Full text of Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor, Nos. 1 - 100 : July 1908 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor, No. 77, Volume XVII

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DEPARTMENT OP COMMERCE AND LABOR

BULLETIN
OF THE

BUREAU OF LABOR




m

77—JULY, 1908

ISSUED EVERY OTHER MONTH

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1908




CONTENTS.
Page.

Wages and hours of labor in manufacturing industries, 1890 to 1907..............
1-180
Retail prices of food, 1890 to 1907................................................................... 181-332
Compensation for injuries of artisans and laborers in the service of the
United States........................................................................................... 333-335
Cost of living of the working classes in the principal towns of Great
Britain.......................................................................................................... 336-354
Digest of recent reports of State bureaus of labor statistics:
Minnesota.................................................................................................. 355,356
Missouri..................................................................................................... 356-358
Wisconsin.................................................................................................. 359-363
Digest of recent foreign statistical publications............................................... 364-370
Decisions of courts affecting labor................................................................... 371-395
Laws of various States relating to labor, enacted since January 1, 1904......... 396-416
Cumulative index of labor laws and decisions relating thereto.........................417-424




hi




B U L L E T IN
03? THE

BUREAU
No. 77.

OF

WASHINGTON.

LABOR.
1908.

Ju l y ,

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES,
1890 TO 1907.

This article presents the average wages per hour, the average
hours of labor per week, and the number of employees, in both 1906
and 1907, in the leading wage-working occupations of 4,169 estab
lishments in the principal manufacturing and mechanical industries
of the United States. This report does not cover salaried employees
in any industry. The figures shown, taken in connection with the
summary figures from the Nineteenth Annual Report and from articles
in Bulletins 59, 65, and 71 relating to wages and hours of labor,
herein reproduced, bring into comparison all years from 1890 to
1907, inclusive.
In the year 1907 the average wages per hour in the principal
manufacturing and mechanical industries of the country were 3.7
per cent higher than in 1906, the regular hours of labor per week
were 0.4 per cent lower than in 1906, and the number of employees in
the establishments investigated was 1.0 per cent greater than in 1906.
The variation in the purchasing power of wages may be measured
by using the retail prices of food, the expenditures for which consti
tute nearly half of the expenditures for all purposes in a working
man's family. Retail prices of food are shown in the succeeding
article in this Bulletin. According to that article the retail prices
of food, weighted according to consumption in representative work
ingmen's families, were 4.2 per cent higher in 1907 than in 1906. As
the advance in retail prices from 1906 to 1907 was greater than the
advance in wages per hour, the purchasing power of an hour's wages,
as measured by food, was slightly less in 1907 than in 1906, the
decrease being one-half of 1 per cent.
As compared in each case with the average for the years from
1890 to 1899, the average wages per hour in 1907 were 28.8 per cent



1

2

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

higher, the number of employees in the establishments investigated
was 44.4 per cent greater, and the average hours of labor per week
were 5.0 per cent lower.
The retail price of the principal articles of food, weighted accord
ing to family consumption of the various articles, was 20.6 per cent
higher in 1907 than the average price for the ten years from 1890
to 1899. Compared with the average for the same ten-year period,
the purchasing power of an hour’s wages in 1907, as measured in the
purchase of food, was 6.8 per cent greater.
The figures above quoted and other figures comparing wages,
hours of labor, retail prices, purchasing power of wages, etc., in 1907
with other years are presented in the table on page 4.
The following table shows the per cent of increase or decrease in
wages per hour and in hours of labor per. full week in 1907 as com
pared with 1906 in the several industries covered by this report:
PER CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN WAGES PER HOUR AND IN HOURS OF
LABOR PER W EEK IN 1907 AS COMPARED WITH 1906, BY INDUSTRIES.
Wages per hour.
Industry.

Agricultural implements.............................
...............
Bakery, bread.............................................................................
Blacksmithing and horseshoeing...............................................
Boots and shoes.........................................................................
Brick...........................................................................................
Building trades...........................................................................
Candy..........................................................................................
Carpets........................................................................................
Carriages and wagons................................................................
Cars, steam railroad..................................................................
Clothing, factory product..........................................................
Cotton goods.............................................................. ...............
Dyeing, finishing, and printing textiles....................................
Electrical apparatus and supplies.............................................
Flour...........................................................................................
Foundry and machine shop....................................... .... ..........
Furniture....................................................................................
Gas..............................................................................................
Glass...........................................................................................
Harness ..................... .............................................................
Hats, fur.....................................................................................
Hosiery and knit goods.............................................................
Iron and steel, bar.......................................................................
Iron and steel, Bessemer converting.........................................
Tron and steel, bla.st furnace............ ...............................-.......
Leather.......................................................................................
Liquors, malt. - - ... ............ -.................................................
T,umber..
................................................................. .
Marble and stone work..............................................................
Paper and wood pulp................................................................
Planing m ill................................................................................
P o ttery .......................................................................................
Printing and binding, book and job..........................................
Printing, newspaper...................................................................
Shipbuilding...............................................................................
Silk goods ..
.............................. -.........................................
Slaughtering and meat packing................................................
streets and sewers, contract, work............... ..........................
Streets and sewers municipal work__ . . .
... ___
Tobacco cigars
, ................................................................
oolen and worsted good s ....... ................... -..........................
All industries ..................................................................
a No change.




Hours per week.

Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent
of de
of in
of in
of de
crease.
crease.
crease.
crease.
1.2
1.2
5.4
3.2
3.0
3.1
4.6
2.8
2.2
5.0
.3
12.9
3.1
.5
3.1
3.0
1.2
3.8
5.8
1.6
1.0
5.5
3.5

0.9
5.0
2.4 :...............
4.0
3.2
3.6
10.1
3.3
.8
4.1
3.5
2.7
6.4
.7
4.2
5.8
1.0
6.4
3.7
b Not reported.

0.3
.2
.5
.3
.2
.3
.2

0.5
(a)

.(° )
(a)

.1

.5

w i.«
.4
.7
.9
.2
.4

(«)

(a)

(a)

(«)
1.1
(a)
(«)
1.0
.2
.1
3.5
(a)

(a)
(a)

(a)
(a)

.7
.7
.5

(0) .7
.6
.2
.4
(6)

W .6
.5
.2
.6
.4

WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR, 1390 TO 1907.

3

An examination of this table shows an increase in wages per hour
m 1907 as compared with 1906 in 40 of the 41 industries covered by
this report. The greatest increase was in the manufacture of cotton
goods, where the average wages per hour in 1907 were 12.9 per cent
higher than the average wages per hour in 1906. In the manufac
ture of paper and wood pulp there was an increase in wages per hour
of 10.1 per cent, in the manufacture of silk and of woolen and worsted
goods of 6.4 per cent, and in the glass industry and in street and sewer
work, paid for directly by municipalities, an increase of 5.8 per cent.
In the building trades, the most important of the industries, there
was an increase in wages per hour of 3.1 per cent. Briefly stated, two
industries show an increase in hourly wages of more than 10 per cent,
8 industries an increase of 5 per cent but less than 10 per cent, and 30
industries an increase of less than 5 per cent. In one industry, iron
and steel, Bessemer converting, there was a decrease of wages of 0.9
per cent. In the industries as a whole, weighted according to impor
tance, the increase in wages was 3.7 per cent. The method of weight
ing the several industries is fully explained on pages 22 to 24.
The per cent of change in hours of labor in 1907, as compared with
1906, was not so great as the per cent of change in wages per hour.
In 4 industries there was a decrease of hours of 1 per cent or more,
while in 26 industries there was a decrease of less than 1 per cent.
In 2 industries there was an increase in hours of labor per week; in
neither instance, however, was the increase more than 0.5 per cent.
Eight industries show no change in hours of labor. The hours of
labor were not reported for slaughtering and meat packing, for the
reason set forth in a footnote on page 58. The decrease in hours of
labor in the industries taken as a whole, weighted according to
importance, was 0.4 per cent.
The table immediately following shows for the industries, taken as
a whole, the per cent of increase or decrease in wages per hour, hours
of labor per week, the purchasing power of wages, etc., in 1907 in the
manufacturing and mechanical industries, as compared with each
year preceding, back to and including 1890, and as compared with
the average for the ten years, 1890 to 1899. The figures comparing
conditions in 1907 with 1906, shown on pages 1 and 2, are taken
from this table.




4

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

P E R CENT OF INCREASE (+ ) OR DECREASE ( - ) IN 1907, AS COMPARED WITH PRE
VIOUS YEARS, IN EMPLOYEES, HOURS PER WEEK, WAGES PER HOUR, FULL-TIME
W EEKLY EARNINGS PER EMPLOYEE, RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, AND PURCHASING
POWER OF HOURLY WAGES AND OF FULL-TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS PER EM
PLOYEE, MEASURED BY RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1907.
{A chart showing in graphic form the changes in employees, hours, wages, and retail prices will be found
facing page 7.]
Per cent of increase (+ ) or decrease (—) in 1907 as compared with pre
vious years.

Year.

Average 1890-1899.....................
1890...........................................
1891............................................
1892............................................
1893............................................
1894............................................
1895............................................
1896............................................
1897............................................
1898............................................
1899............................................
1900............................................
1901............................................
1902............................................
1903............................................
1904............................................
1905............................................
1906............................................

Em
ployees.

Hours
per
week.

Wages
per
hour.

+44.4
+52.3
+48.4
+45.6
+45.3
+53.5
+49.8
+46.5
+43.1
+35.7
+ 28.8
+24.9
+21.2
+ 16.8
+ 14.2
+14.9
+ 8.1
+ 1.0

- 5 .0
- 5 .7
- 5 .5
- 5 .5
- 5 .3
- 4 .8
- 5 .1
- 4 .8
- 4 .6
- 4 .7
- 4 .2
- 3 .7
- 3 .2
- 2 .4
- 1 .7
- .9
- .9
- .4

+28.8
+28.4
+28.4
+27.8
+27.7
+31.6
+31.0
+29.2
+29.3
+28.5
+26.3
+22.1
+19.3
+14.8
+10.7
+10.1
+ 8.3
+ 3.7

Purchasing power,
Retail
measured by re
prices of
tail prices of
Full
food,
food, of—
time
weighted
weekly accord
Full
earnings ing to
time
per em family
Hourly weekly
ployee.
con
wages.
earnings
sump
per em
tion.
ployee.
+22.4
+21.2
+21.4
+20.8
+ 20.9
+25.3
+24.4
+23.0
+ 23.4
+22.5
+20.9
+17.6
+15.6
+12.1
+ 9.0
+ 9.1
+ 7.4
+ 3.3

+20.6
+17.8
+16.2
+18.4
+ 15.5
+ 21.0
+23.3
+26.3
+25.2
+22.2
+ 21.2
+19.3
+ 14.6
+ 8.7
+ 9.3
+ 8.0
+ 7.3
+ 4.2

+ 6.8
+ 9.1
+10.6
+ 8.0
+10.6
+ 8.8
+ 6.3
+ 2.3
+ 3.3
+ 5.2
+ 4.2
+ 2.3
+ 4.0
+ 5.5
+ 1.3
+ 2.0
+ .9
- .5

+ 1.5
+ 2.9
+ 4.5
+ 2.1
+ 4.7
+ 3.6
+ .9
- 2 .6
- 1 .5
+ .3
- .2
- 1 .5
+ .8
+ 3.0
- .3
+ 1.1
+ .1
- .9

Opposite each year in the table is given the per cent of increase
or decrease (indicated by + or —) in 1907 as compared with the
year specified. Thus, for example, in the fourth column, opposite
1890, appears +28.4, indicating that the increase in the wages per
hour in 1907, as compared with 1890, was 28.4 per cent. In like
manner, in the third column, opposite 1890, appears -»5.7, indicating
that the decrease in the hours of labor in 1907, as compared with
1890, was 5.7 per cent.
As before stated, the average wages per hour of wageworkers in
the manufacturing and mechanical industries of the country were
3.7 per cent higher in 1907 than in 1906. This per cent ( + 3.7)
appears in the column headed “ Wages per hour” opposite the year
1906. In inspecting the percentages in this column it is seen that
there was an increase in the average wages per hour in 1907 over the
average wages per hour in each preceding year of the period covered;
that is, from 1906 back to 1890. The increase in 1907 over 1905
was 8.3 per cent, over 1904 the increase was 10.1 per cent, and over
1903 the increase was 10.7 per cent. The increase in 1907 was more
than 20 per cent over the average hourly wages in any year from
1890 to 1900, and 28.8 per cent over the average for the ten years



WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.

5

from 1890 to 1899. Wages in 1907 were 31.6 per cent higher than
in 1894, the year of lowest wages per hour in the period.
The average hours of labor per week of wage-earners in the manu
facturing and mechanical industries were lower in 1907 than in any
preceding year of the period. The hours of labor in 1907 decreased
0.4 per cent as compared with 1906 and 0.9 per cent as compared
with the years 1904 and 1905, the average hours of labor being the
same in those two years. There was a decrease of 1.7 per cent in
1907 as compared with 1903, a decrease of 2.4 per cent as compared
with 1902, and a decrease of 3.2 per cent as compared with 1901. As
compared with 1890 there was a decrease of 5.7 per cent, and as com
pared with the average from 1890 to 1899, a decrease of 5.0 per cent.
The figures for employees relate only to the number of employees
in the selected occupations covered by the report in the establish
ments investigated. There was an increase of only 1 per cent in the
number of employees in 1907 as compared with 1906, an increase of
8.1 per cent as compared with 1905; an increase of 14.9 per cent as
compared with 1904; an increase of 14.2 per cent as compared with
1903; an increase of 16.8 per cent as compared with 1902, and an
increase of 21.2 per cent as compared with 1901. As compared with
1894, the year in which wages and the number of persons employed
were the lowest during the period, there was an increase of 53.5 per
cent in the number of employees. As compared with the average
for the ten years from 1890 to 1899 there was an increase of 44.4 per
cent in the number of employees. These figures do not take into
consideration the development of new industries within the period
or the increase in the number of establishments in the several indus
tries covered by the report, hence the actual increase in the number
of employees in 1907 engaged in the manufacturing and mechanical
industries of the country may be somewhat greater than is shown by
these figures.
As there has been a general decrease in the hours of labor accom
panying the general increase in wages per hour, a column is given in
the table showing the full-time weekly earnings per employee in
order that a study may be made of earnings per week as well as of
wages per hour. The figures here given for weekly earnings are based
on full-time work; as fully explained on page 16 the amount of time
actually made per week by employees is not covered by this report.
There was an increase in the full-time weekly earnings per employee
in 1907 as compared Vith 1906 of 3.3 per cent; as compared with
1905, of 7.4 per cent; as compared with 1904, of 9.1 per cent; as
compared with 1903, of 9.0 per cent, and as compared with 1902, of
12.1 per cent. In 1907, as compared with the average for 1890 to
1899, there was an increase of full-time weekly earnings per employee



6

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

of 22.4 per cent, and as compared with 1894, the year of lowest
wages, there was an increase of 25.3 per cent.
As before stated, figures relating to retail prices of food, from the
second article in this Bulletin, furnish a measure of the purchasing
power of wages. I t is shown by these figures that in 1907 there
was an increase in the retail price of food, weighted according to
family consumption, of 4.2 per cent as compared with 1906, an increase
of 7.3 per cent as compared with 1905, an increase of 8.0 per cent as
compared with 1904, an increase of 9.3 per cent as compared with
1903, an increase of 8.7 per cent as compared with 1902, and an
increase of 14.6 per cent as compared with 1901. The retail price of
food was 26.3 per cent higher in 1907 than in 1896, the year of lowest
prices, and 20.6 per cent higher than the average price for the ten
years, 1890 to 1899.
For a number of years there has been a general increase in wages
per hour and in retail prices of food. The increase, however, has
not been uniform in the two items named, as will be seen from the
table on page 4. In 1907 an hour’s wages would purchase 0.5 per
cent less food than in 1906, but they would purchase 0.9 per cent
more food than in 1905, 2.0 per cent more food than in 1904, 1.3 per
cent more food than in 1903, 5.5 per cent more food than in 1902,
10.6 per cent more food than in 1891 and in 1893, and 6.8 per cent*
more food than for the average of the ten years, 1890 to 1899.
A full week’s earnings would purchase 0.9 per cent less food in
1907 than in 1906; 0.1 per cent more food than in 1905; 1.1 per cent
more food than in 1904; 0.3 per cent less food than in 1903, and 3.0
per cent more food than in 1902. The increase in the purchasing
power of a full week’s earnings was 1.5 per cent in 1907 as com
pared with the average during the ten years from 1890 to 1899.
I t will be seen that the purchasing power of a full week’s wages was
less, however, in 1907 than in six of the preceding years covered by
the report.
In using these figures it must be remembered that no attempt is
made in this report to measure the purchasing power of wages by
any class of the necessaries of life other than food.
The table on page 4 shows the per cent of increase or decrease in
average wages per hour, in hours of labor per week, and in other
items in 1907, as compared with each of the several years back to
1890. The following table and the accompanying graphic chart,
which is drawn from the table, show for the eighteen years, 1890
to 1907, the relative wages per hour, the relative hours of labor per
week, the relative number of employees covered by the report in the
establishments investigated, and the relative retail prices of food.
Figures are also given in the table, but not used in the chart, which
show relative full-time weekly earnings per employee and relative






_____ RELATIVE WAGES PER HOUR
_____ RELATIVE HOURS PER WEEK
RELATIVE

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES

. RELATIVE RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD
ACCORDING TO AVERAGE
IN 2S67 WORKINGMENS

W EIGHTED

C O NSUM PTION
FAMILIES.

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1901,

7

purchasing power of hourly wages and of full-time weekly earnings
per employee as measured by retail prices of food.
The relative numbers shown are percentages, the base (100.0)
being the average for the ten years 1890 to 1899. An extended
explanation of the reason for selecting this base and of the method
of computing and using the relative number is given on pages 18
to 21.
RELATIVE EMPLOYEES, HOURS PER WEEK, WAGES PER HOUR, FULL-TIME W EEKLY
EARNINGS PER EMPLOYEE, RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, AND PURCHASING POWER
OF HOURLY WAGES AND OF FULL-TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS PER EMPLOYEE,
MEASURED BY RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1907.
[Relative numbers computed on basis of average for 1890-1899=100.0.]

Year.

1890............................................
1891............................................
1892............................................
1893............................................
1894............................................
1895............................................
1896............................................
1897............................................
1898............................................
1899............................................
1900............................................
1901............................................
1902............................................
1903............................................
1904............................................
1905..........................................
1906............................................
1907............................................

Purchasing power
Retail measured by retail
of prices of food, of—
Full-time prices
food,
weekly weighted
Wages
Employ Hours
Full-time
according
per week. per hour. earnings
ees.
per em to family Hourly weekly
ployee. consump wages. earnings
per em
tion.
ployee.
94.8
97.3
99.2
99.4
94.1
96.4
9a 6
100.9
106.4
112.1
115.6
119.1
123.6
126.5
125.7
133.6
142.9
144.4

100.7
100.5
100.5
100.3
99.8
100.1
99.8
99.6
99.7
99.2
9a 7
98.1
97.3
96.6
95.9
95.9
95.4
95.0

100.3
100.3
100.8
100.9
97.9
98.3
99.7
99.6
100.2
102.0
105.5
108.0
112.2
116.3
117.0
118.9
124.2
128.8

101.0
100.8
101.3
101.2
97.7
98.4
99.5
99.2
99.9
101.2
104.1
105.9
109.2
112.3
112.2
114.0
lia s
122.4

102.4
103.8
101.9
104.4
99.7
97.8
95.5
96.3
98.7
99.5
101.1
105.2
110.9
110.3
111.7
112.4
115.7
120.6

97.9
96.6
98.9
96.6
9a 2
100.5
104.4
103.4
101.5
102.5
104.4
102.7
101.2
105.4
104.7
105.8
107.3
106.8

98.6
97.1
99.4
96.9
98.0
100.6
104.2
103.0
101.2
101.7
103.0
100.7
98.5
101.8
100.4
101.4
102.4
101.5

Referring to the foregoing table it is seen that the relative wages
per hour in 1890 were 100.3, indicating that the average wages per
hour in 1890 were 100.3 per cent of the average wages per hour for
the ten years from 1890 to 1899, inclusive, or 0.3 per cent higher
than during the period named. The lowest point reached was in
1894, when the relative wages per hour were 97.9. From 1894 the
movement was upward for two years; in 1897 there was a slight
decline. From 1897 there was an advance each year. In 1907 the
relative wages per hour reached 128.8, or 28.8 per cent more than the
average for 1890 to 1899. Thus it is seen that wages per hour in
1907 in the manufacturing and mechanical industries of the country
were higher than in any other year of the period covered.
In using these relative numbers it must be borne in mind that the
per cent of change between one year and another is not the result of
the subtraction of the two relative numbers. For example, the
relative wages per hour in all industries were 97.9 in 1894 and 128.8



8

BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOB.

in 1907. The difference between these two relative numbers is 30.9.
The increase in wages per hour, however, from 1894 to 1907 was not
30.9 per cent. This difference in the relative numbers (30.9) is 31.6
per cent of 97.9, the relative number for 1894 with which comparison
is made, making the wages per hour in 1907 31.6 per cent higher than
the wages per hour in 1894. The per cent of difference in the relative
numbers for any two years may be computed in like manner.
While wages per hour were higher in the manufacturing and
mechanical industries in 1907 than in any other year covered by this
report, the regular hours of labor per week were lower in 1907 than
in any other year of the period. The table shows that in 1890 the
relative hours of labor per week were 100.7, which means that they
were 100.7 per cent of the average hours of labor per week for the
ten years from 1890 to 1899, or 0.7 per cent more than the average
for that period. From 1890 the weekly hours decreased until 1894,
when the relative number was 99.8. In 1895 there was a slight
increase, after which there was a gradual decrease to the minimum
in 1907, the relative number for that year being 95.0, or 5 per cent
less than the average hours worked during the base period, 1890 to
1899. I t is seen from the table and from the chart that during the
period covered the changes have not been so marked in hours of
labor as in wages per hour, but the general course has been toward
a reduction. The table on page 4 shows that the hours of labor in
1907 were 5.7 per cent lower than in 1890, while wages per hour
were 28.4 per cent higher in 1907 than in 1890.
The relative number of employees covered by the report in the
establishments investigated is shown in the second column of the'
table for each year of the period. The number of employees in each
year covered by~ this investigation indicates in a general way the
change in the number of employees in all of the industries of the
country. As stated on page 5, these numbers, however, can not be
accepted as an exact measurement of such change. The relative
numbers given in this table, for the last few years at least, probably
fall short of showing the general increase in the numbers of employees
in all industries of the country. The table shows that the lowest
number employed was in the year 1894, the relative number for that
year being 94.1, which indicates that the number of employees equaled
94.1 per cent of the average number employed from 1890 to 1899.
So far as the establishments investigated are concerned it is seen that
the number of employees engaged therein gradually increased from
1894 until 1903, when their relative number was 126.5. In the year
1904 there “was a decrease to 125.7; in 1906, however, the relative
number increased to 142.9 and in 1907 to 144.4, the highest for the
eighteen-year period.



WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.

9

The full-time weekly earnings per employee in 1890 are expressed
in the table by the relative number 101.0, meaning that they amounted
to 101.0 per cent of the average full-time weekly earnings for the base
period, 1890 to 1899. The lowest earnings for the eighteen years
covered were in 1894, when they were represented by the relative
number 97.7. There was a gradual increase to 112.3 in 1903, a slight
decrease in 1904, and in 1907 the maximum 122.4 was reached,
showing that in that year full-time weekly earnings exceeded the
average for 1890 to 1899 by 22.4 per cent.
The relative retail prices of food given in this table are brought for
ward from the second article in this Bulletin that a comparison may
be made with relative wages. In 1890 the relative retail price of food
was 102.4; that is, the price in that year was 102.4 per cent of the aver
age retail price from 1890 to 1899, the base period. In 1891, 1892,
and 1893 the relative numbers were 103.8, 101.9, and 104.4, respec
tively. In 1894 there was a sharp decline in the retail price of food,
accompanying the reduction in wages per hour, and the prices con
tinued to decline until 1896 when they reached the lowest figure for
the period covered, or 95.5. After this there was an almost continu
ous increase from year to year until 1907, when the highest price was
reached, the relative price for that year being 120.6, or 20.6 per cent
more than the average for the base period.
The purchasing power of hourly wages as measured by retail prices
of food was lowest in 1891 and 1893, and is expressed by the relative
number 96.6, which shows that an hour’s wages in those years would
purchase only 96.6 per cent as much food as an hour’s wages would
purchase on an average from 1890 to 1899. The figures fluctuated
from year to year but there was an upward trend, the maximum
being reached in 1906, when the relative purchasing power of an hour’s
wages was 107.3. In 1907 there was a slight decline to 106.8.
The purchasing power of a full week’s earnings was greater in 1896
than in any other year of the period covered and is indicated by the
relative number 104.2, which means that it was 104.2 per cent of the
average for the base period, 1890 to 1899. In 1897 and 1900 the
relative purchasing power of a full week’s earnings was 103.0 and
in 1906 it was 102.4, declining to 101.5 in 1907.
The relative wages per hour, the relative hours of labor per week,
and the relative number of employees in each occupation covered
by this investigation are given in Table II, pages 61 to 125. Similar
relative numbers for each industry are given in Table III, pages 126
to 132. These tables give the relative numbers for each year from
1890 to 1907, inclusive, and indicate plainly the changes that have
occurred from year to year.
The following table shows the per cent of increase or decrease in
wages per hour and in hours of labor per week in 1907 as compared



10

BULLETIN OP THE BUBEAU OP LABOR,

with the average for the ten years from 1890 to 1899 in each of the
41 industries covered by this report:
PER CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN WAGES PER HOUR AND IN HOURS OF
LABOR PER W EEK IN 1907 AS COMPARED W IT H THE AVERAGE FOR 1890-1899, BY
INDUSTRIES.
Wages per hour.
Industry.

Agricultural implements............................................................
Bakery, bread.?.........................................................................
Blfl/>.iraTrrit.hiTig and horseshoeing..............................................
Boots and shoes......................??...............................................
Brick............................................................................................
Building trades..........................................................................
C f t . n d y ..... ......... ...................................................................
Carpets........................................................................................
Carriages and wagons................................................................
Cars, steam railroad..................................................................
Clothing, factory product.........................................................
Cotton goods........ .....................................................................
Dyeing, finishing, and printing textiles...................................
Electncal apparatus and supplies.............................................
Flour...........................................................................................
Foundry and machine shop.......................................................
F u rn itu re..................................................................................
Gas..............................................................................................
G la s s ........................................................................................
H a r n e s s...................................................................................
Hats, fu r ....................................................................................
Hosiery and knit goods.............................................................
Iron and steel, bar.....................................................................
Iron and steel, Bessemer converting.........................................
Iron and steel, blast furnace.....................................................
Leather.......................................................................................
Liquors, m a lt............................................................................
Lumber.......................................................................................
Marble and stone work..............................................................
Paper and wood pulp.................................................................
Planing mi ).i................................................................................
P ottery......................................................................................
Printing and binding, book and job..........................................
Printing, newspaper..................................................................
Shipbuilding...............................................................................
Silk goods....................................................................................
Slaughtering and meat packing................................................
Streets and sewers, contract work............................................
Streets and sewers, municipal work..........................................
Tobacco, cigars...........................................................................
Woolen and worsted good s......................................................
Al.| industries....................................................................
a No change.

Hours per week.

Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent
of in
of de
of in
of de
crease.
crease.
crease.
crease.
30.9
28.9
26.4
24.3
22.7
44.6
24.4
17.1
18.3
24.4
15.8
57.5
11.3
22.6
16.0
21.4
27.1
7.7
29.4
23.5
26.4
33.4
40.4
32.6
19.8
11.8
32.9
27.6
25.7
33.3
24 6
13.8
31.0
22.6
20.9
16.9
16.0
45. 7
21.6
32.4
3L9
28.8

(o)

0.6

(&)

3.7
8.4
5.9
4.0
1.5
9.4
<0), 4
40
41
3.3
3.2
.7
6.7
3.3
5.4
4.3
3.9
1.4
41
8.4
2.3
2.1
9.5
.1
13.0
3.1
6.4
10.2
3.6
.2
9.9
5.2
4 3
2.4
(P)

7.3
9.5
.5
2.0
5.0

&Not reported.

The industry showing the greatest increase in wages per hour in
1907 as compared with the average for the ten years from 1890 to
1899 was cotton goods, in which the increase in wages per hour was
57.5 per cent. In street and sewer work done by contractors the
increase in wages per hour was 45.7 per cent. Other industries show
ing an increase of more than 30 per cent are agricultural implements;
building trades; hosiery and knit goods; iron and steel, bar; iron and
steel, Bessemer converting; liquors, malt; paper and wood pulp;
printing and binding, book and job; tobacco, cigars, and woolen and
worsted goods. Eighteen industries show an increase in wages per
hour of from 20 to 30 per cent, and 10 industries show an increase in
wages of from 10 to 20 per cent. In not one of the 41 industries has



WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR, 1890 TO 1901.

11

there been a decrease in wages in 1907 as compared with the average
for the ten-year period 1890 to 1899. The average increase in wages
per hour in all industries, due weight being given to the importance
of the several industries, was 28.8 per cent. The method of weight
ing the several industries is explained on pages 22 to 24.
Thirty-eight of the 41 industries show a decrease in the regular
hours of labor per week in 1907 as compared with the average for the
ten years from 1890 to 1899. The greatest decrease was in the indus
try, liquors, malt, in which the decrease in hours of labor was 13.0 per
cent. The decrease in hours of labor in paper and wood pulp was
10.2 per cent; in printing and binding, book and job, it was 9.9 per
cent; in street and sewer work done by municipalities direct, 9.5 per
cent, and in the building trades, 9.4 per cent. Fourteen of the 41
industries show a decrease in hours of labor in 1907 as compared with
the average for the ten years from 1890 to 1899 of more than 5 per
cent. The only industry showing an increase in hours of labor in
1907 as compared with the average for the period named was iron
and steel, blast furnace, with an increase of 0.6 per cent. The average
decrease in hours of labor in all industries taken as a whole, due weight
being given to the several industries, was 5.0 per cent.
The hours of labor in the slaughtering and meat-packing industries
are not reported for the reason stated in a footnote on page 58.
EXPLANATION OF SCOPE AND METHOD.
This investigation constitutes the fifth of a series relating to
wages and hours of labor. The results of an investigation of wages
and hours of labor in the United States, covering the years from 1890
to 1903, were presented in the Nineteenth Annual Keport of this
Bureau. The results of the second investigation in this series, cov
ering the year 1904, were presented in Bulletin 59; the results of the
third investigation, covering the year 1905, were presented in Bulletin
65; and the results of the fourth investigation, covering the year 1906,
were presented in Bulletin 71.
In making the investigation of rates of wages and hours of labor
the design has been to secure such a quantity of data for the principal
distinctive wage-working occupations in the leading manufacturing
and mechanical industries in the United States as would be fairly
representative of conditions and show the trend of wages and hours of
labor. The investigation covers those industries in which the wages
paid in the United States in one year were $10,000,000 or over as
shown by the census of 1900. The office and field force available for
the prosecution of the work has not admitted of the extension of the
investigation to cover the less important manufacturing industries,
or to cover transportation, mining, agriculture, and the other great
industrial groups.



12

BULLETIN OF THE BUEEAU OF LABOE.

The data presented in this article were secured in all cases by per
sonal visits of special agents of the Bureau to the several establish
ments represented, and have been taken directly from the pay rolls
and other records in existence and available for reference.
An examination of Table I shows that all occupations usually per
taining to the various industries are not covered. As has been
mentioned, this is in accordance with the plan adopted of securing
data for only certain important and distinctive occupations which are
considered representative of each industry. This plan has resulted
in a saving of time in the collection of the data, without materially
affecting the representative character thereof. Data concerning all
occupations engaged in each industry would be desirable, but the
work necessarily has been restricted.
In outlining this investigation it was recognized that a comparison
of wages and hours of labor for one year with those for another year
could not be made for establishments as a whole, owing to the changes
that so often take place in the relative number of persons employed
in the several skilled and unskilled occupations engaged therein, and
that comparisons, therefore, must be made within the limits of the
occupation.
All occupations for which data are presented are not always to be
found in a single establishment; for this reason the number of estab
lishments for which data are reported is not the same for each occu
pation in an industry. The following table shows the industries
covered in this article, the number of different occupations covered
for each industry, the number of establishments in each industry
from which data were secured, and the number of employees in each
industry covered by the data secured:
INDUSTRIES, NUMBER OF OCCUPATIONS AND NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS FROM
WHICH REPORTS WERE SECURED, AND NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES COVERED, 1906
AND 1907.

Industry.

Agricultural implements...........................................................
Bakery, bread.............................................................................
Blacksmithing and horseshoeing..............................................
Boots and shoes....................................................... ................
Brick...........................................................................................
Building trades..........................................................................
Candy..........................................................................................
Carpets........................................................................................
Carriages and wagons................................................................
Cars, steam railroad..................................................................
Clothing, factory product.........................................................
Cotton goods..............................................................................
Dyeing, finishing, and printing textiles...................................
Electrical apparatus and supplies............................................
Flour...........................................................................................
Foundry and machine shop......................................................
Furniture....................................................................................
Glass...........................................................................................
Harness............... ......................................................................
Hats, fur....................................................................................

H osiery and knit g o o d s..................................................................




Number
Number of
estabof occu
lioVi
ilSJlpations. ments.
12
1
3
10
6
20
2
8
7
16
7
6
6
5
5
11
6
4
15
6
14
7

28
158
16IL
54
54
1,515
44
7
74
47
33
33
18
9
47
267
67
CO
SI
(.1
15

Number of em
ployees.
1906.
6,145
2,395
712
5,630
2,736
46,284
1,762
1,531
4,607
33,434
5,375
13,360
1,533
2,804
3,441
26,908
4,868
9,544
5,412
1,853
4,448
5,023

1907.
6,015
2,457
709
5,463
2,669
45.537
1,935
1,546
4,638
35,933
5,457
13.537
1,586
2,865
3,521
27,612
4,669
9,379
5,834
1,811
4,895
4,922

18

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.

INDUSTRIES, NUMBER OF OCCUPATIONS AND NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS FROM
WHICH REPORTS WERE SECURED, AND NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES COVERED, 1906
AND 1907—Concluded.

Industry.

Number
Number of
estab
of occu lish
pations. ments.

Number of em
ployees.
1906.

1907.

Iron and steel, bar....................................................................
Iron and steel, Bessemer converting........................................
Iron and steel, blast furnace....................................................
Leather......... ............................................................................
Liquors, m alt.............................................................................
Lumber.......................................................................................
Marble and stone w ork .............................................................
Paper and wood pulp................................................................
Planing m ill...............................................................................
Pottery.......................................................................................
Printing and binding, book and job........................................
Printing, newspaper..................................................................
Shipbuilding...............................................................................
Silk goods...................................................................................
Slaughtering and meat packing................................................
Streets and sewers, contract work...........................................
Streets and sewers, municipal work.........................................
Tobacco, cigars..........................................................................
Woolen and worsted goods.......................................................

6
6
5
10
8
10
11
14
6
8
8
4
15
12
15
1
1
7
9

28
17
26
65
58
75
207
31
120
12
197
153
41
19
15
131
72
60
29

897
308
1,099
4,750
8,655
11,220
5,458
4,172
7,703
829
7,971
6,038
16,517
7,864
12,460
14,800
25,147
10,996
7,098

913
313
1,217
4,439
9,264
10,979
5,316
4,575
7,764
825
8,227
6,234
16,455
7,873
12,730
14,072
28,179
10,930
7,463

All industries....................................................................

333

4,169

343,787

350,758

From the above table it is seen that data were obtained from
4,169 establishments representing 41 industries and 333 occupations,
and that the data covered 343,787 employees in 1906 and 350,758
employees in 1907. In 30 of the 333 occupations data were secured
and are shown for both males and females in the detail tables.
The work of almost every establishment fluctuates during the year
according to the demands of trade. This fluctuation affects the
number of employees and to some extent the wages and hours of
labor. It was not possible for the limited force of the Bureau to
secure data from the pay rolls of each establishment for an entire
year so that the true average for the year might be computed. The
only method practicable was to secure data from each establishment
for that period of the year which most nearly represented the normal
condition of the establishment during the year.
Employees are either time workers or pieceworkers. Time workers
are persons paid by the hour, day, week, month, or year. The
method of their payment is readily understood, and securing a state
ment of their wages is comparatively easy. The rate per piece paid
to pieceworkers would convey but little information to the general
reader, as all conditions under which the work is performed must be
considered in connection with the piece rate. Also a full report on
piece rates is not possible within the limits of this Bulletin article.
For these reasons piece rates are not shown, but instead are shown
earnings in a definite period of time. Data for pieceworkers were
secured from those establishments only in which a record was kept
of time worked or where the time worked to earn th<? wages paid
could be determined approximately,
49979—No. 77—08----2



14

BULLETIN , OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

A peculiar condition is sometimes found in the work of piece
workers. The speed of a pieceworker is regulated to a great extent
by the amount of work before him. If work is pressing, his speed
is high and his earnings are at their maximum. If work is slack, he
is inclined to reduce his speed, and thus his earnings per hour are
reduced, although no change has been made in his piece rate. In
taking data from the several establishments care was exercised, as
has been stated, to copy figures from the pay roll that most nearly
represented the average or normal working conditions for the year.
All wages have been reduced to earnings per hour, in order that
the data may be comparable. The working day is an uncertain unit,
as the time actually worked may be long or short—eight hours, nine
hours, ten hours, etc.—and the week, month, or year is a still more
indefinite unit of time. Hence all wages, however shown on the
pay rolls, have been reduced to the one definite standard—the rate
per hour. The average wages per hour shown are true averages;
that is, the individual rates of wages per hour of the several employees
are added and the total divided by the number of employees.
In order to meet every possible demand that might be made upon
a statistical publication it would be necessary first to present all
data in minute detail and then to summarize in as many ways as
practicable. An ideal report on wages would show the data for each
individual employee, followed by a summarization showing the true
average rate, the median rate, the quartile and decile rates, the maxi
mum and the minimum rates, the predominant rates, classified rates,
etc. Space and time, however, do not permit the publication in
detail of the great mass of data on which this report is based nor all
the summaries that with propriety might be made. The true average
rate of wages of itself is not a full and complete summary of a series
of rates, but it is believed that no other single expression or limited
group of expressions is so comprehensive and so satisfactory for pur
poses of comparison as the true average rate when used within its
proper sphere and based on accurate data.
An average rate of wages is of little value unless limited to an
occupation. For example, a statement that the average wages of
employees in a shoe factory is a certain number of cents per hour
means but little, as it includes both sexes and many occupations with
their varying degrees of skill, but a statement that the average wages
of male upper cutters in shoe factories were 30.63 cents per hour in
1907 conveys a definite idea. Since all data presented in this report
are for well-defined occupations, it is believed that the average rate
is properly used in this respect.
The average rate of wages does not always express the facts fully
as to the individual employees, for a change in the proportionate
number of employees at different rates will make a change in the



WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1800 ± 0 ‘ 1907.

15

average rate, although no individual person in employment has had a
change made in his rate of wages. The average rate, however, does
represent the occupation as a whole.
Another objection to the use of the true average rate is that it is
always affected, and sometimes quite materially, by the improper
inclusion or exclusion of certain rates, especially if such rates fall at
either extreme of the series of rates. I t is sometimes a matter of
judgment whether or not some particular employee shall be classed
within an occupation, and especially is this true in a nonunion shop,
where the line of demarcation between the helper and the journey
man often is not clear. The inclusion or exclusion of an extremely
high or low rate must always affect, to some extent, the true average
rate, while in a majority of cases it would not affect the median or the
predominant rate. With all of the details given, the careful reader
might accept certain #ratea with allowance or might possibly detect
an error. Inasmuch, however, as all of the field work for this report
was done by experienced agents of the Bureau, it is believed that
few errors exist in such work and that a true average may properly
and safely be made of the data gathered.
In preparing to secure data for 1907 copies were made of the data
for 1906, obtained in the preceding year. These copies were placed in
the hands of the special agents of the Bureau, who visited the estab
lishments and secured 1907 data, and whenever any doubt arose
verified or, if necessary, revised the data for 1906. The agents were
also instructed to secure data from a few additional establishments,
in order to give a better representation for the several industries
and localities covered. Where data were obtained from additional
establishments, figures were taken for both 1906 and 1907. All data
for the two years, 1906 and 1907, shown in this article, therefore, are
from identical establishments, and may properly be compared.
During the course of the field work it was also found that a few of
the establishments heretofore covered had gone out of business.
With some establishments added and others discontinued it will be
seen that the establishments from which data were secured for this
Bulletin differ to some extent from the establishments shown in pre
ceding reports on this subject.
With a change in the establishments reporting, some difference
necessarily must be expected between the average hours of labor and
average wages per hour shown for the year 1906 in Bulletin 71 and in
this Bulletin. Two groups of establishments, even though many
establishments are common to both groups, can not be expected to
show exactly the same averages. Neither statement may be abso
lutely exact for the occupation as a whole throughout the country,
yet if each group embraces a considerable number of establishments
the average rates found may be accepted as representing approxi



16

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

mately the average rate in the occupation considered. The average
based on the larger number of establishments probably would be the
more nearly representative. To secure the exact average rate of
wages and hours of labor for the United States it would be necessary
to take a complete wage census of the United States, and, as previously
stated, such a task is so great as to be practically impossible.
To measure with exactness the movement in Wages and hours of
labor it would not be proper to compare the average for one group
of establishments for 1906 with the average for a different group of
establishments for 1907, nor in practically the same establishments
if any change or substitution of establishments whatever has been
made. Comparison can be made accurately only when the data
compared are obtained from identical establishments. As one of
the principal objects of this series of reports is to measure the change
from year to year as accurately as possible, increases and decreases
from year to year are computed only on data taken from identical
establishments.
A statement of rates of wages is incomplete without an accom
panying statement as to hours of labor, as both factors must be
known to determine the earnings on full time per week, month, or
year. The average hours of labor are given in this report in connec
tion with the average rates of wages. The average hours of labor
shown are true averages, computed in the same manner as the average
wages per hour.
The hours of labor given in this report represent the regular full
time hours of the occupation—that is, the time that the employees
as a class were engaged in work. No account has been taken of
time lost by individual employees, because of a desire not to work, of
bad weather, or of slack work. I t is no part of the purpose of this
article to measure the amount of unemployment, and it must not be
inferred that all employees engaged in the establishments reported
in this article worked full time. To ascertain the time lost in a year
by the employees remaining in the establishments a year would be
a great task, while to ascertain with any accuracy the time lost by
employees who have moved from one establishment to another would
be practically impossible.
The sex of the employees for whom data are presented is shown
for each occupation. In many occupations few, if any, females are
employed, and im other occupations few, if any, males are employed.
In such occupations data are given for one sex only. In a number
of occupations, however, in which many persons of both sexes are
employed, data are presented for both sexes, that the occupation
may be properly represented.
The method of computing the relative numbers given in this report
is set forth in the explanation of Tables II and III in the following
pages.



WAGES AND HOURS OF LAROR^ 1890' TO ‘ 1907.

17

EXPLANATION OF TABLES.
The tabular matter of this article relating to wages and hours of
labor is set forth in five general tables, and in the short tables shown
in the text explaining and summarizing such general tables. The
five general tables are entitled:
T able I.—Average wages and hours of labor, 1906 and 1907, by
occupations and geographical divisions.
T able II.—Relative wages and hours of labor, 1890 to 1907, by
occupations.
T ab le III.—Relative wages and hours of labor, 1890 to 1907, by
industries.
T able IV.—Average wages and hours of labor, 1906 and 1907, in
selected occupations, by cities.
T ab le V.—Average wages and hours of labor, 1906 and 1907, in
selected occupations, by States.
Table 7.—Average wages and hours of Tabor, 1906 and 1907, by
occupations and geographical divisions (pp. 25 to 60).—This table pre
sents a summarization of the data secured for each occupation in each
industry, by geographical divisions and for the United States. The
classification of the States into geographical divisions is as follows:
North Atlantic division:
Connecticut.
Maine.
Massachusetts.
New Hampshire.
New Jersey.
New York.
Pennsylvania.
Rhode Island.
South Atlantic division:
Delaware.
District of Columbia.
Florida.
Georgia.
Maryland.
North Carolina.
South Carolina.
Virginia.
West Virginia.
North Central division:
Illinois.
Indiana.
Iowa.
Kansas.

North Central division—Concluded.
Michigan.
Minnesota.
Missouri.
Nebraska.
Ohio.
South Dakota.
Wisconsin.
South Central division:
Alabama.
Arkansas.
Kentucky.
Louisiana.
Mississippi.
Tennessee.
Texas-.
Western division:
California.
Colorado.
Montana.
Oregon.
Utah.
Washington.

In Table I (p. 25) the second column shows the number of estab
lishments from which data were secured for both 1906 and 1907.
The next two columns show the number of persons employed in 1906
and 1907, respectively, in the establishments from which data were
secured. The two columns following show the average number of



18

B U L L E T S OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR,

hours worked per week in each of the two years in these establish
ments, while the last two columns on the page show the average
wages per hour in each of the two years covered.
The averages shown are true arithmetical averages. They are
obtained by finding the aggregate hours worked per week by all
workers and the aggregate earnings per hour, and dividing these aggre
gates by the total number of persons considered.
An illustration will assist in explaining the table. The figures for
bricklayers in the building trades are presented on page 28. Data
for this occupation were secured for both 1906 and 1907 from 73
establishments in the North Atlantic division. In these establish
ments 1,994 persons were employed in 1906 and 1,928 persons in
1907, a decrease of 66 persons. The average hours of work per week
of these employees were 45.65 in 1906 and 45.67 in 1907, an increase
of 0.02 of an hour per week. In 1906 the average wages per hour were
$0.6103 and in 1907, $0.6148, showing in this occupation an increase
in wages of $0.0045 per hour in the North Atlantic division.
Were the figures shown in Table I not used to measure the trend
from one year to another the decimals of the hour and of the cent
might well be dropped from the table. But while a slight difference
is not material in itself, in the presentation of a representative wage
or period of labor, such difference is very material when indicating a
trend or movement upward or downward in wages or hours of labor.
As stated before, the establishments that reported the data for 1906
shown in this Bulletin are the same as those that reported the data
for 1907, hence there is opportunity for an exact comparison between
the number of employees, the hours of labor, and the wages per hour
in 1906 and in 1907, and the figures may safely be used to indicate
and measure the trend or movement upward or downward of em
ployees, hours, and wages in the several occupations and localities
covered.
Table II.—Relative wages and hours of labor, 1890 to 1907, by occupa
tions (pp. 61 to 125).—In Table I actual or concrete numbers only
are shown, and such figures relate only to the two years 1906 and
1907. No attempt has been made to join the actual numbers express
ing employees, hours, and wages for 1907 to the actual numbers for
the period from 1890 to 1906, shown in the Nineteenth Annual Report
and in Bulletins 59, 65, and 71. On page 16 an explanation has been
given why such a combination can not be made.
By the use of the relative numbers, however, presented in Table II,
an opportunity is given to study the extent of the change or trend in
wages, hours of labor, and the number of employees during the period
from 1890 to 1907, inclusive, in each occupation covered. The rela
tive numbers given in Table II are percentages which indicate the
relative standing of any one year when the actual figures for that
year are compared with a definite base or standard of measurement.



WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.

19

The base adopted as a standard for comparison is an average for the
ten years 1890 to 1899.
In explanation of this table an illustration may be taken. On
page 66 there is given the relative number of employees, the relative
hours per week, and the relative wages per hour of bricklayers each
year from 1890 to 1907, inclusive. Under relative wages per hour
the first relative number given is 100.0, the average for the ten years
from 1890 to 1899, which is taken as the standard of measurement.
Opposite 1890 is given the relative number 98.4, indicating that
wages per hour in 1890 were 98.4 per cent of the average wages per
hour during the ten-year period named. An examination of the
other figures in the column shows that wages per hour increased
during the next three years; in 1894 they decreased, .however, to
98.6. For a few years there Was no great change, but beginning with
1899 there was marked advance each year until in 1907 the relative
wages per hour were 140.9, meaning that the wages per hour in that
year were 140.9 per cent of the average wages per hour during the
ten years 1890 to 1899, or in other words, 40.9 per cent higher than
the average wages during that period.
Possibly these relative numbers might be more easily understood
if some one year were taken as the standard of comparison, but
because of abnormal conditions that might exist in any single year
in certain occupations or industries, it has been deemed advisable
to use the broader base, the average for a decade.
•The value of the relative number is (1) that it enables the reader
to see more readily the extent of the change in wages, hours of labor,
and number of employees of an occupation; (2) that it permits the
combination of the wage data of the several occupations of an indus
try when an average of the actual money wages, for the industry,
as explained on page 12, would be a number of no significance, and
(3) that it permits the continuation of a series of data when, for any
reason, figures from one establishment are discontinued and figures
from another establishment showing somewhat different wages and
hours of labor are substituted, which data, though differing somewhat
from those formerly quoted, equally well represent the trend of wages
and hours of labor in the occupation and industry considered.
In Table I I the figures for the years from 1890 to 1903 are from the
Nineteenth Annual Report, the figures for 1904 are from Bulletin 59,
the figures for 1905 from Bulletin 65, and the figures for 1906 from
Bulletin 71; the figures for 1907 were obtained by computation from
the data presented in Table I.
An illustration will best explain the method of computing relative
numbers and the method of attaching one series of data to another
by use of the relative number. Data were secured for the Nine
teenth Annual Report from 212 establishments in the United States
employing bricklayers in the building trades for each year from 1890



20

feULLETi^r OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

to 1903. The following table shows the number of bricklayers
employed each year in the 212 establishments and the relative num
bers computed therefrom:
ACTUAL AND RELATIVE NUMBER OF BRICKLAYERS EMPLOYED IN 212 BUILDING
ESTABLISHMENTS, 1890 TO 1903.
[From the Nineteenth Annual Report. Average number for 1890-1899=100.0.]
Y ear.

>rage 1890-1899.................................................................................................................

1890.l ..........................................................................................................................................
1891
1892
1893
1894[ ......................................................................................................................................
1895
1896
1897
1898!................................................................................................... *.................... j.................
. .............................................................................................................................
1899l
19001............................................................................................................................................
1901
1902
1903

R e la tiv e
N u m b er of
em p lo y ees. n u m b er of
em p lo y ees.
4,355
4,422
4.892
4,967
4,535
4,055
3,841
3,998
4,010
4,150
4,675
4,576
. 5 ,142
4,781
5 ,062

100 .0
101.5
112.3
114.1
104.1
9 3.1
8 8 .2
9 1 .8
9 2.1
9 5 .3
107 .3
105.1
118.1
1 09.8
1 16.2

The average number of persons employed for the ten years from
1890 to 1899 was first computed by adding the number of employees
in the ten years and dividing by ten. This average number, 4,355,
was adopted as a base or standard for comparison. The number of
employees in the 212 establishments in 1890 was 4,422, which was
found by computation to be 101.5 per cent of 4,355, the base number.
Therefore the relative number of employees in 1890 was 101.5. The
relative number was computed in like manner for each succeeding
year. In looking down the two columns the reader will see that the
relative numbers convey a clearer idea of the extent of the change in
the number of employees from year to year in the establishments
reporting than do the actual numbers themselves.
Data for bricklayers were secured for Bulletin 59 from 229 estab
lishments for 1903 and 1904. As these establishments differed to
some extent from those shown for the years 1890 to 1903 in the Nine
teenth Annual Report, direct comparison can not properly be made
between the number of employees in 1904 shown in Bulletin 59 and
the number in 1903 reported from the 212 establishments in the
Nineteenth Annual Report. For the establishments covered in
Bulletin 59, however, comparison could be made between the num
ber of persons employed in the two years as shown in Table I of that
report. In the 229 establishments 4,853 bricklayers were employed
in 1903 and 4,644 in 1904. The number employed in 1904 was 95.69
per cent of the number employed in 1903. As shown in the above
text table, the relative number of employees in 1903 was 116.2 as
compared with the average number from 1890 to 1899, and, as just
stated, the number of employees in 1904 was 95.69 per cent of the
number in 1903, therefore the relative number in 1904 in the series
from 1890 to 1904 would be 95.69 per cent of 116.2, or 111.2. I t



WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 4890* TO 1907.

21

must not be understood that the number of employees (4,644) in 1904
in the 229 establishments is 111.2 per cent of the average number
(4,355) for the ten-year period, 1890 to 1899, in the 212 establish
ments, but that the relative figures in the'series from 1890 to 1904,
calculated as above, show conditions as to the number of bricklayers
employed in the occupation generally so far as can be determined
from the establishments investigated.
Data were secured for bricklayers for Bulletin 65 from 209 estab
lishments for both 1904 and 1905, the greater number of which estab
lishments furnished the data for 1904, which were published in Bul
letin 59. The number of employees reported by these 209 establish
ments was 4,341 for 1904 and 4,365 for 1905; the number in 1905
was 100.55 per cent of the number in 1904. By applying this per
centage to the relative number for 1904 (111.2) the relative number
for 1905 is found to be 111.8. The relative numbers for 1906 and 1907
were computed in the same manner and the series for the full period
of 18 years appears on page 66.
In using the relative numbers it should be borne in mind that the
difference between the relative numbers in any two years does not
represent the per cent of increase or decrease in the actual numbers.
For example, the relative number of bricklayers in the building trades
in 1890 was 101.5. The relative number in 1907 was 115.7. The
difference in the relative numbers is 14.2, and this difference is 14.0
per cent of 101.5—that is, the number of bricklayers employed* so far
as can be determined from the establishments covered, was 14.0 per
cent greater in 1907 than in 1890.
The few new occupations incorporated in this report can not have
relative numbers shown for them, because no data were secured for
them in the years adopted as the base period.
Table HT,;—Relative wages and hours of labor, 1890 to 1907, by indus
tries ( pp. 126 to 182),—This table presents the relative numbers for
each industry as a whole, in the same form as the relative numbers for
each occupation are presented in Table II.
The table shows the trend of wages and hours of labor in the occu
pations of an industry taken as a whole. The average wages of all
employees in an industry, irrespective of occupation, may differ to
some extent, possibly, from the figures here shown, because of a
change during the period in the proportionate number of employees
in the several occupations. The table is intended to show changes
as regards the same or like employees, rather than changes in which
the establishment is considered as the unit.
Like Table II, Table III embraces three divisions, relating to the
number of employees in the several years, the hours of work per
week, and the wages per hour. The base on which the relative num
ber is computed is the average for the ten-year period, 1890-1899.
By reference to the table, page 126, it is seen that in 1890 the number of



22

BULLETIN, OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

employees engaged in the agricultural implement industry was 86.2
per cent of the average number employed during the ten-year period,
1890 to 1899. In each of the years thereafter a greater number was
employed than in 1890, the highest being in 1906, when 33.3 per cent
more persons were employed in the occupations and establishments
covered in this industry than the average during the base period. In
1906 the number employed was 30.5 per cent more than the average
number employed during the ten-year base period. With this expla
nation, the other columns of the table relating to hours per week and
wages per hour will be readily understood.
The method of computation originally employed in preparing this
table was to add the relative numbers under each heading for all of the
occupations of an industry and divide the sum by the number of
occupations entering into the total. Changes in the industries from
year to year, however, have required the dropping out of some occu
pations and the taking on of others. Because of such changes the
method now followed in computing the relative numbers for the indus
try is to compute for employees, hours, and wages in each occupation
shown in Table I the per cent which the figures of the current year are
of the figures for the preceding year; the percentages for all the occu
pations in the industry are then added and the sum divided by the
number of occupations. The index for the industry for the preced
ing year is then multiplied by this average percentage to determine
the index or relative number for the year under consideration.
For example, the percentages of the wages per hour in 1907 as com
pared with the wages per hour in 1906 in each of the several occupa
tions of the industry, liquors, malt, were as follows:
Bottlers, wages in 1907 were 112.96 per cent of wages in 1906.
Cellar men’s wages in 1907 were 102.93 per cent of wages in 1906.
Coopers’ wages in 1907 were 101.28 per cent of wages in 1906.
Drivers’ wages in 1907 were 101.11 per cent of wages in 1906.
. Fermenters’ wages in 1907 were 102.39 per cent of wages in 1906.
Kettle men’s wages in 1907 were 102.68 per cent of wages in 1906.
Malt house men’s wages in 1907 were 104.88 per cent of wages in 1906.
Washers’ wages in 1907 were 103.72 per cent of wages in 1906.
The total of these percentages is 831.95. Dividing by the number of occupations (8)
the average is 103.99.

