insurance according to article 168 m ay join the insurance voluntarily. P a r . 3. The constitution of the sick fund m ay make the right to join dependent on a certain age lim it and on the presentation of a health certificate from a physician. The establishm ent of an age lim it requires the approval o f the superior insurance office. A r t ic l e 177 I f when this law becom es effective there are other groups in a federal State which according to State law have the right to join the insurance voluntarily, then this right shall be regulated according to detailed specifications issued b y the highest adminis trative authority. w o r k m e n 's IN S U R A N C E CODE O F J U L Y 19, 1911— G E R M A N Y . 539 A r t ic l e 178. The right to voluntary insurance ceases in every case where the regular total yearly -Income exceeds 4,000 marks [$952]. S ection T wo — B enefits of the I nsurance . I. GENERAL PROVISIONS AS TO BENEFITS. A rticle 179. P a r a g r a p h 1. The benefits provided b y the insurance consist of the benefits of the sick funds (art. 225) in the form of sickness benefits, m aternity benefits, and funeral benefits, as prescribed in this book. Par. 2. These benefits are considered as the regular benefits of the sick funds, and also even when the constitution makes use of the provisions of articles 188 and 192. P a r . 3. The additional benefits specified b y the constitution are also objects of the insurance; they may be granted only so far as this book provides. A rticle 180. P a r a g r a p h 1. The cash benefits of the fund shall be com puted according to a basic wage. As such basic wage the constitution shall specify the average daily compensa tion of those classes of insured persons for whom the fund has been established, but not to exceed 5 marks [$1.19] per working day. P a r . 2. The constitution may also determine the average daily compensation according to the various rates of wages of the insured persons b y classes up to 6 marks [$1.43]. P a r . 3. The determination requires the approval of the superior insurance office (decision chamber). P a r . 4. In place of the average d aily com pensation the constitution m ay specify as the basic wage the actual earnings of the in dividually insured persons up to 6 marks [$1.43] per working day. P a r . 5. For persons who voluntarily join the insurance, for whom no basic wage can be ascertained according to the above, the constitution shall sp ecify the same. A rticle 181. P a r a g r a p h 1. In the case of rural sick funds the constitution m ay specify the local wage rate as the basic wage. P a r . 2. B ut for establishm ent officials, forem en, and other persons in sim ilar higher positions, and also for artisans, the basic wage shall be determ ined according to article 180. In districts w ithout general local sick funds the same is applicable to the insured persons who according to the nature of their em ploym ent should belong to such a fund. P a r . 3. In districts w ithout a rural sick fund the constitution of the general local sick fund m ay specify the local wage rate as the basic wage for the insured persons who according to the nature of their em ploym ent should belong to a rural sick fu n d; in this connection paragraph 2, sentence 1, is correspondingly applicable. The superior insurance office can order the insertion of such a provision. P a r . 4. In the case of insured persons whose basic wage in accordance with the above is specified otherwise than as the regular basic wage of the sick fund, the fund must keep a separate account for their contributions and benefits in so far as the highest administrative authority does not provide otherwise. n . SICKNESS BENEFITS. A rticle 182. As sickness benefits (K ranken h ilfe) shall be granted the following: 1. Sickness care (K ranken pjlege) from the beginning of the sickness on ; it includes m edical attendance, and supply of m edicines, eyeglasses, trusses, and other m inor therapeutic appliances; 2. Pecuniary sick benefit ( K rankengeld) in the am ount o f half the basic wage for each w orking day, if the sickness incapacitates the insured person for w ork; it is granted beginning w ith the fourth day o f sickness, bu t if the disability begins later, then from the day o f its beginning. 540 B U L L E T IN OF T H E - B U R E A U OF L A B O R . A r t ic l e 183. P a r a g r a p h 1. The sick benefits terminate at the latest w ith the expiration o f the tw enty-sixth w eek from the beginning of the sickness, bu t if the pecuniary benefit has been received beginning w ith a later date, then from this later date. If there was a period during the receipt of pecuniary benefit in w hich on ly m edical care was granted, then for not more than 13 weeks this period shall not be in cluded for the duration of the receipt of pecuniary benefit. P a r . 2. If the pecuniary benefit has to be paid after the twenty-sixth week from the beginning of the sickness, then with its receipt the claim to medical care terminates. A r t ic l e 184. P a r a g r a p h 1. In place of m edical care, the sick fund m ay grant treatment and m aintenance in a hospital ([hospital treatment— KranTcenhauspflege) . This requires the consent of the patient if he has a household of his own, or if he is a m em ber of the househld of his fam ily. P a r . 2. In the case of a minor over 16 years of age, his consent is sufficient P a r . 3. H is consent is not required if— 1. The nature of the sickness demands a treatment or care w hich is not possible in the fam ily of the patient; 2. The sickness is infectious; 3. The patient has repeatedly acted contrary to the sickness regulations (art. 347) or to the orders of the attending physician; 4. H is condition or his conduct make continuous observation necessary. P a r . 4. In the cases mentioned in paragraph 3, Nos. 1, 2, and4, the sick funds shall, if possible, grant hospital treatment. P a r . 5. Whenever several suitable hospitals are available which are willing to undertake the hospital treatment on the same conditions, the sick fund shall, under reservation of article 371, leave the choice to the beneficiary. A rticle 185. P a r a g r a p h 1. W ith the consent of the insured person, the sick fund m ay grant care and attendance b y nurses, nursing sisters, or other attendants, particularly in the cases where the admission of the patient to a hospital seems necessary, bu t can not be effected, or when there is an im portant reason for leaving the patient in his household or w ith his fam ily. P a r . 2. For this purpose the constitution may perm it a deduction up to one-fourth of the pecuniary benefit. A rticle 186. W henever hospital care has been granted to an insured person who has supported dependents either w holly or prin cipally from his earnings, there shall in addition be paid to the dependents house m oney ( H ausgeld) equal to one-half o f the amount of the pecuniary sick benefit. The house m oney m ay be paid directly to the dependents. A r t ic l e 187. The constitution may— 1. E xtend the duration of the sick benefits up to one year; 2. Grant care for convalescents up to the duration of one year after the expiration of the sick benefits; 3. Perm it the granting of such appliances to prevent disfigurem ent or deform ity, w hich after the com pletion of the m edical treatment becom e necessary m order to restore or maintain the ability to work. A r t ic l e 188. I f insured persons have already received the pecuniary sick benefit or the benefits substituted therefor for 26 weeks successively or collectiv ely w ithin 12 months, either on the basis of the im perial insurance or from a m iners’ sick fund or a substitute fund, then the constitution m ay lim it the sick benefits to the regular benefits and to a total duration of 13 weeks in a new case w hich occurs during the n ext 12 m onths. This is on ly applicable where the sick benefits are dem anded on account of the same cause of sickness w hich has not been rem oved. A r t ic l e 189. P a r a g r a p h 1. W here an insured person draws a pecuniary sick benefit at the same tim e from another insurance, the sick fund has to reduce its benefit to such an extent W O B K M E N ?S IN S U R A N C E CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----G E R M A N Y . 541 that the total pecuniary sick benefit of the mem ber does not exceed the average amount of his daily earnings. Par . 2. The constitution may refrain from making the reduction either as to all of it or part of it. A r t ic l e 190. W hen they make claim to the pecuniary sick benefit or its equivalent, the consti tution m ay require the members to com m unicate to the directorate the amount of the benefits w hich they are receiving at the same tim e from another sickness insurance. The question as to w hich sickness insurance provides the benefits is not perm issible. A rticle 191. P aragraph 1. The constitution m ay increase the pecuniary sick benefit up to three-fourths of the basic wage and grant it generally for Sundays and holidays. Pa r . 2. The constitution may grant the pecuniary sick benefit from the first day of the disability in cases o f sickness either lasting longer than one week, or resulting in death, or caused b y industrial accidents, or with approval of the superior insurance office, also in other cases of sickness. A rticle 192. The constitution may refuse the pecuniary sick benefit to members either w holly or partly if— 1. T hey have injured the sick fund b y an act punishable b y loss of civ ic rights, for the duration of one year after the act; 2. The sickness has been caused intentionally or b y culpable participation in brawls or disorderly conduct, for the duration of such sickness. A rticle 193. P aragraph 1. W ith the approval of the superior insurance office, the constitution may establish a maximum amount for m inor therapeutic appliances, and also specify that the fund may grant an additional allowance up to this amount for major thera peutic appliances. Pa r . 2. It may grant for the care of patients still other means besides minor thera peutic appliances, particularly special diet for sickness. P a r . 3. In the case of insured persons who voluntarily remain members of a sick fund (art. 313) the constitution m ay grant them in the place of the sick care an amount equal to at least one-half of the pecuniary sick benefit, if they are not residing in the district of the sick fund or of the local insurance office. A rticle 194. The constitution may— 1. Increase the house m oney up to the amount of the legal pecuniary sick benefit; 2. Grant to insured persons, for whom no house m oney is to be paid, a pecuniary sick benefit up to one-half of its legal amount in addition to hospital treat m ent. III. MATERNITY BENEFITS. A rticle 195. P aragraph 1. W omen lying-in who in the preceding year before their confine m ent have been insured against sickness at least six months on the basis of the im perial insurance or in a m iners’ sick fund shall receive a m aternity benefit in the am ount of the pecuniary sick benefit for eight weeks, six of w hich must fall in the period after confinem ent. Par . 2. In the case of members of rural sick funds who are n ot subject to the Indus trial Code the constitution must specify that the duration of the receipt of m aternity benefits shall be at least four weeks, bu t not more than eight weeks. P a r . 3. The pecuniary sick benefit shall not be granted m addition to the m aternity benefit. The weeks after the confinem ent must be consecutive. A rticle 196. P aragraph 1. W ith the consent of the women lying-in , the sick fund m ay— 1. Grant in place of the m aternity benefit, m edical treatment and m aintenance in a lying-in hom e; 542 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. 2. Grant treatment and attendance b y home nurses and deduct for it not more than one-half of the maternity benefit. P a r . 2. Article 186 is correspondingly applicable in the case of number 1. A r t ic l e 197. If a woman lying-in has been insured during the last year in several sick funds, miners’ sick funds, or substitute funds, then on demand the amount of the maternity benefit shall be repaid b y the other funds to the sick fund liable for the benefits, according to articles 195 and 196, in proportion to the duration of her membership. A r t ic l e 198. The constitution may grant either to married women subject to insurance or to all females subject to insurance under the requisites mentioned in article 195, paragraph 1, the services of a midwife and the services of an obstetrician if such becom e necessary at the confinement. A r t ic l e 199. In the case of pregnant women who have belonged at least six months to the sick fund, the constitution may— 1. Grant them a pregnancy benefit in the amount of the pecuniary sick benefit for a total duration of not more than six weeks, if they becom e incapacitated for work on account of their pregnancy; 2. Include in the duration of this benefit the time of the granting of a maternity benefit before confinement; 3. Grant the services of a midwife and medical treatment if such becom e neces sary for ailments incidental to pregnancy. A r t ic l e 200. The constitution may grant to women lying-in of the class designated in article 195, paragraph 1, a nursing benefit up to the amount of one-half of the pecuniary sick benefit and up to the expiration of the twelfth week after the confinement, so long as they themselves nurse their newborn children. IV. FUNERAL BENEFITS. A r t ic l e 201. As a funeral benefit, there shall be paid at the death of an insured person twenty times the amount of the basic wage. A rticle 202. If, while a member of a sick fund, a sick person dies from the same sickness within one year after the expiration of the sick benefits, the funeral benefit shall be paid: Provided . That he has been incapacitated for work up to his death. A rticle 203. From the funeral benefit are first defrayed the costs of burial, and they shall be paid to the person who has taken care of the burial. In case there is a surplus, then in the following order— the husband or wife, the children, the father, the mother, and the brothers and sisters are successively entitled to receive it, provided that they were living in the same household with the deceased at the time of his death. In the absence of such persons the surplus reverts to the sick fund. A rticle 204. The constitution may increase the funeral benefit up to forty times the amount of the basic wage; it may also establish the minimum amount at 50 marks [$11.90]. v. b e n e f it s to t h e ‘ f a m il y . A rticle 205. The constitution may grant— 1. Sickness care to members not subject to insurance, of the family of an insured person. W O R K M E N 'S INSURANCE CODE OF JU R Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 543 2. A maternity benefit to the wife not subject to insurance, of an insured person. 3. A funeral benefit on the death of a wife or husband or a child of an insured person. It may be fixed for the wife or husband at not more than twothirds, for a child at not more than one-half of the funeral benefit of a mem ber, and is to be reduced b y the amount of any funeral benefit for which the deceased himself was insured according to law. V I. GENERAL PROVISIONS. A r t ic l e 206. For persons subject to the insurance the claim to the regular benefits begins with their membership (arts. 306 to 308). A r t ic l e 207. The constitution may specify that the claim of persons entitled to insurance who have voluntarily joined the sick fund shall begin only after a waiting term of not more # than 6 weeks. A r t ic l e 208. It may specify that the claim to additional benefits of the fund shall begin only after a waiting term of not more than 6 months after their admittance. Such a provision shall not be applicable to members who, during the last 12 months have already had for at least 6 months a claim to the additional benefits of a sick fund or a miners’ sick fund. A r t ic l e 209. P a r a g r a p h 1. B y separation from membership this waiting term can be inter rupted for the duration of not more than 26 weeks. P a r . 2. For members who leave in order to perform their compulsory service in the army or navy the above duration is increased b y this period of service. A r t ic l e 210. With the exception of funeral benefits, the cash benefits shall b e paid at the expira tion of each week. A r t ic l e 211. In cases where the insurance has already begun the benefits m ay be increased but not reduced b y amendments to the constitution; changes in the basic wage shall have no influence. A rticle 212. P a r a g r a p h 1. I f an insured person who is receiving cash benefits goes over to another fund, the latter takes over the further payment of benefits according to its constitution. The period during which benefits have already been received snail be included in counting the duration of the benefits. P a r . 2. The insured person shall receive additional benefits only if he has already acquired a claim to additional benefits in his former sick fund. A rticle 213. If a sick fund has accepted the contributions for a person for 3 months without interruption and without objection, after application has been made in due form and not intentionally incorrect, and if it develops, after an insurance case occurs, that the person was not subject to insurance and was not entitled to insurance, then the sick fund must nevertheless grant him the benefits prescribed b y the constitution. A rticle 214. P a r a g r a p h 1. Insured persons who leave the fund on account of lack of employ ment ( Erw erbslosigheit) and who in the preceding 12 months have been insured either not less than 26 weeks or for 6 weeks immediately previous to leaving the fund, shall retain their claim to the regular benefits of the sick fund: P rovided , That the case of insurance occurs during unemployment and within 3 weeks after leaving the fund. On application the sick fund must certify to the beneficiary his claim for these benefits. 544 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . P a r . 2. A funeral benefit shall also be granted even after the expiration of the 3 weeks if the sick benefits have been paid up to the time of death. P a r . 3. If the unemployed person remains in a foreign country and if the constitu tion does not provide otherwise the claim shall cease. A rticle 215. P aragraph 1. If the Federal Council specifies that persons not subject to insurance according to article 168 may join the insurance voluntarily, it may restrict the regular benefits either to medical care and to hospital treatment without house money, or to their substitutes (art. 185) without pecuniary sick benefit. P a r . 2. For those persons who join the insurance voluntarily the constitution, with the approval of the superior insurance office, may restrict the sick-fund benefits either to the same extent or restrict them to the pecuniary sick benefit. P a r . 3. For such insured persons the contributions shall be correspondingly re duced. A rticle 216. P aragraph 1. Sick benefits shall be suspended— 1. As long as the beneficiary is serving a prison term or is in jail pending trial or has been placed in a workhouse or reformatory; if the insured person has become incapacitated for work through sickness, and if he has supported wholly or partly his dependents b y his earnings, then they shall be granted house money (art. 186). 2. For beneficiaries who, after the case of insurance has occurred, without approval of the directorate of the sick fund voluntarily go to a foreign country, for the length of their abode there without this consent; the Federal Council may suspend the stopping of the claim for certain border territories. 3. For foreign beneficiaries so long as they are expelled from the territory of the Empire on account of condemnation in a penal procedure. The same applies to foreign beneficiaries who have been expelled from the territory of a federal State because of condemnation in a penal procedure, so long as they do not stay in another federal State. P a r . 2. If the beneficiary has dependents in Germany to whom the constitution allows family benefits then these benefits shall be granted. A rticle 217. P aragraph 1. When, after a case of insurance has occurred, an insured person relinquishes his abode in Germany, without a suspension of sick benefits, the sick fund may settle with him b y the payment of a lump sum. This must correspond to the value of the cash benefits to which he would be entitled in Germany according to the probable duration of the sickness; in such case three-eighths of the basic wage shall be reckoned for medical care. P a r . 2. In case of a dispute in regard to the settlement, the opinion of the physician agreed upon b y the affected parties, otherwise of the official physician, is decisive. A rticle 218. Articles 216 and 217 are correspondingly applicable to maternity benefits, as also in the case of article 205, Nos. 1 and 2, for the family members entitled to benefits. A rticle 219.. P aragraph 1. Sick persons who reside outside of the district of their sick fund receive, on demand of their sick fund, the benefits to which they are entitled from the general local sick fund of their place of residence. I f a special local sick fund or a rural sick fund for insured persons of their kind is in operation there, it must grant the benefits. P a r . 2. The same is applicable to family members entitled to benefits, as also to unemployed persons who have left the insurance (art. 214). A rticle 220. The same is applicable to an insured person who falls ill during a temporary sojourn outside of the district of his sick fund, as long as he can not return to his place of w o r k m e n 's INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 545 residence on account of his condition. An application from his fund is not necessary, but within one week after the case of insurance occurred the sick fund which grants tiie benefits must notify the sick fund of the insured person, and as far as possible must carry out the latter’s wishes as regards the nature of the relief. A rticle 221. If an insured person falls ill in a foreign country he receives from the employer the benefits to which he is entitled from his sick fund as long as his condition does not permit of his returning to Germany. The employer must notify the sick fund within one week of the occurrence of the case of insurance, and must carry out as far as pos sible its wishes as regards the nature of the relief. The sick fund may itself take over the relief. A rticle 222. In the cases of articles 219 to 221 the sick fund of the insured person must refund the costs to the other sick fund or to the employer. In such case three-eighths of the basic wage shall be considered as reimbursement for the cost of the sick care. A rticle 223. P aragraph 1. Claims to sick benefits lapse within two years after the day of their origin. P a r . 2. Deductions from the claims of the persons entitled to benefits may only be made for— Reimbursement claims for amounts which the beneficiary has received in cases of article 1542, or from the imperial accident insurance, bu t which must be refunded to the sick fund. Contributions overdue. Advances paid. Sick-fund benefits paid in error. Costs of procedure which the beneficiary has to refund. Fines imposed b y the director of the sick fund. P a r . 3. Only half the amount of pecuniary benefits may b e deducted on account of claims. A rticle 224. The local insurance office decides, b y judgment procedure, In disputes between sick funds in regard to— 1. Claims for refund according to articles 197 and 222. 2. Refund of benefits granted in error. S ection T hree — Carriers op the I nsurance . I. KINDS OP SICK PUNDS. A rticle 225. P aragraph 1. Sick funds, according to this law, are— The local sick funds ( Ortshrankenhassen ). The rural sick funds ( Landhranhenhassen ). The establishment sick funds (Betriebshranhenkassen ). The guild sick funds ( Innungskranhenhassen ). P ar . 2. Members of miners’ sick funds established under the provisions of State laws may not join these sick funds. n . GENERAL LOCAL SICK PUNDS AND RURAL SICK PUNDS. A rticle 226. P aragraph 1. Local sick funds shall be established for local districts (general local sick funds) (A llgem eine Ortshrankenhassen); rural sick funds shall also be created for similar areas. Par . 2. The local and rural sick funds shall, as a rule, be established within the district of a local insurance office. Par . 3. The highest administrative authorities may decree and permit exceptions. 546 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E A U OF L A B O R . A r t ic l e 227. The State legislation may specify for the territory or for parts of the territory of the federal State that no rural sick funds m aybe established in addition to the general local sick funds. A rticle 228. No rural sick fund shall b e established, in addition to the general local sick fund; where the rural sick fund would not have at least 250 compulsory members. A r t ic l e 229. The establishment of a rural sick fund, in addition to a general local sick fund, may, with the approval of the superior insurance office, be done away with, where the local insurance office (decision chamber) deems it unnecessary after a hearing of the employers and persons subject to insurance affected. A r t ic l e 230. The establishment of a general local sick fund, in addition to a rural sick fund, may, with the approval of the highest administrative authority, be done away with, where the local sick fund would not have at least 250 compulsory members. A r t ic l e 231. P a r a g r a p h 1. General local sick funds and rural sick funds shall be established b y decision of the union of communes. P a r . 2. Where it is permissible for the district of a local insurance office to create one as well as several general local or several rural sick funds, the unions of com munes affected must come to an agreement thereon. If they can not agree, the superior insurance office decides and decrees the establishment of the funds. A rticle 232. Where a general local or a rural sick fund is not established in proper time, the superior insurance office decrees its establishment. A r t ic l e 233. 1. The communes and unions of communes affected have the right to the highest administrative authority against the decree of the superior office. If the final decree is not carried out within? the time limit, the superior office establishes the sick fund or authorizes* the local insurance office to Paragraph to appeal insurance P a r . 2. insurance do so. A rticle 234. Persons subject to insurance who do not belong to a miners* sick fund or to a special local or establishment or guild sick fund shall b e members of the general local or rural sick fund of their class of occupation and of their place of employment. A rticle 235. P a r a g r a p h 1 . Members of the rural sick funds are— Persons employed in agriculture. Servants. Persons employed in itinerant trades. Persons engaged in home-working industries and their home-working employees. P a r . 2. Persons employed in horticulture, in cemetery establishments, in the care of parks and gardens, are, with reservation of article 236, paragraph 1, and arti cle 237, paragraph 1, members of rural sick funds only if they are em ployed in parts of agricultural establishments. A r t ic l e 236. P a r a g r a p h 1. The Federal Council may assign to the rural sick funds still other groups of insured persons who were not legally subject to insurance before this law came into force. w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OP J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 547 P a r . 2. For its territory or for parts thereof, the highest administrative authority may assign to the general local sick funds individual groups of persons required to be insured in the rural sick funds. A rticle 237. P aragraph 1. If a district has no general local sick fund, the persons subject to insurance in local sick funds belong to the rural sick fund. P a r . 2. If a district has no rural sick fund, the persons required to insure in the rural sick fund belong in the general local sick fund. A rticle 238. Persons entitled to insurance who desire to insure themselves voluntarily and who do not, according to articles 243, 244, 245, paragraph 4, and article 250, para graph 2, becom e members of a special local or establishment or guild sick fund may, according to the class of their employment, join either the general local or the rural sick fund of their place of employment. HI. SPECIAL LOCAL SICK FUNDS. A rticle 239. . P a r a g r a p h 1 Where at the coming in force of this law there is in existence a local sick fund for one or for several branches of industry or kinds of establishments or for insured persons of one sex only, such fund shall be authorized as a special local sick fund, in addition to the general local sick fund, as long as it complies with the requirement^ of articles 240 to 242. P a r . 2. It may retain the benefits allowed to be granted up to the present time, even though they are not of the same kind and are higher than those permitted b y article 179, provided that such fund covers its expenses without exceeding the maximum legal contributions. A rticle 240. A special local sick fund shall be authorized only if— 1. It has at least 250 members (art. 241). 2. Its continuance does not endanger the existence or solvency of the general local, and the rural sick fund of the district (art. 242). 3. The benefits prescribed b y its constitution are at least equal in value to those of the standard local sick fund, or are made equal within six months (art. 259 to 263). 4. Its solvency is permanently assured. 5. It does not extend beyond the district of the local insurance office. A rticle 241. The minimum number of members shall be reckoned according to the average for the last three years, or if the sick fund has been in existence a shorter period, according to the average for this period. A rticle 242. P aragraph 1. The general local sick fund or the rural sick fund are especially considered as endangered if after the authorization of the special local sick fund the membership of the former funds would not reach at least 250. P a r . 2. Until the membership of the general local sick fund or of the rural sick fund has reached this number, the sick funds with the smallest membership shall first be excluded. A rticle 243. To the special local sick fund belong those groups of persons subject to insurance for which the sick fund exists according to its constitution; persons belonging to these groups and entitled to insure themselves voluntarily may join this fund. The con stitution may not enlarge the scope of the membership. A rticle 244. P aragraph . 1. If a special local sick fund is in existence for the industry branches and kinds of establishments in which the majority of the persons subject to insurance 548 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . ot an establishment is employed, all persons subject to insurance em ployed in the establishment shall belong to it, and likewise the persons entitled to insure them selves voluntarily can also join it; otherwise all of mem shall belong to the general local sick fund. P a r . 2. This does not affect membership in a special local sick fund operated for members of one sex only. IV. ESTABLISHMENT SICK FUNDS AND GUILD SICK FUNDS. A rticle 245. P aragraph 1. A n employer may create an establishment sick fund for each estab lishment in which he employs permanently at least 150 persons subject to insurance and for each agricultural establishment or inland navigation establishment in which he employs permanently at least 50 persons subject to insurance. H e may also create a common establishment sick fund for several establishments in which he employs permanently at least 150 persons altogether or in agricultural or inland navigation establishments at least 50 persons altogether who are subject to insurance. The per sons affected who are subject to the insurance are first to be given a hearing. P a r . 2. So far as an employer belongs with his establishment to a guild, which has a guild sick fund, he may not create an establishment sick fund for the employees subject to insurance who must belong to the guild sick fund. P a r . 3. A ll persons em ployed in the establishment who are subject to insurance belong to the establishment sick fund. Article 181 is applicable where one of the establishments is an agricultural establishment. P a r , 4. Persons entitled to insure themselves voluntarily, who are em ployed in the establishment, may join the sick fund as members. A rticle 246. Administrations of the Empire and of the federal States have the same right (art. 245, par. 1) for their service establishments. Article 245, paragraphs 3 and 4, are applicable to the employees in these establishments. A rticle 247. In establishments which on account of their nature annually reduce their force regularly or shut down temporarily (seasonal industries), the minimum number (art. 245, par. 1) must be on hand for at least two months. A rticle 248. A n establishment sick fund may only be created if— 1. It does not endanger the existence or solvency of existing general local sick funds or rural sick funds (art. 242); in this connection a sick fund is not con sidered as endangered if it still has more than 1,000 members after the creation of the establishment sick fund; 2. The benefits provided b y its constitution are at least equal in value to those of the standard sick fund; 3. Its solvency is permanently assured. A rticle 249. P aragraph 1. Where a building owner employs temporarily a larger number of workmen in a temporary construction establishment he has to create an establishment sick fund on decree of the superior insurance office. P a r . 2. With the approval of the superior insurance office the building owner may transfer this obligation to one or more employers, who have w holly or partly under taken the construction on their own account, provided that sufficient surety is given. P a r . 3. The provisions concerning a minimum membership as well as article 245, paragraph 2, article 248, are here not applicable; the superior insurance office deter mines the extent of the benefits. P a r . 4. If the decree is not carried out within the term specified, the superior insurance office itself establishes the fund or charges the local insurance office with its establishment. W O R K M E N ’s IN S U R A N C E CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911----- G E R M A N Y . 549 A r t ic l e 250. * P a r a g r a p h 1. A guild may create a guild sick fund for the establishments of the members who belong to the guild. P a r . 2. The persons subject to insurance employed in the establishment belong to this sick fund, so far as they are not subject to insurance in rural sick funds according to articles 235 and 236. Persons em ployed in the establishments and entitled to insure themselves voluntarily can also join it. P a r . 3. Employees of an establishment, with which an employer has voluntarily joined a compulsory guild or for which an establishment sick iund has been created according to article 249, do not belong to the guild sick fund. P a r . 4. Where a member of a guild removes his industrial establishment outside of the district of the sick fund, the membership of his employees subject to insurance in the guild sick fund ceases to exist. A rticle 251. P a r a g r a p h 1. A guild sick fund may only be established if— 1. It does not endanger the existence or solvency of existing general local sick funds and rural sick funds (art. 242); in this connection a sick fund is not considered as endangered if it still has more than 1,000 members after the creation of the guild fund; 2. T he benefits provided b y its constitution are at least equal in value to those of the standard local sick fund; 3. Its solvency is permanently assured. P a r . 2. The committee of journeymen, the communal authority, o f the, locality where the guild has its seat, the chamber of handwork, as well as the supervisory authority of the guild, shall be given a hearing previous to the establishment of the fund. A r t ic l e 252. P a r a g r a p h 1. The application for the approval of an establishment or guild sick fund shall be directed to the local insurance office. P a r . 2. The localinsuraiice office~shall offer to the rural sick funds and general local sick funds affected an opportunity to give their opinion" and shall submit the applica tion with an expression of its opinion to the superior insurance office. A rticle 253. P a r a g r a p h 1. Establishment sick funds which have not been decreed according to article 249, as well as guild sick funds, may only be established with the approval of the superior insurance office. P a r . 2. The superior insurance office (decision chamber) may only refuse the approval for establishment sick funds, with reservation of article 273, paragraph 1, No. 2, if the sick fund does not have the prescribed membership or if it does not meet the requirements of article 248. A rticle 254. The following are entitled to an appeal to the highest administrative authorities against the decision of the superior insurance office: The employer or the guild if the approval is refused. Each rural sick fund or general local sick fund affected, if the approval is granted. The employer, if the creation of a sick fund has been decreed according to article 249. A rticle 255. P a r a g r a p h 1 . A n establishment sick fund which exis ted before the coming into force of this law shall only be authorized if— 1. It has at least one hundred members, or in the case of sick funds for agricultural or inland navigation establishments at least fifty members (arts. 241 and 247): 2. The benefits provided b y its constitution are at least equivalent to those of the standard sick fund or are made so within six months: 3. Its solvency is permanently assured. P a r . 2. Where a com m on establishment sick fund existed for establishments of several employers it may b e authorized under the same conditions. P a r . 3. These requirements are not applicable to establishment sick funds which are authorized for establishments of the Empire or federal States. 18544°— No. 96— 12------14 550 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. A rticle 256. P aragraph 1. A guild sick fund which existed before the com ing in to force of this law shall be authorized, if it complies with the requirements of article 255, paragraph 1, Nos. 2 and 3. P a r . 2. Where a common, guild sick fund existed for several guilds it may be authorized under the same conditions. A r t ic l e 257. A n authorized establishment sick fund, or guild sick fund, may retain other and higher benefits permissible up to the present time than those permitted b y article 179, if the fund covers its expenses without exceeding the maximum legal contri butions. V. CONTROVERSIES. A rticle 258. P aragraph 1. In disputes arising between sick funds, as to which of them the estab lishments or parts of establishments belong, the local insurance office (decision com mittee) decides. O n appeal the superior insurance office decides finally. Pa r . 2. T h e same is applicable if the sick funds affected refuse to anyone the right of membership in the sick funds. P a r . 3. Where the decision assigns establishments or parts of establishments to another sick fund, it shall also determine when the new insurance status comes in force. P a r . 4. Final decisions concerning the right of membership in sick funds are bind ing for all authorities and courts. VI. BENEFITS OF EQUAL VALUE. A rticle 259. P aragraph 1. The competent local insurance office (decision comm ittee) decides whether sick fund benefits are of equal value with other benefits. P a r . 2. Estimates of the total value of the benefits shall be made in this conriection with due consideration of the special kind of membership o f the individual sick funds. P a r . 3. The Federal Council may determine particulars in this connection. A rticle 260. Benefits of the standard sick fund which have not been in force a full year shall not be considered; nor shall additional benefits be considered which are on ly possible at the expense of the reserve, or b y an increase o f the contributions to more than 4J per cent o f the basic wage. A r t ic l e 261. P aragraph 1. The general local sick fund of the district shall be the standard sick fund. P a r . 2. In the case of a sick fund whose district embraces those of several general local sick funds, the general local sick fund o f its seat shall be the standard sick fund. A sick fund also grants benefits o f equal value if it has special groups o f members and maintains for each group benefits whose value is equal to those o f the competent general local sick fund. P a r . 3. In the case of agricultural establishment sick funds the rural sick fund, or where none has been established, the general local sick fund shall he the standard sick fund. A rticle 262. P aragraph 1. Whether the benefits are of equal value shall be determined every four years if facts are submitted which make it evident that Ule former determination is no longer correct. P a r . 2. In the case of a newly established sick fund the local insurance office can take as a basis the benefits last determined of the standard sick fund. A r t ic l e 263. P aragraph 1. The local insurance office communicates its decision to the sick funds affected, and as far as it concerns the creation of an establishment or o f a guild sick fund, also to the rural sick funds and general local sick funds affected. WORKMEN *S INSURANCE CODE OF JULY 19, 1911— GERMANY. 551 P a r . 2. The sick funds have the right of appeal to the superior insurance office. This decides finally. In special cases it may request the opinion of the accounting bureau of the Imperial Insurance Office before making a decision. VH. COMBINATION, SEPARATION, DISSOLUTION, AND CLOSING. 1. L ocal and rural sick fu n d s. A rticle 264. P aragraph 1. A rural sick fund established for the whole district of the local insurance office shall be combined with the general local sick fund of the district if its membership falls below 250 and does so not merely temporarily. • P a r . 2. This may be done when the local insurance office (decision committee) after a hearing of the employers and persons subject to insurance affected deems its continuance unnecessary. P a r . 3. A general local sick fund established for the' whole district o f the local insurance office shall be combined with the rural sick fund of the district if its mem bership M is below 250 and does so not merely temporarily. A rticle 265. P aragraph 1. If for the district of a local insurance office there have been estab lished according to article 231, paragraph 2, several general local sick funds, they may be combined on decision of its committees and with the approval of the com munes and unions affected. P a r . 2. In the same manner several rural sick funds established according to article 231, paragraph 2 may be combined. A r t ic l e 266. A general local or a rural sick fund shall be closed if it becomes evident that it should not have been established. A rticle 267. A general local or a rural sick fund, created for parts of the district of a local insur ance office, shall b e closed if— 1. Its membership falls below 250 and does so not merely temporal ily and no combination according to article 265 is effected. 2. Its contributions, although they have amounted to 6 per cent of the basic wage (arts. 389 and 890), inclusive o f other revenues, are not sufficient to cover the regular benefits, and in case of a local sick fund if the employer and the insured persons can not agree on an increase of the contributions, or in case of a rural sick fund if the union of communes does not furnish the requisite funds. A rticle 268. Where the district of a special local sick fund does not overlap that of the general local sick fund, the committees of both sick funds may decide to make the consolida tion. A rticle 269. P a r a g r a p h 1. A special local sick fund may be dissolved on the decision of its committee. P a r . 2. It shall be closed if— 1. It does not com ply with the requirements of articles 240 to 242. 2. It becomes unable to pay its benefits according to article 267, No. 2. 