The relative wages per hour in the industry, liquors, malt, in 1906
were 127.8, and 103.99 per cent of this relative number is 132.9, which
number thus represents the relative wages per hour of this industry
as a whole in 1907.
In computing the relative numbers shown in Table III each occu
pation has been given an equal weight, because no satisfactory data
are available by which to weight the several occupations. When
both sexes were reported in an occupation, each sex was considered
a separate occupation in the computation.
In computing the figures for the summary for the United States
shown on page 7 each industry has been given a weight in proportion



WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 iO 1907.

23

to the amount of wages paid therein, as shown by the United States
census of 1900. This was deemed to be the most equitable method
of making allowance for the greater or less importance of the seweral
industries. The agricultural implement industry is an important
industry, but by no means so great as the building industry of the
country; therefore allowance for the importance of each industry was
deemed necessary, and the most satisfactory method of weighting is
believed to be the weighting in proportion to the wages paid in the
several industries. In computing this weighted average the relative
number or index for a year for each industry was multiplied by the
wages paid in each industry, respectively, as shown by the United
States census of 1900, expressed in the nearest $100,000. The prod
ucts were then added and the sum divided by the total wages paid in
the industries represented. When the industry classification differed
from that given by the United States census, the wages paid were
estimated from the census figures. Street and sewer work, not
reported as such by the census, was estimated from the best available
data—that is, the wages paid in the District of Columbia. When two
or more industries shown separately in this report were classed as one
industry by the census, the relative numbers for the several industries
were added, and the totals divided by the number of subindustries
to obtain a relative number for the general industry as shown by the
census. The figures of the census of manufactures of 1905 can not be
used satisfactorily as a new basis of weighting the several industries
shown in this report because that census was limited to work done
under the factory system and did not include the mechanical trades.
The following table shows the relative wreight accorded to each
industry:
WEIGHT OF EACH INDUSTRY ACCORDING TO WAGES PAID.
[The weight given to each industry was determined by the wages paid, expressed in the nearest $100,000,
as shown by the United States census of 1900.]
Industry.

Weight. ;•

Industry.

Agricultural implements.........................
Bakery, bread..........................................
Blacksmithing and horseshoeing............
Boots and shoes......................................
Brick........................................................
Building trades.......................................
C andy.....................................................
Carpets.....................................................
Carriages and wagons.............................
Cars, steam railroad..............................
Clothing...................................................
Cotton goods...........................................
Dyeing, finishing, and printing textiles..
Electrical apparatus and supplies..........
Flour........................................................
Foundry and machine shop....................
Furniture................................................
Gas...........................................................
Glass........................................................
Harness....................................................

225
279
180
592
219
a 2,127
109
111
298
1,194
794
867
127
202
177
1,822
426
124
271
107

Hats, fur................................................
Hosiery and knit goods.........................
Iron and steel........................................
Leather..................................................
Liquors, m alt.........................................
Lumber..................................................
Marble and stone work..........................
Paper and wood pulp............................
Planing m ill...........................................
Pottery...................................................
Printing and publishing........................
Shipbuilding...........................................
Silk goods...............................................
Slaughtering and meat packing............
Streets and sewers.................................
Tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes.............
Woolen and worsted goods...................

&151
244
1,208
226
258
1,046
287
207
327
177
842
248
210
339
c395
409
448

Total.............................................

17,273

Weight.

o Including census figures for carpentering, masonry, plumbing, painting and paper hanging, and
one-half of roofing, architectural iron, electrical construction, and tinsmithing.
b Including census figures for wool hats.
c Estimated from wages paid, in the District of Columbia.




24

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

In preparing the figures for the Nineteenth Annual Report, in
order to ascertain the difference, if any, between the results obtained
by the method adopted for the computation of the relative number
or index for all industries and the results secured by other methods,
the relative wages were computed by three other methods—first,
by giving all occupations an equal weight; second, by giving each
industry an equal weight; and, third, by giving each industry a
weight in proportion to the number of employees engaged in the
industry as shown by the census of 1900. The results obtained by
the four different methods were very nearly the same, and any one
of the three other methods might not improperly have been used.
Several industries of lesser importance shown in the Nineteenth
Annual Report have not been continued. In order to determine
what difference there would be in the relative numbers for all indus
tries if computed only from the industries retained, relative numbers
for the industries retained were computed for 1890 and 1903. I t
was found that the relative numbers for 1903 based on 42 industries
were practically the same as those based on the 67 industries included
in the Nineteenth Annual Report—the variation being not more
than one-tenth of 1 per cent for employees, for hours, or for wages.
Table IV.—Average wages and hours of labor, 1906 and .1907, in
selected occupations, by cities (pp. 183 to 162).—In this table the aver

age wages and hours of labor of the most important general occupa
tions are shown by cities. Like Table I, it comprises three divisions,
relating to the number of employees covered, the average hours of
work per week, and the average wages per hour, respectively. Cities
in which data were secured from only one establishment have been
omitted from this table to avoid identification and possible insuf
ficient representation, except for the occupation of laborers on streets
and sewers, employed directly by the cities.
The first occupation shown in Table IV (p. 133) is bakers. The
first line relates to wages in Albany, N. Y., and shows that in the
two establishments from which data for bakers were secured, 10
men were employed in 1906 and 10 in 1907, the average hours per
week were 60 in 1906 and 60 in 1907, and the average wages per
hour, $0.2300 in 1906 and $0.2383 in 1907.
Table V.—Average wages and hours of labor, 1906 and 1907, in
selected occupations, by States {pp. 163 to 180).—In this table the aver

age wages and hours of labor of certain important occupations are
shown by States. The data are not presented by localities, as in
many instances the identity of the establishments furnishing the data
might be disclosed by such classification. The form of this table is
like that of Table IY, and needs no explanation.




25

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, '1890 TO 1907.
T able I .—

AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS.

A G R IC U L T U R A L , IM P L E M E N T S .

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Average3 wages
per 1:tour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Blacksmiths, male:
North A tlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

4
15
2
2

34
192
12
w 14

33
159
10
26

59.79
58.63
60.00
54.00

57.88
60.38
57.60
54.00

$0.2139
.2643
.2748
.3607

$0.2361
.2839
.2878
.3686

United States...........................................

23

252

228

58.59

59.17

.2634

.2868

Blacksmiths, machine, male:
North A tlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

3
11
1

71
342
23

68
364
25

59.96
58.75
60.00

59.56
58.85
56.00

.2712
.3205
.3174

.2617
.3077
.2947

United States...........................................

15

436

457

59.01

58.80

.3123

.3001

Dippers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

4
11
1

35
186
6

36
191
3

59.94
58.64
60.00

59.44
58.69
56.00

.2128
.2538
.2684

.2228
.2449
.3607

United States...........................................

16

227

230

58.88

58.77

.2478

.2429

Fitters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

4
14
2

282
769
25

167
751
21

59.29
58.40
60.00

59.10
58.38
56.95

.2177
.2536
.2921

.2211
.2589
.2810

United States...........................................

20

1,076

939

58.67

58.48

.2451

.2527

'Grinders, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

4
13
2
1

68
386
35
4

55
403
28
4

58.68
58.87
60.00
54.00

58.73
58.91
56.71
54.00

.2297
.2985
.2879
.2500

.2550
.2956
.2802
.2778

United States...........................................

20

493

490

58.88

58.72

.2879

.2900

Machine woodworkers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
N orth Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

4
14
2
2

89
353
25
10

75
348
22
13

58.76
58.57
60.00
54.00

58.80
58.64
56.55
54.00

.2028
.2494
.2380
.3277

.2114
.2457
.2453
.3440

United States...........................................

22

477

458

58.59

58.43

.2417

.2428

Machinists, male:
North A tlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central......................................... ,..
Western........................................................

4
13
1
2

109
481
5
57

117
499
4
41

59.85
57.94
60.00
54.00

58.97
57.78
56.00
54.00

.2335
.2751
.2900
.3347

.2485
.2746
.3000
.3746

United States...........................................

20

652

661

57.93

57.74

.2735

.2764

Molders, iron, male:
North A tlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

4
12
2
2

238
724
10
16

198
759
9
23

59.87
57.99
60.00
54.00

59.09
58.05
59.56
54.00

.2614
.2930
.2983
.4026

.2781
.2818
.3101
.4420

United States...........................................

20

988

989

58 40

58.18

.2872

.2850

Molders, iron, machine, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

2
5
1

101
834
34

103
921
36

60.00
58.39
60.00

60.00
58.39
56.00

.2452
.2388
.3241

.2439
.2432
.3136

United States...........................................

8

969

1,060

58.61

58.47

.2425

.2456

Painters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

4
15
2
2

37
318
25
5

20
261
22
5

59.86
bS. 36
60.00
54.00

57.50
58.41
56.55
54.00

.2412
.2667
.3225
.3385

.2364
.2753
.3146
.3722

United States...........................................

23

385

308

58.56

58.14

.2688

.2771




BULLETIN- OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

m
T able

I . —AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.
A G R I C U L T U R A L , I M P L E M E N T S —Concluded.

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Average wages
per hour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Pattern makers, metal, male:
North. Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

4
11
1

23
94
5

23
94
9

5a 87
58.34
60.00

58.70
58.50
56.00

$0.2437
.2746
.2650

$0.2502
.2804
.2406

United States...........................................

16

122

126

58.70

58.36

.2684

.2720

Pkttera makers, wood, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

4
15
2

16
48
4

16
50
3

59.75
57.81
54.00

58.13
57.78
54.00

.2741
.3065
.4583

.2756
.3106
.5371

United States...........................................

21

68

69

58.04

57.70

.3078

.3123

BAKERY, BREAD.
Bakers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
W estern........ .............................................

48
21
45
22
17

1,112
206
729
145
203

1,139
232
735
145
206

61.18
60.00
57.48
67.49
59.59

61.32
59.44
57.61
66.39
58.51

$0.2507
.2399
.2572
.2100
.3280

$0.2513
.2454
.2580
.2177
.3478

United States...........................................

153

2,395

2,457

60.20

60.09

.2558

.2589

B L A C K S M I T H I N G A N D H O R S E S H O E IN G .
Blacksmiths, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

11
3
9
3
5

33
8
20
7
23

32
8
19
8
25

58.03
57.25
58.35
59.14
52.17

56.78
57.25
58.32
59.25
52.04

$0.2691
.2500
.2839
.2790
.4037

$0.2809
.2500
.2754
.3004
.4657

United States...........................................

31

91

92

56.64

56.07

.3055

3290

Horseshoers, floor men, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western........................................................

42
17
47
18
17

114
42
128
32
35

119
41
126
29
35

53.75
55.24
54.42
54.41
53.03

53.46
55.12
54.33
54.31
53.00

.3130
.2790
.3215
.2701
.4052

.3297
.2876
.3345
.2896
.4289

United States...........................................

141

351

350

54.16

53.99

.3173

.3331

Horseshoers, forgemen, male: (a)
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western....................................*...................

41
17
43
18
16

99
29
91
28
23

97
29
91
27
23

53.76
55.52
54.81
54.71
53.00

53.51
55.52
54.57
54.30
53.00

.3580
.3225
.3<*52
.3326
.4492

.3684
.3249
.3813
.3496
.4728

United States...........................................

135

270

267

54.34

54.12

.3618

.3751

BO O TS AND SH O ES.
Closers-on, female:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

31
15

180
113

193
126

56 04
57.82

54.56
57.83

$0.1888
.1878

$0.1898
.1914

United States...........................................

46

293

319

56.73

55.85

.1884

.1905




a Including fitters.

27

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1901.
T a b l e I . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

B O O T S A N D S H O E S —Concluded.
Num
ber of
estab-

Occupation and geographical division.

Number of
employees.

lio h
llSJa-

ments. 1906.

Average
hours
per week.

Average wages
per hour.

1907.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Cutters, outsole, male:
N orth Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

25
13

109
61

104
69

56.91
58.16

56.70
58.39

$0.2602
.2507

$0.2680
.2537

United States...........................................

38

170

173

57.36

57.38

.2568

.2623

Cutters, upper, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

32
15

1,201
561

1,066
610

55.82
57.71

55.72
57.21

.2867
.2878

.3066
.3058

United States...........................................

47

1,762

1,676

56.42

56.26

.2870

.3063

Edge trimmers, male:
N orth Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

31
15

304
118

272
123

55.66
57.85

55.82
57.57

.3730
.3767

.3957
.4088

United States...........................................

46

422

395

56.27

56.37

.3740

.3998

Goodyear stitchers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

26
15

209
105

208
104

55.25
57.72

55.34
57.13

.3897
.3730

.3850
.4193

United States...........................................

41

314

312

56.08

55.94

.3841

.3964

Heel trimmers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

30
15

104
46

96
46

55.91
57.17

55.63
57.15

.4061
.3878

.4079
.4060

United States...........................................

45

150

142

56.30

56.12

.4005

.4073

Lasters, machine, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................

31
15

575
387

586
423

56.83
56.90

56.10
56.49

.3037
.3202

.3097
.3267

United States...........................................

1ft

962

1,009

56.86

56.27

.3103

.3168

McKay stitchers, male:
North A tlantic............................................
N orth Central..............................................

25
8

83
20

77
20

56.37
59.20

55.96
59.20

.3004
.3157

.2936
.2942

United States...........................................

33

103

97

56.92

56.63

.3034

.2938

Treers, male:
North A tlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

22
13

493
134

439
155

55.46
57.23

55.69
56.87

.2437
.2608

.2734
.2775

United States...........................................

35 .

627

594

55.84

56.00

.2474

.2744

Vampers, male:
North A tlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

16
5

113
19

120
33

55.09
56.47

55.28
56.24

.3122
.2948

.3102
.3153

United States...........................................

21

132

153

55.29

55.49

.3097

.3113

Vampers, female:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

31
15

425
270

343
250

56.09
57.81

55.70
57.64

.2410
.2123

.2473
.2242

United States...........................................

46

695

593

56.76

56.52

.2299

.2375

B R IC K .
Brick-machine tenders, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
W estern.......................................................

16
7
15
7
7

150
68
57
73
11

143
69
55
49
11

50.18
59.47
55.37
59.63
51.82

50.08
59.48
55.20
59.45
51.64

$0.2210
.1660
.2403
.1592
.2962

$0.2263
. 1673
.2504
.1687
.3045

United States...........................................

52

359

327

54.74

54.38

.2034

.2119




28

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUR EAU OF LABOR.

T a b l e I . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

B R I C K —Concluded.

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours;
per week.

Average wages
pernour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Grinding-machine tenders, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

3
4
6
2

8
8
14
5

9
8
16
5

50.25
60.00
54.00
54.00

51.00
60.00
54.75
54.00

$0.2019
.1719
.2265
.2333

$0.1950
.1719
.2248
.2333

United States...........................................

15

35

38

54.51

54.87

.2094

.2077

Kiln firemen, male: («)
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

16
8
15
8
7

64
56
86
65
21

64
51
84
58
21

81.31
80.39
84.00
74.68
70.67

80.88
80.59
84.00
72.93
70.67

.1664
.1410
.1909
.1284
.2932

.1706
.1451
.1977
.1378
.3095

United States...........................................

54

292

278

79.68

79.34

.1694

.1777

Kiln setters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

16
6
14
8
7

66
28
69
37'
21

68
26
67
30
23

58.36
57.64
56.00
60.59
48.86

58.24
57.46
55.88
60.93
49.04

.2133
.2278
.2960
.2198
.3775

.2271
.2234
.3049
.2064
.3910

United States...........................................

51

221

214

57.00

56.79

.2577

.2657

Laborers, male:
North A tlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

16
8
15
8
7

391
329
365
291
142

398
331
364
271
142

58.89
59.34
57.16
60.16
52.84

58.92
59.35
57.15
60.20
52.56

.1579
.1483
.2152
.1515
.2817

.1621
.1530
.2216
.1522
.2913

United States...........................................

54

1,518

1,506

58.25

58.22

.1800

.1849

Offbearers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central...............................................
Western.......................................................

10
6
13
7
5

89
55
105
42
20

91
48
109
38
20

53.66
52.58
52.17
59.95
49.35

53.80
51.88
52.35
59.95
49.35

.1765
.1701
.2428
.1371
.2847

.1818
.1705
.2544
.1413
.2825

United States...........................................

41

311

306

53.54

53.45

.1994

.2074

B U IL D IN G T R A D E S.
Bricklayers, male:
North A tlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
W estern.......................................................

73
32
69
27
21

1,994
626
1,770
397
378

1,928
496
1,591
419
385

45.65
49.08
46.73
49.63
44.93

45.67
48.70
46.90
49.16
44.80

$0.6103
.5754
.6105
.6026
.8203

$0.6148
.5763
.6215
.6279
.8286

United States...........................................

222

5,165

4,819

46.69

46.62

.6209

.6313

Carpenters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

74
33
69
29
20

2,788
998
2,161
632
626

3,020
1,057
2,115
640
554

47.04
49.42
48.54
53.47
46.24

46.62
49.29
48.07
52.64
45.71

.4205
.3605
‘ .3964
.3205
.5143

.4575
.3762
.4193
.3460
.5711

United States...........................................

225

7,205

7,386

48.31

47.87

.4043

.4338

a Attend the fires in the kiln. Reported as kiln burners in the Nineteenth Annual Report of this Bu
reau and in Bulletins 59, 65, and 71.




29

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T a b l e I . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

B U I L D I N G T R A D E S —Continued.

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estabUQU
11SQments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Averageb wages
per 1lour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Cornice makers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South A tlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

25
11
33
10
8

418
109
340
96
75

410
106
331
113
93

47.03
49.06
48.77
50.19
45.47

46. 31
48.94
49.13
50.27
44.98

$0.4392
.3984
.4098
.3584
.5984

$0.4468
.4049
.4273
.3717
.6373

United States...........................................

87

1,038

1,053

47.99

47.77

.4293

.4452

Gas fitters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

17
7
30
10
13

67
35
82
31
41

63
33
94
31
36

46.18
49.14
46.73
47.90
44.29

46.22
49.36
47.01
47.90
44.44

.4881
.3853
.4831
.4627
.7454

.5029
.3807
.5177
.4637
.7813

United States...........................................

77

256

257

46.67

46.87

.5106

.5269

Hod carriers, male: («)
North Atlantic............................................
South A tlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

94
38
105
31
43

2,487
657
2,718
405
535

2,207
528
2,494
374
493

45.98
48.81
47.25
51.75
45.10

46.14
48.65
47.16
50.53
44.69

.3258
.2455
.3142
.2063
.4624

.3230
.2489
.3152
.2297
.4788

United States...........................................

311

6,802

6,096

47.03

46.92

.3170

.3202

Inside wire men, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

28
17
34
13
9

589
249
459
105
130

578
241
478
100
126

46.59
50.81
48.42
52.91
47.14

46.47
50.50
48.02
51.42
46.60

.4227
.3633
.3940
.3140
.4488

.4253
.3785
.4193
.3444
.4658

United States...........................................

101

1,532

1,523

48.30

47.93

.3992

.4140

Laborers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

57
29
61
27
16

2,555
975
2,477
558
389

2,597
727
3,007
717
318

54.85
54.82
55.50
55.82
49.01

53.57
54.33
55.98
54.82
49.11

.1878
.1482
.2176
.1596
.2878

.1990
.1602
.2170
.1702
.2911

United States...........................................

190

6,954

7,366

54.83

54.56

.1962

.2037

Lathers, metal, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

6
6
2
7

126
55
17
80

96
55
14
92

44.32
45.00
44.00
44.90

44.38
45.15
44.00
44.30

.4949
.5344
.5000
.6930

.4955
.5513
.5000
.7425

United States...........................................

21

278

257

44.60

44.49

.5600

.5961

Lathers, wood, male:
North A tlantic............................................
South A tlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

10
9
21
8
8

80
37
174
50
165

70
37
178
61
155

45.25
47.46
47.78
49.20
45.09

45.20
47.68
47.90
48.98
44.46

.4449
.3824
.4426
.4296
.7911

.4534
.3678
.4483
.4207
.7526

501- 46.62

46.57

.5509

.5338

United States...........................................

56

506

Painters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central.............................................
Western.......................................................

66
31
65
24
25

1,699
544
1,528
409
386

1,643
547
1,498
436
373

47.47
49.47
47.46
48.89
45.36

46.98
49.37
47.44
48.89
45.05

.3722
.3455
.3854
.3420
.5092

.3867
.3584
.4006
.3551
.5298

United States...........................................

211

4,566

4,497

47.65

47.45

.3823

.3967

a Including men who mix mortar and wait on bricklayers, plasterers, and stone masons, whether or
not a hod is used.

49979— No. 77—0 8 ---- 3



30

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

T a b l e I * — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

B U I L D I N G T R A D E S —Continued.

Occupation and geographical division.

Average
hours
per week.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

1906.

1907.

1906.

Average wages
per hour.
1907.

Paper hangers, male:
N orth Atlantic. . ............................... . .......
South A tlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western......................’................................

37
14
35
12
18

320
152
252
93
134

322
137
249
96
123

48.49
50.28
48.54
49.61
45.58

47.99
49.80
49.68
49.44
45.56

$0.4280
.3959
.4021
.3733
.5111

$0.4437
.4099
.4186
.3879
.5492

United States...........................................

116

951

927

48.49

48.54

.4224

.4402

Plasterers, male:
North Atlantic..... ......................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............. . ..............................
South Central.................................... ........
Western......................................................

49
26
52
21
18

835
357
687
163
235

835
389
766
179
245

45.26
49.39
46.19
49.48
45.55

45.21
49.22
45.82
49.01
44.93

.5890
.5424
.6006
.5490
.7511

.6077
.5517
. 6219
.5600
.7855

United States...........................................

166

2,277

2,414

46.52

46.30

.5991

.6177

Plumbers, male:
North A tlantic............................................
South A tla n tic................ ..........................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
Western-.....................................................

72
31
67
28
21

848
244
690
222
312

818
247
656
248
296

46.17
49.10
46.71
47.75
44.86

46.16
49.24
46.38
47.77
44.43

.5085
.4732
.5129
.5072
.7376

.5224
.4848
.5438
.5371
.7677

United States..........................................

219

2,316

2,265

46.62

46.51

.5350

.5582

26
8
27
9
11

307
55
301
139
99

322
61
282
139
119

50.91
54.64
52.27
56.33
47.92

50.68
54.18
5L59
56.24
47.36

.2810
.2267
.3509
.1718
.4326

.2905
.2324
.3535
.1746
.4581

Roofers, gravel and tar, male:
North A tlantic...........................................
South Atlantic...........................................
North Central............................................. South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................
United States...........................................

81

901

923

52.10

51.60

.3008

.3100

Roofers, slate and tile, male:
North A tlantic............................................
South Atlantic................. ..........................
North Central..............................................
South Central...............................................
W estern.......................................................

26
10
25
6
3

130
64
102
37
16

120
75
92
35
12

49.08
50.63
49.06
48.97
46.00

49.10
48.73
48.40
49.03
46.33

.3900
.4048
.4078
.3683
.6094

.3946
.4285
.4030
.3847
.6146

United States........................... ...............

70

349

334

49.20

48.72

.4057

.4114

Roofers, tin, male:
North A tlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central.. . . . . ..... .............................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

40
23
35
15
5

321
160
314
124
58

337
154
359
129
29

47.10
5a 09
49.87
49.27
45.31

46.99
49.71
49.46
49.20
44.69

.4170
.3433
.3508
.3664
.6412

.4297
.3443
.3685
.3838
.6272

United States...........................................

118

977

1,008

48.65

48.50

.3905

.3947

Steamfitters, male:
North A tlantic............................................
South A tlantic............................................
North Central......... ............. .....................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

43
11
50
10
15

431
81
393
67
87

434
75
374
52
81

46.91
49.26
47.36
47.78
44.69

47.07
49.00
47.02
47.65
44.94

.4751
.4540
.4957
.4662
.7076

.4820
.4507
-5170
.5085
.7244

United States...........................................

129

1,059

1,016

47.13

47.06

.4997

.5133

Stone masons, male:
North Atlantic...........................................
South A tlantic......................................... .
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

40
9
32
6
11

334
96
259
35
109

290
69
246
35
95

47.49
51.98
48.07
49.46
44.77

47.34
51.17
47.63
49.46
44.84

. 4773
.4670
.5264
.4629
.6147

.4931
.4583
. 54C4
.4743
.6388

United States...........................................

98

833

735

47.91

47.57

.5087

.5256




31

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T able

t . —AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

W J U D I N G T R A D E S —Concluded.
Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab 
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Occupation and geographical division.

Stone setters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central............ ....................... ........
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................
United States..... .....................................

Average
hours
..per week.

Average wages
per hour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

18
14
15
7
3

104
45
57
24
13

103 46.48
37 49.84
63 •47.44
31 49.96
12 44.92

46.70
48.95
46.97
48.29
44.67

$0.5239
.5384
.5421
.5044
.6154

$0.5195
.5543
.5493
.5913
.6323

57 I

243

246

47.59

47.21

.5338

.5469

Structural iron workers, male: (a)
North Atlantic.........................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North:Centrdl.................................. ..........
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

20
6
24
8

940
115
828
51
142

663 45.57
108 49.20
900 52.53
60 55.12
183 51.15

45.94
49.94
51.17
56.62
50.05

.4782
.4663
.4320
.3240
.4263

.5283
.4435
.4565
.3358
.4550

United States...........................................

62

2,076

49.35

.4518

.4767

$0.-2601
.2309
.42598
-2683
.3480

$0.2632
.2248
.2641
.2795
.3489

4

1,914

49.16

CANDY.
Candy makers, male:
North Atlantic....................... -...................
-South Atlantic........ ....................................
NorthGentral.............................................
South Central..............................................
Western...................................-..................

13
5
14
8
4

192
58
316
72
19

207 57.94 57.93
60 59.17 59.20
336 *59.79 59.80
65 58.00 57.89
25 55.89 55.36

United States...........................................

44

657

693 58.89

58.85

.2608

.2649

12
5

11
8
4

383
47
522
82
71

429 55.19
51 59.19
608 59.22
74 58.35
80 56.61

55.29
59.08
58.61
58.68
56.46

.1196
.0903
.0989
.0786
.1176

.1237
.0908
.1099
.0878
.1252

40

1,105

67.35

.1054

.1135

Dippers, female:
North Atlantic............................................
-South Atlantic-................................... -___
~No r t h Central......................... ...................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................
United States...........................................

1,242

57.59

C ARPETS.
Burlers, female:
North. Atlantic............................................
Dyers, male:
North Atlantic-..........................................
Loom fixers, male:
North. Atlantic............................................
Spoolers, 'female:
North Atlantic............................................
Twisters, female:
North Atlantic............................................
Weavers, brussels and wilton, male:
North Atlantic............................................
Weavers, ingrain, male:
North Atlantic............................................
Weavers, ingrain, female:
"North Atlantic.............. .............................
Winders, fem ale:
North Atlantic.......................... ..............




7

141

161

59.02 58.87* $0.1434: $0.1467

6

169

202 58.56

7

61

56

58.’49

.1586

.1623

58.98' 59.11

.2777

.2817

7

115

122

58.68

38.62

.1285

.1311

6

142

174

58.48

58.53

.1116

.1239

4

389

439

58.29

3

57

51

58.24

.3004

.3048

59.75 59.88

.1593

.1575

4

240

174

57.16

59.46

.1567

.1501

7

217

167 *58.47

58.59

.1260

.1378

a W orkboth on buildings and bridges.

32

BULLETIN OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR,

T a b l e I . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

C A R R IA G E S A N D W A G O N S .

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Averag e wages
p erl lour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Blacksmiths, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

24
10
27
7

192
41
337
54

185
35
366
54

56.15
59.12
58.04
59.57

56.37
58.06
57.58
58.94

$0.2925
.2149
.2592
.2185

$0.2883
.2333
.2651
.2281

United States...........................................

68

624

640

57.66

57.37

.2630

.2669

21
4
20’
3

331
19
230
31

334
19
258
34

54.95 54.95
58.95 1 56.53
58.31 | 57.64
59.87 58.91

.3081
.2488
.2579
.1965

.3137
.2577
.2711
.1944

Body makers, carriage, male: North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
United States...........................................

48

611

645

56.59 | 56.28

.2817

.2887

Ironers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

9
5
17
4

165
30
219
40

149
26
218
42

54.89
57.50
58.28
58.95

55.20
55.27
58.16
58.76

.2520
.2040
.2147
.2055

.2493
.1975
.2229
.1897

United States...........................................

35

454

435

57.06

57.03

.2268

.2272

Machine woodworkers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North C e n tr a l...........................................
South Central..............................................

8
3
17
3

84
23
446
52

80
23
500
57

58.46
57.00
57.79
59.94

58.51
56.65
57.40
59.49

.2289
.2171
.1957
.1683

.2291
.2268
.2032
.1710

United States...........................................

31

605

660

58.04

57.69

.1988

.2044

Painters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................

26
10
28
7

474
84
996
83

453
82
990
81

55.76
58.54
58.22
59.59

55.73 - .2548
57.60
.1989
57.83
.2589
59.06
.2419

.2636
.1999
.2730
.2337

United States...........................................

71

1,637

1,606

57.60

57.29

.2537

.2646

Trimmers, carriage, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

20
8
23
3

171
32
250
28

149
31
265
25

55.98
58.75
58.82
60.00

56.25
58.23
57.77
59.32

.2861
.2351
.2662
.2562

.2885
.2528
.2778
.2606

United States...........................................

54

481

470

57.87

57.40

.2706

.2786

Woodworkers, male: (a)
North A tlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central...............................................

12
6
11
5

46
15
111
23

43
12
102
25

56.13
59.60
57.57
59.22

55.95
58.50
57.06
58.68

.2783
.1812
.2119
.2125

.2881
.1982
.2077
.2205

United States...........................................

34

195

182

57.58

57.12

.2253

.2278

56.05
56.00
55.92
59.81
54.00

56.13
55.68
55.69
58.08
54.00

$0.2968
.2758
.3156
.2994
.3461

$0.3267
.3038
.3337
.3285
.3751

1,342 | 56.16

55.76

.3114

.3352

C A R S , S T E A M R A IL R O A D .
Blacksmiths, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

6
6
23
7
4

187
145
625
180
215

United States...........................................

46

1,352

166
165
632
162
217

a Work with hand tools and are often called wheelwrights.




33

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.

— AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

T able I

C A R S , S T E A M R A IL R O A D —Continued.

Occupation and geographical division.

l
Num 1 Number of
ber of | employees.
estab 1
lish
ments. ! 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Average wages
per nour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

!

Boiler makers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

2
4
IS
a
a

j
83
116
1 £22
! 174
! 2nn

83
117
542
218
190

56.24
55.94
57.24
59.83
54.00

56.17
55.82
56.74
59.13
54.00

$0.2775
.2658
.3315
.3078
.3629

$0.3051
.2820
.3523
.3242
.3863

56.85

56.61

.3224

.3420

United States...........................................

33

1,095

1,150

Brass finishers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................

2
1
8

12
20
201

11
15
164

53.17 53.18
55.00 55.00
54.69 j 54.82

.2400
.2738
.3069 *

.2638
.2973
.3174

United States...........................................

11

233

190

54.64

54.74

.3006

.3127

Cabinet makers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central.............................................
Western.......................................................

11

3
4

2
1

185
88
591
43
29

152
75
614
50
34

54.29
54.31
55.36
60.00
54.00

54.39
54.28
55.26
60.00
54.00

.3108
.2404
.3270
.2612
.3164

.3372
.2800
.3304
.2846
.3507

United States..................................-........

21

936

925

55.22

55.25

.3123

.3257

Carpenters, male:
N orth Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

6
7
23
7
4

1,153
600
3,159
526
122

1,149
527
3,664
516
116

55.67
55.93
56.57
59.31
54.00

55.85
55.88
56.62
59.22
54.00

.2787
.2246
.2913
.2420
.2936

.2842
.2514
.3016
.2550
.2972

United States...........................................

47

5,560

5,972

56.52

56.58

.2769

.2897

Car repairers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western........................................................

17
6
3

5
5

760
863
1,745
954
792

857
922
1,944
991
966

54.93
56.41
56.44
59.73
54.00

55.67
56.40
56.53
59.50
54.00

.2886
.1817
.2206
.1998
.2500

.2641
.1864
.2256
.2169
.2675

United States...........................................

36

5,114

5,680

56.45

56.47

.2248

.2307

Laborers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western........................................................

6
7
23
7

1,305
694
5,015
1,170
630

1,264
741
5,811
1,491*
450

56.55
56.82
55.89
59.83
54.00

57.15
56.38
55.76
59.88
54.00

.1414
.1324
.1613
.1422
.1922

.1492
.1383
.1649
.1472
.1874

47* 8,814

9,757

56.45

56.54

.1557

.1592

United States...........................................

4

Machine woodworkers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central...............................................
Western................................................

6
7
21
7
2

171
154
753
93
16

177
175
797
91
10

55.70
55.28
55.99
59.05
54.00

55.94
55.27
56.17
59.30
54.00

.2665
.2409
.2553
.2398
.3213

.2834
.2561
.2633
.2539
.3287

United States...........................................

43

1,187

1,250

56.07

56.22

.2547

.2650

6
249
7
637
23 2,259
7
713
4 * 618

266
609
2,431
841
622

57.58
56.25
56.18
59.06
54.00

57.94
56.25
55.51
59.31
54.00

.2584
.2838
.3239
.3061
.3554

.2691
.3020
.3433
.3298
.3756

Machinists, male:
North Atlantic.............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................
United States...........................................

47

4,476

4,769

56.43

56.21

.3161

.3357

Molders, brass, male:
South Atlantic...........................................
North Central..............................................
South Central................................

2
10
3

17
83
19

12
60
12

56.47
54.90
58.63

56.25
55.23
60.00

.2794
.3257
.2958

.2975
.3267
.3286

United States...........................................

15

119

84

55.72 | 56.06

.3143

.3228




34

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

T a b l e I . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

'C A R S, S T E A M R A IL R O A D —Concluded.

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Averag<e wages
per tlour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Molders, iron, male:
North Atlantic.............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
SoUthGentral.... ..........................................

3
2
4
3

202
64
184
70

213
61
218
61

60.00
56.88
57.70
60.00

60.00
56.56
57.38
58.92

$0.3925
.3013
.3218
.2934

30.4513
.3185
.3325
.3028

United States...........................................

.12

<520

553

58.80

58.47

.3429

.3734

Painters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central...............................................
Western.......................................................

6
7
23
6
4

485
271
906.
182
135

443
299
950
209
154

55.05
55.66
56.14
59.39
54.00

54.89
55.45
56.05
59.33
54.00

.3082
.2435
.2820
.2253
.2851

.3302
.2448
.2842
.2359
.3002

United States............................. ............

46

1,979

2,055

55.96

55.89

.2782

.2846

Pattern makers, wood, male:
North Atlantic.............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central...............................................
Western................................... ....................

5
5
17
6
3

45
28
65
22
20

49
23
80
21
19

59.73
56.64
55.94
58.82
54.00

59.76
56.17
56.44
59.71
54.00

.2934
.2888
.3168
.3239
.3742

.3222
.3129
.3278
.3390
.3963

United States...........................................

36

180

192

57.13

57.37

.3139

.3326

Pipe fitters, male:
North Atlantic.............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central_____________ ____________
South Central.-........-..................................
Western..................................... .................

6
6
21
5
3

112
114
311
59
127

113
112'
384
69
143 ‘

56.36
54.94
56.43
59.37
54.00

56.46
54.84
55.94
59.09
54.00

.2718
.2706
.3025
.2613
.3009

.2795
.2753
.3189
.2794
.3209

United States...........................................

41

723

821

56.00

55.79

.2891

.3046

Tinsmiths, male:
North Atlantic.............................................
South Atlantic.-........... ..............................
North Central..............................................
South Central............................................
Western......................................................

5
7
22
6
3

88
129
396
74
97

83
123
452
65
106

54/38 '54.55
55.50 55.28
55.56 55.46
59.18 59.42
54.00 54.00

.3088
.-2557
.3170
.2619
.3255

.3215
.2769
.3326
.2838
.3435

United States...........................................

43

784

829

55.56

55.47

.3019

.3208

Upholsterers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North'‘Central.................... * .......................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

4
7
14
5
3

73
46
193
16
34

64’
38
212
17,
33

53.97
55.59
55.33
58.00
54.00

54.02
55.63
55.35
59.65
54.00

.2908
.2381
.3147
.2781
.3004

.3100
.2448
.3303
.2962
.3252

United States...........................................

33

362

364

55.08

55.22

.2972

.3158

C L O T H IN G , F A C T O R Y P R O D U C T .
Buttonhole makers, machine, male:
North Atlantic................. ..........................
South Atlantic............................................

4
3

12
24

12
20

56.25
55.54

56.75
55.70

10.2469
.2641

10.2450
.2487

United States...........................................

7

-36,

32, 55.78

56.09

.2583

.2473

Buttonhole makers, -machine,female:
North A tlantic.,...................................... ..
South -Atlantic.-...........................................
North Central..............................................
South Central...............................................

3
3
4
4

12
10
26
18

8
13.
30
12

53 50
53 10
54.27
55.22

53.-38
53.77.
54.43
66.00

.1282
.1688
.1692
-.1217

.1428
.1271
.1350
.1212

United States............. :............................

14

66

63

54.21

54/46

-.1487

-1317




35

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T able

I.— AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.
C L O T H I N G , F A C T O R Y P R O D U C T —Concluded.

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.
1906. | 1907.

Averag e wages
per 1lour.
1906.

1907.

1

Cutters, hand, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central...............................................

15
2
9
3

484
78
293
14

468
73
286
14

52.10
53.77
48.61
57.14

52.51
53.62
48.63
57.14

10.3672
.3192
.4131
.2255

30.3697
.3203
.4326
.2380

United States...........................................

29

869

841

51.15

51.37

.3761

.3846

Cutters, machine, male:
North Atlantic.............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................

11
4
8

25
38
170

24
37
215

50.00
54.18
48.07

50.54
54.35
48.09

.4267
.3616
.4382

.4300
.3757
.4262

49.27* 49.14

.4244

.4198

United States...........................................

23

233

276

Examiners, male:
North Atlantic.............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central.............................................

13
4

10

78
27
59

70
33
67

52.08
53.74
50.95

52.84
56.15
50.51

.2858
.2388
.3247

.2904
.2358
.3217

United States...........................................

27

164

170

51.95

52.56

.2921

.2921

Examiners, female:
North Atlantic.............................................
South Central...............................................

3
3

14
14

15
13

53.57
55.14

52.93
55.38

.1447
.1159

.1468
.1195

United States...........................................

6

28

28

54.36

54.07

.1303

.1341

Finishers, female:
North Atlantic.............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central...............................................

11
5
6
4

294
245
276
93

325
205
290
125

55.13
57.88
54.00
56.14

54.88
56.78
54.00
55.91

.1161
.1155
.1346
.1015

.1301
.1278
.1377
.1051

United States...........................................

26

908

945

55.63

55.16

.1201

.1286

Pressers, male:
North Atlantic.............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central........................... ...................

14
5
7

4

401
142
209
39

382 53.87
142 59.25
264 54.08
45 56.95

54.06
56.96
54.06
56.76

.2152
.2116
.2676
.2071

.2285
.2149
.2675
.1975

United States...........................................

30

791

833

55.04

54.70

.2280

.2369

Sewing machine operators, male:
North Atlantic.............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

14
4
4
2

615
126
56
10

617
129
76
12

54.94
58.71
54.02
57.50

55.12
55.88
54.03
56.75

.2188
.2579
.3103
.2791

.2243
.2349
.3161
.2809

United States...........................................

24

807

834

55.50

55.16

.2320

.2351

Sewing machine operators, female:
North Atlantic.............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

11
4
6
4

688
247
215
323

687
268
230
250

53.75
56.26
54.10
54.59

53.70
56.63
54.09
54.95

.1330
.1373
.1939
.1302

.1378
.1407
.1885
.1317

United States........................... ...............

25

1,473

1,435

54.41

54.53

.1420

.1454

COTTON G O O D S.
Carding machine tenders, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
South Central...............................................

15
14
5

356
143
65

350
140
81

59.20
65.38
63.35

58.62
63.51
63.17

$0.1242
.0875
.1053

$0.1383
.1046
.1115

United States..... .....................................

34

564

571

61.25

60.47

.1127

.1263

Dyers, mate:
North Atlantic.............................................
South Atlantic.............................................

3
6

355
63

375
68

60.00
64.73

58.27
62.7 9

.1413
.0966

.1549
.1124

United States...........................................

9

418

443

60.71

58.96

.1346

.1484




36

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

T able

I. — AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.
C O T T O N . G O O D S —Concluded.

Occupation and geographical division.

Average
hours
per week.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

1906.

1907.

1906.
$0.2171
.1434
.1642

Loom fixers, male:
North Atlantic.............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
South Central..............................................

15
13
5

665
160
68

672
160
75

59.27
65.27
64.32

58.10
63.39
64.51

Average wages
per 1lour.
1907.
$0.2448
.1560
.1683

33

893

907

60.73

59.56

.1999 .

.2228

8
6

134
68

172
70

58.82
65.82

58.29
64.16

.1199
.0899

. 1333
.0909
.1210

United States...........................................

14

202

242

61.18

59.99

.1098

Spinners, frame, female:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
South Central..............................................

15
14
5

2,302
724
318

2,352
711
382

59.05
65.59
64.27

58.38
63.50
64.31

.1120
.0761
.0668

III

United States...........................................
Spinners, frame, male:
North Atlantic.............................................
South Atlantic.............................................

United States...........................................

34

3,344

3,445

60.96

60.09

.0999

.1146

Spinners, mule, male:
North Atlantic.............................................

10

299

300

59.37

59.07

.1978

.2328

Weavers, male:
North Atlantic.............................................
South Atlantic*...........................................
South Central..............................................

14
13
5

1,959
857
170

2,078
788
179

58.48
65.56
65.00

58.55
63.54
64.82

.1698
.1117
.1105

.1940
.1270
.1127

United States...........................................

32

2,986

3,045

60.89

60.21

.1498

. 1719

Weavers, female:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............. ...............................
South Central..............................................

14
13
5

3,625
691
338

3,532
692
360

58.85
65.76
62.89

58.67
63.44
62.98

.1483
.0958
.0950

.1668
.1129
.0955

United States...........................................

32

4,654

4,584

60.17

59.73

.1366

.1531

D Y E IN G , F I N I S H I N G , A N D P R I N T I N G T E X T IL E S .
Bleachers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
Calendrers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
Color mixers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
Byers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
Engravers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
Printers, male:
North Atlantic............................................

14

422

402

58.47

58.36

$0.1282

$0.1368

15

310

338

59.02

58.85

.1435

.1472

9

126

117

58.98

58.74

.1333

.1417

17

485

536

58.66

58.53

.1460

.1501

8

90

93

57.72

56.86

.4534

.4520

10

100

100

58.20

58.27

.4476

.4477

E L E C T R IC A L . A P P A R A T U S A N D S U P P L IE S .
Armature winders, male:
North A tlantic...........................................
North Central.............................................

5
3

416
108

463
116

55.17
51.67

54.70
51.92

$0.3218
.2184

$0.3336
.2200

United States...........................................

8

524

579

54.45

54.15

.3005

.3108

Brass finishers, male:
North A tlantic.......... „...............................
North Central.............................................

4
2

90
52

84
85

54.78
53.94

54.80
53.96

.3575
.2422

.3615
.2437

United States...........................................

6

142

169

54.47

54.38

.3153

.3023

Incandescent lamp makers, female: (a)
North A tlantic...........................................

1

500

688

55.00

53.40

.1374

.1427

a Including carbon




mounting, sealing in, and exhausting, and sealing.

37

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T a b l e I.—
AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

E L E C T R IC A L . A P P A R A T U S A N D S U P P L IE S —Concluded.
Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Occupation and geographical division.

Average
hours
per week.

Average wages
per hour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Machinists, male:
North A tlantic............................................
North Central.............................................

5
3

827
567

655
568

54.52
51.93

54.50
52.14

$0.3514
.3042

$0.3450
.2999

United States...........................................

8

1,394

1,223

53.47

53.41

.3322

.3241

Pattern makers, wood, male:
North A tlantic...........................................
North Central.............................................

4
2

191
53

160
46

54.70
52.23

54.70
52.17

.3868
.3922

.3931
.3987

United States...........................................

6

244

206 | 54.16

54.14

.3879

.3944

FLOUR.
Bolters, male:
North A tlantic...........................................
South Atlantic........................................ .
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
W e s t e r n ............................................................. .....

3
3
18
5
5

14
12
87
18
11

14
12
95
19
12

68.57
72.00
57.08
72.00
68.18

68.57
72.00
56.32
68.21
67.50

$0.2457
.1208
.2780
.1632
.2542

$0.2552
.1284
.2862
.1787
.2594

142 . 152

62.23

61.05

.2452

.2553

U n it e d S t a t e s ................................................... . _

34

Laborers, male:
North A tlantic............................................
S o u t h A t l a n t i c ................._....................................North Central...........................................
South Central..............................................
W estern.......................................................

7
3
26
5
5

198
35
1,111
236
52

186
35
1,244
240
69

60.45
66.51
60.65
68.95
64.62

60.45
66.51
60.19
67.35
64.52

.1831
.1049
.1792
.1126
.2327

.1849
.1075
.1841
.1261
.2408

United States...........................................

46

1,632

1,774

62.08

61.48

.1702

.1770

Millers, male: (<*)
North A tlantic...........................................
South A tlantic............................ ........ .
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
W estern.......................................................

8
3
26
5
5

29
8
194
17
11

26
8
219
20
12

66.21
70.50
62.71
72.00
67.09

66.92
70.50
63.03
61.20
67.00

.2553
.2003
.2582
.2528
.3548

.2562
.2053
.2559
.2882
.3462

United States...........................................

47

259

285

64.14

63.64

.2598

.2606

N o r t h A t l a n t i c ................................................... ..
S o u t h A t l a n t i c .........................................................

North Central.............................................
South Central...............................................
W estern.......................................................

5
3
21
5
5

10
3
92
16
6

10
3
86
10
6

57.00
60.00
60.30
59.75
66.00

57.00
60.00
59.91
58.20
66.00

.4206
.2917
.2906
.3030
.3338

.4344
.3000
.2987
.3342
.3505

Millwrights, male.

U n it e d S t a t e s . . .................................................

39

127

115

60.24

59.83

.3044

.3163

Packers, male:
North A tlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central...............................................
W estern.......................................................

8
3
26
5
5

133
52
910
145
41

128
52
850
130
35

63.25
69.92
56.08
65.79
68.20

62.53
69.69
56.83
61.20
68.06

.1952
.1116
.2265
.1468
.2481

.1994
.1169
.2305
.1701
.2635

United States...........................................

47

1,281

1,195

58.88

58.81

.2103

.2166

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E S H O P .
Blacksmiths, male:
North A tlantic...........................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
W estern.......................................................

71
23
64
23
16

358
64
319
47
76

337
62
296
48
61

57.70
55.17
56.51
56.06
54.39

57.30
55.13
56.40
56.65
54.11

$0.2962
.2887
.3094
.3435
.3873

$0.3068
.3062
.3115
.3541
.4207

United States...........................................

197

864

804

56.69

56.52

.3111

.3200




a Including all classes of millers

38

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUR EAU OF LABOR,

T a b l e I ___ AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E S H O P —Continued.

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estabHah
H9nments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Average wages
per hour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Boiler makers, male:
North A tlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central....................................... ......
South Central...............................................
W estern.......................................................

33
12
27
11
11

593
81
336
106
126

515
79
364
122
161

56.46
54.28
55.58
58.42
54.03

56.32
54.09
55.42
58.34
53.42

10.2992
.2976
.3198
.3146
.3997

30.3055
.3163
.3121
.3076
.4645

United States..................................-.......

94

1,242

1,241

56.00

55.73

.3162

.3290

Boiler riveters, male:
North Atlantic .. -............................. ........
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................

11
1
5
2

107
50
27
10

83
25
19
11

55.24
54.00
57.11
58.50

55.64
54.00
57.95
57.18

.2871
.2639
.3087
.1569

.2755
.2533
.2647
.1679

United States...........................................

19

194

138

55.35

55.78

.2774

.2614

Brass finishers, male:
North A tlantic............................................
North Central.................................. ..........

14
9

368
199

386
198

54.17
55.76

54.12
55.93

.2748
.2736

.2793
.2699

United States...........................................

23

567

584

54.73

54.73

.2744

.2762

Core makers, male:
North A tlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central. . . ........................................
South Central........ . ....................................
W estern.......................................................

65
12
46
9
12

464
52
307
22
34

486
44
333
19
24

56.51
55.00
55.18
55.50
53.53

55.64
54.86
55.34
56.00
53.21

.2706
.2769
.2511
.2867
.4131

.2816
.2862
.2603
.2934
.4239

United States...........................................

144

879

966

55.81

55.43

.2701

.2780

Core makers, iemale:
North Atlantic. ..........................................
North Central.............................................

2
4

4
119

3
129

54.75
54.94

54.67
54.88

.1314
.1257

.1472
-1497

United States...........................................

6

123

132

54.93

54.88

.1259

.1496

Laborers, male:
North A tlantic...........................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
W estern.......................................................

76
28
67
23
17

3,304
974
4,411
621
394

3,224
900
4,716
546
472

56.110
55.18
56.52
56.91
54.39

56.19
55.29
56.40
56.86
55.04

.1623
.1477
.1744
.1540
.2412

.1681
.1518
.1786
.1572
.2508

United States...........................................

211

9,704

9,858

56.45

56.19

.1690

.1750

Machinists, male:
North A tlantic...........................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
W estern.......................................................

79
28
71
23
17

3,869
524
2,582
274
541

4,018 56.61
522 54.55
2,948 55.17
270 56.07
510 54.46

55.86
54.47
55.12
56.25
53.94

.2829
.2960
.2926
.3248
.3759

.2948
.3096
.2999
.3367
.3940

United States...........................................

209

7,790

8,268

55.83

55.40

.2949

.3051

Holders, brass, male:
North A tlantic...........................................
North Central.............................................
South Central-.............................................
W estern.......................................................

25
13
4
2

139
73
5
6

140
70
4
4

54.70
56.56
54.00
54.00

54.39
56.74
54.00
54.00

.3105
.2912
.3222
.4305

.3126
.2960
.3500
.4653

United States...........................................

44

223

218

55.27

55.13

.3077

.3107

Molders, iron, male:
North A tlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central.-...........................................
W estern.......................................................

62
20
54
19
16

2,081
308
1,260
188
325

2,120
314
1,479
203
238

56.20
55.31
55.94
56.77
54.21

55.76
55.18
55.99
56.10
54.54

.3180
.3090
.3104
.3218
.4227

.3290
-3219
.3220
.3339
.4277

United States................ ..........................

171

4,162

4,354 .55.93

55.74

.3234

.3317




39

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.

AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

T able I . —

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E S H O P —Concluded.

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.
1906.

1907.

Average wages
per hour.
1906.

1907.

Pattern makers, metal, male:
North A tlantic............................................
North C entral.............................................

5
7

10
86

9
57

56.30
54.53

56.56
54.70

United States...........................................

12

96

66

54.72

54.95

.3113

.3113

Pattern makers, wood, male:
North A tlantic...........................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
W estern.......................................................

65
20
56
22
17

440
76
409
62
77

462 55.89
75 55.30
883 55.18
58 56.42
65 54.71

55.62
55.17
55.05
56.45
54.83

.3458
.3437
.3420
.3342
.4534

.3542
.3540
.3436
.3522
.4590

United States...........................................

180

1,064

55.52

55.37

.3512

.3567

53.36 53.06
59.37 59.42
55.80 56.13
59.75 59.74

$0.3012
.1721
.2514
.1904

$9.3041
.1720
.2503
.1927

1,643

•$0.3422

.3064

F U R N IT U R E .
Cabinetmakers, male:
North A tlantic..................................... .
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................

17
6
37
3

400
105
818
48

349
83
820
46

United States...........................................

63

1,371

1,298

55.50

55.65

.2577

.2577

Carvers, hand, male:
North A tlantic............................................
North Central.............................................

14
23

106
134

87
133

48.64
55.97

49.17
56.01

.3091
.2850

.3630
.2956

United States...........................................

37

240

220

52.73

53.30

.3221

.3222

Machine woodworkers, male:
North A tlantic...........................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................

16
6
36
3

199
186
692
76

183
140
675
72

56.32
59.37
57.97
59.84

56.27
59.38
58.04
59.82

.2576
.1706
.2106
.1778

.2636
.1741
.2155
.1745

United States...........................................

61

1,153

1,070

58.03

58.03

.2101

.2156

Sawyers, male: («)
North A tlantic..................... ......................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................

13
5
33
3

80
28
331
11

76
26
330
10

54.26
59.57
57.84
59.91

54.20
59.62
57.72
59.90

.2772
.1897
.2174
.1898

.2860
.1855
.2236
.1907

United States...........................................

54

450

442

57.36

57.28

.2256

.2313

Upholsterers, male:
North A tlantic............................................
North Central.............................................

8
18

141
284

124
258

48.89
55.77

49.01
55.48

.3969
.2675

.3981
.2748

United States...........................................

26

425

382

53.48

53.38

.3104

.3148

Vamishers, male: (&)
North A tlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................

15
6
37
3

293
125
789
22

288
113
830
26

55.93
59.58
57.31
59.82

55.53
59.62
57.24
59.73

.2378
.1922
.1997
.1554

.2441
.1528
.2044
.1632

61

1,229

1,257

57.25

57.11

.2072

.2080

United States...................................—
a Including all classes of sawyers.




b Including finishers.

40

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUR EAU OF LABOR,

T a b l e I . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

G ASNum Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Occupation and geographical division.

Average
hours
per week.

Averageb wages
per 1lour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Gas makers, water gas, male:
North A tlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central...............................................
"Western.......................................................

12
7
14
3
6

103
24
45
5
18

117
26
57
5
20

69.07
77.67
81,11
73.60
70.00

69.30
78.62
81.72
73.60
64.60

$0.2357
.2263
.2084
.2317
.3275

$0.2489
.2251
.2178
.2320
.3693

195

225

73.11

73.20

.2366

.2486

United States...........................................

42

Laborers, male: (a)
North A tlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
W estern.......................................................

17
10
18
7
8

1,637 .1,704
693
595
2,634 2,450
372
360
1,309 1,127

61.26
62.05
60.98
60.43
57.21

61.12
62.47
61.29
60.76
57.63

.1708
.1502
.1781
.1433
.2411

.1804
.1527
.1791
.1496
.2423

United States...........................................

60

6,633

6,248

60.39

60.67 . ,1839

. 1866

Pipe fitters, male:
North A tlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central...............................................
W estern.......................................................

17
10
17
7
8

328
125
414
- 69
176

392
146
466
71
215

59.67
58.70
59.50
60.00
52.85

59.14
58.60
59,27
60.00
53.97

.2377
.2372
.2229
.2266
.3627

.2452
.2460
.2281
.2401
.3803

United States...........................................

59

1,112

1,290

58.44

58.31

.2512

.2614

Stokers, male: (&)
North A tlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
W estern.......................................................

15
9
17
6
8

444
207
743
88
122

387
232
768
92
137

80.02
75.83
80.52
82.68
69.83

79.53
76.89
77.69
81.48
68.47

.2154
.1887
.2010
.1528
.2595

.2157
.1897
.2137
.1561
.2899

United States...........................................

55

1,604

1,616

79.08

77.45

.2052

.2139

G LA SS.
.Batch makers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

17
3
8

61
9
45

60
10
43

59.30
57.78
61.11

59.12
57.40
61.16

$0.1810
.1969
.1984

$0.1832
.1994
.2076

United States...........................................

28

115

113

59.89

59.74

.1891

.1939

Blowers, flint glass, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

12
2
5

453
73
472

440
80
492

49.60
55.42
49.98

49.65
55.50
49.90

.6413
.5738
.6722

.6570
.5698
.6806

United States...........................................

19

998

1,012

50.21

50.24

.6510

.6616

Blowers, green glass, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

5
1
2

334
17
228

444
16
245

47.91
50.00
49.64

47.77
50.00
49.49

.7616
.7994
.7846

.7963
.8909
.7704

United States...........................................

8

579

705

48.65

48.42

.7718

.7894

Blowers, window glass, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

5
3

140
83

140
85

41.91* 41.95
40.00 40.00

.8892
.8571

.9443
.9213

United States...........................................

8

223

225

41.20

41.21

.8772

.9356

a A t gas works and on streets. Including coal men as reported in Bulletin 71.
& Including both chargers and retort men, which are reported separately in the Nineteenth Annual
Report of this Bureau.




41

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1901.
T a b l e I . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

G iL A SS—Concluded.

Occupation and geographical division.

Average
hours
per week.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

1906.

1907.

1906.

Average wages
per hour.
| 1907.

Cutters, window glass, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

5
3

49
37

49
35

44.41
55.14

44.45
55.54

$0.7044
.6831

$0.7489
.7490

United States...........................................

8

86

84

49.02

49.07

.6953

.7490

Flatteners, window glass, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

5
3

31
23

31
24

57.16
56.35

57.55
56.00

.7519
.6788

.8471
.7738

United States...........................................

8

54

55

56.81

56.87

.7208

.8151

Gaffers, flint glass, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

6
1

94
8

88
10

51.17
49.50

51.28
49.50

.5376
.8014

.5306
.7989

United States...........................................

7

102

98

51.04

51.10

.5583

.5580

Gatherers, flint glass, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

8
1
1

174
26
139

159
30
217

50.41
58.00
49.50

50.48
58.00
49.50

.3032
.2956
.3248

.3090
.3031
.3361

United States...........................................

10

339

406

50.62

50.51

.3115

.3231

Gatherers, window glass, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

5
3

140
84

139
86

41.91
40.00

41.94
40.00

.6429 i
.6079

.6867
.6829

United States...........................................

8

224

225

41.19

41.20

.6298

.6852

Laborers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

19
3
8

556
51
803

572
57
935

59.07
58.75
59.65

59.07
58.88
59.66

.1511
.1391
.1530

.1527
.1380
.1726

United States...........................................

30

1,410

1,564

59.39

59.41

.1518

.1641

Leersmen, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

20
3
8

159
13
111

151
13
77

57.18
59.54
57.41

57.44
59.54
56.36

.1718
.1702
.1829

.1784
.1702
.1994

United States...........................................

31

283

241

57.37

57.21

.1761

.1846

Packers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

19
3
5

192
21
205

241
25
211

56.01
51.62
59.47

56.40
52.16
59.46

.1997
.2073
.1886

.2022
.2096
.1921

United States...........................................

27

418

477

57.49

57.53

.1947

.1981

Pressers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

2
2
4

124
13
70

133
15
84

52.51
53.23
49.99

52.44
53.27
50.33

.4074
.7866
.6357

.5002
.8817
.6388

United States...........................................

8

207

232

51.70

51.73

.5084

.5751

Press gatherers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

2
1
4

124
8
66

133
8
70

52.51
53.00
50.05

52.44
53.00
50.00

.3109
.6404
.4826

.3833
.7230
.4723

United States...........................................

7

198

211

51.71

51.65

.3815

.4257

Teasers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic................. ..........................
North Central..............................................

17
2
7

97
13
66

96
15
75

76.49
80.31
83.58

76.42
80.80
83.63

.2022
.1782
.1751

.2035
.1783
.1840

United States...........................................

26

176

186

79.43

79.68

.1903

.1936




42

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR,

T ablts I . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

H A R N ESS.

Occupation and .geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish 
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Average wages
per hour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Collar makers, mate:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.... ..................................................

8
2
15
6
3

35
20
206
41
16

31
19
200
50
21

55.46
58.70
56.21
57.02
54.00

55.06
55.58
55.97
56.60
54.00

$0.-2901
.1927
.2466
.2338
.3629

$0.2901
.2118
.2456
.2291
.3902

56.28

United States...........................................

34

318

321

55.83

.2522

.2548

Cutters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central......... ....................................
South Central............................................ .
Western.................................•.....................

12
6
23
6
7

13
23
146
55
14

14 55.92 55.64
23 58.04 55.87
141 56.66 -56.66
49 57.91 57.78
12 54.36 54.00

.3009
.2348
.2711
.2657
.3566

.3011
.2480
.2759
.2731
.3750

United States...........................................

54

251

239

56.89

56.62

.2729

.2791

Fitters and finishers, mate:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

8
4
15
3
3

58
65
365
29
26

51
65
348
38
24

54.81
58.17
57.03
56.38
54.00

54.69
55.52
56.86
56.05
54.00

.2870
.1935
.2511
.2311
.3285

.2911
.2137
.2527
.2282
.3286

United States...........................................

33

543

526

56.75 -56.80

.2507

.2533

•Harness makers, mate: (a)
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central............................................ .
Western.......................................................

14
4:
4

48
12
309
44
45

32
12
316
48
45

55.48
54.00
56.56
58.55
54.11

56.50
54.00
55.81
58.27
54.00

.2638
.2392
.2491
.2553
.3199

.2614
.2400
.2503
.2565
.3369

5:

2'

United States..........................................;

29.

458

453

56.33

55.89

.2580

.2601

Stitchers, hand, mate:
North -Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

10
4

53
21

42
16

54.43
57.33

54.12
56.06

.2238
.2252

.2315
.-2142

United States...........................................

14

74

58

55.26

54.66

.2242

.2268

3
5
23
6
7-

3
16
138
37
15

3
15
144
38
14

53.67
57.81
56.85
57.54
54.33

53.67
55.60
56.53
57.58
54.00

.3076
.2221
.2602
.2570
.3452

.3199
.2512
.2625
.2708
.3691

44

209

214

56.82

56.45

.2635

.2710

206

53.85

53.88 30.3534

$0.3647

85

Stitchers, machine, mate:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.................................................... .
United States...........................................

H ATS, FUR.
Blockers, male:
North A tlantic..
Goiorers, male:
North A tlantic..
Goners, male:
North* A tlantic..
Carters, mate:
North Atlantic..
Feeders, female:
North A tlantic..
Finishers, mate:
North A tlantic..
Flangers,mate:
North Atlantic..
Far blowers, male:
North A tlantic..
Hardeners, mate:
North Atlantic..




13

189

14

69

14

87

11

81

12

57

14

55.43

54.67

.1960

.1971

104. 53.79

53.92

.-2881

.2891

89

53.48

53.46

.5031

.4348

75

54.12

54.16

.1145

.1266

882

1,002. 53.91

53.45

.3317

-.3310

13

155

187, 55.95

14

78

54.14

.8304

.3244

55.18

54.09

,1644.

.1759

14
SO 54.00
77
a Do all parts of the work.

54.11

.2925

.2959

99

43

WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T

able

I . — AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

H A T S , F U R —Concluded.

Occupation and geographical division.

Pouncers, male:
North Atlantic...........................................
Sizers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
Stiffeners, male:
North Atlantic............................................
Trimmers, female:
North Atlantic....................................... .
Weighers, female:
North Atlantic............................................

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Averagie wages
per 1lour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

11

221

285

54.31

53.72

$0.2542

$0.2451

14

1,222

1,217

53.94

53.58

.3004

.3135

14

38

47

53.79

53.91

.3991

.3665

14

1,268

1,382

54.33

53.65

.1460

.1507

8

24

28

53.29

53.32

.1260

.1386

H O S IE R Y A N D K N IT G O O D S.
Boarders, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South A tlantic............................................
North Central.............................................

13
4
4

224
89
86

236
81
92

58.60
63.80
58.12

58.08
63.70
57.75

$0.2002
.1148
.1403

$0.2220
.1444
.1415

United States...........................................

21

399

409

59.66

59.12

.1682

.1885

Finishers, female:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

15
4
8

891
92
354

871
92
342

58.05
64.16
58.20

58.97
6420
57.18

.1377
.0865
.1108

.1458
.1052
. 1165

United States...........................................

27

1,337

1,305

58.51

58.87

.1271

.1353

Knitters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

10
4
5

298
81
168

328
125
171

63.28
6 4 33
57.48

€ 0.39
64.41
57.23

.2031
.1103
.2741

.2030
.1241
.3023

United States...........................................

19

547

624

61.65

60.33

.2112

.2144

Knitters, female:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

14
3
7

566
78
335

473
84
327

58.35
59.38
58.33

58.07
59.25 ;
56.12

.1348
.1001
.1073

.1381
.1059
. 11C4

United States...........................................

24

979

884

57.74

57.46

.1226

.1270

Loopers, female:
North Atlantic............................................
South A tlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

11
5
4

403
167
128

402
142
141

58. C2 58.42
63.98 63.68
58.48 ; 57.89

.1455
.0885
.1219

.1471
.1017
.1252

United States...........................................

20

698

C85

59.88

59.40

.1275

.1332

Menders, female:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

17
5
5

334
115
140

343
106
128

59.16
62.64
57.50

58.87
62.18
56.98

.1272
.0756
.1187

.1310
.0847
.1194

United States...........................................

27

589

577

59.45

59.06

.1151

.1199

Pressers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................

11
3
4

61
30
25

65
28
22

59.26
65.30
56.32

59.35
65.54
56.59

.1697
.0877
.1628

.1757
.1158
.1853

United States...........................................

18

116

115

60.19

60.33

. 1470

1C29

Pressers, female:
North Atlantic.................... .......................
North Central.............................................

7
4

157
19

140
19

58.63
56.00

58.75
55.00

.1032
.1203

.1014
.1216

United States................... .......................

11

176

159

58.35

58.30

.1051

.1038

Bibbers, female:
North Atlantic...........................................
North Central..............................................

5
3

138
44

111
53

59.78
59.09

59.62
58.96

.1495
.1226

.1704
.1224

United States.................................. .......

8

182

164

59. C2 59.41

.1430

.1549




44

B U L L E T IN OE T H E BUR EAU OF LABOR,

T able

I .—AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.
IR O N A N D ST E E D , B A R .

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. | 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Average wages
per hour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Catchers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

12
3
8
2

53
13
42
8

55
13
42
7

64.04
60.92
67.36
72.00

63.89
60.92
67.36
72.00

$0.3338
.2530
.5489
.2647

$0.3484
.2732
.5320
.3055

United States...........................................

25

116

117

65.44

65.29

.3978

.4034

Heaters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

11
3
11
2

40
13
64
12

41
12
64
12

64.70
61.85
67.52
72.00

64.63
62.00
67.52
72.00

.4948
.4793
.6553
.4846

.5656
.5504
.6368
.4913

United States...........................................

27

129

129

66.49

66.50 j

.5719

.5926

H e a te d helpers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

11
3
10
2

55
13
70
12

56
12
70
12

67.64
60.92
66.99
72.00

67.50
61.00
66.99
72.00

.2456
.2218
.3340
.1821

.2587
.2740
.3224
' .1933

United States...........................................

26

150

150

67.10

67.10

.2797

.2844

H ot straighteners, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

12
3
7
2

71
31
53
14

75
34
55
12

63.41
61.16
69.66
72.00

63.97
61.06
69.75
72.00

.2066
.1535
.2600
.1366

.2124
.1701
.2543
.1418

United States...........................................

24

169

176

65.67

65.76

.2078

.2125

Hollers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

12
3
8
2

37
9
32
8

38
9
33
7

63.76
61.33
70.25
72.00

63.66
61.33
70.30
72.00

.7042
.7002
1.0850
.9401

.7734
.7739
1.0397
1.0059

United States...........................................

25

86

87

66.69

66.61

.8674

.8931

Roughers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

12
3
11
2

91
21
117
18

95
21
121
17

65.36
61.14
61.01
72.00

65.33
61.14
61.37
72.00

.3854
.3410
.5182
.3324

.4040
.3785
.5761
.3519

United States...........................................

28

247

254

63.43

63.54

.4407

.4804

IR O N A N D S T E E L , B E S S E M E R C O N V E R T IN G .
Blowers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

7
3
5
2

18
6
11
4

19
6
11
4

60.33
74.00
66.55
75.00

61.26
74.00
66.55
75.00

$0.5440
.4229
.6174
.3898

$0.5329
.4412
.6382
.4125

United States...........................................

17

39

40

65.69

66.00

.5302

.5360

Bottom makers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

7
3
5
2

22
7
12
7

23
7
12
7

69.00
72.00
67.00
65.14

69.39
72.00
67.00
64.29

.3142
.2193
.3430
.1790

.2982
.2320
.3428
.1689

United States...........................................

17

48

49

68.38

68.45

.2879

.2812

Ladle liners, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

7
3
5
2

19
8
11
4

20
8
11
4

64.74
73.50
66.55
75.00

65.40
73.50
66.55
75.00

.3807
.3166
.4443
.2240

.3710
.3459
.4424
.2527

United States...........................................

17

42

43

67.86

68.09

.3702

.3736




45

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907,
T a b l e I . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

IR O N A N D S T E E L , B E S S E M E R C O N V E R T IN G —Concluded.

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estabHah
iisnments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Average wages
per hour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Melters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

7
3
4
1

25
8
22
2

28
8
22
2

66.48
72.00
50.55
66.00

67.29
72.00
50.55
66.00

10.4084
.3846
.5765
.4229

SO. 3831
.4212
.5440
.4695

United States...........................................

15

57

60

61.09

61.73

.4705

.4501

Steel pourers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

7
3
5
1

29
6
17
2

30
6
17
2

56.41
74.00
51.53
66.00

53.20
74.00
51.53
66.00

.5239
.4592
.7088
.4229

.5135
.5071
.6690
.4636

United States...........................................

16

54

55

57.19

55.42

.5712

.5590

Vessel men, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

7
3
5
2

30
10
22
6

28
10
22
6

65.00
72.00
55.09
78.00

57.00
72.00
55.09
78.00

.5512
.4123
.7634
.3049

.5734
.4484
.7349
.3316

United States...........................................

17

68

66

63.97

60.55

.5777

.5863

IR O N A N D S T E E L , B L A S T F U R N A C E .
Cinder snappers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

11
3
7
5

127
36
52
26

133
38
64
26

84.00
84.00
84.00
84.00

84.00
84.00
84.00
84.00

$0.1478
.1375
.1743
.1287

$0.1567
.1404
.1794
.1264

United States...........................................

26

241

261

84.00

84.00

.1499

.1569

H ot blast men, male:
North Atlantic............................ ...............
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

11
3
7
5

70
14
36
18

85
16
46
22

84.00
84.00
84.00
84.00

84.00
84.00
84.00
84.00

.1813
.1536
.1759
.1560

.1907
.1561
.1897
.1530

United States...........................................

26

138

169

84.00

84.00

.1738

.1822

Keepers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.........................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

11
3
7
5

74
14
44
24

88
16
46
24

84.00
84.00
84.00
84.00

84.00
84.00
84.00
84.00

.2023
.1836
.2133
.1662

.2137
.1865
.2228
.1656

United States...........................................

26

156

174

84.00

84.00

.1981

.2070

Keepers’ helpers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

11
3
7
5

144
40
125
84

170
50
129
86

84.00
84.00
84.00
84.00

84.00
84.00
84.00
84.00

.1637
.1396
.1749
.1287

.1718
.1428
.1841
.1331

United States...........................................

26

393

435

84.00

84.00

.1573

.1644

Top fillers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

7
2
5
5

82
30
37
22

83
36
37
22

81.95
84.00
79.46
84.00

81.98
84.00
79.46
84.00

.1640
.1330
.1995
.1583

.1763
.1537
.2095
.1591

United States...........................................

19

171

178

82.04 | 82.11

.1655

.1765

49979—No. 77—0 8 ---- 1




46

BULLETIN OF THE BUKEAU OF LABOR.

T a b l e I . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

LEATHER*

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours,
per week.

Average wages
per hour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Colorers, male:
North Atlantic....................... ...................
South A tlantic.......... ................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
W estern....... ..............................................

17
2
11
2
2

169
29
55
17
2

133
28
50
15
2

58.86
60.00
59.22
59.29
55.50

58.78
60.00
59.28
59.33
55.50

$0.1997
.1463
.2167
.1802
.2388

$0.2114
.1491
.2325
.1919
.2520

United States.............................. ............

34

272

228

59.06

59.05

.1965

.2074

Fleshers, male:
North A tlantic.. . . . . ... .................... . . ......
South A tlantic...........................................
North Central..............................................
South Central.............................................
Western....... ..............................................

24
14
14
5
3

130
76
69
25
12

118
87
68
19
12

59.02
60.00
59.41
59.76
54.50

58.99
60.00
59.38
59.68
54.50

.1981
.1580
.1961
.1752
.2677

.2001
.1614
.2027
.1827
.2691

United S ta tes...........................................

60

312

304

59.23

59.23

.1887

.1912

Glazers, male:
North A tlantic........................ ...................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central....... .....................................

14
2
3

569
80
21

. 472
97
31

59.26
60.00
59.05

59.39
60.00
59.32

.1704
.1877
.1756

.1756
.1873
.1978

United S ta tes..................................... ....

19

670

600

59.34

59.49

.1727

.1786

4!
2
3

63
119
49

48
198
51

59.73
60.00
59.78

59.60
60.00
59.76

.1201
.1070
.1165

.1413
.1127
.1209

Glazers, female:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
United States.........................................

9

231

297

59.88

59.90

.1126

.1187

Limers, male:
North A tlantic...........................................
South Atlantic...........................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.............................. .......................

23
13
13
5
4

234
87
97
18
18

196
84
92
16
15

59.01
60.00
59.54
59.89
55.17

58.90
60.00
59.60
59.88
55.00

.1804
.1491
.1709
.1339
.2427

.1829
.1479
.1825
.1496
.2489

403

59.19

59.18

.1730

.1767

73 57.56
50 60.00
31 59.41
17 59.90
6 54.00

57.56
60.00
59.42
59.88
54.00

.1957
.1549
.1807
.1464
.2778

.1969
.1612
.1925
.1555
.2778

United States................... ............. ........

68

454

Rollers, male:
North Atlantic................. ......... .................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.............. ........ ...............................

11
8
4
3
1

66
52
32
21
6

United States...........................................

27

177

177

58.77

58.68

.1779

.1848

Setters out, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central............ ........................ .......
W estern................. ........ ...........................

21
3
11
1
4

284
22
159
6
20

229
28
164
5
18

59.16
60.00
58.45
60.00
54.90

59.17
60.00
58.48
60.00
55.00

.1843
.1390
.2194
.2467
.2623

.1876
.1411
.2276
.2503
.2675

United States...........................................

40

491

444

58.80

58.81

.1976

.2034

Shavers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central.............................................
W estern....... ...............................................

19
2
11
1
4

113
31
118
4
8

85
38
123
3
8

58.39
60.00
59.43
60.00
55.13

58.04
60.00
59.54
60.00
55.13

-3211
.1865
.2287
.2552
.3122

.3389
.1859
.2459
.2167
.3248

United S tates...........................................

37

274

257

58.95

58.98

.2648

.2699

Stakers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

12
2
7
2

369
44
58
10

327
58
61
10

59.41
ea 00
59.50
57.00

59.50
60.00
59.70
57.00

.2118
.1847
.1695
.2509

.2103
.1807
.1845
.2597

United States...........................................

23

481

456

59.42

59.54

.2050

.2042




WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.

4f

T a b l e I . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.
L E A T H E R —Concluded.

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Average wages
per hour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Tanyard hands, male:(»)
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
W estern.......................................................

25
14
13
4
4

362
252
286
40
35

316
252
269
48
40

58.97
60.00
59.56
60.00
54.69

58.98
60.00
69.49
60.00
54.60

10.1645
.1329
.1711
.1257
.2312

$0.1677
.1360
.1767
.1274
.2433

United States...........................................

60

975

925

59.30

59.27

.1591

.1629

Unhairers, male.
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

24
14
13
3
4

193
113
69
11
27

156 58.96
104 60.00
54 59.19
10 60.00
24 55.00

58.86
60.00
59.26
60.00
55.13

.2112
.1532
.1986
.1371
.2516

.1926
.1595
.2129
.1498
.2548

United States...........................................

58

413

348

59.05

59.04

.1939

.1889

L IQ U O R S , M A L T .
Bottlers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

12
5
19
4
3

128
53
3,909
236
50

151
54
4,243
245
39

57.05
57.28
50.96
52.42
48.00

55.91
51.67
48.56
49.91
48.00

$0.1984
.1891
.1917
.1987
.3096

$0.2092
.2088
. 2184
.2136
.3265

United States...........................................

43

4,376

4,732

51.26

48.89

.1936

.2187

Cellar men, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

22
5
18
6
4

344
43
447
58
52

366
43
465
60
65

54.34
56.65
48.26
50.69
48.00

54.19
53.30
48.25
50.60
48.00

.3186
.2995
.3349
.3218
.4269

.3226
.3224
.3428
.3270
.4611

United States...........................................

55

944

999

50.99

50.77

.3316*

.3413

Coopers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

21
4
12
3
4

73
5
279
14
29

77
5
327
15

28

53.40
57.60
48.42
48.00
48.00

53.27
52.80
48.38
48.00
48.00

.3301
.2826
.3237
.3650
.4472

.3451
.2963
.3241
.3961
.4743

United States...........................................

44

400

452

49.40

49.23

.3348

.3391

Drivers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

22
5
19
6
5

618
97
369
. 147
46

644
100
385
152
47

57.31
59.20
57.65
56.27
57.00

57.04
58.26
57.40
55.02
57.00

.3003
.3325
.2879
.2639
.3587

.3025
.3464
.2861
.2740
.3751

United States...........................................

57

1,277

1,328

57.42

57.00

.2971

.3004

Fermenters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central................. ............................
South Cent m l..............................................
Western.......................................................

22
4
17
3
3

109
17
147
8
11

115
17
152
8
11

54.58
56.12
48.49
52.50
48.00

54.44
52.59
48.53
52.50
48.00

.3214
.3204
.3327
.3162
.4208

.3268
.3415
.3404
.3206
.4436

United States...........................................

49

292

303

51.30

51.09

.3306

.3385

a Handle hides at the vats and in the yards; are called tanners in the Nineteenth Annual Report of
this Bureau.




48

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUR EAU OF LABOR,

T able I . —AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS— Continued.

L I Q U O R S , M A L T —Concluded.
Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Occupation and geographical division.

Average
hours
per week.

Average wages
per nour.

1906.

1907..

1906.

1907.

Kettle men, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

22
5
19
6
4

93
13
128
15
20

103
13
130
17
22

54.58
55.38
48.40
51.20
48.00

54.32
53.54
48.35
50.82
48.00

10.3217
.3133
.3385
.3452
.4392

$0.3321
.3277
.3416
.3614
.4693

United States...........................................

56

269

285

51.00

50.86

.3394

.3485

Malt house men, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

4
9
3

84
180
31

81
209
38

65.18
49.04
48.26

64.94
49.34
48.21

.2360
.3376
.4212

.2425
.3482
.4428

United States...........................................

16

295

328

53.55

53.06

.3175

.3330

Washers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

22
5
19
5
4

289
28
393
34
58

267
33
430
39
68

54.31
56.36
48.39
49.94
48.00

54.15
53.45
48.47
50.00
48.00

.2798
.2707
.3121
.3075
.4210

.2900
.2839
.3175
.3169
.4498

United States...........................................

55

802

837

50.84

50.51

.3067

.3181

LUM BER.
Cant setters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

2
9
2
2

3
29
4
2

3
29
4
2

60.00
60.83
60.00
60.00

60.00
00.83
60.00
60.00

$0.1950
.2089
.1875
.2050

$0.1950
.2179
.1875
.2175

United States...........................................

15

38

38

60.63

60.63

.2053

.2129

Carriage men, male: («)
North A tlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western......................................... 1............

6
13
27
18
10

22
48
143
88
65

22
49
141
85
58

60.00
61.98
60.25
60.82
60.00

60.00
60.76
60.26
60.42
60.00

.2686
.1589
.2330
.1967
.2417

.2759
.1638
.2432
.2152
.2578

United States...........................................

74

366

355

60.55

60.31

.2183

.2300

Choppers and sawyers, in woods, male:
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

10
13
5
7

204
1,854
164
316

214
2,025
153
321

62.21
60.34
60.37
61.56

62.27
60.48
60.39
61.50

.1433
.1831
.1787
.2940

.1449
.1906
.1844
.3138

United States...........................................

35

2,538

2,713

60.64

60.73

.1934 |

.2013

Edgermen, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic......... >.................................
North Central..............................................
South Central................. ............................
Western.......................................................

5
13
26
18
10

13
18
83
42
21

13
18
85
40
19

60.00
62.00
60.22
60.57
60.00

60.00
61.06
60.21
60.30
60.00

.2765
.1765
.2576
.2428
.3268

.2773
.1821
.2641
.2523
.3420

United States...........................................

72

177

175

60.44

60.28

.2554

.2624

Filers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

5
11
25
16
9

13
16
53
26
27

12
16
55
23
25

60.00
62.50
60.00
60.69
60.00

60.00
60.69
60.00
60.52
60.00

.3500
.4440
.4816
.5387
.5113

.4421
.4725
.4864
.5708
.5402

135

131

60.43

60.18

. 4814

.5057

United States...........................................




66 |

a Including band setters and circular setters.

49

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907,
T a b l e I . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

L U M B E R —Concluded.

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Average wages
p erl lour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Laborers, mafe:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

5
13
27
18
9

207
971
2,464
1,843
2,048

195
1,016
2,467
1,686
1,792

60.00
60.71
60.32
61.00
60.00

60.00
59.96
60.16
60.74
60.00

$0.1688
.1332
.1744
.1507
.2103

$0.1799
.1367
.1804
.1604
.2245

United States...........................................

72

7,533

7,156

60.44

60.22

.1729

.1805

Sawyers, band, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

4
7
26
12
7

11
11
62
21
22

10
11
60
20
20

60.00
62.45
60.29
61.14
60.00

60.00
61.36
60.30
60.60
60.00

.5136
.5191
.5063
.5697
.4975

.4870
.5304
.5230
.5970
.5069

United States...........................................

56

127

121

60.54

60.37

.5170

.5303

Sawyers, circular, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

2
6
9
8
4

2
6
12
15
7

2
6
14
14
6

60.00
61.67
60.00
60.00
60.00

60.00
60.83
60.00
60.00
60.00

.3500
.3673
.3667
.5119
.5456

.3500
.3700
.3411
.5378
.5699

United States..........................................

29

42

42

60.24

60.12

.4477

.4439

Sawyers, gang, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
Western......................................................

3
2
10
3
3

6
3
16
4
3

6
3
16
4
3

60.00
59.33
60.38
60.00
60.00

60.00
56.00
60.38
60.00
60.00

.2308
.1667
.3072
.2815
.3083

.2375
.1833
.3210
.2877
.3250

United States...........................................

21

32

32

60.13

59.81

.2766

.2886

North Central..........................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

2
12
26
16
10

6
19
131
42
34

6
21
117
42
30

60.00
62.74
60.27
GO. 43
60.00

60.00
62.19
60.31
60.43
60.00

.2067
.1494
.2274
.1799
.2487

.2133
.1496
.2285
.1836
.2595

United States...........................................

66

232

216

60.46 j 60.46

.2150

.2160

Trimmers, male:
North Atlantic............................................

S o u th A t la n t ic ..................................................

M ARBLE AND STO N E W ORK.
Bed rubbers, male:
Nofth Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

26
6
18
8
5

84
22
92
55
12

85
18
97
55
20

49.30
53.91
55.58
63.75
50.00

49.38
53.89
56.18
63.49
49.80

$0.3443
.2037
.2596
.1849
.4042

$0.3338
.2070
.2564
.1963
.4356

United States...........................................

63

265

275

54.89

54.92

.2729

.2781

Carvers, male:
North A tlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

27
5
13
8
11

110
9
22
14
20

103
14
18
15
21

45.31
52.44
51.36
51.36
48.80

45.36
50.14
50.22
50.87
48.00

.6321
.4568
.4689
.4456
.5039

.6270
.4989
.4862
.4564
.5424

United States...........................................

64

175

171

47.32

47.07

.5730

.5763

Laborers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

37
20
37
20
10

359
178
306
285
S9

381
154
290
288
41

50.78
54.30
56.81
58.57
48.92

51.31
54.52
56.57
58.40
49.02

.2497
.1715
.2009
.1405
.3023

.2527
.1681
.2084
.1502
.3220

United States...........................................

124

1,167

1,154

54.74

54.75

.2001

.2072




50

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR,

T able

I.— AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

M A R B L E A N D S T O N E W O R K —Concluded.

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Average wages
per hour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Letterers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

27
4
11
6
9

69
8
24
25
20

72
7
25
19
19

49.36
54.75
52.33
52.88
48.60

49.24
54.86
52.60
52.11
48.84

$0.3969
.3546
.3834
.3347
.4785

$0.4010
.3497
.3819
.3785
.4705

United States................................. i ........

57

146

142

50.64

50.44

.3929

.4014

Marble cutters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

24
13
18
18
12

185
76
86
82
28

204
52
92
88
29

46.82
52.11
54.73
55.60
49.29

46.54
51.42
55.09
53.85
48.90

.4900
.3730
.3200
.3049
.4366

.4962
.3742
.3213
.3580
.4952

United States...........................................

85

457

465

50.91

50.31

.4021

.4217

Marble polishers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South A tlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

20
8
15
18
12

147
47
131
84
30

182
41
127
99
32

48.86
54.83
54.27
56.89
49.87

48.12
54.59
55.41
57.28
50.38

.2830
.1979
.2212
.1809
.3685

.3139
.1898
.2262
.1866
.3995

United States...........................................

73

439

481

52.72

52.63

.2418

.2597

Western.......................................................

12
4
16
4

57
11
55
4

67
12
61
4

48.35
51.82
55.25

47.99
52.00
55.92

4 8 .5 0

4 8 .5 0

.4526
.3805
.3420

.5 0 3 1

.4645
.3634
.3425
.5531

United States...........................................

36

127

144

51.65

51.69

.4000

.4069

84
7
59
34
10

78
6
61
37
9

48.95
53.71
57.93
60.88
54.80

49.13
53.67
58.07
60.81
55.56

.3094
.2235
.2558
.1830
.3600

.3171
.2237
.2572
.1895
.3792

Planers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................

N o r t h C e n t r a l..........................................................

Sawyers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western........................................................

19
4
29
7 ‘
7

United States...........................................

66

194

191

54.25

54.69

.2705

.2732

Stonecutters, granite, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South A tlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western........................................................

43
22
10
9
15

700
154
60
70
170

677
149
66
60
206

47.55
48.34
52.75
49.73
47.55

47.33
48.34
53.41
49.23
47.67

.4125
.3936
.3716
.3780
.5556

.4148
.4044
.3731
.3993
.6032

United States..................................1.......

99

1,154

1,158

48.06

47.97

.4268

.4438

Stonecutters, soft stone, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western........................................................

22
13
34
12
11

638
88
339
100
79

513
96
313
69
73

45.22
48.17
46.32
46.32
44.76

45.19
48.16
46.15
46.49
44.44

.5215
.4839
.5138
.4948
.6023

.5280
.4859
.5216
.5014
.6438

United S tates...........................................

92

1,244

1,064

45.79

45.77

.5197

.5285

Stone polishers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South A tlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western........................................................

14
5
7
2
7

30
8
39
3
10

26
6
26
3
10

49.20
52.88
57.64
49.00
46.00

49.38
52.67
59.00
49.00
46.60

.3067
.2047
.1977
.2764
.3688

.3210
.2278
.2120
.2575
.4160

United States...........................................

85

90

71

52.82

52.77

.2563

.2839




51

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907,
T a b l e I . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

PAPER AND WOOD PULP.

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Averag e wages
per 1lour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Back tenders, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................

16
9

208
55

244
55

64.14
68.33

55.14
68.33

$0.1766
.1580

$0.2249
.1664

United States......... ................................

25

263

299

65.02

57.57

.1727

.2142

17
10

420
112

502
114

61.23
68.79

53.34
68.74

.1783
.1628

.2054
.1665

Beaters, male:
United States...........................................

27

532

616

62.82

56.19

.1750

.1982

Bleachers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................

8
5

83
28

81
28

53.25
62.57

53.47
62.57

.2036
.1640

.2113
.1668

United States. . .......................................

13

111

109

55.60

55.81

.1936

.1999

8
6

191
59

231
59

54.56
64.88

56.20
64.88

.1980
.1752

.2047
.1777

Calendrers, male:
North Central..............................................

14

250

290

57.00

57.97

.1926

.1992

Calendrers, female:
North Atlantic............................................

2

33

17

55.00

55.00

.1382

.1595

Cutters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................

12
8

94
42

89
42

52.24
59.14

58.01
59.12

.2123
.1758

.1722
.1796

U n it e d S t a t e s ......................................................

20

136

131

54.38

58.37

.2010

.1746

Cutters, female:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

11
9

179
56

164
60

54.94
59.95

60.18
59.97

.1088
.0956

.1101
.1046

United States...........................................

20

235

224

56.13

60.13

.1056

.1086

Enamelers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

2
1

65
24

130
24

48.55
60.00

48.37
60.00

.2160
.1796

.2333
.1879

United States...........................................

3

89

154

51.64

50.18

.2062

.2263

Finishers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

14
9

169
59

173
58

60.05
59.93

56.96
61.40

.1776
.1791

.1959
.1835

United States...........................................

23

228

231

60.02

58.07

.1780

.1928

Finishers, female:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............*..............................

6
6

50
64

64
63

57.70
59.97

56.70
60.52

.1313
.1013

.1374
.1082

United States...........................................

12

114

127

58.97

58.60

.1144

.1229

Laborers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

17
11

830
266

909
284

59.31
60.62

58.65
60.59

.1573
.1499

.1606
.1550

United States...........................................

28

1,096

1,193

59.63

59.11

.1555

.1593

Machine tenders, male:
North Atlantic............................................
N orth Central..............................................

18
10

238
52

276
52

61.11
68.35

53.99
68.35

.2771
.2696

.3349
.2716

United States........................ ..................

28

290

328

62.41

56.27

.2757

. 3249

Press tenders, male:
North Atlantic............................................
N orth Central.............................................

4
3

* 74
16

79
16

66.73
61.44

58.90
61.44

.1572
.1343

, 1842
.1453

United States...........................................

7

90

95

65.79

59.33

. 1531.

. 1777




52

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR,

T a b l e I.—
AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

P A P E R A N D W O O D P U L P —Concluded.

Occupation and geographical division.

Pulp grinders, male:
North Atlantic ........................................................
N o r t h C e n t r a l________

__ . . . . .

_________

United States...................
Rag sorters, male:

N o r t h A t l a n t i e ______________

Rag sorters, female:
North Atlantic............................................

N o r t h C e n t r a l..........................................................

United States...................
Wood cookers, male:

N o r t h A t la n t ie _____________
N o r t h C e n t r a l____________________ _____ _____

United States...................
Wood preparers, male:

N o r t h A t l a n t i e ..... ..................
N o r t h C e n tr a l
. . ___________

____________

U n it e d S t a t e s ________ _____

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Averagej wages
per bLour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

6
2

120
14

162
13

68.11
71.93

52.64
71.92

10.1592
.1342

$0.1975
.1492

8

134

175

68.51

54.07

.1566

.1939

2

39

43

57.85

59.86

.1675

.1628

6
5

191
65

185
66

52.10
59.56

52.85
59.64

.1043
.0979

.1150
.1168

11

246

251

53.77

54.63

.1029

.1155

6
2

46
4

39
4

61.39
71.75

56.28
71.75

.2036
.1833

.2421
.1885

8

50

43

62.22

57.72

.2019

.2371

8
2

186
50

211
38

62.32
59.90

56.76
59.89

.1637
.1505

.1990
.1618

10

236

249

61.81

57.24

.1609

.1933

PLA N IN G - M IL L S .
Carpenters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
W e s t e r n ____________ _____________ _______ _

United States...................
Framers, male:

N o r t h A t l a n t i e ______ _______

South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

W e s t e r n __ __ _ __________________ . . ______

United States...................
Glaziers, male:

N o r t h A t l a n t i e ______________

South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
W e s t e r n ............................ ..........................................

United States...................
Laborers, male:

N o r t h A t l a n t i c ............... .......

South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

W e s t e r n ____________________ ____________'_____

United States...................
Machine woodworkers, male:
N o r th A tla n tic .

South Atlantic................................... ' .......
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
W e ste r n .

. ________________________ _______

United States...................




29
12
41
11
9

491
371
543
124
72

533
266
558
119
98

53.64
55.36
57.34
55.65
50.03

53.57
55.78
56.83
55.76
50.51

$0.3173
.2953
.2698
.2645
.4317

$0.3258
.2976
.2782
.2704:
.4707

102

1,601

1,574

55.29

55.07

.2972

.3090

6
7
24
2

51
59
145
8

42
48
143
8

55.37
56.75
59.03
60.00

54.79
56.75
58.79
60.00

.2487
.2702
.2297
.2500

.2699
.2609
.2336
.2656

39

263

241

57.84 j 57.73

.2431

.2464

33
16
51
11
16

24
16
55
9
16

55.15
57.00
58.90
56.73
50.25

55.04
57.38
58.78
58.00
51.00

.2385
.2245
.2155
.2177
.3827

.2547
.2205
.2193
.2517
.4480

47

127

120

56.41

56.75

.2439

.2595

27
14
43
17
6

308
656
1,377
764
195

289
664
1,402
754
199

57.70
57.01
59.41
59.98
56.40

57.54
57.87
59.31
59.71
56.89

.1699
.1293
.1576
.1556
.2279

.1745
.1311
.1627
.1601
.2434:

107

3,300

3,308

58.73

58.81

.1568

.1617

31
14
47
18
10

299
207
828
247
156

329
252
863
238
175

54.51
56.83
58.82
58.54
53.44

54.21
56.51
58.63
58.34
53.85

.3001
.2482
.2167
.2122
.3280

.3071
.2430
.2256
.2112
.3465

120

1,737

1,857

57.32

57.07

.2442

.2520

10
6
23
5
3

.

53

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907,
T able

I — AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.
P L A N IN G M IL L S —Concluded.

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours,
per week.

Averageb wages
per 1lour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Sawyers, male:(a)
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

27
14
45
10
8

151
71
337
48
68

147
65
351
45
56

54.23
55.62
58.88
57.63
53.76

54.07
55.40
58.88
57.87
52.64

$0.2947
.2469
.2176
.2255
.3290

$0.3020
.2553
.2218
.2203
.3607

United States...........................................

104

675

664

56.89

56.88

.2497

.2544

POTTERY.
Dippers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

8
4

10
23

10
24

46.50
44.43

46.50
44.54

$0.5206
.5382

$0.5654
.5268

United States...........................................

12

33

34

45.06

45.12

.5329

.5382

Jigger men, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

8
4

51
89

53
92

51.39
53.00

51.28
53.00

.4354
.4772

.4356
.4496

United States...........................................

12

140

145

52.41

52.37

.4620

.4445

Kiln firemen, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

8
4

9
13

9
13

62.44
82.15

62.44
82.15

.3684
.2500

.3684
.2500

United S ta te s ........................................

12

22

22

74.09

74.09

.2984

.2984

Kiln men, male:
North Atlantic............................................
N orth Central.............. ...............................

8
4

110
139

97
131

46.43
45.73

46.70
45.71

.3800
.4038

.3707
.4362

United States...........................................

12

249

228

46.04

46.13

.3933

.4084

Mold makers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

8
4

13
20

13
20

53.15
52.40

53.15
52.40

.3868
.3452

.3833
.3461

United States...........................................

12

33

33

52.70

52.70

.3616

.3607

Pressers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

8
4

183
97

208
84

52.72
53.00

52.68
53.00

.4354
.3737

.4445
.3619

United States...........................................

12

280

292

52.81

52.77

.4140

.4207

Sagger makers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................

8
4

16
16

15
16

50.81
47.44

51.07
47.44

.5046
.5223

.4822
.5420

United States...........................................

12

32

31

49.13

49.19

.5134

.5131

Setters out, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................

8
4

18
22

18
22

46.22
45.68

46.22
45.68

.4867
.5120

.4915
.5477

United States...........................................

12

40

40

45.93

45.93

.5006

.5224

P R I N T I N G AlSTD B I N D I N G , B O O K A N D J O B .
Bookbinders, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

31
18
49
17
17

271
73
534
90
82

288
73
547
98
87

53.34
54.00
53.84
53.52
49.56

52.82
53.08
53.63
53.17
49.64

$0.3440
.3081
.3150
.3128
.3946

$0.3514
.3269
.3195
.3213
.4165

United States...........................................

132

1,050

1,093

53.36

53.02

.3280

.3363




a including all classes of sawyers.

54

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR,

T a b l e I.—
AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

P R I N T I N G A N D B I N D I N G , B O O K A N D J O B —Continued.

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estabiisnments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Average5 wages
p e r t lour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Compositors, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

51
23
51
20
21

889
244
704
206
148

867
254
673
221
156

50.53
51.82
51.29
52.60
49.07

50.16
50.85
51.19
52.91
48.91

$0.3614
.3271
.3421
.3337
.4335

$0.3712
.3336
.3433
.3409
.4671

United States...........................................

166

2,191

2,171

51.01

50.75

.3537

.3620

Compositors, female:
North Atlantic...........................................
N orth Central.............................................

14
11

46
24

51
14

51.87
52.96

51.59
52.29

.2887
.2758

.3077
.2671

United States...........................................

25

70

65

52.24

51.74

.2843

.2989

Electrotypers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

10
13
5

90
93
23

92
92
23

51.54
52.95
49.83

51.63
51.45
49.04

.4216
.3505
.4800

.4239
.3617
.5022

United States...........................................

28

206

207

51.99

51.26

.3960

.4050

South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

24
13
25
6
10

213
47
103
20
34

205
59
103
19
36

49.49
50.34
49.63
48.80
47.91

49.42
50.03
49.61
49.16
47.50

.4545
.4213
.4608
.4731
.5690

.4581
.4263
.4743
.4572
.5743

Linotype operators, male:

United States...........................................

78

417

422

49.46

49.38

.4625

.4675

Linotype operators, female:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

10
5
4

19
45
12

19
49
12

52.11
53.11
46.00

52.42
53.00
45.75

.3062
.2037
.5321

.3085
.2716
.4808

United S ta t e s ..........................................

19

76

80

51.74

51.78

.2812

.3118

Press feeders, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

41
20
51
20
21

425
102
566
153
125

477
118
566
147
134

52.38
53.83
53.90
53.23
49.06

52.49
52.75
53.49
52.86
49.05

.2086
.1609
.1896
.1649
.2366

.2264
.1622
.1949
.1712
.2498

United States...........................................

153

1,371

1,442

52.91

52.62

.1949

.2053

Press feeders, female:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
N orth Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

19
13
17
7

144
47
91
24

142
40
96
32

53.95
54.00
53.90
53.75

53.96
53.70
53.43
53.69

.1265
.1136
.1450
.0989

.1244
.1208
.1407
.1168

United States...........................................

56

306

310

53.93

53.74

.1279

.1282

Pressmen, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

51
23
53
20
21

419
72
359
69
64

451
81
352
71
65

52.81
53.85
53.94
53.55
49.00

52.62
52.95
53.52
52.94
48.94

.3550
.3024
.3384
.3136
.4357

.3691
.3143
.3517
.3358
.4553

United States...........................................

168

983

1*020

53.10

52.75

.3475

.3619

Proof readers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.................................................... •..

27
9
19
4
5

110
15
33
4
7

108
16
43
4
7

50.15
53.67
52.91
53.50
48.86

49.81
51.88
51.33
53.50
48.86

.4101
.3258
.3815
.3598
.4096

.4197
.3402
.4022
.3481
.4275

United States...........................................

64

169

178

51.03

50.41

.3958

.4071




55

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907,
T a b l e I.—
AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

P R I N T I N G A N D B I N D I N G , B O O K A N D J O B —Concluded.

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estabHchlisnments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Average wages
per hour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Proof readers, female:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

19
4
15
6
4

25
6
35
6
5

29
6
32
7
6

52.44
54.00
52.40
53.17
50.40

51.72
54.00
52.03
51.14
49.50

$0.2928
.1636
.2736
.2388
.3099

$0.3195
.1713
.2800
.2789
.3930

United States...........................................

48

77

80

52.47

51.98

.2709

.2945

Sewers and stitchers, book, female: (a)
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

33
20
47
18
19

238
125
400
157
135

241
130
465
186
137

53.34
53.79
53.81
53.07
49.79

52.98
52.82
53.63
53.05
49.58

.1269
.0994
.1180
.1069
.1525

.1306
.1073
.1219
.1067
.1663

United States...........................................

137

1,055

1,159

53.08

52.83

.1206

.1249

P R IN T IN G , N E W SP A P E R .
Compositors, male:
North Atlantic....................................... ...
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

46
24
45
19

17

811
271
676
239
235

842
287
740
240
248

46.97
47.21
47.19
48.46
46.48

47.08
44.88
47.11
48.52
46.66

$0.5006
.4711
.5148
.5037
.6124

$0.5140
.5069
.5281
.5060
.6363

United States...........................................

151

2,232

2,357

47.17

46.92

.5135

.5296

Linotype operators, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

45
23
46
19
17

780
252
698
208
258

756
264
705
209
260

46.56
44.60
47.32
47.79
46.35

46.46
44.64
47.22
47.74
46.73

.5557
.5560
.5336
.6391
.6237

.5641
.5745
.5455
.6451
.6653

United States...........................................

150

2,196

2,194

46.67

46.64

.5646

.5791

Pressmen, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

46
24
46
18
17

407
74
387
33
102

428
79
404
39
116

46.66
48.11
49.68
52.73
4a 75

46.47
48.44
48.52
52.41
47.56

.4645
.3717
.4024
.4312
.4754

.4871
.3721
.4195
.4233
.5344

United States...........................................

151

1,003

1,066

48.34

47.73

.4337

.4558

Stereotypers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

45
20
44
17
17

260
55
200
33
59

258
54
207
33
65

45.89
46.80
4a 93
51.42
50.03

45.64
46.56
48.73
51.36
4a 74

.5285
.4067
.4296
.3973
.5027

.5367
.4466
.4380
.4200
.5467

United States...........................................

143

607

617

47.68

47.39

.4752

.4905

S H IP B U IL D IN G .
Blacksmiths, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South A tlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
W estern.......................................................

16
7
4
3

110
87
32
45

134
113
33
36

54.92
57.52
58.72
53.87

55.13
57.77
58.58
53.83

$0.3093
.2738
.2956
.3833

$0.3066
.2753
.3095
.3995

United States...........................................

30

274

316

56.01

56.29

.3086

.3063

a Sewers and stitchers are reported separately in the Nineteenth Annual Report of this Bureau and
in Bulletins 59,65, and 71.




56

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

T able

I.— AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.
S H I P B U I L D I N G —Continued.

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Averagee wages
per 1lour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Boiler makers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

10
7
4
3

340
300
76
61

349
339
71
62

54.16
58.36
59.46
54.00

54.09
58.67
59.11
54.00

10.2876
.2589
.3048
.4274

$0.2957
.2622
.3125
.4702

United States...........................................

24

777.

821

56.29

56.41

.2892

.2965

Calkers, iron, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

8
4
4
2

289
54
96
68

235
75
77
41

55. 74
54.28
57.56
54.00

55.49
54.23
57.66
54.00

.2732
.2332
.2995
.3554

.2810
.2305
.3532
.4257

United States...........................................

18

507

428

55.70

55.52

.2849

.2990

Calkers, wood, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

16
4
1
2

323
80
9
12

289
75
10
12

52.76
54.15
54.00
49.00

51.26
54.32
54.00
49.00

.3551
.3005
.3100
.5958

.3700
.2997
.3300
.7000

United States...........................................

23

424

386

52.94

51.85

.3506

.3656

Carpenters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

21
8
4
4

1,143
460
170
176

1,256
441
200
156

53.88
57.25
58.55
52.81

52.64
57.13
58.41
53.23

.3146
.2746
.3000
.4329

.3340
.2815
.3087
.4569

United States...........................................

37

1,949

2,053

54.99

54.21

.3146

.3286

Drillers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

9
5
4
2

364
83
155
94

280
127
120
78

55.92
56.29
56. 94
54.00

55.73
56. 02
56.85
54.00

.2368
.1791
.2082
.2823

.2536
. 1775
.2359
.3016

United States...........................................

20

696

605

55.93

55.79

.2297

.2403

Fitters, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

10
5
4
2

302
423
133
95

268
374
132
91

55.19
58.39
56.98
54.00

55.07
58.05
57.73
54.00

.2608
.2437
.2736
.4036

.2700
.2526
.2960
.4123

United States...........................................

21

953

865

56.74

56.65

.2692

.2814

Joiners, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

14
6
3
4

400
298
84
194

506
373
99
140

55.53
57.01
59.00
53.72

55.15
57.02
58.30
53.66

.2988
.2759
.2995
.4305

.3063
.2765
.3172
.4458

United States...........................................

27

976

1,118

55.92

55.87

.3181

.3148

Laborers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

19
8
4
4

1,205
1,096
1,446
427

1,568
1,149
1,499
90

55.54
56.81
58.02
53.90

55.58
56.68
59.00
53.60

.1677
.1356
.1605
.2204

.1756
. 1418
.1755
.2309

United States...........................................

35

4,174

4,3Q6

56.56

57.02

.1622

.1677

Machinists, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
Western............................................ 1.........

12
7
4
3

1,030
781
313
479

1,075
791
275
303

55.16
58.36
59.32
54.00

55.05
57.88
59.04
54.00

.2707
.2683
.2869*
.3769

.2787
.2794
.3032
.3928

United States...........................................

26

2,603

2,444

56.41

56.28

.2915

.2958




57

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T a b l e I . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

S H I P B U I L D I N G —Concluded.

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
establisnments. 1904. 1907.

Average
hours,
per week.

Average wages
per hour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Molders, iron, male:
North A tlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

3
4
2
2

82
160
92
69

67
166
74
39

56.07
57.38
55.37
54.00

55.28
57.43
55.14
54.00

$0.2870
.2876
.3266
.4358

$0.2907
.2971
.3466
.4397

United States...........................................

11

403

346

56.07

56.14

.3218

.3225

Painters, male:
North A tlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

13
6
3
2

454
337
22
52

407
308
71
46

54.85
55.95
59.18
54.00

54.72
56.36
57.30
54.00

.2687
.2425
.2410
.3025

.2814
.2171
.2246
.3279

United States...........................................

24

865

832

55.34

55.51

.2598

.2664

Pattern makers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South A tlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
Western.......................................................

11
5
3
2

98
70
25
32

105
92
19
20

55.92
57.69
59.16
54.00

55.79
58.11
59.00
54.00

.3226
.3162
.3384
.4747

.3235
.3346
.3487
.5073

United States...........................................

21

225

236

56.56

56.80

.3440

.3454

Riggers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
Western.......................................................

10
5
3
5

311
46
29
63

336 *55.57
49 56.15
40 56.69
70 50.57

55.19
55.86
56.10
52.29

.2064
.2366
.2183
.4892

.2163
.2361
.2281
.4039

United States...........................................

23

449

495

55.00

54.92

.2499

.2458

Riveters, male:
North A tlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..........................................
Western.......................................................

9
5
3
2

310
459
240
233

312
430
235
227

55.19
58.56
57.10
54.00

54.85
58.15
56.94
54.00

.3345
.2280
.2722
.3097

.3375
.2294
.3498
.3689

United States..........................................

19

1,242

1,204

56.58

58.28

.2784

.3072

S IL K G O O D S.
Beamers, male:
North A tlantic___
Doublers, female:
North Atlantic___
Dyers, male:
North A tlantic___
Loom fixers, male:
North Atlantic___
Pickers, female:(<*)
North Atlantic___
Quillers, female:
North Atlantic___
Spinners, male:
North Atlantic___
Spinners, female:
North Atlantic___
Twisters-in, male:
North Atlantic___
Warpers, male:
North Atlantic___
Warpers, female:
North Atlantic___
Weavers, male:
North Atlantic___
Weavers, female:
North Atlantic___
Weavers, ribbon, male:
North A tlantic___




8

37

35

56.97

56.89

$0.1887

$0.1938

11

145

133

57.69

57.17

.1055

.1163

6

1,235

1,279

55.64

55.66

.1954

.1902

15

176

191

58.15

58.03

.2656

.2768

13

380

424

58.18

57.76

.1185

.1274

15

441

407

57.74

57.75

.0918

.0984

6

184

163

58.02

56.74

.1017

.1035

3

45

78

58.91

58.44

.1035

.1136

13

124

132

57.91

57.92

.2391

.2564

6

82

68

56.27

56.37

. .2403

.2505

13

604

610

58.12

57.70

.1563

.1663

12

915

913

57.66

57.68

.2086

.2177

14

2,049

2,001

58.33

58.02

.1543

.1700

4
372
325
a N ot including warp pickers.

56.14

56.16

.2543

.2813

58

BULLETIN OP THE BUBEAU OP LABOR.

T able

I.—AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.
S I L K G O O D S —Concluded.

Occupation and geographical division.

Weavers, ribbon, female:
North Atlantic............................................
Winders, female:
North Atlantic............................................

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.
1906.

Average wages
per hour.

1907.

1906.

1907.

3

139

175

57.33

57.01

$0.1916

SO. 2084

16

983

892

58.29

58.11

.1042

.1135

SO.4404

SO.4396

S L A U G H T E R IN G A N D M E A T P A C K IN G .
Back skinners, cattle, male:
North Central..............................................
Dry salters, male:
North Central..............................................
Gutters, cattle, male:
North Central..............................................
Gutters, hog, male:
North Central..............................................
Headers, cattle, male:
North Central..............................................
Headers, hog, male:
North Central..................................*..........
Laborers, male:
North Central..............................................
Picklers, male:
North Central..............................................
Rump skinners, cattle, male:
North Central.............................................
Scrapers, hog, male:
North Central..............................................
Side skinners, cattle, male:
North Central..............................................
Splitters, cattle, male:
North Central..............................................
Splitters, hog, male:
North Central..............................................
Stickers, cattle, male:
North Central..............................................
Stickers, hog, male:
North Central..............................................

12

26

24

(a)

(a)

14

469

473

59.94

59.94

.1834

.1880

12

.26

24

(a)

(a)

.2615

.2613

14

35

36

<a)

(a)

.2896

.2877

11

28

28

(a)

(a)

.3278

.3346

15

16

15

(a)

(a)

.2809

.2897

15 10,979 11,288

(a)

(a)

.1707

.1755

60.00

.1807

.1849

.3779

.3750

14

619

590

60.00

10

20

19

(a)

12

58

59

(a)

(°)
(a)

.2309

.2276

12

68

64

(a)

(a)

.4846

.4849

13

46

42

(a)

(•)

.4717

.4859

15

37

36

<•)

(a )

.3122

.3083

11
15

18

17

(a )

(a )

.3139

.3118

15

15

(®)

(«)

.3043

.3027

ST R E E T S AND SEW ER S, CONTRACT W ORK.
Laborers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central__ •.........................................
Western............................... _.....................
United States...........................................

5,139
1,609
3,979
1,241
2,104

57.32
55.08
58.06
58.14
50.75

57.02
54.08
57.77
58.02
50.77

SO.1751
.1681
.2075
.1693
.2754

SO.1823
.1748
.2203
.1796
.2767

131 14,800 14,072

56.40

56.05

.1976

.2060

39
20
40
16
16

5,319
1,651
4,196
1,471
2,163

S T R E E T S A N D S E W E R S , M U N IC IP A L W O R K .
Laborers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
Western.......................................................

22 9,374 10,480
10 2,499 2,971
22 10,419 11,366
10 1,572 1,648
8 1,283 1,714

48.68
51.66
48.20
52.73
48.00

48.13
51.38
48.23
53.47
46.77

SO. 2292
.1793
.2285
.1836
.2719

$0.2442
.1855
.2364
.1904
.3213

United States...........................................