3. It becomes evident that it should not have been authorized. t . Establishm ent and guild sick fin d s . A rticle 270. Several establishment sick funds for establishments of the same employer may on decision of their committees be combined into one fund. 552 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. A r t ic l e 271. In the case of a change in the organization of a public administration which has created establishment sick funds for its establishments or services the superior insur ance office, or if several superior insurance offices are affected, the highest adminis trative authorities, on application and after a hearing of the administrative bodies of the sick funds, shall fix the districts of the sick funds in a different manner. A rticle 272. An establishment sick fund may be dissolved on application of the employer and with the approval of the sick fund committee. A rticle 273. P a r a g r a p h 1. A n establishment sick fund shall be closed if— 1. The establishment for which it was created ceases to exist. 2. The employer does not provide for orderly handling of the funds and the accounts; the creation of a new establishment sick fund can be refused to him. 3. It becomes evident that it should not have been established or authorized. P a r 2. If in the case of No. 2 above, an establishment sick fund created b y decree (art. 249) is concerned, the local insurance office may engage at the expense of the employer a representative for the management of the business of the fund. A r t ic l e 274. A n establishment sick fund not established b y decree (art. 249) shall be closed if— 1. Its membership falls below the minimum number and this decrease is not merely temporary (art. 245, par. 1, and art. 255, par. 1, No. 1). 2. The employer with the establishment becomes a member of a voluntary guild or a compulsory member of a compulsory guild which has a guild sick fund. 3. Its benefits are not equivalent to those of the standard sick fund and can not be made so within six months. 4. Its solvency is no longer permanently assured. A rticle 275. An establishment sick fund created b y decree according to article 249 may be closed by the superior insurance office. A rticle 276. Guild sick funds shall be com bined whenever their guilds are com bined. A r t ic l e 277. P a r a g r a p h 1. If a compulsory guild is created, and in consequence a guild is closed, the rights and obligations which it had relative to its guild sick fund shall be transferred to the compulsory guild. P a r . 2, The fund shall be closed if the compulsory guild includes another district or other industry branches. A rticle 278. A guild sick fund may be dissolved on decision of the guild meeting after a hearing of the journeymen’ s committee and with the approval of the sick fund committee. A rticle 279. A guild sick fund shall be closed if— 1. The guild which established it goes into liquidation or is closed, with reserva tion of article 277, paragraph 1. 2. Its benefits are not equivalent to those of the standard local sick fund and can not be made so within six months. 3. Its solvency is no longer permanently assured. 4. Orderly handling of cash funds and accounts is not provided. 5. It becomes evident that it should not have been established or authorized. w o r k m e n 's INSURANCE CODE OF JULY 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 553 3. Procedure. A r t ic l e 280. The superior insurance office (decision chamber) in whose district the sick funds have their seat decides on the consolidation, dissolution, and closure of sick funds as well as on the question of separating from such funds. Where the seats of the sick funds affected are located in districts of different superior insurance offices, the highest administrative authority determines the competent superior insurance office. A r t ic l e 281. The application for consolidation, separation, or dissolution is to be directed to that local insurance office which is competent for the sick funds affected. I f their seats are located in districts of different local insurance offices, the superior insurance office determines the competent local insurance office. A rticle 282. P a r a g r a p h 1. A ny sick fund affected may make this application; in the case o f local or rural sick funds, the competent union of communes can also do so; in the case of establishment sick funds the employer may also do so, and in the case of guild sick funds, the guild likewise. P a r . 2. If this is not done in due time in cases of article 264, paragraph 1, or of article 276, the local insurance office makes the application on its own initiative. P a r . 3. If a sick fund must be closed, the local insurance office starts the procedure on its own initiative. In the case of establishment sick funds created b y decree it has the right to do so (art. 249). A r t ic l e 283. P a r a g r a p h 1. The local insurance office gives the parties affected an opportunity to express themselves concerning the application.. Those sick funds, to which trans ferred members would have to belong in the future, are considered as affected, as well as the persons designated in article 282, paragraph 1. P a r . 2. The local insurance office presents the application with the expressions of opinion and the amended constitution to the superior insurance office and expresses thereby its own opinion, so far as it has not itself caused the change. A r t ic l e 284. P a r a g r a p h 1. The superior insurance office specifies in its decision the date on which the amendment comes m force. There must be a minimum interval of four months between the decision iand the date specified; in the case of closure of sick funds this term may be shorter in urgent cases. P a r . 2. The parties affected have the right of appeal against the decision to the highest administrative authority. A r t ic l e 285. P a r a g r a p h 1. In the case of the consolidation of sick funds mutual agreement must be made between the sick funds affected according to articles 286 to 297. P a r . 2. The highest administrative authority may determine particulars concern ing the mutual agreement. A r t ic l e 286. P a r a g r a p h 1. The mutual agreement shall precede the decision of the superior insurance office. P a r . 2. T o bring about the mutual agreement the representatives of the sick funds affected meet on invitation of the local insurance office under the direction of its representative. P a r . 3. I f an agreement is effected thereby, it shall require the consent of the sickfund committees affected as well as the approval of the local insurance office. The decision committee may decline to grant tne approval for important reasons. A rticle 287. If no agreement is effected, or if one of the participating committees does not con sent, or tne features objectionable to the local insurance office are not removed, the local insurance office (decision committee) takes charge of the arrangements. 554 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. A r t ic l e 288. P a r a g r a p h 1. The sick fund which receives the other assumes the rights and obligations of the other sick fund, so far as articles 289 to 296 do not provide other wise. P a r . 2. Article 326 is applicable where amendments to the constitution becom e necessary. A r t ic l e 289. The members of the admitted sick fund who are subject to insurance becom e mem bers of the admitting sick fund. Members who are entitled to insure themselves voluntarily have the right to membership in the admitting sick fund. The members transferred thereby continue their insurance status without interruption. A r t ic l e 290. P a r a g r a p h 1. The admitting sick fund must take over the officials and employees of the admitted sick fund under the same or equivalent conditions. P ar . 2. The officials and employees of the fund must accept with the admitting sick fund similar positions corresponding to their ability. T h ey must also content themselves with another employm ent in the service of the sick fund which is not obviously unsuited to their abilities. T hey becom e subject to the service rules of the admitting sick fund; their total income shall not be reduced. A r t ic l e 291. P a r a g r a p h 1. The directorate of the sick fund which is to be admitted shall commu nicate without delay the decision of the superior insurance office (art. 284, par. 1) to the physicians and dentists to which the sick fund stands in contract relations. Within 14 days thereafter the physician ov dentist may declare to the admitting sick fund his readiness to render service for it under the conditions which he had already agreed upon with the admitted sick fund, or under the terms which the admitting sick fund makes with its own physicians and dentists. If the admitting sick fund does not accept the offer without delay it must compensate the physician or dentist. I f the physician or dentist has not declared his willingness within 14 days, the contract relation m ay b e revoked b y either party, beginning from this point of time, b y observ ing three months* period of notice, bu t not sooner than the date of admission. Con tractual rights to give notice at an earlier point of time are hereby not affected. P ar . 2. This shall be correspondingly applicable for contract relations of the sick funds with owners and administrators of pharmacies, all classes of medical institu tions, and with the persons enumerated in article 122, as also with dealers. A rticle 292. The representatives of the sick funds affected and Ihe local insurance office may determine that an admitted sick fund shall for a maximum period of four years b e represented in the directorate of the admitting sick fund b y a specified number of insured persons and employers. A rticle 293. The fund which is to be admitted shall ascertain b y a balance sheet (arts. 39, 40, and 261 of the Commercial Code) its net assets, and for each transferred member assign therefrom to the admitting sick fund an amount equivalent to the amount of net assets falling to each member of the admitting sick fund. A r t ic l e 294. P a r a g r a p h 1. If there are still any free assets they are to be turned over to the admitting sick fund. P a r . 2. If this amount is large enough the committee of the Bick fund which is to be admitted may form thereof a special fund for the members which are to b e trans ferred, from which they shall receive an increase in the funeral benefit. T he increase must not exceed the amount of the funeral benefit according to articles 204 and 205, No. 3. P a r . 3. The directorate of the admitting sick fund shall administer this special fund in accordance with the manner specified. If the last insured person transferred has left, the balance shall go in the reserve fund of the sick fund. WORKMEN*S INSURANCE CODE OF JULY 19, 1911— GERMANY. 555 P a r . 4. If the admitting sick fund grants considerably higher benefits, the sick fund which is to be admitted has to turn over to it in advance an amount which according to a proper estimate w ill equalize the difference. A r t ic l e 295. If it can be shown that the employer or the guild have made voluntary gifts to an establishment fund or guild sick fund which is to be admitted^ they may transfer a corresponding part of the free assets to the benefit of a special sick fund or a special endowment (art. 294, par. 3) for the members who are transferred. A r t ic l e 296. P a r a g r a p h 1. Where a sick fund which is to be admitted does not possess the full per capita amounts {art. 293) or any net assets, it shall turn over only the assets on hand. P a r . 2. If the balance sheet of an establishment fund or guild sick fund which is to be admitted shows a deficit the employer or the guild liable for these amounts must cover the deficit. P a r . 3. I f such a deficit becomes evident in a local or rural sick fund which is to be admitted, then the admitting sick fund may for one year increase the contributions for the insured persons admitted, b y a special assessment up to the maximum legal amount (art. 389). A r t ic l e 297. P a r a g r a p h 1. The parties affected have the right of appeal to the superior insurance office (decision chamber) against the mutual arrangements approved or caused b y the local insurance office. The decision of the superior insurance office is final. P a r . 2. So far as the appealed decision relates to financial affairs, the superior insurance office may ask the accounting bureau of the Imperial Insurance Office to express its opinion. A r t ic l e 298. P a r a g r a p h I. Mutual arrangements between the sick funds affected also take place if— ^ 1. T he districts of the sick funds are changed b y a different delimitation of the administration districts; 2. In a district where up to the present time no general local or no rural sick fund existed, a sick fund of this kind is established; 3. A new sick fund of the same kind is separated from a general local or a rural sick fund; 4. Persons belonging to the same industiy branch or the same kind of establish ment after a majority decision make application to be separated from an authorized special local sick fund; 5. One of several establishments of an em ployer for which there exists a common establishment sick fund changes ownership and one of the employers affected applies for a separation; 6. A n em ployer with his establishments separates from an authorized common establishment sick fund; 7. A part o f the members separate from a guild sick fund because the membership class of the guild is to be delimitated in a different manner or a compulsory guild is to be established; 8. A guild makes application to separate from an authorized common guild sick fund. P a r . 2. For the mutual agreement articles 286 to 297 are correspondingly applicable. P a r . 3. In the case of unimportant changes and of article 271, a mutual agreement may with the consent of the sick funds affected be done away with; article 288, para graph 2, and article 289 are then also correspondingly applicable. A r t ic l e 299. In the case of dissolution and closing of sick funds, their relations to others shall be regulated according to articles 300 to 305. A r t ic l e 300. P a r a g r a p h 1. In so far as members of a sick fund which has been dissolved or closed are present, the local insurance office after a hearing of their sick fund direc 556 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. torate, assigns them to the appropriate sick funds. The members entitled to insur ance have the right of membership in the corresponding sick fund. The members transferred thereby continue their insurance status without interruption. Article 288, paragraph 2, is in such case correspondingly applicable. Pa r . 2. The superior insurance office (decision chamber) decides finally on appeals relating to the assignment. A r t ic l e 301. P a r a g r a p h 1. The directorate of the dissolved or closed sick fund shall wind up the affairs of the sick fund. Until the affairs are wound up the sick fund is considered as in continuance as far as the purpose of the liquidation so requires. Par . 2. The directorate gives public notice of the dissolution or closing. The payment of creditors who fail to present their claims within three months from the notice may b e refused; the notice shall call attention to this fact. Known creditors shall under the same reference be specially requested to present their claims. These provisions are not applicable to claims connected with the insurance. A r t ic l e 302. Paragraph 1. The directorate of the sick fund which is being dissolved or closed shall without delay notify the employees, physicians, and dentists with whom the sick fund has contract relations of the decision of the superior insurance office (art. 284, par. 1). The contract relation terminates within three months after the notifica tion, but at the earliest with the date of dissolution or closing. The notice shall call attention to this fact. Contractual rights to give notice at an earlier point of time are hereby not affected. P a r . 2. This is correspondingly applicable to contract relations of the sick funds with pharmacy owners and pharmacy administrators, medical institutions of all classes, and with persons enumerated in article 122. A rticle 303. Paragraph 1. If there are still any free assets after liquidation of the affairs, then the local insurance office, with consideration of the transfer of members, shall assign these assets to the sick funds. Pa r . 2. Article 295 is hereby correspondingly applicable in the case of establishment and guild sick funds. Pa r . 3. The superior insurance office (decision chamber) decides finally on appeals concerning the assignment. A r t ic l e 304. - Article 296, paragraph 2, is correspondingly applicable in the case of establishment funds and guild sick funds if the assets are not sufficient to pay off the creditors. A rticle 305. Paragraph 1. Where the assets of a dissolved or closed local or rural sick fund are not sufficient to pay the claims of the officials, the union of communes shall make up the deficit; the official must accept a position offered him b v the union. This provi sion is correspondingly applicable to the guild in the case ol a guild sick fund. P a r . 2. Article 290 is here correspondingly applicable. S ection F ou r .— Constitution , i . membership . 1. B egin n ing and term ination . A r t ic l e 306. The membership of persons subject to insurance begins with the date of their entrance in the employment subject to insurance. A rticle 307. The membership in the case of a newly created establishment sick fund begins for all persons subject to insurance employed in the establishment, with the date on which the sick fund comes into existence. W O R K M E N ’ s INSURANCE CORE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY. 557 A rticle 308. The above is applicable, w ith reservation of article 250, paragraph 3, to em ployees subject to insurance in establishments, w ith w hich guild members belong to a gu ild, in the case of the creation of a guild sick fund or the later admission of the em ployer to the guild. A rticle 309. P aragraph 1. T o w hich sick fund an insured person shall belong, who has at the same tim e several em ploym ent relations subject to insurance, shall be decided b y his prin cipal em ploym ent. P a r . 2. In case of doubt, the em ploym ent relation into w hich he has first entered shall be decisive. P a r . 3. T he Federal Council m ay specify the particulars in such a case. A rticle 310. P aragraph 1. The m em bership of persons entitled to insurance shall begin with the date of their admission to the sick fund. The adm ission is effected b y written or oral application.to the directorate or to the office of registration (art. 319). P a r . 2. A sickness already existing at the tim e of adm ission does not entitle to benefits for this sickness. If the constitution makes the right of adm ission dependent on the presentation of a m edical health certificate (art. 176, par. 3), the same must accom pany the application. P a r . 3. Persons entitled to insure them selves voluntarily, w ho apply for adm ission, m ay be subjected to a m edical exam ination b y the sick fund. It m ay refuse the appli cations of sick persons and such persons for whom the necessary m edical health cer tificates according to paragraph 2 do not suffice, this refusal to take effect beginning w ith the application. A rticle 311. Persons unable to work* retain their membership as long as the sick fund has to grant them benefits. A rticle 312. The mem bership ceases as soon as the insured person becom es a m em ber of another sick fund or of a m iners’ sick fund. A rticle 313. P aragraph 1. If a m em ber who was insured on the basis of the im perial insurance or in a m iners’ sick fund at least 26 weeks in the preceding 12 months, or for at least 6 weeks im m ediately previous thereto, leaves the em ploym ent subject to insurance, he m ay retain his mem bership in his class or grade of wages as long as he resides regu larly in Germ any and does not cease to be a m em ber according to article 312. H e m ay have him self transferred to a low er class or grade of wages. P a r . 2. W hoever desires to retain his mem bership must n otify the sick fund w ithin three weeks after leaving, or in the case of article 311 after the term ination of the bene fits. If a .member becom es ill in the second or third of these weeks, then w ith reser vation of article 214 he has a claim to benefits on ly if he has given n otice during the first w eek. The fu ll paym ent, w ithin the same tim e lim it, of the contributions provided in the constitution is equivalent to the notification. W ith the approval of the superior insurance office the constitution m ay specify longer tim e lim its. A rticle 314. P aragraph 1. The mem bership of persons entitled to insure them selves voluntarily ceases if they have failed tw ice in succession to pay the contributions on the date when du e, and if at least four weeks have elapsed since the first of these dates. The consti tution m ay extend this tim e lim it to the next follow ing day of paym ent. P a r . 2. If the directorate learns on good authority that th e regular total annual incom e o f a m em ber entitled to insure him self voluntarily, exceeds 4,000 marks [$952], it shall at once inform this mem ber that his mem bership has ceased. The m em bership ceases w ith the delivery of the notification. 558 BULLETIN OF TH E BUKEAU OF LABOB. A rticle 315. If, after application in due form , a sick fund has accepted the contributions from a person subject to insurance, for three m onths in succession and w ithout objection , it must recognize him as a m em ber as long as there is no change in h is em ploym ent status, at least u ntil the date on w hich the directorate of the sick fund, in w riting, refers him or his em ployer to another sick fund. A rticle 316. In case the other sick fund contests his right to belong to it, the old sick fund m ust, w ith reservation of a later refund, continue to accept provisionally the contributions and to grant the benefits up to the tim e of the decision. 2. R egistration . A rticle 317. P aragraph 1. W ithin three days from the beginning and term ination of the em ploy m ent the em ployers must register each person em ployed b y them who is su bject to m em bership m a local, rural, or guild sick fund at the place determ ined b y the con stitution or according to article 319. Changes in th e em ploym ent status having in fluence on the insurance obligation shall also be registered w ithin three days. P a r . 2. T he registration m ay be om itted if the work is interrupted for a shorter period than one week and if the paym ent of contributions is kept up. T he constitu tion m ay extend the tim e lim it for registration beyond the third day and up to the last working day of the calendar w eek. P a r . 3. The sick fund m ay make an agreement w ith the adm inistrations of Im perial or State establishm ents as to other m ethods of registration. P a r . 4. The highest adm inistrative authority m ay issue regulations regarding the form and contents of the registration notice. A rticle 318. P aragraph 1. The application must also contain the'Statements required b y the constitution for the computation of contributions. P a r . 2. Changes in these relations are to be reported w ithin the tim e lim it of regis tration. P a r . 3. In the case of a change in wages the grade of wages does not change u ntil the next paym ent of the contribution, unless the constitution provides otherwise. A rticle 319. P a r a g r a p h 1. The local insurance office m ay establish in its district join t registra tion offices for a ll or for several local, rural, and guild sick funds, or w ith the approval o f the com m unal supervisory authority turn over the business o f these funds to the local authorities. P a r . 2. T he costs shall be divided among the different sick funds in proportion to their annual revenues from contributions, unless the superior insurance office specifies a different basis. II. CONSTITUTION. A r t ic l e 320. P a r a g r a p h 1. Before com ing into existence, each sick fund shall draw up a constitution. P a r . 2. It shall be drawn up in the case of— Local and rural sick funds, b y the union of com m unes after a hearing of the em ployers and insured persons interested; Establishm ent sick funds, b y th e em ployer or his representative after a hearing o f the em ployees; G uild sick funds, b y the general m eeting o f the guild w ith the participation of the journeym en's com m ittee according to article 95 o f the Industrial Code (G ew erbeordnung ). P a r . 3. If a fund is not established w ithin the tim e lim it fin ally decreed (art. 233, par. 2, and art. 249, par. 4), the local insurance office shall draw up a constitution for it. w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY. 559 A rticle 321. The constitution must indicate the district of the sick fund and the class of its m em bers and specify the follow ing: 1. Name and seat of the sick fund; 2. Nature and exten t of benefits; 3. Amount of contributions and time of payment; 4. Com position, rights, and duties of the directorate; 5. Com position and convocation of the com m ittee and the m ethod of form ing its decisions, as also its representation in dealings with third parties in case of article 346, paragraph 1; 6. Drawing up of the prelim inary budget; 7. Drawing up and acceptance of the annual accounts; 8. Am ount o f allowances according to article 21, paragraphs 2 and 3; 9. M ethod of issuing p u b lic notices; 10. Am endm ent of the constitution. A rticle 322. In the case of the local, rural, and guild sick funds the constitution must, indicate the places for registration. A rticle 323. The constitution may not specify anything w hich contravenes the legal regulations or does not com e w ithin the purpose of the fund. A rticle 324. P aragraph 1. The constitution, as w ell as the amendments thereto, requires the approval of the superior insurance office. W hen it gives its approval to the constitu tion, the superior insurance office shall at the same tim e sp ecify when the sick fund com es into existence. P a r . 2. The approval m ay be refused on ly b y the decision cham ber, and then on ly in case the constitution does not com ply w ith the legal provisions. P a r . 3. W here the law dem ands the approval for in dividual regulations of the consti tution b y the superior insurance office, tne approval m ay be refused b y the decision cham ber on ly. The decision is final. P a r . 4. The reasons for the refusal shall be stated. A rticle 325. Each m em ber shall receive free a printed cop y of the constitution and the amend ments thereto; also, on application, each em ployer who em ploys mem bers of the sick fund shall receive a copy. A rticle 326. P aragraph 1. If it subsequently develops that a constitution according to article 324, paragraph 2, should not have been approved, the superior insurance office (decision chamber) shall decree the necessary amendment. P a r . 2. If within one month the committee does not decide upon the amendment ordered b y a final decree, the superior insurance office (decision chamber) shall issue the same with legal force. P a r . 3. The same applies to amendments of the constitution ordered b y a final decree, which are required b y the provisions of this law. iii . administrative bodies op the funds . 1. O rganization o f local and rural sick fu n d s. A rticle 327. The directorate and com m ittee transact the affairs of the funds. The members of the com m ittee may not belong to the directorate; if such are elected in the directorate, they must leave tne com m ittee. 560 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR, A rticle 328. P a r a g r a p h 1. T he members of the directorate elect from their own num ber the president of the directorate. P a r . 2. W hoever receives the majority of votes, either from the group of employers or from that of the insured persons, is elected. A rticle 329. P a r a g r a p h 1. W hen this m ajority can not be obtained the election is adjourned to another day. P a r . 2. If also in the second session no election is effected, the directorate notifies the local insurance office. The latter appoints a representative who administers the rights and duties of the president at the expense of the sick fund u ntil a valid election is effected. On appeal the superior insurance office decides finally. A n em ployer m ay only then be appointed as representative if the m ajority of the group of em ployees does not object and an em ployee only if the m ajority of the group of em ployers does not object. P a r . 3. A person employing only servants or nonpermanent workmen is not con sidered an employer in the meaning of paragraph 2. A r t ic l e 330. The members of the directorate of the local sick fund elect from their num ber in a join t election one or more substitutes for the president. A rticle 331. P a r a g r a p h 1. The representatives of the union of communes elect the president and the other members of the directorate of the rural sick fund, among w hich must b e one or more substitutes for the president. One-third of these members must belong to the em ployers affected (art. 332, par. 2), and two-thirds to persons insured in the mck" fund. P a r . 2. The highest administrative authority may specify that the president and the other members of the directorate shall be elected in the same manner as the repre sentatives in the committee according to article 336, paragraph 2. A r t ic l e 332. P a r a g r a p h 1. One-third of the com m ittee consists of representatives of the em ploy ers affected and two-thirds of representatives of the insured persons. It has a m axi mum num ber of 90 representatives. P a r . 2. An employer is considered as affected if he has to pay contributions to the sick fund for his employees subject to insurance, and if he is not to be counted among the insured persons according to article 14, paragraph 2. A r t ic l e 333. P a r a g r a p h 1. In the case of a local sick fund the em ployers affected who are of age and the insured persons who are of age elect their representatives from their own num ber, and this must b e done in separate elections, under the direction of the directorate. P a r . 2. The first election after the establishment of the sick fund takes place under the direction of a representative of the local insurance office; later elections only where no directorate exists. P a r . 3. T he voting power of the individual em ployers shall be proportioned accord ing to the num ber of their em ployees subject to insurance; the constitution m ay grad uate it and provide a maximum num ber of votes. Provisions relating to graduation and m axim um voting power require the approval of the superior insurance office. A r t ic l e 334. P a r a g r a p h 1. The interval betw een the n otice of an election (art. 333) and the election itself m ust amount to at least one m onth. The constitution m ay fix a longer m inim um interval. P a r . 2. The constitution may specify that the election shall take place according to districts or occupation groups. W O RKM EN ?S INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911—HGERMANY. 561 A r t ic l e 335. The representatives of the em ployers and of the insured persons in the com m ittee elect from their group in separate elections, the members of the directorate as follow s: The em ployers elect one-third, the insured persons two-thirds. A rticle 336. P a r a g r a p h 1. In the case of a rural sick fund the representatives of the union of comm unes elect representatives from the num ber of the em ployers affected and from the num ber of the insured persons in the fund. P a r . 2. In such districts of local insurance offices in w hich on ly urban and rural com m unes exist, bu t not independent manor districts, marks, or m arch districts* (selbstandige G utsbezirhe, Gem arkungen Oder ausmdrkische B ezirke ), the State govern m ent m ay transfer the right to vote to the representatives of the individual communes and can specify the particulars thereto. P a r . 3. It m ay be decreed for the territory or parts of territories of the federal State b y a State law that the directorate and com m ittee shall be elected in the same manner as in the case of the local sick fund. A r t ic l e 337. Employers who are in arrears with the payment of contributions may be excluded b y the constitution from eligibility and from the right to vote. 2. C om position o f establishm ent and guild sick fu n d s . A r t ic l e 338. P a r a g r a p h 1. Article 327 is correspondingly applicable to establishment sick funds. P a r . 2. The directorate and the committee consist of the employer or his represent ative and of the representatives of the insured persons; the committee has a maximum number of 50 representatives of the insured persons. P a r . 3. The employer or his representative is the president; he has one-half of the number of votes granted b y the constitution to the insured persons. A rticle 339. The insured persons who are of age elect from their own number under the direction of the directorate their representatives in the committee of the establishment sick fund. Article 333, paragraph 2, and article 334, paragraph 1, are here applicable. These representatives elect from the insured persons their representatives in the directorate. A rticle 340. A person who voluntarily continues his mem bership in an establishm ent sick fund is neither eligible nor has ne the right to vote. A rticle 341. P a r a g r a p h 1 . A rticles 327, 332, 333, 334, paragraph 1 , 335, and 337 are also appli cable to guild sick funds. The guild appoints the president and his substitutes from the members of the directorate. P a r . 2. If according to the constitution (art. 381, par. 2) the em ployers are required to pay one-half and the insured persons the other half of the contributions, then each of them is entitled to half of the representatives in the com m ittee, and the representa tives elected b y the em ployers elect one half of the members of the directorate, and those elected b y the insured persons the other half. 3. D uties. A rticle 342. The directorate administers the fund so far as the law does not provide otherwise. 562 BU LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. A rticle 343. P aragraph 1. The directorate is required, on demand, to give to the industrial supervisory officials information relating to the number and class of cases o f sickness. P a r . 2. The highest administrative authorities may specify the particulars here with. A rticle 344. The directorate must perm it representatives of the carriers of the accident and of the in validity and survivors’ insurance to inspect in the office o f the sick fund during business nours the books and lists for the purpose of ascertaining the num ber, tim e of em ploym ent, and amount of wages of their insured persons. A rticle 345. P aragraph 1. The com m ittee decides on all matters w hich the law, constitution, or service regulations do not assign to the directorate. P a r . 2. T o the committee is reserved— 1. T he determ ination of the prelim inary budget. 2. The acceptance of the annual balance sheet. 3. The representation of the sick fund against the members of the directorate; 4. The decision on agreements and contracts w ith other sick funds; 5. The decision on the establishm ent of places of registration and of paym ent; 6. T he amendment of the constitution; 7. T he dissolution of the sick fund or the voluntary affiliation of it with other sick funds. P a r . 3. D ecisions according to numbers 6 and 7 need a m ajority both of the em ploy ers and the insured persons. In the case of amendments to the constitution a joint vote is sufficient, if such are decreed according to article 326, or if they relate to benefits or contributions, and do not run counter to article 388 or 389. A rticle 346. P aragraph 1. In the case of the acquisition, sale, or mortgaging of real estate, the sick fund shall be represented b y the directorate and the com m ittee. P a r . 2. The approval o f the com m ittee is necessary for— 1. The service regulations for the em ployees w nich have been form ulated or changed b y the directorate (art. 355); 2. D ecisions of the directorate relating to the establishm ent of hospitals and con valescent homes. A rticle 347. . P aragraph 1 The com m ittee regulates through sickness regulations the registra tion and control of sick persons as w ell as their con duct. P a r . 2. These regulations require the approval of the local insurance office. I f the approval is refused, the superior insurance office (decision cham ber) decides finally on appeal. P a r . 3. If notwithstanding a requisition of the local insurance office a sick fund does not submit within the time lim it any sickness regulations, the superior insurance office (decision chamber) shall draw up such regulations ana they shall be of legal effect. T h e same is applicable to amendments or additions which have been ordered b y decree. P a r . 4. W ith the approval of the fund and under agreement regarding the costs, the local insurance office may assist the sick fund in the control of sick persons. The decision com m ittee decides concerning this m atter. If the fund declines such aid, the superior insurance office decides finally on appeal. A rticle 348. The com m ittee specifies the m ethod of rem ittance of contributions and of paym ent of benefits for members who do not reside in the district of the sick fund, and how the control of sick persons is to be regulated where such members are concerned. IV . EMPLOYEES AND OFFICIALS OF THE FUND. A rticle 349. P aragraph 1. The positions of officials and those em ployees to whom the service regulations (art. 351) are applicable^ and w hich are paid from the means of the sick funds, shall be filled in the case of sick funds b y concurring decisions of both groups in the directorate. W O R K M E N *S IN S U R A N C E C ODE OE J U L Y 19, 1911— G E R M A N Y . 563 P a r . 2. I f the groups can not agree, the decision is postponed to a later day. Should then no agreement be effected, the appointm ent m ay be decided on if more than tw o-thirds o f those present vote for it; such a decision requires the confirm ation of the local insurance office. It may on ly be refused on the basis o f such facts w hich perm it the conclusion that the person proposed lacks the necessary responsibility, especially for an im partial discharge of nis official duties, or the ability requisite for the position. P a r . 3. In case of a refusal of the confirm ation, the superior insurance office (d e ci sion cham ber) decides finally on appeal of the directorate. A rticle 350. W hen no decision relating to an appointm ent is effected, or the confirm ation is finally refused, th e local insurance office appoints tem porarily at the expense o f the sick fund the persons necessary for the discharge o f the duties of the position. I f the appointees have adm inistered the affairs during one year, the local insurance office m ay, w ith the approval of the superior insurance office, appoint them perm anently to the position, unless a valid decision relating to an appointm ent has m eanwhile been effected. A rticle 351. P a r a g r a p h 1. Service regulations must be form ulated for the salaried em ployees of the sick funds who, according to State law, are not State or com m unal officials, or whose rights or duties are based on article 359. P a r . 2. T o em ployees w ho are em ployed on ly on probation, for tem porary service, as a preparatory service, or who adm inister the office on ly in ciden tally w ithout com pen sation, the service regulations are on ly applicable in so far as they expressly so provide. A rticle 352. T he service regulations regulate the legal and the general service relations o f the em ployees, especially the proof o f their technical qualifications, their num ber, the class o f appointm ent, th e giving of n otice or the discharge, and the determ ination of penalties. T echn ical qualifications must also be proved in some other manner than b y the com pletion of a prescribed educational course. A rticle 353. P a r a g r a p h 1. The service regulations must contain a scale of salaries. T hey shall regulate the follow ing: 1. H ow long in case of involuntary disability the paym ent of the salary shall continue; 2. For what periods seniority increases of salary shall be granted; 3. Under what conditions a pension and survivors’ relief shall be granted. P a r . 2. T hey shall regulate also the requirem ents for prom otion. A rticle 354. P a r a g r a p h 1. Persons subject to the service regulations are appointed b y written contract. P a r . 2. The giving of notice o f dismissal or the discharge of such em ployees shall, w ith reservation of paragraph 6, on ly be done on the concurring decision of the em ployers and insured persons m the directorate, or, in case such a decision is not effected, on decision o f the m ajority of the directorate, w ith the approval of the presiding officer of the local insurance office; after 10 years of em ploym ent it m ay on ly take place for im portant reasons. P a r . 3. Agreements relating to the right of the sick fund to give n otice of dism issal must not place the em ployee in a worse position than he w ould oe in the absence of an agreement according to tne civ il law. P a r . 4. The giving o f n otice o f dismissal or the discharge must not be forbidden in cases in w hich there are im portant reasons. P a r . 5. Fines shall only be prescribed for not more than one month’s salary. P a r . 6. Em ployees who abuse their official position or their official affairs for the purpose of religious or political a ctiv ity shall be reprim anded b y the president of the directorate, and in the case o f repetition, after they have been given an opportunity for a hearing, shall be discharged im m ediately; the dischaige requires the approval 564 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E A U OF L A B O R . of the president of the local insurance office. Religious or political activity outside of official affairs and the exercise of the right of association shall not be prevented in so far as they do not conflict with the laws, and in themselves shall not be considered as reasons for giving notice of dismissal or for discharge. A rticle 355. . P aragraph 1 Before form ulating the service regulations the directorate shall grant a hearing to the em ployees who are o f age. P a r . 2. In the directorate and also in the committee employers and insured per sons decide separately on the service regulations. P a r . 3. The service regulations require the approval of the superior insurance office. The directorate must designate to the superior insurance office those provisions of the service regulations on which the two groups in the directorate or committee have not agreed and must give a statement of the relative vote. The superior insur ance office decides on these provisions; in other respects it only may refuse the ap proval of the service regulations, if there is an important reason, especially if the num ber or the salaries of the employees are in striking, disproportion to their duties. P a r . 4. If the approval is refused, the highest administrative authority decides on appeal. P a r . 5. The same is applicable to changes in the service regulations. A rticle 356. If, notwithstanding a requisition, a sick fund does not subm it within the specified time lim it any service regulations, the superior insurance office shall draw up the same and they shall have legal effect. The same is applicable to amendments or additions ordered b y a decree. A rticle 357. . P aragraph 1 Decisions of the directorate or of the committee running counter to the service regulations shall be challenged b y the president of the directorate throdgh an appeal to. the supervisory authority; the appeal effects a stay. P a r . 2. I f the directorate or its president does not make use of the right of giving notice of dismissal or of discharge against an employee, notwithstanding that there is a serious reason therefor, the local insurance office may require them to do so. On appeal of the directorate, the superior insurance office (decision chamber) decides finally on the decree. P a r . 3. A provision of the employment contract running counter to the service regulations is invalid. A r t ic l e 358. P a r a g r a p h 1. The local insurance office (decision com m ittee) decides in disputes relating to the service matters of em ployees su bject to the service regulations. On appeal the superior insurance office decides finally. The im perial decrees (art. 35, par. 2) regulate the particulars concerning the procedure of discharge of an em ployee on account of contravention of the service regulations or in the case of article 354, paragraph 6, in accordance with the provisions of the im perial law for officials con cerning the w rit of accusation, admission of counsel for the defendant, hearing of the defendant, oral procedure, ana passing upon the evidence. P a r . 2. The following special provisions are applicable to pecuniary claims. P a r . 3. T he decision o f the superior insurance office must precede the suit. Suit m ay only be brought w ithin one month alter the delivery of the decision of the superior insurance office; the tim e lim it is a perem ptory tim e lim it in the m eaning of article 223, paragraph 3, of the Code of C ivil Procedure. P a r . 4. A ppeal to the regular courts is excluded where the determ ination o f fines is concerned. The regular courts m ust accept the decisions of the insurance authori ties on the question whether the period of dism issal having been observed, a n otice of dism issal may be given for an im portant reason (art. 354, par. 2). P a r . 5. E xecution of the valid decisions of the insurance authorities takes place according to book eight of the Code of C ivil Procedure. A r t ic l e 359. P a r a g r a p h 1. The directorate of a local, a rural, or a guild sick fund m ay, w ith the approval of the superior insurance office, em ploy officials for life or according to the State laws w ithout recall or w ith the right to pension. w o r k m e n ’s IN S U R A N C E CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— G E R M A N Y . 565 P a r . 2. In the case of local, rural, or guild sick funds with over 10,000 insured per sons the superior insurance office may, after a hearing of the sick fund, decree that at least the business directors shall be employed in this manner. P a r . 3. The directorate may appeal against such a decree to the highest adminis trative authority. P a r . 4. The State governm ent m ay assign to officials appointed in this manner the rights and duties of State or com m unal officials. P a r . 5. A rticle 357, paragraph 2, is applicable to the officials of the funds. P a r . 6. No provision shall be made granting preference in the filling of'vacancies to persons in possession of a certificate entitling the holder to a civil-service position (soldiers entitled to civ il em ploym ent). A r t ic l e 360. W here, according-to the State laws, the officials of comm unes and other pu blic cor porations, who are not appointed for life or without recall, are obliged to join a pen sion fund under State control or a sim ilar institution, the State governm ent may extend the provisions in force for this purpose to the corporations ana their em ployees to the local, rural, and guild sick funds and their em ployees. A r t ic l e 361. A rticle 23, paragraph 1, is correspondingly applicable to managing officials or em ployees. A r t ic l e 362. P a r a g r a p h 1. In the case of establishm ent sick funds the em ployer appoints at his expense and on his own responsibility the persons necessary to conduct the affairs. A rticle 24 is correspondingly applicable to these persons. P a r . 2 . E m ployees of establishm ent sick funds, who abuse their official position or their official affairs for the purpose of religious or p olitical activity, shall be repri manded b y the president of the directorate, and in case of a repetition shall be im me diately discharged, after having been given an opportunity for a hearing; article 357, paragraph 2, is then correspondingly applicable. V. ADMINISTRATION OF RESOURCES A r t ic l e 363. P a r a g r a p h 1. The resources of the sick fund shall on ly be used for the benefits provided b y the constitution, for the accum ulation of the reserve, for the adm inis tration expenses, and for the general purposes of the prevention of sickness. Par . 2. On the authorization of the highest administrative authorities it is per missible to use the resources of the sick fund for the attending of meetings which shall serve the legal purposes of sickness insurance. A r t ic l e 364. P a r a g r a p h 1. The sick fund shall accum ulate a reserve equal to the minim um amount of one year’s expenses com puted according to the average of the last three years and shall maintain it at this amount. For this purpose it shall use the parts of contributions paid b y em ployers for members of substitute sick funds (art. 517, par. 2), and at least one-tw entieth of the annual amount of the other contributions of the fund. P ar . 2. In the case of establishm ent sick funds created b y decree, the constitution, with the approval of the superior insurance office, m ay make other provisions. A r t ic l e 365. Securities of the sick fund w hich are not m erely an investm ent of operating resources w hich are tem porarily available, shall be kept in the custody of the union of comm unes, unless the local insurance office provides otherwise. A r t ic l e 366. The Federal Council shall specify the m ethod and form of accounting. 18544°— No. 96— 12------15 566 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E A U OF L A B O R . A r t ic l e 367. P a r a g r a p h 1. The sick fund must subm it to the local insurance office a balance sheet and also statements relating to— 1. Members. 2. Cases of sickness, cases calling for other benefits, and deaths. 3. Contributions received. 4. Benefits granted. 5. K ind and amount of reim bursem ent for m edical treatment. 6. N um ber of physicians, specialists, dental surgeons, dental assistants, owners and administrators oi pharmacies, and other such persons selling medicines, who give their services to the sick fund. P ar . 2. The Federal C ouncil shall sp ecify the m odel forms and the tim e lim its for transm itting them ; it m ay extend the contents of the reports. The reports and bal ance sheets shall be com piled uniform ly at least every four years for the Em pire. VI. RELATION TO PHYSICIANS, DENTISTS, HOSPITALS, AND PHARMACIES. A r t ic l e 368. The relations betw een sick funds and physicians shall be regulated b y written con tract; the sick fund m ay, w ith the exception of urgent cases, decline to make pay ments to other physicians. A r t ic l e 369. In so far as it would not seriously add to the expenses of the sick fund, its members shall be given the right to choose from at least tw o physicians. The insured person has free ch oice among the physicians appointed b y the sick fund if he assumes him self the additional costs. B ut the constitution m ay specify, however, that the person under treatment m ay not change the physician during the same case of insurance or during the fiscal year w ithout the approval of the directorate. A r t ic l e 370. P a r a g r a p h 1. If the providing of m edical care b y a sick fund is seriously endan gered b y the fact that the sick fund can not make contracts on reasonable conditions w ith a sufficient num ber of physicians, or because the physicians do not observe the contract, the superior insurance office (decision cham ber) m ay authorize the sick fund on its application and su bject to revocation to grant in place of the care of patients and other necessary m edical treatm ent a pecuniary benefit up to two-thirds of the average amount of their legal pecuniary sick benefit. P a r . 2. The superior insurance office (decision chamber) may at the same time specify— 1. H ow the condition of the person who shall receive the benefits m ay be proved b y other means than b y m edical certificates. 2. That the sick fund m ay discontinue or w ithhold the benefits until sufficient proof is subm itted. 3. That the obligation of the sick fund to pay benefits ceases if sufficient proof is not subm itted w ithin one year after the claim becom es due. 4. That the sick fund m ay direct those to whom it has to grant m edical treatment to go to a hospital, even if the conditions of article 184, paragraph 3, do not exist. P a r . 3. The sick-fund directorate has the right of appeal to the highest adminis trative authority against the decision of the superior insurance office (pars. 1 and 2). A r t ic l e 371. P a r a g r a p h 1. The constitution m ay authorize the directorate to grant hospital treatment on ly in certain hospitals, and where the sick fund must grant hospital treatment, to decline to make paym ents to other hospitals, with the exception of urgent cases. P a r . 2. Hospitals intended exclusively for charitable or general welfare purposes or established b y public unions or corporations, and ready to give hospital treatment on the same conditions as the hospitals designated in paragraph 1, may only be ex cluded for an important reason and with the approval oi the superior insurance office. w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY. 567 A r t ic l e 372. P aragraph 1. If the m edical treatment or hospital care of a sick fund does not satisfy the legal demands of the sick persons, the superior insurance office m ay, with reservation o f article 370, decree at any tim e that these benefits shall be granted b y other physicians or hospitals; the fund shall first be given a hearing. P a r . 2. This decree shall only apply so long as its purpose requires, and must have the approval of the superior insurance office if it is to be in force for more than one year. A r t ic l e 373. P aragraph 1. If the decree is not carried out w ithin the tim e lim it specified, the superior insurance office may itself take the necessary measures at the expense of the sick fund. Contracts already made b y the sick fund w ith physicians and hospitals are not affected. P a r . 2. The fund m ay appeal against these decrees and measures w ithin one week to the highest adm inistrative authority. A r t ic l e 374. A rticles 368, 372, and 373 are correspondingly applicable in regard to the relations betw een hospitals and dentists. ' A rticle 375. P aragraph 1. W ithin the territory of the sick fund, or w ith the approval of the local insurance office outside of it, tne constitution m ay authorize the directorate to make preferential contracts with in dividual owners or administrators of pharmacies for the furnishing of m edicines, or in the case of m edicines w hich are for sale in the open m arket, also w ith other persons selling them . A ll owners and administrators of pharmacies in the territory of the sick fund may join in such agreements. The direc torate m ay then, w ith the exception of urgent cases and with reservation of article 376, paragraph 3, decline to make paym ents for m edicines furnished b y other parties. P a r . 2. A rticles 372 and 373 are correspondingly applicable, if the supply of m edi cines granted b y a sick fund does not satisfy the legal demands of the sick persons. A rticle 376. P a r a g r a p h 1 . The pharmacies shall grant to sick funds a discount on m edicines from the tariff prices for m edicines. The highest adm inistrative authority deter mines its rate; it may make it dependent for the in dividual pharmacies on a specified m inimum consum ption b y the sick fund. P a r . 2. The superior adm inistrative authority determines, w ith due consideration of local conditions and of the usual retail prices, the maximum prices of such common m edicines w hich may be obtained (in the retail trade) without physicians* prescrip tions. These-m axim um prices must not exceed the amount based on paragraph 1. The highest adm inistrative authority m ay decree the particulars in this connection. P a r . 3. If the beneficiaries procure the medicines designated in paragraph 2 from a pharmacy at a price not exceeding the specified price, the superior administrative authority may decree that the sick fund shall not decline payment for the reason that it has agreed on lower prices with persons who are not owners or administrators of pharmacies. Section F ive — Supervision . A rticle 377. P aragraph 1. W ith reservation of articles 372 to 375 the local insurance office exer cises the supervision over the sick funds. It extends also to the observation of the service and sickness regulations. P a r . 2. If the appeal against a decree of the local insurance office is based on the fact that the decree has no legal foundation and injures a right of the appellant or imposes on him an unwarranted liability, the superior insurance office (decision cham ber) shall decide thereon. P a r . 3. In the case of establishm ent sick funds for im perial or State establishments, the highest adm inistrative authority m ay transfer to other authorities the duties of the local insurance office w hich do n ot com e under the com petence of the judgm ent com m ittee. 568 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . A r t ic l e 378. As a representative of the sick fund, the local insurance office itself or through an authorized agent m ay bring forward claim s of an establishm ent sick fund against the em ployer resulting from his adm inistration of the resources and keeping of the accounts. A r t ic l e 379. P a r a g r a p h 1 . So long as the persons entitled to vote refuse to elect the adminis trative bodies of the sick fund, the local insurance office (decision com m ittee) shall appoint the members or the substitutes. P a r . 2. So long as the directorate, or its president, or the com m ittee, refuse to per form the duties they are charged w ith, the local insurance office shall execute them itself, or through an authorized agent, at the expense of the sick fund. S e c t io n S i x — R a is in g o p t h e F u n d s . I. CONTRIBUTIONS. A r t ic l e 380. The means for the sickness insurance shall be collected from the em ployers and the insured persons. A r t ic l e 381. P a r a g r a p h 1. The persons subject to insurance must pay two-thirds, their em ployers one-third of the contributions. P a r . 2. In the case of guild sick funds the constitution m ay specify that the em ployers must pay one-half and the persons subject to insurance the other hah of the contributions. Where this is specified b y an am endm ent to the constitution, the decision requires a m ajority of the representatives of the em ployers as also those of the insured persons. P a r . 3. Persons entitled to. insure themselves voluntarily must pay the whole of the contributions. A r t ic l e 382. The constitution m ay perm it insured persons who tem porarily draw lower wages to remain insured in their old higher class of wages, if they them selves undertake to pay the additional amount of the contributions or if the em ployer consents to such higher rating. A r t ic l e 383. P a r a g r a p h 1. In case of disability no contributions are to be paid for the duration of the sickness. P a r . 2. The same is applicable during the receipt of the maternity and pregnancy benefits. A r t ic l e 384. P a r a g r a p h 1 . The constitution m ay graduate the rates of the contribution accord ing to the branches of industry and classes of em ploym ent of the insured persons, and provide for a higher proportion of the part paid b y the em ployer in the case of in di vidual establishm ents in so far as the risk of sickness is considerably higher. P a r . 2. Sick funds with fam ily benefits m ay collect from the insured persons w ith dependent fam ilies an additional contribution, w hich shall be specified b y the con stitution in a general manner. A rticles 381, 382, and 385 to 403 are not applicable hereto. P a r . 3. W here the constitution does not as a general rule allow sick benefits for Sundays and holidays, it m ay correspondingly raise the contributions for members for whom Sundays and holidays are working days. P a r . 4. Provisions of this kind require the approval of the superior insurance office. P a r . 5. If the directorate decrees higher contributions for an establishm ent, the em ployer has the right of appeal to the local insurance office. In the legal procedure the superior insurance office decides finally. A r t ic l e 385. P a r a g r a p h 1. The contributions shall be fixed in a percentage of the basic wage in such a manner that, inclusive of the other revenues, they shall be sufficient for the perm issible expenses of the sick fund. w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OP JULY 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 569 P a r . 2. The sick fund shall not collect contributions for other purposes. P a r . 3. Where doubts arise whether the constitution or its am endm ent fixes the con tributions according to paragraph 1, the superior insurance office shall have the con tributions exam ined b y experts before approving them. If they are not sufficient, the approval shall depend on an increase of the contributions or in a reduction of the benefits to a rate not lower than the regular benefits. A rticle 386. A t the establishm ent of the sick fund the contributions m ay be fixed at more than 4§ per cen t of the basic wage on ly if it is necessary in order to provide the regular benefits. A rticle 387. If the receipts of the sick fund do not cover its expenses, inclusive of the amounts for the reserve, benefits shall be reduced to a rate not low er than the regular benefits or the contributions shall be increased, b y an amendment to the constitution. A rticle 388. The contributions may be increased to more than 4J per cent of the basic wage only for the purpose of providing the regular benefits, or on concurring decision of em ployers and insured persons in the com m ittee. A rticle 389. P aragraph 1. If in the case of a local sick fund contributions as high as 6 per cent of the basic wage do not cover the regular benefits, then the contributions m ay be further increased on ly on a concurring decision of the em ployers and of the insured persons in the com m ittee. P a r . 2. Otherwise the superior insurance office shall order, w ith reservation of article 268, the consolidation of the fund w ith other local sick funds. If this should not be possible, or if notwithstanding the consolidation the contributions are not sufficient to provide the regular benefits, the union of communes must pay frpm its own resources the necessary assistance. As long as this is done it m ay place the office of president of the sick fund in the hands of a representative. A rticle 390. If in the case of a rural, an establishment, or a guild sick fund contributions to the amount of 6 per cent of the basic wage do not cover the regular benefits, the union of communes, w ith reservation of article 265, paragraph 2, in the case of rural sick funds, or the em ployer in the case of establishm ent sick funds, and the guild in case of guild sick funds, must provide the necessary assistance from its own resources. As long as this is done, in the case of a rural sick fund the union of communes can place the office of president of the sick fund in the hands of a representative. A rticle 391. P aragraph 1. If to maintain or restore its solvency, a sick fund must qu ick ly increase its revenues or reduce its expenses, the local insurance office (decision com m ittee) may tem porarily provide, until new regulations as provided b y the constitu tion are made, that as far as necessary the contributions m ay be increased and the benefits reduced to not lower than the regular benefits; current benefits remain undis turbed. P a r . 2. On appeal the superior insurance office decides finally. A rticle 392. If the revenues of a sick fund exceed the expenses and the reserve has reached double the amount of its legal m inim um ,the contributions shall be reduced or the benefits shall be increased b y means of an amendment to the constitution. i i . payment op the contributions . A rticle 393. The em ployers must pay the contributions for their em ployees subject to insurance on the days fixed b y the constitution. The days for paym ent m ay at the most be one month apart. On the same days the persons entitled to insure them selves volun tarily must pay their contributions. 570 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. A rticle 394. P aragraph 1. A t the tim e of the paym ent of wages, the persons subject to insurance must perm it their share of the contribution to be deducted from the cash wages. O nly in this manner m ay the em ployers reimburse them selves for the shares of the contri bution. P a r . 2. The highest adm inistrative authority m ay specify in what manner the share of the contributions of persons subject to insurance is to be refunded from their remuneration, if the same consists on ly of paym ents in kind or is paid b y third parties. A rticle 395. P aragraph 1. The deductions for the share of contributions are to be divided even ly among the wage periods in w hich they fall. The partial amounts m ay without im posing an additional burden on the insured persons be rounded off to amounts of even 10 pfennigs [2.38 cents]. P a r . 2. I f deductions were not made for a wage period, they m ay be deducted on ly at the wage paym ent of the n ext wage period, if the contributions are not paid at a later tim e without any fault on the part of the em ployer. P a r . 3. In the case of servants paym ents on account are not considered as wage payments. A rticle 396. P aragraph 1. If the insured person is at the same tim e in several em ploym ent relations subject to insurance, the em ployers are collectiv ely liable for the contribu tions. P a r . 2. On application of one of the employers the local insurance office shall apportion the contributions. A rticle 397. P aragraph 1. The contributions must be paid continuously until notice of leaving has been given according to the regulations. P a r . 2. I f the insured person leaves an em ploym ent betw een two pay days, and if due notice of his leaving has been given, the contributions paid in advance shall be refunded in proportion to the tim e. P a r . 3. In case of establishment sick funds the contributions must be paid con tinuously until the term ination of m em bership. P a r . 4. The constitution can specify that contributions shall always be collected and refunded for fu ll weeks. A rticle 398. P aragraph 1. On application of a local, a rural, or a guild sick fund, as also on application of members of the adm inistrative bodies of an establishm ent sick fund, the local insurance office (decision com m ittee) m ay decree, w ith the right o f revocation, that em ployers who are in arrears w ith the paym ent o f contributions, and who in a process of execution have shown them selves to b e bankrupt, shall pay their own share of the contributions on ly. The persons subject to insurance em ployed b y them shall then them selves pay their share of the contributions on pay days. Par . 2. Against this decree the em ployer m ay appeal to the superior insurance office (decision cham ber). It decides finally. A rticle 399. The decree must designate the em ployer to whom it is applicable, together w ith his name, residence, and place of business. H e shall be notified of it in writing, as also the police authorities of his place o f residence and of his place of business, if it be elsewhere. If the em ployer changes his residence or his place of business, the police authorities shall n otify tne com petent authorities of his new place of residence or place of business. A rticle 400. The em ployer shall n otify the persons subject to insurance em ployed b y him of the decree b y placarding it perm anently in the work places, and at each wage paym ent call their attention to the fact that they them selves must pay their share of the con tributions. w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OF JULY 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 571 A rticle 401. The local insurance office (decision com m ittee) revokes the decree as soon as it has proof b y the certificate of the sick fund directorate that all arrears and overdue obligations of the em ployer to the sick fund have been discharged. A rticle 402. So long as the decree concerning em ployers who in a process of execution have been shown to be bankrupt has not been issued, they must make the deduction from the wages and must pay the amount, at the latest w ithin three days, to the sick fund entitled thereto. A rticle 403. The constitution of a local, a rural, or a guild sick fund m ay specify under what con ditions the sick fund must demand advances from the em ployers. A rticle 404. P aragraph 1. On application of the sick funds affected the local insurance office (decision com m ittee) m ay specify that the join t places of registration shall also be pay offices to accept contributions and pay benefits. P a r . 2. With the approval of their supervisory authorities, it may transfer to the local authorities the business of the pay offices. P a r . 3. The local insurance office may, with their consent and with an agreement as to the costs, assist the sick funds in the collection of the contributions. Par . 4. The communal supervisory authority m ay appoint, after a hearing of the sick fund, the officials conducting the business as officials to make com pulsory collec tions. A rticle 405. P aragraph 1. If a dispute arises between the em ployer and his em ployees relating to the com putation and apportionm ent of their share o f the contributions, the local insurance office (decision com m ittee) decides finally. P ar . 2. If a dispute arises betw een an em ployer, or an insured person, or a person insured up to the present, or a person to be insured, and a sick fund relating to the insurance status or the lia b ility to make, pay, or refund contributions, then the local insurance office (decision com m ittee) shall decide and on appeal the superior insurance office shall decide finally. P ar . 3. Final decisions as to the insurance status are binding for all authorities and courts. If the membership of an insured person has been defin itely declined b y all sick funds affected because they hold that he should belong to another of them, the sick fund to w hich he properly belongs shall be determ ined on application b y the local insurance office (decision com m ittee) or the superior insurance office (decision cham ber) having jurisdiction of the funds, or in the absence of such b y the Highest adm inistrative authority, without being bound b y previous decisions. Section Se ve n .— F ederations op F unds — S ections . A rticle 406. Paragraph 1. On concurring decision of their com m ittees, sick funds m ay com bine in a federation of funds, if the seat is in the district of the same local insurance office. Pa r . 2. W ith the approval of the superior insurance office (decision cham ber), or, if it is refused, with the approval of the highest adm inistrative authority, a federation of funds may em brace districts or parts of districts of several local insurance offices. The superior insurance office specifies finally w hich local insurance office shall exercise supervision A rticle 407. The federation of funds may do the follow ing in com m on for the affiliated funds: 1. A ppoint em ployees and officials; 2. Prepare or conclude contracts with physicians, dental surgeons, dental assist ants, owners and administrators of pharmacies, or other dealers in m edicines, with hospitals, as also for the furnishing of therapeutic appliances and other necessities for the care of patients; 572 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LA BO R. 3. Supervise the patients according to uniform principles; 4. Establish and con duct m edical institutions and convalescent hom es; 5. Defray the expenses for benefits up to one-half, or w ithin this lim it defray the expenses for specified kinds of sickness or cases of sickness up to the whole amount. A rticle 408. P a r a g r a p h 1. A constitution for the federation of funds shall be form ulated b y a concurring decision of the interested com m ittees of the sick funds. It requires the ap proval of the superior insurance office. A rticle 324, paragraphs 2 and 4, is applicable to the refusal of the approval. P a r . 2. Articles 4 to 34 are here correspondingly applicable. A rticle 409. The 1. 2. 3. constitution must specify the follow ing: Name and seat of the federation and of the affiliated funds; O bject of the federation; Com position, election, rights, and duties of the directorate, and of the elected com m ittee, if there be such; 4. Determ ination of the prelim inary budget and acceptance of the annual balance sheet; 5. Assessment of the contributions for covering the expenses of the federation, as also the assessing and accounting of the subsidy, if such be necessary; 6. Am endm ent of the constitution. A rticle 410. The provisions applicable to sick funds contained in articles 368 to 376 are also cor respondingly applicable to federations of funds. A rticle 411. P a r a g r a p h 1. A t the end of the fiscal year each sick fund m ay withdraw from the federation if it has subm itted to the directorate a notice of withdrawal at least six months in advance. P a r . 2. The committees of the funds affected may dissolve the federation b y con curring decision. P a r . 3. The fund w hich has withdrawn is collectively liable for the obligations of the federation existing at the tim e of its withdrawal. Claims against the fund on account of these liabilities lapse in two years after the withdrawal, so far as the claim against the federation is not subject to a shorter lim itation; if the claim against the federation matures only after the withdrawal, the period of lim itation begins w ith the date when it becom es due. A r t ic l e 412. P a r a g r a p h 1. A t the withdrawal of a fund or at the dissolution of the federation, each withdrawing fund receives a share of the n et assets (art. 293), w hich corresponds for the last fiscal year to the proportion of its contributions to the total contributions to the federation. In the case of a deficit, each withdrawing fund shall contribute in the same proportion. P a r . 2. Other arrangements may be made b y the constitution or b y m utual agree ment. A r t ic l e 413. P a r a g r a p h 1. The local insurance office has the supervision of the federation. A rticles 377 to 379 are here correspondingly applicable. P a r . 2. A rticles 349 to 361 are correspondingly applicable to the em ployees of the federation; also articles 363 and 365 to the adm inistration of the resources. The Federal Council may specify how far articles 366 and 367 are applicable. P a r . 3. The local insurance office (decision com m ittee) decides in case of a dispute betw een the federation and the different funds in regard to federation relations. A r t ic l e 414. For com binations of funds of other kinds, to prom ote the general objects of sickness relief, the resources of the funds shall only be used w ith the approval of both groups in the directorate. W ith the approval of the highest adm inistrative authority, such com binations of funds may also undertake some of the special duties designated in article 407. W O R K M E N ^ INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 578 A r t ic l e 415. W ith the approval of the superior insurance office, sick funds m ay establish sections for specified groups of their members or for specified districts and assign to them a part, bu t at the most two-thirds of the revenues and benefits. Particulars relating to organization, adm inistration, duties, and com petence, shall be specified in the constitution. S e c t io n E ig h t .— S p e c ia l O c c u p a t io n s . I. GENERAL PROVISION. A rticle 416. The provisions of this book are applicable together with the special provisions of— A rticles 417 to 434, to persons em ployed in agriculture; A rticles 435 to 440, to servants; A rticles 441 to 458, to persons em ployed tem porarily; A rticles 459 to 465, to persons em ployed in itinerant trades; Articles 466 to 493, to persons engaged in home industries and to their hom e-work ing em ployees; A rticle 494, to apprentices. II. AGRICULTURE. A rticle 417. The follow ing persons are considered as em ployed in agriculture: 1. If they are em ployed in agricultural subsidiary establishments (Arts. 918 to 921). 2. If they are em ployed in agricultural establishments w hich are subsidiary establishments of an industrial establishment, and according to article 540 are not insured in an industrial accident association (Berufsgenossenschaft) , b y the constitution of the same. A rticle 418. P a r a g r a p h 1. W hoever in case of sickness has a legal claim for relief against his em ployer w hich is equivalent to the benefits of the com petent sick fund shall on application of the em ployer be exem pted from the insurance obligation. P a r . 2. The prerequisite is that— 1. The em ployer defrays the entire relief from his own resources; 2. H is solvency is assured; 3. That he makes application for all of his agricultural em ployees in so far as they are obligated b y contract for at least two weeks’ regular work. P a r . 3. A rticle 175 is hereby applicable with the provision that the superior insurance office in place of the local insurance office decides finally. A r t ic l e 419. P a r a g r a p h 1. The exem ption is in force only for the duration of the labor contract. It ceases earlier if the em ployer registers all his exem pt em ployees at the sick fund, or if the local insurance office itself, or on application of an exem pt em ployee, deter mines that the em ployer is insolvent. The sick fund is not liable for benefits in cases of insurance w hich have already occurred when the exem ption expires or w hich occur in the case of article 214 in the first three weeks after this lapse; this does not affect the claim of the person exem pted against his em ployer. P a r . 2. Article 313 is applicable to the persons exempted, but shall be construed as if these persons had been members of the sick fund up to the expiration of the exem p tion; articles 195 to 200, and 224, are here also correspondingly applicable. A r t ic l e 420 P a r a g r a p h 1. On application of the em ployer the contributions to the fund shall be correspondingly reduced for the duration of the labor contract, and the claim of the insured persons to a pecuniary benefit shall cease, if it is shown that at least— 1. The labor contract has been concluded for one year; 2. The insured persons are in receipt— E ither for the whole year, of payments in kind equivalent to 300 times the daily pecuniary benefit provided b y the constitution, Or for each working day, or a paym ent equivalent to this pecuniary benefit; 3. That they have a legal right to these benefits for the duration of the labor contract. 574 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . P a r . 2. If the insured person is sick and incapacitated for work beyond the duration of the labor contract, then his claim to a pecuniary benefit shall again com e into force. The em ployer must refund to the sick fund the pecuniary benefit. A rticle 28 is cor respondingly applicable. P a r . 3. The contributions shall be reduced b y the constitution with the approval of the superior insurance office, according to the relation of the pecuniary benefit to the value of the other benefits of the fund. A r t ic l e 421. W ith the approval of the superior insurance office, the constitution m ay reduce the pecuniary benefit for insured persons who according to their labor contract are enti tled in cases of sickness to benefits of less amount than those designated in article 420, paragraph 1, num ber 2; the contributions shall be correspondingly reduced. A r t ic l e 422. P a r a g r a p h 1. So far as the em ployer does not grant the relief (arts. 418 and 419), the sick fund shall on application of tne person exem pted grant the benefits provided b y the constitution; if the em ployer does not furnish the benefits required b y the contract (arts. 420 and 421), the fund must pay a pecuniary benefit to tne sick mem ber on application. P a r . 2. The em ployer must reim burse the sick fund for what it has paid. A rticle 28 is correspondingly applicable. P a r . 3. In disputes over the claim to reim bursem ent (par. 2, and art. 420, par. 2), the local insurance office decides in judgm ent procedure. A r t ic l e 423. P a r a g r a p h 1. W ith the approval of the superior insurance office, the constitution of a rural sick fund m ay specify that insured persons, who on the basis of the im perial insurance have been granted a permanent yearly pension am ounting to 300 tim es the daily pecuniary benefit provided b y the constitution, shall receive no pecuni ary benefit. P a r . 2. The contributions of these members shall be correspondingly reduced (art. 420, par. 3). P a r . 3. With the approval of the superior insurance office, the constitution may specify a lower basic wage than the local wages for employees who are partially and permanently disabled. A r t ic l e 424. W ith the approval of the superior insurance office, and as a general measure or for specified groups of insured persons, the constitution of a rural sick fund m ay reduce the pecuniary benefit to one-fourth of the local wages for the period from O ctober 1 to March 31, or for a part of this period; it must reduce the contributions for the same period correspondingly or increase the pecuniary benefit w ithin the lim its perm itted for the rem ainder of the period. The same is correspondingly applicable to house m oney. A r t ic l e 425. The provisions of articles 420 to 423 applicable to the pecuniary benefit are also applicable to the other cash benefits of the fund with the exception of the funeral benefit. A r t ic l e 426. For the territory of the federal State or for parts of it the highest adm inistrative authority m ay perm it the rural sick funds to introduce extended sick treatm ent for sick persons incapacitated for work. A r t ic l e 427. The constitution m ay contain such provisions only if in the district of the rural sick fund— 1. The productive capacity of the agricultural em ployees or *their em ployers w ould be im paired otherwise; 2. The presence of a sufficient num ber of hospitals and sim ilar m edical institu tions assures the execu tion of the extended sick treatment. w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 575 A rticle 428. Such provision requires the approval of the superior insurance office; in districts in whicn agricultural em ployees are already insured according to the general provi sions of this book or according to the sickness insurance law the approval required is that of the highest adm inistrative authority. A r t ic l e 429. E xtended sick treatment consists of m edical treatm ent and maintenance in a hos pital or a sim ilar m edical institution in the place of the care of patients and of the pecuniary benefit. This extended benefit is considered as a regular benefit. A r t ic l e 430. P a r a g r a p h 1. A disabled sick person need not be rem oved to a m edical institution if, according to a m edical opinion, it would not prom ote his cure. P a r . 2. If through no fault of his own the disabled sick person is not taken to a m edical institution, then the rural sick fund must grant the legal sick relief. The constitution m ay specify that under the conditions m entioned in articles 420 and 421 the pecuniary benefit shall not be paid entitely or partly, bu t shall be credited to the contributions of the insured persons w hich w ill becom e due at the next tim e of paym ent. A r t ic l e 431. As long as the sick person declines hospital treatm ent in a case where such treat m ent requires his own consent, according to article 184, he has on ly a claim to m edical treatm ent and to half the pecuniary benefit if he has up to the present supported his relatives either w holly or principally with his earnings, unless the constitution provides otherwise. A r t ic l e 432. P a r a g r a p h 1. The constitution shall specify in the case of extended sick treat ment whether and in what amount house m oney is to be granted in addition to the hospital treatm ent. P a r . 2. Where the constitution prescribes extended sick treatment it may at the same tim e fix a maximum funeral benefit of 30 marks [$7.14].. P a r . 3. The constitution may confine the granting of extended sick treatment to cases of insurance occurring during unemployment and within three weeks after membership has ceased. P a r . 4. It shall correspondingly reduce the contributions for the insured persons who in case of sickness are entitled only to the extended sick treatment. A r t ic l e 433. If the constitution of a rural sick fund contains specifications according to articles 423 to 432, the constitutions, of agricultural establishm ent sick funds w hich have their seat in the district of the rural sick fund may specify the same regulations. A r t ic l e 434. Articles 503 and 517 to 520 are not applicable to agricultural em ployees with excep tion of the gardeners and of industrial workmen tem porarily em ployed in agriculture; the Federal Council shall specify what em ploym ents shall be considered as tem porary. m . servan ts. A r t ic l e 435. Articles 418; 419, 422, and 426 to 434 are also applicable to the insurance of servants; however, the introduction of the extended sick treatment is not restricted b y the con ditions m entioned in article 427, paragraph 1, and the superior insurance office is always the com petent office for the approval. On application of the em ployer or of the insured person, rem oval to a m edical institution shall not occur if, according to a m edical opinion, it is not necessary. A rticle 436. The em ployer m ay deduct the pecuniary benefit from the wages w hich he must continue to pay to the servant during the sickness. 576 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A BO R. A rticle 437. E ven where the constitution does not provide for extended sick treatm ent, the sick fund must grant it on application of the em ployer or of the servant, to a servant residing in the household, if the sickness is contagious; or if because of the nature of the sick ness he can not be treated or taken care of in the household or this can be done only w ith considerable inconvenience to the em ployer. A rticle 438. P aragraph 1. In a dispute betw een the em ployer and the sick fund in regard to this kind of obligation (art. 437) the local insurance office decides finally. P a r . 2. On its application the local insurance office may exem pt the sick fund from the extended sick treatment in cases where without fault on the part of the sick fund such treatment can not be provided. A rticle 439. I f servants are also em ployed in the establishm ent or in another business undertak ing of the em ployer, such em ploym ent, so far as it is not b y itself exem pt from insur ance according to article 168, shall b # determ inative for their insurance and for the claims against the em ployer w hich they have in cases of sickness according to the law or constitution. A r t ic l e 440. P aragraph 1. The State governm ent m ay specify that servants are exem pt from insurance according to this law if, at its publication, relief provision in case of sick ness has been provided for them b y State law. P a r . 2. In extent and duration this relief must be at least equivalent to the regular benefits of the sick funds, or must be made equivalent w ithin six months after the com ing into force of this law. P a r . 3. The contributions collected for a servant in this connection must not be higher than the shares of contribution that he would have to pay according to this law. IV . TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT. A rticle 441. The em ploym ent is defined as tem porary if b y its nature it is usually restricted to less than one week, or if it is restricted b y the labor contract in advance. A rticle 442. P a r a g r a p h 1. Persons em ployed tem porarily who are n ot exem pt from insurance according to article 168 shall be insured in the general local sick fund, or if they are prin cipally em ployed in agriculture in the rural sick fund o f their place o f residence. P a r . 2. The sick fund must keep an alphabetical membership list of such persons and must keep it up to date. . P a r . 3. The membership in the sick fund begins with the registration in this list. A r t ic l e 443. As soon as a sick fund is inform ed that a tem porarily em ployed person of its district does not belong to a sick fund, although subject to insurance, it must itself register such em ployee. A rticle 444. P a r a g r a p h 1 . Persons subject to insurance must report themselves for registration. P a r . 2. The local insurance office, the com m unal and the p o lice authorities, the place of issue o f receipt cards (art. 1419), as w ell as the adm inistrative bodies and the em ployees o f the insurance carriers, must n otify the proper sick fund o f every per son su bject to insurance who is tem porarily em ployed ana who is not already a mem ber o fa s ic k fu n d . P a r . 3. The highest administrative authority may regulate the particulars concern ing this duty. A r t ic l e 445. The sick fund m ay summon persons em ployed tem porarily to decide upon their in surance obligation and com p el them b y a fine of not more than 10 marks [$2.38] to com ply w ith the summons. w o r k m e n 's INSURANCE CODE O F J U L Y 19, 1911-*-GERM ANY. 577 A r t ic l e 446. The person registered continues to be a m em ber also during the tim e in w hich he is not tem porarily em ployed for com pensation. A r t ic l e 447. P a r a g r a p h 1 . T he insured person shall on his resignation be taken o ff the list if he produces proof that he has becom e a m em ber o f another fund, or that he has given up the tem porary em ploym ent and has done so n ot m erely tem porarily. P a r . 