72 25,147 28,179

49.00

48.74

.2233

.2364

<*Not reported; working hours are irregular, depending upon amount of work to be done each day.




59

WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOK, 1890 TO 1907.
T able

I.—AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Continued.

T O B A C C O , C IG A R S .

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours
per week.

Averagi3 wages
per !lour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Bunch makers, hand, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

5
2
4
2

59
43
49
10

51
27
71
7

54.81
56.09
49.67
52.40

55.37
53.19
49.80
54.00

$0.2565
.1959
.2308
.2006

$0.2650
.2012
.2357
.1791

United States...........................................

13

161

156

53.44

52.40

.2290

.2368

Bunch makers, hand, female:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................

10
3
6
1

519
148
139
17

536
123
147
14

56.70
54.00
50.10
46.00

56.84
51.80
50.24
46.00

.1852
.1517
.2220
.1390

.1890
.1737
.2129
.1551

United States...........................................

20

823

820

54.88

54.72

.1844

.1904

Bunch makers, machine, female:
North Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................

9
2

385
103

396
98

53.17
51.70

53.77
51.82

.1645
.1715

.1501
.1795

United States...........................................

11

488

494

52.86

53.38

.1660

.1559

14
15
2

858
2,382
454
114

863
2,237
462
124

49.02
59.85
47.19
48.95

48.94
59.86
47.10
48.87

.3483
.3015
.3196
.2742

.3601
.2961
.3331
.3048

Cigar makers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................

9

United States...........................................

40

3,808

3,686

55.58

55.34

.3134

.3160

Cigar rollers, hand, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central..............................................

5
2
6
1

170
47
71
20

153
35
88
25

50.08
55.15
49.86
54.00

50.71
53.60
49.93
54.00

.2700
.2100
.2483
.1766

.2740
.2295
.2541
.1639

United States...........................................

14

308

301

51.06

51.09

.2498

.2538

North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

12
3
8
1

675
253
314
26

594
319
346
21

54.06
56.87
50.27
46.00

53.66
57.16
50.29
46.00

.1827
.1523
.1932
.1283

.1849
.1340
.1897
.1358

C ig a r r o lle r s , h a n d , fe m a le :

United States...........................................

24

1,268

1,280

53.52

53.50

.1781

.1727

Cigar rollers, machine, female:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central.............................................
South Central.................................... : .......

9
1
1
1

1,002
69
125
239

1,027
70
133
207

55.85
48.00
52.50
60.00

55.86
48.00
52.50
57.00

.1589
.1620
.1523
.1010

.1628
.1855
.1430
.1123

United States...........................................

12

1,435

1,437

55.87

5T.33

.1488

.1548

Packers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

21
8
13
2

149
125
53
11

141
116
60
10

47.56
59.21
48.11
50.18

47.98
59.04
48.15
49.80

.3949
.6557
.3822
.4082

.3997
.5892
.3713
.4076

44 |

338

327

52.04

51.99

.4898

.4619

10
2
7
3

283
45
60
42

307
52
52
42

55.00
54.93
45.98
58.76

54.97
55.85
46.08
56.05

.1293
.1376
.1684
.1641

.1388
.1273
.2119
.1625

22 |

430

453

54.10

54.15

.1390

.1480

United States...........................................
Packers, female:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................
United States...........................................




60

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR,

T a b l e I.—
AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS—Concluded.

T O B A C C O , C IG A R S —Concluded.

Occupation and geographical division.

Num Number of
ber of employees.
estab
lish
ments. 1906. 1907.

Average
hours,
per week.

Average wages
per hour.

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

Stemmers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

8
5
2
2

74
42
8
11

68
45
12
13

51.14
53.38
47.50
54.73

52.03
52.49
47.00
54.92

$0.1416
.1319
.2150
.0994

$0.1508
.1355
.1956
.1025

United States...........................................

17

135

138

51.91

52.01

.1395

.1452

Stemmers, female:
North Atlantic............................................
South Atlantic.............................................
North Central..............................................
South Central..............................................

23
9
17
3

1,052
286
378
86

1,052
296
421
69

53.41
58.74
50.41
56.09

53.32
58.95
50.41
55.17

.1088
.1210
.1039
.0779

.1137
.1062
.1061
.0939

United States...........................................

52

1,802

1,838

53.76

53.63

.1082

.1100

W OOLEN A ND W O R STED G O O DS.
Burlers, female:
North Atlantic............................................
Carders, male:
North Atlantic............................................
Card strippers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
Combers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
Combers, female:
North Atlantic............................................
Dyers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
Loom fixers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
Spinners, frame, male:
North Atlantic............................................
Spinners, frame, female:
North Atlantic............................................
Spinners, mule, male:
North Atlantic............................................
Weavers, male:
North Atlantic............................................
Weavers, female:
North Atlantic...........................................




29

770

1,035

58.31

57.89

$0.1092

$0.1153

24

198

200

58.73

58.49

.1213

.1290

15

83

79

58.08

57.95

.1324

.1355

7

170

159

59.20

58.57

.1219

.1239
.0958

5

140

126

56.62

56.21

.0948

25

657

677

59.43

58.91

.1408

.1500

29

333

347

58.38

57.99

.2546

.2674

4

25

67

58.32

57.70

.0951

.1159

9

747

739

58.68

58.00

.1065

.1185

23

330

352

58.57

58.45

.2027

.2066

27

1,444

1,683

58.73

58.51

.2025

.2116

27

2,201

1,999

58.18

58.07

.1697

.1841

61

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907,
T able

I I . —RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS.
[For explanation of relative figures, see page 18.]

A G R IC U L T U R A L . IM P L E M E N T S .
|

B L A C K S M I T H S , M a le .

F I T T E R S , M a le .

[Bata from 15 establishments 1890-1904; 24, 1905, ! [Bata from 1 establishment 1890-1903; 10,1904; 19,
|
1905, 1906; 20, 1907.]
1906; 23, 1907.]
Relative !Relative Relative
number of Ihours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
Average 1890-99...

189 0
18Q1
18Q9.

i

1898
18Q4
1896

1896
1897
1 89 8
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906

1907.......................

100.0 i
90.5
91.3
104.0
104.8
98.4
96.0
100.8
97.6
110.3
107.1
113.5
114.3
106.3
112.7
119.5
136.9
148.8 i
134.6 I

100.0
100.8
100.8
100.8
100.8
96.4
100.8
100.8
97.5
100.8
100.4
100.5
100. 4
100.4
99.2
100.0
99.9
99.9
100.9

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
95.2 ; 1899.....................
96.5 1900.....................
95.3 1901.....................
100.2 1902.....................
104.7 1903.....................
106.2 1904.....................
109.6 1905.....................
114.9 1906.....................
125.1 1907.....................

100.0
98.4
101.3
105.6
115.4
100.0
90.9
95.4
95.8
101.7

G R IN D E R S , M a le .

l! M A C H IN E

100.0
111.1
88.9
88.9
100.0
100.0
88.9
77.8
100.0
122.2
111.1
111.1
122.2
111.1
100.0
80.0
85.7
103.2
90.1

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.3
96.2
95.4
95.1

100.0
92.7
90.3
98.6
100.0
100.7
102.7
121.5
93.4
96.4
103.8
102.1
129.6
135.3
134.8
144.7
152.7
151.1
155.8

W O O D W O R K E R S , M a le .

[Data from 1 establishment 1890-1903; 8, 1904; 17, !' [Bata from 11 establishments 1890-1903; 10, 1904;
1905; 19, 1906; 20, 1907.]
j|
23, 1905, 1900; 22, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905......................
1906.......................
1907......................

100.0
47.1
70.6
82.4
105.9
94.1
105.9
94.1
94.1
164.7
158.8
176.5
147.1
70.6
70.6
69.9
78.0
83.1
82.6

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.8
97.8
97.5
97.2

Average 1890-99. J
1890.....................|
1891.....................i
1892......................
1893.....................
1894.....................!
1895.....................|
1896.....................'
1897.....................i
1898.....................;
1899...;.............. !
1900..................... j
1901.....................1
1902..................... j
1903.....................!
1904.....................i
1905.....................
1906.....................i
1907.....................5

100.0
84.8
99.4
84.9
79.4
100.8
99.2
107.9
120.8
113.0
109.6
114.5
105.6
108.4
123.0
136.9
138.8
140.0
141.0

100.0
97.9
98.8
98.5
107.1
93.8
94.1
100.0
91.7
105.6
113.0
123.9
128.6
124.5
146.6
122.3
140.3
139.2
141.1

100.0
100.5
100.4
100.4
100.4
97.8
100.5
100.4
99.1
100.4
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.0
97.8
93.9
93.0
92.4
92.1

49070—No. 77—08--- 5



100.0
100.3
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.1
100.2
100.2
98.3100.3
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.2
99.7
98.4
98.3
97.9
97.6

100.0
101.5
102.8
101.8
104.9
99.2
96.2
96.4
99.1
99.7
98.3
104.0
103.8
110.8
108.9
114.2
117.8
119.9
120.5

M O L D E R S , IR O N , M a le .

M A C H IN IS T S , M a l e .

[Bata from 9 establishments 1890-1903; 12,1904;
21, 1905, 1906; 20, 1907.]

[Data from 15 establishments 1890-1903; 14, 1904;
21, 1905, 1906; 20, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

100.0
93.0
89.8
95.3
110.9
86.7
98.4
90.6
91.4
112.5
128.9
128.1
126.6
130.5
151.6
112.7
140.4
138.7
133.2

100.0
100.3
102.1
104.0
106.6
94.5
93.7
96.4
96.6
101.3
104.6
106.2
104.8
107.7
111.9
120.4
119.8
127.4
128.8

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
j 1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
i 1904.....................
1 1905.....................
; 1906.....................
j 1907.....................

|
i
;l
||
!
|

100.0
86.4
88.9
104.0
109.1
87.4
95.5
90.9
91.9
117.2
127.8
132.8
126.8
121.7
141.4
129.2
152.3
165.4
165.6

100.0
100.9
100.9
101.0
100.9
99.1
100.7
98.3
97.0
100.4
100.7
100.9
100.8
100.8
100.1
98.2
98.1
97.7
97.3

100.0
102.3
103.6
106.3
107.9
98.0
93.3
98.1
94.0
96.7
101.6
109.2
108.6
119.8
120.4
121.2
117.2
122.5
121.6

62

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

T able I I * — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

A G R IC U L T U R A L . IM P L E M E N T S —Concluded.
P A IN T E R S , M a le .

P A T T E R N M A K E R S , W O O D , M a le .

[D ata for employees from 12 establishments 18901903. Bata for hours and wages from 12 estab
lishments 1890-1894; 13,1895-1903. Bata from 15
establishments 1904; 23, 1905, 1907; 22, 1906.]

[Bata from 13 establishments 1890-1903; 12, 1904;
22, 1905, 1906; 21, 1907.]

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896.......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
87.4
91.6
89.9
93.3
113.4
100.8
101.7
98.3
117.6
103.4
97.5
126.9
126.1
121.0
105.6
120.0
108.9
87.1

100.0
99.9
99.9
100.1
100.1
100.2
100.0
99.8
99.8
100.1
100.1
100.0
100.1
100.2
100.0
95.9
95.4
95.4
94.7

100.0
97.6
108.8
106.5
104.6
91.8
97.1
99.4
97.8
96.3
99.9
109.6
107.4
110.2
120.8
118.5
121.3
126.3
130.2 |

Year.

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
190©.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
76.2
85.7
97.6
109.5
92.9
104.8
100.0
97.6
116.7
114.3
161.9
154.8
135.7
154.8
128.7
135.9
175.9
178.5

100.0
100.1
100.1
100.0
100.0
100.1
100.0
99.9
100.0
99.8
99.9
99.9
99.9
100.0
98.6
98.2
98.0
97.6
97.0

100.0
99.4
98.4
104.7
101.4
95.5
98.1
101.1
97.4
103.2
101.0
104.0
105.6
109.7
112.8
118.0
118.1
130.4
132.3

BAKERY, BREAD.
B A K E R S , M a le .

[Bata from 123 establishments 1890-1903; 140, 1904; 150,1905; 148,1906; 153,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891......................
1892.......................
1893......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................

100.0
93.3
94.6
96.1
96.0
97.2

100.2
m i
102.6
107.9

100.0
100.8
100.8
100.9
100.5
100.4
99.9
99.6

100.2
99.1

100.0
99.3
99.9
100.3

100.2
98.4
98.7
99.6
99.8

100.6

1899...................J
1900................__ >
1901...............
1902............. . .J
I903................__ 1
1904.............. ...J
1905. .
.J
1906................
1
1907:_______
1
I
i

109.8
114.0

121.0

130.4
133.7
142.6
148.1
155.6
159.6

97.8
96.9
96.3
95.8
93.9
93.6
92.5
91.8
91.6

103.1
106.6
108.8
113.9
118.9

121.1

123.5
127. 4
12a 9

B L A C K S M I T H I N G A N D H O R S E S H O E IN G .
B L A C K S M I T H S , M a le .

H O R S E S H O E R S , F L O O R M E N , M a le .

[Data from 59 establishments 1890-1903; 48, 1904;
33, 1905; 31, 1906, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891..... ................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906.......................
1907......................

100.0
100.0
102.8
102.8
103.5
94.4
95.1
101.4
97.2
102.8
102.1
105.6
109.2
107.7
107.7
101.1
102.2
107.9
109.1




100.0
100.2
100.2
100.0
99.9
99.9
100.0
99.9
100.0
99.9
100.1
99.4
99.3
98.3
97.9
97.4
97.2
96.2
95.2

100.0
100.1
100.3
101.0
100.7
98.6
98.2
98.5
99.9
101.1
101.5
102.5
104.1
107.6
109.9
108.9
1Q8.6
112.9
121.6

[Bata from 109 establishments 1890-1903; 127,1904;
134, 1905; 139, 1906; 141, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
105.7
101.9
103.4
101.1
100.4
96.6
97.7
95.5
98.9
99.6
101.5
102.3
100.4
100.0
98.3
101.4
106.3
106.0

100.0
102.0
101.9
101.9
100.8
99.3
99.2
99.2
98.9
98.6
98.2
97.7
96.7
96.0
95.6
95.1
94.5
94.1
93.8

100.0
98.1
97.6
97.8
98.4
101.1
99.9
100.5
101.1
102.3
103.1
104.9
106.6
107.8
113.4
116.8
119.9
123.4
129.5

63

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907,
T able

II.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

B L A C K S M I T H I N G A N B H O R S E S H O E IN G —Concluded.
R O R S E S H O E R S , F O R 6 E M E N , M a le .

[Data from 69 establishments 1890-1903; 95, 1904; 100,1905; 133, 1906; 135, 1907.]
Year.

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Average 1890-99..
1890 ..................
1891 ..................
1892........................
1893 ..................
1894 ..................
1895 ..................
1896 ..................
1897 ..................
1898 ..................

100.0
102.9
102.9
102.1
100.7
99.3
97.9
98.6
97.1
100.0

100.0
101.3
101.1
101.1
100.9
100.0
99.8
99.7
99.3
98.9

100.0
98.6
98.5
98.5
97.9
98.3
98.8
m i
101.2
103.0

Year.

Relative Relative | Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week. | hour.

1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
s 1902.....................
i 1903.....................1
! 1904.....................11
| 1905.....................!|
' 1906.................... 1'
■ 1907.....................1i

99.3
97.1
99.3
97.9
96.4
96.4
94.4
94.8
93.7

97.9
96.9
96.6
95.5
949
94 7
94.2
93.8
93.4

104 8
107.9
109.8
111.6
114.8
115.8
117.7
120.7
125.1

B O O T S A N D SH O ES.
C L O S E R S -0 N , F e m a l e .

C U T T E R S , OUTS O L E , M a le .

[Data for employees from 15 establishments 18901003. Data for hours and wages from 15 estab
lishments 1890; 17, 1891, 1892; 18, 1898; 20, 1894;
24, 1895; 25, 1896; 26, 1897; 28, 1898; 32, 1899; 33,
1900, 1901; 34, 1902, 1903. Data from 40 estab
lishments 1904; 44,1905,1906; 46, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891......................
1892.......................
1893....................... >
1894...................... !
1895.......................;
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900......................
1901......................
19QS.......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905.......................:
1906.......................!
1907...................... |

100.0
87.3
83.1
87.3
90.1
108.5
100.0
111.3
114.1
107.0
116.9
111.3
116.9
114 4
129.6
131.8
122.2
137.2
149.4

100.0
100.3
100.5
99.9
100.1
100.1
99.6
99.7
99.7
100.4
99.7
90.5
99.3
99.4
98.8
98.9
98.8
98.4
96.9

100.0
90; 7
96.8
98.3
100.4
10S.6
98.4
103.3
105.2
100.1
102.9
102.4
105.5
103.4
108.4
106.1
109.0
111.1
112.3

C U T T E R S , U P P E R , M a le .

[Data for employees from 26 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 26 estab
lishments 1890; 27, 1891; 28, 1892; 29, 1893, 1894;
30; 1895,1896; 31,1897; 32,1898,1899; 33,1900-1903.
Data from 37 establishments 1904; 35, 1905; 36,
1906; 38, 1907.]
Average 1890^-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................:1
1904..................... !
1905.....................
1906.....................1I
1907.....................

100.0
88.7
94 8
97.4
98.3
87.8
93.9
104 3
117.4
107.8
113.0
114 8
121.7
125.2
140.0
133.9
139.6
142.2
144 7

100.0
100.2
101.7
100.2
99.8
90.7
99.8
99.7
90.6
99.7
99.7
99.8
99.6
99.6
98.2
98.6
98.5
98.0
98.0

100.0
102.0
99.5
99.1
100.1
96.8
100.2
98.8
101.2
101.4
100.6
102.2
100.5
103>5
106.0
109.2
109.9
111.9
114 3

E D G E T R I M M E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 22 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 22 estab
lishments 1890; 23, 1891; 25, 1892; 27, 1893; 28,
1894; 31, 1895, 1896; 32, 1897; 33, 1898; 37, 1899;
39, 1900-1903. Data from 42 establishments
1904; 45, 1905,1906; 47,1907.]

[Data for employees from 18 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 18 estab
lishments 1890; 20, 1891: 21, 1892; 23, 1893; 24,
1894; 27, 1895, 1896; 28, 1897; 30, 1898; 33, 1899;
34, 1900;. 35, 1901-1903. Data from 41 establish
ments 1904; 45,1905,1906; 46,1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891......................
1892.......................
1893......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896 ...................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
190S.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
76.0
82.0
94.7
95.2
96.3
99.8
105.5
113.6
118.0
119.6
129.1
142.3
136.5
144 3
154 5
162.1
172.8
164 4




m o
100.1
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.0
99.8
100.0
99.9
100.0
99.7
99.7
99.8 i
98.4
96.6
96.9
96.2
95.8
95.5

100.0
99.9
99.4
99.8
100.4
98.0
100.0
99.1
101.0
99.7
102.8
103.3
102.6
107.4
110.8
114 2
117.3
118.8
126.8

100.0
74.2
76.4
86.5
96.6
102.2
100.0
112.4
114.6
111.2
120.2
123.6
138.2
134.8
140.4
151.2
162.4
188.2
176.2

100.0
100.8
100.8
101.0
100.8
99.8
99.5
99.7
99.9
98.5
99.2
98.2
99.2
97.3
95.8
95. 1
95.6
94 9
95.1

100.0
97.7
97.2
99.2
105.1
99.2
103.1
99.2
100.4
99.9
99.0
105.3
105.0
110.1
114.7
116.4
118.7
118.9
127.1

64

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUR EAU OF LABOR,

T able

II.— RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

B O O T S A N D S H O E S —Continued.
G O O D Y E A R S T IT C H E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 10 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 10 estab
lishments 1890; 12, 1891; 13, 1892; 14, 1893; 15,
1894; 19, 1895, 1896; 21, 1897; 22, 1898; 25, 1899;
27, 1900, 1901; 29, 1902; 30, 1903. Data from 34
establishments 1904; 40,1905,1906; 41,1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898......................
1899.......................
1900......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.
100.0
91.7
86.1
86.1
97.2
91.7
94.4
105.6
108.3
105.6
130.6
150.0
155.6
158.3
161.1
181.1
205.8
225.9
224.5

100.0
101.3
100.6
100.5
100.7
99.5
99.8
99.6
99.7
'9 9 .5
98.9
98.8
98.7
95.1
94.4
94.6
94.9
94.2
94 0

100.0
88.6
93.9
96.5
96.4
99.6
100.9
98.6
108.4
106.6
110.4
115.6
117.3
121.7
131.0
133.2
130.2
128.1
132.2

L A S T E R S , M A C H IN E , M a le .

HEEL

T R IM M E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 15 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 15 estab
lishments 1890; 17, 1891; 18, 1892; 20, 1893; 21,
1894; 25, 1895-1897; 26, 1898; 28, 1899; 29, 1900;
30, 1901-1903. Data from 39 establishments
1904; 44, 1905, 1906; 45, 1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
77.1
85.7
94.3
100.0
100.0
108.6
108.6
111.4
105.7
97.1
102.9
100.0
88.6
85.7
93.8
97.3
108.7
102.9

100.0
101.6
100.7
100.7
100.4
99.7
99.4
99.4
99.3
99.6
99.1
97.7
97.6
96.7
96.2
95.7
96.1
95.0
94 7

100.0
91.9
90.8
97.0
104.7
102.3
103.6
101.0
102.3
105.0
101.5
104 8
105.5
106.9
115.7
122.0
125.1
127.4
129.6

M c K A Y S T IT C H E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 10 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 10 estab
lishments 1890, 1891; 12, 1892; 14, 1893; 15, 1894;
16, 1895; 20, 1896; 23, 1897; 25, 1898; 30, 1899; 31,
1900; 32,1901; 33,1902,1903. Data from 37 estab
lishments 1904; 44,1905,1906; 46,1907.]

[Data for employees from 14 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 14 estab
lishments 1890; 16, 1891; 17, 1892; 19, 1893; 20
1894-1896; 21, 1897; 23, 1898; 24, 1899; 25, 1900;
26, 1901-1903. Data from 28 establishments
1904; 31, 1905; 32, 1906; 33, 1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
59.8
67.7
77.2
86.6
102.4
117.3
126.0
120.5
100.0
138.6
148.8
134.6
126.8
148.8
171.9
188.1
193.3
202.8

100.0
99.5
100.2
100.0
99.8
100.6
100.5
100.5
100.0
98.6
100.3
98.8
99.9
98.5
97.8
98.0
98.0
97.6
96.6

100.0
97.3
98.1
101.2
96.1
101.3
101.1
103.9
97.6
103.9
100.6
103.0
106.6
114 4
120.1
125.4
128.0
132.4
135.2

100.0
77.8
80.0
104.4
104.4
102.2
111.1
117.8
104 4
102.2
100.0
97.8
106.7
97.8
86.7
86.7
93.2
97.7
92.0

100.0
101.6
101.5
100.4
100.4
99.8
100.2
99.8
99.1
98.5
98.6
96.4
98.0
96.7
96.6
96.3
95.8
95.7
95.2

100.0
95.0
94.1
99.3
104.4
100.6
104.3
98.9
101.2
102.6
99.6
99.9
99.1
100.7
103.6
103.5
102.2
104.3
101.0

T R E E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 13 establishments 1890-1903. Data for hours and wages from 13 establish
ments 1890,1891; 14,1892; 15,1893,1894: 36,1895,1896; 17,1897-1899; 19,1900-1903. Data from 28 estab
lishments 1904; 33, 1905; 34, 1906; 35 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891........ .............
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................

100.0
64 2
83.2
7a 8
108.0
102.9
107.3
121.9
114.6
113.1




100.0
100.1 !
100.7 !
99.4
99.0
99.7
100.9
100.3
99.9
100.3

100.0
101.4
97.4
98.8
100.4
101.4
100.9
101.6
97.9
97.7

1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

102.9
105.1
108.8
91.2
94.2
93.6
106.0
122.2
115.8

99.7
99.6
99.8
98.2
96.0
95.9
95.9
95.2
95.5

102.6
107.9
105.5
110.0
123.4
123.3
126.0
122.3
135.6

65

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1901.
T able

II.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

B O O T S A N D S H O E S —Concluded.
V A M P E R S , F e m a le .

V A M P E R S , M a le .

D ata for employees from 1 establishment 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 1 estab
lishment 1890; 2, 1891, 1892; 4, 1893, 1896; 5, 1894,
1895, 1897,1898; 7,1899, 1900; 9,1901; 11, 1902; 10,
1903. Data from 16 establishments 1904; 19,
1905,1906; 21,1907.]

[Data for employees from 16 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 16 estab
lishments 1890; 18, 1891; 19, 1892; 20, 1893; 22,
1894; 26,1895,1896; 27,1897; 29,1898; 33,1899; 34,
1900,1901; 35,1902; 33,1903. Data from 40 estab
lishments 1904; 45,1905; 46,1906,1907.]

Relative | Relative Relative
number of ihours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
226.2
277.1
322.7
374.0

100.0
95.8
101.9
102.4
100.2
99.7
99.8
100.0
100.2
100.3
99.5
100.5
100.1
99.4
93.9
96.3
96.5
96.1
96.4

100.0
112.3
97.3
92.4
95.6
89.4
90.7
101.5
111.4
103.0
106.7
110.6
106.0
114.7
127.1
124.4
120.4
127.5
128.2

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.
100.0
102.6
91.4
94.0
92.2
94.8
102.6
101.7
105.2
103.4
113.8
121.6
130.2
140.5
153.4
157.4
155.4
166.5
142.1

100.0
100.4
100.2
100.4
100.1
99.9
99.9
99.6
99.5
100.1
99.8
99.7
99.6
99.2
98.5
98.5
98.6
98.2
97.8

100.0
99.9
93.7
98.3
101.6
102.3
103.2
102.0
100.8
99.4
98.5
103.0
103.9
104.5
110.5
110.7
115.4
120.9
124.9

B R IC K .
B R I C K -M A C H I N E

T E N D E R S , M a le .

[Data from 20 establishments 1890-1903; 36, 1904;
46,1905; 47,1906; 52, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
99.2
100.8
100.0
98.4
99.2
99.2
99.2
99.2
100.8
102.4
1(13.2
101.6
104.0
109.5
108.0
107.6
110.4
100.6

100.0*
100.0
99.9
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.’0
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.2
100.3
100.2
99.5
99.5
99.9
99.9
99.2

100.0
99.9
99.6
103.0
101.7
98.4
97.8
98.6
97.3
100.6
103.2
104.6
106.6
111.3
112.9
113.5
112.5
118.1
123.0

K I L N F I R E M E N , M a le .

[Data from 22 establishments 1890-1903; 37, 1S04;
48,1905; 47,1906; 54, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905 ...................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
100.0
100.0
99.0
101.0
96.0
100.0
98.0
102.0
102.0
98.0
103.0
106.0
108.0
109.0
113.4
115.7
118.8
113.1

100.0
100.2
100.2
100.4
100.0
100.3
99.5
99.9
99.2
99.8
100.6
99.6
99.0
99.3
98.6
98.2
98.2
98.1
97.7

100.0
100.6
101.2
100.5
100.1
95.2
99.1
96.2
102.0
104.2
101.1
104.8
109.9
113.8
115.9
117.7
118.8
121.6
127.6

K IL N S E T T E R S , M a le .

[Data from 24 establishments 1890-1903; 36,1904; 44,1905; 45,1906; 51, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896
...........
1897.......................
1898......................

100.0
97.0
90.1
95.0
102.0
98.0
98.0
102.0
103.0
102.0




100.0
99.7
99.8
99.8
99.8
100.1
100.3
99.9
100.1
100.2

100.0
99.2
99.7
104.9
99.8
99.5
97.8
97.9
96.5
101.9

1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

108.9
105.9
106.9
108.9
113.9
108.6
111.7
113.6
110.0

100.2
100.3
100.5
100.4
99.6
99.4
99.9
100.0
99.6

102.7
102.9
101.2
106.9
107.4
107.5
107.4
111.3
114.8

66

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR.

T able

II.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B T
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

BRICK.—Concluded.
L A B O R E R S , M a le .

O F F B E A R E R S , M a le .

[Data from 11 establishments 1890-1903; 38,1 90 4;

[Data from 19 establishments 1890-1903 ; 29,1904;
40,1905; 37,1906; 41,1907.]

47, 1905; 49,1906;. 54; 1907..]

Year.
Average 1890-99....

1890-....................... .
1891..........................
1892..........................
1893..........................
1894................. ........
1895..........................
1896................. .........
1897..........................
1898...........................
1899..........................
190Q..........................
1901................. .........
1902................. .........
1903..........................
1904..........................
1905..........................
1906............... ..........
1907...........................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.
10Q.Q
9 3 .8
97.. 4:
9 9 .0
102 .0
103 .0
101 .6
9 8 .0
9 8 .0
1 00 .0
107.2
104.3
1 05 .6
1 20.3
1 19 .0
1 22 .8
1 2 0 .0
117.5
116 .6

1 00 .0
9 9 .3
9 9 .8
9 9 .8
100.3
100 .3
100 .3
9 9 .8
9 9 .8
100 .4
1 00.1
9 9 .6
9 9 .6
9 9 .2
9 8 .5
9 8 .4
9 8 .4
9 8,1
9 8.1

100.0.
1 04 .0
1 02 .2
1 02 .2
1 00 .8
9 9 .4
9 7 .1
9 8 .8
9 8 .8
9 7 .0
9 9 .3
1 02 .0
103.1
1 09.2
112 .9
111 .3
1 1 4 .9
123.1
1 2 6 .4

Year.

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Average 1890-99..
1890s...................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894!...................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904............. .......
19Q5.....................
1906................
1907.....................

100.0
101.3
97.4
105.3
98.0
96.0
99.3
100.0
98.0
98.7
102.6
94.7
96.7
99.3
97.4
97.0
96.4
94.7
93.2

100.0
100.0
99.7
100.0
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.2
99.8
100.1
99.8
99.5
99.1
99; 4
99.3
99.1

100.0
101.5
104.3
104.9
106.7
101.0
98.3
95.7
94.1
95.5
97.6
101.6
106.5
111.1
114; 4
113.5
115.0
121.0
125.9

B O T E D IN G T R A D E S .
B R I C K L A Y E R S , M a le .

C A R P E N T E R S , M a le .

[Data from 212 establishments 1890-1903; 229,1904;
2 0 9 , 1905; 2 1 5 ,1 9 0 6 ; 2 2 2 , 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892................ ......
1893.......................
1894......................
1895.......................
1896......................
1897.............. .......
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904,......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907......................

100.0
101.5
112.3
114.1
104.1
93.1
88.2
91.8
92.1
95.3
107.3
105.1
118.1
109.8
116.2
111.2
111.8
124.0
115.7

100.0
103.2
102.4
101.2
100.1
100.8
100.0
99.9
99.1
97.9
95.5
95.6
94.3
93.6
92.7
92.1
92.0
91.9
91.8

100*0
98.4
99.5
101.0
101.1
98.6
99.5
98.9
99.4
98*7
104.8
106.5
112.0
118.0
124.7
127.3
132.1
138.6
140.9

100.0
106.2
105.4
133.5
99.8
80.5
85.3
93.6
90.1
96.9
108.7
103.5
104.1
114.7
117.2
114.8
127.1
142.2
144.3




100.0
104.4
101.3
98.4
100.6
100.3
100.1
99.5
99.0
98.6
97.9
96.1
94.5
92.5
91.7
90.2
90.3
90.5
90.1

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
104.8
110.2
114.3
97.8
89.3
88.8
95.7
95.4
95.5
108.2
112.1
117.8
122.1
116.4
108.6
108.3
121.6
124.7

100.0
102.0
101.3
100.5.
100.7
100.7
100.3
99.7
99.0
98.5
97.4
94.5
92.5
90.6
90.2
89.9
90.1
89.7
88.9

100.0
98.6
99.2
102.7
99.7
97.9
97.8
99.6
100.0
101.4
103.2
110.8
115.9
123*7
130.6
129.-9
133.6
141.6
151.9

G A S F I T T E R S , M a le .

C O R N IC E M A K E R S , M a l e .

[Data from 40 establishments 1890-1903 ; 55,1904;
86,1905; 87,1906,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890 ..................
1891 ..................
1892 ..................
1893 ..................
1894 ..................
1895 ..................
1896 ..................
1897 ..................
1898 ..................
1899 ..................
1900 ..................
1901 ..................
1902 ..................
1903,.....................
1904 ..................
1905 ..................
1906 ..................
1907 ..................

[Data from 227 establishments 1890-1903; 242,1904;
213,1905; 216, 1906; 225,1907.]

100.0

95.0
97.1

98.8
97.6
98.6
101.4
102.9
103.0
106*4
113.5
115.6
125.1
134,3
137.7
140.8
145.1
150.0

fData from 64 establishments 1890-1903; 79,1904;
77,1905,1907; 76,,1906.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

j
I
;

'

100.0
99.4
100.0
105.6
93.2
96.3
90.1
100.6
100.0
106.8
110.5
108.0
109.3
114.8
114.8
114.4
118.4
124,4
124.9

100.0
103.5
102.6
100.6
99.8
99.7
99.7
99.4
98.4
99.1
97.3
96.4
95.4
92.6
90.9
89.4
89.3
88.5
88.9

100.0
95.5
96.3
98.9
99.7
99.1
99.3
100*0
101.6
103.7
105.8
110*0
114.1
128; 3
130:5
139:1
138*9
150.4
155.2

67

WAGES AND H OURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.

T a ble I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

B U IL D IN G T R A D E S —Continued.
IN S I D E W I R E M E N , M a l e .

H O D C A R R I E R S , M a le .

{Data from 40 establishments 1890-1903; 56, 1904;
94, 1905; 97, 1906; 101, 1907.]

[Data from 250 establishments 1890-1903; 262,1904;
255, 1905; 269,1906; 311,1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.

100.0
102.0
109.5
115.4
105.0
87.2
90.6
93.3
94.2
92 4
110.4
104.1
120.2
119.3
123.5 *
124.3
128.1
146.3
131.1

Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
102.3
101.8
100.4
100.1
100.8
99.9
99.7
99.7
98.9
96.5
96.5
95.6
94.1
93.0
92.8
93.0
92.9
92.7

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
97.0
96.5
99.4
99.8
98.9
99.6
100.3
99.7
100.6
108.1
107.3
109.3
1.14.9
122.9
123.8
124.7
134.5
135.9

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
74.2
78.1
94.5
91.1
93.7
93.3
102.7
130.4
122.4
119.8
146.7
149.4
176.6
184.1
185.8
212.1
251.8
250.3

100.0
102.8
102.6
98.8
101.2
101.5
101.2
99.3
97.5
97.2
98.0
94.7
94.5
92.8
89.6
88.2
87.2
87.0
86.3

100.0
89.6
89.1
91.6
97.9
96.1
100.0
104.5
107.6
112.1
111.7
120.7
119.6
129.7
140.6
143.5
150.0
152.5
158.2

L A T H E R S , W O O D , M a le .

L A B O R E R S , M a le .

[Data from 146 establishments 1890-1903; 172,1904;
192, 1905; 193,1906; 190,1907.]

[Data from 10 establishments 1890-1903; 39, 1904;
67,1905; 57,1906; 56, 1907.]

A v era g e 1890- 99. . .
1890.............................
1891.............................
1892.............................
1893.............................
1894.............................
1895.............................
1896.............................
1897.............................
1898............................
1899............................
1900............................
1901.............................
1902.............................
1903.............................
1904.............................
1905.............................
1906.............................
1907.............................

Average 1890- 99. . !
1890...........................
1891...........................
1892...........................
1893...........................
1894...........................
1895...........................
1896...........................
1897...........................
1898...........................
1899...........................
1900. .........................
1901...........................
1902...........................
1903...........................
1904...........................
1905...........................
1906...........................
1907...........................

'

100.0
114.8
109.0
107.9
101.3
92.6
85.1
90.1
89.7
101.4
108.1
118.3
104.2
119.2
113.9
96.8
109.1
130.1
137.8

100.0
100.3
100.3
100.3
100.0
99.9
100.1
100.1
99.9
99.3
99.8
99.0
98.5
96.3
95.8
95.8
95.8
95.4
94.9

100.0
102.7
103.0
103.5
101.8
96.7
98.2
96.5
98.5
99.9
99.3
99.6
108.0
112.0
114.2
114.3
114.4
122.5
127.2

P A I N T E R S , M a le .

PAPER

[Data from 203 establishments 1890-1903; 208,1904;
206, 1905; 210, 1906; 211, 1907.]
A verage 1890-99... 1
1890...........................!!
1891...........................jj
1892........................... 1
1893...........................
1894...........................1S
1895...........................
1896...........................
1897...........................
1898...........................
1899...........................
1900...........................
1901...........................
1902...........................
1903...........................
1904...........................
1905...................
1906...........................
1907...........................

ioo. o

96.3
100.9
105.5
99.7
93.9
94.1
99.2
101.7
101.3
107.5
111.2
116.5
115.7
109.4
109.9
111.5
116.2
114.4




;
s
:
;
;
!

100.0
102.6
101.9
101.1
m i
100.4
100.1
99.6
99.0
98.1
97.1
94.6
92.6
91.5
90.8
90.4
90.5
89.7
89.3

100.0
97.0
98.2
99.4
101.2
99.1
98.4
99.2
100.5
102.3
104.7
110.5
114.7
119.5
124.9
127.9
129.5
136.8
142.0

100.0
85.2
81.5
108.3
91.7
90.7
110.2
105.6
99.1
119.4
109.3
121.3
121.3
135.2
114.8
135.4
132.9
144.5
143.1 j

100.0
105.4
105.4
1019
104.8
J04.7
103.7
93.2
93.2
92.3
92.3
87.3
87.9
87.7
88.0
87.4
87.2
86.2
86.1

100.0
94.0
93.8
95.9
93.8
93.8
97.9
106.3
106.2
109.5
108.7
110.8
111.2
115.1
111.4
116.7
119.3
145.3
140.8

H A N G E R S , M a le .

[Data from 93 establishments 1890-1903; 103,1904;
116, 1905, 1.907; 114, 1906.]
!
I
;
1

A v e r a g e 1890- 99. .
1890..............................
1891..............................
1892..............................
1893..............................
1894..............................
1895..............................
1896..............................
1897..............................
1898.............................
1899.............................
1900..............................
1901.............................
1902..............................
1903..............................
1904..............................
1905..............................
1906..............................
1907..............................

1 0 0 .0
9 4 .1
9 4 .9
100 .6
9 3 .5
9 2 .1
9 3 .5
9 9 .8
105 .7
1 0 8 .5
1 17 .8
119.2
127 .9
124 .2
1 2 0 .4
117.1
129.1
1 33 .6
130 .2

1 0 0 .0
1 01 .4
100 .9
1 01 .0
100 .8
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .5
9 9 .8
9 9 .0
9 8 .4
9 7 .9
9 6 .1
9 2 .8
9 1 .4
9 0 .2
9 0 .3
8 9 .6
8 9 .0
8 9 .1

1 00 .0
9 8 .5
9 9 .3
9 9 .4
9 8 .9
9 8 .4
9 8 .5
9 9 .5
101.1
102 .9
1 03 .7
1 0 8 .4
1 1 3 .4
118 .8
1 25 .7
1 2 6 .8
1 33 .5
136 .9
1 42 .7

68

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

B U IL D IN G T R A D E S —Continued.
P L A S T E R E R S , M a le .

P L U M B E R S , M a le .

[Data from 146 establishments 1890-1903; 152,1904;
164, 1905; 166, 1906, 1907.]

[Data from 221 establishments 1890-1903; 232,1904;
207, 1905; 215, 1906; 219, 1907.]

Year.
Average 1890-99.
1890 ...............
1891 ...............
1892 ...............
1893 ...............
1894 ...............
1895 ...............
1896 ...............
1897 ...............
1898 ...............
1899 ...............
1900 ...............
1901 ...............
1902 ...............
1903 ...............
1904 ...............
1905 ...............
1906 ...............
1907 ...............

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
100.2

106.0
110.5
102.4
92.0
92.0
97.7
94.4
97.0
108.1
111.5
105.2

120.8

112.7
110.5
123.8
133.1
141.1

100.0

103.2

101.6

100.5
100.3
100.3
99.6
99.4
100.3
98.6
96.1
94.1
93.1
91.2
90.8
90.5
90.1
90.0
89.6

100.0

98.4
99.2

102.6

100.5
97.9
98.1
99.7
97.6
99.4
106.4
109.5
114.3
123.7
131.8
133.8
139.6
148.7
153.3

R O O F E R S , G R A V E L A N D T A R , M a le .

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903................... '.
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
99.1
100.3
103.4
99.8
94.4
94.3
98.9
99.1
104.6
106.2
110.4
118.3
117.9
115.7
117.2
124.5
139.8
136.7

100.0
102.1
101.6
101.2
100.2
100.1
99.7
99.3
98.9
98.7
98.2
96.6
95.4
93.0
91.9
91.3
91.1
90.2
90.0

100.0
97.4
98.1
98.7
99.9
98,8
99.7
100.4
101.2
102.3
103.6
107.1
110.6
117.6
124.5
128.3
131.2
141.9
148.1

R O O F E R S , S L A T E A N D . T I L E , M a le .

[Data from 9 establishments 1890-1903; 35, 1904;
72,1905; 75, 1906; 81, 1907.]

[Data from 40 establishments 1890-1903 ; 41, 1904;
71, 1905; 69,1906; 70,1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
82.9
89.5
92.1
136.8
76.3
90.8
101.3
100.0
110.5
122.4
105.3
109.2
94.7
97.4
118.3
123.9
132.9
136.1

100.0
100.4
100.2
101.3
98.1
100.0
101.1
99.9
99.7
99.6
99.6
95.9
96.2
95.8
9& 6
98.2
98.7
98.8
97.9

100.0
97.1
101.0
103.6
107.6
98.0
92.5
96.5
100.9
100.1
102.9
114.5
115.9
114.4
113.1
110.6
110.3
113.1
116.6

R O O F E R S , T I N , M a le .

100.0

96.6
102.5
100.1

105.2
94.9
93.7

101.0

96.7
102.3
107.6
105.5
109.1
115.0
110.3
109.8
111.3
115.4
119.1




100.0
102.0
101.2
101.1

100.4
100.7
100.3
99.6
99.0
98.3
97.4
95.6
93.8
91.4
91.4
90.7
90.6
90.5
90.2

100.0
100.8
100.9
101.0
100.5
100.7
100.7
99.9
98.9
99 0
97.7
95.2
94.8
91.7
91.0
91.0
91.0
90.8
89.9

100.0
101.2
99.8
100,9
100,3
97.5
98.1
98.4
98.6
101,3
103.8
109.5
112.0
118.5
128.3
130.6
130.9
135.3
137.2

S T E A M F I T T E R S , M a le

[Data from 94 establishments 1890-1903; 100,1904;
118, 1905, 1907; 119,1906.]
Average 1890-99...
1890 ..................
1891 ..................
1892 ..................
1893 ..................
1894 ..................
1895 ..................
1896 ..................
1897 ..................
1898 ..................
1899 ..................
1900 ..................
1901 ..................
1902 ..................
1903 ..................
1904 ..................
1905 ..................
1906 ..................
1907 ..................

100.0
110.3
107.7
105.9
100.7
90.4
91.5
97.8
100.4
95.9
100.7
98.2
95.6
100.4
95.2
82.5
81.5
85.4
81.7

100.0
97.0
99.1
99.1

100.0

• 97.8
98.8

100.1

100.4
102.5
105.2
108.7
111.9
119.7

122.2

122.9
126.5
132.4
133.8

[Data from 73 establishments 1890-1903; 86,1904;
112,1905; 120,1906; 129,1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892..........;.........
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

1C0.0
93.0
90.9
99.5
107.9
96.6
95.3
99.8
105.8
101.8
108.4
106.8
115.2
129.3
129.0
128.6
139.4
159.8
153.3

100.0
102.6
101.9
101.3
101.6
99.4
99.8
99.2
98.7
98.6
96.9
96.0
94.0
92.4
89.0
. 88.9
89.1
88.0
87.9

100.0
95.9
96.2
99.4
97.4
99.2
98.2
100.5
101.5
104.3
107.4
108.1
115.1
120.2
127.3
131.6
133.3
143.4
147.3

69

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

B U IL D IN G T R A D E S —Concluded.
STONE: M A S O N S , M a le .

STO N E S E T T E R S , M a le .

[Data from 115 establishments 1890-1903; 110,1904;
102, 1905; 100, 1906; 98, 1907.]
Year.

[Data from 27 establishments 1890-1903; 40, 1904;
57, 1905-1907.]

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week. " hour.

Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902..,..................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
106.9
115.2
111.1
101.4
90.2
90.1
93.5
89.8
105.2
97.1
105.5
104.6
107.7
121.1
117.7
116.8
114.3
100.9
.

100.0
101.3
101.3
101.2
100.6
100.9
100.4
100.3
98.6
97.4
98.0
96.4
95.2
93.2
92.0
91.4
91.3
91.2
90.6

100.0
102.9
103.2
101.5
100.7
95.1
96.4
98.1
100.3
99.0
102.8
104.7
110.8
119.0
126.6
129.4
129.5
135.2
139.7

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
88.1
88.1
99.1
101.8
96.3
108.3
106.4
98.2
99.1
111.9
122.9
133.9
130.3
122.9
118.5
127.3
127.9
129.5

100.0
103.9
103.4
100.1
99.7
99.2
98.8
99.4
98.9
98.4
98.2
96.3
95.4
95.4
94.8
94.8
95.0
95.3
94.5

100.0
92.3
92.9
100.2
99.9
100.8
102.0
100.8
103.0
104.3
103.9
107.5
113.1
110.9
116.2
117.9
121.4
125.9
129.0

S T R U C T U R A L IR O N W O R K E R S , M a l e .

[Data for employees from 19 establishments 1890-1903. Data for hours and wages from 19 establish
ments 1890-1892; 20, 1893-1903. Data from 37 establishments 1904; 59, 1905; 62, 1906, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.....................
1891 ...................
1892 ...................
1893 ...................
1894 ...................
1895 ...................
1896 ...................
1897 ..................
1898 ..................

100.0
77.7
98.2
107.398.8
74.2
79.5
115.5
111.9
122.1

100.0
102.9
101.8
99.3
100.1
101.9
100.1
98.5
97.0
97.8

100.0
93.6
98.0
100.6
100.9
93.5
97.7
97.5
104.1
105.3

1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

115.5
142.2
195.5
228.2
206.6
205.5
194.3
234.8
216.5

100.5
98.0
96.7
91.6
92.2
90.6
90.1
90.9
91.3

108.8
120.4
138.4
155.9
159.8
171.4
171.8
180.4
190.3

CANDY.
C A N D Y M A K E R S , M a le .

D IP P E R S , F e m a le .

[Data from 7 establishments 1890-1903; 22, 1904;
37, 1905; 41, 1906; 44, 1907.]

[Data from 5 establishments 1890-1903 ; 22, 1904;
33, 1905; 38, 1906; 40, 1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890...'.................
1891......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896.......................
1897......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904......................
1905.......................
1906......................
1907......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1963.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
108.2
104.9
103.3
101.6
95.1
10C.0
95.1
103.3
90.2
91.8
90.2
78.7
82.0
83.6
84.4
88.7
87.4
92.2




100.0
100.0
99.9
100.1
100.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.9
99.9
99.8
99.8
99.9
99.9
99.9
100.1
100.0

100.0
98.2
98.1
98.8
95.7
96.2
100.8
103.7
99.3
104.6
104.8
98.7
104.9
103.4
103.4
105.6
107.4
108.5
110.2

100.0
117.1
112.8
103.0
106.7
96.3
91.5
94.5
95.1
89.0
93.9
103.0
103.7
101.8
122.6
130.7
138.0
143.1
160.8

100.0
98.6
98.6
99.8
99.8
99.8
100.5
100.6
100.6
100.7
100.8
10C. 8
100.8
100.8
100.4
100.6
100.2
100.2
99.8

100.0
106.3
108.5
100.8
100.7
101.3
97.0
96.2
96.8
96.4
96.6
99.2
114.0
113.5
115.2
118.7
121.1
129.5
139.5

70

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

CA R PETS.
B U R L E R S , F e m a le . '

D Y E R S , M a le .

[Data from 6 establishments 1890-1903; 8, 19041906; 7, 1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903.......................
1 9 0 4 ....................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
97.9
95.9
90.7
in . 3
75.3
103.1
112.4
95.9
105.2
107.2
112.4
117.5
119.6
123.7
134.9
129.7
107.6
122.9

100.0
100.7
100.7
100.7
99.3
100.3
99.5
99.5
99.9
9a 7
99.8
99.7
99.7
99.7
99. 5
99.1
99.0
99.0
98.8

100.0
97.4
99.8
104.2
101.6
94.0
97.0
102.7
97.4
108.5
97.3
105.4
111.1
112.9
123.4
105.5
112.6
117.6
120.3

[Data from 6 establishments.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
120.4
109.7
94.6
105.4
90.3
100.5
98.4
88.7
93.0
96.2
97.3
96.8
110.8
115.6
114.5
111.8
98.9
118.2

100.0
101.4
101.4
100.9
99.4
9a 9
99.4
99.3
99.6
99.4
99.4
99.3
99.4
99.2
99.3
99.0
99.0
98.9
98.8

100.0
98.4
99.3
102.0
101.3
95.9
95.9
100.7
103.3
101.5
101.5
100.9
100.9
100.2
104.8
102.8
104.6
105.9
108.4

L O O M F I X E R S , , M a le .

SPOOLERS^ F e m a le .

[Data from 9 e sta b lish m e n ts 1890-1908; 8, 19041906; 7, 1907.]

[Data from 6 establishments 1899-1903; 8, 19041906; 7, 1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893.......................
1894......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900.......................
1901......................
1902.......................
•1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891..;................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
90.9
96.1
100.0
101.3
97.4
101.3
98.7
100.0
106.5
101.3
102.6
105.2
106.5
111.7
118.3
111.7
96.2
88.3

100.0
101.1
101.1
9ft 9
99.4
99.4
99.5
99.5
99.4
99.5
99.6
99.7
99.7
99.6
99.3
99.0
99.1
99.1
99.3

100.0
101.6
98.0
100.2
100.7
99.6
98.4
96.4
102.7
99.4
100.8
101.0
100.8
102.4
106.3
105.7
108.1
110.4
112.0

100.0
104.3
104.3
107.2
113.8
102.9
110.9
100.0
85.5
81.9
91.3
100.7
102.2
99.3
98.6
92.1
95.0
84.3
89.4

100.0
101.4
101.4
99.8
99.3
99.6
99.5
99.5
99.7
99.9
99.7
99.6
99.6
99.7
99.7
98.2
98.2
98.1
9& 0

100.0
100.4
95.7
98.0
101.5
103.6
99.3
100.3
101.2
99.8
100.5
99.6
101.2
104.6
106.2
103.9
106.0
114.4
116.7

99.3
99.5
99.2
99.5
99.7
95.5
95.5
95.5
95.6

100.9
103.5
103.3
103.5
107.2
108.5
108.4
110.1
122.2

T W IS T E R S , F e m a le .

[Data from 3 establishments 1890-1903; 6,1904, 1907; 7, 1905, 1906.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................

100.0
116.1
109. 7
109.7
101.6
85.5
103.2
108.1
85.5
72.6




100.0
101.2
101.2
101.2
99.6
99.6
99.1
99.4
99.6
99.7

100.0
103. 3
104. 4
104. 6
103. 4
89. 9
91.7
99.9
99.5
102.2

1899.....................
1900........
1901 .
1902..................
1903...................
1904___
1905.....................
1906...
1907.....................

109.7
132.3
121.0
132.3
145.2
180.3
180.3
166.4
203.9

71

WAGES AND H O U RS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1901.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS—Continued.

C A R P E T S —Concluded.
W E A V E R S , B R U S S E L S A N D W IL TOW, M a le .

W E A V E R S , IN G R A IN , F e m a l e .
[Data from 3 establishments 1890-1903; 6, 1904,
1905; 5, 1906; 4, 1907.]

[Data from 3 establishments 1890-1906; 4, 1907.]

Year.

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week,

Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
lggs......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

m o
97.6
92.9
101.4
94.8
94.8
106.9
104.8
106.4
94.1
106.4
110.2
119.0
127.6
143.5
151.5
159.0
162.8
183.7

100.0
101.0
101.0
99.6
100.0
99.6
99.7
99.7
99; 7
99; 7
99.8
100.1
99.999; 9
99.9
99; 9
99.9
99.9
99; 8

Year.

100.0
99.8
97.1
98.9
97.1
93. 5
102.2
102.2
102.7
102.0
104.7
106.9
108.3
116.9
122.9
121.4
131.0
135.7
137.7

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. hour.

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1000.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
96.9
102.9
104.3
92.6
106.0
89.5
95.2
100.0
103.8
108.1
105.3
100.2
103.6
99.3
95.5
88.0
53.8
39.0

100.0
101.8
101.7
99.4
99.4
99.4
99.3
99.6
99.7
99.8
99.8
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
98.3
98.5
95.6
99.4

100.0
96.3
93.0
94.7
98.5
100; 4
100.8
101.6
107.2
100.3
106.8
103.4
106.1
93.4
107.4
99.9

108.8

112.6
107.9

W IT T D E R S , F e m a l e .

[Data from 6 establishments 1890-1903; 7,1904-1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895.......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................

100.0
89.8
89.4
92.8
104.2
88.6
108.9
105. 9
103.4
104.7

100.0
101.4
101.4
99.9
99.4
99.6
99.6
99.6
99.7
99.6

100.0
100,5
96.9100. 4
99; 6
97.9=
97.9
101.2
98. 4
102.2

1899.....................
1900
. .
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904...................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907 . . .

111.0
113. 6
117.8
124.6
128.4
133.8
132.1
107 0
82.3

99.6
99.7
99.5
99.6
98.9
96.8
97.1
96.9
971

105.1
107.0
103.7
104.2
106.5
106.1
109.8
113.4
125.0

!

C A R R IA G E S A N D W A G O N S .
B L A C K S M I T H S , M a le .

B O D Y M A K E R S , C A R R IA G E , M a le .

[Data from 98 establishments 1890-1903; 96, 1904;
66, 1905; 67, 1906; 68, 1907.]

[Data from 26 establishments 1890-1903 ; 39.1904;
37, 1905; 38, 1906; 48, 1907.]

Average 1890-99...!
1890 .................. i
1891 .................. <
1892 .................. ;
1893 .................. 1
1894 .................. 1
1895 .................. ’
1896 .................. 1
1897 .................
1898 ..................
1899 .................
1900 .................
1901 .................
1902 ..................
1903 ..................
1904 .................
1905 .................
1906 .................
1907 .................

Average 1890-99..!!
1890..................... '
1891.....................;!
1892..................... i !
1893.....................1!
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................ii
1904..................... ! !
1905.....................!!
1906..................... 1
1907.....................^

100.0
101.2
101.2
104.6
115.4
99.3
104.3
85.2
88.2
100.3
100.7
102.9
111.1
107.5
112 0
109.7
112.2
122.3
125.4




100.0
100.7
100.8
100.7
100.6
98.7
99.4
99.4
100.0
100.2
99.6
99.5
99.7
99.2
98.3
98.4
97 6
97.0
96.5

100.0
102.4
101.8
101.9
94.3
96.6
95.0
101.7
102.4
100.9
102.9
10L 8
102.4
104.8
106.5
107 8
110.6
111.5
113.2

100.0
86.2
95.9
95.9
97.4
116.9
93.8
91.3
101.0
100.5
118.5
116.4
137 9
139.0
139.0
152.4
178.6
200.5
211.6

100.0
100.4
100.4
100.3
100.1
100.4
100.2
100.0
99.8
99.8
98.6
99.5
99.7
99.7
98.7
98.7
95.7
95.8
95.3

100.0
100.1
99.7
101.2
100.1
98.6
978
98.5
98.5
101.5
103.8
100.5
98.4
102. G
104.4
104.6
112.3
115.4
118.3

72

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

C A R R IA G E S A N D W A G O N S —Concluded.
IR O N E R S , M a le .