2. H e shall also be taken off the list if the sick fu nd establishes these facts in any other manner, or if it learns that the insured person has died or has moved to the district of another sick fund. P a r . 3. A person who has been taken off the list m ay continue to b e a mem ber ac cording to article 313. The constitution shall specify the particulars concerning con tributions and benefits. A rticle 448. P a r a g r a p h 1. If the insured person again resigns from the other sick fund (art. 447), or again takes up the tem porary em ploym ent, he shall im m ediately apply again for registration in the list. P a r . 2. The sick fund shall supervise the insurance status of such persons. A rticle 449. P a r a g r a p h 1. If the insured person has been registered b y a n em ployer at his sick fund according to article 317, then this fact is to be noted on the list. P a r . 2. Membership based on this registration continues the earlier membership without interruption. P a r . 3. After notice of leaving has been given through the employer, the notation on the list shall be canceled. A r t ic l e 450. P a r a g r a p h 1. The contributions and the benefits shall be established b y the con stitution in each case according to the loca l wage rates; in such case it m ay increase 'b y supplem entary charges the rates of local wages for in dividual groups o f persons tem porarily em ployed. The approval of the superior insurance office is required for the rates so established. Pa r . 2. Paragraphs 2 and 3, of article 423, may be applied. P a r . 3. The sick fund shall enter these contributions and benefits in separate accounts. P a r . 4. The persons em ployed tem porarily must them selves pay their share of the contribution (art. 381, par. 1). P a r . 5. They have a claim to additional benefits of their sick fund provided b y the constitution only in so far as the constitution so specifies. A rticle 451. P a r a g r a p h 1. The constitution m ay specify that persons em ployed tem porarily shall have a claim to sick-fund benefits on ly after a waiting term of n ot more than 6 weeks. P a r . 2. If an earlier membership existed not longer than 26 weeks previous, then its duration shall be included in the waiting term. A r t ic l e 452. P a r a g r a p h 1. If a person em ployed tem porarily before his sickness, has not paid his share of the contributions for more than 8 weeks durihg the last 26 weeks, he shall receive on ly m edical treatm ent; th e funeral ben efit m ay not exceed 30 marks [$7.14]. P a r . 2. The same is applicable to an insured person who has been a member less than 26 weeks, if he has not paid his share of the contributions for more than onefourth of the duration of the insurance. A r t ic l e 453. A t the end of each quarter the union of comm unes must pay to the sick fund the total amount of the shares of the contributions of the em ployers, for w hich an account is subm itted. 578 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR, A r t ic l e 454. P a r a g r a p h 1. The union of comm unes m ay assess this am ount in such a manner that it is paid either b y all the inhabitants of the sick-fund district, or separately b y the local sick funds ana the rural sick funds of the district according to the num ber of inhabitants affected. P a r . 2. Inhabitants who are accustom ed to em ploy persons tem porarily either in large num bers, or for long periods of tim e, shall b e assessed at a higher rate in such A rticle 455. P aragraph 1. W ith the approval of the union o f com m unes and of the superior in surance office, the constitution m ay specify that persons tem porarily em ployed shall not pay any share o f the contributions. P a r . 2. In such a case the sick fund shall grant them on ly the benefits described in article 452, paragraph 1. A rticle 456. P aragraph 1. The State governm ent m ay specify how far an approval is necessary for decisions of the union of com m unes made according to articles 454 and 455. P a r . 2. I t m ay specify the legal procedure perm issible against the assessment (art. 454). A rticle 457. In their capacity as em ployers o f tem porary em ployees, as w ell as persons tem pora- . rily em ployed who do n ot pay any contributions according to article 455, they are neither entitled to hold office in the sick fund nor en titled to vote. A rticle 458. P aragraph 1. For the federal State or for parts o f it, the State governm ent m ay regulate the registration and payjnent of contributions for persons tem porarily em ployed in other ways. P a r . 2. The State governm ent m ay also decree that persons tem porarily em ployed shall be insured according to the general provisions of this book , though if they are em ployed in agriculture, then according to the provisions specially applicable thereto, if the State governm ent itself or a statute of the union of comm unes or the constitution of the sick fund, takes care that the insurance, especially the registration, shall b e ad m inistered properly and that the contributions shall b e correctly paid. V . ITINERANT TRADES. A rticle 459. P aragraph 1. The em ployer, who must have an itinerant trade license, m ust reg ister the persons em ployed in his itinerant establishm ent, if he intends to take them w ith him from place to place; he must, how ever, register on ly their num ber and have this num ber made members in the rural sick fund of the place where he applied for the license from the p olice authority. a perm it on ly after the receipt of the license according to article 62 of the Industrial Code must b e registered through the intervention of the authority com petent for this perm it. A rticle 460. P aragraph 1. A t the registration the em ployer must p a y in advance the contribu tions either for the period up to the expiratioif of the itinerant trade license, or for a shorter period, w ith the perm ission of the directorate o f the fund. P a r . 2. If the license or the perm it (art. 459, par. 2) is revoked or the establishm ent shuts down otherwise, then the directorate on application shall refund the excessive contributions; the directorate shall also make a refund for the fu ll calendar weeks, for which it can be shown that the em ployer did not take the persons w ith him . A rticle 461. P aragraph 1 . In the case of article 459, paragraph 1 , the sick fund shall certify according to the m odel form determ ined b y the federal cou n cil, the contributions w o r k m e n 's INSURANCE CODE OF JULY 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 579 w hich have been received or postponed, together with a statement of the basic wage and of the w eekly contribution. This certificate is to be subm itted to the p olice authorities when application is made for the itinerant trade license. P a r . 2. In the case of article 459, paragraph 2, the contribution shall be paid to the authority there designated, and shall be transmitted b y them to the com petent rural sick fund. P a r . 3. The itinerant trade license may be granted only if the certificate is produced, the perm it only if the contributions have been paid. Par. 4. The basic wage and the w eekly contributions shall be stated on the itiner ant trade license. A r t ic l e 462. . P a r a g r a p h 1 T he insured person shall receive the regular benefits of the sick funds. A rticle 382 is not applicable to them . The constitution m ay sp ecify that the insured person on his own application shall also have a claim to the additional benefits Of the sick fund as long as the persons to whom they are to be granted remain in the district of the sick fund. P a r . 2. If the sick fund grants more to its other members, it may correspondingly reduce the contributions o f persons employed in itinerant trades. A rticle 463. P a r a g r a p h 1. For the periods w hich are not more than one month back the em ployer m ay deduct from the wages o f the insured persons two-thirds of the contribu tions paid b y him for them . P a r . 2. T he local insurance office of the place where they are staying decides in a dispute as to the deductions. A r t ic l e 464. A person who carries on an itinerant trade for another (art. 60d, par. 2, o f the Indus trial Code) shall have the rights and duties of the em ployer according to articles 459 to 463. A rticle 465. . P a r a g r a p h 1 T he Federal Council may specify the particulars for the execution of articles 459 to 464. P a r . 2. I t m ay specify how far persons who are em ployed b y an em ployer w ithout itinerant trade license in his itinerant trade establishm ent (art. 59 o f the Industrial Code) and whom he takes with him from place to place, are su bject to insurance, and it m ay regulate their insurance otherwise than as stated in articles 459 to 464. v i. home - working industries . A rticle 466. P a r a g r a p h 1. Persons engaged in hom e-working industries, who are not exem pt from insurance according to article 168, shall, so far as the law does not otherwise prescribe or perm it, be insured in the rural sick fund in whose district they have their own working place, w ithout regard to the seat of the establishm ent of the person who gives them the order. P a r . 2. Their home-working employees shall be insured in the same fund. A rticle 467. The Federal Council m ay specify under what conditions persons engaged in hom e working industries, to whom a yearly total minimum incom e of 2,500 marks [$595] is assured, m ay on their application, be exem pted from insurance as regards their own person. A r t ic l e 468. . P a r a g r a p h 1 A rticle 442, paragraphs 2 and 3, and articles 443 to 449, are corre spondingly applicable to persons engaged in hom e-working industries and^ their hom e- P a r !^2. $ itlio u t p r e ju d ic e d ^these provisions, persons engaged in hom e-working industries who regularly em ploy, apart from the members of the fam ily in the house hold, at least two persons subject to insurance as hom e workers, shall register them selves and all em ployees in the sick fund for the purpose of entry in the list accord ing to articles 317 to 319, and shall withdraw the names in the same manner. 580 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. A rticle 469. The resources for the sickness insurance shall b e raised partly b y subsidies from those persons on whose order and for whose account the work is done on the hom e work system (subsidies of the persons giving the order), partly from the persons en gaged m hom e-working industries them selves and partly from their hom e-working em ployees (contributions). A rticle 470. P aragraph 1. The subsidies of the persons giving the order shall b e based on ly on the wages w hich they pay to the persons engaged in hom e-working industries for the delivered w ork; no attention shall be paid to the facts as to whether the in d i vidual person engaged in hom e-working industries belongs to a sick fund, to w hich sick fund he belongs, or what contributions he pays for him self and his em ployees in the fund. Par . 2. The value of raw materials and supplies w h ich the person engaged in a hom e-working industry has furnished, may be left out of consideration in com puting the wages. A rticle 471. The subsidies of the persons giving the order shall be com puted uniform ly for all industry branches and for the territory of the Em pire in such a manner that in any one year their total amount shall cover half of the total cost w hich w ould accrue to the rural sick funds if they should grant the regular benefits w ith the local wages as the basic wage, and if all persons engaged in hom e-w orking industries su bject to insurance should belong to them. A rticle 472. P aragraph 1. The subsidies of the persons giving the order are fixed up to D ecem ber 31, 1914, at 2 per cen t of the wages paid. Par . 2. Thereafter the Federal Council shall determ ine them for four-year terms after a hearing of the accounting bureau of the Im perial Insurance O ffice; for the first 10 years after the com ing in force of this law the Federal Council is not restricted to these periods. A rticle 473. P aragraph 1. During the first week of each m onth, the person giving the order must transmit to the rural sick fund of the seat of his establishm ent a list of the per sons engaged in hom e-working industries em ployed enuring the past m onth. Pa r . 2. Where no rural sick fund exists for the seat of the establishm ent of the person giving the order, the list is to be transmitted to the general local sick fund. A rticle 474. P aragraph 1. In the list there shall be stated the name and the seat of the estab lishm ent of the person engaged in hom e-working industries as w ell as the amount of the earnings. Pa r . 2. If the value of the raw and other materials furnished by the person engaged in home-working industries have been included, then the quantity and value of these materials shall also be given as well as the amount actually paid after deduction of their value. A rticle 475. P aragraph 1. On application of the person engaged in hom e-working industries, the local insurance office com petent for his residence determ ines finally as to the value of the raw and other materials. Pa r . 2. For industries in w hich hom e work is custom ary in the district, the local insurance office shall itself determ ine the average value of raw and other materials and verify such valuations from tim e to tim e. On appeal the superior insurance office decides finally. On application, the local insurance office com m unicates the average value to the person engaged in hom e-working industries, the person who gives the order, and to his sick fund (art. 473). A rticle 476. This fund must com m unicate the list of persons engaged in hom e-working indus tries not insured w ith itself, to the fund in w hich they are designated as m einbers. In case of doubt the list shall be com m unicated to the proper.fund b y the local insur ance office to w hich the working place of the person engaged in hom e-working indus tries belongs. WORKMEN ’ s INSURANCE CODE OF JULY 19, 1911— GERMANY. 581 A rticle 477. Paragraph 1. W hen transmitting the lists, the person who orders the work shall pay the subsidies due. The com puted amounts are to b e rounded off to even pfennigs. P a r . 2. U ntil the tim e of the mutual balancing of accounts (art. 492, par. 2) the fund m ust keep in custody the subsidies paid to it for the account of other funds. A rticle 478. Paragraph 1. The fund to w hich the person engaged in hom e-working industries belongs, must credit him with the subsidies paid for him according to the lists. P a r . 2. If subsidies have been paid b y the persons giving the order for noninsured persons, or if for other reasons the subsidies can not be credited to an insured person, the fund must use them to cover any deficits w hich arise out of the insurance of per sons subject to insurance in home-working industries. P a r . 3. If the result of the last three fiscal years shows that a considerable surplus is available, it must be used for the purpose of reducing the contributions or ofdncreasing Hie benefits for persons subject to insurance in hom e-working industries. A rticle 479. Paragraph 1. The provisions relating to disputes over contributions (art. 405) are correspondingly applicable to disputes over subsidies. P a r . 2. The persons giving the order have the status of em ployers for the purposes of articles 137 to 140. A rticle 480. Paragraph 1. The constitution shall determine specifically the contributions which persons engaged in home-working industries must pay for them selves and for their hom e-working em ployees, as w ell as the sick benefits for these persons. P a r . 2. The local wages serve as the basic wage. A rticle 481. Paragraph 1. The contributions are to be computed in such a manner that, to gether with the subsidies of the persons who*give the order, they shall cover the cost which accrues to the fund from the insurance of its members engaged in home-working industries. P a r . 2. As long as the amount of the subsidies can not be approxim ately determ ined, the contributions of the members engaged in hom e-working industries are to be com puted in such a manner that they shall cover one-half of the cost w hich would accrue to the sick fund b y granting the regular benefits to these members. P a r . 3. The general provisions relating to contributions are correspondingly appli cable to the contributions w hich the person engaged in hom e-working industries has to pay for him self and his home-working em ployees. A rticle 482. Paragraph 1. The sick benefits shall consist of a pecuniary benefit in addition to m edical treatment. P a r . 2. The amount of the pecuniary benefit is based on the amount of the sub sidies of persons giving orders w hich have been credited to the person engaged in home-working industries. Unless the constitution specifies otherwise, the pecuniary benefit in such case stands in the same relation to the legal pecuniary benefit as the amount of the subsidies credited during the last fiscal year to the person engaged in home-working industries stands to that of all the contributions, w hich the person engaged in hom e-working industries has paid during this p eriod ; higher benefits than those prescribed b y the constitution shall not be granted. Par . 3. If the insurance has been in force only a short tim e then the contributions of this period on ly shall serve as basis. A rticle 483. W ith the approval of the superior insurance office the constitution m ay specify how far the pecuniary benefit shall be reduced or w ithheld, if the person engaged in home-working industries is in arrears with his contributions. 18544°— No. 96— 12------16 582 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. A rticle 484. Paragraph 1. W hatever is applicable to the pecuniary benefit is also applicable to the other cash benefits of the fund, but w ith the exception of the funeral benefit. Pa r . 2. W ith the approval of the superior insurance office the constitution may graduate the funeral benefit according to article 482, paragraphs 2 and 3. A rticle 485. Paragraph 1. On his application the fund shall perm it the person engaged in hom e-working industries to pay double the amount of the contributions. The con stitution m ay specify the particulars, such as when he m ay make the application and withdraw it. The share of the contributions of his hom e-working em ployees is not changed in such cases. Par . 2. In this case the subsidies paid in for him shall be paid over or credited to the person engaged in hom e-working industries. He and his em ployees subject to insurance are entitled to the fu ll benefits w hich the constitution prescribes for insured persons engaged in hom e-working industries. Pa r . 3. The subsidies shall also be paid over or credited to persons engaged in hom e-working industries who are insured on account of other em ploym ent subject to insurance. A rticle 486. Paragraph 1. If persons engaged in home-working industries are permanently employed only by the same person giving the order, with their consent he may also pay their contributions. P a r . 2. H e m ay then collect the contributions from the person engaged in hom e working industries in the same manner as an em ployer collects the share of contribu tions from insured persons. The paym ent of the earnings*is in such a case considered as the same as the paym ent of wages. A rticle 487. A rticles 426 to 432 are here correspondingly applicable. A rticle 488. Paragraph 1. If when this law com es into force the insurance of persons engaged in hom e-working industries is already regulated b y statutory provisions for a given district or an industry, then the highest adm inistrative authority m ay on application of the com m unes or of the union of comm unes affected perm it the statutory pro visions to remain in force. P a r . 2. The approval is conditional upon the fact that the person giving the order and the person engaged in hom e-working industries have their establishm ent seat in the district of the local insurance office, or in the larger district determ ined b y the highest adm inistrative authority according to local requirem ents, and that the benefits granted to persons engaged in nom e-working industries are at least equivalent to those granted b y this law. Pa r . 3. Am endm ents to the statutory provisions require the approval of the highest adm inistrative authority. P a r . 4. Subsidies received from other persons giving orders to one engaged in hom e working industries shall be paid or credited to him . A rticle 489. P aragraph 1. The union of comm unes may b y statute exem pt the person subject to insurance engaged in hom e-working industries from the obligation of contribution and assume itself the costs, in so far as they are not covered b y the subsidies of the persons giving the order; article 485, paragraphs 1 and 2, is then applicable. Pa r . 2. In such a case it may be specified that the fund shall grant to these persons subject to insurance only the benefits designated in article 452. P a r . 3. The statute must have the approval of the superior insurance office (decision cham ber), and the provisions of paragraph 2 must have the approval of the highest adm inistrative authority. A rticle 490. Paragraph 1. The State governm ent m ay decree that in districts in w hich the persons engaged in hom e-working industries are unable to pay contributions, the union of communes shall assume the costs designated in article 489, paragraph 1. WOBKMEN’ s INSURANCE CODE OF JU LY 19, 1911— GERMANY. 583 P a r . 2. The insured persons engaged in home-working industries shall then receive only the benefits specified in article 452; article 485, paragraphs 1 and 2, is not applicable. A rticle 491. P a r a g r a p h 1. W here persons engaged in hom e-working industries are em ployed b y interm ediaries, such as persons who give the work out, factors, or subcontractors (Zndschenm eister) on the order of a third party, then the latter is considered as the person who gives them the order. P a r . 2. The Federal Council may transfer to the interm ediaries either all or part of the duties of the person who gives the order; the person who gives the order must refund to them the subsidies already paid. A rticle 492. P a r a g r a p h 1. The Federal Council shall specify the manner in w hich the provi sions relating to the insurance of persons engaged in hom e-working industries shall be executed. P a r . 2. It shall especially regulate the manner in w hich the sick funds shall account for the subsidies among each other. It may order the participation of the accounting bureau of the Im perial Insurance Office in the accounting. It shall draw up the m odel forms for the lists and shall specify the bases w hich must be subm itted for the reexam ination of the subsidies. A rticle 493. The Federal Council may specify the manner in w hich German persons who give orders to foreign persons engaged in hom e-working industries m ay be drawn on for contributions for the sickness insurance of persons engaged in hom e-working industries w hich they would have to pay if they em ployed Germans, and how these paym ents are to be used. It may punish contraventions of these provisions with a fine of not more than 300 marks [$71.40]. V II. APPRENTICES. A rticle 494. P aragraph 1. N o pecuniary benefit shall be granted to any class of apprentices who are em ployed without compensation. P a r . 2. The contributions shall be correspondingly reduced. S ection N in e .—Min e r s * Sick F unds . A rticle 495. P aragraph 1. In their constitutions the miners* sick funds must grant to their members at least the regular benefits of the local sick funds. P a r . 2. With the approval of the supervisory authority, they may p a y the pecuniary benefit otherwise than weekly, but in no longer intervals than semimonthly. A rticle 496. Miners* sick funds m ay collect an entrance fee from members who can prove that they have already belonged to another sick fund, on ly if more than 26 weeks have elapsed betw een the resignation and admission. A rticle 497. A n application for exem ption from com pulsory insurance according to article 173 shall require the consent of the m ajority of votes both from the group of em ployers in the directorate and from the group of tne insured persons. A rticle 498. P aragraph 1. A rticles 206 and 383 are applicable to the members. P a r . 2. If the constitution specifies a waiting term for the claim to additional bene fits, then members who leave for the purpose of performing their term of service in the Arm y or N avy m ay interrupt this waiting term for the duration of the service period, as w ell as for a maximum of 26 weeks additional. No new entrance fee shall be collected from them in this case. 584 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . A r t ic l e 499. P a r a g r a p h 1. The provisions of articles 119, 223, paragraphs 2 and 3, relating to transfer, assignment, attachm ent, and charging up of insurance claim s, are applicable to all benefits w hich the m iners’ associations or sick funds must pay according to this law or to the State laws. P a r . 2. The highest adm inistrative authority shall specify w hich authority is com petent for the approval according to article 119, paragraph 2. A r t ic l e 500. P a r a g r a p h 1. A rticles 211 to 214, 219 to 222, 224, 313, and 314 are here corre spondingly applicable. P a r . 2. If tne place of residence of a sick person belongs to the territory of a miners’ sick fund, the latter must grant the preliminary relief, Urgent cases excepted. A r t ic l e 501. P a r a g r a p h 1. The representatives of the insured persons in the general m eeting (m iners’ elders) in the directorate of the m iners’ sick funds, m iners’ associations, and m iners’ funds, must be elected b y secret ballot. E lection according to the principles of proportionate representation is perm issible. P a r . 2. In valid miners m ay be elected to the general m eeting and to the directorate of a m iners’ sick fund, even if they pay contributions to the sick fund as voluntary members. A r t ic l e 502. P a r a g r a p h 1. A rticles 368 to 376 are here applicable. P a r . 2. In other cases, so far as this law does not provide otherwise, the provisions of State laws relating to miners’ associations and miners’ funds remain unaffected. S e c t io n T e n .— S u b s t it u t e F u n d s , i . a u t h o r iz a t io n . A r t ic l e 503. P a r a g r a p h 1. Mutual insurance associations to w hich a certificate as a registered aid fund according to article 75a of the sickness insurance law has been granted before A pril 1,1909, shall on their application be adm itted as substitute funds for the district and class of their members subject to insurance: Provided , That they have a permanent m em bership of more than 1,000 members, and that their constitution meets the requirements of articles 504 to 513. t P a r . 2. On application of such an insurance association the highest adm inistrative authority of its seat m ay reduce the m inimum m em bership to 250. A r t ic l e 504. P a r a g r a p h 1. The admission of persons subject to insurance m ay be made depend ent on participation in other societies or associations on ly if the constitution at the tim e of the establishm ent of the association contained such a provision applicable to all the members. P a r . 2. In other respects members shall not be obliged to perform acts or to refrain from actions which do not affect the object of the association. A r t ic l e 505. P a r a g r a p h 1. Persons subject to insurance who belong to the class of persons for whom according to its constitution the association was established shall, w ith reserva tion of article 504, paragraph 1, not be denied adm ission; in particular, adm ission shall not be made dependent on their age or state o f health. Par . 2. T he association m ay, how ever, su bject those who apply for adm ission to a m edical exam ination, and refuse the admission o f persons who are sick at the tim e. P a r . 3. The association may reject persons subject to insurance who apply for admission if they are in debt to the substitute fund for contributions from a former membership or if they have a claim to benefits from some other insurance w hich are at least equal to the benefits of their sick fund. w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OP JULY 19, 1911---- GERMANY. 585 A rticle 506. P aragraph 1. If not later than January 1, 1911, the association has graduated the contributions of persons subject to insurance, according to their age at the tim e of admission, then it m ay retain these grades and change them w ith the approval of its supervisory authority. B ut the highest grade must not exceed the lowest b y more than was the case on the date specified, and at the most b y one-half. The association m ay increase the contributions of persons subject to insurance according to their state of health at the tim e of admission, but such increase shall not be greater than onefourth of the regular rate. P a r . 2. The association shall not graduate its benefits according to the age or state of health of those who join. A rticle 507. P aragraph 1. The person subject to insurance shall be granted benefits at least equal to the regular benefits of the sick funds according to the basic wage w hich is the standard in his sick fund. The association may restrict persons subject to insurance to the low est class of mem bership w hich meets these requirem ents. P a r . 2. Benefits for persons subject to insurance m ay be reduced on ly to the same extent as in the case of the sick funds. The association must draw up sickness regula tions (art. 347, par. 1) for them ; the regulations must have the approval of the local insurance office com petent for its seat. P a r . 3. The association may increase the pecuniary benefit b y one-fourth of the basic wage (par. 1) to persons subject to insurance who do not make use of the right of article .517, paragraph 1. A rticle 508. The association may grant to its members and their dependents w ithout restriction as to duration or amount all the benefits w hich sick funds of their kind are perm itted to grant b y article 179. The benefits to survivors of deceased members shall not exceed ten times the w eekly benefit to w hich the deceased person was entitled. A rticle 509. P aragraph 1. The resources of the association m ay be used on ly for the benefits provided b y the constitution, for the accum ulation of the reserve, for m e costs of adm in istration, and for the general purpose of the prevention of sickness. P a r . 2. •It is also permissible to use them for the attendance at meetings which shall serve the legal purposes of the sickness insurance and of the substitute funds. P a r . 3. The association shall not collect contributions for other purposes from the persons subject to insurance. P a r . 4. It m ay on ly undertake matters w hich the law relating to registered aid funds (R eichs-G esetzblatt 1876, p. 125, and 1884, p. 54) perm it, or w hich this book [book tw o] permits. A r t ic l e 510. Only members who are of age and in possession of their civ ic rights m ay belong to the directorate or supervisory council. A rticle 511. A fter their admission the association m ay not exclu de members or treat them less favorably in regard to contributions or benefits because they have passed a certain age lim it or because their state of health has undergone a change. A rticle 512. Members who have belonged to it for two years shall not be excluded because they have resigned from a society or association, or are exclu ded therefrom . If it ex cludes a mem ber before the expiration of two years for such a reason, it shall refund him not less than the entrance fee, if he has paid such. A rticle 513. The association m ay perm it the resignation of persons su bject to insurance on ly at the close of the calendar quarter, regardless of the fact that they m ay have changed their em ploym ent in the m eantime. 586 BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR. A r t ic l e 514. P a r a g r a p h 1. T he superior adm inistrative authority of its seat shall d ecide on the application of an association for authorization to act as a substitute fund. The Im pe rial Insurance O ffice shall decide in case its district extends beyond the borders of the federal State. P a r . 2. If the application is approved, the association receives a certificate to that effect and it shall add to its name the words “ substitute fu n d .” P a r . 3. T he authorization m ay b e refused on ly if'th e association does not m eet the requirem ents of the provisions of articles 503 to 513. The reasons for refusal shall be stated. A rticle 515. P a r a g r a p h 1. The certification of the superior adm inistrative authority must be ublished b y the newspaper designated for its* official announcem ents and the certication of the Im perial Insurance O ffice b y the Reichsanzeiger. P a r . 2. As proof of authorization a printed copy of the constitution of the associa tion m ay b e used and it shall contain the certification, in addition to the year of publication, num ber, and page num ber, of the newspaper. P A rticle 516. P a r a g r a p h 1. If an authorized association does not m eet, or no longer meets the conditions of authorization, and in spite of the request of its supervisory authority does not rem edy this d efect w ithin the specified tim e lim it w hich must be not less than six weeks, then the certification shall be revoked. P a r . 2. It shall also be revoked if the association increases the group of persons subject to insurance who m ay belong to the association. P a r . 3. T he reasons for revocation shall be com m unicated. I t shall be published in the same manner as the certification. n . RELATION TO SICK FUNDS. A r t ic l e 517. P a r a g r a p h 1. In the case of persons subject to insurance who are members of a substitute fu n d, their rights and duties as members o f that sick fund to w hich they belong shall b e suspended if they apply therefor; they shall have no claim to benefits of the sick fund and shall neither hold office nor vote. P a r . 2. Their em ployers have to pay on ly their own share of the contribution to the sick fu n d; the share of the insured person is not paid. A rticle 518. P a r a g r a p h 1. If the class from w hich the association recruits its members is com posed prin cipally of insured persons of the class specified in article 165, paragraph 1, Nos. 3 to 5, or of office em ployees, b rick makers, or other insured persons, in whose occupations a frequent change of em ploym ent from one place to another is custom ary, the Im perial Insurance O ffice m ay, on application of this substitute fu n d, decree, w ith the jig h t to revoke the decree, that the sick funds shall transmit to the substitute fund four-fifths of the shares «of contributions paid to them according to article 517, paragraph 2, b y the em ployers for its mem bers. P a r . 2. The Federal Council m ay specify the particulars herew ith as w ell as in regard to the publication of the decree. A r t ic l e 519. P a r a g r a p h 1. If a person su bject to insurance intends to m ake use of the right of article 517, paragraph 1, he shall make application to the directorate at the tim e of admission to the sick fund, or at the latest on the second pay d ay; he shall com m uni cate to it the name and seat of the substitute fund and prove that h e belongs to it. P a r . 2. On application of a substitute fund th e federal cou n cil m ay confer on it the right to make applications in place of the persons su bject to insurance. P a r . 3. The sick fund shall give inform ation to the em ployers of the person subject to insurance, on ly in regard to the question whether his rights and duties are suspended bu t not as to w hich substitute fund he belongs. W O R K M E N ’ S IN S U R A N C E CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----G E R M A N Y . 587 A rticle 520. P aragraph 1. If the application has not been made at the proper tim e on admission to the sick fund, then it m ay be made not earlier than at the beginning of the n ext calendar quarter; it must be made to the directorate at least one month in advance; the admission to the substitute fund must also b e proved to the directorate. P a r . 2. The same is applicable to members of the sick fund who join on ly after admission to a substitute fund. A rticle 521. P aragraph 1. The substitute fund shall send a notice of the withdrawal of a mem ber su bject to insurance who has made use of the right of article 517, paragraph 1, to the directorate of its sick fund or to the com m on place of registration established for it, not later than at the close of the calendar quarter; it shall also send a n otice w ithin a m onth at the latest o f the exclusion of such a mem ber or of his transfer to a class of m em bership entitled to lower benefits than those specified in article 507, paragraph 1. P a r . 2. I f the sick fund or the place of registration is unknown to the substitute fund, the notification shall be directed to the local insurance office in whose district the mem ber was em ployed at the last paym ent of the contribution. This em ploy ment and the place where he is staying at that tim e shall be indicated. T he lo c a l insurance office shall transmit the notification to the directorate of the proper sick funds. A rticle 522. P aragraph 1. The constitution of the substitute fund shall specify w hich o f its adm inistrative bodies or em ployees shall make the notifications and the applications w hich have been transferred to the fund according to article 519, paragraph 2. A rticle 523. If, in the case of a member of a substitute fund, the pecuniary benefit to w hich he would be entitled in his sick fund is increased so that the pecuniary benefit of the substitute fund for his mem bership class would no longer m eet the requirem ents of article 507, paragraph 1, then his rights and duties according to article 517, paragraph 1, shall be suspended u ntil the close of the calendar quarter, bu t for not less than two weeks. A r t i c l e 524. The obligations of insurance carriers according to article 116, and of sick-fund direc torates according to article 344, are also applicable to substitute funds. A rticle 525. The local insurance office shall decide b y judgm ent procedure in disputes betw een substitute funds and sick funds over the refund of benefits granted illegally (art. 224, No. 2). Section E le v e n .— F inal P rovisions and P enal P rovisions . I. PINAL PROVISIONS A rticle 526. P aragraph 1. A union of communes, in the meaning of this book, is a union whose district forms the district of the fund or embraces it as the next larger union. P a r . 2. The highest adm inistrative authority may specify in w hich cases the com m une is com petent in place of the union of com m unes: Provided , That the district of the fund does not extend beyond that of the com m une. P a r . 3. W here no union of communes exists, the State governm ent shall specify w hich is com petent. A rticle 527. P aragraph 1. If a local, or rural sick fund has been created for several communes (independent manor districts, or marks, or march districts),1 which together do not 1Selbstandige Gutsbezirke Oder Gemarkungen, ausmarkische Bezirke. 588 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E A U OF L A B O R . form a union of com m unes, they shall be com bined according to particular provision of the State governm ent in to a union for special purposes (Zw eckverband). P a r . 2. T he provisions of this book as to unions of com m unes are also applicable to such unions for special purposes. A rticle 528. I f the district of a fund extends beyond the district of a local insurance office, then the local insurance office of its seat shall be com petent for it. II. PENAL PROVISIONS. A rticle 529. P a r a g r a p h 1. If an insured person violates the sickness regulations or the order of the attending physician, or neglects the notification incum bent on him accord ing to article 190, then the directorate of the fund m ay im pose upon him fines of not more than three times the amount of the daily pecuniary benefit for each case of contravention. P a r . 2. The directorate of a m iner’s sick fund, and of a substitute fund, has the same authority as regards a m em ber subject to insurance who violates the sickness regulation or the order of the attending physician. P a r . 3. On appeal the local insurance office decides finally. A rticle 530. P a r a g r a p h 1. W hoever in violation of his obligation does not register persons sub je ct to insurance (arts. 317, 319, and 468, par. 2), or does not subm it the lists of em ploy ees engaged in hom e industries (art. 473), may be fined not to exceed 300 m arts [$71.40], if he acts intentionally, and not to exceed 100 marks [$23.80] if he acts negli gently. P a r . 2. Whoever violates in other ways the provisions relating to the registration of persons liable to insurance or to the submission of lists or persons engaged in home industries (arts. 317 to 319, art. 468, par. 2, and arts. 473 and 474) may be fined not to exceed 20 marks [$4.76]. P a r . 3. Whoever in violation of his obligation neglects to submit applications as required b y article 519, paragraph 2, and article 522, or to make reports as required b y article 521, may be fined not to exceed 20 marks [$4,761. P a r . 4. The local insurance office shall assess these fines. On appeal the superior insurance office decides finally. A rticle 531. P a r a g r a p h 1 . The fund shall recover contributions w hich are in arrears independ ently of the fine. P a r . 2. It m ay also require the persons fined to pay from one to five times the contributions w hich are* in arrears. The amount shall b e collected in the same man ner as comm unal taxes. This is not applicable to persons engaged in hom e-working industries who violate article 468, paragraph 2. P a r . 3. A rticle 396 is here correspondingly applicable. A rticle 532. P aragraph 1. Em ployers and persons giving the order (art. 486) shall be punished w ith a fine of not more than 300 marks [$71.40], or be punished w ith arrest, unless a severer penalty is provided b y pther legal provisions if they intentionally do any of the follow ing: 1. D educt from the em ployees’ earnings larger shares of contributions than this law perm its, or make deductions in the case m entioned in article 398; 2. Violate the provisions of article 402. P a r . 2. The same penalty shall be im posed on em ployers who act in contravention of the provisions of article 400. A rticle 533. P a r a g r a p h 1. Em ployers and persons giving the order (art. 486) shall be punished with confinem ent in jail if they intentionally keep back from the fund entitled thereto the shares of contributions w hich they have deducted from their em ployees or have received from them . w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY. 589 P a r . 2. They m ay in addition be fined not more than 3,000 marks [$714] and be sentenced to the loss of their civ ic rights. P a r . 3. I f there are m itigating circum stances, then a fine only may be im posed. A r t ic l e 534. P a r a g r a p h 1. The em ployer m ay transfer the obligations w hich this law imposes on him to establishm ent managers, persons charged with supervision, or other em ployees of his establishm ent. P a r . 2. If such representatives act in contravention of this law, the penalty shall be imposed on them. In addition, the employer is also liable to punishment, if— 1. The contravention took place w ith his knowledge; 2. H e has not observed the necessary care in the selection and supervision of his representatives; in this case on ly a pecuniary fine m ay be im posed on the em ployer. P a r . 3. One to five times the contributions which are in arrears (art. 531, par. 2) m ay also be assessed on the representative and collected from him . Besides the rep resentative the em ployer is also liable for this amount if he has been fined according to paragraph 2. A r t ic l e 535. The penal provisions of article 23, paragraph 2, are applicable to managing officials and em ployees of the funds and of the federations of funds; they are applicable to the em ployers in the case of establishm ent funds and to the persons appointed according to article 362, paragraph 1, if they intentionally com m it acts w hich injure the fund. A r t ic l e 536. The same penal provisions (arts. 529 to 535) are applicable— 1. T o the members of the directorate, if a stock com pany, a mutual insurance association, a registered cooperative society, a guild, or other legal person is the em ployer; 2. T o the business manager if a society with lim ited liability, is the em ployer; 3. T o all partners personally liable, as far as they are not excluded from the rep resentation, if any other business corporation is the em ployer; 4. To the legal representatives of insolvent and partially insolvent em ployers, as w ell as to the liquidators of a business corporation, a mutual insurance asso ciation, a registered cooperative society, a guild, or other legal person. 590 B U L L E T IN OF TH E B U R E A U OF LA BO R. BOOK THREE.— ACCIDENT INSURANCE. P A R T O N E. IN D U ST R IA L ACCIDENT IN SU RAN CE. Section One .— Scope op the I nsurance . A rticle 537. P aragraph 1. Subject to the insurance are— 1. Mines, salt works, ore-treating works, quarries, pits (open digging); 2. Factories, shipyards, m etallurgical and m etal working plants, pharmacies, and if they are conducted as a business, breweries and tanneries; 3. Yards for the preparation o f building materials, establishm ents executing work in building, decorating, stone cutting, locksm ithing, blacksm ithing, or plum bing (B runnenarbeit) ; furthermore stone-breaking establishments as w ell as building work done b y other than regular building establishm ents; 4. T he chim ney-sw eeping, w indow -cleaning, butchering trades, and the opera tion of bathing establishments; 5. T he entire establishm ent of the railroad and the postal and telegraph adm in istrations as w ell as the establishments of the naval and m ilitary adm inis trations; 6. Inland navigation, rafting, flat-boating and ferries, the hauling of ships (tow ing), inland fishing, fish culture, the operation of ponds and the cutting of ice, if done as a business or adm inistered b y the Em pire, a State, a com mune, a union of comm unes or other p u blic b od y, dredging, as w ell as the keeping of vessels on inland waters; 7. Establishm ents engaged in hauling, express, livery, the hiring of riding animals and keeping of stables ii carried on as a business, the keeping of vehicles other than water conveyances if driven b y mechanical or anim al power, as w ell as the keeping of riding anim als; 8. E levator, storage, and cellarage establishments if conducted as a business; 9. The trades of goods packer, goods loader, agent, sorter, weigher, measurer, inspector, stower; 10. Establishm ents for the transportation of persons or goods, and tim ber-felling establishm ents, if they are connected w ith a com m ercial undertaking w hich extends beyond the scope of a sm all-scale establishm ent; 11. Under the same assumption (num ber 10 preceding), establishm ents for the treatment and handling of goods. P a r . 2. T he Im perial Insurance Office decides w hich com m ercial undertakings (num bers 10 and 11) are not subject to the accident insurance on the ground that they are sm all-scale establishments. A rticle 538. Those establishm ents are considered as factories in the meaning of article 537, num ber 2, w hich— 1. W ork up or work over articles as a business and for this purpose em ploy regu larly at least 10 workm en; 2. M anufacture or work up as a business, explosives or explosive materials or 'oduce or distribute electrical power; e use o f steam boilers or of m achinery m oved b y m echanical or animal power, provided that such use is not m erely tem poraiy; 4. Are placed in the category of factories b y the Im perial Insurance Office. S A rticle 539. Other establishments are also subject to the insurance if they are im portant parts or subsidiary establishments of the establishments described in articles 537 and 538. A rticle 540. A rticle 539 is not applicable— 1. T o agricultural establishments w hich are subsidiary establishments. The constitution (art. 675) may also place subsidiary establishm ents of this kind under the industrial acciden t insurance if the persons em ployed W ORKMEN^ IN S U R A N C E CODE OP J U L Y 19, 1911— G E R M A N Y . 591 in them are principally persons from the main establishm ent. W hen such a provision com es into force, the subsidiary establishm ent is withdrawn from insurance in the agricultural accident association. The provision m ay on ly b e canceled at the end of a fiscal year. Before a provision of th e constitution on th e membership%of an agricultural subsidiary establish ment is approved, the agricultural accident associations affected must be heard. It the accident associations do not com e to an agreement, the Federal C ouncil decides the matter upon application. T he agreement of the agricultural accident association must in any case b e secured, if the provision has not yet been in force more than three years; 2. T o marine navigation establishments, and other establishments falling under articles 1046 and 1049, w hich are im portant parts of the establishments described in articles 537 and 538 and extend beyond the local traffic or are subsidiary establishments. A rticle 541. A rticles 916, and 918 to 921, regulate what establishments and activities of the kind described in articles 537 and 538 as parts or subsidiary establishm ents of an agricul tural establishm ent are to enter the agricultural instead of the industrial accident insurance. A rticle 542. P aragraph 1. If, of several establishments w hich an undertaker has in the tern-, tory of the same superior insurance office, some are of the kind that belong to the industrial and some to the agricultural accident insurance, and if they do not already belong to the same accident association according to the preceding regulations, then, upon application of the em ployer, th ey are to be assigned to one accident associ ation i f altogether not more than 10 persons subject to the insurance are regularly em ployed in the establishments. P a r . 2. The application is to b e made to the superior insurance office, which, after a hearing of the accident associations affected, decides upon the assignment. P a r . 3. The employer and the accident associations affected may appeal from the decision of the superior insurance office. P a r . 4. U p to the time that the decision comes into force, the employer may with draw the application. P a r . 5. T he assignment may be revoked on ly at the close of a fiscal year and as long as the grounds m entioned in paragraph 1 apply, on ly upon the application of the em ployer. If the assignment has not yet been in force for three years since the rendering of the final decision, then the revocation shall also require the consent of the accident associations affected. A rticle 543. P aragraph 1. The Federal Council m ay exem pt from the insurance establish ments having no particular accident risk. P a r . 2. The Im perial Insurance Office prepares the decision of the Federal C ouncil; in this connection the decision senate must render an opinion. A rticle 544. Paragraph 1. T he follow ing are insured against accident in establishm ents or activities w hich are subject to the insurance according to articles 537 to 542 (indus trial acciden ts): Provided, That these tw o groups are em ployed in these establish ments or activities: 1. Workmen, helpers, journeym en, apprentices; 2. Establishm ent officials whose annual earnings do not exceed 5,000 marks [$1,1901 of incom e. P a r . 2. Acts which have been forbidden do not exclude the assumption of an indus trial accident. A r t ic l e 545. Foremen and technical officials are also to be considered as establishm ent officials. A r t ic l e 546. The insurance covers household and sim ilar service to w hich insured persons, who 592 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E A U OF L A B O R . are principally em ployed in an establishm ent or in insured activities, are assigned b y the undertaker or his representative. A r t ic l e 547. B y decision of the Federal Council the accident insurance can be extended to speci fied occupational diseases in industries. The Federal Council is authorized to issue special regulations for the administration thereof. A r t ic l e 548. The constitution m ay extend the com pulsory insurance— 1. T o undertakers of establishments whose annual earnings do not exceed 3,000 marks [$714], or who regularly em ploy for com pensation either no one or at the most tw o persons subject to insurance; 2. T o persons engaged in hom e-working industries (art. 162) without regard to the num ber of persons subject to insurance em ployed, who are the under takers of an establishm ent described in articles 537 and 538; 3. T o establishm ent officials whose annual earnings exceed 5,000 marks [$1,190] of com pensation. A r t ic l e 549. P a r a g r a p h 1. T he directorate of the accident association m ay declare exem pt from the insurance those undertakers who, according to the constitution, are subject to the com pulsory insurance (art. 548, num ber 1) but are exposed to no special acci dent risk. T he directorate shall revoke the exem ption whenever the reasons there for no longer exist. P a r . 2. On appeal, the superior insurance office decides finally. A r t ic l e 550. P a r a g r a p h 1. Undertakers (art. 633) as w ell as pilots on inland waters, who con du ct their business for their own account, m ay insure them selves against the results of industrial accidents if they do not have annual earnings of more than 3,000 marks [$714], or if they regularly em ploy for com pensation either no one, or at the most two persons su bject to insurance. P a r .. 2. The constitution m ay also adm it them to self-insurance, if they have annual earnings of more than 3,000 marks [$714], or regularly em ploy for com pensation at least three persons subject to insurance. A r t ic l e 551. The provisions of article 548, Nos. 1 and 2, and of article 550, on the insurance of em ployers, apply also to their w ives or husbands engaged in the establishm ent. A r t ic l e 552. The constitution m ay provide under what conditions accidents of the kind described in articles 544 and 546 m ay be insured against: 1. B y the undertaker of the establishment,' on behalf of persons who are em ployed in the establishm ent, but are not insured according to articles 544, 545, and 548, No. 3; 2. B y the undertaker of the establishm ent, or the directorate of the accident asso ciation, on behalf of persons who are not em ployed in the establishm ent but who visit the working place of the establishm ent or m ove about therein; 3. B y the directorate of the accident association, the members of their official bodies, and their em ployees. A r t ic l e 553. The constitution may provide that the voluntary insurance shall be out of force if the contribution has not been paid in spite of warning, and that a new application shall remain of no effect until the arrears of contributions have been paid. W O RKM EN ’ S INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 593 A r t ic l e 554. P a r a g r a p h 1. E xem pt from the insurance are— 1. Arm y and N avy officers and surgeons to whom the officers’ pension law (R eichsGesetzblatt, 1906, p . 565) is applicable; 2. M ilitary persons of the low er classes to whom the noncom m issioned officers’ and privates’ ( M annschaft) provision law (Reichs-G esetzblatt, 1906, p . 593) is applicable; 3. The other persons describe b y article 1 of the. acciden t relief law for officials, e tc., o f June 18, 1901 (Reichs-G esetzblatt, p . 211); 4. Officials v h o have been appointed at a fixed salary and w ith a claim to retire m ent pension in the establishments of the adm inistration of a federal State, of a union of communes, or of a com m une; 5. Other officials of a federal State, of a union of comm unes, or of a comm une if relief for them has been provided according to articles 14 of the above-m entioned accident relief law. P a r . 2. B uilding operations outside of a building establishm ent conducted as a business, as w ell as the keeping of riding animals or conveyances not conducted as a business (art. 537, Nos. 6 and 7 ), are considered as establishments in the m eaning of the accident relief law. S e c t io n T w o .— B e n e f i t s o f t h e I n s u r a n c e . A r t ic l e 555. The object of the insurance is the com pensation specified in the follow ing provi sions for the damage arising from b od ily injury or death. A r t ic l e 556. The injured person and his survivors have no claim if they have purposely brought about the accident. A rticle 557. P a r a g r a p h 1. If the injured person has brought the accident upon him self b y the performance of an act w hich according to a verdict of the court is a crim e or an inten tional misdemeanor, then the com pensation for damages m ay be w holly or partly denied. ' P a r . 2. Contravention of m ining regulations shall not be considered a misdemeanor in the m eaning of the preceding paragraph. P a r . 3. The pension may be either w holly or partly paid to the injured person’s dependents livin g in the Em pire, if in case of his death they would have a claim to a pension. German protectorates are to be included in the Em pire in the meaning of this provision. P a r . 4. The com pensation m ay also be denied if no verdict of a court has been rendered because o f the death or the absence or of any other reason connected with the person of the injured party. A r t ic l e 558. In case of an injury, there is to be granted from the beginning of the fourteenth week after the a ccid e n t-1. M edical treatm ent; it includes physician’s services and the providing of m edi cines, other therapeutical appliances as w ell as the aids w hich are requisite to assure the success of the treatment or to alleviate the results of the injury (crutches, supporting apparatus, and the lik e ); 2. A pension during the continuance of the disablem ent. A rticle 559. The amount of the pension is as follow s, as long as the injured person as a result of the accident is— 1. T otally disabled, two-thirds of the annual earnings com puted according to articles 563 to 570 (fu ll pension); 2. Partially disabled, that part of the full pension w hich corresponds to the pro portion of the loss of earning power (partial pension). 594 B U L L E T IN OP T H E BU BEAU O P L A B OB. A rticle 560. As long as the injured person is, as a result of the accident, so helpless that he can n ot exist w ithout the services and care of others, the pension is to be correspondingly increased, though not to m ore than the fu ll am ount of his annual earnings. A rticle 561. P aragraph 1. I f the injured person at the tim e of the acciden t was already per m anently and totally disabled, m en only m edical treatm ent (art. 558, No. 1) is to be granted. Pa r . 2. As long as in consequence of the accident he is so helpless that he can not exist without the services and care of others, a pension not greater than one-half of the full pension is to be granted. A rticle 562. As long as the injured person as a result of the acciden t is unem ployed through no fault of his own, the accident association m ay for a tim e raise the partial pension to not more than a fu ll pension. A rticle 563. Paragraph 1. The pension shall b e com puted according to the com pensation w hich the injured person had drawn during the last year in the establishm ent (annual earn? a r . 2. In so far as the annual earnings exceed 1,800 marks [$428.40], the excess shall be reckoned at only one-third. A rticle 564. Paragraph 1. I f the injured person had been em ployed in the establishm ent a fu ll year before the acciden t, the annual earnings shall b e considered as 300 tim es the average earnings for a fu ll working day, subject to the provisions o f article 569. Pa r . 2. I f it is shown that it was custom ary to operate for a greater or a sm aller num ber o f' working days, then the m ultiplication snail b e m ade w ith this num ber instead of 300. A rticle 565. If the injured person had n ot y e t been em ployed in the establishm ent a fu ll year before the accident, then the annual earnings shall b e com puted in such a manner that the num ber of days on w hich the injured person was em ployed in the establish m ent shall b e m ultiplied b y the average earnings for a fu ll working d a y ; for the rest of the custom ary num ber of working days o f operation o f the year there shall be added the average earnings w hich, during this tim e, insured persons o f the same kind and earning capacity in the establishm ent or in a neighboring establishm ent have secured for a fu ll working day. A rticle 566. I f the com putation according to article 565 can n ot b e carried out, then the annual earnings shall b e com puted b y m ultiplying the custom ary num ber o f working days of operation in the year w ith the com pensation w hich the injured person during the em ploym ent in the establishm ent received on an average for a fu ll working day. A rticle 567. I f the custom ary num ber of working days of operation in the year is so sm all that those em ployed in the establishm ent regularly perform work elsewhere for com pensa tion in addition, then in the cases specified in articles 565 and 566, the num ber o f working days necessary to make up the 300 shall be added to the am ount com puted according to articles 565 or 566, using the local wages for adults over 21 years of age w hich at the tim e of the accident have been determ ined for the place o f em ploym ent of the injured person (arts. 149 to 152). A rticle 568. If the injured person had been em ployed b y the hour, then the average earnings for the fu ll working day m ay not be placed higher than the average earnings for a work man of the same kind who has been em ployed during the whole working day. w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OP JULY 19, 1911— GERMANY. 595 A rticle 569. Articles 564 to 568 are to b e correspondingly applied if the annual earnings are com posed of amounts specified for not less than w eekly periods. A rticle 570. I f the annual earnings do n ot equal 300 times the local wages for adults over 21 years (art. 567), then 300 tim es this wage shall be considered as the annual earnings. A rticle 571. In the case o f persons who, previous to the accident, were already partially and perm anently disabled, that part of the local wages shall b e used as a basis w hich corresponds to the proportion of earning capacity before the acciden t. A rticle 572. A rticles 563 to 571 apply correspondingly to injured persons who were em ployed in an insured a ctiv ity without belonging to an insured establishm ent. A rticle 573. P aragraph 1. I f the insured person is insured against sickness on the basis o f the im perial insurance or in a miners’ sick fund, he shall be granted at least the regular sick-fund benefits of m edical treatment and pecuniary benefit according to article 179. H ow ever, the pecuniary benefit from the beginning of the fifth w eek after the accident u ntil the expiration of the thirteenth week shall amount to at least tw o-thirds o f the basic wage. This m ay not be refused, even in the case m entioned in article 192, unless the injured person has brought the accident on him self during the com m ission of a crim e or during an intentional misdemeanor (art. 557, pars. 1 and 2). The corre sponding rule applies to the house m oney. P a r . 2. If an insured person receives at the same tim e pecuniary sick benefits from another insurance, then the reduction of the pecuniary benefit described in para graph 1 shall b e made according to article 189. P a r . 3. For members o f substitute funds the basic wage o f their sick fund, w hile for members o f m iners’ sick funds the basic wage as specified in article 180, shall be determ inative. P a r . 4. I f the person insured against sickness becom es ill as the result of an acci dent w hile in a foreign country, then the provisions o f articles 221 and 222 are appli cable in a corresponding manner. A rticle 574. Those persons are to be considered as insured against sickness in the m eaning o f article 573 w ho: 1. Are exem pt from the insurance according to articles 418 and 435, in so far as the sick fu n d has to make provision for them (art. 422); 2. On account of lack o f em ploym ent have separated from m e sick fund, bu t still have a claim on the fund (art. 214). A rticle 575. If in the case of persons su bject to the agricultural sickness insurance the pecuniary sick benefit or the nouse m oney is not to be paid, or to b e paid on ly in part because according to articles 420,421, and 425 there are contractual benefits to be paid b y the em ployer, or because according to article 423 the person is in receipt of a pension on the basis of the im perial insurance, then the value o f such benefits is to be in cluded in the sick relief specified in article 573 in so far as they are payable during the same tim e. A rticle 576. P aragraph 1. W hatever must b e granted b y the sick funds, the m iners’ sick funds, or the substitute funds according to articles 573 and 575, in addition to the m inim um benefits w hich m ust otherwise b e provided according to the law or the constitution, must b e repaid b y the accident association, or in other cases b y the undertaker (art. 633), whenever a com pensation m ust be paid to the injured person beyon d the thir teenth week. T he constitution of the accident association can specify that the latter in all cases must reim burse the additional benefits. P a r . 2. The same holds true in a corresponding manner if the injured person who is insured against sickness has no claim to sick benefits. 596 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. A rticle 577. P aragraph 1. I f an injured person belongs to the group of insured persons accord ing to articles 544 and 545. out is not insured against sickness on the basis of the im perial insurance or in a miners1fund, then the undertaker, under reservation of paragraphs 2 and 3, must grant him the sick benefits during the first 13 weeks. For the amount of the benefits and for their reim bursem ent articles 573 to 576 are applicable. W ith the consent o f the injured person the undertaker can also grant care and m aintenance according to article 185, paragraph 1, and for this deduct not more than one-fourth of the pecuniary sick benefit. As the basic wage for this purpose, the local wage for the place of em ploym ent (arts. 149 to 152) shall be used. These provisions shall apply in the case of establishm ent officials on ly if their annual earnings do not exceed 2,500 marks [$595]. P a r . 2. In the cases m entioned in articles 169, 418, and 435, the em ployer has to provide the injured person for the first 13 weeks w ith the benefits specified in para graph 1. In such case that basic wage shall be used w hich is determ inative for the sick fund. In these benefits those m entioned in articles 169, 418, and 435 shall be included. A nything in excess of this must be repaid to the em ployer b y the accident association or b y the undertaker (art. 576). The same holds true in the case men tioned in articles 170 and 171 if the claim s arising out of article 169 are provided to the persons m entioned in those articles. P a r . 3. If a dom estic servant is exem pt from the insurance because of other relief specified in article 440, paragraph 1, then the provisions of paragraph 2, sentences 1 to 4, apply to him in a corresponding manner, though the carrier providing the other relief takes the place of the em ployer. The carrier providing the other relief must claim reim bursem ent for the additional benefits from the undertaker if the accident asso ciation is not obliged to make the repaym ent. A rticle 578. The details for the carrying out of articles 573 to 577 are to be specified b y the Im perial Insurance Office. A rticle 579. P aragraph 1. The accident association m ay take over either w holly or in part the benefits to be paid b y the undertaker. The latter m ust reim burse the association to the exten t to w hich the injured person could claim sick benefits from him and in so far as the association itself w ould n ot be obliged to make repaym ent. In such case the reim bursem ent for sick care shall be three-eighths of the basic wage according to w hich the pecuniary sick benefit of the beneficiary is to be com puted. P a r . 2. This shall be correspondingly applicable if, in the cases m entioned in article 577, paragraphs 2 and 3, the em ployer or the carrier of other relief takes the place of the undertaker. A rticle 580. P aragraph 1. If in the case o f injured persons to whom articles 573 to 577 do not apply it is to be feared that they must later be provided w ith accident com pensation, the accident association m ay inaugurate a course of treatment, even before the end of the thirteenth week after the accident, for the purpose of rem oving or alleviating the results of the injury. P a r . 2. The accident association can place the injured person in a m edical institu tion; in such case article 597, paragraphs 2 to 4, is applicable. P a r . 3. W ith the consent o f the injured person the association can grant care and maintenance as specified in article 185, paragraph 1. P a r . 4. The injured person m ay claim from the accident association an appropriate recom pense for the earnings he loses on account of the course of treatment. A rticle 581. P aragraph 1. W ithin the first 13 weeks after the accident, the acciden t associa tion may also have a m edical exam ination made o f the injured person even if it does not grant a course o f treatm ent, and can also ca ll for inform ation concerning the treatm ent and the con dition o f the injured person from the sick fund, the miners’ sick fund, the substitute fu n d, the physician in charge, or in the cases m entioned in article 577, from the undertaker. P a r . 2. On application o f the acciden t association, the local insurance office m ay com pel the undertaker to provide this, inform ation w ithin a specified tim e on penalty of fines not exceeding 100 marks [$23.80]. P a r . 3. Appeals from the determ ination of the fines shall b e d ecided finally b y the superior insurance office. W O R K M E N ^ INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY. 597 A rticle 582. P aragraph 1. If the pecuniary sick benefit ceases before the expiration of the 13 weeks, but the disability continues after the paym ent ceases, then the pension must be granted from the day on w hich the pecuniary sick benefit ceases. P a r . 2. The constitution m ay also perm it the paym ent o f the pension even if after the paym ent of the pecuniary sick benefit ceases, a loss of earning power remains, bu t w ill apparently end before the expiration of the 13 weeks. A rticle 583. P aragraph 1. I f tho sick fund, m iners’ sick fund or substitute fund has im prop erly stopped the paym ent o f its benefits' before the expiration of the 13 weeks, then the claim of the injured person to the pecuniary sick-benefit up to the amount of the pension (art. 582) is transferred to the accident association. P a r . 2. The same rule is applicable in the case of the benefits paid b y the under taker (art. 577). A rticle 584. I f the accident association, during the tim e it was required according to article 558 to furnish com pensation, has not provided benefits for the injured person, and if during this tim e, the sick fund, the m iners’ sick fund, or the substitute fund has granted pecuniary sick benefits or care and m aintenance in a hospital according to articles 182, 184, and 185, then the injured person shall be considered as having been totally disabled during this tim e. A rticle 585. Controversies concerning claim s for reim bursem ent arising out of articles 573 to 577, and article 579, shall be decided by judgm ent procedure ( Spruchverfahren ). A rticle 586. P aragraph 1. In fatal cases there must in addition be granted— 1. As a funeral benefit, the fifteenth part of the annual earnings; how ever, this must not b e less than 50 marks [$11.90]; article 203 is applicable in a corre sponding manner; 2. A pension to the survivors from the date of the death; it consists of a fraction. of the annual earnings according to the provisions of articles 588 to 595. P a r . 2. The annual earnings shall be com puted in the same manner as in the case of bod ily in ju ry; how ever, article 571 does not apply in this connection. A rticle 587. If because of an earlier accident this rate of annual earnings is smaller than that received b y him previously, then the earlier pension is to be in cluded in the annual earnings; in such case, how ever, that am ount may not be exceeded w hich as annual earnings was used as the basis of the earlier pension. A rticle 588. If the deceased leaves a w idow or children, the pension shall amount to one-fifth of the annual earnings— For the w idow up to the tim e of her death or remarriage; For each ch ild up to the com pleted fifteenth year of age; for an illegitim ate ch ild, how ever, on ly in so far'as the deceased has provided him with m aintenance according to legal obligation. A rticle 589. I f the w idow remarries, she receives three-fifths of the annual earnings as a settlem ent. A rticle 590. P aragraph 1. The w idow has no claim if the marriage has taken place on ly after the accident. P a r , 2. The acciden t association m ay, how ever, under special circum stances, even then grant a w idow ’s pension. 18544°— No. 96— 12----- 17 598 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. A rticle 591. P a r a g r a p h 1. The provisions concerning pensions of children shall apply also for children of a fem ale person who is not a married woman. P a r . 2. T he same h olds true for children of a married woman born before mar riage, or for her children of an earlier marriage, if they do not have the legal status of law ful children of the surviving husband. A rticle 592. P aragraph 1. In case a married woman is k illed, who on account of the disability o f the husband had supported her fam ily either w holly car in part ou t of her own earnings, for the duration of the need there is to be granted % pension equal to onefifth of th e annual earnings— T o the w idower u p to the tim e of his death or remarriage; T o each ch ild u p to the com pleted fifteenth year of age. P a r . 2. The widower has no claim if the marriage has taken place after the accident. P a r . 3. I f the husband of the deceased person, w ithout legal grounds therefor has absented him self from the household and has not fu lfilled his obligations of m ainte nance toward the children, then the accident association m ay grant the pension to the latter. A rticle 593. P aragraph 1. I f the deceased has left relatives in the ascending lin e whom h e has supported to an im portant degree out of his earnings, then for the duration of the need a pension is to be granted to them , w hich together shall be one-fifth of the annual earnings. P a r . 2. I f there are relatives of different degree in the ascending lin e, then the pension shall be approved for the parents in preference to the grandparents. ARTieLE 594. If the deceased leaves orphan grandchildren whom h e has w holly or partly sup ported out o f bis earnings, then for the duration of the need there shall be granted to them , up to the com pleted fifteenth year of each, a pension equal altogether to onefifth o f the annual earnings. A rticle 595. P aragraph 1. T h e pensions of the survivors m ay not together exceed three-fifths of the annual earnings; in the contrary case they shall b e decreased, and in the fol low ing m anner: In tne case o f consorts or children in the same degree; relatives of the ascending lin e have a claim on ly in so far as consorts or children, and grand children on ly in so far as those named first do n ot exhaust the highest am ount nam ed. P a r . 2. In case one survivor ceases to have a right to a pension, the pensions of the others are to be increased to the highest permissible amount. A rticle 596. P aragraph 1. The survivors of a foreigner, if such survivors at the tim e of the acciden t do not custom arily reside in Germany, have no claim to a pension. P a r . 2. The Federal Council can exclu de from this provision foreign border terri tories or subjects of such foreign States the legislation o f w hich provides a correspond ing relief for the survivors o f Germans k illed b y an industrial accident. P a r . 3. German protectorates are considered as German territory in the meaning o f paragraph 1. A rticle 597. P aragraph 1. In place of the benefits prescribed in article 558 the acciden t asso ciation m ay grant free m edical treatm ent and m aintenance in a m edical institution (m edical-institution care). P a r . 2. If the injured person has a household of his own, or is a member of the household of his fam ily, then his consent thereto is necessary. P a r . 3. In the case of a minor over 16 years of age his consent insufficient. P a r . 4. T he consent is not necessary if— 1. T he nature o f the in ju ry requires treatm ent or care w hich is not possible in the fam ily of the injured person; 2. The sickness is in fectiou s; W O R K M E N 's INSURANCE CODE OE J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY. 599 3. The injured person has repeatedly acted contrary to the directions of the •attending physician; 4 . T he condition or con duct of the injured person m ake continuous observation necessary. P ar .. 5. In the cases mentioned in paragraph 4, numbers 1, 2, and 4, the accident association shall, if possible, provide treatment in a medical institution. A rticle 598. I f the acciden t association provides treatment in a m edical institution after the first 13 weeks, or on account o f the cessation o f the pecuniary sick benefit before that tim e, then a pension m ust b e granted to th e relatives o f the injured person in so far as it would be granted in case of his death (relative’s pension). This claim is also possessed b y the w ife whose marriage w ith the injured person has taken place after the accident. A rticle 599. W ith the consent of the injured person the accident association m ay grant care and attendance b y sick nurses, nursing sisters, or other nurses (house care— H auspflege), especially when the placing of the injured person in a m edical institution is indicated, but m ay not b e carried out, or an im portant reason exists for leaving the injured per* son in his household or in his fam ily. A rticle 600. P aragraph 1. I f the accident association assumes the paym ent of the benefits of the undertaker according to article 579, then in place of the sick care and of the pe cuniary sick benefit, it m ay provide hospital care and house m oney according to arti cles 184,186, and 577, paragraph 1; w ith th e consent o f the injured person the accident association m ay also grant care according to article 185, paragraph 1, bu t in such case shall deduct n ot more than one-fourth o f th e pecuniary sick benefit. P a r . 2. The undertaker must reim burse the accident association to the exten t to w hich the injured person could claim sick benefits from him and in so far as the asso ciation itself would not be obliged to make repaym ent. In such case the reim burse m ent for the sick care shall b e three-eighths oi the basic wage according to w hich the pecuniary sick benefit of the beneficiary is to be com puted. Pa r . 3. The same holds true in a corresponding way if in the cases m entioned in article 577, paragraphs 2 and 3, the em ployer or the carrier of other relief takes the place of the undertaker. A rticle 601. Controversies concerning claim s for reim bursem ent arising out of article 600 shall be decided in judgm ent procedure ( Spruchverfakren ). A rticle 602. The accident association m ay b y its constitution grant special relief to the injured person who is placed in a m edical institution ( H eilanstalt) and to his dependents either b y general rules or according to the need o f the parties. A rticle 603. The accident association m ay at any tim e inaugurate a new course of treatment if it may be expected that such w ould increase th e earning capacity of the accident pen sioner. A rticle 604. In addition to the injured person, the sick fund, the m iners’ sick fund, or the substitute fund to w hich he belongs, m ay apply for the resum ption o f the m edical treatm ent. A rticle 605. P aragraph 1. I f the sick funds, the miners’ sick funds, the substitute funds, or the carriers o f the accident insurance have placed an injured person in an institution pos sessing adequate arrangements for treatm ent, then the injured person during the course of treatment m ay not b e placed in another institution w ithout his consent. Pa r . 2. The local insurance office of the p lace where he is staying m ay grant the consent instead. 600 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . A r t ic l e 606. If the injured person has not complied with a regulation which affects the medical treatment without any legal or other appropriate reasons therefor, and if his earning capacity w ill thereby be unfavorably influenced, then his compensation may be dis allowed for the time being, either wholly or partly, after this result has been pointed out to him. A rticle 607. P a r a g r a p h 1. On application the directorate of the accident association m ay grant to the person receiving pension m aintenance in a hom e for invalids ( Invalidenm us ), an orphan asylum ( W aisenhaus), or a sim ilar institution, in place of the pension. P a r . 2. Such institutions are considered as hospitals, hom es, and sanatoria, in the meaning of article 11, paragraph 2, and of article 23, paragraph 2, of the law on relief residence (R eichs-G esetzblatt, 1908, p . 381). P a r . 3. So placing the receiver of a pension obligates him to a release of his pension for a period of three months, and if he does not protest within one month before the expiration of this period, to a further period of three months. A rticle 608. I f an im portant change takes place in the conditions w hich were of im portance in the determ ination of the com pensation, then a new determ ination m ay be made. A rticle 609. During the first tw o years after the accident a new determ ination on account of a change in the condition of the injured person m ay be undertaken or dem anded at any tim e. If, how ever, w ithin this tim e lim it a permanent pension has been legally deter m ined, or if this tim e lim it has expired, then a new determ ination m ay be undertaken or dem anded on ly in periods of at least one year. These periods are n ot affected b y the inauguration o f a new course of treatment. The periods m ay be shortened b y m utual agreement. A rticle 610. The decision, or the final decision, which decreases or withdraws the pension w ill becom e effective with the expiration of the month following its announcement. A r t ic l e 611. The increasing or regranting of the pension m ay be claim ed only for the tim e after the registry of the claim therefor. A r t ic l e 612. P a r a g r a p h 1. The cost of the m edical treatment and funeral benefits are to be paid w ithin one week after their determ ination, w hile pensions are to be paid in m onthly amounts in advance. I f the pension amounts to 60 marks [$14.28] or less, then it is to b e paid in quarterly amounts in advance: Provided , That it is not probable that it w ill cease to b e paid before the expiration o f the quarter. Par . ? . W ith the consent of the person entitled to the pension the accident associa tion m ay pay the same at longer intervals of tim e. P a r . 3. The pension shall be rounded off in amounts of full 5 pfennigs [1.2 cents] for the month or the quarter. A r t ic l e 613. P a r a g r a p h 1. The pension shall be paid for the rest of the month in w hich the death occurred, in w hich the remarriage occurred, and in w hich the pension was sus pended. In cases where in addition to the part o f the m onth on account o f the pen sion of the injured person there is also a pension of the survivors, then the latter shall have a claim to the higher amount. P a r . 2. If the pension is to be paid for a longer period of time, the accident associa tion may pay the pension for this period also. A r t ic l e 614. If the person entitled to com pensation has not received it at the tim e of his death, then the w ife or husband, the children, the father, the m other, the brothers and sisters are entitled to it in order: Provided , That they have lived w ith the person entitled to the pension at the tim e of his death in the same household. W O R K M E N *S IN S U R A N C E CODE OE J U L Y 19, 1911-----G E R M A N Y . 601 A rticle 615. P a r a g r a p h 1. The pension shall be suspended— 1. As long as the beneficiary is serving a prison term of more than one month or has been placed in a workhouse or reform atory. If he has dependents in Germany who in case of his death would have a claim to a pension, then the pension up to the amount of his claim shall be turned over to them . 2. So long as a person who is a German subject remains in a foreign country and neglects: To inform the accident association of his whereabouts; As an injured person, on the demand of the accident association, to present him self from tim e to tim e to the com petent consul or other German au thorities designated b y him . The Im perial Insurance Office shall specify the particulars in regard to com m unicating and presentation. I f the person entitled to pension proves that he has neglected to make the prescribed com m unication and presentation without any fault of his own, then the right to the pension shall be resumed again. 3. As long as the foreign beneficiary voluntarily resides in a foreign country; 4. As long as a foreign beneficiary is expelled from the territory of the Em pire on account of a.condem nation in a crim inal process. The same applies to a foreign beneficiary who has been expelled from the territory of one of the federal States on account o f a condem nation in a penal procedure, so long as he does not stay in another federal State. P a r . 2. In the cases m entioned in num bers 3 and 4, the Federal C ouncil may 3nd the cessation of a pension for foreign border territories, or for the subjects of foreign States whose legislation guarantees a corresponding relief to Germans and their survivors. Par . 3. I f the expulsion of a foreigner entitled to a pension (par. 1, N o. 4) is not directed b y a condem nation, or on account of a condem nation in a penal procedure, then paragraph 1, N o. 2, shall be applicable. P a r . 4. German protectorates shall be regarded as German territory in the meaning of these provisions. A rticle 616. 3 If the pension of an injured person amounts to one-fifth of a fu ll pension or less, then the accident association, w ith his approval and after a hearing b y the local insur ance office, may settle upon him a capital sum corresponding to the value of his annual pension. A rticle 617. P a r a g r a p h 1. A foreigner entitled to a pension who gives up his custom ary abode in Germ any, or who resides custom arily in a foreign country, can w ith his consent receive a settlem ent from the accident association equal to three tim es the am ount of his annual pension, and w ithout his consent may be paid a capital sum corresponding to the value of his annual pension. Par . 2. The Federal Council may n u llify this provision for foreign border territories. A rticle 618. In cases of settlem ent w ith a corresponding capital sum (arts. 616 and 617), the Federal C ouncil shall regulate the com putation of the value of the capital sums. A rticle 619. If on a new investigation the accident association becom es convinced that the benefits were incorrectly disallow ed, either w holly or partly, or have been withdrawn or suspended incorrectly, it may determ ine these anew. A rticle 620. The accident association does not need to demand the return of the com pensation w hich it had to pay before a legal decision came into force. A rticle 621. With the exception of the cases mentioned in article 119, claims for compensation may be transferred, assigned, and pledged with legal effect, also on account o f demands 602 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. of the sick funds, m iners’ associations, miners’ funds, substitute funds, and insurance institutions w hich are entitled to reim bursem ent according to articles 1501, 1522, and 1528. The transfer, assignment, and execution is on ly perm issible to the amount of the legal claim s for reim bursem ent. A rticle 622. Claims may be reduced only b y the follow ing: Arrears of contributions; Advances made out of the assets of the accident association; Compensation w hich was paid in correctly; Costs of procedure w hich are to be returned; Fines w hich have been im posed b y the directorate of the accident association; Claims for reim bursem ent of the accident association according to articles 903 and 904. Section T h r e e .