M A C H IN E W O O D W O R K E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 7 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 8 estab
lishments 1890-1896, 1898-1903; 7, 1897. Data
from 28 establishments 1904; 30, 1005; 32, 1906;
35,1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages pei
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890
........
1891
........
1892
........
1893
........
1894
........
1895
........
1896
........
1897
........
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.

100.0
100.0

1041
114 4
106.2
89.7
95.9
79.4
92.8
1041
111.3
124 7
120.6

117.5
128.9

121.6

125.7
132.2
127.6

100.0

100.9
101.2
101.2
99.6
99.4

100.0

99.9
99.3

100.0

97.7
97.4
99.3
100.9
96.4
98.7
95.7
95.5
95.5

100.0

9a 2
96.4
95.9
99.9
101.7
99.3
103.9

102.2

98.8
103.6
103.4

100.2

99.7
111.9

112.0

116.0
119.8

120.0

P A IN T E R S , M a le .

[Data from 18 establishments 1890-1903; 24, 1904;
29,1905; 31,1906, 1907.]

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
94 7
98.2
97.4
92.1
83.7
102.2
9a 4
100.4
117.2
122.0
118.9
134 8
13a 6
134 4
1241
12a 5
146.0
159.3

100.0
100.8
100.9
100.8
100.7
97.5
100.1
9a 7
99.7
100.8
100.1
99.0
100.0
99.8
99.6
97.1
9a 6
96.4
95.8

100.0
99.0
97.7
101.1
99.3
100.7
9a 4
102.6
100.1
100.7
102.2
105.1
io a 3
109.1
110.7
109.9
111.0
114 0
117.2

T R IM M E R S , C A R R IA G E , M a le .

[Data from 76 establishments 1890-1903; 95, 1904;
69,1905; 70,1906; 71, 1907.]

[Data from 46 establishments 1890-1903; 76, 1904;
60, 1905; 56, 1906; 54,1907.]

Average 1890-99...
..........
1890
1891
..........
1892
..........
1893
..........
1894
..........
1895
..........
1896
..........
1897
..........

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.

100.0

95.9
9a 8
101.9
100.7
91.6
96.3
9a 8
9a 3
104 8
114 7
117.5
122.5
120.5
116.2
m 3
105.6
114 2

112.0

100.0

100.1

100.3
100.1
100.0
100.3
100.1
100.0
99.9

100.0

99.4
99.1
99.5
99.7
9a 5
9a 5
9a 0
97.6
97.1

100.0

9a 6
9a 4
100.9

100.8

99.7
100.3
99.7
99.4

100.8

101.4
102.5
io a 5
lo a s
io a 2
110.9
112.1

ua6
121.6

100.0
92.4
92.9
100.0
93.4
96.2
9a 7
99.5
101.9
110.0
117.1
lia i
12a 9
116.6
uao
110.8
io a 3
117.5
114 8

100.0
100.4
100.5
100.2
99.9
100.1
100.2
99.9
100.1
99.9
9a 6
9a 7
9a 7
99.4
9a i
9a 2
97.5
97.4
96.6

100.0
101.3
100.9
100.7
101.8
9a 7
99.1
9a 5
9a 9
9a 9
101.3
101.0
101.6
102.8
106.6
110.2
114 0
117.2
120.7

W O O D W O R K E R S , M a le .

[Data from 29 establishments 1890-1903; 51, 1904; 31,1905,1906; 34,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890
.
1891
.
1892
.
1893
.
1894
.
1895
.
1896
.
1897
.




100.0
93.6
9a 6
103.7
io a 7
94 5
95.4
103.7
102.8
102.8

100.0
100.1
100.2
100.0
100.2
99.8
100.1
99.4
100.3
100.4

100.0
100.5
100.4
100.3
99.2
99.4
101.2
100.5
99.4
99.0

1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

106.4
107.3
111.9
101.8
9a 3
95.7
107.0
99.6
93.0

99.4
99.4
9a 8
98.8
97.4
97.0
9a 8
9a i
95.3

100.2
101.6
101.2
102.3
104 7
ioao
101.9
105.1
106.3

73

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T able I I . —

RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS—Continued.

C A BS, STEAM BAXLBOAD.
B L A C K S M I T H S , M a le .

B O I L E R M A K E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 44 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 44 estab
lishments 1890-1898; 45, 1899-1903. Data from
48-establishments 1904; 45,1905,1906; 46,1907.]

[Data from 34 establishments 1890-1903; 38, 1904;
33, 1905-1907.]

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891......................
1892.
.. .
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902........ ...........
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.
. .
1907.......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.
100.0
111.5
104.7
107.9
106.8
82.1
81.4
100.6
91.3
104.6
109.6
121.3
123.4
129.6
137.5
127.6
137.3
148.0
146.9

100.0
101.9
100.8
101.5
101.1
96.6
98.1
98.8
98.1
101.1
101.8
101.9
100.9
100.7
99.9
98.4
97.8
97.0
96.3

100.0
102.3
101.0
101.6
101.8
101.1
102.2
96.1
99.4
97.0
97.5
97.9
99.2
100.4
104.4
111.5
107.8
110.9
119.4

B R A S S F I N I S H E R S , M a le .

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
91.5
92.2
100.9
101.6
94.0
94.7
100.2
103.0
108.7
113.9
118.3
134.9
139.7
168.0
159.3
168.8
178.1
187.0

100.0
103.7
100.9
103.3
102.6
94.8
97.2
97.2
97.4
101.5
101.4
101.8
100.2
99.8
98.5
98.5
97.4
96.9
96.5

100.0
100.4
101.8
100.8
101.3
99.1
98.7
99.1
98.7
99.4
100.5
101.9
102.7
105.5
113.4
118.3
120.7
121.5
128.9

C A B IN E T M A K E R S , M a le .

TData from 7 establishments 1890-1903; 9,1904; 8,
1905; 9,1906; 11, 1907.]

[Data from 15 establishments 1890-1903; 20, 1904;
21,1905-1907.]

Average 1890-99...
... .

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

1890.

1891

1892
. . .
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895
........
1896.

...............

1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901
...........
1902 .....................
1903
..............
1904
................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
87.5
84.7
94.4
106.9
83.3
87.5

125.0

98.6
138.9
91.7
102.8
101.4
109.7
201.4
194.1
219.4
266.4
217.2

100.0
100.2
99.2
100.3
100.4
99.8
99.6
99.8
99.6
100.5
100.5
100.5
100.3
100.4
94.0
93.3
92.8
92.8
93.0

100.0
105.8
105.1
104.2
107.0
87.9
93.8
98.5
99.1
98.2
100.3
105.5
101.0
112.0
120.6
130.6
113.7
117.7
122.4

100.0
98.1
96*7
74.0
88.3
84.5
107.6
96.1
116.6
100.0
137.7
124.6
126.1
134.1
103.0
128.9
91.6
104.8
103.6

100.0
100.1
99.8
99.9
100.3
99.9
100.1
100.0
99.9
99.9
100.0
100.2
99.4
99.6
93.4
91.9
92.0
92.0
92.0

100.0
107.6
107.3
102.3
105.4
86.5
91.8
97.9
97.2
99.3
104.7
106.9
112.7
122.5
130.4
132.3
120.1
122.9
128.2

L A B O R E R S , M a le .

C A R P E N T E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 40 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 40 estab
lishments 1890-1898; 41, 1899-1903. Data from
49 establishments 1904; 46,1905,1906; 47., 1907.]

[Data from 11 establishments 1890-1903; 41, 1904;
42, 1905; 45,1906; 47, 1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898 .....................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
100.9
101.5
105.5
104.7
90.3
89.6
95.3
95.9
105.2
111.3
121.3
122.2
131.8
133.7
124.6
160.7
174.5
187.4




100.0
101.2
100.4
101.3
100.5
97.9
99.0
98.9
98.6
101.2
101.0
101.3
100.6
100.7
99.0
97.5
97.3
96.9
97.0

100.0
101.6
101.4
102.9
104.6
96.9
98.4
97.5
98.2
97.8
100.8
100.6
102.3
105.9
109.7
113.4
115.5
119.0
124.5

100.0
105.6
111.1
107.2
105.2
70.2
81.2
103.7
82.6
109.6
123.8
149.0
145.8
120.5
140.9
128.6
176.2
185.4
205.2

100.0
101.2
101.3
101.0
100.3
97.5
99.8
99.6
99.1
100.2
100.0
100.2
100.6
100.3
102.4
100.9
100.0
99.7
99.9

100.0
99.7
99.2
100.7
112.3
99.9
97.2
98.1
98.5
97.2
97.5
100.5
100.3
103.1
104.4
106.3
107.8
109.4
111.9

74

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BU R EAU OF LABOR.

T able I I * — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATION S— Continued.

C A R S , ST E A M RATLROAD—Continued.
M A C H IN E W O O D W O R K E R S ^ M a le .

[Data for employees from 21 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 21 estab
lishments 1890-1898; 22, 1899-1903. Data from
35 establishments 1904; 40>1905; 41,1906; 43,1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1899......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898......................
1899.......................
1900’. .....................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
lgoo.......................
1907.......................

100.0
112.1
119.3
135.0
143.2
740
74 3
79.2
746
88.7
99.5
110.0
119.8
127.8
139.6
134 8
145.1
174.1
183.3

100.0
100.8
100.7
101.2
101,2
98.9
99.3
99.3
98.8
99.8
100.1
100.6
99.6
99.7
96.1
940
94.2
93.7
94.0

100.0
102:9
106.0
100.4
102:5
97:3
96; 4
99; 1
95.4
99.1
100:9
101.7
100:8
106.0
113.7
115.9
115.4
118.1
122; 9

M A C H I N I S T S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 44 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages- from 44-estab
lishments 1890-1898; 45, 1899-1903. D ata from
48 establishments 1904; 45,1905; 46,1906; 47,1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890:...................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
94 8
94 7
99.6
100.1
90.9
949
101.9
99.1
108.5
115.7
118.5
118.3
1243
133.7
138.8
157.8
165.9
176.8

100.0
102.0
100.7
102.2
101.3
95.9
99.4
98.7
98.4
100.3
101.0
101.7
101.4
101.3
99.3
98.5
96.9
96.7
96.3

100:0
100.5
100.1
100.3
100:8
100.7
99.9
99.5
99.4
98.9
100.2
100.6
102.1
104.8
110.7
115.2
115.8
118.6
126.0

M O L D E R S , IR O N , M a le .

MOULDERS, B R A S S , M ale .

[Data from 11 establishments 1890-1903; 15, 1904*
1907; 14,1905', 13,1906.]

[Data for employees from 13 establishments 18901903. D ata for hours and wages from 13 estab
lishments 1890-1898; 14> 1899-1903. Data from
14. establishments 1904; 13, 1905, 1906; 12, 1907.]

Average 1890^-99...
1890:.....................
1891.......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897.......................
1898......................
1899.......................
19001.....................
1901......................
1902......................
1903.......................
1904......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892'....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1806.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

*

100.0
97.1
102.9
107.4
102.9
79.4
82.4
86.8
100.0
114.7
119.1
132.4
147.1
155.9
158.8
151.4
160.3
150.1
106.0

100.0
101.0
101.4
101.4
101.1
945
101.2
100.9
96.3
101.1
101.2
101.5
101.6
101.8
95.5
949
946
95.3
95.9

m .o
105.6
106; 9
98.9
101.0
104 4
93.8
942
96.4
97.0
101.6
99.7
102.1
109.2
117.5
121.4
123.6
127.2
130.6

P A IN T E R S , M a le .

100.0
113.8
124 5
113.1
129.0
79.8
87.7
85.6
77.3
88.3
101.1
98.0
103.5
104.6
93.2
108.3
118.3
129.8
134 8




100.0
101.3
101.1
101.3
101.4
98.2
99.1
99.0
98.1
100.2
100.4
100.8
99.8
99.7
98.9
96.2
95.6
95.3
95.2

100.0
100.4
100.8
100.8
100.7
96.4
100.7
101.2
96.9
10L0
101.1
101.1
100.2
100.2
99.3
97.8
97.0
97.0
96.5

100.0
105.1
103.7
104 5
108.5
99.2
99.1
92.6
96.2
95.5
95.7
97.9
98.8
101.2
106.0
110.1
113.1
119.0
129.6

P A T T E R N M A K E R S , W O O D , M a le .

[Data for employees from 35 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 35 estab
lishments 1890-1898; 36, 1899-1903. Data from
46 establishments 1904, 1907; 45, 1905, 1906.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903.......................
1 9 0 4 .....................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
113.0
106.3
111.6
97.7
86.0
83.2
101.6
85.3
100.0
115.2
124 7
113.5
125.6
122.4
108.3
106.6
116.0
123.4

100.0
102.5
102.4
10L6
103.1
97.8
96.5
98.7
100.8
98.3
98.6
97.3
99.4
101.5
105.4
111.4
113.7
115.3
118.0

[Data for employees from 24 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 24 estab
lishments 1890-1898; 25, 1899-1903. Data from
34 establishments 1904; 35, 1905, 1908; 36, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891..................... ■
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1 9 0 4 ...................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
101.8
99.1
105.4
97.3
88.3
92.8
99.1
91.9
112.6
114.4
117.1
127.0
125.2
126.1
126.8
135.6
138.7
148.0

100.0
101.6
100.9
101.6
101.7
98.9
97.8
97.7
97.1
101.0
101.8
101.7
101.0
101.5
98.3
97.5
97.2
96.7
97.1

100.0
101.8
102.5
101.2
103.4
100:9
99.0
95.8
97.0
100.0
98.7
100.1
102.1
102.5
108.5
110.7
112.5
115.8
122.7

75

WAGES AND H O U RS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T able

II.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

C A R S* S T E A M R A IL R O A D —Concluded.
T IN S M I T H S , M a le .

P IP E F I T T E R S , M a le .

(Data for employees from 6 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 6 estab
lishments 1890-1898; 7, 1899-1903. Data from
30 establishments 1904,1905; 39,1906; 41,1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
101.9
94.4
113.0
124.1
92.6
94.4
87.0
94.4
96.3
96.3
94.4
127.8
135.2
144.4
156.4
178.7
200.3
227.4

100.0
102.5
102.4
103.3
102.5
94.5
96.7
96.3
96.4
102.1
103.0
102.9
101.4
101.4
100.5
99.3
99.0
98.9
98.5

100.0
103.6
97.0
95.7
101.7
102.5
99.5
99.2
99.6
101.4
99.9
99.1
101.2
100.1
106.5
110.4
108.5
113.8
119.9

[Data for employees from 34 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 34 estab
lishments 1890-1898; 35, 1899-1903. Data from
44 establishments 1904; 41,1905,1906; 43,1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
94.7
102.4
93.9
99.7
96.5
92.3
94.9
95.2
117.3
113.3
116.0
127.2
129.3
127.5
129.0
118.1
151.7
160.4

100.0
102.1
101.1
101.1
100.6
97.3
98.6
98.6
98.2
101.3
101.2
102.0
100.7
100.3
97.6
96.5
95.9
95.0
94.8

100.0
98.2
97.1
102.9
101.4
97.8
99.3
101.8
102.3
96.6
102.6
103.4
103.4
112.2
119.1
121.7
121.8
130.0
138.1

100.6
101.0
100.5
100.0
94.9
91.9
92.0
92.6
92.8

97.2
98.1
100.0
103.9
111.8
123.1
113.9
118.8
126.2

U P H O L S T E R E R S , M a le .

[Data from 25 establishments 1890-1903; 34,1904; 33,1905-1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................

100.0
100.6
116.1
106.3
120.7
87.4
88.5
85.1
91.4
98.9

100.0
100.7
100.9
100.9
101.1
98.5
98.7
99.5
99.0
100.2

100.0
108.0
105.3
105.1
107.0
92.9
97.0
94.9
96.2
' 96.2

1899.....................
1900...................
1 9 0 1 ................
1902 . . . .
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

102.9
117.2
106.3
105.2
108.0
152.3
124.5
147.2
148.0

C L O T H IN G , F A C T O R Y P R O D U C T .
B U T T O N H O L E M A K E R S , M A C H IN E ,
M a le .

B U T T O N H O L E M A K E R S , M A C H IN E ,
F e m a le .

[Data from 1 establishment 1890-1903; 7,1904,1907;
10,1905; 8,1906.]

[Data from 6 establishments 1890-1903; 20,1904; 14,
1905,1907; 13,1906.]

Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900.......................
1901......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
66.7
66.7
66.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
70.5
62.7




100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
91.5
91.5
91.5
91.5
91.5
91.4
91.9

100.0
102.2
102.2
102.2
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
111.6
111.6
111.6
112.0
109.2
105.7
101.2

100.0
106.7
106.7
106.7
106.7
93.3
93.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.7
106.7
106.7
113.3
126.7
128.0
144.4
134.4
128.3

100.0
101.6
101.6
101.6
99.6
98.9
98.9
99.4
99.4
99.4
99.6
99.6
99.6
96.8
97.9
97.7
97.6
97.6
98.0

100.0
96.2
96.2
96.7
96.4
99.6
99.6
102.3
103.4
107.2
102.4
99.0
99.3
99.5
104.2
106.2
112.3
124.6
110.4

76

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUR EAU OF LABOR.

T able

I I .—RELATIVE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

C L O T H IN G , F A C T O R Y P R O D U C T —Continued.
C U T T E R S , H A N D , M a le .

C U T T E R S , M A C H I N E , M a le .

[Data from 8 establishments 1890-1903: 26,1904; 25,
1905, 1906; 29, 1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
Average 1890-99.
1890
.......
1891
.......
1892
.......
1893
.......
1894
.......
1895
.......
1896
.......
1897
.......
1898
.......
1899
.......
1900
.......
1901
.......
1902
.......
1903
.......
1904
.......
1905
.......
1906
.......
1907
.......

100.0

90.5
90.5

100.0

95.2

100.0
100.0
100.0

104.8
109.5
114.3
109.5
119.0
128.6
123.8
126.8
135.2
147.7
142.9

100.0
100.2
100.-2
100.1

100.0

99.8

98.3
98.3
98.3
99.8
97.2
99.7
99.7
103.4
102.9
102.7
104.7
105.4
104.7
110.9
111.9

100.3
100.7

111.3
113.8

100.1

100.1

99.9
99.9
99.7
99.8
99.9
99.8
99.7
99.9

100.1

100.8

110.1

E X A M IN E R S , F e m a le .

[Data from 7 establishments 1890-1903; 18,1904; 21,
1905; 19,1906; 23,1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892........... :.......
1893.....................
1894...................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
105.9
105.9
111.8
105.9
100.0
94.1
94.1
94.1
94.1
94.1
105.9
111.8
111.8
111.8
135.5
148.0
141.0
167.0

100.0
100.1
100.1
100.3
100.1
100.1
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
100.1
99.9
99.0
98.6
98.1
97.8
97.2
96.9

100.0
100.8
100.8
99.8
100.8
96.7
99.7
99.7
98.4
99.9
103.4
103.6
103.7
106.1
107.2
110.3
106.6
109.9
108.7

F IN IS H E R S , F e m a le .

[Data from 4 establishments 1890-1903; 17, 1904;
8, 1905,1906; 6,1907.]

[Data from 7 establishments 1890-1903; 20, 1904;
26,1905, 1907; 24, 1906.]

Average 1890-99.
1890
.......
1891
.......
1892
.......
1893
.......
1894
.......
1895
.......
1896
.......
1897
.......
1898
.......
1899
.......
1900
.......
1901
.......
1902
.......
1903
.......
1904
.......
1905
.......
1906
.......
1907
.......

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100 0

100.0

105.9

100.1

100.0
100.0

99.9
99.9

88.2
88.2

99.9
100.4
100.4

88.2
88.2

99.6
99.6
99.8

100.0
111.8
111.8

123.5
141.2
182.4

211.8

201.3
276.8
283.4
283.4

100.0

100.0

99.6
98.8
97. C
97.3
97.6
97.4
96.9

100.0

98.0
98.0
94.7
98.0
99.9
100.4
100.7

102.8
102.0

105.1
103.6
107.2
87.5
86.6

89.2
84.7
87.6
90.2

100.0
90.5
90.5
98.4
96.8
88.9
90.5
93.7
103.2
115.9
123.8
138.1
133.3
147.6
142.9
151.5
164.7
181.0
188.4

100.0
100.8
100.8
100.4
100.3
100.7
100.1
99.4
99.3
99.2
99.0
99.0
98.5
9a 4
98.4
97.6
97.3
97.7
96.9

100.0
100.1
100.1
98.2
97.9
97.9
101.3
101.3
101.3
102.3
99,2
100.2
103.3
101.3
101.1
101.5
106. 4
112.3
120.3

S E W I N G -M A C H I N E O P E R A T O R S ,
M a le .

P R E S S E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 7 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 8 estab
lishments 1890-1899; 7, 1900-1903. Data from 29
establishments 1904, 1905; 28, 1906; 30, 1907.]

[Data for employees from 1 establishment 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 1 establishment 1890-1901; 2, 1902, 1903. Data from 16
establishments 1904; 24, 1905, 1907; 21,, 1906.]

Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895..1..................
1896...'..................
1897......................
1898......................
1899.......................
1900......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905.........., ...........
1906.......................
1907......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
107.7
107.7
111.5
100.0
111.5
115.4
88.5
88.5
92.3
88.5
103.8
115.4
107.7
103.8
111.7
120.9
135.5
142.7 '




100.0
100.2
100.2
100.3
100.0
100.3
100.2
99.6
99.7
99.8
99.7
99.8
99.9
99.9
98.3
97.9
97.9
98.7
98.1

100.0
100.4
100.4
100.3
103.9
100.3
100.1
96.8
95.0
97.5
105.2
104.9
109.4
111.0
113.5
115.2
113.9
118.6
123.2

100.0
83.3
83.3
91.7
91.7
108.3
108.3
83.3
108.3
108.3
100.0
108.3
108.3
108.3
108.3
132. 7
153.3
160.0
165.4

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
91.5
91.5
92.0
91.6
90.6
90.6
90.4
89.8

100.0
99.3
99.3
101.9
101.9
98.6
98.6
99.3
98.6
98.6
104.1
103.5
113.0
95.3
108.4
103.7
104.3
110.5
112.0

77

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T able

II.— RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, BY
OCCUPATION S—Continued.

C IiO T H IN G , F A C T O R Y P R O D U C T —Concluded.
S E W I N G -M A C H I N E

O P E R A T O R S , F e m a le .

[Data from 9 establishments 1890-1903; 27,1904; 26,1905, 1906; 25, 1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890 ..................
1891
...............
1892......................
1893......................
1894 ..................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.
100.0
94.1
101.9
98.6
88.9
97.8
99.9
96. 7
103.6
111.2

100.0
100.2
99.9
100.0
100.5
100.1
100.2
100.0
99.7
99.6

100.0
97.5
99.4
101.1
98.8
96.6
97.3
99.6
99.0
105.7

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

107.3
105.9
108.2
99.5
108.6
109.4
119.1
145.3
141.6

99.8
100.0
100.0
99.5
99.3
99.2
98.8
98.6
98.8

105.4
103.0
104.2
108.6
111.5
119.2
125.3
130.9
134.0

CO TTO N G O O D S.
C A R D I N G -M A C H I N E
M a le .

TENDERS,

[Data for employees from 21 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 21 estab
lishments 1890; 22, 1891; 23, 1892-1903. Data
from 22 establishments 1904; 29, 1905; 30, 1906;
34, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892.......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

100.0
86.5
94.9
101.9
100.5
101.4
99.1
102.8
100.0
103.3
107.9
111.2
110.2
110.2
114.4
115.1
118.5
125.6
127.2

100.0
100.7
101.1
101.2
99.6
97.8
99.7
100.0
98.9
100.5
100.5
100.5
100.8
100.2
100.2
99.9
100.1
99.8
98.5

100.0
98.0
99.8
99.5
101.4
102.1
101.4
101.9
100.8
97.8
97.0
104.5
103.2
108.3
108.9
109.3
112.3
119.8
134.3

[Data for employees from 22 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 22 estab
lishments 1890; 23,1891; 24,1892-1903. Data from
22 establishments 1904; 29, 1905,1906; 33, 1907.]
100.0
89.6
92.5
97.5
95.3
98.7
102.2
99.7
108.5
111.0
105.7
112.6
117.0
124.8
129.6
133.4
131.7
144.6
146.9

100.0
100.4
101.0
100.8
99.9
97.4
99.6
99.9
99.3
100.7
100.9
100.6
100.5
99.7
99.8
99.9
99.9
99.6
97.7

49979—No. 77—0 8 ----6



[Data for employees from 6 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 6 estab
lishments 1890, 1891; 7, 1892-1903. Data from
5 establishments 1904; 8, 1905, 1906; 9,1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
116.7
118.5
113.0
100.0
90.7
88.9
96.3
87.0
90.7
92.6
101.9
103.7
120.4
118.5
110.6
110.0
121.8
129.1

100.0
99.1
98.9
99.7
99.6
100.3
100.7
100.2
100.6
100.3
100.7
100.5
100.0
98.6
98.8
98.7
98.6
98.2
95.4

100.0
106.3
107.2
105.1
104.1
95.6
92.3
95.2
96.9
99.4
97.8
100.9
102.3
107.1
107.7
104.8
105.7
112.0
123:5

S P IN N E R S , F R A M E , M a l e .

L O O M F I X E R S , M a le .

Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901........... , .........
1902.......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

D Y E R S , M a le .

100.0
102.6
100.4
. 101.2
103.9
99.2
98.0
100.5
99.9
97.6
96.4
105.7
105.8
110.3
111.4
108.8
108.4
115.6
128.8

[Data for employees from 3 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 8 estab
lishments 1890, 1897; 9, 1891, 1893, 1898, 1901; 10,
1894, 1896, 1899, 1903; 11, 1892, 1895, 1900, 1902.
Data from 12 establishments 1904; 11, 1905; 14,
1906,1907.]
Average 1890-99,.
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
36.1
101.4
83.3
101.4
72.2
70.8
95.8
120.8
156.9
161.1
173,6
119.4
168.1
86.1
78.5
75.3
131.4
157.4

100.0
97.3
100.5
102.4
100.2
100.4
100.9
98.3
99.2
100.5
100.3
100.0
99.0
98.0
96.4
97.8
. 97.8
94.2
92.4

100.0
111.6
89.7
91.6
89.9
85.7
91.2
127.0
109.2
98.9
105.8
128.5
135.8
147.3
185.9
169.7
200.4
275.7
303.8

78

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUR EAU OF LABOR.

T able

II.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

C O T T O N G O O D S —Concluded.
S P IN N E R S , F R A M E , F e m a l e .

S P IN N E R S , M U L E , M a l e .

[Data for employees from 20 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 20 estab
lishments 1890; 21, 1891; 22, 1892-1903. Data
from 22 establishments 1904; 29, 1905, 1906; 34,
1907.]

[Data from 11 establishments 1890-1904, 1906; 13,
1905; 10,1907.]

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892..:..................
1893......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
88.8
88.7
92.3
93.9
95.4
94.4
97.0
110.9
119.9
118.4
107.8
115.2
110.5
120.0
125.6
128.6
127.6
131.5

100.0
100.2
101.0
101.5
100.3
98.1
100.0
99.6
98.8
100.1
100.2
100.1
99.5
99.2
98.9
98.9
98.8
98.6
97.2

100.0
99.8
99.4
95.4
102.1
97.9
99.5
108.3
104.1
97.6
96.3
108.7
111.8
117.1•
123.7
125.0
132.4
149.4
171.4

W E A V E R S , M a le .

.100.0
80.3
80.4
84.5
98.2
95.0
98.0
100.2
117.1
120.7
125.4
124.3
116.3
121.3
117.2
109.0
108.1
118.5
120.8




100.0
99.2
100.7
101.5
99.5
99.0
99.7
99.3
100.1
100.5
100.5
100.0
100.2
99.5
98.9
98.5
98.6
97.7
96.6

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897 ...................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903........... :.......
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
104.8
106.2
92.4
94.8
112.4
102.9
98.6
95.2
99.5
91.0
95.7
98.6
89.0
84.3
84.3
83.0
79.0
79.3

100.0
101.0
101.0
101.0
99.7
99.4
99.7
99.2
99.7
99.7
99.7
99.7
99.7
98.9
99.0
99.0
99.0
98.9
98.4

100.0
91.4
93.2
110.7
114.2
96.2
97.8
99.5
102.3
98.2
96.4
110.0
110.0
116.5
115.2
111.0
113.4
117.6
138.4

W E A V E R S , F e m a le .

[Data for employees from 16 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 17 establishments 1890; 19,1891,1893,1897,1903;; 20,1892,
1894-1896, 1898-1902. Data from 20 establishments 1904; 28, 1905; 26, 1906:; 32, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Year.

100.0
113.5
103.1
99.0
107.6
98.6
96.6
102.9
95.3
91.5
92.1
105.1
104.3
110.7
118.3
115.3
116.9
128.2
147.1

[Data for employees from 19 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 19 estab
lishments 1890; 20, 1891; 21, 1892-1903. Data
from 21 establishments 1904; 29, 1905; 27, 1906;
32, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
98.7
103.7
101.6
101.4
102.7
102.7
99.6
97.2
97.6
94.9
97.0
91.7
93.0
87.5
86.1
84.1
76.5
75.4

100.0
101.1
101.5
101.8
100.2
96.6
99.8
99.6
98.6
100.3
100.3
100.1
99.9
99.6
99.6
99.7
99.7
99.4
98.7

100.0
99.1
98.6
99.7
105.2
99.6
98 3
103.5
100.8
68.4
96.8
109.8
109.6
112.2
114.3
113.5
114.4
121.8
136.5

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T able

79

II.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATION S— Continued.

D Y E IN O , F I N I S H I N G , A N D P R I N T I N O T E X T IL E S .
C A L E N D R E R S , M a le .

B L E A C H E R S , M a le .

[Data from 6 establishments 1890-1903; 11,1904; 14,
1905-1907.]
‘Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901:.....................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906......................
1907.......................

[Data from 8 establishments 189Q-1903; 10,1904; 14,
1905, 1906; 15, 1907.]

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.
100.0
79.6
81.5
96.3
107.4
95.4
105.6
100.0
113.0
101.9
115.7
122.2
138.9
159.3
185.2
198.9
251.2
269.1
256.3

100.0
101.4
101.4
100.7
99.6
99.3
99.6
99.6
99.0
99.7
99.8
99.8
99.5
99.5
99.8
99.7
99.9
98.8
98.6

100.0
99.8
94.6
97.7
99.7
99.2
100.2
102.5
101.6
102.7
101.7
102.9
102.2
103.3
104 2
103.7
1041
109.9
117.3

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
93.9
98.8
102.4
100.0
92.7
95.1
92.7
102.4
106.1
117.1
123.2
126.8
132.9
147.6
146.8
178.3
174.9
190.7

100.0
101.0
100.9
100.5
99.8
98.8
99.8
99.9
99.2
100.0
100.0
100.1
100.1
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.6
100.2
99.9

100.0
98.8
99.3
100.1
101.4
99.5
98.8
100.3
100.9
101.1
100.0
103.0
104.1
105.5
106.0
107.9
107.0
108.6
111.4

C O L O R M I X E R S , M a le .

D T E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 3 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 3 estab
lishments 1890, 1891; 4, 1892-1903. Data from 6
establishments 1904; 9, 1905, 1907; 10, 1906.]

[Data from 11 establishments 1890-1906; 13,1904;
14, 1905; 17, 1906, 1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891.......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902.......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907.......................

100.0
105.6
100.0
95.8
97.2
93.0
101.4
105.6
108.5
94.4
104.2
94.4
105.6
115.5
112.7
103.9
112.0
96.1
89.2




100.0
102.5
102.5
101.6
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.2
100.9
101.1
100.7

100.0
97.3
98.8
100.2
101.6
97.4
100.3
101.0
100.6
102.0
100.6
105.1
103.7
1041
105.9
106.4
109.0
110.7
117.7

Average 1890-99.
1890 ...............
1891 ...............
1892 ...............
1893 ...............
1894 ...............
1895 ...............
1897.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903..
1904..
1905..
1906..
1907..

100.0
95.3
115.0
106.2
104 7
98.5
95.3
97.5
98.7
94.5
948
93.6
107.4
99.2
106.6
97.8
96.6
106.0
117.2

100.0
102.0
102.0
101.3
99.8
97.3
99.9
99.9
97.6
100.1
100.2
100.2
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.5
100.6
99.9
99.7

100.0
99.4
96.5
98.5
101.8
98.7
98.9
101.8
101.4
101.3
10L6
104.9
103.8
106.0
107.6
108.2
109.0
110.8
113.9

80

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

T able

11.— RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

D Y E IN G , F I N I S H I N G , A N D P R I N T I N G T E X T I L E S —Concluded.
E N G R A V E R S , M a le .

P R I N T E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 4 establishments 1890- [Data for employees from 5 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 4 estab
1903. Data for hours and wages from 5 estab
lishments 1890, 1891; 5y 1892-1903. Data from 5
lishments 1890, 1891; 0,1892-1903. Data from 6
establishments 1904; 8, 1905, 1907; 9, 1900.]
establishments 1904; 10, 1905, 1907; 11, 1906.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905.......................
1903......................
1907......................

109.0
101.8
98.2
101.8
94.7
91.2
78.9
100.0
101.8
108.8
122.8
138.6
115.8
124.6
103.5
106.7
112.1
120.0
124.0

100.0
101.8
101.8
101.3
99.3
99.2
99.1
99.3
99.3
99.4
99.4
99.3
99.4
99.3
99.0
99.6
99.2
99.2
97.7

100.0
99.3
98.2
99.1
96.7
98.6
99.9
100.4
101.2
103.7
102.8
103.6
106.5
105.8
105.9
106.6
107.2
107.8
107.5

Year.

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per stages per
employees. week.
hour.

100.0
100.0
Average 1890-99
.....
1890
107.3
101.7
100.0
1891
.....
101.7
101.1
1892
.....
94.5
1893
.....
98.2
99.4
1894
.....
99.4
85.5
96.4
1895
.....
99.4
96.4
99.3
1896
.....
99.3
1897
.................. ..................
101.8
107.3
99.4
1898
.....
1899
.....
110.9
99.3
1900
.....
99.3
103.6
1901
.....
110.9
99.4
1902
.....
99.4
125.5
1903
.....
112.7
99.3
100.1
1904
.....
106.7
1905
.....
110.0
99.5
1906
.....
108.9
99.4
1907
.....
108.9
99.5

100.0
97.0
97.8
100.8
102.7
103.2
99.6
100.3
100.3
98.1
100.3
100.5
100.7
100.8
100.3
100.5
99.6
100.2
100.2

E L E C T R IC A L A P P A R A T U S A N D S U P P L IE S .
ARM ATURE

W IN D E R S ,

M a le .

[Data from 4 establishments 1890-1903; 7, 19041906; 8,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891.......................
1892......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1893......................
1897.......................
1898......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903........ : ............
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
68.3
56.1
63.4
63.4
97.6
114.6
136.6
129.3
129.3
136.6
175.6
175.6
187.8
222.0
204.0
305.1
400.1
442.1




100.0
100.9
100.7
100.8
100.8
101.3
101.4
98.3
98.8
98.1
98.7
99.4
94.7
94.7
94.6
94.4
94.6
94.7
94.2

100.0
98.3
100.8
99.3
98.1
94.0
95.7
108.3
102.0
101.9
101.6
99.7
111.7
109.7
112.8
109.9
113.7
123.6
127.8

B R A S S F I N I S H E R S , M a le .

[Data from 1 establishment 1890-1903; 5,1904-1906;
6, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905........ * ..........
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
50.0
56.3
56.3
62.5
62.5
75.0
143.8
156.3
118.8
200.0
181.3
206.3
256.3
262.5
203.1
247.3
421.0
501.0

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
93.2
93.2
93.2
93.2
92.7
92.9
92.7

100.0
101.1
.100.0
100.0
99.1
98.7
97.4
98.5
101.0
103.9
100.6
104.9
103.8
104.9
105.2
105.4
104.0
113.4
108.7

81

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T able

II.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

E L E C T R IC A L A P P A R A T U S A N D S U P P L I E S —Concluded.
M A C H IN IS T S , M a le .

P A T T E R N M A K E R S , M a le .

[Data from 4 establishments 1890-1903; 7, 19041906 ; 8,1907.]

[Data from 1 establishment 1890-1903; 4, 1904,
1905; 5,1906; 6,1907.]

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905...................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
50.4
57.8
58.5
61.5
82.2
112.6
114.8
137.8
157.0
165.9
206.7
220.7
258.5
264.4
205.6
309.9
440.5
386.5

100.0
99.0
99.4
99.4
99.5
100.1
100.3
100.1
100.6
100.7
100.7
101.0
95.3
95.2
95.2
95.2
95.1
95.1
95.0

100.0
101.1
100.0
99.4
99.4
96.2
102.0
97.9
99.4
101.4
103.3
106.4
110.8
107.4
108.7
110.4
107.8
111.8
109.1

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.
100.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
75.0
75.0
100.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
175.0
250.0
250.0
225.0
250.0
263.0
330.1
398.0
336.0

m o
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
93.2
93.2
93.2
93.2
93.0
93.0
93.0

100.0
94.0
94.0
94.0
94.0
94.0
94.0
94.0
109.7
116.0
116.4
99.3
105.0
107.2
116.3
115.6
117.1
119.0
121.0

FLOUR.
B O L T E R S , M a le .
[Data from 11 establishments 1890-1903; 21, 1904;
32, 1905,1906 ; 34,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895.......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899.
..........
1900......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906
1907.......................

100.0
95.7
95.7
95.7
95.7
95.7
95.7
104.3
108.7 .
108.7
108.7
108.7
108.7
108.7
108.7
108.7
105.1
108.7
116.4

100.0
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
100.1
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.4
100 6
99.9
98.0

100.0
100.9
100.9
101.4
101.4
99.6
100.4
98.8
98.7
99.0
99.0
100.8
103.7
106.6
106.5
106.6
106.5
108.3
112.8

M IL L E R S , M a le .
fData from 33 establishments 1890-1903; 39, 1904;
46, 1905,1906; 47, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894......................
1895.......................
1896.
...........
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
19C0......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.
...........
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
92.5
92.5
94.8
94.8
96.5
96.5
106.4
106.4
109.2
111.0
112.1
111.6
116.2
119.1
119.9
123.8
128.6
141.5




100.0
99.7
99.7
99.9
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.3
100.5
100.2
99.8
99.8
99.8
95.4
93.0
93.4
93.7
93.8
93.1

1C0.0
100.4
100.6
100.3
100.4
99.9
100.2
99.4
98.7
100.0
100.2
101.5
102.1
107.8
110.7
111.6
112.1
112.8
113.1

L A B O R E R S , M a le .
[Data from 7 establishments 1890-1903; 31, 1904;
45,1905,1906; 46, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
81.3
82.4
83.0
84.7
84.1
88.1
118.8
119.3
129.0
127.3
127.8
134.1
134.1
131.3
130.6
136.7
144.3
156.9

100.0
100.5
100.5
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.2
99.5
99.5
99.3
99.4
99.4
98.4
96.9
96.9
97.0
97.4
97.1
96.2

100.0
97.0
97.3
97.4
97.8
97.8
99.1
103.1
103.0
103.8
103.5
103.9
115.1
117.6
118.0
117.8
117.1
118.2
122.9

M IL L W R IG H T S !, M a le .
[Data from 18 establishments 1890-1903; 26,1904;
38,1905,1906; 39,1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
93.8
87.5
93.8
114.6
95.8
91.7
100.0
•93.8
120.8
114.6
110.4
102.1
106.3
104.2
116.7
127.7
129.6
117.4

100.0
100.1
100.4
100.1
99.2
100.0
100.2
99.8
100.9
99.6
99.8
100.0
100.4
100.2
100.3
100.1
100.0
100.0
99.3

100.0
100.2
99.7
100.7
101.9
99.8
98.5
98.3
98.6
101.4
100.9
102.9
103.6
105.4
106.2
107.0
103.7
105.3
109.4

82

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR.

T a b l e I I . — RELATIVE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS—Continued.
F L O U R —Concluded.
P A C K E R S , M a le .

[Data from 15 establishments 18S0-1903; 35,1904; 45,1905; 46,1906; 47, 1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.
100.0
88.0
88.9
90.7
90.7
91.7
89.8
102.8
107.4
118.5

100.0
101.1
99.8
100.4
101.0
.101.2
101.0
100.0
99.3
98.4

100.0
98.5
102.9
101.6
96.8
96.4
94.1
99.5
101.6
103.5

Year.
1899.....................
1900 ...................
1 9 0 1 ..................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904 ..................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907...................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
126.9
134.3
146.3
151.9
156.5
143.9
157.6
159.3
148.6

97.8
97.2
97.5
97.6
98.0
96.5
97.3
97.2
97.1

105.3
107.5
113.7
114! 5
114.6
114.0
115.7
118.0
121.5

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E S H O P .
B L A C K S M IT H S , M a le .

B O IL E R

M A K E R S , M a le .

[Data from 166 establishments 1890-1903; 192.1904;
179, 1905; 188,1906; 197,1907.]

[Data from 97 establishments 1890-1903; 96, 1904;
91,1905; 93, 1906; 94,1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904................... :
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
99.5
100.5
101.2
101.7
88.4
93.9
95.1
93.9
110.2
115.5
120.7
130.7
139.2
142.5
130.6
137.6
158.4
147.4

100.0
100.5
100.2
100.5
99.9
99.3
100.2
99.7
99.8
100.2
99.8
99.6
97.8
96.8
95.7
95.5
98.0
98.1
97.8

100.0
101.4
101.6
101.2
101.4
99.1
98.6
100.1
98.6
98.0
99.9
101.7
104.4
107.7
111.8
110.2
111.7
114.7
118.0

B O IL E R R I V E T E R S , M a le .

100.0
105.8
102.2
105.1
101.3
87.5
89.9
97.9
94.8
107.2
108.4
116.9
125.5
128.6
134.6
121.3
120.9
130.4
130.3

100.0
101.2
101.2
100.6
99.8
99.9
99.9
99.1
99.3
99.6
99.2
98.0
97.1
96.3
96.1
95.0
94.8
95.2
94.7

100.0
99.4
98.8
99.1
99.0
100.2
100.8
100.7
99.9
100.3
101.7
106.3
107.1
107.3
109.2
113.2
115.4
118.2
123.0

B R A S S F IN IS H E R S , M a le .

[Data from 8 establishments 1890-1903; 16, 1904;
20,1905; 19, 1906,1907.]

[Data from 20 establishments 1890-1903; 26, 1904,
1905; 23,1906,1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906...............
1907.....................

100.0
84.8
131.6
62.0
117.7
98.7
94.9
100.0
77.2
89.9
141.8
132.9
168.4
102.5
149.4
130.2
137.4
161.3
114.7




100.0
101.8
101.7
99.9
100.8
100.9
100.8
99.6
99.2
99.4
95.8
98.1
97.2
93.6
92.8
92.2
91.3
91.2
91.9

100.0
107.0
92.9
108.5
93.3
94.3
99.0
96.8
102.6
96.1
109.6
94.8
101,5
115.3
113.1
119.2
122.9
128.7
121.3

100.0
108.7
104.8
102.5
103.1
86.5
94.4
89.6
96.3
102.2
111.5
108.4
120.8
127.5
142.4
136.9
147.0
177.0
182.3

100.0
99.9
99.9
100.1
100.2
99.7
99.7
99.9
100.0
100.2
100.2
98.5
98.6
95.1
92.9
92.1
92.1
91.6
91.6

100.0
100.7
102.2
101.4
99.9
101.1
100.9
100.0
98.0
97.5
98.2
102.0
104.1
109.6
111.9
113.3
113.0
115.4
116.2

88

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS—Continued.

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E S H O P —Continued.
CORE! M A K E R S , F e m a l e .

C O R E M A K E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 40 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 40 estab
lishments 1890-1901; 41,1902,1903. Data from 104
establishments 1904; 119, 1905; 128, 1906; 144,
1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
week.

Year.
Average 1890-99.
1890
.......
1891
.......
1892
.......
1893
.......
1894
.......
1895
.......
1896
.......
1897
.......
1898
.......
1899
.......
1900
.......
1901
.......
1902
.......
1903
.......
1904
.......
1905
.......
1906
.......
1907
.......

100.0
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.2

100.0

95.7
97.0
97.0
102.4
95.7
95.7
95.7
92.7
107.3

99.9

100.2
100.1

99.4
99.8
99.7
99.5
98.4
97.5
95.7
94.7
95.0
94.6
94.0

122.0

134.1
134.1
154.9
154.9
128.1
161.8
178.3
183.8

100.0
100.2

100.3
100.9
99.0
97.2
98.1
100.3

101.2
101.2

101.4
102.9
107.0
106.3
113.0
116.4
115.1
120.7
124.2

L A B O R E R S , M a le .

[Data from 128 establishments 1890-1903; 186, 1904;
192, 1905; 198,1906; 211,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898.......................
1899......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
102.6
100.2
103.2
98.4
81.1
93.7
97.8
94.0
109.1
119.8
126.8
135.6
143.5
154.3
145.1
162.0
183.8
186.7

i1
1
1
!
j

100.0
100.3
100.2
100.2
100.1
99.4
100.1
100.0
99.5
99.9
100.3
99.7
97.7
97.1
96.0
95.7
95.7
95.7
95.3

100.0
99.6
101.6
102.2
101.7
98.2
98.3
99.6
99.9
99.2
99.9
102.7
104.7
107.0
111.7
113.2
114.4
119.4
123.6

M O L D E R S , B R A S S , M a le .

[Data from 38 establishments 1890-1903; 52, 1904;
48, 1905; 39, 1906; 44, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906......................
1907......................

100.0
90.5
96.8
100.9
100.9
90.9
93.6
92.3
97.7
114.1
122.7
115.9
133.2
137.3
142.7
134.8
127.0
127.0
124.2




100.0
100.0
99.8
100.1
100.0
100.0
100.1
100.0
100.1
99.9
100.1
99.5
99.1
96.8
94.8
94.0
94/3
94.1
93.9

100.0
98.4
99.8
102.3
101.5
98.5
96.2
101.1
100.3
100.9
101.1
102.9
107.5
114.0
117.0
117.3
113.8
115.1
116.2

[Data from 2 establishments 1890-1903; 5, 1904,
1905; 6,1906, 1907.]

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
142.9
85.7
71.4
57.1
85.7
85.7
71.4
100.0
114.3
171.4
157.1
114.3
185.7
185.7
165.8
288.9
209.0
224.3

100.0
100.2
100.0
99.9
99.7
100.0
100.0
99.9
100.1
100.2
100.0
100.3
100.2
100.2
100.2
98.4
98.0
98.7
98.6

100.0
83.3
102.3
109.6
116.6
105.0
105.5
107.9
97.5
96.6
75.4
88.7
93.9
86.5
97.0
100.3
96.4
101.9
121.1

M A C H IN IST S, M a le .
[Data from 218establishments 1890-1903; 228,1904;
206,1905.; 205,1906; 209,1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
97.9
100.0
99.9
104.9
80.1
90.8
95.6
93.4
111.9
125.5
130.9
141.2
151.8
158.5
135.7
151.0
169.0
179.4

100.0
100.7
100.6
100.2
99.8
99.9
99.9
99.8
99.7
100.0
99.3
99.1
97.0
95.7
94.9
94.0
94.5
94.4
93.7

100.0
100.5
101.2
102.3
101.9
97.5
97.5
99.6
99.7
99.0
100.8
103.6
106.8
110.3
112.9
112.8
113.1
116. 4
120.4

M O L D E R S , IR O N , M a le .
[Data from 183 establishments 1890-1903; 179, 1904;
169,1905; 168, 1906; :171, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
99.6
99.3
102.0
107.0
84.7
93.5
97.8
91.9
108.7
115.6
127.4
127.5
133.4
141.8
116.2
134.9
147.6
154.4

100.0
100.4
100.5
100.3
99.8
99.7
100.0
99.9
99.8
100.0
99.7
99.6
98.6
97.2
95.8
95.1
95.1
95.1
94.8

100.0
100.6
101.5
*100.9
101.2
97.9
98.0
99.2
100.0
99.1
101.7
106.7
108.4
114.6
120.2
119.5
119.3
123.8
127.0

84

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR,

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E S H O P —Concluded.
P A T T E R N M A K E R S , W O O D , M a le .

[Data from 161 establishments 1890-1903; 178,1904; 171,1905; 174,1906; 180,1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890 ..................
1891 .................
1892 .................
1893 .................
1894 .................
1895 .................
1896 .................
1897 .................
1898 .................

100.0
92.2
94.1
94.4
101.4
85.8
98.8
100.1
96.4
114.0

100.0
100.3
101.0
101.0
102.1
96.6
97.7
99.9
99.5
101.1

100.0
100.6
100.6
100.5
99.8
100.0
99.9
99.7
99.5
100.1

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

122.3
124.1
120.2
126.7
132.9
120.5
136.2
143.7
140.9

99.3
98.9
97.7
96.3
94.8
94.4
94.5
94.2
93.9

100.9
104.3
106.8
111.4
116.2
117.3
118.4
125.2
127.2

F U R N IT U R E .
C A B IN E T M A K E R S , M a le .

CARVERS,

[Data for employees from 50 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 50 estab
lishments 1890-1892; 51,1893-1903. Data from 55
establishments 1904; 58, 1905, 1906; 63, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906....................:.
1907.......................
M A C H IN E

100.0
92.0
91.6
102.1
101.3
95.9
92.8
96.9
105.4
103.3
118.3
112.8
108.4
119.6
125.7
127.7
137.6
158.5
150.1

100.0
101.2
100.5
99.7
99.4
98.4
99.8
99.8
99.8
100.7
100.4
99.9
98.3
96.8
96.7
95.9
95.3
93.4
93.7

M a le .

[Data from 20 establishments 1890-1903; 25, 1904;
36, 1905; 37, 1906, 1907.]

100.0 ,
101.8 !
102.3 !
104.5 I
103.6 1
100.1 j
98.2 ;
97.2
98.1
95.7
98.6;
100.4
107.2 ;
115.1
116.9 :
119.0 ;
122.2
128.5 !
128.5 i

W O O D W O R K E R S , M a le ,

HAND,

j

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................j
1891.....................1!
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1903..................... 1
1907..................... |

1C0.0
83.3
94.9
121.8
94.9
91.0
98.7
91.0
100.0
102.6
126.9
94.9
101.3
124.4
120.5
117.6
110.9
121.8
111.7

100.0
103.1
99.8
96.0
102.6
99.2
102.2
101.6
99.5
99.8
96.4
101.2
99.4
97.2
99.8
97.3
97.2
97.3
98.4

100.0
97.0
103.2
113.7
97.7
95.6
84.6
95.2
101.0
99.7
112.3
102.2
112.3
119.0
112.7
115.9
116.7
120.7
120.7

S A W Y E R S , M a l e .( « )

[Data for employee's from 41 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 41 estab- [Data from 30 establishments 1890-1892; 31, 1893lishments 1890-1892; 42, 1893-1903. Data from 53 i
1903; 38,1904; 41,1905; 47, 1906; 54, 1907.]
establishments 1904; 57,1905, 1906; 61,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890 ..................
1891 ..................
1892 ..................
1893 ..................
1894 ..................
1895 ..................
1890.......................
1897.......................
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.

100.0 |1
99.4 !
99.5 !
98.2
96.3
93.8
97.1
102.9
104.4
102.1
105.5
112.0
118.8
115.4
115.7
124.1
128.4
131.0
121.6




100.0
101.4
101.0
100.0
100.0
98.0
99.4
99.9
99.3
100.2
100.8
100.8
101.1
100.6
100.3
99.7
99.6
99.1
99.1

100.0 1; Average 1890-99..
100.7 !i 1890.....................
101.1 ! 1891.....................
101.4 1892.....................
99.8 1893.....................
98.6 1894.....................
98.6 1895.....................
99.2 1896.....................
100.4 1897.....................
99.5 1898.....................
101.1 1899.....................
102.1 1900.....................
103.0 1901.....................
108.7 1902.....................
112.2 1903.....................
111.1 1904.....................
114.5 1905.....................
119.0 1906.....................
122.1 1907.....................

« Including all classes of sawyers.

100.0
95.1
95.1
94.8
96.9
94.5
98.5
103.7
102.8
107.7
110.7
112.9
112.6
115.7
118.4
116.8
120.1
120.2
118.1

100.0
100.8
100.3
100.0
100.3
97.5
99.9
100.4
100.2
100.1
100.5
99.0
98.2
97.6
97.6
96.8
9616
96.1
96.0

100.0
99.9
101.8
101.3
101.4
99.3
99.3
98.1
99.9
98.8
100.4
103.7
108.2
113.3
114.4
118.6
120.8
122.5
125.6

85

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907,
T able

II.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

F U R N I T U R E —Concluded.
U P H O L S T E R E R S , M a le .

[Data from 11 establishments 1890-1903; 18, 1904; 24, 1905, 1906; 26, 1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................

100.0
100.7
99.3
107.4
100.0
98.7
93.3
98.0
98.0
100.7

100.0
100.5
100.3
99.9
100.3
100.2
100.1
99.7
99.7
99.7

100.0
99.4
101.4
100.2
98.2
100.6
99.9
98.1
97.6
100.6

Year.
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
106.0
106.7
113.4
113.4
112.1
114.3
124.3
126.8
114.0

99.6
98.3
94.4
94.9
92.1
91.3
91.7
91.5
91.3

104.0
106.0
121.1
125.2
125.3
125.1
126.2
130.0
131.8

G A S.
L A B O R E R S , M a le .

P IP E

[Data from 3 establishments 1890-1903; 23, 1904;
61, 1905; 60, 1906, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890........................
1891........................
1892.........................
1893.........................
1894........................
1895.........................
1896........................
1897.........................
1898.........................
1899.........................
1900.........................
1901........................
1902........................
1903........................
1904........................
1905........................
1906........................
1907........................

100.0
104.3
68.6
65.7
57.1
120.0
82.9
67.1
164.3
174.3
101.4
138.6
111.4
135.7
182.9
216.2
234.1
270.2
254.5

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.5
100.2
100.6
101.1

100.0
98.7
98.1
94.1
99.8
103.9
98.1
103.3
103.5
98.7
101.7
96.6
105.5
99.7
99.1
101.9
102.3
105.5
107.1

F I T T E R S , M a le .

[Data from 4 establishments 1890-1903; 21, 1904;
54, 1905; 60, 1906; 59, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
68.9
60.7
72.1
86.9
95. L
111.5
104.9
91.8
200.0
114.8
109.8
1C9.8
188.5
132.8
165.9
172.9
183.0
212.3

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.5
97.9
97.7
98.1
97.9

100.0
102.3
102.4
101.7
102.5
101.6
101.7
101,3
99.6
'91.5
95.4
100.1
94.8
98.3
103.0
101.9
100.9
102.8
107.0

G LASS.
BATCH

M A K E R S , M a le .

B L O W E R S , F L U J T G L A S S , M a le .

[Data from 8 establishments 1890-1903; 14,1904; 24,
1905; 25, 1906; 28, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904.......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

100.0
89.7
103.4
103.4
103.4
89.7
89.7
89.7
103.4
103.4
110.3
103.4
103.4
106.9
100.0
102.1
102.1
108.3
106.4




100.0
101.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
98.8
98.8
98.8
100.4
100.4
100.1
100.4
100.4
99.7
100.1
99.9
100.2
99.9
99.7

100.0
98.6
98.6
98.6
99.4
101.9
101.7
101.9
99.4
99.9
100.2
100.5
100.2
100.6
103.0
103.4
104.8
105.8
108.5

[Data from 5 establishments 1890-1903; 7,1904; 13,
1905; 14, 1906; 19, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
107.1
123.6
97.3
68.9
100.4
94.7
107.6
94.2
96.9
109.3
100.9
140.9
148.0
160.4
184.5
163.6
161.0
163.3

100.0
99.8
99.7
99.9
100.2
100.1
100.1
100.0
100.1
100.0
100.1
100.0
99.7
99.6
99.5
99.3
99.2
98.9
99.0

100.0
97.2
98.4
96.9
98.6
105.6
98.9
102.3
103.4
96.5
102.3
101.4
106.1
105.5
106.8
106.0
103.3
106.8
108.5

86

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUR EAU OF LABOR,

T able

II.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.
O l i A S S —Continued.