— Carriers op the I nsurance . I. THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS AND OTHER CARRIERS OP THE INSURANCE. A rticle 623. As carriers of the insurance, the accident associations comprise the undertakers of the insured establishments (art. 633, par. 1). A rticle 624. The E m pire or the federal State is the carrier of the insurance if the establishm ent is conducted for its account in the tw o eases m entioned below , w hich also include building work and activities in connection w ith the keeping of riding anim als or conveyances not managed as a business (art. 537, Nos. 6 and 7). These tw o cases are— 1. In the case of the adm inistration of the postal service, the telegraph service, the navy, and the army; 2. In the case of the railways. A rticle 625. P aragraph 1. The Em pire or the federal State is the carrier of the insurance if the establishm ent is conducted for its account in the case of establishm ents for dredging, inland navigation, rafting, flatboating, and ferrying, unless the establishm ents, accord ing to article 2, paragraph 2, of the law of May 28, 1885 (R eichs-C esetzblatt, p. 159), belong to the accident associations created for them . P a r . 2 . The later entrance of such establishments into an accident association, or the rewithdrawal, or the reentranee, in case the accident association does not agree thereto, is perm issible only w ith the approval of the Federal Council, and in the absence o f other agreement on ly at the close of a fiscal year. Pa r . 3. In case o f rewithdrawal the Em pire or the federal State must from then on satisfy the claim s for com pensation w hich exist against the accident association on account o f accidents in the establishm ent w hich has withdrawn, and in this connection an appropriate portion of the reserve and of other assets of the accident association must b e turned over to the Em pire or to the federal State. The latter are then required to assume the paym ent of an appropriate part of the interest and refunding paym ents for the floating debt (art. 779). P a r . 4. T he accident association and the Em pire or the federal State may b y m utual agreement act in variance of the provisions of paragraph 3; in such cases th e decision of the general m eeting o f the accident association is required. P a r . 5. If controversies arise in regard to distributing the assets betw een the a cci dent association and the Em pire or the federal State, they m ay settle the question b y an arbitration decision; otherwise it shall be d ecided b y the Im perial Insurance O ffice (decision senate). A rticle 626. In so far as the Em pire, a federal State, a p u blic union or other corporation, has the sole right through law or treaty to engage in inland navigation on a waterway or a part thereof (tow ing and the lik e), these establishments belong to the accident associa tion created for them. A rticle 627. P aragraph 1. The Em pire or the federal State is the carrier of the insurance for operations other than the building work and activities in connection w ith the keeping or riding animals or conveyances not conducted as a business according to article 624 w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY. 603 (art. 537, Nos. 6 and 7): Provided , That these other building operations or activities are conducted for its account. This does not apply, whenever the Em pire or the federal State through a declaration of the im perial chancellor or of the highest adm inis trative officials enter in to the accident association, which is the proper one for buildingtrades operations or for the undertakers of establishments engaged in hauling, or in inland navigation, as a business. The declaration of entrance shall also specify the date on w hich the entrance becom es effective. P a r . 2. The rewithdrawal and the reentrance is perm issible if the accident associa tion does not agree thereto, only w ith the approval of the Federal Council, and in the absence of other agreement on ly at the close of a fiscal year. P a r . 3. In the case of a rewithdrawal, article 625, paragraphs 3 to 5, is applicable in a corresponding manner. A rticle 628. P aragraph 1. A com m une, a u n ion of communes, or another p u blic corporation is the carrier of the insurance for such building work and activities in connection with the keeping of riding animals or other conveyances not conducted as a business (art. 537, Nos. 6 and 7) w hich it conducts as an em ployer in establishm ents other than railw ays: Provided , That the highest adm inistrative authorities, on application, have declared the corporation able to assume the burden. Otherwise such a corpora tion shall be insured together with the designated operations and activities according to article 629. P a r . 2. The highest administrative authorities may unite several communes, unions of communes, or other public corporations into a federation for the common carrying out of the insurance and declare the latter to be capable of carrying the burden. P a r . 3. A com m une, a union of communes, or another p u b lic corporation, may through a declaration of its directorate enter into the com petent accident association (art. 627, par. 1 ). The declaration of entrance shall also specify the date on which the entrance becom es effective. P a r . 4. If such a corporation is declared to be unable to carry the burden, then its rewithdrawal from the accident association and its reentrance, in the absence of other agreement, is perm issible only at the close of a fiscal year. If it is declared capable of carrying the burden, then, article 627, paragraph 2, is applicable for its re withdrawal from the acciden t association and its reentrance; for its rewithdrawal article 625, paragraphs 3 to 5, is also correspondingly applicable. A rticle 629. P aragraph 1. Building work w hich other undertakers do not carry out as a busi ness shall be insured at the expense of the undertakers, or of the comm unes, or of the unions, through special institutions (branch institutes) w hich shall be attached to the accident associations of the building trades em ployers (arts. 783 to 835). The accident association is the carrier of the branch institute. P a r . 2. In the same way branch institutes (arts. 836 to 842) shall be attached to the accident associations of the undertakers o f establishments engaged in hauling and inland navigation as a business for the insurance of activities connected with the keep ing of riding animals or other conveyances n ot conducted as a business (art. 537, Nos. 6 and 7). The Federal Council can attach the branch institutes or parts of them to other accident associations. In place of the branch institutes or parts of them , the Federal Council m ay create m utual insurance associations as independent insurance carriers, and in such case regulates their organization. In case the Federal Council herewith alters the status of branch institutes or of mutual insurance associations it shall regulate the transfer of the burden of accidents and of the assets. II. COMPOSITION OF THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. A rticle 630. . P aragraph 1 The acciden t associations shall be created according to geographical districts; they in clude all establishments of the branch of industry for w hich they were created. In the case of accident associations for railways or the establishments desig nated in*article 537, Nos. 6 and 7, this provision may be departed from . P a r . 2. The Federal C ouncil m ay approve the uniting of the undertakers of establish ments w hich belong to miners’ associations, or to miners’ funds, into miners’ accident associations. P a r . 3. Those accident associations w hich have been created in accordance with earlier accident insurance laws retain their former status under reservation of the changes perm itted according to articles 635 tq 648. 604 BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOK. A rticle 631. P aragraph 1. If the establishm ent includes im portant parts of industries of different kinds, it is to be assigned to that accident association to w hich the principal estab lishm ent belongs. ' The same holds true under reservation of article 540, of subsidiary establishments, and of such insured activities w hich are portions of the establishment. P a r . 2. Establishments and operations in inland navigation and rafting are included in the insurance of the principal establishment only if they do not extend beyond local traffic. P a r . 3. Activities which according to their nature belong to the insurance of a branch institute or a mutual insurance association are to be insured in the accident association to which the undertakers engaged in activities of the same kind belong when the latter are more important than the other activities. A rticle 632. The provisions of article 542 are applicable in a corresponding manner for several establishments of the same undertaker all of w hich are subject to the industrial acci dent insurance and do not otherwise com e under article 631, paragraph 1. This does not hold true for establishments engaged in inland navigation and rafting. A rticle 633. Paragraph 1. The undertaker of an establishment is the one for whose account the establishment is conducted. P a r . 2. In other cases the undertaker is— 1. In the case of building work which is not carried out b y a building establish m ent conducted as a business, the one for whose account it is conducted; 2. In the case of the activities connected w ith the keeping of riding animals or conveyances not conducted as a business (art. 537, Nos. 6 and 7), w hoever keeps the riding animal or conveyance. A rticle 634. P aragraph 1. An accident association has in those cases to compensate accidents in insured activities in an establishm ent which is conducted for the account of an under taker not belonging to it, if an undertaker belonging to it has given the order and has to make paym ent therefor. P a r . 2. This applies in a corresponding way for the branch institutes. III. CHANGES IN THE STATUS OF THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS A rticle 635. Changes in the status of the accident associations are perm issible with the beginning of a fiscal year, according to articles 636 to 648. A rticle 636. Several accident associations m ay unite them selves b y a concurrent resolution of the general m eetings of the accident associations. The resolution must have the approval of the Federal Council. A rticle 637. P aragraph 1. The general m eetings of the accident associations affected can resolve that in dividual branches of industry or geographically lim ited parts of an acci dent association shall be transferred to another association. The resolution m ust receive the approval of the Federal Council. of one of the accfcfent associations affected. A rticle 638. If application is made on the basis of a resolution of the accident associations to have several accident associations united, or separate branches of industry or geographically lim ited parts, separated from the accident association and added to another, then if an accident association affected protests, the Federal Council shall decide the m atter upon appeal. W O R K M E N^ INSURANCE CODE OP JULY 19, 1911— GERMANY. 605 A rticle 639. The general meeting of the accident association decides in the first place upon an application to create a special accident association for separate branches of industry, or geographcally lim ited parts. The Federal Council decides finally. A rticle 640. The Im perial Insurance Office prepares the decision of the Federal C ouncil; in such cases the decision senate must express an opinion. A rticle 641. T he Federal Council may withhold its approval to the creation of a new acciden association if— 1. The num ber of establishments or of the necessary persons would be too small to guarantee its permanent solvency; 2. The acceptance of establishments in the accident associations is refused, w hich for the same reasons (N o. 1) are not in a position to form a solvent acciden t association of their own and can not properly be assigned to another accident association. A rticle 642. If several accident associations com bine to form a new accident association, then all their rights and duties are transferred to the latter as soon as the change becom es effec tive. A rticle 643. I f parts of an accident association are separated to form another or to be joined to another, then the other accident association from that tim e on must satisfy the claim s for com pensation w hich had grown up against the old accident association on account of accidents in the establishments w hich have been separated. The same is also applicable if agricultural subsidiary establishments are transferred to an industrial accident association according to the constitution (art. 540, No. 1). A rticle 644. A cciden t associations upon w hich are placed the obligation of com pensation have a claim to a corresponding part of the reserve and of the other assets of the accident association released from these obligations. They are required to assume the paym ent of a corresponding part of the interest and of the amounts necessary for the refunding of the floating debt (art. 779). A rticle 645. The general m eetings of the accident associations affected m ay act in variance w ith the provisions of articles 642 to 644 through concurrent resolution. A rticle 646. If a dispute arises during the negotiations in regard to the division of the assets betw een the accident associations affected, they m ay settle the matter b y an arbitra tion decision; otherwise the Im perial Insurance Office (decision senate) shall decide. A rticle 647. Paragraph 1. If an accident association becom es unable to fu lfill its legal obliga tions, the Federal C ouncil m ay dissolve the same if the Im perial Insurance Office (decision senate) makes application therefor. P ar . 2. The branches of industry of a dissolved accident association shall be appor tioned to other accident associations. The latter are to be heard in advance. Par . 3. On the dissolution of an accident association its rights and duties are assumed b y the Empire. A rticle 648. If an accident association w hich is subject to the supervision of a State insurance office (art. 723) is dissolved a3 insolvent, then its rights and obligations are to be assumed b y the federal State. 606 B U LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. Section F our — O rganization of the A ccident A ssociations . I. MEMBERSHIP AND THE RIGHT TO VOTE. A rticle 649. Each undertaker i3 a mem ber of an accident association whose establishm ent belongs to the branches of industry covered b y it and in whose territory the establishm ent has its seat. T he Empire* the federal States* com m unes, unions of com m unes, and other p u b lic corporations are members in so far as articles 624 to 628 do n ot prescribe otherwise. A rticle 650. Membership begins w ith the opening of an establishm ent or w ith the placing of it under the insurance obligation; for the Em pire and the federal States, for com munes, unions of comm unes, and other p u b lic corporations, the beginning of the membership i3 regulated according to articles 625 to 628. A rticle 651. P aragraph 1. In each establishm ent the undertaker must m ake known through a placard— 1. To w hich accident association and section the establishm ent belongs; 2. W here the place of business of the directorate of the accident association and of the section is located. P ar . 2. If an agricultural establishm ent is placed under th e industrial accident insurance according to article 540, num ber 1, and article 542, the placard must call attention thereto. A rticle 652. If members or their legal representatives do not possess civ ic rights, th ey shall not have the right to vote. ii. registration op the establishments. A rticle 653. P aragraph 1. W hoever w ith an establishm ent becom es a mem ber of an accident association, m ust w ithin one w eek report to the local insurance office in whose district the establishm ent has its seat the follow ing: 1. T he kind of the establishm ent and the ob ject of the establishm ent; 2. T h e num ber of insured persons; 3. The acciden t association to w hich the establishm ent belongs; 4. If the establishm ent is first opened after the law come3 in to force, the date of opening and if the establishm ent becom es subject to the insurance on ly after the law enters into force, the day when insurance obligation begins. P a r . 2. T he report is to b e sent in du plicate; th e receipt thereof w ill be acknowl edged. P ar . 3. If an establishm ent has already been reported and when a change in the person on ly of the undertaker of the establishm ent has occurred, then a repetition of the report according to paragraph 1 is not required. A rticle 654. The local insurance office assigns each establishm ent in its territory concerning w hich a report has been received, w ithin one w eek b y sending one of the reports to the directorate of the accident association designated therein. A rticle 655. If in the opinion of the local insurance office the establishm ent belongs to an accident association other than that designated, it shall n otify the directorate of the latter accident association as w ell as the undertaker and shall transmit the reports to the directorate of the other acciden t association. A rticle 656. P aragraph 1. If the report is n ot sent in or is incom plete, the local insurance office can require the undertaker to give the information within a specified time under penalty of a fine up to 100 marks [$23.80]. w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19> 1911— GERMANY. 607 P ar . 2. On appeal against the determination of the fine the superior insurance office decides finally. P a r . 3. The local insurance office assigns the establishment within one week after the expiration of the specified time lim it b y furnishing the information itself (art. 653, par. 1). in. register op establishments. A rticle 657 The directorates of the accident associations must keep registers of establishments on the basis of the reports sent to them b y the Im perial Insurance Office and of the later assignments (arts. 654 and 656). A rticle 658. T he members shall b e listed in the register of establishments after it has been ascer tained that they have joined the proper association. A rticle 659. P aragraph 1. M embership certificates shall be sent to the members listed in the register of establishm ents, b y the directorate of the acciden t association. If the accident association is divided into sections, the m em bership certificate must designate the section to w hich the undertaker belongs. P ar . 2. If acceptance in the register is declined, a decision with the grounds there fore must b e transmitted to the head of the establishm ent through the intervention of the local insurance office. A rticle 660. W ithin one month after the delivery of the mem bership certificate or of the decision declining mem bership, appeal against the acceptance or the disallow ance must be made b y the undertaker to the superior insurance office. T he appeal is to be transmitted to the local insurance office. If in proceedings on the appeal it is shown that although the establishm ent is subject to the accident insurance it still does not belong to any of the existing accident associations, then the matter is to be laid before the Im perial Insurance Office. The latter shall assign the establishment to that accident association to w hich according to its nature it i3 most nearly allied. A rticle 661. If the undertaker does not make an appeal against a decision declining mem bership w ithin the proper tim e, the local insurance office m ay lay the matter before the Im perial Insurance O ffice; upon application of the accident association such action must be taken. A rticle 662. I f in the case m entioned in article 655 the directorate of the accident association designated in the notification accepts the membership of the undertaker, then the direc torate of this association shall n otify the directorate of the other accident association. The latter can w ithin one month after the receipt of the com m unication make an appeal. A rticle 663. Extracts from the register of establishments are to be com m unicated to the directo rates of the sections in regard to the undertakers belonging thereto.IV . IV. CHANGES IN THE UNDERTAKERS—CHANGES IN THE ESTABLISHMENT AND IN ITS MEMBERSHIP IN THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION. A rticle 664. W ithin the tim e specified in the constitution the undertaker must report changes in the person for whose account the establishm ent is conducted to the directorate of the acciden t association for entry in the registry of establishm ents. H e remains liable for the contributions up to the end of the fiscal year during w hich the change is reported w ithout, however, releasing his successor from the liability. 608 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. A rticle 665. The undertaker must report changes in his establishm ent w hich are of im portance for his mem bership in the acciden t association to the directorate w ithin the tim e specified in the constitution. A rticle 666. I f upon application of the undertaker or if on its own accord the directorate believes it necessary to refer the establishm ent to another accident association, then it shall refer the establishm ent to the latter and com m unicate this fact to the association and through the local insurance office to the undertaker with a statement of the reasons therefor. A rticle 667. P aragraph 1. The head of the establishm ent and the directorate of the other acci dent association m ay make protest against the assignment to the directorate w hich has so assigned the establishm ent; the last-named directorate shall lay the protest before the superior insurance office. P a r . 2. I f protest is not made within the proper time, then the establishment shall be reinscribed in the register and another membership certificate shall be made out or the undertaker. A rticle 668. If an accident association demands the assignment of an establishm ent and the undertaker or the accident association to w hich the establishm ent has hitherto belonged objects to the transfer, then the directorate of this acciden t association shall lay the matter before the superior insurance office for decision. A rticle 669. If the undertaker makes claim for the change in the registry of his establishm ent, then in case of objection on part of both accident associations he m ay make application for a. decision to the superior insurance office. A rticle 670. The provisions of articles 666 and 667 for the assignment of an establishm ent apply correspondingly in regard to its release from m em bership. A rticle 671. P aragraph 1. If the application for the transfer or release of mem bership has been granted, then the change in the mem bership in the acciden t association shall becom e effective on the date on w hich the application has first been received b y one of the directorates of the accident associations affected. I f the establishm ent has been transferred or released from m em bership b y the action of the officials, then that date shall be used on w hich the transfer or the release from m em bership has been com m unicated to the undertaker. P a r . 2. The directorates affected and the undertaker may agree upon another date. A rticle 672. If the transfer or release from m em bership is delayed to an im portant extent because the legal or constitutional provisions have not been observed, then upon application the superior insurance office m ay decide that the change in the m em bership of the accident association shall becom e effective on a date earlier than that specified in article 671; paragraph 1, how ever, not earlier than the beginning of the fiscal year during w hich the claim for contributions has not yet lapsed. A rticle 673. P aragraph 1. If single establishments or subsidiary establishments go from one accident association to another, then article 643 applies in regard to the transfer of the accident burden. P a r . 2. The acciden t association taking over an establishm ent has a claim to a cor responding part of the reserve of the accident association released. This part is to be com puted according to an average rate w hich the Im perial Insurance Office shall w o r k m en 's INSURANCE CODE OP J U L Y 19, 1911— GERM ANY. 609 determ ine every five years, separately for industrial and agricultural associations, according to the amount of the reserves of all the accident associations. P ar . 3. A rticles 645 and 646 are to be applied here. A rticle 674. Paragraph 1. The obligation to make reports in case of changes in an establish m ent w hich affect the apportionm ent in the risk tariff (art. 711) ana further procedure are to be regulated in the constitution. P a r . 2. If the committee or the directorate of the accident association has to draw up and change the risk tariff (art. 707), then the general meeting of the accident associa tion may also transfer to this body the regulation of the obligation to give notice in case of these changes in the establishment. P a r . 3. The undertaker may appeal against the decision which the accident associa tion issues upon the notification or the changes or in acting on its own initiative. V. CONSTITUTION. A rticle 675. The accident associations regulate their internal administration and their order of business through a constitution w hich the general meeting of the accident association decides upon. A rticle 676. P aragraph 1. The prelim inary directorate elected b y the general meeting for the purpose of establishing the organization shall conduct the general meeting and manage the business of the accident association until the directorate elected on the basis of a valid constitution shall take over the business. ' P ar . 2. The preliminary directorate shall consist of a chairman, a secretary, and at least three associates. A rticle 677. The constitution must specify— 1. The name, the seat, and the district of the accident association; 2. T he com position, rights, and duties of the directorate; 3. T he form of the declarations of the decisions of the directorate as w ell as its signature on behalf of the acciden t association, the manner of making deci sions in the directorate, and its representation as to third parties; 4. T he calling of the general m eeting of the accident association and its method of arriving at a decision; 5. The right to vote of the members and the exam ination of their credentials; 6. The rates for loss of earnings and for traveling expenses w hich are to be granted to the representatives of the insured persons (art. 21); 7. The representation of the accident association as against the directorate; 8. The procedure to be followed b y the administrative bodies of the accident association in rating establishments in classes of the risk tariff; 9. The procedure in cases of changes in the establishment and of a change in the person of the undertaker* 10. The consequences of shutting down an establishment or of a change in the person o f the undertaker, especially as to the guaranteeing of his contribu tions, if he shuts down the establishm ent; 11. T he drawing up, exam ining, and acceptance of the annual balance sheet; 12. The adm inistrative action relating to the issuance of the regulations containing provisions for accident prevention and for the supervision of the establish ments; 13. The procedure in case of the reporting and release from m em bership of insured undertakers, of pilots and o f other persons insured according to article 548, num ber 3, and article 552, as w ell as concerning the amount and ascertain m ent of the annual earnings of undertakers and of pilots; 14. The .method of publishing notices; 15. The provisions as to the am endm ent of the constitution. A rticle 678. The constitution m ay specify— 1. That the general m eeting of the accident association shall be com posed of • delegates; 2. That the acciden t association shall be divided into local sections; 3. That special district agents shall be appointed as local officials of the accident association. 610 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. A rticle 679. . P aragraph 1 If the constitution specifies the above, it must at the same tim e specify— The election of the delegates; The seat and the district of the sections; The com position and calling of the general m eetings o f the sections and the man ner of form ing decisions; The com position, rights, and duties of the directorates o f the sections, the election, the districts, ana the rights and duties o f the special officials and their sub stitutes. P a r . 2. The general m eeting o f the accident association m ay delegate the delim ita tion of the districts, and the election of the district agents and their substitutes, to the directorate of the accident association or o f the section and m ay delegate the election of the directorates of the sections to the general m eetings o f the sections. A rticle 680. The constitution m ay em power the directorate o f the acciden t association to im pose fines up to 25 marks [$5.95] upon undertakers and persons holding equal positions ac cording to article 912 who act contrary to their duties as stated in the constitution. A rticle 681. The constitution requires the approval of the Im perial Insurance O ffice. I f the approval is to be denied, then the decision senate shall d ecid e the m atter; the reasons for the disapproval are to be stated. If the approval is not given , then on appeal the Federal C ouncil shall decide. A rticle 682. If the approval has been finally denied, then w ithin a tim e specified b y the Im perial Insurance O ffice the general m eeting of the acciden t association shall d ecid e upon a new constitution. I f no decision is m ade or if the new constitution is also finally dis approved, then the Im perial Insurance O ffice shall issue the constitution and direct tnat the necessary steps for its execution shall be taken at th e expense of the acciden t association. A rticle 683. The constitution may be am ended on ly with the approval o f the Im perial Insurance O ffice. If such approval is to be denied, then the decision senate shall d ecid e; the reasons for the disapproval are to be stated. If the approval is denied, then upon appeal the Federal C ouncil shall decide the matter. A rticle 684. Paragraph 1. I f the constitution has been approved, then the directorate of the accident association shall publish the name and seat of the accident association and the districts of the sections in th e Reichsanzeiger. P ar . 2. The same rule is applicable in the case of amendments. v i. administrative bodies op the accident association. A rticle 685. The board of directors shall adm inister the acciden t association in so far as the law or the constitution do n ot provide otherwise. A rticle 686. The follow ing matters remain w ithin the power of the general m eeting of the acciden t association: 1. The election of the members of the directorate; 2. The am endm ent of the constitution; 3. The exam ination and acceptance of the annual balance sheet, if the general m eeting o f th e acciden t association has not appointed a special com m ittee for this purpose; 4. The specification of the am ount of the lum p sums for loss o f tim e and th e rates for travel expenses for the mem bers of the official bodies o f the acciden t association. m w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OF JUDY 19, 1911---- GERMANY. 611 A rticle 687. P a r a g r a p h 1. S ubject to the reservations o f articles 13 and 14, w hoever belongs to an accident association as a mem ber, or holds a place equal to a m em ber (art. 13, par. 2), may be elected to the directorate or as a district agent o f th e acciden t association, or as a delegate in the general m eeting of the acciden t association (art. 678, N o. 1). P a r . 2. Those members of a guild, or of the supervisory council of a stock company, of a copartnership with shares (Kommanditgesellschaft auf Ahtien,) or of a company with limited liability belonging to an accident association, are eligible as members of the directorate who have been at least for five years the undertaker or the du ly author ized manager o f an establishment belonging to an accident association. P a r . 3. I f branches of industry o f various kinds or various kinds o f establishments (such as large, m edium , and sm all establishm ents) are com bined in one accident asso ciation, then they shall as far as possible be represented in the directorate. The con stitution shall specify the particulars. P a r . 4. T he constitution of an accident association m ay provide that the delegates o f the insured persons m ay belong to its directorate, or if the acciden t association is d ivided in to sections, to tn e directorates o f the sections, and that th ey shall have the right to vote. T he m ining acciden t association m ay provide in its constitution that the delegates o f the insured persons must b e elders o f a m iners’ fund. T heir election shall be made through the delegates elected according to article 858; article 856 is applicable in regard to their eligibility. A rticle 688. The members of the accident associations may have them selves represented in the general m eeting of the accident association through other members possessing the right to vote or through a du ly authorized manager of their establishm ent. A rticle 689. As long as and in so far as the election of the legally authorized official bodies of the accident association does not take place, or the legally authorized official bodies refuse to perform their duties^ the Im perial Insurance O ffice shall either itself or through agents conduct the business at the cost of the accident association. VII. EMPLOYEES OP ASSOCIATIONS. A rticle 690. P a r a g r a p h 1 . The general m eeting of the accident association shall regulate in ap propriate manner the general conditions of appointm ent and the legal status of the em ployees of the accident association through service regulations. P a r . 2. Employees who are em ployed only on probation, for temporary services, for preparation, or only in a subsidiary manner without compensation, are only sub ject to the service regulations in so far as the latter provide. A rticle 691. The principles stated in articles 692 to 699 shall control in the matter of the service regulations. A r t ic l e 692. Appointm ents are to be made through written contracts. A rticle - 693. P aragraph 1. The right of the accident association to give n otice of dismissal may not place the em ployee less favorably than he would be in the absence of an agree m ent under the c iv il law. P a r . 2. A n em ployee entitled to notice before dismissal may be discharged w ithout such n otice if an im portant reason exists therefor. In the case of em ployees w ho may b e dism issed w ith n otice w ho have been em ployed longer than 10 years, th e n otice of dismissal m ay b e given on ly for an im portant reason. In th e latter case it shall also be considered as an im portant reason if the em ployee, because of a change in the status of the accident association or in its business adm inistration, can b e spared, not m erely tem porarily; in such cases the em ployees with the shorter service term of that em ployee class in w hich the change is necessary shall first be given n otice of dism issal. 612 BULLETIN OF THE BUKEAU OF LABOR. A r t ic l e 694. •A n appointm ent for life is perm issible in so far as the service regulations provide therefor. The latter must then also regulate the conditions for life appointm ents as w ell as the legal status of such em ployees. A r t ic l e 695. The service regulations must specify the salaries w hich are to be paid as a minimum for the separate classes of the em ployees, with the exception of those specified in article 690, paragraph 2, as w ell as the oasis for an increase in salary. The regulations shall at the same tim e specify how long the salary shall continue to be paid if the em ployee, w ithout any fault of his own, is prevented from rendering services. A r t ic l e 696. Em ployees who abuse their positions in the service or their official business for the purpose of religious or p olitical a ctivity shall be reprim anded b y the directorate, after an opportunity has been given to defend them selves, and in case of repetition shall be dism issed; their dism issal shall require the approval of the Im perial Insurance O ffice. R eligious or political a ctiv ity outside of their official activities, and the exercise of the right of association in so far as it does not con flict w ith the laws, shall not be prevented and shall not be considered as a reason either for notice of dism issal or for discharge. A r t ic l e 697. If the service regulations grant a right to retirem ent pension or to benefits for sur vivors, then the regulations shall specify the conditions for the granting thereof. A r t ic l e 698. P a r a g r a p h 1. Appointm ents m ay be intrusted on ly to the business directors for the persons designated in article 690, paragraph 2. The chairman of the directorate must then w ithin a tim e specified in the service regulations, bu t of not more than six months, determ ine as to further em ploym ent according to article 690, paragraph 2. For such persons he shall also specify the conditions both of notice of dismissal and of discharge. P a r . 2. In addition the directorate shall decide in regard to the appointm ent, the n otice of dismissal and discharge, as w ell as upon the apportionm ent to one of the classes of em ployees, the increase in salary, and the granting and disallow ance of retirem ent pension and benefits for survivors. A r t ic l e 699. The service regulations shall specify the authorities com petent for the im position o f penalties and the legal rem edies against them . Fines m ay not b e im posed for amounts higher than the service incom e of one m onth. A r t ic l e 700. P a r a g r a p h 1. Before form ulating the service regulations the directorate shall give the adult em ployees a hearing. P a r . 2. The service regulations require the approval of the Im perial Insurance Office. P a r . 3. If this approval is not given and if w ithin the specified tim e other service regulations are not drawn up or are not approved, then the Im perial Insurance Office shall issue the service regulations. P a r . 4. The same holds true for amendments. A r t ic l e 701. P a r a g r a p h 1. Decisions of the directorate of the acciden t association or of the general m eeting of the accident association w hich con flict w ith the service regulations must b e challenged b y the chairman of the directorate in the form of an appeal to the Im perial Insurance O ffice; the appeal acts as a stay. P a r . 2. I f a provision of the contract of appointm ent conflicts with the service regulations it shall be void. ■w o r k m e n ’ s INSURANCE CODE OP JULY 19, 1911— GERMANY. 613 A rticle 702. No provision shall be made granting preference in the filling of vacancies to persons in possession of a certificate entitling the holder to a civil-service position (soldiers entitled to civ il em ploym ent). A rticle 703. P aragraph 1. The directorate m ay on their own responsibility transfer specified duties to salaried business managers. P a r . 2. The Im perial Insurance Office shall specify the details in such cases. A rticle 704. The salaries of the em ployees shall be determ ined b y the directorate in detail in the budget. A r t ic l e 705. P aragraph 1. In controversies connected with the conditions of service of em ployees who are subject to the service regulations, the Im perial Insurance Office (decision senate) shall decide upon appeal if the matter relates to n otice of dismissal, discharge, fines o f more than 20 marks [$4.76], or pecuniary claim s. P a r . 2. Pecuniary claims are subject to the following special provisions: P a r . 3. A ppeal to law is perm issible. Suit m ay only b e brought w ithin one month after the decision of the Im perial Insurance Office has been m ade; the tim e lim it is a perem ptory tim e lim it in the meaning of article 223, paragraph 3, of the Code of C ivil Procedure; P a r . 4. The regular courts shall b e required to follow the decisions of the Im perial Insurance Office on the question whether, the period of notice of dismissal having been observed, a notice ol dismissal m ay be given for an im portant reason (art. 693, par. 2, sentences 2 and 3); P a r . 5. In questions concerning the determ ination of fines, an appeal to the regular courts is n ot perm issible; P a r . 6. On the basis of valid decisions of the insurance authorities, executions shall be made according to book 8 of the Code of C ivil Procedure. VIH. FORMATION OF THE RISK CLASSES. A r t ic l e 706. The general m eeting of the acciden t association must form risk classes according to the degree of risk of accident for the establishments belonging to the accident asso ciation in the form of a risk tariff and grade the amount of the contributions thereon. A r t ic l e 707. The general m eeting m ay authorize a com m ittee or the directorate to draw up and amend the risk tariff. A rticle 708. P aragraph 1. The risk tariff m ust be reexam ined after not m ore than two fiscal years at first, and thereafter at least for every five-year period with respect to the accidents w hich have occurred. P a r . 2. I f the am endm ent of the tariff is not intrusted to the directorate, the latter m ust place before the com petent official bodies of the acciden t association the result of the reexam ination, together w ith a list of the accidents entitled to com pensation arranged according to branches of industry. These officials must decide whether the risk tariff is to be retained or is to b e am ended. A rticle 709. The risk tariff and every amendment thereto shall require the approval of the Im perial Insurance O ffice, to w hich the list of accidents shall b e subm itted in the case m entioned in article 708. A rticle 710. I f the com petent official bodies of the accident association do not draw up the risk tariff w ithin the tim e specified to them or if the tariff is not approved, then the Im pe rial Insurance Office itself shall draw up the tariff after a hearing of the official bodies of the accident association. 18544°— No. 96— 12----- 18 614 BULLETIN OF THE BUKEAU OF LABOR. A rticle 711. P aragraph 1. The acciden t association assigns the establishments in the risk classes for the duration of the tariff according to provisions of the constitution. P a r . 2. After the classification of the establishments the accident association may reclassify an establishment for the period of the tariff, if the statements of the under taker were incorrect or if a change has taken place in the establishment. P a r . 3. The undertaker has the right of appeal against the classifies 1hn. A rticle 712. P aragraph 1. The general m eeting of the accident association may m entary charges or grant rebates for the com ing tariff period or a part tL of establishments in accordance w ith the accidents w hich have occurred m m eir establishm ents. P a r . 2. The em ployer has the right of appeal against the determ ination of supple m entary charges. IX . DIVISION AND JOINT CARRYING OP THE BURDEN. A rticle 713. P aragraph 1. The constitution m ay provide that the sections shall bear the com pensation for accidents w hich occurred in their districts up to three-fourths, and in the case of the m ining accident association a proportion in excess thereof. P a r . 2. The amounts w hich thereby becom e a burden to the sections are to be assessed upon their members according to the risk class and the am ount of their contribution. A rticle 714. P aragraph 1. A cciden t associations m ay make an agreement to carry in com m on either the w hole or a part of the burden of com pensation. P a r . 2. In such case it must be specified how the com m on burden is to be distributed upon the accident associations affected. A rticle 715. The agreement shall require the consent of the general m eetings of the acciden t associations affected and the approval of the Im perial Insurance O ffice. It m ay becom e effective on ly w ith the beginning of a fiscal year. A rticle 716. P aragraph 1. The general m eeting of the accident association shall decide how the share of the accident association in the com m on burden shall be distributed upon the in dividu al members. P a r . 2. I f not otherwise provided, it shall be assessed in the same manner as the amounts paid for com pensation w hich the accident association according to this law is required to pay. x . administration op the assets . A rticle 717. The Im perial Insurance Office m ay publish regulations in regard to the safe-keeping of the securities. A rticle 718. P aragraph 1. The accident association must in vest not less than one-fourth of its assets in bonds of the Em pire or of the federal States. P a r . 2. The association m ay invest not more than one-half of its assets in a manner otherwise than prescribed in articles 26 and 27. For this purpose it shall obtain the approval of the Im perial Insurance O ffice. P a r . 3. I f an accident association desires to invest more than one-fourth of their assets according to paragraph 2 it must in addition have for this purpose the approval of the Federal Council, or if the association is subject to the State insurance office, it must have the approval of the highest adm inistrative authorties of the federal State. w o r k m e n ’s INSURANCE CODE OF JUDY 19, 1911— GERMANY. 615 A rticle 719. P aragraph 1. Such an investm ent (art. 718, pars. 2 and 3) is perm issible on ly in securities; in other ways on ly for adm inistrative purposes, on ly for the avoidance of loss of assets, or for undertakings w hich— 1. Are for the benefit either exclu sively or principally of the persons subject to the insurance; 2. Or in so far as th ey prom ote the personal credit of the members of the accident association in the way of cooperation. P a r . 2. The Im perial Insurance Office shall specify the particulars for the cases m entioned in paragraph 1, No. 2. A rticle 720. P aragraph 1. A pproval is required for— The purchase of pieces of ground valued at more than 5,000 marks [$1,190]; The erection of buildings valued at more than 10,000 marks [$2,380]; The purchase o f necessary articles of furniture the total value of w hich is more than 5,000 marks [$1,190]. P a r . 2. The approval is not needed for the purchase of pieces of ground on w hich the accident association has made loans in the case of com pulsory sale. A rticle 721. The accident associations must make reports to the Im perial Insurance Office accord ing to the regulations o f the latter, in regard to their business and finances. The Im pe rial Insurance Office shall each year draw up a report concerning the total financial op erations of the preceding fiscal year. This report is to be laid before the Reichstag. Section F iv e — Supervision . A rticle 722. The Im perial Insurance Office shall exercise supervision of the accident associations. A rticle 723. If a State insurance office is created for a federal State, it shall exercise supervision of the accident associations w hich do not extend beyond its territory. A rticle 724. For these accident associations, the State insurance office shall take the place of the Im perial Insurance O ffice in matters concerning— Controversies concerning the apportioning of several establishments to one a cci dent association according to articles 542 and 632; Controversies betw een an accident association and* a p u b lic corporation in case o f negotiations in regard to the distribution o f assets m entioned in article 625, paragraph 5, and the corresponding provisions of article 627, paragraph 3, and of article 628, paragraph 4; Changes in the status of accident associations (arts. 635 to 648); A cceptance in the register of establishments (arts. 660 and 661); Changes in the m em bership of an establishm ent in the accident association in the case m entioned in article 673, paragraphs 1 and 3; A pproval and drawing up of the constitution (arts. 681 to 683); Taking over the business of the accident association (art. 689); Service regulations for the em ployees of the accident association (arts. 690 to 702), as w ell as controversies arising out of their service relations (art. 705); R isk tariffs (arts. 706 to 712); Joint carrying of the burden of compensation (art. 715); Adm inistration of the assets of the accident associations in the cases m entioned in articles 717 to 720, but excluding article 719, paragraph 2; The collection of contributions and premiums (art. 736, pars. 2 and 3), as w ell as as the building up of the reserve (arts. 741 to 747); Guarantees of one having building work done (art. 773); Covering of the claim s of the Postoffice Department (arts. 781 and 782); Branch institutes and insurance associations (arts. 783 to 842) but excluding the cases m entioned in articles 799 and 839; A dditional institutions o f the accident associations (arts. 845 to 847); A cciden t prevention and supervision (arts. 848 to 891), but excluding the cases m entioned in article 883; Reporting the names of the adm inistrative officials (art. 893). 616 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. A r t ic l e 725. P a r a g r a p h 1. If the matter concerns the cases m entioned herewith, the Im perial Insurance Office decides whether an accident association w hich is subject to another State insurance office or to the Im perial Insurance O ffice, is affected. The State insurance office then forwards the docum ents to the Im perial Insurance O ffice. These cases are the follow ing: Controversies relating to the assignment of several establishments to one accident association according to articles 542 and 632; Changes in the status of the accident associations in the cases m entioned in articles 640 and 646; A cceptance in the register of establishments (arts. 660 and 661); Changes in the mem bership of an establishm ent in the accident association in the case m entioned in article 673, paragraphs 1 and 3; Joint carrying of the burden of com pensation (art. 715). P a r . 2. If the matter relates to com m on additional institutions of several accident associations (art. 847), then the Im perial Insurance O ffice remains the com petent authority for these additional institutions provided that all of the accident associations affected are not subject to the same State insurance office. Section Si x .— P ayment I. op the Compensation — R aising the F unds . PAYMENTS THROUGH THE POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. A r t ic l e 726. P a r a g r a p h 1. The accident association shall pay the com pensation upon notifica tion of the directorate of the accident association through the P ost Office Departm ent, and furthermore through that post office in whose district the beneficiary resides. P a r . 2. The payee shall be notified of the paying office b y the directorate. P a r . 3. I f the payee removes his residence, he may make application either to the directorate or to the post office of his old place of residence to have the paym ents changed to his new place of residence. A r t ic l e 727. E very person who is entitled to keep a pu blic seal is authorized to give out and to attest the requisite certificates in such paym ents. A rticle 728. The highest postal authorities may collect from each accident association an advance sum. A ccording to the ch oice of the accident association it shall be transm itted either quarterly or m onthly to the. office designated b y the Post O ffice Departm ent, and may not b e greater than that amount w hich the accident association w ill probably have to pay in the current fiscal year. A rticle 729. The Im perial Insurance Office m ay specify in what manner paym ents are to b e made to payees who custom arily reside in a foreign country. A r t ic l e 730. The m ining accident association m ay specify through its constitution that miners* associations or miners* funds shall pay the com pensation instead of the Post Office Departm ent. II. RAISING THE FUNDS. A r t ic l e 731. P a r a g r a p h 1. The accident associations must collect the means for their expendi tures in the form of members* contributions, w hich shall cover the needs of the pre ceding fiscal year. P a r . 2. In the case of the engineering and excavating association ( T iefbau-B erufs genossenschaft) the contributions must, in addition to other expenditures, cover the capitalized value of the pensions w hich have becom e a lia b ility of the acciden t asso ciation in the preceding fiscal year. The principles for the obtaining of the capitalized values are to be determ ined b y the Im perial Insurance Office. w o r k m en ’s INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 617 P a r . 3. In the case of the branch institutes for building work fixed premiums as well as contributions are to be collected from the communes and other unions, and in the case of branch institutes and insurance associations for the keeping of riding animals or conveyances fixed premiums are to be collected (arts. 783 to 842). A rticle 732. P aragraph 1. The members, contributions are to be assessed, first, according to the earnings received b y the insured persons in the establishm ents, though the local wage rate for adults over 21 years of age must be the m inim um , and, second, according to the risk tariff. P a r . 2. I f the earnings received during the contribution period exceed an annual amount of 1,800 marks [$428.40], then only one-third of the excess shall be included in the computation. A rticle 733. The constitution- may provide that in the assessment of the contributions the earnings actually received shall be used in the com putation. A rticle 734. In the case of establishm ents w hich regularly em ploy not more than five insured persons, the constitution may provide that w ith the consent of the undertaker a lum p sum shall be paid instead of the com puted in dividual earnings, or that uniform contributions shall be paid according to a standard specified b y it; the constitution shall also specify the principles to be used in these cases. A rticle 735. The constitution may provide that in the case of a person giving orders to a home worker, he shall pay the contributions of those em ployed in hom e work b y the home worker, and if the latter him self is insured according to the constitution, the person giving orders shall also pay for him . A rticle 736. P aragraph 1. Contributions may not be collected from members nor shall funds from the property of the accident association be em ployed for purposes other than— For covering the cost of the com pensation and the cost of adm inistration; For the accum ulation of a reserve (arts. 741 to 748); For the paym ent of the advances to the post office (art. 728) and for the refunding and interest of the floating debt (art. 779); For rewards in the case of rescuing injured persons; For acciden t prevention; For securing em ploym ent for persons injured b y acciden t; For the establishm ent of m edical or convalescent institutions; For the establishm ent of institutions of the kind specified in article 607. P a r . 2. I f according to article 720 the approval o f the Im perial Insurance Office is required for the purposes therein designated, such approval is also required for the collection of contributions for such purposes. P a r . 3. These provisions are correspondingly applicable to.insurance associations ( Versicherungsgenossenschaften ) . A rticle 737. P aragraph 1. N ew ly created accident associations may collect in advance from its members for the first year the funds w hich are necessary to defray the cost of adm inistration and to pay the post-office advance. P a r . 2. If the constitution dues not provide otherwise, these contributions shall be based on the number of persons subject to the insurance who are employed in the establishments of the members. A rticle 738. P aragraph 1. The constitution may provide that the members shall pay advances on the contributions (art. 731). P a r . 2. The constitution may provide that the directorate shall be entitled to collect advances from— fa) Establishm ents w hich apparently w ill exist only tem porarily; (b ) Individu al members who have been repeatedly in arrears in the paym ent of the contributions. 618 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. P a r . 3. The advances shall be collected from the in dividual members according to the amount of those contributions w hich were assessed upon them for the preceding fiscal year or were paid according to article 734. P a r . 4. The advances of new members are to be based on the amount which they would have had to pay as members, according to the scope of their establishment, for the cost of the preceding fiscal year. P a r . 5. The constitution or the general meeting of the accident association shall specify the date of payment; two weeks thereafter the advance must have been paid to the directorate. A rticle 739. If the highest postal officials make use of their right to collect advances (art. 728) ‘ the constitution may provide that the requisite funds, in so far as they are n ot available out of the assessment for the preceding fiscal year (art. 749), are to be collected from the members of the current fiscal year through contributions (art. 731). A rticle 740. P aragraph 1. T he directorate m ay collect from the undertakers of establishm ents whose seat is located in a foreign country, contributions of double amount and require them to give security if they carry on in Germany an establishm ent subject to the insurance for a tim e on ly. P a r . 2. This provision is correspondingly applicable to branch institutes and insurance associations for the keeping of riding animals or conveyances. A rticle 741. The accident associations must accum ulate reserves. A rticle 742. Paragraph 1. The reserve shall be form ed b y means of supplem entary charges reckoned on the amounts paid out as com pensation. P a r . 2. There shall be collected— In the first assessment, 300 per cent; In the second, 200 per cent; In the third, 150 per cent; In the fourth, 100 per cent; In the fifth, 80 per cen t; In the sixth, 60 per cen t; In the seventh to the eleventh each tim e 10 per cent less. P a r . 3. The interest shall also be turned in to tne reserve. A rticle 743. Paragraph 1. A fter the first 11 years, or if this period had already expired at the tim e of the com ing into force of the industrial acciden t insurance law (R eichs-G esetzblatt, 1900, p . 585) then from the year 1901 on, the supplem entary charge shall be so measured that in the follow ing 21 years the capital of the reserve shall be equal to three tim es the com pensation w hich is to be paid in the year of the last supplem entary charge. P a r . 2. I f an accident association in the 21 years would have to collect unreasonably high supplem entary charges, then the Im perial Insurance Office can extend the period not more than 10 years. P a r . 3. The Im perial Insurance Office specifies the amount of the supplem entary charge w hich the accident association has to collect. A rticle 744. Paragraph 1. The interest on the reserve received in the interm ediate period (art. 743) m ay be used to cover the current expenditures. A fter the expiration of this period those amounte are to be taken from the interest w hich are necessary to prevent the further increase in the assessments w hich according to experience w ould b e charged on the average on each 100 marks [$23.80] of earnings. The rem ainder of the interest is to b e added to the reserve until the reserve is equal to one-half of the capital necessary to cover the com pensation liabilities at the period in question. P a r . 2. In special cases the Im perial Insurance Office may specify w hich part of the interest shall be used for the reduction of the assessments and yrhich part for the addition to the reserve. W O R K M E N 'S IN S U R A N C E CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----G E R M A N Y . 619 Pa r . 3. The Im perial Insurance Office shall also specify the manner in w hich the capitalized value of the liabilities for com pensation is to be obtained. A rticle 745. The securities in w hich the reserve is invested are to be reported at their purchase price in determ ining the assets. A rticle 746. W ith the approval of tKe Im perial Insurance Office an accident association in case of need can draw on the capital of the reserve and also draw on the interest thereof before the expiration of the first 11 years. The reserve is then to be restored according to regulations of the Im perial Insurance Office. A rticle 747. The general m eeting of tne accident association m ay upon application of the directo rate decide to make additional supplem entary charges for the reserve at any tim e. Such decisions require the approval of the Im perial Insurance Office. A rticle 748. P aragraph 1. A rticles 742 to 747 are not applicable to the engineering and excavat ing association. The existing reserve, however, shall be m aintained at its present am ount; the interest thereon can be used to cover the liabilities of the accident association. Pa r . 2. W ith the approval of the Im perial Insurance Office the acciden t association m ay in case of need draw on the capital of the reserve. It shall then be restored accord ing to provisions of the Im perial Insurance Office. III. PROCEDURE IN ASSESSMENTS AND COLLECTIONS. A rticle 749. P aragraph 1. The directorates of the accident associations must assess upon the members the paym ents w hich the highest postal authorities prove to have been made (art. 777), together w ith the other expenditures, according to the standard of apportion m ent already determ ined upon. In such case the provisions concerning the division and join t carrying of the cost (arts. 713 to 716) are to be considered and the advances already collected to b e deducted. P ar . 2. A rticle 764 applies to the engineering and excavating association: article 731, paragraph 3, article 763, and articles 799 to 842 are applicable to the branch institutes; article 731, paragraph 3, and article 842, paragraph 2, are applicable to the insurance associations. A rticle 750. P aragraph 1. For the purpose of the assessment and the collection of the contri butions each m em ber, unless lum p sums are used or uniform contributions are to be paid (art. 734) must transmit his wage list w ithin six weeks after the close of the fiscal year to the directorate of the accident association. Pa r . 2. This wage list must contain— 1. The insured persons em ployed in the establishm ent during the preceding fiscal year and the earnings received b y them ; 2. If the wages actually earned are not used as a standard, a com putation of the earnings w hich are to b e used in the assessment of the contribution; 3. The risk class in w hich the establishm ent is rated. Pa r . 3. The constitution m ay specify that in place of the individual insured persons and the earnings received b y m em , the wage list shall contain the num ber of the in sured persons and the total amount of earnings for the whole fiscal year or for shorter periods (summary wage list). A rticle 751. The constitution m ay provide— That the wage list shall be transmitted either quarterly or sem iannually; That current waget lists (wage books) shall be kept from w hich this inform ation can be taken; That the wage lists (wage books) shall be preserved for three years. 620 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E A U OF LABO R. A rticle 752. In the case of members who do not transmit the wage lists punctually or whose lists are incom plete, the accident association shall itself either prepare the list or com plete the same. A rticle 753. On the basis of the wage lists, the lum p-sum paym ents and the uniform contributions, the directorate of the accident association shall prepare a total list of insured persons who have been em ployed b y the members during the preceding fiscal year, and a state m ent of the earnings that can be included in the com putation w hich the insured per sons have received . On this basis it shall com pute the contribution w hich falls to each mem ber in order to cover the total expenditure. A rticle 754. P aragraph 1. T o each mem ber shall be sent an extract from the assessment roll w hich shall b e drawn up for the distribution of the annual expenditures of the a cci dent association, together w ith the dem and, that w ithin two weeks he shall pay the contribution determ ined upon, from w hich shall have been deducted the advances paid, in order to avoid com pulsory collection and in the case of voluntary insurance in order to avoid exclusion (art. 553), if the constitution perm its this step. P a r . 2. The extract must contain statements which w ill permit the person required to make a payment to verify the computation of the contribution. A rticle 755. P aragraph 1. A fter the transmission of the extract, the accident association can then determ ine the contribution otherwise only if— The classification of the establishm ent in the risk classes is changed at a later tim e; A change in the establishm ent occurring in the course of the fiscal year becom es known afterwards; T he wage list proves inaccurate. P a r . 2. If in such cases or on account of failure to report an establishment the acci dent association has lost contributions, then the undertaker shall at a later time pay the . amount lacking, provided that the claim has not lapsed. A rticle 756. In the case of a new or subsequent determ ination of the contribution the procedure is the same as in the case of the first determ ination. A rticle 757. P aragraph 1. W ithin two weeks the members m ay make protest against the deter m ination of their contributions to the directorate, bu t remain obliged to make pro visional paym ent. P a r . 2. They are not required to make provisional payment if the earnings are already contained in the wage list for another accident association and the contri butions which are based on these earnings have been paid to this accident association. A rticle 758. P aragraph 1. If the directorate does not com ply w ith the protest or does not com p ly to the extent applied for, then an appeal against its decision is perm issible on ly subject to article 759. P a r . 2. Appeals shall b e based only upon— Mistakes in com putation; Inadequate consideration of the rebates (art. 712); Incorrect rates of earnings; Inaccurate rating in a risk class. P a r . 3. Protests on account of the last two reasons are not perm issible if the direc torate has itself drawn up the wage list or com pleted the same on account of the delay of the undertaker. A rticle 759. If claim s are based on the reasons stated in article 757, paragraph 2, and the accident association declines to recognize them as w ell founded, it must place the W O R K M E N ^ INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911— GERMANY. 621 matter before the superior insurance office. The latter shall decide to w hich accident association the earnings are to be reported and suspends a divergent determ ination of the contributions even if such determ ination has already becom e effective. An appeal against the decision of the superior insurance office effects a stay. A rticle 760. P aragraph 1. If the contribution is reduced upon the appealing of a claim or upon protest, then the amount lost is to be included in the assessment for the succeeding fiscal year. P a r . 2. Excessive payments are to be returned or to be deducted from the contri bution for the succeeding fiscal year. A rticle 761. If it develops later that a contribution paid without a protest has been collected either w holly or partly without right, then the provisions of articles 757 to 760 are correspondingly applicable. A rticle 762. U n collectible contributions shall be charged to the w hole m em bership. They shall be covered for the tim e being out of the available funds of the accident associa tion, or if necessary, out of the reserve, and shall be considered in the assessment of the succeeding fiscal year. A rticle 763. In the case of accident associations to w hich a branch institute is attached the directorate of the accident association determ ines w hich part of the paym ents called for b y the highest postal authorities is to be paid b y the accident association and which part is to be paid b y the branch institute. A rticle 764. I P aragraph 1. The engineering and excavating association shall pay that part w hich falls upon the accident association itself from its available funds. P a r . 2. A t th e same tim e it must com pute according to article 731, paragraph 2, the capitalized value of the burdens w hich have arisen for the association in the pre ceding fiscal year and collect the same from its members, together w ith the other expenditures according to the standard of apportionm ent already determ ined upon. In such case the provisions concerning the division and join t carrying of burdens, arti cles 713 to 716, are to be considered and the advances already collected to be deducted. P a r . 3. In other matters articles 750 to 763 are applicable. A rticle 765. Paragraph 1. If the undertaker of a building operation conducted as a business is in arrears with the paym ent of contributions and the execution procedure shows that he is bankrupt, then the local insurance office oil application of the directorate of the accident association m ay order, with the right to revoke the same, that the person for whose account the building is done as w ell as subcontractors are in so far liable for the contributions during one year after their final determ ination, as they have arisen after the issuance of the order. For such cases the constitution may specify the par ticulars in regard to the keeping of wage lists to determ ine the amount of wages for which the person on whose account the building is being done or the subcontractor is liable. P a r . 2. The liability of subcontractors takes precedence of that of the person for whose account the building work is done. A rticle 766. P aragraph 1. An order of this kind must clearly designate the undertaker to whom it applies, giving his name, residence, and business establishm ent. The order shall be com m unicated not on ly to him bu t also to the police authorities, both of his resi dence and of the seat of his establishm ent if the latter is in a separate place. P a r . 2. If the em ployer changes his residence or the seat of his establishment then the p olice officials shall notify the authorities who are com petent for the new place of residence or seat of the establishment. P a r . 3. The p olice authorities must, on request, give the parties affected inform ation concerning the order. 622 BUUDEHN of the bureau of l a b o r . A rticle 767. P aragraph 1. The undertaker must without delay give n otice in writing concerning the order to the person on whose account the work is done. I f he takes over a contract lor building work then he niust give notice thereof in advance. Subcontractors must without delay give inform ation concerning the n otice to the person giving the order. P a r . 2. W hoever acts contrary to these provisions shall b e punished w ith confine m ent in ja il up to.one year; in addition a fine up to 3,000 marks [$714] m ay b e im posed. I f he has acted negligently he shall b e punished w ith a fine up to 100 marks [$23.80]. T he penalty is on ly im posed if the person giving the order suffers damage as a result o f the contravention. A rticle 768. The local insurance office shall suspend the order w henever it has been proved to it through certificate of the directorate that the undertaker is no longer in the debt of the accident association. A rticle 769. The superior insurance office decides finally upon appeal against— Decrees of the local insurance office; Refusals to issue such decrees; D ecisions of the local insurance office on the cancellation of the decree. A rticle 770. In controversies betw een the accident association and the person on whose account the bu ildin g work is done or the subcontractors in regard to the lia b ility in such cases (art. 765)v the superior insurance office (decision cham ber) shall d ecid e; appeal to the regular courts is not perm itted. A rticle 771. A rticles 765 to 770 are correspondingly applicable for establishm ents conducted as a business engaged in hauling, inland navigation, and inland fishing. In such cases the proprietor of the apparatus used in the business takes the place of the person on whose account the building work is done and of the person giving the order. In case there are several proprietors they are liable as collective debtors. A rticle 772. P aragraph 1. T he highest adm inistrative authorities of the federal State m ay specify that before the beginning of the building work the persons on whose account th e work is done shall furnish guaranties to the b u ildin g accident association for the paym ent of the contributions or the premium s. P a r . 2. T hey shall also specify at the same tim e the com m unes and the building operations to w hich this provision is applicable. P a r . 3. For such building operations the bu ildin g perm it shall b e issued on ly if the accident association certifies that the guaranty has b een provided. A rticle 773. The accident association shall determ ine the kind and the amount of the guaranty; the amount is to be proportioned according to the probable wage paym ents for the insured bu ildin g workers. The Im perial Insurance O ffice shall issue general regulations. A rticle 774. The person for whose account the building work is done m ay apply for the return of the guaranties from the accident association w henever the bu ildin g work is carried out b y building contractors for whom he is not liable (art. 765). A rticle 775. The highest adm inistrative authorities may withdraw their regulations (art. 772). A rticle 776. In controversies betw een the accident associations and persons for whom building work is done in the cases m entioned in articles 772 to 775, the superior insurance office shall decid e; appeal to the regular courts is not perm issible. w o r k m e n IV. 's IN S U R A N C E CODE O P J U L Y 19, 1911-----G E R M A N Y . 623 TRANSFERRING AMOUNTS TO THE POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. . A rticle 777. P aragraph 1 W ithin eight weeks after the end of each fiscal year the highest postal authorities shall report to the directorates of the acciden t associations the pay ments made on their account and shall designate the post offices to w hich these amounts are to b e refunded. P ar . 2. A fter acknowledgm ent b y the directorates of the acciden t associations of the amounts dem anded, the highest postal authorities shall n otify the accounting bureau o f the Im perial Insurance O ffice o f the amounts w hich have been paid in the preceding fiscal year for each acciden t association. P a r . 3. The accounting bureau balances the actual amounts w hich are to be refunded to the Post Office Departm ent. A rticle 778. If an accident association does not have to pay an advance to the Post Office Depart m ent, then the directorate o f the acciden t association shall transmit the amounts w hich it has to pay to the Post O ffice Departm ent w ithin three months after the receipt of the demand to the offices designated therein. A rticle 779. Paym ents for com pensation w hich the Post Office Departm ent made in the year 1909 for an acciden t associati.on are to b e treated as the floating d eb t of the latter, and m ust have 3£ per cen t interest paid thereon, and are to be refunded at the rate of 3 } per cen t, together w ith the interest saved. The Em pire shall defray two-fifths o f these amounts o f interest and refunding, w hile the acciden t associations have to transmit three-fifths to the Post Office Departm ent in Ju ly o f each year, together w ith the partial amounts of the postal advance then due. . A rticle 780. P aragraph 1 The size of the postal advance and the am ount to be paid according to article 779 shall be determ ined for each accident association b y the accounting bureau o f the Im perial Insurance Office, and a statem ent thereof shall be com m unicated to the acciden t associations and to the highest postal authorities. P a r . 2. For the com putation of the postal advance the highest postal authorities com m unicate to the accounting bureau the am ount o f the paym ents in the pre ceding fiscal year w hich have been authorized b y the directorates o f the acciden t associations. U ntil the am ount of the new postal advance has been determ ined the partial amounts shall continue to be paid in the same amounts as heretofore. These amounts shall be deducted when the new advance has been determ ined upon. A rticle 781. I f the claim s of the Post Office Departm ent are not paid punctually b y the accident associations, then the Im perial Insurance Office, upon application of the Post Office Departm ent, shall institute proceedings for com pulsory collection . A rticle 782. In order to cover the claim s of the Post Office Departm ent the Im perial Insurance Office shall first make use of the available assets in the treasury o f the acciden t asso ciation . In so far as these assets are not sufficient, proceedings for com pulsory collec tion against the members of the acciden t association shall be instituted and continued until the arrears are covered. Section Seven—B ranch I nstitutes. I. BRANCH INSTITUTES FOR THE BUILDING TRADES. 1. Establishm ent, scope, and organization . A rticle 783. P aragraph 1. Those persons shall be insured in the branch institutes attached to an acciden t association of persons carrying on building work, who are em ployed in such work b y the undertaker carrying on building work otherwise than as a business in the d istrict of the acciden t association (art. 633, par. 2t No. 1). Par . 2. The same shall be applicable in the case of self-insured undertakers engaged in such building work. 624 B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF L A B O R . A rticle 784. The branch institutes m ay n ot undertake other kinds of insurance. A rticle 785. In addition to the bu ildin g work for w hich they have been established, the branch institutes o f the bu ildin g trades acciden t associations m ay have transferred to them building work on railways, canals, roads, streams, dikes, and other bu ildin g opera tions in their district if an undertaker engaged in building work not con du cted as a business (art. 633, par. 2, No. 1) executes such work and if not more than six working days are actually covered b y each separate piece of work. A rticle 786. The adm inistrative bodies of the accident association shall adm inister the branch institute if the constitution of the latter does not provide otherwise (art. 794). A rticle 787. P aragraph 1. The incom e and expenditures of the branch institute are to be accounted for separately, and the assets are also to be kept separately. P ar . 2. A special reserve must b e accum ulated for the branch institute. It m ay not be used for the purposes of the acciden t association. A rticle 788. P aragraph 1. The rest of the property w hich is intended for the branch institute m ay b e used for the accident association on ly w ith the approval of the Im perial Insurance O ffice. P a r . 2. The approval for this purpose may only be granted if the part of the prop erty which remains in the branch institute will probably be sufficient to cover perma nently the liabilities already outstanding against the branch institute. A rticle 789. In so far as it is necessary the accident association must advance out of its own reserve the funds for the business operation of the branch institute. A rticle 790. P aragraph 1. The branch institute must collect for the costs of adm inistration such sums as are actually required for its separate adm inistration. P a r . 2. W ith the approval o f the Im perial Insurance Office, a lum p sum m ay in addition be im posed on it as its share of the join t costs of adm inistration. A rticle 791. The branch institute m ust share in the advance w hich the acciden t association has to make to the Post Office Departm ent (art. 728) according to the proportion of the com pensation paym ents w hich the Post Office Departm ent in the preceding fiscal year has paid out for the accident association and for the branch institute. A rticle 792. P aragraph 1. The general m eeting of the acciden t association must establish for the branch institute a constitution of its own. Par . 2. In the discussions on this subject a representative of the Im perial Insurance Office m ust be present and, upon his dem and, must be heard at any tim e. A rticle 793. The constitution of the branch institute must contain provisions concerning— 1. The obligation to give n otice an the part o f the undertakers designated in article 633, paragraph 2, No. 1, who wish to insure them selves, as w ell as the am ount and the com putation o f the annual earnings o f these undertakers; 2. D elim itation o f the rights o f the directorate and o f the general m eeting o f the acciden t association m the adm inistration of the branch institute; 3. Accum ulation o f the reserve; 4. Drawing up, exam ining, and accepting of the annual balance sheet; 5. Publication o f the annual accounts; 6. Am ending the constitution of the branch institute. w o r k m en ’s INSURANCE CODE OP J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 625 A r t ic l e 794. P a r a g r a p h 1. The constitution of the branch institute m ay specify that it shall b e administered through separate adm inistrative bodies. Par . 2. In such case it shall also specify the seat of these adm inistrative bodies, their com position, their districts, and the scope of their rights. A rticle 795. The general m eeting of the acciden t association m ay transfer to the directorate of the acciden t association the delim itation o f the districts o f the separate adm inistrative bodies and the election of their members,. A r t ic l e 796. The constitution of the branch institute and its amendments require the approval o f the Im perial Insurance Office. I f the approval shall b e refused, the decision senate shall d ecide the m atter; the reasons for the refusal are to be com m unicated. I f the approval has been refused, then on appeal the Federal C ouncil shall d ecide. A r t ic l e 797. The directorate of the accident association must publish the districts and the com position of the separate adm inistrative bodies in the Reichsanzeiger. A r t ic l e 798. The follow ing building operations shall be insured in a branch institute: 1. Those operations m w hich the separate operations actually consum e m ore than six working days (longer bu ildin g work) to be insured at the expense of the undertaker (art. 633, par. 2, N o. 1), with the use of fixed premium s according to the prem ium tariff (arts. 799 to 824); 2. Those operations in w hich the separate operations consum e not more than six working days (short building w ork), to be insured at the expense of the com munes or of the unions designated in articles 828 to 830 whose district is covered b y the accident association; the paym ents therefor shall be made in the form of contributions w hich shall annually b e assessed upon these comm unes or unions according to the expenditure of the preceding fiscal year. 2 . Insurance at the expense o f the undertakers— Prem ium s. A rticle 799. P a r a g r a p h 1. For each month and not later than three days after the expiration thereof the undertakers of longer building operations must submit a report to the officials designated b y the highest administrative authorities in Whose district the building work is carried out concerning the following: 1. The number of working days on which operations were conducted; 2. The paym ents made to the insured persons therefor. P ar . 2. The Im perial Insurance Office shall prescribe the form of this report. A rticle 800. P a r a g r a p h 1. I f this report is not sent in or is incom plete, the authorities shall make it out or com plete it according to their own knowledge of the conditions. Par . 2. For this purpose they m ay require those su bject to this provision to give the inform ation w ithin a specified tim e under penalty of a fine up to 100 marks [$23.80]. A rticle 801. P a r a g r a p h 1. The authorities must transmit the reports w ithin two weeks after the expiration of the quarter o f the calendar year through the channels of the local insur ance office to the directorate o f the accident association or to the adm inistrative body of the acciden t association designated b y the latter. Par . 2. In this connection the authorities (art. 799) must certify that nothing is known to them concerning the execution of other building work in their district con cerning w hich reports should be made. 626 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. A r t ic l e 802. The tariff of premium s must show what unit rate must be paid in premiums for each one-half mark [11.9 cents] of com putable wages or fraction thereof. A r t ic l e 803. I f the accident association graduates the contributions in the risk tariff according to the class of building work, then the same proportion must also be used for the unit rates of the premiums. A r t ic l e 804. P aragraph 1. The Im perial Insurance Office determ ines in advance the tariff of remiums at least every five years for each accident association after hearing the irectorate thereof. P a r . 2. The following factors shall be used as the basis for this purpose: Th6 capitalized value of the benefits w hich a branch w ill probably have to pay on account of accidents in connection w ith longer building operations, based on an annual average; The supplem entary charges for the creation of the reserve; A lum p sum for tne costs of adm inistration of the branch institute w hich are to be com puted according to the annual average of the preceding tariff period after deducting the share for shorter building operations (art. 832). The Im pe rial Insurance Office shall specify the details in this connection. P a r . 3. In this connection the interest on the reserve shall be deducted, provided that according to the constitution of the branch institute the interest does not accrue to the institute itself. A r t ic l e 805. S The Im perial Insurance Office shall publish the tariff of premiums in the Reichsanzeiger and in the papers w hich are designated for official announcem ents of the highest or superior adm inistrative authorities in whose district the tariff shall be in force. A rticle 806. The tariff shall com e into force not earlier than tw o weeks after its publication. A rticle 807. A fter each quarter of the calendar year the directorate of the accident association shall com pute on the basis of the tariff of premiums and the reports, the prem ium s to be paid b y each undertaker and shall draw up the assessment roll. A rticle 808. I f the earnings of the insured persons per day of building work are low er than the local wage rate specified for adults in the place of em ploym ent, then the premiums shall b e com puted according to the latter. A rticle 809. Extracts from the assessment roll are to be forwarded to the com m unes with the request that th ey shall collect the premium s from the undertakers in their district and w ithin one m onth transmit the same to the com petent adm inistrative b od y of the accident association after deduction of the postal fee. A rticle 810. P aragraph 1. The accident association must grant a fee to the communes for the collection of the premiums, and the amount of this fee shall b e determ ined b y the highest adm inistrative authorities acting in agreement with the Im perial Insurance Office. P a r . 2. No fee shall b e granted for a com m une’ s own building operations. A rticle 811. For those premiums w hich the communes can not prove are actually lost or are im possible o f collection b y com pulsory execution, the communes are liable and must forward them in advance. W O RKM EN INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 627 A r t ic l e 812. P a r a g r a p h 1. The extract from the assessment roll must contain statements w hich w ill enable the person required to pay the premiums to verify the com putation thereof. P a r . 2. If it is afterward shown that the report of earnings was incorrect then the same regulations shall b e applicable for the premiums as in the case of contributions due the accident association (arts. 756 and 757). A r t ic l e 813. -h The communal authority shall make the extract available for inspec• .is affected, for two weeks, and shall make known the beginning o f the i. ^ -saner customary in the locality. JL A i t . A . x o x v /J r m ay also forward the extract to the persons affected instead of leaving it open for inspection. A r t ic l e 814. The persons required to make payments m ay make protest against the com putation of the premiums to the directorate of the accident association or to the other com petent adm inistrative bod y (art. 794) w ithin two weeks after the expiration of the period stated in article 813, paragraph 1, or after the delivery thereof; the person required to make paym ent, however, is obliged to pay the same for the tim e being. In such cases article 757, paragraph 2, and article 759, are correspondingly applicable. A r t ic l e 815. P a r a g r a p h 1. Subject to article 814, sentence 2, the protest m ay on ly be based upon the follow ing: Mistakes in com putation. Incorrect statement of wages. Incorrect use of the tariff of premiums. The assertion that no obligation for the paym ent of premiums exists. P a r . 