B L O W E R S , G R E E N G LA SS, M a le .
[Data from 4 establishments 1890-1904; 5, 1905; 6,
1906; 8, 1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894......................
1895.......................
1896......................
1897.......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904.......................
1905......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
61.3
109.5
73.0
59.9
65.3
76.6
115.3
134.7
135.6
168.9
195.9
175.2
173.0
191.4
231.0
213.0
221.4
269.6

100.0
101.3
99.5
100.2
101.8
99.7
99.3
99.4
99.7
101.5
97.7
98.1
98.1
98.1
98.1
98.1
98.0
94.5
94.1

100.0
101.1
98.7
106.4
99.4
100.2
97.9
99.3
96.0
94.7
106.4
117.3
125.2
118.1
120.2
132.2
124.9
135.7
138.8

G U T T E R S , W IN D O W G LA SS, M a le .
[Data for employees from 1 establishment 18901003. Data for hours and wages from 2 estab
lishments 1890-1899; 1, 1900; 2, 1901-1903. Data
from 3 establishments 1904; 8,1905,1907; 7,1906.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903.......................
1904......................
1905.......................1
1906...................... 1
1907...................... |

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
112.5
100.0
95.5
J07.3
107.3
104.8

100.0
98.8
99.5
99.5
98.8
100.2
101.1
101.1
101.1
98.8
101.1
102.2
100.4
100.4
98.8
99.2
97.2
97.2
97.3

B L O W E R S , W IN D O W G LA SS, M a le .
[Data from 2 establishments 1890-1903; 3, 1904; 8,
1905, 1907; 7, 1906.]
Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903................ .
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
100.0
120.8
108.3
104.2
104.2
95.8
87.5
83.3
104.2
104.2
100.0
104.2
108.3
95.8
97.6
104.9
104.9
105.8

100.0
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.1
99.9
100.1
100.1
100.1
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
100.1
100.3
100.1
99.6
100.1
100.1

100.0
110.8
104.5
109.8
104.0
94.6
75.1
88.3
93.8
110.1
109.0
131.4
111.6
144.9
158.5
111.2
134.0
146.3
156.0

F L A T T E N E R S , W IN D O W G LASS,
M a le .
[Data from 2 establishments 1890-1903; 3, 1904; 8,
1905, 1907; 7, 1906.]

100.0 Average 1890-99..
110.8 1890.....................
106.5 1891.....................
107.6 1892.....................
101.8 1893.....................
103.3 1894.....................
80.0 1895.....................
91.5 1896.....................
91.2 |s 1897.....................
100.3 1898.....................
106.8 1899.....................
100.9 1900.....................
114.1 1901.....................
119.3 1902.....................
123.9 1903.....................
96.5 1904.....................
116.5 1905.....................
120.0 1906.....................
129.3 1907.....................

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
83.3
83.3
83.3
100.0
100.0
83.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.2
108.5
110.5

100.0
99.3
99.3
99.3
99.3
99.3
101.6
101.6
101.6
99.3
99.3
101.6
99.3
99.3
99.3
99.3
100.3
94.2
94.3

100.0
108.1
106.4
105.4
106.8
97.1
74.2
85.9
95.9
108.3
111.9
125.0
116.4
141.9
143.9
117.8
145.3
181.3
205.0

G A F F E R S , F L IN T G LASS, M a le .
[Data from 2 establishments 1890-1903; 5, 1904;
6,1905; 7, 1906, 1907.]

G A T H E R E R S , F L IN T G LASS, M a le .
[Data from 3 establishments 1890-1903; 5, 1904; 8,
1905, 1906; 10, 1907.]

Average 1890-99
100.0
1890
.................. ..................
112.8
1891
.....
110.3
1892
.....
115.4
1893
.....
118.0
1894
.....
94.9
1895
.....
92.3
1896
.....
89.7
1897
.....
89.7
1898
......
92.3
1899
.....
89.7
1900
.....
92.3
1901
......
100.0
1902
.....
110.3
1903
.....
112.8
1904
.....
114.1
1905
.....
99.2
1906
.....
91.3
1907
......
87.7

1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
18<>8.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................




100.0
100.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.2

99.6
99.7

100.0 i Average 1890-99..
97.4.
99.7
98.0
98.5
99.9

101.0
101.6

101.7
101.0
101.0

101.9
103.4
105.3
105.6
106.6
106.5
106.9
106.8

100.0
125.9
125.0
96.4
92.0
83.9
92.0
92.0
92.0
100.0
103.6
134.8
146.4
161.6
208.9
182.9
193.1
182.1
218.1

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.2
99.9
99.7
99.5

100.0
96.3
97.1
97.7
98.4
101.0
99.8
100.4
102.8
102.5
103.9
104.1
105.3
109.7
114.4
112.2
109.5
109.8
113.9

87

WAGES AND H O U RS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T able

EL—RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

G L A S S —Concluded.
G A T H E R E R S , W IN D O W
M a le .

[Data from 2 establishments 1890-1903; 3, 1904; 8,
1905, 1907; 7, 1906.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
96.0
116.0
108.0
104.0
104.0
96.0
88.0
84.0
108.0
108.0
88.0
100.0
104.0
96.0
96.0
103.2
103.7
104.2

L A B O R E R S , M a le .

GLASS,

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.5
100.0
100.0

100.0
104.9
98.3
103.3
100.6
92.7
76.8
92.0
100.7
115.3
115.4
134.0
122.5
165.1
179.0
123.3
148.9
160.7
174.8

[Data from 2 establishments 1890-1903; 12, 1904;
24, 1905; 26, 1906; 30, 1907.]

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.......•.............
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

L E E R S M E N , M a le .

100.0
108.8
108.8
114.0
108.8
87.7
93.0
93.0
94.7
96.5
89.5
100.0
110.5
107.0
103.5
99.8
104.3
107.5
91.5

100.0
100.1
100.1
100.2
100.1
99.8
99.9
99.9
99.9
100.0
99.8
100.0
100.2
99.6
99.5
99.3
99.2
99.1
98.8

100.0
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
71.4
77.6
91.8
102.0
161.2
161.2
175.5
114.3
108.2
108.2
104.6
121.6
134.9
149.6

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.9
99.9

100.0
93.2
93.2
93.2
93.2
92.1
89.8
90.1
93.4
92.8
92.8
93.6
97.7
98.0
109.1
107.8
110.0
110.4
119.3

P A C K E R S , M a le .

[Data from 10 establishments 1890-1903; 14, 1904;
27, 1905, 1906; 31, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.

[Data from 5 establishments 1890-1903; 14,1904;
22, 1905; 23, 1906; 27, 1907.]

100.0 Average 1890- 99. . I1
100.4 1890........................... ii
100.4 1891........................... !!
100.4 1892............................
99.8 1893............................
99.9 1894...........................
100.1 1895...........................
99.8 1896............................
99.4 1897...........................
99.9 1898...........................
99.8 1899............................
98.2 1900...........................
99.9 1901...........................
101.1 1902...........................
103.1 1903...........................
103.6 1904............................
102.7 | 1905...........................
102.3 ! 1906...........................
107.2 ! 1907............................

100.0
102.0
103.0
107.0
108.0
98.0
85.0
88.0
102.0
100.0
106.0
103.0
102.0
100.0
91.0
87.7
97.2
108.0
123.2

100.0
101.0
100.0
100.1
100.0
100.3
98.3
99.2
100.5
100.2
100.4
100.7
100.6
100.6
99.5
98.8
99.2
99.4
99.5

100.0
99.8
99.6
100.4
100.7
99.7
102.6
100.8
98.5
99.1
98.5
98.2
101.0
100.4
106.3
109.3
109.5
112.1
114.1

T E A S E R S , M a le .

[Data from 9 establishments 1890-1903; 12,1904; 23,1905; 24, 1906; 26,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897......................
1898.......................

100.0
101.7
108.5
108.5
106.8
96.6
98.3
94.9
96.6
89.8




100.0
100.1
100.5
100.5
100.4
99.8
99.9
99.7
99.8
99.3

100.0
103.3
101.5
101.5
102.3
100.3
100.1
99.2
98.7
95.3

1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
96.6
96.6
100.0
94.9
88.6
93.4
96.4
101.9

100.0
99.8
99.8
100.0
99.7
99.4
99.7
98.7
99.0

97.6
99.3
99.3
98.5
103.3
105.0
104.2
107.0
108.9

88

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUR EAU OF LABOR.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

H A R N ESS.
C O L L A R M A K E R S ) M a le .

C U T T E R S , M a le .

[Data from 17 establishments 1890-1903; 23, 1904;
30, 1905; 32, 1906; 34, 1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906......................
1907.......................

Relative Relative j Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week. | hour.
100.0
92.4
91.0
92.4
95.8
93.8
102.1
109.7
108.3
109.0
103.5
115.3
111.1
115.3
111.8
113.4
114.8
116.5
117.6

100.0 1
100.4 |
100.4
100.2
99.7
99.9
100.0
99.9
100.0
100.0
99.5
99.7
99.4
99.2
98.3
97.6
96.8
96.5
95.7

100.0
100.8
100.4
101.4
100.7
100.0
98.6
99.8
99.2
99.2
100.0
102.1
107.6
109.3
115.3
117.5
119.3
120.0
121.2

F I T T E R S A N D F IN IS H E R S , M a le .

[Data from 14 establishments 1890-1903; 22, 1904;
26, 1905; 27, 1906; 33, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
87.3
94.5
90.9
88.2
85.5
99.1
110.9
111.8
108.2
127.3
120.9
130.0
151.8
161.8
155.6
154.3
164.1
159.0

100.0
100.8
100.9
100.9
100.9
100.6
99.4
98.9
99.2
99.5
98.8
99.1
98.5
97.8
95.8
95.7
95.9
95.7
94.9

S T IT C H E R S , H A N D , M a le .

100.0
90.6
90.6
96.9
103.1
103.1
100.0
93.8
96.9
112.5
125.0
134.4
153.1
162.5
159.4
146.7
136.4
155.9
122.2




100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
99.2
97.6
97.1
97.4
96.3

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
92.0
93.1
97.7
97.7
98.9
95.4
101.1
104.6
106.9
117.2
116.1
116.1
124.1
121.8
128.0
129.6
138.2
131.6

100.0
100.2
100.2
100.3
100.0
99.9
99.9
99.9
100.0
99.8
99.7
99.9
99.7
98.7
97.8
97.8
96.7
95.9
95.4

100.0
100.9
100.4
99.6
100.3
99.5
100.5
99.7
98.9
100.1
99.9
101.4
104.3
106.0
118.6
122.7
124.3
127.0
120.9

H A R N E S S M A K E R S , M a le .

[Data from 14 establishments 1890-1903; 29, 1904,
1907; 35, 1905, 1906.]

100.0 Average 1890-99..
99.9 1890.....................
101.9 1891.....................
101.3 1892.....................
100.6 1893.....................
98.3 1894.....................
98.4 1895.....................
96.1 1896.....................
97.4 1897.....................
102.1 1898.....................
‘ 103.7 1899.....................
104.0 ! 1900.....................
110.4 1901.....................
114.6 1902.....................
124.5 1903.....................
128.0 1904.....................
129.0 1905.....................
130.7 1906.....................
132.1 1907.....................

100.0
89.8
91.6
87.4
90.2
88.8
97.2
105.1
110.7
115.3
124.7
129.3
128.4
128.4
133.0
133.0
141.1
143.2
141.6

100.0
100.4
100.4
100.1
99.9
99.9
99.8
99.7
99.8
99.8
100.0
100.0
99.8
99.4
99.5
99.0
98.2
97.1
96.3

100.0
99.1
99.6
99.8
100.7
99.2
98.7
99.5
99.9
102.1
101.4
101.9
102.2
102.7
105.9
107.4
108.6
112.5
113.4

S T I T C H E R S , M A C H I N E , M a le .

[Data from 9 establishments 1890-1903; 14, 1904,
1907; 16, 1905; 17,1906.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896 .......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

[Data from 21 establishments 1890-1903; 33, 1904;
49, 1905; 51, 1906; 54, 1907.]

100.0
100.5
100.5
101.4
101.7
98.1
97.4
98.8
101.8
100.1
99.4
100.1
101.3
108.9
116.1
116.2
114.9
120.0
121.4

[Data from 20 establishments 1890-1903; 29, 1904;
40, 1905; 42,1906; 44, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
94.0
90.0
99.0
90.0
97.0
102.0
105.0
103.0
109.0
108.0
131.0
132.0
132.0
145.0
148.6
138.5
139.9
143.2

100.0
100.5
100.4
99.9
99.8
99.8
99.8
99.9
99.8
99.9 !1
99.9 |!
99.9 !
99.5
98.8
97.6
97.7
97.1
96.5
95.9

100.0
99.9
100.8
99.8
102.2
99.1
97.3
98.1
99.6
100.3
102.9
102.6
107.9
110.4
114.2
116.1
115.6
118.9
122.3

89

WAGES AND HOtTES OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

H ATS, FUR.
B L O C K E R S , M a le .

C O L O R E R S , M a le .

[Data from 4 establishments 1890-1904; 13, 19051907.]

[Data from 4 establishments 1890-1904; 12, 1905;
14,1906, 1907.]

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906......................
1907.......................

100.0
75.0
80.8
86.5
92.3
113.5
98.1
96.2
101.9
115.4
134.6
111.5
121.2
117.3
119.2
105.7
125.3
126.6
138.0

100.0
101.8
101.6
100.7
101.5
100.9
101.0
101.5
101.5
94.5
94.9
94.7
94.6
93.2
92.1
92.2
90.6
90.7
90.8

100.0
106.4
97.9
100.3
92.9
98.8
91.9
93.4
95.5
110.0
112.8
113.6
106.9
113.2
111.2
111.8
117.7
116.5
120.2

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
100.0
112.5
95.8
129.2
133.3
79.2
79.2
79.2
87.5
104.2
87.5
112.5
116.7
129.2
141.7
158.4
138.3
170.4

100.0
100.0
100.4
100.4
100.1
99.4
99.7
100.0
100.0
100.1
100.0
99.7
99.5
92.2
90.6
90.7
90.5
90.6
89.4

100.0
102.7
98.1
95.8
96.4
98.9
100.6
106.3
101.4
100.8
99.0
100.4
100.6
109.6
112.1
115.5
119.0
119.8
120.5

C O N E R S , M a le .

C U R L E R S , M a le .

[Data from 5 establishments 1890-1904; 15,1905; 14,
1906, 1907.]

[Data from 4 establishments 1890-1904; 11, 19051907.]

Average 1890-99.
1890
.......
1891
.......
1892
.......
1893
.......
1894
.......
1895
.......
1896
.......
1897
.......
1898
.......
1899
.......
1900
.......
1901
.......
1902
.......
1903
.......
1904
.......
1905
.......
1906
.......
1907
.......

100.0

86.4

100.0
100.6

109.1
104.5
86.4
86.4

100.1
100.6

100.0
100.0

100.0

104.5
118.2
136.4
154.5
140.9
140.9
145.9
161.9
156.5
187.1

100.7
100.7
100.4
100.4
99.6
99.7
97.3
97.1
97.4
92.6
90.8
90.7
88.3

88.2

88.4

100.0

99.7
99.5
99.5
100.9
99.2
99.6
94.3

106.2

99.9
101.3
102.7
103.1

120.1

130.3
136.0
140.5
137.1
137.6

100.0
89.5
105.3
105.3
105.3
110.5
84.2
89.5
89.5
105.3
94.7
89.5
105.3
121.1
115.8
136.9
160.9
178.0
234.2




100.0
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.1
100.4
100.0
100.0
100.4
100.3
97.5
97.8
98.2
91.2
89.2
88.8
88.9
88.9
89.0

100.0
76.2
76.2
81.0
85.7
109.5
95.2
104.8
114.3
109.5
142.9
123.8
123.8
100.0
133.3
147.1
165.5
182.9
201.0

100.0
100.1
100.3
100.1
100.2
99.9
99.9
100.0
99.9
100.1
99.5
99.6
99.9
99.3
99.4
99.4
99.1
98.9
98.9

100.0
110.9
116.8
113.0
101.5
98.4
93.2
93.2
90.5
92.1
90.4
90.1
101.8
106.5
107.3
109:7
117.3
121.1
104.7

F IN IS H E R S , M a le .

F E E D E R S ^ F e m a le .

[Data for employees from 3. establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 3 estab
lishments 1890-1892, 1894,1897-1903; 4,1893, 1895,
1896. Data from 3 establishments 1904; 9, 1905,
1906; 12,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891
..........
1892
......
1893
1894
1895
1896
.......
1897
..........
1898
. ...
1899
................
1900
. ...
1901
. ...
1902
.......
1903
. .
1904.......................
1905.
........
1906.......................
1907.

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906..................... :
1907..................... '

100.0
100.8
99.1
99.1
99.1
98.7
100.8
99.6
100.2
100.2
102.6
101.7
99.9
113.1
115.6
121.8
120.6
130.4
144.2

[Data from 6 establishments 1890-1903; 5, 1904;
13, 1905, 1906; 14, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
105.8
95.7
94.2
91.7
85.2
85.9
92.8
104.3
109.4
134.7
141.5
149.5
170.0
183.4
148.1
146.3
144.2
163.8

100.0
100.4
99.3
99.8
99.8
100.4
100.0
100.1
99.6
100.2
100.5
100.2
100.5
98.5
95.7
97.9
97.7
97.4
96.6

100.0
103.2
97.6
99.1
98.4
100.7
101.3
99.8
98.0
98.7
103.4
102.9
106.4
114.6
116.8
110.8
115.5
124.3
124.0

90

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATION S— Continued.
H A T S , F U R — Continued.
F L .A N G E R S , M a l e .

F U R B L O W E R S , M a le .

[Data from 3 establishments 1890-1903; 4, 1904; [D a ta fr o m 3 e st a b lis h m e n t s 1890-1903; 4, 1904;
i
13, 1905, 1906; 14, 1907.]
13, 1905, 1907; 12, 1906.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897........ :............
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1933.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
92.9
78.6
78.6
71.4
92.9
78.6
85.7
78.6
142.9
178.6
250.0
300.0
250.0
242.9
219.2
.123.6
'217.7
. 262.7

100.0
100.8
100.4
100.4
99.4
99.5
99.6
99.9
100.4
100.3
99.3
99.9
98.6
95.7
92.4
93.5
93.5
93.5
90.5

100.0
124.0
101.8
109.5
91.8
113.7
88.2
97.5
92.5
89.4
91.0
90.6
91.9
108.9
95.3
96.4
101.5
109.5
107.5

H A R D E N E R S , M a le .

100.0
90.5
104.8
104.8
104.8
104.8
85.7
100.0
104.8
109.5
109.5
109.5
123.8
119.0
119.0
142.8
153.2
153.2
177.1

100.0
100.5
100.6
100.6
100.6
100.6
100.4
100.2
99.5
99.6
97.4
97.3
97.9
92.3
92.3
92.3
90.4
90.7
90.9

A v era g e 1890-99..
1890........................
1891............. 1.........
1892........................
1893........................
1894........................
1895........................
1896........................
1897........................
1898........................
1899........................
1900........................
1901........................
1902........................
1903........................
1904........................
1905........................
1906........................
1907........................

100 .0
9 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
120 .0
1 00.0
8 0 .0
9 0 .0
9 0 .0
8 0 .0
9 0 .0
1 3 0 .0
190 .0
2 0 0 .0
190 .0
2 0 0 .0
2 1 9 .0
2 3 0 .5
2 0 4 .3
2 5 9 .3

1 0 0 .0
100.2
100.2
100.3
100.2
100.1
100.2
100.2
100.1
1 00.2
9 8 .4
9 8 .6
9 8 .7
9 1.2
8 9 .5
8 9 .3
8 9 .2
8 9.2
8 7 .4

1 0 0 .0
1 03.0
9 6 .1
9 6 .4
1 0 0 .0
9 5 .9
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .0
1 00 .7
9 6 .7
1 0 8 .4
1 07 .2
1 06 .4
1 19.6
131.1
141.1
1 55.5
188 .2
2 0 1 .4

P O U N C E R S , M a le .

[Data from 5 establishments 1890-1904; 14, 1905,
1907; 13, 1906.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

R e la tiv e ! R e la tiv e R e la tiv e
n u m b er o f h o u rs per w a g e s per
em p lo y ees.
w eek.
h o u r.

Y ear.

100.0
107.0
100.6
102.6
100.3
100.0
103.1
97.4’
99.9
95.3
93.7
94.5
96.7
109.0
110.0
115.0
117.0
113.2
114.5

S IZ E R S , M a le .

[Data from 4 establishments 1890-1904; 11, 19051907.]
Average 1890-991890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
104.2
100.0
91.7
112.5
112.5
91.7
83.3
70.8
108.3
137.5
212.5
275.0
383.3
379.2
379.2
459.1
443.1
571.4

100.0
100.2
100.1
100.4
100.3
100.3
100.1
99.8
99.7
99.5
99.6
100.2
100.3
91.4
89.8
90.5
90.3
90.5
89.5

100.0
104.6
106.2
86.6
95.6
92.1
93.8
106.9
105.6
111.0
97.4
100.0
90.6
88.7
96.4
91.5
87.8
93.8
90.4

S T IF F E N E R S , M a le .

[Data from 5 establishments 1890-1904; 13, 1905;
14, 1906, 1907.]

[Data from 3 establishments 1890-1903; 4, 1904; 14,
1905-1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Average 1890-991890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
89.1
97.7
71.3
88.4
106.0
100.0
104.3
102.6
116.8
124.4
150.5
155.4
141.9
152.5
157.7
171.5
181.3
180.6




100.0
101.9
101.4
101.3
101.1
100.4
100.3
101.0
101.0
95.9
95.8
96.6
96.9
94.0
92.1
93.3
93.0
93.1
92.5

100.0
109.7
105.0
110.9
96.4
102.5
98.7
89.3
91.3
96.5
99.9
108.3
111.1
114.1
128.1
125.8
124.1
133.0
138.8

100.0
80.0
80.0
80.0

120.0
80.0
100.0
140.0
140.0

120.0
120.0
120.0
60.0
100.0
100.0
110.0
114.8
109.7
135.7

100.0
100.6
100.6
100.6
99.6
100.6
100.1
99.4
99.4
99.6
99.6
99.6
101.9
96.6
94.9
94.9
93.3
92.7
92.9

100.0
91.4
85,8
92.8
94.1
101.7
103.9
108.1
106.7
108.3
107.3
113.0
124.7
104.1

12a 8
122.6
121.8
12a 9

118.3

91

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

H A T S , F U R —Concluded.
T R IM M E R S , F e m a le .

W E IG H E R S , F e m a le .

[Data from 4 establishments 1890-1903; 5,1904; 14,
1905, 1907; 13, 1906.]

[Data from 3 establishments 1890-1904; 11,1905; 8,
1906, 1907.]

Year.

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.
100.0
63.9
78.7
71.0
90.3
114.2
93.5
98.7
116.1
123.2
151.6
165.2
165.8
151.6
146.5
150.2
158.8
173.1
188.7

Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
101.1
101.5
101.0
99.6
99.4
99.6
98.7
99.4
99.9
99.8
100.0
100.1
96.2
93.8
94.4
94.2
93.9
92.7

100.0
108.0
105.0
105.9
102.2
97.3
89.7
97.5
97.5
97..4
99.6
103.9
98.3
100.1
98.4
104.2
113.6
114.3
118.0

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
83.3
116.7
100.0
116.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
116.7
116.7
116.7
150.0
166.7
166.7
66. ^
184. o
161.1
191.5

100.0
100.3
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
96.8
96.8
96.7
91.2
88.7
89.4
89.5
88.9
89.0

100.0
102.5
102.0
98.3
99.8
95.8
98.3
100.9
98.3
99.8
104.0
106.2
106.1
112.7
114.5
113.7
114.5
122.4
134.6

H O S IE R Y A N D K N IT G O O D S.
B O A R D E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 5 establishments 1890-1903. Data for hours and wages from 5 establishments
1890-1901; 6, 1902, 1903. Data from 8 establishments 1904; 20, 1905, 1906; 21, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................

100.0
98.7
103.9
105.3
119.7
76.3
107.9
93.4
84.2
109.2

100.0
101.3
101.3
101.3
99.7
98.2
99.4
99.7
99.7
99.7

100.0
107.9
100.3
90.3
106.8
91.5
110.8
99.9
99.0
99.3

I

100 0
76 0
91 8
137 2
100 5
79 1
98 5
105 i
99 5
109 2
101 0
121 9
115.8
114 8
122.4
97.0
114.9
132.2
129.0




100.0
101.3
101.3
101 3
101 0
91 3
101.1
100.8
100 8
100 6
100 6
98.1
97.8
98.1
%.o
96.7
96.2
94.4
95.0

106.6
111.8
105.3
118.4
102.6
114.8
127.5
143.9
147.5

99.8
99.6
99.2
99.2
98.2
98.4
98.3
98.4
97.5

94.2
91.9
116.2
107.8
125.4
123.5
127.9
132.6
148.6

K N IT T E R S , M a le .

F IN IS H E R S , F e m a le .

[Data for employees from 5 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 5 estab
lishments 1890-1901, 6, 1902, 1903. Data from 8
establishments 1904, 19, 1905; 22, 1906; 27, 1907.J
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
18%.......................
1897......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
106.6
113.2
105.2
97.4
92.4
93.4
100.9
98.8
100.7
92 3
99.3
103.4
118.7
121.3
119.7
128.0
137.0
145.8

[Data for employees from 3 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 3 establishments 1890-1901; 4, 1902, 1903. Data from 4
establishments 1904; 14, 1905; 15, 1906; 19, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
18%.....................
1897.....................
189#.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
47.7
59.1
84.1
75.0
' 56.8
81.8
115.9
138.6
177.3
165.9
181.8
220.5
202.3
193.2
154.0
171.4
200.9
229.2

100.0
102.8
102.8
102.8
100.5
91.3
100.3
100.1
99.9
99.8
99.8
98.7
98.7
98.7
97.4
97.6
97.3
99.0
96.9

100.0
107.7
118.6
99.8
113.4
110.0
112.2
90.4
81.8
85.4
80.7
90.9
92.3
95.7
123.9
115.4
119.2
126.2
128.1

92

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

T able

II.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

H O S IE R Y A N D K N IT G O O D S —Continued.
K N IT T E R S , F e m a le .

L iO O P E R S , F e m a l e .

[Data for employees from 5 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 7 estab
lishments 1890-1895; 6, 1896, 1897, 1902, 1903; 5,
1898-1901. Data from 9 establishments 1904; 17,
1905; 19,1906; 24, 1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
82.1
109.7
107.6
124.8
90.0
97.9
96.6
86.6
98.3
105.5
106.2
100.3
109.7
121.4
99.0
121.4
133.7
120.7

100.0
100.5
100.6
100.6
100.5
95.7
100.4
100.5
100.5
100.5
100.5
99.3
99.6
99.3
98.6
98.2
98.1
97.6
97.1

100.0
104.9
104.8
99.0
97.4
101.1
104.6
98.5
98.7
96.2
94.5
91.5
103.1
112.4
116.6
111.4
124.1
130.8
135.5

[Data for employees from 4 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 4 estab
lishments 1890-1893; 5, 1894-1902; 6, 1903. Data
from 5 establishments 1904; 16, 1905; 17, 1906;
20,1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
94.8
139.7
143.1
132.8
70.7
75.9
69.0
82.8
87.9
96.6
115.5
87.9
82.8
96.6
93.8
106.1
113.1
111.0

100.0
101.9
102.0
102.0
101.6
91.5
101.3
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
98.3
98.2
98.2
98.2
98.1
98.4
97.8
97.0

100.0
99.8
103.3
100.0
104.2
95.9
106.7
117.491.0
93.3
88.5
80.7
94.3
92.9
106.1
93.3
99.4
105.5
110.2

M E N D E R S, F e m a le .

[Data for employees from 5 establishments 1890-1903. Data for hours and wages from 5 establishments
1890-1901; 6,1902,1903. Data from 6 establishments 1904; 18,1905; 22,1906; 27,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................

100.0
85.5
95.2
166.3
109.6
110.8
89.2
74.7
68.7
120.5

100.0
101.8
101.8
101.8
99.5
95.9
99.4
99.7
100.1
100.2

100.0
108.9
105.5
99.6
100.8
92.4
113.4
97.8
92.1
95.8

1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

84.3
106.0
116.9
120.5
110.8
127.9
152.6
157.0
153.8

99.8
99.2
98.8
99.0
98.6
98.6
98.2
98.0
97.4

93.8
104. r
92.3
112.2
110.5
106.1
113.7
117.2
122.1

P R E S S E R S , F e m a le .

P R E S S E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 3 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 3 estab
1890-1904; 3, 1905; 7,
lishments 1890,1891,1902,1903; 4,1892-1901. Data [Data from 2 establishments
1906; 11, 1907.]
from 5 establishments 1904; 14, 1905; 15, 1906;
18, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890 ...................
1891 ...................
1892 ...................
1893 ...................
1894 ...................
1895 ...................
1896 ...................
1897 ...................
1898 ...................
1899 ...................
1900 ...................
1901 ...................
1902 ...................
1903 ...................
1904 ...................
1905 ...................
1906 ...................
1907 ...................

100.0
94.1
76.5
117.6
117.6
111.8
94.1
105.9
100.0
94.1
105.9
111.8
94.1
117.6
141.2
207.6
222.4
248.6
246.5




100.0
101.1
101.1
101.1
100.8
92.3
100.7
100.7
100.7
100.7
100.7
98.3
97.4
99.0
99.3
99.5
99.6
99.4
99.6

100.0
107.4
105.2
92.6
98.9
94.6
94.4
100.9
100.8
103.9
101.4
106.6
103.6
107.1
116.2
112.9
120.5
123.7
137.1

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
45.0
25.0
130.0
160.0
55.0
155.0
85.0
80.0
115.0
125.0
135.0
250.0
135.0
135.0
125.0
365.4
498.6
450.4

100.0
102.4
102.4
102.4
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
97.2
98.5
98.6
98.5

100.0
110.8
102.3
101.5
99.8
109.6
91.4
105.4
97.9
88.8
92.9
107.1
104.0
110.3
100.9
122.3
131.7
137.6
135.9

93*

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907•

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

H O S I E R Y A N D K N I T G O O D S —Concluded.
R IB B E R S , F e m a le .

[Data from 2 establisliments 1890-1904; 6,1905; 7,1906; 8, 1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890 ..................
1891 ..................
1892 ..................
1893 ..................
1894 ..................
1895 ..................
1896 ..................
1897 ..................
1898 ..................

100.0
107.5
102.5
112.5
107.5
102.5
97.5
92.5
97.5
90.0

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

100.0
100.5
112.3
103.1
103.4
91.8
98.8
87.2
92.0
96.4

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

80.0
97.5
95.0
90.0
107.5
110.9
121.6
125.1
112.7

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.7

114.4
110.1
112.8
120.9
119.0
117.3
122.6
127.0
137 6

IR O N A N D S T E E L , B A R .
C A T C H E R S , M a le .

H E A T E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 12 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 13 estab
lishments 1890,1894,1895; 14,1891-1893,1896-1898;
15, 1899; 16,-1900-1903. Data from 17 establish
ments 1904; 23, 1905; 24, 1906; 25,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
93.8
93.8
96.9
112.5
103.1
109.4
87.5
96.9
' 100.0
103.1
103.1
103.1
112.5
118.8
106.6
108.7
101.1
102.0

100.0
102.8
101.4
101.4
100.8
101.3
100.0
100.8
97.8
97.6
96.2
97.0
96.9
98.4
98.3
97.0
97.3
97.1
96.9

100.0
116.1
104.8
99.8
91.8
87.4
87.8
101.7
98.4
94.0
118.4
121.2
120.7
137.4
144.7
131.4
134.7
150.5
152.6

H E A T E R S ’ H E L P E R S , M a le .
[Data for employees from 11 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 12 establishments 1890,1894,1895; 13,1891-1893,1896-1898;
14. 1899: 15, 1900-1903. Data from 18 establishments 190$ 21,1905; 24,1906; 26,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891
........
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.
...........
1895
.......
1896.......................
1897
........
1898
..........
1899
................
1900
.......
1901
1902
.............
1903
...........
1904
.............
1905
.............
1906
..........
1907
................

m o
100.0
105.7
103.8
107.5
103.8
96.2
92.5
96.2
96.2
98.1
101.9
86.8
90.6
92.5
83.5
84.1
79.9
79.9

100.0
103.9
102.4
102.6
102.5
100.3
100.9
100.1
96.1
96.0
95.3
98.3
101.1
101.0
100.7
100.9
101.2
101.6
101.6

49979— No. 77— 08----- 7




100.0
118.2
101.7
99.1
96.6
90.9
93.5
96.2
94.9
96.9
111.8
119.0
116.6
127.8
135.8
127.0
124.9
133.6
135.8

[Data for employees from 12 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 13 estab
lishments 1890,1894,1895; 14,1891-1893,1896-1898;
15, 1899; 16, 1900-1903. Data from 19 establish
ments 1904; 22, 1905; 24, 1906; 27,1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
95.9
100.0
98.0
100.0
91.8
104.1
93.9
106.1
100.0
102.0
110.2
93.9
95.9
108.2
105.6
104.7
102.9
102.9

• 100.0
103.3
101.8
102.2
101.7
101.8
101.0
101.3
95.7
96.0
95.1
96.3
99.7
99.9
99.2
98.7
99.0
99.6
99.6

100.0
116.9
106.5
98.0
92.1
94.2
88.0
95.4
97.6
98.5
112.6
119.7
109.8
116.9
121.1
111.3
106.0
113.6
117.7

H O T S T R A 1G H T E N E R S , M a le .
[Data for employees from 11 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 11 establishments 1890; 12,1891-1899; 13,1900-1903. Data
from 16 establishments 1904; 21, 1905; 22, 1906,
24, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
101.5
101.5
101.5
101.5
97.0
100.0
100.0
95.5
98.5
103.0
111.9
111.9
113.4
114.9
105.0
112.6
93.3
97.2

100.0
102.8
101.4
101.5
101.5
101.8
101.0
101.2
98.1
95.4
95.4
96.1
96.2
96.6
95.5
94.3
93.8
92.4
92.5

100.0
102.0
102.6
96.9
98.9
87.1
103.7
108.2
91.7
96.2
112.9
110.7
120.0
140.3
136.1
120.4
123.4
132.6
135.6

94

BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOB,

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS—Continued.

IR O N A N D STE E L , B A R —Concluded.
R O L L E R S , M a le .

R O U G H E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 12 establishments 18901903. Data lor hours and wages from 13 estab
lishments 1890, 1894,1895; 14,1891-1893,1896-1899;
15,1900-1903. D ata from 16 establishments 1904;
20, 1905; 23, 1906; 25, 1907.]

(Data for employees from 12 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 13 estab
lishments 1890,1894,1895; 14,1891-1893,1896-1898;
15, 1899; 1-6, 1900-1903. Data from 20 establish
ments 1904; 25, 1905; 26, 1906; 28, 1907.]

Year.

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
103.4
93.1
96.6
117.2
103.4
103.4
93.1
96.6
96.6
100.0
113.8
103.4
110.3
113.8
101.8
108.4
104.5
105.7

Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891.......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904.......................
1905......................
1906........... ..........
1907......................

100.0
101.5
101.3
101.6
100.0
101.1
100.5
100.9
97.7
97.7
97.6
98.6
99.0
99.0
98.9
,98.9
99.4
98.9
98.8

m o
102.8
105.1
99.6
92.6
89.0
89.7
98.8
106.0
102.0
114.5
119.5
124.0
134.0
136.8
129.5
135.2
139.3
143.4

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
101.8
96.5
93.0
96.5
101.8
108.8
96.5
94.7
107.0
103.5
112.3
105.3
101.8
107.0
98.6
103.3
99.4
102.2

100.0
101.9
101.3
101.5
101.6
101.3
100.9
101.5
97.3
96.8
95.9
97.3
97.6
97.8
97.5
97.3
97.9
97.8
98.0

100.0
105.6
108.9
106.5
102.2
92.0
87.5
95.6
99.5
90.0
112.1
119.3
126.1
140.6
144.4
134.2
136.9
143.8
156.8

IR O N A N D S T E E D , B E S S E M E R C O N V E R T IN G .
B L O W E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 6 establishments 1890-1903. Data for hours and wages from 6 establishments
1890; 7, 1891, 1894-1896; 8, 1892,1893,1897-1900; 9,1901-1903. Data from 10 establishments 1904; 16,1905:
17, 1906, 1907. J
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
m i .......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898......................
BOTTOM

m o
91.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
m o
100.0
100.0
m o
100.0

m o
104.3
97.3
101.6
99.2 ,
99.3
99.9
99.9
99.6
99.6

100.0
85.3
101.3
92.4
98.1
97.7
102.0
108.3
101.1
104.0

M A K E R S , M a le .

1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
116.7
116.7
116.7
125.0
141.3
141.3
141.3
144.9

99.6
88.5
90.4
90.4
89.5
82.2
82.4
82.8
83.2

110.8
12L4
129.6
134.7
144.4
133.1
137.9
146.0
147.6

L A D L E L IN E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 5 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 5 estab
lishments 1890; 7, 1891-1893, 1897-1900; 6, 18941896; 8,1901-1903. Data from 10 establishments
1904; 16, 1905; 17, 1906, 1907.]

(Data for employees from 6 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 6 estab
lishments 1890; 7, 1891, 1894-1896; 8, 1892, 1893,
1897-1900; 9, 1901-1903. Data from 10 establish
ments 1904; 16, 1905; 17, 1906, 1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891.......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906.......................
1907......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................




100.0
91.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
91.7
88.9
88.9
87.0
88.8

100.0
103.7
99.8
101.6
100.7
99.3
99.3
99.3
98.7
98.9
98.7
94.0
94 9
94 9
99.7
98.8
98.8
98.3
98.4

100.0
126.0
117.7
120.3
105.8
98.6
100.4
95.2
78.2
79.8
78.0
90.2
105.5
115.4
122.2
101.7
107.3
116.0
113.3

100.0
106.7
100.0
100.0
106.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.7
100.0
106.7
113.3
113.3
113.3
120.0
106.7
106.7
101.6
1040

100.0
91.5
fOl.l
100.7
97.6
103.4
103.4
103.4
98.0
102.9
98.0
93.8
95.1
95.1
99.8
97.7
98.1
98.8
99.1

100.0
122.4
111.4
117.7
11&7
92.4
95.1
89.5
86.4
81.2
90.0
101.0
108.4
116.4
127.6
106.8
116.8
m i
129.3

95

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

IR O N A N D STE E L , B E S S E M E R C O N V E R T IN G —Concluded.
M E L T E R S , M a le .

S T E E L P O U R E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 5 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 5 estab
lishments 1890; 6, 1891, 1894-1896; 7, 1892, 1893,
1897-1900; 8, 1901-1903. Data from 10 establish
ments 1904; 13,1905; 14,1900; }5, 1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

100.0
100.0
121.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
150.0
121.4
121.4
121.4
148.7
153.4
156.2
164.4

100.0
93.9
95.1
104.9
101.5
100.1
100.1
100.1
101.4
101.4
101.4
92.7
105.4
105.4
105.4
93.4
92.3
92.9
93.9

100.0
117.4
121.6
112.8
102.5
93.2
94.1
85.4
87.0
92.4
93.8
106.8
97.4.
109.7
122.3
98.2
104.8
114.2
109.2

[Data for employees from 6 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 6 estab
lishments 1890; 7, 1891, 1894-1896; 8, 1892, 1893,
1897-1900; 9, 1901-1903. Data from 10 establish
ments 1904; 14, 1905; 16, 1906, 1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.1
94.1
94.1
94.1
117.6
117.6
117.6
117.6
114.1
121.7
119.4
121.6

100.0
96.1
97.7
101.2
97.8
97.7
97.7
103.1
102.9
102.9
102.9
85.8
87.7
87.7
87.7
86.5
88.1
88.1
85.4

100.0
112.0
123.1
118.2
106.8
94.9
94.4
81.7
86.6
88.0
94.3
109.0
122.2
133.6
137.8
121.2
137.2
149.5
146.3

V E S S E L M E N , M a le .

[Data for employees from 6 establishments 1890-1903. Data for hours and wages from 6 establishments
1890; 7, 1891. 1894-1896; 8, 1892, 1893, 1897-1900; 9, 1901-1903. Data from 10 establishments 1904; 16,
1905; 17, 1906, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890...................
1891......................
1892......................
1893...................
1894...................
1895......................
1896......................
1897... .
1898......................

100.0
107.1
107.1
107.1
107.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

100.0
100.1
97.7
100.7
98.2
100.7
100.7
100.7
100.4
100.4

100.0
116.9
120.1
112.6
106.3
100.0
98.0
94 8
7& 3
83.3

1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
114 3
114.3
114 3
114 3
99.7
97.9
97.9
95.0

100.4
92.7
93.9
93.9
93.9
87.8
87.5
88.1
83.4

89.6
108. 7
115.7
126.0
136.3
127.1
135.9
148.7
150.9

IR O N A N D S T E E L , B L A S T F U R N A C E .
C IN D E R

H O T B L A S T M E N , M a le .

S N A P P E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 18 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 19 estab
lishments 1890-1893, 1896-1903; 18, 1894, 1895.
Data from 22 establishments 1904; 23, 1905; 25,
1906; 26,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898.......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

100.0
103.8
100.0
102.5
97.5
96.9
100.6
99.4
98.1
99.4
100.6
101.9
107.5
97.5
98.1
98.6
100.5
105.0
113.7




100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.6
98.6
98.6
98.6

100.0
102.6
102.7
105.7
102.9
90.8
98.3
102.5
93.4
95.3
106.1
109.9
112.9
113.0
116.9
114.2
120.5
122.0
127.7

[Data for employees from 17 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 18 estab
lishments 1890-1893, 1896-1903; 17, 1894, 1895.
Data from 22 establishments 1904; 23, 1905; 25,
1906; 26, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
97.0
98.5
104.5
101.5
98.5
97.0
101.5
98.5
101.5
101.5
104.5
106.1
112.1
113.6
116.7
127.5
135.6
166.1

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

100.0
104.0
104.1
105.8
104.2
92.5
94.8
99.1
96.3
96.4
102.9
109.0
109.1
113.8
118.0
114.0
118.5
121.0
126.8

96

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR,

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

IR O N A N D STEEL, B L A S T FU R N A C E —Concluded.
K E E P E R S , M a le .

K E E P E R S ’ H E L P E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 18 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 19 estab
lishments 1890-1893, 1896-1903; 18, 1894, 1895.
Data from 22 establishments 1904; 23, 1905; 25,
1906; 26,1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

100.0
92.7
95.1
106.1
98.8
100.0
100.0
96.3
96.3
104.9
106.1
104.9
109.8
114.6
113.4
114.4
119.0
125.9
140.4

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

100.0
106.3
108.5
108.8
106.5
92.5
97.3
99.0
91.2
91.1
98.7
103.6
104.1
108.9
111.8
105.4
110.3
111.9
116.9

[Data for employees from 18 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 19 estab
lishments 1890-1893, 1896-1903; 18, 1894, 1895.
Data from 22 establishments 1904; 23, 1905; 25,
1906; 26,1907.] *
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903...,..............
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
89.7
89.7
108.1
99.1
99.6
98.2
98.7
99.6
105.8
109.4
107.6
113.9
114.8
107.2
103.0
111.4
119.5
132.3

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

100.0
105.1
107.1
108.3
106.9
88.6
98.6
100.9
90.9
92.2
101.4
105.3
105.6
109.8
113.4
106.0
110.7
112.9
118.0

T O P F IL L E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 16 establishments 1890-1903. Data for hours and wages from 17 establish
m e n t s 1 89 0 - 18 9 3, 1 898-1903; 16, 1894, 1895.

Average 1890-99...
1890 ..................
1891 ..................
1892 ..................
1893 ..................
1894 ..................
1895 ..................
1896 ..................
1897 ..................
1898 ..................

100.0
87.5
92.3
109.5
101.8
104.2
105.4
98.8
98.8
101.2

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

D a t a f r o m 19 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s 1 9 0 4 - 1 9 0 7 .]

100.0 ! 1899.....................
103.8 1900.....................
103.9 , 1901.....................
106.8 1902.....................
105.4 1903.....................
92.5 1904.....................
93.7 1905.....................
99.1 1906.....................
95.1 1907.....................
94.7

103.0
101.8
95.2
82.1
76.2
68.2
65.2
63.0
65.6

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.2
104.2
104.1
104.2

105.1
108.7
108.6
110.3
112.0
108.2
103.2
103.1
110.0

LEATHER.
C O L O R E R S , M a le .

F L E S H E R S , M a le .

[Data from 14 establishments 1890-1903; 23, 1904;
27, 1905; 30,1906; 34,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

100.0
94.3
91.5
111.3
74.5
118.9
110.4
81.1
88.7
101.9
126.4
119.8
104.7
95.3
104.7
94.7
94.3
102.8
86.2




100.0
100.1
100.0
99.7
100.2
99.9
99.9
100.1
100.1
100.1
99.9
100.0
99.7
99.5
99.6
100.0
100.1
100.2
100.2

100.0
95.4
97.1
98.2
99.7
98.4
99.2
102.9
105.4
102.4
101.2
103.6
105.6
109.0
110.6
111.0
108.7
110.0
116.1

[Data for employees from 31 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 31 estab
lishments 1890,1891; 32,1892-1903. Data from 38
establishments 1904; 49, 1905; 54, 1906; 60, 1907.J
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
103.8
98.9
106.0
98.9
98.4
103.3
94.5
93.4
94.5
109.9
106.6
104.9
111.5
122.0
109.1
113.0
102.3
99.7

100.0
100.0
99.9
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
99.9
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.7
99.4
100.1
100.0
100.0

100.0
105.8
104.6
104.4
103.8
97.2
95.7
98.2
96.1
97.2
97.3
101.0
102.4
103.4
105.3
107.5
103.1
107.3
108.7

97

WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T able I I .—

RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS—Continued.
L E A T H E R —Continued.

G L A Z E R S , M a le .

G LAZER S* F e m a le .

[Data for employees from 9 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 10 estab
lishments 1890, 1891, 1894-1903; 9, 1892, 1893.
Data from 18 establishments 1904; 20, 1905; 19,
1906, 1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891......................
1892.......................
1893
.............
1894
...............
1895
...........
1896
.............
1897
.............
1898
...........
1899
...........
1900 .....................
1901
.............
1902.......................
1903 ..................
1904
...............
1905
............
1906
............
1907 .....................

100.0
58.7
77.8
86.8
74.6
103.2
101.1
128.6
126.5
110.1
134.4
142.3
133.3
127.5
171.4
160.9
164.9
185.3
165.9

100.0
99.9
99.9
99.8
99.8
99.9
100.1
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.0
100.0
100.2
100.1
100.2
100.1
100.2
100.2
100.5

100.0
97.8
96.4
98.4
91.3
96.0
106.2
100.9
101.1
105.6
106.5
105.1
114.5
117.5
130.1
125.5
124.8
120.3
124.4

1890-99...
.............
............
___
...........
.............
.............
__
_ _ __
............
.............
___
............
............

100.0
91.9
95.7
102.7
87.1
94.6
98.4
96.2
105.9
103.8
123.1
120.4
125.8
133.9
148.4
145.2
150.9
163.7
145.3

100.0
99.6
99.6
99.7
99.6
99.8
100.1
100.1
100.6
100.5
100.5
100.5
100.6
100.6
100.3
99.6
99.9
100.0
100.0

100.0
105.5
103.5
104.3
102.8
98.4
97.9
96.1
95.5
95.8
99.9
101.9
101.4
105.1
106.4
106.1
106.6
109.6
111.9

100.0
84.0
91.8
117.2
66.8
116.4
106.7
63.4
118.3
107.5
127.2
124.3
131.0
122.0
114.9
103.3
102.7
112.9
102.1




100.0
100.2
100.1
100.0
100.5
99.9
100.0
100.1
99.8
99.9
99.4
99.5
99.6
99.6
99.6
99.2
99.8
99.8
99.8

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
17.1
46.3
48.8
12.2
24.4
85.4
68.3
109.8
363.4
231.7
261.0
212.2
168.3
241.5
405.8
389.1
387.4
498.1

100.0
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
99.9
99.9
99.9
100.0
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

100.0
101.1
98.5
94.6
92.5
98.1
97.8
106.4
108.9
97.5
104.4
107.2
116.5
126.6
125.1
133.6
132.6
133.6
140.8

[Data from 6 establishments 1890-1903 ; 14, 1904;
22,1905; 24,1906; 27,1907.]
Average 1890-99-.
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.3
110.5
121.1
121.1
121.1
121.1
123.9
134.1
134.1

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
95.5
95.8
96.1
96.0

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.6
99.6
101.1
99.6
99.6
99.6
101.1
100.2
103.5
106.1
106.1
113.6
116.1
115.6
120.1

S H A V E R S ; M a le .

S E T T E R S OUT,, M a l e .

[Data from 15 establishments 1890-1903; 28,1904;
31,1905 ; 34, 1906; 40, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890
1891
.............
1892
1893
_ .
1894
1895
____
1896......................
1897
..........
1898
1899
.............
1900
___
1901
__ .
1902
___
1903
...........
1904.......................
1905
........
1906......................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.

R O L L E R S ; M a le .

L IM E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 29 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 29 establishments 1890, :1891; 30, 1892-1903. Data from
38 establishments 1904; 44,1905; 46,1906; 58,1907.]
Average
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907

[Data for employees from 1 establishment 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 1 estab
lishment 1890, 1891; 2, 1892-1894; 3, 1895-1903.
Data from 6 establishments 1904; 7, 1905; 9,
1906, 1907.]

100.0
103.6
103.0
98.6
107.8
96.5
96.5
99.9
96.9
95.4
101.9
101.5
103.0
102.7
105.5
108.3
111.1
111.4
114.7

[Data from 16 establishments 1890-1903; 24, 1904;
32,1905 ; 33,1906; 37,1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903 ...................
1904 ...................
1905.....................
1906 ...................
1907.....................

100.0
95.6
115.6
114.4
96.7
97.8
94.4
78.9
87.8
111.1
104.4
112.2
113.3
97.8
108.9
115.2
136.7
142.4
133.6

100.0
100.4
100.5
100.4
99.6
99.5
99.5
99.2
100.3
100.4
100.2
100.3
100.2
100.3
100.3
101.0
101.7
101.7
101.8

100.0
112.2
114.0
111.9
115.0
101.0
97.2
89.0
86.5
84.7
88.2
87.5
89.4
92.3
94.3
96.9
96.0
95.2
97.0

98

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUR EAU OF LABOR.

T able

II.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.
L E A T H E R — Concluded.
TANYARD

S T A K E R S , M a le .

[Data from 8 establishments 1890-1903; 17, 1904;
20, 1905; 21, 1906; 23, 1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891.
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904.......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907.......................

100.0
69.5
89.2
112.6
106.6
104.2
111.4
89.8
96.4
107.2
114.4
86.2
123.4
77.8
83.8
83.5
91.2
102.8
97.5

100.0
100.1
99.9
99.9
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.1
100.2
100.0
100.1
100.1
100.2
* 100.3
100.0
100.7
100.7
100.9

100.0
92.1
100.8
105.3
105.0
102.1
102.4
100.0
96.0
94.9
101.6
71.6
76.5
74.1
73.4
75.1
75.4
75.8
75.5

H A N D S , M a le .

[Data from 19 establishments 1890-1903; 37, 1904;
52, 1905; 55, 1906; 60, 1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
91.7
92.6
101.8
102.5
97.7
98.6
92.8
98.0
111.3
112.4
108.8
114.0
109.0
113.7
125.5
135.0
144.2
136.8

100.0
99.5
99.2
99.4
99.6
99.7
100.0
100.2
100.6
101.1
100.5
100.5
100.5
100.5
100.3
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0

100.0
103.5
105.1
105.3
103.8
98.2
96.6
97.0
97.8
95.5
97.0
100.2
101.0
104.5
107.1
108.2
109.2
111.2
113.9

U N H A IR E R S , M a le .

[Data from 11 establishments 1890-1903; 30, 1904; 45, 1905 ; 50, 1906; 58, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890 ..................
1891 ..................
1892 ..................
1893 ..................
1894 ..................
1895 ..................
1896 ..................
1897 ..................
1898 ..................

100.0
91.6
89.4
95.5
103.4
95.0
94.4
102.2
106.7
112.3

100.0
99.5
99.6
99.4
99.4
99.6
100.2
99.9
100.8
100.8

100.0
105.6
104.4
104.4
102.0
95.6
96.6
98.4
99.7
97.2

1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

108.9
114.5
124.0
129.1
126.8
108.7
119.1
106.0
89.3

100.8
100.7
100.8
100.7
99.8
99.9
100.4
100.2
100.2

96.0
99.1
101.2
105.6
105.8
104.1
108.2
111.3
108.4

L IQ U O R S , M A L T .
B O T T L E R S , M a le .

C E L L A R M E N , M a le .

[Data from 23 establishments 1890-1903; 40, 1904;
35, 1905; 38, 1906; 43, 1907.]

[Data from 47 establishments 1890-1903; 57, 1904;
51,1905; 52, 1906; 55, 1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

100.0
95.0
90.4
96.0
99.8
100.7
87.2
100.5
103.2
105.4
121.6
321.1
187.8
208.6
243.6
244.6
249.5
279.0
301.7




100.0
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.0
99.1
100.1
92.8
93.2
91.2
91.6
90.6
89.9
88.8
84.7

100.0
98.3
102.7
99.5
98.2
100.6
101.6
99.4
99.8
99.9
99.9
117.9
115.8
124.4
127.3
131.3
133.0
132.9
150.1

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899............. : ....
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
97.2
96.6
101.0
101.0
98.2
98.4
99.1
104.2
102.1
101.5
105.2
104.2
106.4
109.2
114.2
117.0
116.1
122.9

100.0
100.6
100.3
100.4
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.1
99.8
99.2
98.9
97.4
95.4
92.4
90.2
89.4
89.7
86.7
86.3

100.0
96.5
97.9
98.2
99.7
100.3
100.5
101.3
101.3
101.9
102.4
104.7
107.6
113.6
117.0
118.7
120.1
125.0
128.7

99

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

L IQ U O R S, M A LT —Concluded.
C O O P E R S , M a le .

D R IV E R S , M a le .

[Data from 32 establishments 1890-1903; 41, 1904,
1906; 40,1905 ; 44,1907.]

[Data from 46 establishments 1890-1903; 58, 1904;
52, 1905; 53,1906; 57, 1907.]

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896......................
1897.......................
1898......................
1899......................
1000......................
1901.....................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906.......................
1907......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.
100.0
69.6
70.6
75.9
110.2
114.9
116.8
108.3
119.1
103.3
110.9
94.7
102.0
103.0
106.6
103.4
93.3
96.0
108.5

100.0
101.1
100.6
101.0
101.5
101.5
101.3
97.2
101.1
97.2
97.5
98.2
91.8
85.9
85.7
85.3
85.6
84.3
84.0

100.0
99.0
100.2
98.6
98.1
99.4
100.2
100.1
99.8
102.7
101.6
107.4
115.1
125.7
126.8
127.4
132.0
136.9
138.7

100.0
86.6
94.9
92.4
105.1
107.6
107.0
100.6
101.9
101.3
103.8
108.3
105.7
110.2
117.2
120.6
123.0
130.9
135.8

100.0
102.2
100.5
100.5
100.2
100.3
99.9
99.9
99.4
98.6
98.6
96.2
93.6
90.2
88.8
88.4
88.5
86.5
86.1

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................
KETTLE

F E R M E N T E R S , M a le .

[Data from 32 establishments 1890-1903; 45, 1904,
1906; 46, 1905 ; 49,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.

100.0
97.9
96.3
98.2
99.1
99.4
100.3
100.5
101.4
103.4
103.4
106.8
110.3
116.2
119.7
121.7
123.8
127.7
130.8 !