2. The protest m ay not be based upon incorrect statement of earnings if the authority has itself drawn up the same or com pleted it because of the failure of the person obligated to make such report. A r t ic l e 816. Against the decision issued b y the superior insurance office upon appeal, further appeal is perm issible on ly if the appellant shows that he is not obligated to make paym ents of premiums. A r t ic l e 817. If it later develops that an amount paid without protest was collected either w holly or in part in correctly, then articles 814 to 816 shall be correspondingly applicable. A rticle 818. Premiums w hich m ay not be collected are, in case of need, to be covered out of the reserve of the branch institute and are to be considered in determ ining the next tariff of premiums. A rticle 819. P a r a g r a p h 1. The owner of a building is liable for a period of one year for the premiums and other paym ents of bankrupt undertakers after the obligation has been finally determ ined. P a r . 2. The lia b ility of the subcontractors takes precedence of that of the building owner. * A r t ic l e 820. In case the building owner has given security to the accident association according to official regulations of the State authorities (art. 772), then the association is also liable for the premiums and other paym ents w hich tne building owner must pay according to article 798, num ber 1, as an undertaker, or must pay according to article 819 on account of bankm pt undertakers. 628 BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOK. A rticle 821. If controversies arise betw een the accident association (branch institute) and bu ild ing owners or subcontractors in regard to the liability, then the superior insurance office (decision cham ber) shall decide; appeal to the regular courts is not perm issible. A r t ic l e 822. The accident association m ay not demand on behalf of the branch institute any payments from the undertakers except premiums, fines, and costs, w hich are to be collected in accordance w ith this law. A r t ic l e 823. P a r a g r a p h 1. If communes, unions of comm unes, p u b lic corporations, and other building owners regularly carry out building operations w ithout making use of other undertakers, then upon their application a lum p sum based on the average annual num ber of working days can be determ ined upon in place of the earnings according to w hich premiums are to be com puted. P a r . 2. A t the same tim e the date when the premiums are to be paid must be deter* m ined. P a r . 3. In such cases the provisions concerning m onthly reports (arts. 799 to 801) and the quarterly com putation and the collection of the premiums (arts. 807 to 811) are not applicable. A r t ic l e 824. W henever the share of the branch institute in the amounts w hich are to be paid to the Post Office Department arise from accident caused b y longer building operations, the funds for the replacem ent thereof shall be taken from the available cash in pre miums. 3. Insurance at the cost o f com m unes. A rticle 825. P a r a g r a p h 1. The funds for covering amounts paid for com pensation and costs of adm inistration w hich accrued to a branch institute on account of accidents in short building operations shall be raised b y annual assessment upon the com m unes in pro portion to the population in the districts included in the acciden t association. P a r . 2. If the branch institute has participated in the advance of the acciden t association to the Post Office Department, then on this account an advance m ay b e assessed upon the communes equal in amount to the contributions of the preceding fiscal year. P a r . 3. Beginning with the fiscal year w hich follow s the last census, the num ber o f inhabitants officially determ ined b y it shall be used as a basis. A r t ic l e 826. A n extract from the assessment roll is to be forwarded to the communes w ith a request for the paym ent of the amount determ ined upon w ithin tw o weeks under penalty of com pulsory collection . A r t ic l e 827. P a r a g r a p h 1. The extract must contain statements w hich w ill enable those ob li gated to make the paym ent to verify the com putation. P a r . 2. Protests and appeals are subject to the same provisions as in the case of the accident association (art. 757, par. 1, arts. 758, 760, and 761); however, protests are permissible only if they are based upon mistakes in computation or upon errors in the statement of the population. A r t ic l e 828. P a r a g r a p h 1. The highest adm inistrative authority m ay decree that unions o f communes m ay take the place of the communes or in specified districts several com munes m ay join tly assume the costs w hich accrue to them on account of the accident insurance w ith the branch institute. P a r . 2. This authority shall specify at the same time how such unions shall be repre sented and administered and shall specify the principles upon which the joint cost is to be apportioned to the individual communes. w o rkm en 's INSURANCE CODE OP JULY 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 629 A r t ic l e 829. The highest adm inistrative authority m ay in addition provide that adm inistrative districts shall take the place of the communes in the assessment and in such case how the amount assessed shall be apportioned to the individual comm unes. A r t ic l e 830. P aragraph 1. In so far as the highest adm inistrative authority has not issued such regulations the comm unes may unite them selves on their own initiative for taking over the costs w hich accrue to them on account of accidents in short building operations. P a r . 2. T hey shall at the same tim e specify how the union is to be represented and adm inistered. The union must have the approval of the highest adm inistrative authority. A r t ic l e 831. The decrees and the agreements of these unions (arts. 828 to 830) are to be com m u nicated to the accident associations affected and to the Im perial Insurance Office. A rticle 832. The amount of the costs of administration w hich are to be assessed upon the com munes and the unions shall be determ ined in a corresponding manner as m the case of insurance at the cost of the undertaker (art. 804). A rticle 833. W ithin the individual communes or unions of communes the costs arising out of the insurance of short building operations shall be collected in the same way as communal taxes. A rticle 834. P aragraph 1. The State laws or legal enactments of the individual communes or of a union of com m unes can specify another standard of apportionm ent and especially specify that the owners of land or buildings shall bear the cost. P a r . 2. Legal provisions of this kind shall require the approval of the superior adm inistrative authority. A rticle 835. The communes or other unions have no claim to the reserve of the branch institute on account of the costs w hich accrue to them through the insurance of short building operations. H. BRANCH INSTITUTES FOR THE KEEPING OF RIDING ANIMALS AND CONVEYANCES. A rticle 836. P aragraph 1. Those persons shall be insured in the branch institute w hich is at tached to an accident association of undertakers of establishments engaged in hauling or inland navigation as a business who are em ployed in the district of the acciden t asso ciation in establishments for the keeping of riding animals or conveyances not con ducted as a business (art. 537, Nos. 6 and 7). P a r . 2. The same rule applies in the case of self-insured undertakers in such activi ties. P a r . 3. In the case of conveyances on water these activities shall be insured in the branch institute of the accident associations for inland navigation; in other cases in the branch institute of the A ccident association for hauling establishments conducted as a business: Provided , That the Federal Council does not enact other provisions in accordance with article 629, paragraph 2. A rticle 837. P aragraph 1. The general m eeting of the accident association m ay provide that instead of one several branch institutes m ay be created for individual areas of their district. P a r . 2. Such provisions shall require the approval of the Im perial Insurance O ffice; they are to be published in the Reichsanzeiger. 18544°— N o. 96— 12----- 19 630 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E A U OF L A B O R . A r t ic l e 838. In the branch institutes insurance at the cost of the undertakers (art. 633, par. 2, N o. 2) shall be for premiums according to a tariff of premium s. A r t ic l e 839. P a r a g r a p h 1. The undertakers must make a report for each quarter of a calendar year and not later than three days after the expiration thereof to the authority in whose district the activities are carried on, and who shall be specified b y the highest adm inistrative authority, concerning the follow ing subjects: 1. The working days on w hich operations were con ducted; 2. T hepaym ents made to the insured persons therefor. P a r . 2. The Im perial Insurance Office shall prescribe the form for the report. P a r . 3. Persons neglecting to make such reports shall be proceeded against as in the case of the branch institutes for building work (art. 800). A rticle 840. P a r a g r a p h 1. The authority shall, w ithin two weeks after the expiration of the quarter of the calendar year transmit these reports through the channels of the local insurance office to the directorate of the acciden t association or the adm inistrative b ody of the acciden t association designated b y the latter. P a r . 2. In connection therewith the authority (art. 839) shall certify that nothing further has becom e known to them concerning the keeping of riding animals or vehicles (art. 537, numbers 6 and 7) not conducted as a business, in their district. A r t ic l e 841. The tariff of prem ium s must show what unit rate of premium s must be paid for each one-half mark [11.9 cents] or fraction thereof of com putable earnings. A r t ic l e 842. P a r a g r a p h 1. In other matters the provisions for branch institutes for building work (arts. 784, 786 to 797, 803 to 818, and 822 to 824) shall be applicable for these branch institutes. P a r . 2. I f an insurance association takes the place of a branch institute then articles 647, 648, and 736 shall be applicable to it, and the provisions for branch institutes contained in articles 803 to 818, 822 to 824, 836, paragraphs 1 and 2, and articles 838 to 841, shall be correspondingly applicable. The insurance association must also accum ulate a reserve. S ection E ight .— A dditional I nstitutions . A rticle 843. T he acciden t associations m ay create institutions for— 1. Insurance against lia b ility for undertakers (art. 633) and persons of lik e status. 2. Funds providing subsidies to pensions and funds for retirem ent pensions for establishm ent officials, members of the acciden t association, insured persons, officials of the accident associations, and the relatives of these persons. 3. The procuring of em ploym ent for persons injured b y accident. A r t ic l e 844. P a r a g r a p h 1. The acciden t association shall be the carrier of these institutions. P a r . 2. Participation in these institutions is voluntary. A r t ic l e 845. Decisions of the general m eeting of the accident association: Concerning institutions of the kind designated in article 843, Nos. 1 and 2, and the by-law s thereof, must have the approval of the Federal Council. Institutions of the kind designated in article 843, N o. 3, must have the approval of the Im perial Insurance Office. w o r k m e n 's INSURANCE CODE OF JULY 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 631 A r t ic l e 846. The supervision of these institutions shall be adm inistered b y the Im perial Insurance Office. A rticle 847. P a r a g r a p h 1 . A cciden t associations may unite to form such institutions in com m on. P a r . 2. The agreement of union may only becom e effective at the beginning of a fiscal year. P a r . 3. For the approval of such unions article 845 shall be correspondingly applicable. Section N in e .— A ccident P revention — Supervision . I. REGULATIONS POR ACCIDENT PREVENTION. A rticle 848. P a r a g r a p h 1 . The accident associations are obliged to issue the necessary regula tions concerning— 1. The arrangements and orders w hich the members are required to provide for the prevention of accidents in their establishments. 2. The rules of conduct w hich the insured persons must observe for the prevention of accidents in the establishments. P a r . 2. Regulations for the prevention of accidents may also be issued for individual districts, branches of industry, and kinds of establishments. P a r . 3. In these regulations it must be specified in what manner they are to be made known to the insured persons. P a r . 4. If workmen are em ployed in an establishm ent who are not fam iliar with the German language then the regulations for the prevention of accidents and the decrees of the m ining inspection w hich replace them are to be made in another lan guage: Provided , That together 25 persons speak such language. A rticle 849. If establishm ents belong to an accident association and these establishments because of their nature should have been apportioned to another acciden t association (arts. 540, 542, 631, and 632), then regulations for the prevention of accidents shall be issued for these establishments w hich correspond to the regulations of those accident associations to w hich the establishments because of their nature should have belonged. A r t ic l e 850. A n appropriate period of tim e is to be allow ed to the members in order to institute the arrangements prescribed for the prevention of accidents. A r t ic l e 851. Violations b y the members of these regulations m ay be punished w ith fines up to 1,000 marks [$238], b y the insured persons with fines up to 6 marks [$1.43]. A r t ic l e 852. A draft of the regulations is to be transmitted to the Im perial Insurance Office. If the acciden t association is divided into sections, the directorates of the sections affected must in advance render an opinion upon the draft. A r t ic l e 853. P a r a g r a p h 1. In the preparation and final decision upon these regulations the directorate of the acciden t association must call in representatives of the insured persons who shall have the fu ll right to vote thereon and shall have the same num ber of votes as the members of the directorate participating. P a r . 2. The same shall be correspondingly applicable for opinions in regard to protective regulations issued on the basis of article 120e, paragraph 2, of the Industrial Code. 632 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. A rticle 854. The directorate of the acciden t association must in vite the Im perial Insurance Office to the sessions in w hich the draft of the regulations is to be prepared and decided upon. A rticle 855. In case regulations for the prevention of accidents or protective regulations on the basis of 120e, paragraph 2, of the Industrial Code are applicable for individual sections only, then the directorates of these sections shall call in the insured persons for the purpose of securing their opinion. In such cases article 853, paragraph 1, shall be correspondingly applicable. A rticle 856. The draft of the regulations is to be com m unicated to the representatives of the insured persons at the same tim e that the invitation is sent for the m eeting in w hich the regulations are to be discussed, or considered, or decided upon. A rticle 857. Once each year the directorate, w hich shall call in at the same tim e representatives of the insured persons (art. 853, par. 1) shall take cognizance of the reports of the technical supervisory officials and shall suggest measures w hich seem required for the im provem ent of the regulations for the prevention of accidents. In such cases article 854 is applicable. A rticle 858. P aragraph 1. Representatives of the insured persons shall be elected from the associates of the superior insurance office in whose district the acciden t association or the section has members. Those associates of the superior insurance office on ly are entitled to election , how ever, who are com petent to act as representatives of the insured persons and do not belong within the scope of the agricultural accident insur ance or the navigation accident insurance. P a r . 2. The m ining accident association m ay in its constitution provide that the representatives of the insured persons must be elders of the miners. If this provision is enacted the representatives of the insured persons shall be elected from the elders of the m iners’ associations and miners’ funds affected. A rticle 859. As representatives of the insured persons on ly those are eligible who are them selves insured according to this law against accident and are em ployed in an establishm ent w hich belongs to an accident association. In other respects article 12 is applicable. A rticle 860. P aragraph 1. The Im perial Insurance Office shall issue the election rules. P a r . 2. A representative of this office shall conduct the election. A rticle 861. For each representative of the insured persons a first and a second alternate must be elected. The alternate shall take his place if he is prevented from perform ing his duties and replace him for the remainder of his term of office if he leaves before this tim e, in the order according to w hich the election results. A rticle 862. The Im perial Insurance Office shall decide controversies concerning the validity of the election. A r t ic l e 863. The chairman of the directorate shall determ ine the allowance (art. 21) for the repre sentatives of the insured persons. w o r k m en 's INSURANCE CODE OP JUD Y 19, 1911-----GERMANY. 633 A r t ic l e 864. P a r a g r a p h 1. The regulations for the prevention of accidents must have the approval of the Im perial Insurance O ffice; the decision senate shall decide thereon. P a r . 2. The m inutes of the proceedings of the directorates must accom pany the application for the approval. The minutes must show how the representatives of the insured persons have voted; they must further contain an opinion of the directorates of the sections affected. A r t ic l e 865. P a r a g r a p h 1. A n opportunity must be given to the highest adm inistrative author ities affected to express an opinion before the approval is granted. P a r . 2. Regulations for the prevention of accidents applying to establishments which are subject to the mining inspection may be approved only if the highest admin istrative authority acquiesces. A r t ic l e 866. E ven if the regulations for the prevention of accidents or parts thereof do not apply solely to individual sections, the Im perial Insurance Office m ay order that the direc torates of the sections shall call in the representatives of the insured persons to secure their opinion before granting its approval. A r t ic l e 867. If the general meeting of the accident association amends the decisions w hich the directorate and the representatives of the insured persons have made, then the Im pe rial Insurance Office shall specify whether the directorate, together w ith the repre sentatives of the insured persons, shall again discuss and decide upon this matter. A r t ic l e 868. If the Im perial Insurance Office makes its approval dependent on the amendment of the regulations, then it shall also specify whether the representatives of the insured persons shall be called in for discussion and for final decision. A r t ic l e 869. The directorate of the accident association must com m unicate the regulations to the superior adm inistrative authorities whose districts are affected. A r t ic l e 870. The directorate of the accident association is authorized to determ ine the fines im posed upon members of the accident association, and the local insurance office (decision com m ittee) for those im posed upon insured persons. The superior insurance office (decision cham ber) shall decide upon appeal against the im position of fines b y the directorate of the accident association. A r t ic l e 871. Those decrees w hich the State officials have issued for specified branches of industry or kinds of establishments for the prevention of accidents, must, in advance, b e com m unicated to the directorates of the accident associations or o f the sections for their opinions, provided that there is no risk in the delay. In such cases the representa tives of the insured persons are to be called in in the same manner as in the discussion of the regulations for the prevention of accidents. A r t ic l e 872. The p olice authorities must com m unicate to the accident association affected those orders w hich they enact for the prevention of accidents according to article 120d, para graph 1, of the Industrial Code. A r t ic l e 873. W henever the matter concerns the issuance of regulations for the prevention of accidents w hich at the same tim e are intended to assure the safe operation of railways, then articles 852 to 856, 866 to 868, 871, and 872 are not applicable. 634 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E A U OF L A B O R . n. SUPERVISION. A rticle 874. The accident associations must provide for the execution or the regulations for the prevention of accidents. A rticle 875. The accident associations are authorized, and upon demand of the Im perial Insur ance O ffice, are obligated to appoint technical supervisory officials in sufficient num ber to supervise the carrying out of the regulations for the prevention of accidents and to take cognizance of the arrangements of the establishm ents in so far as this is of im portance in regard to mem bership in the accident association or for the classification in the risk classes. For such officials those persons m ay also be appointed who have form erly belonged to the insured establishments as workm en. A rticle 876. In order to verify the wage reports w hich have been handed in , the acciden t asso ciations m ay inspect, through their accounting officials, those books and lists from w hich the num ber oi workmen and officials em ployed and the am ount of the wages earned are com puted. A rticle 877. The business of the technical official and of the accounting official m ay, w ith the approval of the Im perial Insurance Office, be united in one person. A rticle 878. The undertakers are obligated to perm it the technical supervisory officials of their accident association to enter the place of their business during business hours and are obligated to lay before the accounting officials the books and lists (art. 876) in such place. A rticle 879. P aragraph 1. The Im perial Insurance Office m ay force the undertakers to com ply with their duties arising out of article 878 upon the application of any person partici pating in the supervision, b y the im position of fines up to 300 marks [$71.40]. P a r . 2. The superior insurance office decides finally upon appeal. A rticle 880. The undertaker m ay demand special experts instead of the technical supervisory officials if he fears, on account o f the latter’s inspection, some damage to his trade secrets or other injury to his business activities. A rticle 881. P aragraph 1. In such cases the undertaker must, as soon as possible, designate to the directorate of the accident association several persons who are com petent and ready to inspect the establishm ent at his expense and to give the acciden t association the necessary inform ation. P a r . 2. The Im perial Insurance Office shall decide, upon request, if the parties can not agree in the matter. A rticle 882. The local insurance office of the place of residence shall p u t under oath the members of the adm inistrative bodies of tne accident associations, the technical supervisory and accounting officials, as w ell as the special experts, to keep secret all matters w hich becom e known to them through the supervision of the establishments or through the exam ination of the books or lists, as w ell as not to make an unauthorized use of business and trade secrets. A rticle 883. ' P aragraph 1. The directorate of the accidents association must report the name and residence of the technical supervisory and accounting officials to the superior adm inistrative authorities affected. W O R K M E N 'S IN S U R A N C E C O D E OF J U L Y 19, 1911---- G E R M A N Y . 635 P a r . 2. The directorate must make reports to the Im perial Insurance Office con cerning the activities of the technical supervisory officials and, upon request, to the State supervisory officials (art. 139b of the Industrial Code). A r t ic l e 884. P a r a g r a p h 1. If the supervisory official of the acciden t association has received inform ation concerning orders w hich the State officials have issued for the prevention of accidents, then he m ay not give orders in con flict therewith. P a r . 2. If, however, he believes a conflicting order necessary or considers an order of the State officials inconsistent w ith a regulation for the prevention of accidents, he shall report thereon to the directorate of the accident association. The latter may then call upon the superior officers of the State officials. A rticle 885. P a r a g r a p h 1. If the State supervisory official considers orders of the acciden t association as conflicting or inconsistent with the regulations for the prevention of accidents, then the official shall com m unicate the fact to the directorate or the accident association. P a r . 2. If the directorate considers the protest unfounded, it m ay call upon the superior officers of the State officials. A r t ic l e 886. The directorate of the accident association must transmit to the Im perial Insurance O ffice inform ation concerning all proceedings w hich concern differences of opinion betw een the two sets of supervisory official. A rticle 887. If on account of the negligence of an undertaker the accident association incurs cash expenditures on account of the supervision of his establishm ent or on account of the exam ination of his books and lists then the directorate m ay charge these costs to the undertaker and in addition im pose upon him fines up to 100 marks [$23.80]. The costs shall also be collected in tne same manner as com m unal taxes. A r t ic l e 888. W ith the consent of the association and under an agreement as to the costs the local insurance office may assist the accident association in regard to the supervision of those receiving pensions. In this matter the decision com m ittee shall decide. If the com m ittee declines then on appeal the superior insurance office shall decide finally. A rticle 889. The undertakers are required to perm it the permanent members of the Im perial Insurance Office authorized b y the Im perial Insurance Office to enter their places of work during the hours of operation, in order to determ ine the adm inistration and effect of the regulations for the prevention of accidents w hich have been issued (art. 848). The Im perial Insurance Office m ay enforce the com pliance of this obligation through fines up to 300 marks [$71.40].I. III. SPECIAL PROVISIONS POR BUILDING OPERATIONS AND FOR THE KEEPING OF RIDING ANIMALS AND CONVEYANCES. A rticle 890. P a r a g r a p h 1. Regulations for the prevention of accidents are also to be issued for activities in connection w ith building operations not carried on as a business and for the keeping of riding animals and conveyances not carried on as a business (art. 537. Nos. 6 and 7). P a r . 2. That accident association is competent in whose branch institute the per sons employed in such activities are insured. If they are insured in an insurance association, then the latter is competent. 636 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U B E A U OF L A B O R . A rticle 891. Paragraph 1. Subject to the follow ing provisions, articles 848 to 889 shall be applicable also for these activities. F a r . 2. In case of violations of th e regulations for the prevention of accidents, fines up to 100 marks [$23.80] may be im posed on the undertakers of short building opera tions. P a r . 3. In an insurance association, the representatives of the insured persons are elected from the associates of the superior insurance office over whose districts the accident association or section extends; in this case article 858, paragraph 1, sentence 2, shall be applicable. S ection T e n .— E stablishments and A ctivities for the A ccount of P ublic B o d ie s . A r t ic l e 892. . P a r a g r a p h 1 If the Em pire or a federal State is a carrier of the insurance, then it shall take the place of the accident association and assume the rights and duties of the adm inistrative bodies of the accident association through adm inistrative authori ties. For the m ilitary adm inistration, the latter shall be specified b y the highest m ilitary adm inistrative authority of the division of the army, for the other adm inis trations of the Em pire, the im perial chancellor, and for the State adm inistration, the highest adm inistrative authority. F a r . 2. The same rule shall be applicable for comm unes, unions of communes, .and other pu blic bodies w hich are earners of the insurance. The highest administra tive authority shall specify the officials for the execution hereof. . adm inistrative authorities. Paragraph A rticle 893. 1 The Im perial Insurance Office shall be inform ed concerning the P a r . 2. The administrative authorities already authorized shall continue to act. A r t ic l e 8 94 . If the Em pire, the federal State, the comm une, the union of com m unes, or another p u blic corporation, is a carrier of the insurance, then the follow ing articles are not applicable: The provisions relating to changes in the status of the acciden t association (arts. 635 to 648); The provisions in regard to the constitution of the accident association contained in articles 649 to 720; The regulations concerning supervision (arts. 722 to 725); T he provisions concerning the collection of funds as w ell as concerning the pro cedure in regard to assessments and collections (arts. 731 to 776); The provisions in regard to transferring amounts to the Post Office Departm ent in articles 781 and 782; The provisions concerning branch institutes (arts. 783 to 842); The provisions in regard to additional institutions (arts. 843 to 847); The provisions in regard to accident prevention and supervision m articles 848 to 887, and 889 to 891; The penal provisions in articles 908 to 910, 912 and 913. A rticle 895. W hoever designates the adm inistrative authorities shall also issue the adm inistrative regulations in order to execute the provisions of this section. A r t ic l e 896. The adm inistrative provisions m ay extend the insurance obligation to establish m ent officials w ith annual earnings of more than 5,000 marks [$1,190], in so far as the latter are not exem pt from insurance according to article 554. A rticle 897. P a r a g r a p h 1. If the adm inistrative authority in order to prevent accidents wants to issue regulations w ith penal provisions covering insured persons, then n ot less than three representatives of the insured persons shall be called in for discussion and advice. W O R K M E N 'S INSURANCE CODE OF J U L Y 19, 1911—G E R M A N Y . 637 P a r . 2. A representative of the authority shall conduct the discussion; he m ay not be the im m ediate official superior of the representatives just m entioned. P a r . 3. In so far as the matter concerns the issuing of regulations which are intended to assure the safe operation of railways, the above is not applicable. Section E le ve n .— L iability op U ndertakers and T heir R epresentatives . I. LIABILITY TO INJURED PERSONS AND SURVIVORS. A rticle 898. The undertaker (art. 633) is liable to injured persons and their survivors (art. 588 to 594) even if they have no claim to a pension, according to other legal provisions for the com pensation of injuries w hich an accident of the kind designated in articles 544 and 546 has caused, only if it has been determ ined b y the penal decision that he has purposely caused the accident. The liability of the undertaker is then lim ited to the am ount b y w hich such com pensation exceeds that of the acciden t insurance. A rticle 899. The same rule is applicable in the case of com pensation claim s of injured persons and their survivors against the authorized agents or representatives of the establish m ent and against the overseers of the establishment ana of the workm en. A rticle 900. The claim may also be made valid if on account of the death, absence, or ot a cause other than that w hich rests in the person of the one obligated, no penal decision has been delivered. A rticle 901. P aragraph 1. If the regular court must decide in regard to such claim s, then the court is bound b y the decision w hich has been delivered in a procedure according to this law, as to the follow ing points: W hether an accident w nich entitles to com pensation has occurred; T o what extent and b y what carrier of the insurance, the com pensation is to be granted. P a r . 2. T he regular court shall suspend its procedure until the decision in the pro cedure according to this law has been rendered. This, how ever, does not apply to arrests and acts for the tim e being. A rticle 902. Instead of the person entitled to the com pensation, the undertakers or persons o f lik e status according to article 899, from whom the injured person or his survivors dem and com pensation for injuries, m ay apply for the determ ination of the compensa tion according to this law , and m ay also make use of legal rem edies. The lapse of tim e lim its w hich, w ithout their fault, have expired, shall not act against them ; this shall not apply for tim e lim its of procedure in so far as the undertaker or person of lik e status according to article 899 shall him self conduct the procedure. H. LIABILITY TO ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, SICK FUNDS, ETC. A rticle 903. P a r a g r a p h 1. If it is determ ined b y a penal decision that the undertaker or person of lik e status according to article 899 has caused the acciden t either purposely or negligently through failure to observe such care to w hich they are especially ob li gated on account of their office, occupation, or industry, then they are liable for every thing w hich the com m unes, poor law unions, sick funds, m iners’ associations, miners’ funds, substitute funds, and funeral or other relief funds have had to expend because of the acciden t according to the law or constitution. Instead of the pension the capitalized value thereof m ay b e dem anded. P a r . 2. T hey are also liable— I f it has been determ ined b y the penal decision that in the direction or execu tion of a bu ildin g operation they have acted contrary to the generally recog nized rules in building w ork; I f the acciden t has been caused through such violations. 638 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E A U OF L A B O R . P a r . 3. The provisions of article 900 in regard to lia b ility w ithout determ ination b y penal decision are also applicable for these claim s. P a r . 4. Undertakers and persons of equal status according to article 899 are liable to the accident association for its expenditures, even if there has been no determ ination b y penal decision. A r t ic l e 904. P a r a g r a p h 1. For accidents caused b y the persons named below , the follow ing bodies are liable as undertakers, if the persons so named have perform ed duties belong in g to them ; the bodies liable and the persons for whom lia b ility attaches are— 1. A stock com pany, m utual insurance association, a registered cooperative so ciety, a guild, or other legal person, for a member of the directorate; 2. A com pany w ith lim ited lia b ility , for a business director; 3. A ny other business corporation, for a partner who is authorized to conduct the business; 4. In the case of the liquidation of a business corporation, a m utual insurance association, a registered cooperative society, a guild, or other legal person, for one of the liquidators. P a r . 2. This provision is correspondingly applicable for the Em pire, federal States, com m unes, unions of comm unes, as w ell as other corporations, foundations, and insti tutions created^by p u b lic law. A r t ic l e 905. P a r a g r a p h 1. If the accident has been brought about negligently throjigh failure to observe that care, to w hich the undertaker and persons of equal status (art. 899) because of their office, occupation, or industry are especially obligated, then the gen eral m eeting of the accident association m ay refrain from m aking a claim for the acciden t association. P a r . 2. The constitution may transfer this right to the directorate. A r t ic l e 906. . P a r a g r a p h 1 If the directorate desires to make a claim for reim bursem ent it shall com m unicate in writing its decision to the person liable to make reim bursem ent. T he latter m ay then appeal w ithin one month to the general m eeting of the accident association. P a r . 2. If the person to make reimbursement appeals within this time to the general meeting of the accident association, suit may be instituted only after the decision of the latter, and in other cases only after the expiration of one month with a notification. A r t ic l e 907. P a r a g r a p h 1. Such claim s lapse in 18 months after the day on w hich the penal decision has becom e effective. In those cases in w hich no penal decision is required th ey lapse w ithin one year after the legal and effective determ ination of the obligation to com pensation on the part of the accident association, b u t at the latest w ithin 5 years after the accident. If file general m eeting of the acciden t association is appealed to, such action shall act as a stay to the expiration. A new period of expiration m ay on ly then begin, if the general m eeting of the acciden t association has made a decision or if the appeal has been decided otherwise. P a r . 2. The provisions of article 901, paragraph 1, in regard to the regular courts being bound to follow the decision, are also applicable for these claims. S e c t io n T w e l v e .— P e n a l P r o v i s i o n s . A r t ic l e 908. Under a proviso that the undertaker was aware of the inaccuracy of the state m ents or must have known under the circum stances, the directorate of the accident association m ay im pose fines upon em ployers up to 500 marks [$119]— 1. If on the basis of the law or of the constitution they have transm itted reports for the com putation of contributions or premiums or for the classification in risk classes w hich contained actually incorrect statements; 2. If in the report of the establishm ent (art. 653) a later date is stated as the tim e of the opening of the establishm ent or of the beginning of the insurance obli gation than m at date on w hich the establishm ent was opened or becam e subject to the insurance. w o r k m en 's IN S U R A N C E CODE OP J U L Y 19, 1911-----G E R M A N Y . 639- A rticle 909. The directorate of the accident association m ay in addition im pose fines not to exceed 300 marks [$71.40] on the undertakers if they do not com ply in due tim e w ith the obligation— 1. T o report the establishment and changes in the establishm ent, as also to post placards in the establishm ent; 2. T o keep and preserve wage lists (wage books); 3. T o transmit wage reports and the reports for the com putation of premium s; 4. T o com ply w ith the provisions of the constitution m regard to the shutting down of an establishm ent and to a change of the undertaker. A rticle 910. P a r a g r a p h 1. The superior insurance office (decision cham ber) shall decide finally upon appeals against the determ ination of fines b y the directorate of the accident associations. P a r . 2. The decision chamber shall decide, though not finally, in the cases men tioned in articles 870 and 887 as well as of article 891 in connection with these pro visions. A rticle 911. Undertakers or their em ployees who purposely deduct contributions or premiums, either w holly or partly, from earnings or deliberately bring about the same, shall be punished w ith fines up to 300 marks [$71.40] or with im prisonm ent, if a severer penalty nas not been incurred according to other legal provisions. A rticle 912. W henever on the basis of this law the undertaker is liable to penalties the follow ing' persons shall b e considered as having the same status: 1. The members of the directorate, if a stock com pany, m utual insurance associ ation, registered cooperative society, guild, or other legal person is an under taker; 2. T he business manager, if an association with lim ited lia b ility is an undertaker; 3. A ll copartners personally liable, provided that they are not exclu ded from representation, if another form of business corporation is the undertaker; 4. T he legal representatives of undertakers not legally com petent to transact business, or partially so, as w ell as liquidators of a business corporation, a m utual insurance association, a registered cooperative society, a guild, or any other legal person. A rticle 913. P a r a g r a p h 1. The undertaker may transfer the duties laid upon him on the basis of this law to business managers; in so far as the matter does not relate to arrangements founded on regulations for the prevention of accidents, he m ay also transfer the duties to a supervisory staff or other officials of his establishm ent. P a r . 2. If such representatives act in violation of those regulations w hich im pose a penalty upon the undertaker, then the penalty shall apply to them . In addition to them the em ployer m ay be penalized in the follow ing cases: 1. If the violation has taken place w ith his know ledge; 2. If in the selection or supervision of his representatives he has not observed the required care in the transaction; in these cases no other penalty than a fine m ay be im posed upon the undertaker. P a r . 3. If the fines which have been imposed b y the directorate of the accident association can not b e collected from the representatives, then the employer is liable in their place. His liability is to be specified in fixing the penalty. A rticle 914. In the case of insured persons, the fines im posed upon them shall b e paid in to the sick fund if the person penalized belongs at the tim e of the violation to a sick fund; otherwise, it sha! 1 b e paid in to the general local sick fund of his place of em ploym ent, and where such fund does not exist, then in to the rural sick fund. The same shall also apply to fines w hich adm inistrative authorities im pose upon insured persons (art. 897). 640 B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U R E A U OF L A BO R. PART TW O . A G R ICU LTU R A L ACCIDEN T IN SU RAN CE. Section On e .— Scope of the I nsurance . A r t ic l e 915. P aragraph 1. Agricultural establishments (art. 161) are subject to the accident insurance. P a r . 2. The Im perial Insurance Office may specify what branches of industry are considered as agricultural establishments. A rticle 916. P a r a g r a p h 1. If the agricultural undertaker carries on work on his own land or on the land of others for his own agricultural establishm ent w ithout transferring this work to another undertaker, then the follow ing shall be considered as parts of the agricultural establishm ent: Current repairs to buildings w hich are used in agricultural operations; The cultivation of the ground and other building work for the establishment, especially the making or m aintenance of roads, dams, canals, and watercourses for this purpose. P a r . 2. I f because of pu blic and law ful obligation, the agricultural undertaker carries on work for the communes for the malring or m aintenance of buildings, roads, dams, canals, and watercourses, as an undertaker, and these obligations rest upon him as an agriculturalist, then they are to be considered as part of his agricultural establishm ent. A rticle 917. P aragraph 1. In the meaning of article 915, paragraph 1, gardening and the care of parks and gardens as w ell as cem etery establishments shall be considered as agri cultural establishments in so far as they are not subject to industrial accident insurance. P a r . 2. Sm all hom e gardens, and ornamental gardens w hich are not worked regu larly, and to a considerable extent with a special labor force and whose products are consum ed principally b y the household are not considered as agricultural estab lishm ents. A rticle 918. The insurance is applicable also to underta