100.0
89.4
93.6
94.9
99.1
96.4
101.9
105.0
107.1
105.0
108.0
108.5
112.4
113.6
117.4
120.7
123.9
134.1
139.5

100.0
100.3
100.1
100.1
100.0
100.0
100.1
100.1
99.8
99.7
99.7
99.2
98.1
97.2
96.9
98.3
97.2
95.2
94.5

100.0
99.0
99.9
99.3
100.0
100.3
100.2
100.2
100.3
100.2
100.5
102.3
104.3
107.0
107.5
107.2
109.3
112.9
114.2

M E N , M a le .

[Data from 43 establishments 1890-1903; 56, 1904,
1907; 51,1905; 52, 1906.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897 ...................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
96.6
96.6
100.6
100.6
103.4
101.7
99.4
99.4
102.9
100.6
105.7
104.6
108.6
114.9
114.4
113.9
118.9
126.0

100.0
101.2
100.5
100.5
100.3
100.4
100.1
100.0
99.3
98.9
98.9
97.7
95.7
90.8
88.9
88.3
87.5
85.6
85.4

100.0
96.0
97.6
97.8
97.9
98.9
100.4
101.0
102.6
103.8
103.8
105.1
108.6
115.4
119.2
122.1
123.9
127.7
131.1

M A L T H O U SE M E N , M a le .

W A S H E R S , M a le .

[Data from 21 establishments 1890-1903, 1905; 25,
1904; 19, 1906; 16, 1907.]

[Data from 46 establishments 1890-1903; 56, 1904;
50,1905; 51,1906; 55,1907.]

Average 1890-99..
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893..-..................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907.......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
107.9
99.0
95.4
97.4
107.3
99.7
102.3
97.7
94.1
99.0
103.6
105.0
92.1
95.7
101.5
100.6
102.1
113.5




100.0
100.0
99.9
101.0
100.7
100.8
100.9
100.8
99.9
98.2
97.9
92.9
91.8
90.2
88.6
88.3
88.7
89.2
88.4

100.0
98.0
99.5
96.6
98.7
98.2
98.7
100.1
101.8
103.7
104.7
111.4
114.3
117.5
120.7
122.3
123.6
125.3
131.4

100.0
100.0
101.6
103.3
112.6
107.7
103.1
94.2
92.0
94.6
90.6
87.9
101.7
102.5
104.3
98.1
104.4
107.6
112.3

100.0
100.5
100.3
100.5
100.7
100.6
100.3
100.2
99.8
98.7
98.4
96.6
93.7
90.3
88.6
88.9
88.5
86.2
85.6

100.0
96.5
96.6
98.1
98.5
98.7
99.8
101.1
101.4
104.1
105.0
108.0
113.2
120.5
124.4
126.6
129.4
133.6
138.6

100

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUR EAU OF LABOR.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

LUM BER.
C A N T S E T T E R S , G A N G , M a le .

C A R R I A G E M E N , M a l e .( « )

[Data from 10 establishments 1890-1903; 14, 19041906; 15,1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906......................
1907.......................

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.2
103.2
90.3
90.3
90.3
90.3
90.3
87.1
90.2
90.2
90.2
90.2

100.0
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.0
100.0
99.4
99.4
99.4
99.4
97.8
95.8
96.1
96.1
94.7
94.7

CHOPPERS AND S A W Y E R S ,
W O O D S , M d le .

100.0
101.3
101.4
101.6
101.5
101.4
99.6
95.4
95.4
99.2
103.4
104.3
104.7
106.7
113.1
113.7
116.6
122.1
126.6
IN

[Data from 16 establishments 1890-1903; 24,1904;
32, 1905; 33, .1906; 35,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904............;.........
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
98.2
100.6
100.8
.95.0
95.9
97.0
97.5
103.1
103.3
108.1
114.8
115.1
121.4
135.2
183.2
190.1
210.7
225.2

100.0
100.4
100.4
100.0
99.9
99.9
99.8
100.0
99.8
99.6
100.2
100.0
99.9
100.0
99.8
99.4
99.4
99.3
99.4

100.0
98.6
97.8
99.3
95.9
94.7
98.5
98.3
101.0
106.5
109.4
109.5
113.2
115.7
116.3
109.9
115.4
120.8
125.7

F I L E R S , M a le .

[Data from 34 establishments 1890-1903; 41,1904; 62,
1905; 68, 1906; 74, 1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.......;............

100.0
96.4
97.698.2
97.0
96.5
95.5
97.6
101.8
105.9
110.1
109.5
110.7
120.1
116.6
111.2
111.0
107.2
104.0

100.0
100.4
100.2
100.2
99.6
99.5
100.1
100.1
99.9
100.0
99.9
99.6
98.5
98.1
98.3
98.0
97.8
96.8
96.4

100.0
102.2
101.7
102.1
101.1
98.1
96.6
97.7
97.8
99.4
103.1
104.2
106.1
111.1
115.0
117.3
122.4
128.6
135.5

E D G E R M E N , M a le .

[Data from 23 establishments 1890-1903; 43,1904;
65,1905,1906; 72, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905 .....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
94.2
96.2
96.2
100.0
92.3
94.2
98.1
105.8
107.7
111.5
119.2
125.0
128.8
132.7
132.7
140.3
141.2
139.6

100.0
100.8
100.3
100.3
99.3
99.3
100.4
100.3
100.0
99.8
99.5
99.2
98.9
98.4
98.7
98.2
98.1
97.1
96.8

100.0
104.8
104.9
106.1
104.4
97.7
94.6
97.6
95.5
96.2
98.3
102.9
105.8
105.9
110.2
110.5
112.9
117.3
120.5

L A B O R E R S , M a le .

[Data from 36 establishments 1890-1903; 37,1904;
59,1905; 61,1906; 66,1907.]

[Data from 17 establishments 1890-1903; 42,1904;
64,1905; 66,1906; 72,1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894......................
1895......................
1898......................
1897......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906......................
1907.......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
95.9
97.3
98.6
97.3
98.6
95.9
94.5
302.7
106.8
105.5
105.5
113.7
124.7
124.7
120.3
120.3
127.0
123.2




100.0
100.5
100.2
100.1
99.5
99.4
100.2
100.3
100.1
100.0
99.9
99.7
99.5
98.8
98.4
98.7
98.6
97.6
97.2

100.0
100.6
101.2
100.1
102.0
97.6
96.4
98.9
98.8
100.4
1041
107.0
108.2
108.2
112.8
114 8
117.8
121.0
127.1

a Including band setters and circular setters.

100.0
93.3
98.5
94.9
95.5
101.3
101.0
97.3
100.7
108.4
109.1
120.1
129.6
136.7
140.7
146.1
160.8
178.5
169.6

100.0
100.3
100.1
100.3
100.1
100.2
100.0
100.1
100.0
99.4
99.5
99.1
98.8
97.5
96.8
97.0
96.9
95.5
95.2

100.0
104.8
104.4
103.3
102.8
98.1
95.6
96.7
94.8
97.9
101.2
102.3
105.8
110.6
113.1
113.2
116.6
126.1
131.6

101

WAGES AND H OURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T able

H__ RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.
L U M B E R — Concluded.
S A W Y E R S , B A N D , M a le .

S A W Y E R S , C I R C U L A R , M a le .

[Data from 24 establishments 1890-1903; 30, 1904;
50, 1905; 52, 1906; 56, 1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900.......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
98.1
96.2
96.2
94.2
98.1
101.9
98.1
98.1
109.6
111.5
121.2
121.2
128.8
128.8
125.1
130.7
132.9
126.6

100.0
100.3
99.9
100.1
100.2
100.1
100.0
99.9
99.9
99.8
99.9
99.5
99.5
98.8
98.7
98.0
97.9
97.1
96.8

100.0
101.0
101.9
101.5
102.5
97.8
99.8
98.6
99.5
98.6
101.0
105.0
107.7
114.8
122.0
119.9
123.7
129.7
133.0

[Data from 17 establishments 1890-1903; 18, 1904;
25, 1905; 29, 1906, 1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
92.0
92.0
88.0
88.0
88.0
92.0
100.0
108.0
116.0
124.0
132.0
132.0
140.0
140.0
115.3
121.4
110.4
110.4

100.0
101.0
100.6
100.8
98.6
98.6
100.6
100.5
100.1
99.7
99.4
98.6
98.2
96.9
96.9
97.8
97.7
97.0
96.8

100.0
104.9
105.4
102.8
102.9
101.2
100.0
99.5
95.0
94.9
93.7
96.3
99.6
103.5
107.2
113.9
118.0
128.0
126.9

S A W Y E R S , G A N G , M a le .

T R IM M E R S , M a le .

[Data from 17 establishments 1890-1903; 18, 1904;
19,1905; 20,1906; 21,1907.]

[Data from 7 establishments 1890-1903; 36, 1904;
58,1905; 61,1906; 66,1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1S96.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902.....................*.
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907.......................

100.0
9& 3
9a 3
96.3
100.0
100.0
107.4
107.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.7
107.3
103.7
107. a
107.0

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.2
100.2
100.0
100.0
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.5
99.5
98. 8
99.1
98.7
98.8
97.2
9a 7

100.0
97.7
97.7
98.5
98.3
9a 5
9& 2
9a 5
107.0
106.7
110.0
na6
na4
119.3
122.1
120.1
119.7
124.4
129.8

Average 1890-99..
1890.......................
1891......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
7a 4
78.1
87.5
85.9
79.7
79.7
100.0
132.8
131.3
14& 3
154 7
16a 6
151.6
15a 3
1741
is a 2
187.0
1741

100.0
100.4
100.3
100.1
100.2
100.1
100.1
99.9
99.7
99.7
99.7
99.7
99.7
99.7
100.7
99.8
99.7
9& 9
9& 9

100.0
na7
io a 9
lo a i
107.2
97.2
97.4
90.5
88.9
94 5

95.5

9a 9
99.2
9a 2
9a 1
104 4
106.0
109.7
110.2

M ARBLE A ND STO N E W ORK.
BED

C A R V E R S , M a le .

R U B B E R S , M a le .

[Data from 29 establishments 1890-1903; 50, 1904;
57,1905; 59,1906; 63,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907.......................

100.0
104 8
101.4
104 8
107.6
92.4
100.0
90.3
9a 6
99.3
97.2
97.9
111.0
117.9
113.8
110.5
112.9
109.8
lia 9




100.0
101.6
100.6
100.6
100.7
100.2
100.6
99.4
99.8
99.9
96.7
9a 9
95.1
94 0
90.6
89.9
90.0
91.0
91.0

100.0
9a 8
99.1
97.8
9a 9
99.5
97.7
102.0
100.2
99.4
108.5
lo a s
117.6
124 6
125.6
12a 1
127.0
125.6
128.0

[Data from 28 establishments 1890-1903; 39, 1904;
52,1905; 55,1906; 64,1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906....... ...............
1907.......................

100.0
9a 8
89.2
9a 3
95.0
114 2
100.8
99.2
8a 8
9a o
127.5
139.2
13a 3
121.7
104 2
100.1
93.0
io a 4
105.9

100.0
100.1
10L2
9a 5
99.2
102.8
102.7
101.2
99.5
100.0
94 7
941
9a 8
92.7
9a 0
92.9
9a 0
92.4
91.9

100.0
99.2
95.4
99.8
99.2
96.3
93.0
lo a s
io a 7
102.4
107.3
108.0
116.1
125.0
124 8
12a 9
124 3
125.7
12a 4

102

B U L L E T IN OF T H E B U BEA U OF LABOR.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

M A R B L E A N D S T O N E W O R K —Continued.
L A B O R E R S , M a le .

L E T T E R E R S , M a le .

[Data from 18 establishments 1890-1903; 62, 1904;
91, 1905; 101, 1906; 124, 1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907.......................
M ARBLE

100.0
105.9
103.0
109.4
104.5
94.1
94.1
97.0
99.5
98.5
941
85.6
106.9
107.9
95.0
101.8
107.4
108.7
107.5

100.0
ioao
102.1
101.6
101.2
99.7
99.9
99.9
9& 9
99.1
94 6
100.4
99.6
9& 9
99.1
99.5
99.8
9a 5
9a 5

100.0
99.9
96.6
100.4
102.9
100.1
99.4
99.7
102.1
102.1
96.5
99.4
105.1
io a 6
112.4
111.9
111.8
113.3
117.3

C U T T E R S , M a le .

[Data from 42 establishments 1890-1903; 38, 1904;
48,1905; 53,1906; 57,1907.]
Year.

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902................... :
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
97.4
9a 7
96.1
100.0
94 7
101.3
94 7
101.3
io a 9
105.3
106.6
111.8
113.2
110.5
112.7
117.5
117.5
114 3

100.0
101.3
100.4
99.3
99.4
100.4
100.3
100.0
100.2
99.5
99.3
96.5
96.0
95.4
91.6
91.1
90.9
89.9
89.5

100.0
97.6
9a 0
99.0
97.8
99.1
99.5
102.0
101.9
102.3
102.7
106.1
lo a s
112.8
118.0
121.7
126.0
129.9
132.7

M A R B L E P O L IS H E R S , M a le .

[Data from 58 establishments 1890-1903; 71, 1904;
76,1905; 77,1906; 85,1907.]

[Data from 29 establishments 1890-1903; 48, 1904;
64,1905; 67,1906; 73, 1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890..........................
1891..........................
1892..........................
1893..........................
1894..........................
1895..........................
1896..........................
1897..........................
1898..........................
1899..........................
1900..........................
1901..........................
1902..........................
1903..........................
1904..........................
1905..........................
1906..........................
1 907..........................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901...................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
106. 3
109.2
9a8
9 6.6
8 8.3
8 9.5
9a 2
9 5 .4
9a 1
124 8
129.9
130.2
12a 2
13a 6
9 7 .4
106.4
102.3
1041

100.0
102.7
100.1
9 9 .6
9 9.7
100.9
100.6
100.4
9 9.9
9 9.9
9a 1
9 5 .4
9a 2
9a 0
9a o
9 5 .0
9a i
9a i
9 5 .0

100.0
9a 8
101.9
100.3
9 9.7
9 5 .8
9a 8
100.9
101.8
101.3
106.7
108.8
1 15.5
12a 3
1 29.6
121.1
122.6
120.5
126.4

S A W Y E R S , M a le .

STONECUTTERS,

[Data from 35 establishments 1890-1903; 50, 1904;
53,1905; 57,1906; 66,1907.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893................... .
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
97.8
97.8
98.9
97.8
9a 9
100.0
101.1
io a 3
103.3
io a 3
lo a s
109.9
105.5
lo a s
107.2
120.7
12a 7
12a 8




100.0
101.7
101.6
101.7
100.8
100.7
101.1
9a 7
9a 2
98.0
97.4
96.8
9a 3
95.8
9a 6
94 5
93.6
9a 4
94 2

100.0
9a 6
9a i
9a 4
97.2
9a2
96.5
104 2
1049
io a 3
106.9
io a 4
113.4
111.4
115.5
120.2
122.1
125.6
126.9

100.0
99.2
105.7
108.4
99.6
103.8
101.5
85.6
89.4
93.2
111.8
117.1
119.4
120.2
120.5
lia s

103.0
io a 4

116.6

100.0
102.3
101.5
100.5
100.5
100.7
100.8
99.3
99.1
99.5
95.8
9a 2
95.8
96.5
9a 8
9a 5
93.8
93.8

9a 6

100.0
97.5
96.7
99.8
100.0
9a 8
93.1
101.3
102.0
io a o

112.7
112.2
118.4
122.9
128.2
125.8
127.1
131.3
141.0

G R A N I T E , M a le .

[Data from 72 establishments 1890-1903; 83, 1904;
87,1905; 89,1906; 99,1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
121.0
113.5
113.8
100.4
91.0
88.4
91.5
87.5
90.1

100.0
100.0
99.7
100.0
100.8
100.2
99.9
100.1
100.5
100.6

116.3
109.9
110.5
116.1
109.8
96.3
107.1
107.5

95.2
94 8
94 2
92.3
92.2
92.6
91.3
91.1

io a o

9a 1

100.0
102.8
104 8
io a 4

99.7
99.0
99.5
99.0
97.1
95.6
99.1

io a i

106.6

io a 5
lia s

119.1
na7

121.7
126.5

103

WAGES AND HOUKS OF LABOB, 1890 TO 1907,

T a ble I I __ RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

M A R B L E A N D S T O N E W O R K —Concluded.
S T O N E C U T T E R S , S O F T S T O N E , M a le .

STO N E P O L IS H E R S , M a le .

[Data from 49 establishments 1890-1903; 64, 1904;
83, 1905, 1906; 92, 1907.]

[Data from 22 establishments 1890-1903; 26, 1904;
30, 1905; 23, 1906; 35, 1907.]

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894..........: ..........
1895.......................
1893.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
110.3
109.4
105.1
103.3
91.4
91.3
9a 8
87.2
115.9
87.4
85.8
88.3
96.3
92.3
100.3
94.6
95.3
81.5

100.0
103.1
100.5
100.3
101.2
100.8
100.2
99.7
9a 4
97.7
9a 1
9a 5
97.2
96.9
95.7
95.7
95.8
95.8
95.8

100.0
100.5
104.2
io a 9
100.5
97.2
9& 2
97.0
98.7

101.9
99.9
100.4
102.5
io a 6
lia 2
117.2
117.1
lia s
120.8

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0

9a 0

102.0
98.0
110.0
92.0

9a 0

104 0
104 0
102.0
98.0
100.0
110.0
118.0
114 0
119.4
13a 4
141.0
111.2

100.0
101.5
100.3
99.8
100.9
101.0
100.5
98.1
98.7
99.4
99.7
97.3
97.0
94 4
93.3
93.4
95.2
94.8
94.7

100.0
100.3
100.9
103.3
97.7
93.8
95.5
100.7
105.7
102.4
99.5
95.7
97.0
101.2
106.5
105.8
102.6
104.8
116.1

PAPER AND W OOD PULP.
B E A T E R S , M a le .

B A C K T E N D E R S , M a le .

[D ata from 11 establishments 1890-1903; 15, 1904;
25, 1905, 1907; 24, 1906.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1893.......................
1900.......................
1901......................
1902.......................
1903......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907......................

100.0
85.4
94.8
91.7
100.0
93.8
101.0
102.1
106.3
117.7
108.3
119.8
117.7
120.8
121.9
123.4
127.1
129.0
146.7

100.0
100.4
100.2
100.3
100.3
100.0
100.4
100.4
100.8
101.2
96.0
95.0
94.5
92.6
93.0
90.6
91.9
91.8
81.3

100.0
97.1
97.4
98.1
97.5
98.9
99.9
98.5
101.8
101.9
109.1
110.0
110.2
111.7
120.2
125.1
125.5
125.7
155.9

[Data from 7 establishments 1890-1903; 8,1904; 12,
1905; 13, 1906, 1907.]
100.0
119.1
122.1
129.4
111.8
104.4
86.8
92.6
75.0
72.1
79.4
86.8
86.8
91.2
89.7
101.7
94.7
98.1
96.3




100.0
99.1'
99.3
99.3
100.0
99.4
* 100.5
101.1
103.6
103.9
93.7
101.6
101.6
94.5
94.8
94.3
97.5
97.1
97.5

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
97.9
102.6
101.6
99.5
97.9
95.2
100.5
100.5
98.4
104.8
107.9
108.5
112.2
120.1
134.5
137.1
140.6
162.8

100.0
100.5
100.3
100.4
100.9
100.6
100.6
99.5
100.6
100.5
96.2
95.8
92.2
90.7
89.2
86.7
88.0
88.3
79.0

100.0
95.4
98.9
98.6
98.5
100.1
99.9
100.7
100.4
99.8
107.5
108.7
114.1
116.8
123.2
126.1
127.9
127.2
144.1

C A L E N D R E R S , M a le .

B L E A C H E R S , M a le .

Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
18*2.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907.......................

[Data from 14 establishments 1890-1903; 18, 1904;
28, 1905; 27, 1906, 1907.]

100.0
96.0
96.9
98.8
98.6
98.1
101.1
100.1
100.5
99.9
109.9
106.6
106.4
108.6
110.4
111.0
109.6
109.3
112.9

[Data for employees from 4 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 5 estab
lishments 1890-1892, 1894-1903; 4, 1893. Data
from 7 establishments 1904; 15, 1905, 1906; 14,
1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890 ..................
1891.....................
1892 ..........I___
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
80.0
92.7
100.0
110.9
100.0
100.0
92.7
89.1
120.0
114.5
140.0
169.1
172.7
190. ^
201.0
236.8
271.6
315.0

100.0
102.4
101.7
101.3
99.9
101.3
101.3
101.7
102.2
100.8
87.5
87.1
85.5
84.5
85.1
86.0
84.0
85.3
88.8

100.0
94.2
93.2
92.7
98.9
97.2
102.6
103.3
101.9
98.7
117.0
117.7
122.5
122.9
127.6
127.9
132.7
129.9
134.4

104

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUR EAU OF LABOR,

T able

II.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

P A P E R A N D W O O D PTJEP—Continued.
C U T T E R S , M a le .

C A L E N D R E R S , F e m a le .

[B ata from 1 establishment 1890-1904; 2,1905-1907.]

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.

100.0
100.0
Average 1890- 99. . .
100.0
96.0
1890
.............
105.3
100.0
105.3
100.0
107.3
1891
.............
1892
..............
102.3
126.3
100.0
1893
..............
126.3
109.7
100.0
93.6
1894
..............
84.2
100.0
1895
..............
105.3
100.0
91.0
1898..............................
108.4
100.0
100.0
95.9
1897
.............
94.7
100.0
94.4
94.7
1898
.............
68.4
101.1
1899
..............
100.0
1900
..............
78.9
100.0
105.9
101.0
1901
..............
78.9
100.0
1902
..............
84.2
99.3
94.8
1903
..............
100.0
97.7
94.8
131.6
1904
.............
94.8
104.5
107.2
118.0
94.8
1905
.............
1906
........................ ........................
........................
102.5
94.8
104.9
1907
..............
52.8
94.8

100.0

121.1

[Bata from 6 establishments 1890-1903; 13, 1904;
20, 1905, 1907; 19, 1906.]

1891

..............

1892
..........
1893
..........
1894
..........
1895...:................
1898.......................
..........
1897
1898
..........
1899
...........
1900
..........
1901
..........
1902
..........
1903
..........
1904
..........
1905
..........
1906
..........
1907
..........

100.0

100.0

100.0

1 2 7 .2

1 0 1 .7

9 9 .0

107.6

96.7
103.3
88.0
96.7
98.9
97.8
92.4
89.1
93.5
97.8
106.5
110.9

111.8

113.8
116.0

110.6

102.7

101.8

99.2
100.3
99.6
99.5
99.6
99.9
95.9
95.3
94.5
94.6
93.9
94.2
94.4
94.5

101.2

84.4
87.5
90.6
101.6
100.0
93.8
95.3
112.5
114.1
115.6
128.1
128.1
125.0
150.0
152.8
153.6
190.9
193.4




100.0

100.5
100.4

100.2

99.0
99.8
100.0
100.0
99.6
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.3
99.1
98.1
98.6
98.9
98.5
95.3

100.0
74.6
78.0
84.7
96.6
113.6
113.6
110.2
108.5
111.9
113.6
116.9
130.5
132.2
154.2
137.9
133.1
138.0
131.0

100.0
101.6
101.6
101.6
101.5
101.5
101.7
101.7
101.7
101.7
85.4
85.0
84.9
84.9
84.4
81.5
83.1
84.8
91.0

100.0
99.8
100.8
100.4
96.2
98.1
96.8
96.6
97.4
97.6
116.4
116.7
115.0
118.2
122.9
131.8
128.0
126.7
110.1

[Bata from 2 establishments 1890-1904; 3, 19051907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................

100.0
55.6

99.2
101.9
98.8
99.2
99.1
99.4
99.6
105.0
104.2
105.0
102.0
109.0
110.8
114.7
115.6
118.9

1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

80.6
116.7
122.2
105. 6
122.2
113.9
105.6
88.9
86.1
94.4
138. 9
152.8
175.0
189.6
216.3
374.3

1891...........................

77.8

100.0
101.9
101. 9
101.9
101.9
101.9
101.9
101.9
101.9
101.9
82.8
82.8
82.7
82.3
82.3
82.5
82.2
84.9
82.5

100.0
95.2
96.3
95.6
98.2
96.4
97.2
97.2
97.2
100.1
126.8
128.9
134.8
135.3
142.1
141.5
140.9
131.8
144.7

F IN IS H E R S , F e m a le .

[Bata from 14 establishments 1890-1903; 16, 1904;
25, 1905; 23, 1903, 1907.]
100.0

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

99.2

F IN IS H E R S , M a le .

Average 1890-99...
1890
......
1891
......
1892
......
1893
......
1894
.....
1895
.....
1893..................
1897
......
1898
......
1899
......
1900
......
1901
......
1902
.....
1903
......
1904
......
1905
......
1906
......
1907
......

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.

E N A M E L E R S , M a le .

C U T T E R S , F e m a le .

Average 1890-99...
..........
1890

[Bata for employees from 5 establishments 18901903. Bata for hours and wages from 6 estab
lishments 1890-1892, 1894-1903; 5, 1893. Bata
from 10 establishments 1904; 18, 1905; 19, 1906;
20, 1907.]

100.0
100.2

101.9
100.5
103.7

101.6

100.9
99.8
97.3
96.7
97.4
98.2
98.8
101.4
105.8
105.3
107.0
106.0
114.8

[Bata for employees from 4 establishments 18901903. Bata for hours and wages from 5 estab
lishments 1890-1892, 1894-1903; 4, 1893. Bata
from 6 establishments 1904; 11, 1905; 12, 1906,
1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892................
1893.............. :...
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903..................•..
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
87.5
112.5
130.0
122.5
77.5
92.5
95.0
92.5
97.5
90.0
107.5
105.0
90.0
107.5
93.6
95.5
120.8
134.6

100.0
100.5
100.2
100.1
99.6
100.2
99.8
99.8
99.8
99.9
100.1
99.9
100.0
97.4
96.9
97.6
97.1
98.2
97.6

100.0
93.9
105.2
103.0
105.0
94.8
99.6
103.9
98.5
94.5
101.2
103.4
100.6
105.0
107.4
129.3
133.3
125.6
134.9

WAGES AND HONKS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1901.

105

T able I I __ RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

P A P E R A N D W OOD P U L P —Continued.
L A B O R E R S , M a le .

M A C H IN E ! T E N D E R S , M a le .

[Data from 4 establishments 1890-1903; 16, 1904;
28, 1905, 1907; 27, 1906.]

Year.
Average 1890-99 ..
1890......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897.......................
1893.......................
1899.......................
1900......................
1901.......................
1992......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
113.6
109.0
98.9
100.0
96.6
103.4
90.4
93.8
84.7
108.5
102.3
134.5
118.1
127.1
134.5
142.3
137.6
149.8

100.0
98.4
98.9
100.5
100.8
100.3
101.4
102.1
101.5
102.3
93.8
96.1
91.7
96.6
96.2
98.1
96.4
95.3
94.5

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.2
99.6
89.8

100.0
97.9
97.9
97.9
96.5
101.5
101.6
101.6
101.6
101.5
101.6
104.0
106.2
106.2
132.1
132.9
132.0
132.3
153.6

R A G S O R T E R S , M a le .

100.0
102.0
90.0
110.0
104.0
92.0
98.0
104.0
118.0
98.0
88.0
114.0
88.0
110.0
134.0
159.4
91.1
89.0
98.1




100.0
98.6
99.5
98.1
98.9
99.8
99.8
100.2
98.5
103.3
103.3
102.3
96.2
103.5
103.2
102.9
112.5
112.4
116.3

100.0
89.9
97.7
97.7
104.7
97.7
101.6
102.3
100.0
101.6
106.2
118.6
124.0
124.8
133.3
141.4
139.4
142.3
160.9

100.0
100.6
100.6
100.0
99.6
99.9
100.2
100.3
100.8
101.0
97.0
97.9
91.3
88.9
87.9
84.7
86.6
86.3
77.8

100.0
97.1
99.5
100.0
100.4
99.7
99.3
98.6
99.5
100.0
105.7
104.1
111.6
113.4
116.6
120.1
123.1
123.7
145.8

[Data for employees from 3 establishments, 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 4 estab
lishments 1890-1892, 1894-1903; 3, 1893.. Data
from 5 establishments 1904; 10,1905; 9, 1906 ; 8,
1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
93.5
93.5
93.5
103.2
103.2
96.8
103.2
96.8
96.8
103.2
103.2
103.2
103.2
93.5
114.9
106.6
108.1
141.2

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
83.7
92.3
92.2
72.8

100.0
99.8
99.8
99.8
96.4
99.9
100.3
101.1
101.1
101.1
100.7
100.7
101.5
101.5
115.4
127.8
121.4
121.8
150.8

R A G SO R T E R S, F e m a le .

[Data from 2 establishments 1890-1905, 1907; 3,
1906.]
Average 1890-99 ..
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898......................
1899.......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902.......................
1903......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906......................
1907.......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

P U L P G R I N D E R S , M a le .

P R E S S T E N D E R S , M a le .

100.0
116.7
116.7
116.7
100.0
91.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
91.7
100.0
108.3
108.3
125.0
100.0
90.0
80.5
97.9
103.3

Year.

100.0 Average 1899-99..
97.9 1890.....................
98.7 1891.....................
98.8 1892.....................
97.5 1893.....................
97.8 1894.....................
99.5 1895.....................
99.2 1896.....................
99.9 1897.....................
98.7 1898.....................
112.2 ; 1899.....................
111.0 1900.....................
115.5 1901.....................
109.1 1902.....................
118.5 1903.....................
118.1 1904.....................
119.5 1905.....................
122.2 1906.....................
125.2 1907.....................

[Data for employees from 3 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 3 estab
lishments 1890-1893; 4, 1894-1903. Data from 3
establishments 1904; 8, 1905; 7, 1906, 1907.]
Average 1890-99 ..
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

[Data for employees from 15 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 16 estab
lishments 1890-1892, 1894-1903; 15, 1893. Data
from 17 establishments 1904; 27, 1905, 1906 ; 28,
1907.]

100.0
94.5
97.4
99.8
101.1
103.1
102.4
99.2
101.9
98.0
102.3
101.2
103.1
101.0
103.8
103.5
97.4
97.9
95.1

[Data from 5 establishments 1890-1903; 7,1904; 11,
1905,1907; 12,1906.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907................ . ..

100.0
94.2
108.3
109.6
112.8
90.4
104.5
108.3
86.5
86.5
100.6
117.9
92.3
87.2
111.5
127.8
123.7
125.5
128.0

100.0
101.2
99.9
101.0
99.5
98.6
99.3
98.9
100.1
101.0
100.5
100.5
102.6
101.1
101. G
101.8
104.6
102.0
103.6

100.0
97.6
100.2
99.8
99.5
102.3
101.5
100.3
99.2
101.4
97.6
99.8
100.1
96.7
97.6
103.5
100.1
105.6
118.5

106

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

T able

II.—RELATIVE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

P A P E R A N D W OOD P U L P — Concluded.
W O O D C O O K E R S , M a le .

W O O D P R E P A R E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 1 establishment 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 1 estab
lishment 1890-1893; 2, 1894-1903. Data from 4
establishments 1904; 9, 1905, 1906; 8, 1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99 ..
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1898.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906......................
1907.......................

100.0
75.0
68.8
56.3
43.8
25.0
100.0
100.0
175.0
187.5
137.5
162.5
200.0
200.0
118.8
129.9
132.0
119.2
102.5

100.0
97.5
97.5
97.5
97.5
110.5
104.0
104.0
101.8
101.6
88.4
87.2
85.8
85.8
87.3
84.0
85.9
84.7
78.6

100.0
95.3
94.7
98.3
99.8
97.7
99.7
99.6
96.2
99.2
119.3
122.3
121.4
119.3
131.1
135.2
142.3
145.4
170.7

[Data for employees from 3 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 4 estab
lishments 1890-1892, 1901-1903; 3, 1893; 5, 18941900. Data from 7 establishments 1904; 12,1905;
11, 1906; 10,1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relatve Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
63.2
63.2
73.7
100.0
94.7
105.3
131.6
121.1
136.8
131.6
126.3
126.3
126.3
110.5
124.8
130.8
107.5
113.4

100.0
99.3
99.3
100.3
100.8
100.6
100.3
100.3
100.2
100.4
98.5
98.2
96.7
96.7
95.3
93.6
94.4
95.0
88.0

100.0
101.4
100.6
100.4
103.1
97.7
98.4
98.7
98.8
98.7
102.0
103.8
114.2
118.1
133.6
134.3
135.6
138.1
165.9

P L A N I N G M IL L .
C A R P E N T E R S , M a le .

[Data from 65 establishments 1890-1903; 96, 1904;
93,1905; 97, 1906; 102,1907.]
Average 1890-99 ..
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
94.7
94.3
100.3
98.7
92.1
92.7
104.7
101.7
103.4
116.9
122.5
129.9
132.8
135.9
138.4
144.0
144.8
142.4

100.0
101.9
101.1
101.3
100.2
100.1
99.8
98.0
99.1
99.4
99.0
98.4
98.2
97.0
96.5
96.3
96.3
96.0
95.6

100.0
98.7
100.0
99.2
100.2
96.7
98.0
100.8
101.1
102.3
102.8
106.7
108.0
113.6
119.3
122.4
123.4
126.6
131.6

G L A Z IE R S , M a le .

[Data from 6 establishments 1890-1903; 34, 1904;
40,1905; 43,1906; 47, 1907.]
Average 1890-99 ..
1890
..........
1891
..........
1892
..........
1893
..........
1894
..........
1895
..........
1896
..........
1897
..........
1898
..........
1899
..........
1900
..........
1901
..........
1902
..........
1903
..........
1904
..........
1905
..........
1906
..........
1907
..........

100.0
81.8
81.8
81.8
81.8
90.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
136.4
145.5
181.8
200.0
254.5
240.9
287.2
322.7
304.9




100.0
100.5
100.5
100.5
100.5
99.5
99.6
99.6
99.6
99.6
100.0
98.3
98.3
98.6
99.1
98.4
98.1
.95.7
95.3

100.0
95.7
99.0
100.5
104.7
102.8
97.7
96.8
100.7
99.8
102.4
106.7
105.7
103.1
107.0
111.0
113.2
121.6
129.4

F R A M E R S , M a le .
[Data from 26 establishments 1890-1903;; 35, 1904;
33,1905; 34, 1906; 39, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
87.2
91.0
96.3
95.2
89.9
105.9
102.7
105.9
110.6
113.3
111.2
119.1
115.4
123.4
126.9
133.5
134.0
122.8

100.0
100.5
100.0
100.0
99.8
100.5
99.8
100.2
100.2
100.0
98.9
99.2
98.6
97.9
97.9
98.0
98.2
97.9
97.7

100.0
100.3
101.5
103.0
102.3
98.1
97.0
95.9
97.6
100.2
104.0
105.2
108.6
111.3
114.2
113.7
116.2
117.9
119.5

L A B O R E R S , M a le .
[Data from 13 establishments 1890-1903;; 80, 1904;
91, 1905; 98,1906; 107,1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
85.9
89.8
88.7
87.1
93.8
102.0
105.1
103.5
107.0
135.9
110.2
134.4
127.7
115.6
121.4
129.4
139.2
139.5

100.0
100.1
100.1
100.1
99.9
100.0
100.0
99.8
99.9
100.0
100.2
99.9
100.0
100.0
99.9
100.4
100.0
97.9
98.0

100.0
102.4
105.3
101.5
98.3
94.1
95.9
96.5
96.0
101.5
108.5
102.8
110.8
110.8
113.3
110.4
112.7
117.7
121.4

107

WAGES AND H O U RS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T able

II.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

P L A N IN G M IL L —Concluded.
M A C H I N E W O O D W O R K E R S , M a le .

S A W Y E R S , M a l e , (a )

[Data from 92 establishments 1890-1903; 110, 1904;
112, 1905; 116, 1906; 120, 1907.]

[Data from 61 establishments 1890-1903; 84, 1904;
94,1905; 96, 1906; 104, 1907.]

Year.
Average 1890-99 ..
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896..................... .
1897.......................
1898 .....................
1899.......................
1900 .....................
1901......................
1902 .....................
1903 .....................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.
100.0
97.3
97.4
98.4
97.9
96.0
97.8
99.8
101.9
105.8
107.3
111.4
113.7
120.8
122.2
128.6
133.2
136.3
145.7

100.0
101.2
100.6
100.6
100.1
100.4
99.6
99.4
99.7
99.2
99.0
98.9
98.7
97.3
96.7
96.7
96.7
95.6
95.2

100.0
98.4
99.2
99.7
99.6
97.4
98.8
99.7
101.0
102.0
104.0
106.6
108.7
113.0
116.3
115.7
117.4
121.2
125.1

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative | Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
96.2
96.6
98.7
98.4
97.8
98.7
100.1
101.7
103.7
107.4
109.7
112.2
113.7
116.8
119.7
123.5
131.5
129.4

100.0
101.6
100.4
100.4
100.2
101.2
98.8
99.4
99.6
99.3
99.0
99.8
99.4
98.2
97.9
97.2
97.1
96.2
96.2

100.0
99.5
100.5
100.7
100.4
97.5
99.1
98.9
99. 7
100.6
103.1
104.0
107.3
111. 4
113.1
115.0
116.6
120.1
122.4

POTTERY.
D I P P E R S , M a le .
[Data from 4*establishments 1890-1904; 6,1905; 12,
1906, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894 .....................
1895.......................
1896 .....................
1897 ..................
1898 .....................
1899 .....................
1900......................
1901 .....................
1902 .....................
1903
.............
1904
..............
1905
...............
1906 ..................
1907
................

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
89.6
92.3

100.0
97.6
97.6
97.6
97.6
97.6
99.7
99.7
104.2
104.2
104.2
99.7
101.9
101.9
101.9
101.9
101.9
101.2
101.3

100.0
95.1
95.1
96.3
106.2
103.7
97.4
88.9
104.9
104.9
107.4
1Q1.1
109.6
109.6
113.5
116.5
123.8
121.7
122.9

K IL N F IR E M E N , M a le .
fData from 3 establishments 1890-1903; 4i, 1904; 6,
1905; 13,1906; 12,, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891
1892 ...................
1893
1894
........
1895 ...................
1896
.............
1897 ...................
1898
.............
1899......................
1900
1901
.............
1902
1903 ...................
1904 ...................
1905.......................
1906
....
1907.......................

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
113.0
106.7
106.7




100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.7
102.3
102.3

J IG G E R M E N , M a le .
[Data from 3 establishments 1890-1903; 4, 1904; 6,
1905; 12, 1906, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
107.1
107.1
92.9
121.4
114.3
78.6
100.0
85.7
92.9
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
107.1
85.7
89.8
94 7
98.1

100.0
99.7
99.7
100.1
99.4
99.6
100.7
, 99.9
100.4
100.1
100.4
101.4
100.4
100.4
96.1
97.2
97.2
96.5
96.4

100.0
100.7
101.2
97.8
104 7
99.0
93.6
97.1
92.2
102.1
111.6
101.9
108.8
110.9
113.2
118.8
122.3
118.5
114 0

K IL N M EN, M a le .
[Data from 5 establishments 1890-1904; 7,1905; 13,
1906; 12,1907.]

100.0 Average 1890-99..
91.5 1890.....................
91.5 1891.....................
101.0 1892.....................
101.0 1893.....................
101.0 1894.....................
95.3 1895.....................
95.3 1896.....................
114.2 1897.....................
114.2 1898.....................
95.3 1899.....................
95.3 1900.....................
95.3 1901.....................
104.7 1902.....................
110.4 1903.....................
112.3 1904.....................
108.4 | 1905.....................
109.8 1 1906.....................
109.8 1907.....................

a Including all classes of sawyers.

100.0
93.2
104 5
102.3
102.3
102.3
100.0
88.6
97.7
95.5
106.8
11&6
102.3
104 5
102.3
99.5
97.9
96.1
88.0

100.0
99.8
99.2
99.3
99.3
99.3
99.4
101.3
100.6
100.8
101.1
100.7
101.4
101.3
100.9
100.7
100.8
101.3
101.5

100.0
101.3
104 2
103.8
104 0
101.5
102.2
94.0
96.2
95.6
97.3
98.7
95.7
98. 6
9a 4
99.6
101.1
104 3
108.3

108

BU L L E T IN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

P O T T E R Y —Concluded.
M O L D M A K E R S , M a le ,

P R E S S E R S , M a le .

[Data from 5 establishments 1890-1904; 7,1905; 12,
1908, 1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
..........
1890
1891
..........
1892
..........
1893
..........
1894
..........
1895
..........
1898......................
1897
..........
1898
..........
1899
..........
1900
..........
1901
1902
1903

...........
...........
...........

1905

...........

1904

..........

1908..........................
1907......................

100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
116. 7
116. 7
133. 3
133. 3
133. 3
133. 3
133. 3
216. 6
254 8
240. 3
240. 3

100. 0
100. 3
100. 3
100. 3
100. 3
100. 3
100. 3
100. 3
99. 5
99. 5
98. 9
98. 9
98. 9
9a 9
97. 6
100. 6
101. 0
100. 9
100. 9

100.0
99.7

99.1
94.1
97.8
97.5
97.3
96.0
114.1
105.0

101.2
104.2
105.5
114.3
103.3

102.0

104 8
104 5

100. 0
116. 7
116. 7
116. 7
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
66. 7
83. 3
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
103. 9
100. 7

100.0
100.7
100.7
100.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.7
9a 3
99.3
99.3
99.3
9a 0
98.0
97.3
97.5
97.6

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890
........
1891
.........
1892
........
1893
........
1894
........
1895
........
1896
........
1897
........
1898
........
1899
........
1900
........
1901
........
1902
........
1903
........
1904
.........
1905
.........
1906
.........
1907
.........

Relative Relative | Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

100.0

97.0
110.4
948
100.7
92.6

88.1

91.1
108.9

111,1

loai

103.7
104 4
92.6
105.2
97.0
91.1
95.2
99.3

100.0

100.0

99.5
99.6
99.9
99.8
100.1
100.1
100.2
99.9
100.1
100.6
100.5
100.3
100.9
100.2
99.8

101.7
105.6
103.0
110.7
94.9
87.9
92 7
99.9

99.3
99.2

J.J.O.J.

100.0

101.2

102.4
944

102.1

99.5
103.6
116.4

117.0

S E T T E R S -O U T , M a l e .

S A G G E R M A K E R S , M a le .

[Data from 4 establishments 1890-1904; 6, 1905; 12,
1906, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1893.......................
1899..........i ...........
1900......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

[Data from 5 establishments 1890-1904; 7, 1905; 13,
1906; 12, 1907.]

100.0
99.7
99.6
99.4
oa 0
99.1
97.4
97.6
96.6
107.6
105.0
105.2
102 5
106.5
107.6
108.4
117.7
121.1
121.0

[Data from 4 establishments 1890-1904; 6,1905; 12,
1906, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.2
103.2

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
9a 8
98.8
98.8
99.1
99.1

100.0
100.7
100.7
100.3
100.9
99.5
99.5
99.1
99.5
99.4
100.1
100.4
100.2
101.3
100.7
101.5
101.2
105.7
110.3

P R IN T IN G A N D B IN D IN G , B O O K A N D JO B .
B O O K B IN D E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 32 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 32 estab
lishments 1890-1894; 33,1895-1903. Data from 55
establishments 1904; 110,1905; 112,1906; 132,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895.......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903. ....................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

100.0
87.6
89.1
92.2
95.3
92 0
91.5
99.6
112.0
117.8
121.7
129.1
131.8
1341
136.8
141.9
150.0
155.2
161.6




100.0
101.1
101.0
100.8
100.3
100.2
100.6
100.4
99.5
92 8
97.2
96.2
95.6
948
945
942
93.9
93.4
92.8

100.0
96.1
96.2
98.1
100.0
99.3
99.5
100.2
102.5
103.6
104.8
104 9
108.9
111.1
111.9
115.0
115.9
119.2
122.2

C O M P O S IT O R S , M a le .

[Data from 85 establishments 1890-1903; 96, 1904;
152, 1905; 155, 1906; 166, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
92.9
93.1
94 4
95.3
97.5
99.6
99.4
105.9
107.9
113.6
122.2
120.8
116.7
120.0
112 3
122.8
126.1
125.0

100.0
101.0
101.0
100.9
100.4
100.3
100.2
100.0
99.9
99.5
96.9
94.6
93.7
92.4
92.4
91.5
91.1
820
87 6

100.0
97.7
98.8
98.9
99.6
100.3
99.9
99.4
100.3
101.0
104.3
107. 3
109.6
113.7
115.7
119.6
122.3
122 0
131.0

109

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T

able

I I .—RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS—Continued.

P R I N T I N G A N D B I N D I N G , B O O K A N D J O B —Continued.
C O M P O S IT O R S , F e m a l e .

[Data lor employees from 3 establishments 1890-1903. Data for hours and wages from 5 establishments
1890, 1891, 1893-1896, 1898, 1899; 6, 1892, 1897; 4, 1900; 3, 1901-1903. Data from 6 establishments 1904;
18, 1905; 21, 1906; 25, 1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893.......................
1894......................
1895
................
1896
.............
1897......................
1898......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.0
104.0
100.0
96.0
108.0
116.0
100.0

100.0
103.3
103.6
100.4
99.8
9a 7
9a 5
9a 8
98.7
99.4

100.0
95.0
94.9
9a 9
101.2
100.2
105.0
101.4
102.7
99.2

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................
PRESS

E L E C T R O T Y P E R S , M a le .

96.0
100.0
112.0
112.0
124.0
127.9
139.5
136.9
127.1

9a 8
99.2
96.2
96.2
96.2
92.0
91.8
91.1
90.2

101.5
107.8
109.2
109.2
116.0
122.1
134.6
152.2
160.0

F E E D E R S , M a le .

[Data from 4 establishments 1890-1903; 15, 1904;
22, 1905; 21, 1906; 28, 1907.]

[Data from 23 establishments 1890-1903; 65, 1904;
132, 1905; 139, 1906; 153,1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894........ ;............
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906......................
1907......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893................... ,
1894................... .
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
97.4
97.4
94.7
92.1
97.4
100.0
100.0
110.5
107.9
105.3
97.4
100.0
105.3
102.6
105.8
104.4
122.9
123.5

PRESS F E E D E R S

100.0
100.3
100.3
100.4
100.1
100.3
100.5
100.5
100.7
99.7
97.1
97.2
96.4
96.4
96.4
95.5
93.8
92.7
91.4

100.0
100.7
100.7
100.6
101.4
100.2
98.8
99.1
99.0
99.8
99.7
100.1
106.4
105.1
105.2
108.2
109.4
113.5
116.1

100.0
84.1
85.0
89.0
93.1
92.3
102.0
104.5
109.8
117.9
122.4
130.5
124.8
136.6
134.1
136.6
140.0
147.0
154.6

100.0
100.8
100.3
100.3
100.1
99.9
100.3
100.4
100.4
98.9
98.6
95.3
95.5
94.2
94.0
93.6
93.3
92.5
92.0

100.0
97.9
100.0
99.0
98.5
100.1
101.1
99.2
99.2
101.6
103.5
119.8
120.1
121.5
124.8
126.7
129.7
135.0
142.2

P R E S S M E N , M a le .

F e m a le .

[Data for employees from 4 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 5 estab
lishments 1890-1897.1900.1901: 6.1898,1899.1902,
1903. Data from 19 establishments 1904; 38,
1905; 42, 1906; 56, 1907.]

[Data from 64 establishments 1890-1903; 87,1904;

Average 1890-99...
1890........... ..........
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900........ ............
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
94.1
94.1
88.2
97.1
91.2
91.2
91.2
102.9
102.9
147.1
129.4
132.4
126.5
117.6
140.1
137.5
150 0
152.0

100.0
100.6
100.6
100.6
100.6
100.6
100.5
100.6
100.6
98.6
96.6
92.2
92.2
92.1
91.8
91.8
92.3
92.2
91.9

49979— No. 77—08------8




100.0
99.3
99.3
100.0
98.5
98.3
97.5
99.9
99.6
102.5
105.3
108.9
111.5
114.4
116.9
127.7
128.8
133. 4
133.7

153, iyU5; 138, 19U6; 168, 19U7.J

100.0
90.6
93.0
94.0
95.8
95.3
96.9
101.6
105.0
112.5
115.7
117.8
120.1
118.8
120.6
126.5
128.5
134.2
139.2

100.0
100.7
100.5
100.5
100.5
100.2
100.2
100.3
100.3
99.6
97.3
95.5
93.9
92.8
92.8
92.4
92.0
91.4
90.8

100.0
97.8
99.0
99.4
98.9
99.3
99.6
99.5
100.8
101.0
104.7
107.3
111.1
112.5
114.7
117.0
118.9
122.1
127.2

110

BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOB.

T able I I __ RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

P R IN T IN G A N D B IN D IN G , B O O K A N D JO B —Concluded.
P R O O F R E A D E R S , M a le .

P R O O F R E A D E R S , F e m a le .

[Data for employees from 11 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 13 estab
lishments 1890, 1891; 12, 1892-1894, 1902, 1903; 11,
1895-1901. Data from 33 establishments 1904;
56,1905; 51,1906; 64,1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906......................
1907.......................

100.0
103.6
103.6
103.6
103.6
96.4
92.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
107.1
114.3
121.4
125.0
132.1
152.8
162.0
163.2
171.9

100.0
100.6
100.6
100.6
100.6
100.6
100.7
100.7
100.7
100.1
94.8
92.3
92.4
88.5
88.3
87.9
87.9
84.4
83.4

S E W E R S AND

100.0
100.6
101.1
98.9
100.0
99.4
100.8
99.9
100.1
101.0
98.1
107.3
109.4
119.2
121.3
119.5
121.3
130.9
134.6

[Data for employees from 5 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 6 estab
lishments 1890, 1891; 7, 1892-1894, 1902, 1903; 8,
1895-1901. Data from 15 establishments 1904; 36,
1905; 27,1906; 48,1907.]
Year.

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
110.0
140.0
100.0
110.0
100.0
110.0
80.0
120.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
110.0
110.0
118.2
120.1
144.1
149.7

100.0
101.4
102.2
99.7
100.5
99.7
100.3
99.2
100.9
99.1
97.1
94.4
93.1
93.1
93.1
92.5
92.0
90.7
89.9

100.0
100.8
107.6
106.3
101.1
99.6
92.9
99.3
88.8
97.5
106.1
116.2
107.9
115.7
115.7
118.2
118.9
121.6
132.2

S T IT C H E R S , B O O K , F e m a le .

[Data from 16 establishments 1890-1903; 42,1904; 92,1905; 106,1908; 137,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892................... .
1893......................
1894......................
1895.......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................

100.0
103.8
93.3
105.3
88.3
88.6
92.1
96.8
101.2
113.6

100.0
100.6
100.4
100.6
100.4
100.3
100.2
100.1
100.2
99.0

100.0
94.2
98.8
95.3
101.7
99.8
99.6
102.9
99.2
103.8

1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

113.9
131.9
150.6
147.2
156.9
158.4
168.1
185.4
203.7

98.5
95.1
94.6
93.8
93. 4
93.0
92. 7
91.9
91.5

104.9
113. 4
113.9
118.0
118.2
119.1
119.5
122 7
127.1

P R IN T IN G , N E W SP A P E R .
C O M P O S IT O R S , M a l e .

L IN O T Y P E O P E R A T O R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 91 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 91 estab
lishments 1890; 92, 1891, 1892; 93, 1893; 94, 1894;
95, 1895-1903. Data from 135 establishments
1904; 148, 1905; 149, 1906; 151, 1907.]

[Data for hours and wages from 1 establishment
1890; 5, 1891; 16, 1892; 32, 1893 ; 54, 1894; 69, 1895;
80, 1896; 88, 1897; 94, 1898; 99, 1899; 100, 1900;
102,1901; 103, 1902; 104, 1903; 135, 1904; 147, 1905,
1906; 150, 1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891.......................
1892......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904.......................
1905......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

100.0
131.4
133.3
130.1
115.6
91.9
79.7
76.9
80.8
78.2
82.2
84.4
83.5
83.1
87.9
92.4
100.7
108.7
114.8

100.0
101.2
100.2
100.1
101.1
100.4
100.4
100.1
99.9
99.1
97.6
97.3
95.9
95.1
94.8
93.9
93.4
92.8
92.3

100.0
101.0
101.5
101.9
99.8
96.4
97.2
98.9
99.6
99.9
103.7
103.4
107.9
110.5
113.4
115.6
118.3
120.3
124.1

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

(«)
(a)
(«)
(«)
(«)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(«)
(«)
(«)
(a)
(<*)
(«)
(«)
(a)
(a>
(a)
(a)

100.0
100.1
98.6
101.4
102.5
100.6
99.4
99.2
99.3
99.5
99.5
99.4
99.9
99.4
99.6
99.4
99.2
98.8
98.7

100.0
110.8
106.2
91.9
97.5
99.9
99.4
99.1
98.7
98.2
98.2
99.6
99.6
101.0
104.0
105.9
106.5
108.5
111.3

a No relative numbers shown, as reports were secured from but one establishment employing linotype
operators as early as 1890.




Ill

WAGES AND H OU RS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

P R IN T IN G , N E W SP A P E R —Concluded.
P R E S S M E N , M a le .

S T E R E O T Y P E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 106 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 106 estab
lishments 1890; 107, 1891-1894; 108, 1895-1903.
Data from 135 establishments 1904; 143,1905; 147,
1906; 151, 1907.]

[Data for employees from 76 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 76 estab
lishments 1890; 77, 1891-1893 ; 78, 1894, 1895; 79,
1896-1903. Data from 109 establishments 1904;
133, 1905; 137, 1906; 143, 1907.]

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1908.......................
1907.......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
86.6
88.5
92.5
94.7
95.5
95.3
105.9
107.3
114.5
119.0
123.2
127.9
133.8
138.5
148.4
152.7
165.4
175.8

100.0
101.1
101.0
100.9
101.0
100.5
100.1
99.6
98.8
98.7
98.2
97.8
97.5
97.3
97.1
96.3
97.0
95.3
94.1

100.0
97.9
97.7
97.6
98.3
98.9
99.5
101.5
101.8
102.9
104.2
104.9
106.1
109.1
112.6
114.5
116.4
119.6
125.7

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.
100.0
84.4
84.7
90.7
97.0
97.3
99.7
109.6
109.6
111.6
115.0
115.0
119.3
122.6
122.9
129.0
133.4
141.1
143.4

100.0
100.3
100.6
100.7
100.5
100.5
100.5
100.0
99.4
99.0
98.6
98.7
98.4
98.5
98.5
97.2
96.5
96.1
95.5

100.0
95.3
95.3
98.1
99.3
98.6
99.0
101.8
102.3
104.6
105.5
104.9
106.5
107.3
108.4
111.5
114.3
116.2
119.9

S H IP B U IL D IN G .
B L A C K S M I T H S , M a le .

B O IL E R M A K E R S , M a le .

[Data for emp oyees from 11 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 11 estab
lishments 1890; 12, 1891-1895; 13, 1896-1898; 14,
1899-1903. Data from 17 establishments 1904;
27, 1905; 28, 1906; 30, 1907.]

[Data for employees from 5 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 6 estab
lishments 1890, 1894, 1895 ; 7, 1891-1893, 1896-1898;
8, 1899-1903. Data from 12 establishments 1904;
20, 1905; 23, 1906; 24, 1907.1

Average 1890-99...
1890 ..................
1891 ..................
1892 ..................
1893 ..................
1894 ..................
1895 ..................
1896 ..................
1897 ..................
1898 ..................
1899 ..................
1900 ..................
1901 ..................
1902 ..................
1903 ..................
1904 ..................
1905 ..................
1906 ..................
1907 ...............

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.................. ^
1907.....................

100.0
65.5
74.8
84.0
81.5
99.2
137.8
96.6
100.8
140.3
121.8
116.8
122.7
142.0
131.1
110.1
99.7
90.7
104.6




100.0
100.5
100.5
100.5
99.9
100.0
100.2
99.4
99.5
99.9
99.6
99.7
99.6
99.2
98.9
96.5
96.2
96.2
96.7

100.0
97.0
100.2
99.7
99.3
96.8
97.8
104.7
104.0
99.4
101.0
101.1
100.6
103.8
105.6
109.4
109.4
113.4
112.5

100.0
55.3
44.7
62.4
90.1
95.7
107.1
90.1
87.9
209.9
153.9
207.1
175.9
185.8
172.3
175.3
172.7
199.2
210.5

100.0
99.9
100.1
100.2
100.3
100.2
100.0
99.7
99.7
100.1
99.9
100.0
99.8
99.7
99.3
98.2
98.3
99.0
99.2

100.0
98.2
98.6
100.6
99.2
95.3
100.0
104.4
101.8
100.5
101.5
99.6
101.5
102.6
101.8
103.0
103.9
106.2
1C8.9

112

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR,

T able

II.— RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

S H I P B U I L D I N G —Continued.
C A L K E R S , IR O N , M a l e .

C A L K E R S , W O O D , M a le .

[Data for employees from 4 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 4 estab
lishments 1890, 1895; 5, 1891-1894, 1896-1898; 6,
1899-1902; 7, 1903. Data from 7 establishments
1904; 15, 1905; 16, 1906; 18, 1907.]

[Data from 9 establishments 1890-1903; 15,1904; 23,
1905-1907.]

Year.
Average 1890-99...
189C.......................
1891.......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
85.3
179.4
76.5
55.9
52.9
50.0
117.6
100.0
126.5
152.9
120.6
182.4
200.0
155.9
164.0
141.4
140.3
118.4

100.0
92.3
84.7
93.7
103.0
100.3
103.5
107.0
103.1
109.6
102.9
108.1
109.4
124.2
147.8
148.1
145.2
149.0
156.4

100.0
100.5
101.3
100.3
99.3
98.7
98.8
100.6
99.6
100.6
100.3
99.9
96.1
94.3
97.7
93.4
95.3
94.7
94.4

C A R P E N T E R S , M a le .

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
92:3
92.3
89.5
111.2
83.2
92.3
91.6
101.4
125.2
121.7
123.1
155.2
155.9
165.0
146.7
135.4
142.3
129.5

100.0
100.4
100.6
ICO. 2
100.0
99.9
99.6
100.0
99.7
99.7
99.9
99.7
99.8
99.6
93.7
92.9
92.4
92.0
90.1

100.0
99.4
99.2
98.8
99.3
98.4
98.3
98.5
100.3
103.8
104.0
105.6
110.1
108.4
109.6
115.5
115.7
117.8
122.8

D R I L L E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 18 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 19 estab
lishments 1890-1892,1894,1895; 20, 1893,1896-1898;
21, 1899-1903. Data from 24 establishments
1904; 36, 1905; 37', 1906, 1907.]

[Data for employees from 2 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 2 estab
lishments 1890, 1895; 3, 1891, 1892, 1894, 1896-1898;
4,1893,1899-1903. Data from 9 establishments
1904; 18, 1905; 19,1906; 20, 1907.]

Average 1890-99 ..
1890.......................
1891......................
1892.......................
1893......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1J0G......................
19C7......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
83.4
93.9
85.4
84.2
82.7
99.7
97.6
106.2
119.1
147.3
144.2
145.3
140.0
153.4
151.2
161.3
162.7
171.4




100.0
101.1
100.4
99.9
99.8
99.7
99.8
100.1
99.8
99.5
100.0
99.8
98.5
97.8
96.9
96.2
96.8
95.8
94.4

.

100.0
98.6
99.8
98.9
99.8
100.6
100.3
99.0
100.5
100.5
102.1
104.4
105.9
109.4
110.1
110.6
112.3
114.8
120.3

100.0
113.3
66.7
100.0
86.7
53.3
66.7
80.0
153.3
93.3
180.0
133.3
140.0
146.7
173.3
146.9
243.0
203.4
176.8

100.0
100.9
99.3
99.0
99.0
98.0
100.9
100.9
100.9
100.9
99.9
98.6
95.1
94.5
91.9
91.7
91.7
91.7
91.5

100.0
96.6
92.3
94.8
95.0
85.6
93.2
105.7
107.1
114.7
114.7
110.6
110.8
125.6
122.1
125.3
125.8
132.2
138.3

113

WAGES AND H O U RS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

S H I P B U I L lD I N G —Continued.
F I T T E R S , M a le .

J O IN E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 6 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 6 estab
lishments 1890; 7, 1891-1895; 8, 1896, 1897; 9, 1898;
10,1899-1903. Data from 11 establishments 1904;
20, 1905; 21, 1906, 1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892......................
1893.......................
1894......................
1895.......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903......................
1904.......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907.......................

100.0
CO. 5
95.3
90.7
89.1
141.9
107.0
103.9
87.6
86.8
133.3
217.8
191.5
165.1
162.0
143.2
158.5
145.3
131.9

100.0
99.0
100.2
100.1
99.8
100.2
100.7
100.6
99.9
99.9
99.6
100.4
98.6
99.6
99.5
98.7
99.0
98.6
98.4

100.0
96.7
92.8
98.3
99.3
92.4
99.4
102.1
105.5
109.4
104.2
100.4
103.5
105.7
107.0
105.7
103.7
108.8
113.7

[Data for employees from 11 establishments 1890;
19C3. Data for hours and wages from 12 estab
lishments 1890-1892,1894, 1895; 13,1893,1896-1898;
14, 1899-1903. Da*a from 16 establishments 1904;
25, 1905; 26, 1908; 27, 1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
87.9
68.6
96.5
91.6
97.1
210.7
95.1
46.7
93.4
111.0
147.8
144.4
149.9
135.4
139.5
155.2
130.7
149.7

100.0
101.1
99.4
99.9
99. f
100.3
101.9
99.9
97.4
100.4
100.1
101.1
100.3
100.0
98.8
97.6
98.1
98.2
98.1

100.0
96.3
99.5
99.2
100.9
99.1
95.9
100.8
106.8
103.3
98.3
101.2
101.4
102.7
106.2
108.2
109.6
119.2
118.0

L A B O R E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 3 establishments 1890-1903. Data for hours and wages from 3 establishments
1890-1894 ; 4, 1895-1903. Data from 17 establishments 1904; 33, 1905; 35, 1906, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896.......................
1897......................
1898......................

100.0
205.6
72.2
84.7
69.4
73.6
70.8
63.9
79.2
104.2

100.0
101.5
98.1
99.1
98.1
98.4
99.9
101.3
101.4
100.7

100.0
84.7
103.8
97.3
102.0
103.8
106.1
101.5
100.4
' 100.4

M A C H IN IST S, M a le .

100.0
66.6
67.0
97.6
90.7
89.7
104.0
104.2
104.4
109.9
165.8
135.6
193.8
230.2
200.2
229.4
220.7
251.3
235.9




100.0
100.1
100.1
100.3
100.3
100.2
100.0
99.8
99.6
99.5
100.0
99.9
99.6
98.8
98.3
96.4
96.4
96.9
96.7

169.4
287.5
248.6
234.7
194.4
236.3
265.6
290.9
300.1

101.4
101.2
101.6
98.9
98.9
98.5
98.0
97.5
98.3

100.1
99.8
100.5
108.3
110.6
109.8
112.6
119.2
123.2

M O L D E R S , IR O N , M a l e .

[Data for employees from 8 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 8 establishments 1890; 9.1891-1898; 10,1899-1903. Data
from 15 establishments 1904; 24, 1905; 25, 1906;
26,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897......................
1898.......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907.......................

1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
96.8
97.7
97.9
97.5
96.2
100.1
103.4
103.4
104.3
102.5
105.8
105.1
108.2
110.1
112.2
113.4
115.8
117.5

[Data for employees from 3 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 3 estab
lishments 1890; 4,1891-1898; 5,1899-1901; 6,1902,
1903. Data from 9 establishments 1904; 10,1905,
1906; 11, 1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
96.2
98.1
98.1
84.6
73.1
94.2
111.5
98.1
115.4
123.1
109.6
117.3
126.9
121.2
102.1
102.7
113.8
97.7

100.0
100.2
101.0
100.6
100.5
99.7
99.8
99.8
99.3
99.8
99.6
99.7
99.6
98.2
98.1
96.6
98.0
95.1
95.2

100.0
105.4
95.2
97.0
98.8
95.9
99.6
97.2
103.3
102.3
105.0
107.5
110.2
112.5
115.6
122.0
119.1
131.0
131.3

114

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR,

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS—Continued.

S H IP B U IL D IN G —Concluded.
P A T T E R N M A K E R S , M a le .

P A IN T E R S , M a le .

{Data for employees from 9 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 9 estab
lishments 1890; 11, 1891-1894, 1899-1903; 10, 18951898. Data from 14 establishments 1904; 20,
1905; 23, 1906; 24,1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour. *
employees. week.

Year.

100.0
100.0
Average 1890-99.
78.4
103.1
1890
.......
78.4
102.4
1891
.......
102.4
85.1
1892
.................. -.................
112.5
102.8
1893
.......
102.4
102.7
1894
.......
154.8
99.9
1895
.......
97.6
1895...................
97.1
83.7
94.8
1897
.......
101.0
96.7
1898
.......
97.6
108.7
1899
.......
132.2
98.9
1900
..
98.4
130.8
1901
.......
134.1
97.0
1902
.......
131.7
97.8
1903
.......
142.5
95.8
1904
.......
153.6
96.1
1905
.......
181.9
95.7
1906
.......
175.0
96.0
1907
.......

100.0
95.1
93.8
95.0
99.3
98.3
105.6
105.7
105.6
102.7
99.0
101.5
101.5
103.3

102.6

108.9
105.7
109.7
112.5

100.0

79.0
70.0

100.0
119.0
115.0

110.0

71 0
54.0
94.0
184.0
244.0
98.0
242.0
228.0
185.5
226.2
235.5
259.6




100.0

100.0

100.8

106.0
101.4
95.0
86.9
92.9

99.7
98.1
98.9
100.3
100.7

100.4
99.6

100.1
101.4
102.0
99.9

102.0
101.9
99.9
100.7
99.8
99.7

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
60.5
81.6
82.9
84.2
101.3
114.5
127.6
100.0
110.5
135.5
130.3
125.0
142.1
143.4
163.7
156.9
169.1
177.4

100.0
99.9
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.0
100.1
99.5
99.8
99.7
99.9
99.1
98.4
97.3
96.4
96.8
97.0
97.4

100.0
102.9
97.8
97.7
97.9
95.3
100.6
99.8
102.7
100.8
104.4
107.0
109.6
112.1
114.3
117.9
117.0
126.5
127.0

R I V E T E R S , M a le .

R I G G E R S , M a le .

{Data for employees from 6 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 6 estab
lishments 1890; 8, 1891-1898; 9, 1899-1903. Data
from 14 establishments 1904; 20, 1905; 21, 1906;
23,1907.]
Average 1890-99.
1890
.......
1891
.......
1892
.......
1893
.......
1894
.......
1895
.......
1896
.......
1897
.......
1898
.......
1899
.......
1900
.......
1901
.......
1902
.......
1903
.......
1904
.......
1905
.......
1906
.......
1907
.......

[Data for employees from 8 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 8 estab
lishments 1890; 9,1891-1898; 10,1899-1903. Data
from 13 establishments 1904; 21, 1905, 1907; 20,
1906.]

112.1

102.1

108.3
104.2
91.0
89.2
99.5
94.9
99.3

102.6
102.2

109.2
107.4

[Data for employees from 3 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 4 establishments 1890,1894, 1895; 5, 1891-1893, 1896-1898:
6, 1899-1903. Data from 9 establishments 1904;
17,1905; 19,1906,1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
58.0
137.7
155.1
15.9
14.5
11.6
23.2
27.5
247.8
301.4
211.6
331.9
281.2
315.9
389.6
349.8
442.2
428.7

100.0
101.1
100.6
100.5
98.4
98.5
99.9
100.1
99.9
100.7
100.2
100.2
99.7
98.9
99.0
96.6
98.3
96.8
96.3

100.0
81.9
84.3
92.5
94.2
85.2
128.1
107.2
118.1
103.8
104.7
103.7
94.3
107.2
107.1
106.2
104.9
109.0
120.3

115

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T able

II.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

S IL K G O O D S.
B E A M E R S , M a le .

D O U B LE R S, F e m a le .

[Data for employees from 2 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 2 estab
lishments 1890-1896; 3, 1897-1903. Data from 3
establishments 1904; 6, 1905; 7, 1906; 8, 1907.]

[Data from 6 establishments 1890-1904; 10, 1905;
11, 1906, 1907.]

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890 ..................
1891 ..................
1892 ..................
1893 ..................
1894 ..................
1895 ..................
1896 ..................
1897 ..................
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.

100.0
100.0
100.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
100.0
75.0
100.0
75.0
225.0
75.0
150.0
100.0
125.0
107.1
140.6
140.6
133.0

100.0
104.0
104.0
104.0
98.2
98.2
97.5
98.2
98.5
99.9
97.4
99.9
98.2
99.1
98.6
98.3
98.5
98.5
98.4

100.0
104.5
99.8
102.1
102.1
102.1
99.8
102.1
93.0
88.0
106.6
93.2
100.6
100.2
101.3
104.5
99.5
100.7
103.4

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
77.1
78.3
98.8
114.5
108.4
92.8
101.2
106.0
112.0
107.2
100.0
100.0
89.2
90.4
88.0
107.7
103.7
95.1

100.0
102.8
102.8
102.2
98.7
98.3
98.7
98.7
99.3
99.1
99.4
99.3
98.9
99.0
98.0
97.5
97.7
97.7
96.8

100.0
107.0
98.6
99.6
98.4
101.8
102.5
102.0
95.5
97.9
96.2
97.0
106.9
114.3
123.4
130.2
126.2
132.5
146.1

D Y E R S , M a le .

LOOM F I X E R S , M a le .

[Data from 4 establishments 1890-1904; 6, 19051907.]

[Data from 5 establishments 1890-1903; 6,1904; 12,
1905; 16,1906; 15,1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890 ..................
1891 ..................
1892......................
1893 ..................
1894 ..................
1895 ..................
1896 ..................
1897 ..................
1898 ..................
1899 ..................
1900 ..................
1901 ..................
1902 ..................
1903 ..................
1904 ..................
1905 ..................
1906 ..................
1907 ..................




100.0
73.1
92.3
101.9
87.5
85.6
97.1
98.1
131.7
119.2
117.3
109.6
137.5
384.6
351.9
464.6
487.0
453.3
469.4

100.0
103.1
103.1
103.1
103.1
98.7
98.2
97.9
96.9 97.9
97.8
98.1
97.4
94.8
94.8
94.8
94.8
94.9
94.9

100.0
97.2
96.1
95.1
92.6
100.9
102.0
103.1
106.6
102.3
104.0
103.8
105.2
102.2
103.1
103.4
104.1
103.7
100.9

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
69.6
73.9
87.0
82.6
95.7
117.4
108.7
126.1
130.4
126.1
152.2
143.5
143.5
139.1
128.9
128.9
131.7
142.9

100.0
104.4
104.5
101.6
98.6
98.4
98.2
98.6
98.4
98.4
98.7
98.5
98.6
98.6
98.6
98.2
98.3
98.3
98.1

100.0
94.7
93.8
96.4
99.0
97.7
103.7
101.0
104.2
105.1
104.3
106.2
105.3
103.0
103.3
104.0
104.4
105.6
110.1

116

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUR EAU OF LABOR.

T a b l e I I . — RELATIVE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS—Continued.
S I L K G O O D S -C on tin u ed .

P IC K E R S , F e m a le .

Q U IL L E R S , F e m a le .

[Data from 3 establishments 1890-1903; 5,1904; 11,
1905; 14, 1906; 13, 1907.]

[Data for employees from 6 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 6 estab
lishments 1890-1896; 7, 1897-1903. Data from 8
establishments 1904; 14, 1905; 16,1906; 15,1907.]

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1893.......................
1899.......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907......................

100.0
48.4
61.3
71.0
67.7
83.9
103.2
106.5
135.5
145.2
167.7
154.8
177.4
190.3
161.3
137.3
142.4
146.2
163.1

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.5
101.7
101.7
101.0

100.0
84.9
108.6
119.8
108.2
97.9
100.9
80.2
93.2
101.5
104.8
107.2
107.1
103.9
123.2
121.9
120.6
123.9
133.2

S P IN N E R S , M a l e .

100.0
52.9
70.6
92.9
122.4
89.4
112.9
94.1
105.9
129.4
123.5
151.8
143.5
183.5
195.3
190.1
212.6
206.8
183.2

100.0
102.7
102.7
100.1
99.2
99.5
98.9
99.1
99.0
99.3
99.6
99.8
99.9
99.8
99.8
97.7
98.2
98.2
96.0

100.0
103.2
93.9
99.9
98.5
95.9
99.7
103.4
104.4
99.7
101.5
97.2
105.3
103.3
105.3
109.5
113.4
125.0
127.2

[Data from 3 establishments 1890-1904; 5, 1905; 7.
1906; 6, 1907.]
100.0
86.1
91.7
97.2
75.0
116.7
133.3
88.9
122.2
111.1
77.8
83.3
102.8
122.2
113.9
75.0
61.4
65.5
54.3




100.0
105.3
105.4
102.9
98.1
98.1
98.1
98.1
98.1
98.1
98.1
98.1
98.1
98.1
98.1
98.1
96.5
96.6
96.8

100.0
81.3
71.4
83.5
86.8
87.9
141.8
85.7
111.0
118.7
127.5
115.4
133.0
127.5
126.4
103.7
125.1
110.7
102.2

100.0
104.0
103.4
101.9
98.4
98.1
97.9
98.5
99.3
99.0
99.4
99.8
99.4
99.3
98.7
98.9
98.8
99.0
99.0

100.0
103.1
99.5
94.8
104.7
96.3
97.4
109.8
99.2
99.2
95.6
95.9
96.4
97.6
107.9
107.7
107.1
111.0
119.0

M a le .

[Data from 2 establishments 1890-1903; 4, 1904; 8,
1905; 14, 1906; 13,1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
66.7
50.0
83.3
91.7
79.2
50.0
225.0
158.3
83.3
100.0
83.3
145.8
145.8
87.5
76.3
83.4
73.3
78.0

100.0
106.2
106.2
106.2
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.2
97.2
97.2

100.0
98.2
100.2
100.5
97.7
104.2
104.8
98.9
102.3
95.2
98.0
102.6
87.4
100.2
103.4
100.3
101.9
103.2
110.7

W A R P E R S , F e m a le .

W A R P E R S , M a le .

Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1893.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901
.. ..
1902.......................
1903 ..................
1904.......................
1905
...............
1906.......................
1907.
..........

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

T W I S T E R S -I N ,

fData from 4 establishments 1890-1904 ; 6, 19051907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902
...............
1903
...............
1904.......................
1905
...............
1906.......................
1907
...............

Year.

100.0
93.1
90.6
97.9
100.4
93.8
110.1
96.8
110.5
105.0
101.7
111.6
116.3
122.8
112.4
124.3
135.0
132.9
138.5

[Data for employees from 5 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 5 estab
lishments 1890-1896; 6, 1897-1903. Data from 6
establishments 1904; 12,1905,1906; 13,1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905..................... i
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
90.2
100.9
101.8
83.0
86.6
100.0
101.8
113.4
118.8
102.7
105.4
105.4
114.3
117.0
113.2
124.9
125.1
126.3

100.0
103.1
103.1
103.1
98.4
97.8
98.6
98.4
98.6
99.3
99.3
100.1
100.2
99.9
100.0
99.4
99.4
99.5
98.8

100.0
96.1
88.6
97.6
103.8
104.3
105.6
111.0
105.7
90.8
96.5
90.0
88.3
94.4
90.9
97.4
96.0
100.5
106.9

117

WAGES AND H OURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

S IL K G O O D S—Concluded.
W E A V E R S, F e m a le .

W E A V E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 3 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 3 estab
lishments 1890; 4,1891-1896; 6,1897-1903. Data
from 6 establishments 1904; 9,1905; 12,1906,1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wagesper
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899.......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

100.0
139.6
81.1
97.6
84.9
92.9
102.8
77.4
100.9
110.4
110.8
87.3
83.5
76.4
61.3
46.8
51.5
42.7
42.6

100.0
102.9
103.7
101.1
98.2
98.2
98.3
98.1
99.3
100.1
100.2
100.2
100.6
100.9
100.3
100.1
100.2
99.9
99.9

100.0
95.6
98.0
102.6
105.8
101.2
97.3
111.2
97.9
95.5
94.6
98.9
90.8
97.4
94.3
101.4
104.1.
109.9
114.7

[Data from 2 establishments 1890-1904; 4, 19051907.]

100.0
104.2
80.5
95.8
89.8
129.7
122.0
78.8
100.0
129.7
67.8
98.3
56.8
49.2
82.2
92.4
114.9
113.5
129.9

100.0
105.0
104.0
105.3
98.0
98.0
98.0
98.0
98.0
98.0
98.0
98.0
98.0
98.0
98.0
94.4
94.8
94.6
94.6

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
76.9
60.6
79.4
79.2
92.1
102.7
96.2
118.1
153.8
141.2
139.8
170.1
187.1
190.3
178.3
192.8
189.9
185.5

100.0
100.8
102.0
100.6
98.7
99.0
98.7
100.2
100.1
99.9
100.0
100.1
99.2
99.4
99.7
99.4
99.4
99.6
99.1

100.0
95.6
89.9
100.6
105.2
111.0
101.3
113.0
96.1
94.5
92.8
96.1
94.0
100.5
99.0
92.8
94.4
97.6
107.5

W E A V E R S , R IB B O N , F e m a l e .

W E A V E R S , R IB B O N , M a le .

Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

[Data for employees from 6 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 6 estab
lishments 1890-1896; 7, 1897-1903. Data from 7
establishments 1904; 12,1905; 14,1906,1907.]

100.0
116.5
98.4
98.7
107.1
90.2
100.1
102.1
88.7
99.1
99.0
93.0
83.4
82.8
86.8
86.9
86.3
89.1
98.6

[Data for employees from 1 establishment 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 1 estab
lishment 1890-1899; 2, 1900-1903. Data from 2
establishments 1904; 4,1905,1906; 3,1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
135.6
101.7
101.7
76.3
76.3
93.2
118.6
84.7
93.2
110.2
118.6
67.8
161.0
122.0
112.9
154.3
141.7
178.4

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
92.2
92.6
92.2
91.7

100.0
99.3
102.0
100.2
101.4
100.2
95.6
99.7
97.7
104.0
100.0
95.2
95.4
84.6
89.7
83.3
89.2
90.4
98.3

99.1
99.3
99.1
99.2
99.3
98.9
99.1
99:3
99.0

103.3
105.3
109.1
111.2
115.3
115.2
116.7
115.2
125.5

W IN D E R S , F e m a le .

[Data from 9 establishments 1890-1904; 14,1905; 17,1906; 16, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894......................
1895.......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................

100.0
95.3
82.8
96.9
102.7
93.0
105.9
95.7
103.1
114.5




100.0
103.0
103.1
102.2
98.4
98.7
98.7
99.0
99.0
98.8

100.0
95.9
84.3
92.8
98.4
106.8
1,06.2
103.2
101.4
107.4

1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

108.6
107.8
109.4
110.5
113.3
110.2
117.6
122.2
110.9

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUR EAU OF LABOR.

118
T able

II.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

S liA U G H T E R I N G A N D M E A T P A C K IN G .
BACK

S K I N N E R S , C A T T L E , M a le .

[Bata from 4 establishments 1890-1903; 8,1904; 12
1905-1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.
100.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
100.0
100.0
106.7
106.7
106.7
106.7
106.7
106.7
106.7
120.0
120.0
129.6
102.1
102.1
94.2

100.0
102.9
102.9
104.7
104.3
96.1
96.1
96.1
96.1
97.8
102.9
109.8
109.8
114.8
125. 4
129.0
130.1
132.6
132.4

100.0
98.0
98.0
98.0
101.5
101.5
100.6
100.6
100.6
100.6
100.6
100.6
100.6
97.2
97.2
97.2
96.4

(a )
(a )

G U T T E R S , C A T T L E , M a le .

[Bata from 5 establishments 1890-1903; 9,1904; 12,
1905-1907.1
Average 1890-99.
1890..................
1891
.......
1892
.......
1893
.......
1894
.......
1895
.......
1896
.......
1897
.......
1898
.......
1899
.......
1900
.......
1901
.......
1902
.......
1903
.......
1904
.......
1905
.......
1906
.......
1907
.......

100.0

81.3
81.3
81.3
100.0
100.0
106.3
106.3
106.3
106.3
106.3
106.3
106.3
125.0
118.8
114.4
99.2
99.2
91.6

100.0

100.0

102.8

98.4
98.4
98.4
101.4
101.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
98.0
97.2
97.2
97.6

102.8

105.4
105.1
93.6
97.6
97.6
97.6
98.9
98.9
104.3
107.0
112.3
119.9

122.2

123.4
124.3
124.2

(a )

(«)

H E A D E R S , C A T T L E , M a le .

[Bata from 5 establishments 1890-1903; 9,1904; 11,
1905-1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

100.0
105.9
105.9
105.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.1
100.0
100.0
94.1
111.8
111.8
111.8
98.2
94.8
94.8




100.0
101.4
101.4
101.4
100.7
100.7
99.1
99.1
99.1
98.2
99.1
99.1
98.2
95.9
95.9
95.9
96.2

(a)
(a )

100.0
97.8
97.8
97.8
102.0
97.9
101.0
98.5
101.6
105.7
99.8
107.8
107.3
113.8
123.1
126.6
130.3
128.0
130.6

D R Y S A L T E R S , M a le .
[Bata from 6 establishments 1890-1903; 13, 1904;
14,1905-1907.1
Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
66.3
66.3
68.6
73.8
90.7
108.1
119.8
140.1
147.1
116.9
129.1
125.6
129.7
144.8
131.7
160.3
164.1
165.5

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.5
99.5
99.4
99.4

100.0
105.4
104.5
105.1
104.2
97.2
95.2
95.1
93.9
97.7
101.9
99.1
100.5
106.1
111.5
112.8
108.4
110.0
112.8

G U T T E R S , HOG, M a le .
[Bata from 5 establishments 1890-1903; 12,1904; 14
1905-1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
107.7
107. 7
107.7
115.4
115.4
115.4
140.1
136.2
136.2
140.1

100.0
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.8
100.2
100.2
100.4
98.8

(a )

(«)

100.0
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
98.6
100.3
99.4
98.1
98.1
99.3
84.3
79.6
82.0
81.5

H E A D E R S , HOG, M a le .
[Bata from 6 establishments 1890-1903; 13, 1904;
15, 1905-1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

a Hours not reported.

100.0
114.3
114.3
114.3
114.3
114.3
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
80.3

100.0
97.0
97.0
97.0
97.0
97.0
103.0
103.0
103.0
103.0
103.0
103.0
103.0
101.4
101.4
101.4
101.4

(a )
(a )

100.0
97.0
97.0
97.0
107.6
107.6
99.4
99.4
99.4
99.4
96.2
99.4

99.4
97.8
106.6
107.3
106.7
111.4
114.9

119

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 1 0 1907.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS—Continued.

S L A U G H T E R I N G A N D M E A T P A C K IN G —Continued.
L A B O R E R S , M a le .

[Data from 4 establishments 1890-1903; 13, 1904;
15, 1905-1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100. 0
85. 1
87. 3
90. 7
88. 9
99. 7
101. 3
101. 3
108. 3
111. 6
125. 7
130. 4
137. 4
144. 3
143. 0
131. 2
132. 1
134. 1
137. 9

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

(a )

(«)

100.0
105.1
105.0
105.1
105.6
95.4
949
945
949
98.0
101.5
98.0
97.2
101.5
107.8
108.9
104 7
105.9
108.9

P IC K L E R S , M a le .
[Data from 7 establishments 1890-1903 ; 12, 1904;
14, 1905-1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
60.8
69.0
70.7
74.6
88.7
104.8
115.5
136.1
147.0
132.4
136.6
150.7
153.8
159.4
148.9
134.2
154.1
146.9

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

100.0
104.0
103.3
103.4
103.4
96.2
95.1
95.5
96.8
99.8
102.2
100.5
100.8
107.9
114.0
114.7
109.4
110.3
112.9

[Data from 2 establishments 1890-1903; 6, 1904;
10, 1905-1907.]

S C R A P E R S , HOG, M a le .
[Data from 5 establishments 1890-1903; 12, 1904;
1907; 13, 1905,1906.]

Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

R U M P S K IN N E R S , C A T T L E , M a le .

100.0
66.7
66.7
66.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
116.7
116.7
116.7
116.7
100.0
111.8
97.2
97.2
92.3

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.1
(a)
(a)

100.0
102.9
102.9
102.9
100.3
95.0
95.0
95.0
95.0
100.3
110.8
110.8
110.8
118. 7
129.3
136.0
132.3
133.9
132.9

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
84.2
57.9
57.9
57.9
57.9
60.0
62.0
63.0
64.1

100.0
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
96.0
100.8
100.8
99.9
99.9
100.0
98.2

(a )
(a )

100.0
104 4
104 4
104.4
104.4
104.9
104.9
104.9
104.9
80.9
81.9
101.8
96.6
96.6
95.8
96.6
95.4
98.3
96.9

S ID E S K IN N E R S , C A T T L E , M a le .
[Data from 4 establishments 1890-1903; 8, 1904;
12, 1905-1907.]

S P L IT T E R S , C A T T L E , M a le .
[Data from 4 establishments 1890-1903; 9, 1904;
13, 1905-1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.......*.............
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
87.8
87.8
87.8
102.4
102.4
104 9
104.9
104 9
104.9
107.3
107.3
109.8
119.5
114 6
111.0
97.7
100.7
94.8




100.0
98.3
98.3
98.3
101.0
101.0
100.7
100.7
100.7
100.7
100.4
100.4
100.1
99.0
98.2
98.2
98.6

(a )
(a )

100.0
1043
104 3
106.9
106.9
95.1
95.1
95.1
95.1
96.7
100.5
106.9
106.9
111.3
116.4
118.8
119.5
120.1
120.2

a Hours not reported.

100.0
91.3
91.3
91.3
100.0
100.0
108.7
108.7
108.7
108.7
108.7
108.7
108.7
121.7
126.1
123.2
106.3
1 1 1 .1

101.4

100.0
98.7
98.7
98.7
100.4
100.4
100.6
100.6
100.6
100.6
100.6
100.6
100.6
99.2
98.8
98.8
100.0

(a)
(a)

100.0
104.6
1046
106.9
106.9
95.0
95.0
95.0
95.0
96.9
100.2
106.9
106.9
111.3
116.3
118.5
117.1
118.7
122.3

120

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

T able I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

S L A U G H T E R IN G A N D M E A T P A C K IN G —Concluded.
S P L IT T E R S , H O G ,

M a le .

S T IC K E R S , C A T T L E , M a le .

[Data from 6 establishments 1890-1903; 13, 1904;
15, 1905-1907.J
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891.......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
114.3
114.3
114.3
121.4
121.4
121.4
121.4
121.4
128.3
124.8

100.0
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
99.4
99.4
99.4
100.2
99.6
99.6
99.6
98.7

100.0
98.4
98.4
98.4
99.0
99.0
100.9
100.9
100.9
101.2
102.9
102.9
102.0
102.0
109.4
110.1
111.5
112.7
111.3

(a )
(« )

[Data from 5 establishments 1890-1903; 8, 1904;
11,1905-1907. J
Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1 1 1 .1

103.7
97.9
103.7
97.9

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1G0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.9
100.9
100.6

100.0
103.6
103.6
103.6
103.6
97.4
97.4
97.4
97.4
97.4
98.5
101.5
101.5
108.7
115.3
119.3
119.0
119 3
118.5

100.0
100.0
100.0
98.4
98.4
98.4
98.4

104.2
104.2
104.2
105.8
113.7
113.7
115.4
119.9
119.3

(a )
(a )

S T IC K E R S , H O G , M a le .

[Data from 6 establishments 1890-1903; 13,1904; 15, 1905-1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890 ..................
1891 ..................
1892 ..................
1893 ..................
1894 ..................
1895 ..................
1896 ..................
1897 ..................
1898 ..................

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

100.0
99.5
99.5
99.5
97.9
97.9
99.5
99.5
101.1
101.1

1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1908.....................
1907.....................

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

(a )
(a )

ST R E E T S AND SEW ERS, CO NTRACT W ORK.
L A B O R E R S , M a le .

[Data from 36 establishments 1890-1903; 70,1904; 120, 1905; 128, 1906; 131,1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890 ..................
1891 ..................
1892 ..................
1893 ..................
1894 ..................
1895 ..................
1896 ..................
1897 ..................
1898 ..................

100.0
102.3
121.7
112.3
109.7
107.3
91.1
98.9
85.6
81.4




100.0
101.2
101.4
101.3
101.0
101.0
100.6*
99.7
97.4
97.5

100.0
95.7
98.1
98.2
95.9
97.0
98.5
102.9
103.7
105.2

1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

a Hoars not reported.

89.6
99.4
100.1
100.8
103.9
104.2
101.3
102.5
97.5

99.0
98.8
96.5
95.2
95.1
95.1
94.7
93.3
92.7

104.9
107.1
114.9
120.2
124.3
125.3
128.6
139.8
145.7

121

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T able

I I .—RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, BY
OCCUPATIONS—Continued.

S T R E E T S A N D S E W E R S , M U N IC IP A L W O R K .
L A B O R E R S , M a le .

■ [Data for employees from 47 establishments 1890-1903. Data for hours and wages from 47 establish
ments 1890-1893; 48,1894-1903. Data from 58 establishments 1904; 70,1905,1906; 72,1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894 .....................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897......................
1898.......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
85.8
86.2
94.6
98.8
115.1
106.1
98.4
104.3
102.3

100.0
101.1
100.6
100.9
101.5
100.7
100.0
100.6
100.1
98.7

100.0
99.8
99.5
98.3
98.1
100.9
99.7
98.1
98.7
100.9

Year.
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
108.2
106.6
112.0
99.4
93.5
100.1
109.3
116.6
130.7

95.7
93.3
92.6
92.7
91.8
91.1
90.9
91.0
90.5

105.8
110.3
110.6
111.0
111.8
113.8
113.0
114.9
121.6

T O B A C C O , C IG A R S .
BUN CH M A K E R S , H A N D , M a le .
[Data for employees from 1 establishment 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 2 establishments 1890-1895; 1, 1896-1903. Data from 4
establishments 1904; 11,1905 ; 9,1906; 13, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890 ..................
1891 ..................
1892 ..................
1893 .....................
1894 ..................
1895 ..................
1896
.. ..
1897 .....................
1898 ..................
1899 ..................
1900 ...................
1901 ...................
1902 ..................
1903 ..................
1904 ..................
1905 ..................
1906 .....................
1907......................

100.0
74.4
81.4
65.1
81.4
102.3
86.0
88.4
120.9
127.9
160.5
27.9
90.7
102.3
134.9
134.9
176.3
149.6
144.9

100.0
99.5
98.3
93.3
96.3
96.5
96.8
104.8
104.8
104.8
104.8
104.8
104.8
104.8
104.8
100.6
102.0
100.4
98.4

100.0
98.9
92.5
84.2
112.2
101.9
97.3
100.5
113.5
100.4
98.5
100.1
107.2
101.7
117.1
121.8
115.1
125.5
129.8

BUN CH M A K E R S , H A N D , F e m a l e .
[Data for employees from 6 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 6 estab
lishments 1890-1895; 7, 1896-1903. Data from 12
establishments 1904; 19,1905; 21,1906; 20,1907.]
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
-1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
89.6
90.4
84.3
91.2
101.2
94.8
92.8
117.3
108.8
128.9
60.6
90.4
97.2
110.0
105.3
105.9
98.3
97.9

100.0
100.0
100.2
99.4
100.9
101.3
101.2
99.1
98.8
99.0
99.9
93.3
97.0
99.3
100.2
98.7
98.2
97.4
97.1

100.0
97.1
100.1
98.1
99.4
99.9
98.0
100.8
107.8
101.7
97.3
91.9
104.3
101.2
125.3
135.7
137.8
152.2
157.1

BUN CH M A K E R S , M A C H IN E , F e m a l e .

C IG A R M A K E R S , M a le .

fData from 3 establishments 1890-1903; 8,1904; 9
1905; 11,1906,1907.]

[Data from 9 establishments 1890-1903; 22, 1904;
34, 1905; 36, 1906; 40,1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890 ..................
1891
1892 ..................
1893 ..................
...........
1894
1895 ..................
1896 ..................
1897
........
1898 ..................
1899
1900
...........
1901 ..................
1Q02
1903 ..................
1904
1905 ..................
1906 ..................
1907

100.0
74.8
80.0
87.4
78.5
92.6
134.8
95.6
140.0
100.0
112.6
134.8
148.9
163.0
170.4
180.4
168.4
142.7
144.5




100.0
100.7
100.7
100.8
100.7
100.8
100.8
98.9
99.3
98.5
98.9
99.1
99.1
99.3
99.3
99.3
97.7
97.3
98.3

100.0
101.8
102.0
103.6
101.1
95.0
95.8
96.8
95.8
104.0
104.4
108.6
105.2
113.4
113.7
116.3
116.5
138.8
130.3

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1004.....................
1005.....................
1006 ...................
1907.....................

100.0
83.6
101.6
105.8
145.4
120.6
110.6
90.3
69.7
70.6
102.5
136.6
174.3
125.7
127.3
146.6
159.9
164.5
159.2

100.0
97.9
96.4
99.3
100.8
99.5
98.9
102.7
98.7
101.4
104.3
105.1
106.4
104.8
105.4
106.6
107.3
106.7
106.2

100.0
102.8
108.2
105.9
101.2
100.5
99.0
94.0
96.8
92.4
99.2
99.7
105.1
105-9
107.9
111 .2
112.2
117.7
118.7

122

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR,

T able

II.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

T O B A C C O , C IG A R S —Continued.
C IG A R R O L L E R S , H A N D , M a le .

[Data lor employees from 4 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 7 estab
lishments 1890-1895; 5, 1896, 1897; 4, 1898-1903.
Data from 5 establishments 1904; 9, 1905; 12,
1906; 14,1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.
100.0
93.0
95.0
88.9
94.5
96.5
99.0
95.5
111.6
111.1
117.1
71.9
86.9
91.0
91.5
949
90.5
61.2
59.8

100.0
99.1
98.9
97.3
98.8
99.7
99.3
100.7
102.0
101.8
102.3
96.4
99.0
99.4
99.8
97.9
98.1
97.1
97.2

100.0
101.2
98.4
96.9
102.3
99.2
100.1
100.1
98.9
100.5
102.2
102.9
113.4
117.4
113.3
114 4
113.7
126.8
128.8

C IG A R

Average 1890-99...
1890 ..................
1891 ..................
1892 ..................
1893 ..................
1894 ..................
1895 ..................
1896 ..................
1897 ..................
1898 ..................
1899 ..................
1900 ..................
1901 ..................
1902 ..................
1903 ..................
1904 ..................
1905 ..................
190G.......................
1907.......................

100.0
54.1
541
78.7
647
93.3
138.3
128.9
124.9
141.3
122.2
151.4
165.7
204.3
2049
177.4
178.4
160.7
160.9

100.0
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.4
99.6
99.2
99.4
99.2
99.5
99.5
99.7
99.7
99.0
99.0
99.0
98.0

100.0
104 5
105.5
104 3
107.7
109.2
96.4
92.0
948
91.9
93.8
107.5
129.5
123.0
129.2
136.4
138.0
152.3
158.4

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

C IG A R R O L L E R S , M A C H IN E , F e m a le .
[D ata from 2 establishments 1890-1903; 7, 1904; 10,
1905; 13, 1906; 12, 1907.]

R O L L E R S , H A N D , F e m a le .

[Data for employees from 4 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 4 estab
lishments 1890-1895; 6, 1896, 1897; 7, 1898-1903.
Data from 16 establishments 1904; 18, 1905; 22,
1906; 24,1907.]

100.0
87.8
89.6
77.1
91.4
105.4
97.3
88.1
122.9
116.1
125.3
48.8
74 4
82.4
87.2
98.7
95.9
105.5
106.5

100.0
101.0
101.0
100.7
100.8
101.2
101.2
97.8
98.6
98.7
98.9
93.6
95.8
97.0
97.6
96.9
96.4
96.1
96.1

100.0
99.7
99.7
101.3
97.6
99.0
105.3
97.6
98.7
98.6
102.8
89.1
105.8
111.6
116.7
110.4
119.9
130.8
126.8

P A C K E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 11 establishments 18901903. D ata for hours and wages from 11 estab
lishments 1890-1892; 12, 1893-1898; 11, 1899-1903.
Data from 22 establishments 1904; 35, 1905; 38,
1906; 44,1907.1
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
74 4
75.2
95.3
87.6
103.1.
102.3
93.8
117.8
121.7
131.8
72.9
76.7
94.6
83.7
80.6
74 6
83.0
80.3

100.0
m 3
100.2
100.6
100.5
100.4
100.5
99.2
99.6
99.3
99.4
99.6
98.9
99.9
100.8
100.5
100.1
99.6
99.5

100.0
91.8
100.9
99.3
98.4
98.7
m i
103.1
100.9
102.2
104.7
104.6
108.0
103.1
114.2
118.1
119.9
125.9
118.7

P A C K E R S , F e m a le .

[Data for employees from 3 establishments 1890-1903. Data for hours and wages from 3 establishments
1890-1899; 4, 1900-1903. Data from 13 establishments 1904; 17, 1905; 19, 1906; 22, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................

100.0
61.5
92.3
107.7
130.8
115.4
115.4
61.5
100.0
92.3




100.0
101.7
99.7
99.2
98.6
99.0
99.0
101.7
99.4
99.7

100.0
109.1
107.7
109.1
96.6
89.3
88.2
102.1
96.4
102.0

1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

84 6
115.4
100.0
138.5
123.1
123.8
144.6
120.9
127.4

102.1
106.6
106.7
106.1
107.0
106.2
105.9
105.4
105.5

99.6
80.1
116.8
103.5
86.0
93.8
942
98.4
104.8

123

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907,
T able

II.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

TO BACCO , C IG A R S —Concluded.
S T E M M E R S, F e m a le .

S T E M M E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 3 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 4 estab
lishments 1890-1897, 1899; 3, 1898, 1900-1903.
Data from 5 establishments 1904; 13, 1905, 1906;
17,1907.]

[Data for employees from 13 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 14 estab
lishments 1890,1894-1896, 1898-1903; 13,1891-1893,
1897. Data from 33 establishments 1904; 46,
1905; 49,1906; 52,1907.]

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890.......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

100.0
52.1
75.5
109.6
144.7
104.3
124.5
120.2
56.4
91.5
121.3
114 9
60.6
72.3
73.4
48.3
47.5
50.7
51.8

100.0
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.9
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
97.3
95.0
96.4
96.6

100.0
106.6
103.0
95.5
89.4
95.8
91.9
94.2
109.4
108.9
105.8
118.7
121.8
112.3
141.8
126.2
138.9
143.2
149.1

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
91.0
102.5
93.4
94.8
104.3
106.1
92.1
100.2
103.6
112.0
97.3
98.2
105.0
100.9
107.8
116.1
120.5
122.9

100.0
100.9
99.8
100.2
98.5
99.9
99.3
99.9
99.8
100.7
101.0
99.8
99.3
100.0
101.0
101.4
100.9
100.1
99.9

100.0
90.2
88.6
97.3
94 4
100.7
97.2
103.0
112.9
109.8
105.8
105.5
120.0
117.0
120.4
125.1
124.1
130.8
133.0

W OOLEN A N D W O R STED G O O DS.
B U R L E R S ; F e m a le .

C A R D E R S , M a le .

[Data from 10 establishments 1890-1903; 13, 1904;
25, 1905; 26, 1906; 29,1907.]

[Data from 13 establishments 1890-1903; 14, 1904;
24, 1905-1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

Average

100.0
100.0
107.0
108.0
104.3
78.6
94.1
89.3
100.5
108.0
112.3
120.9
155.6
164.2
175.4
184.9
179.1
191.7
257.7

100.0
m i
103.1
102.8
99.5
92.8
101.7
101.6
92.4
101.7
101.2
101.4
101.5
100.1
99.6
98.1
98.9
98.6
97.9
CARD

100.0
93.3
93.7
97.5
100.5
99.2
99.6
107.9
100.4
102.9
105.5
111.3
108.3
113.3
119.4
118.7
124.4
129.5
136.7

1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907

..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

100.0
97.4
103.1
110.8
95.4
99.0
106.2
103.1
102.1
94.4
88.2
99.0
115.9
115.4
135.9
125.5
122.0
113.8
114 9

100.0
101.9
101.8
101.8
100.5
100.5
100.4
100.5
91.8
100.4
100.3
100.2
100.3
99.9
99.5
98.6
100.0
100.0
99.6

100.0
99.1
99.6
101.7
103.4
98.5
97.7
98.1
101.7
99.8
100.0
110.9
106.2
106.7
109.4
115.0
116.8
121.0
128.7

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.4
98.1
97.1
96.9

106.7
111.4
112.2
116.6
117.6
120.5
121.8
122.6
125.5

S T R I P P E R S , M a le .

[Data from 3 establishments 1890-1903; 8, 1904; 13, 1905, 1906; 15, 1907.]
Average 1890-99...
1890 ..................
1891 ..................
1892 ..................
1893 ..................
1894 ..................
1895 ..................
1896 ..................
1897 ..................
1898 ..................

100.0
92.3
100.0
69.2
76.9
92.3
107.7
100.0
115.4
123.1




100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

100.0
92.4
99.3
103.3
99.5
99.0
96.5
104 0
100.2
98.9

1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
107.7
107.7
846
69.2
70.6
72.6
80.7
76.8

124

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR,

T able

II.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Continued.

W O O L E N A N D W O R S T E D G O O D S —Continued.
C O M B E R S , M a le .

C O M B ER S, F e m a le .

[Data from 1 establishment 1890-1903 ; 2, 1904; 6,
1905, 1906 ; 7, 1907.]

[Data from 4 establishments 1890-1903 ; 5, 1904,
1905, 1907; 4, 1906.]

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
Average 1890-99...

1890..........................
1891..........................
1892..........................
1893..........................
1894..........................
1895..........................
1896..........................
1897..........................
1898..........................
1899..........................
1900..........................
1901..........................
1902..........................
1903..........................
1904..........................
1905..........................
1906..........................
1907..........................

100.0
33.3
122.2
100.0
77.8
77.8
100.0
100.0
155.6
155.6
122.2
144 4
122.2
188.9
244 4
366.6
37a 8
433.8
405.7

100.0
102.4
102.4
102.4
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
’ 99.6
99.3
99.5
9a 4

100.0
95.7
9a 9
95.7
99.5
107.2
94 0
104 6
95.4
95.9
113.3
106.6
107.9
103.8
102.1
93.3
94 8
95.3
96.9

Year.
Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
76.4
96.4
116.4
129.1
85.5
89.1
9a 2
101.8
109.1
100.0
109.1
116.4
110.9
116.4
126.5
156.9
isa 5
169.7

100.0
100.5
100.5
100.5
99.4
99.9
100.0
99.9
99.8
99.8
99.8
99.9
99.8
9a 3
9a 4
98.0
97.4
97.0
96.3

100.0
9a 3
9a 8
9a 5
101.3
9a 4
96.3
103.1
102.9
104 0
io a 3
110.3
111.1
112.6
110.4
105.8
101.7
105.4
106.5

D Y E R S , M a le .

L O O M F I X E R S , M a le .

[Data from 13 establishments 1890-1903; 15, 1904;
24, 1905, 1906 ; 25, 1907.]

[Data from 15 establishments 1890-1903; 16, 1904;
26, 1905, 1906 ; 29, 1907.]

Average 1890-99..
1890......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
93.8
90.7
107.3
100.0
97.9
106.7
9a 4
107.8
100.5
94 3
95.9
101.6
105.7
106.7
107.9
110.4
112.0
115.4




100.0
99.5
99.6
99.5
oa 4
101 8
101.4
100.4
97.8
100.7
100.8
100.5
100.6
99.1
99.6
98.9
99.9
99.8
9a 9

100.0
100.2
101.5
100.7
io a i
95.5
96.5
98.5
99.4
101.4
102.6
109.3
106.8
io a 4
108.2
108.9
109.3
114 8
122.3

100.0
100.0
96.7
101.3
96.1
90.1
93.4
9a 7
103.3
111.2
106.6
117.8
111.8
115.1
114 5
112.5
12a 1
120.1
125.1

100.0
100.5
100.4
100.3
99.9
97.1
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.2
100.4
100.3
100.3
99.1
99.0
98.2
9a 8
9a 5
97.8

100.0
9&3
98.2
100.2
102.0
96.4
96.7
101.2
102.0
102.0
102.8
112.5
112.2
114 0
115.9
112.7
114 5
122.7
12a 9

125

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T a ble

II.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
OCCUPATIONS— Concluded.

W OOLEN A N D W O R ST E D G O O D S—Concluded.
S P IN N E R S , F R A M E , F e m a l e .

S P IN N E R S , M U L E , M a le .

[Data from 3 establishments 1890-1903; 4, 1904; 8,
1905, 1906; 9, 1907.]
Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1898......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

100.0
73.7
81.8
lia 7
100.0
106.7
105.7
94 3
107.2
118.7
94 7
110.5
119.1
146.9
173.7
142.6
130.9
155.0
153.3

100.0
100.9
100.9
100.9
99.6
99.8
99.8
99.7
99.6
99.5
99.3
99.2
99.4
97.7
98.0
98.0
97.9
97.9
96.8

100.0
96.7
97.6
9& 4
103.5
94 2
95.1
101.1
102.5
104 4
106.5
nao
115.4
122.8
123.2
120.2
121.6
125.6
139.8

W E A V E R S , M a le .

[Data for employees from 9 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 9 estab
lishments 1890-1892; 10, 1893-1896; 11, 1897-1903.
Data from 14 establishments 1904; 22, 1905,
1906 ; 23,1907.]
Year.
Average 1890-99..

1890........................
1891........................
1892........................
1893........................
1894........................
1895........................
1896........................
1897........................
1898........................
1899........................
1900........................
1901........................
1902........................
1903........................
1904........................
1905........................
1906........................
1907........................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
100.0
99.3
104 8
97.9
90.4
84 9
105.5
102.7
102.1
110.3
101.4
107.5
105.5
139.0
150.0
148.9
145.8
124 7
133.0

100.0
102.7
102.7
102.6
99.2
90.4
101.6
101.6
94 6
101.6
102.9
101.8
101.7
100.9
100.4
98.8
9a 6
98.7

98.5

100.0
96.6
95.5
93.9
101.5
9a 1
96.2
103.7
104 2
111.1
99.0
115.6
114 3
114 0
124 8
125.9
131.1
140.6
143.3

W E A V E R S , F e m a le .

[Data for employees from 9 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 10 estab
lishments 1890-1900; 11, 1901-1903. Data from
17 establishments 1904; 26, 1905 ; 27,1906, 1907.]

[Data for employees from 9 establishments 18901903. Data for hours and wages from 10 estab
lishments 1890-1895,1901-1903; 9,1896-1900. Data
from 17 establishments 1904; 27, 1905-1907.]

Average 1890-99...
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1?02......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

Average 1890-99..
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899................... •.
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

100.0
92.1
9a 8
103.9
93.6
80.9
96.7
103.0
113.6
115.7
101.1
13a 4
142.8
139.3
171.7
162.2
163.2
144 3
168.2

100.0
100.6
100.6
100.6
99.5
99.7
99.7
99.8
99.7
99.8
99.8
99.6
99.6
9a 7
9a 4
9a i
9a 5
98.3
97.9

49979—No. 77—08---9




100.0
101.6
102.2
103.8
109.7
92.8
94 9
94 7
9a 0
101.1
100.9
111.7
113.6
120.4
124 7
116.6
123.8
136.0
142.1

100.0
106.4
112.7
96.1
107.2
100.5
92.9
93.5
92.5
105.2
93.4
105.0
107.0
106.4
io a 2
106.5
117.2
115.7
105.1

100.0
101.0
101.0
101.0
99.5
99.6
99.6
99.7
99.7
99.4
99.4
99.4
99.4
9a 2
9a 2
97.1
9a 0
9a o
97.8

100.0
100.4
99.1
100.8
106.7
94 3
93.8
96.7
100.7
104 6
102.4
109.8
112.5
112.5
115.9
113.4
117.1
126. 4
137.1

126

BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOB.

T able H I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
INDUSTRIES.
[Average 1890-1899=100.0. For explanation of relative figures, see page 22.]
A G R I C U L T U R A L IM P L E M E N T S .

Year.
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902.....................
1903...................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907.....................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
86.2
88.2
95.1
105.1
95.8
98.1
94.5
95.3
120.9
120.6
130.7
105.9
115.8
124.8
108.5
123.7
133.3
130.5

100.3
100.3
100.3
100.3
99.2
100.3
99.9
99.0
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.2
99.4
97.3
97.1
96.6
96.3

B L A O K S M 1T H IN 6 AN D
S H O E IN G .
1890..........................
1891..........................
1892..........................
1893..........................
1894..........................
1895..........................
1896..........................
1897..........................
1898..........................
1899..........................
1900..........................
1901..........................
1902..........................
1903..........................
1904..........................
1905..........................
1906..........................
1907..........................

101.8
100.9
102.5
101.1
98.7
96.6
98.7
97.9
101.1
101.3
102.4
105.1
101.5
101.9
100.3
101.9
, 105.6
105.5

97.1
100.8
101.6
102.5
97.3
96.4
102.0
99.4
101.0
101.8
105.8
107.6
112.8
117.2
122.5
124.4
129.3
130.9

HORSE

101.1
101.1
101.0
100.2
99.7
99.6
99.5
99.4
99.3
99.0
98.4
97.7
97.0
96.4
95.5
95.2
94.6
94.1

98.9
98.7
98.8
99.2
99.1
99.1
99.9
100.9
102.2
102.9
104.5
106.6
108.6
112.2
114.8
116.2
119.9
126.4

B R IC K .

1890.......................
1891.......................
1892......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906......................
1907......................

98.6
97.6
99.7
100.2
98.7
97.9
100.4
100.9
101.5
104.1
102.7
104.6
108.5
109.9
110.1
110.5
111.2
109.2




BAK ER Y, BREAD.

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
19C6.....................
1907.....................

93.3
94.6
96.1
96.0
97.2
100.2
102.1
102.6
107.9
109.8
114.0
121.0
130.4
133.7
142.6
148.1
155.6
159.6

99.9
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.1
100.0
100.0
99.9
100.1
100.2
99.9
100.0
99.9
99.3
98.6
98.8
98.7
98.5

101.0
101.3
102.7
101.8
99.1
98.5
97.1
97.4
100.1
101.1
103.1
105.1
110.1
112.2
112.8
113.8
119.1
122.7

99.3
99.9
100.3
100.2
98.4
98.7
99.6
99.8
100.6
103.1
106.6
108.8
113.9
118.9
121.1
123.5
127.4
128.9

BOOTS A N D SH O ES.

1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
19T6.....................
1907..................
B U I L D IN G

.

100.8
100.8
100.9
100.5
100.4
99.9
99.6
100.2
99.1
97.8
96.9
96.3
95.8
93.9
93.6
92.5
91.8
91.6

1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
19C6.....................
1907.....................

77.2
80.0
86.4
97.1
99.0
103.2
110.5
111.3
111.3
118.4
123.2
127.7
124.0
130.4
143.8
155.4
170.2
168.4

100.2
100.8
100.5
100.1
99.9
99.9
99.8
99.7
99.6
99.5
99.0
99.2
98.0
96.6
96.9
96.8
66.3
96.0

97.9
96.2
98.2
100.5
99.5
100.6
ICO. 7
102.5
101.8
102.3
105.3
105.2
108.8
115.6
117.1
118.4
120.4
124.3

TRADES.

96.5
100.0
106.8
101.7
90.2
92.4
99.2
99.7
104.1
109.8
113.6
119.8
126.1
123.2122.5
128.0
140.0
137.4

102.5
101.8
100.7
100.5
100.7
100.3
99.2
98.6
98.1
97.5
95.5
94.4
92.6
91.8
91.3
91.2
90.9
90.6

97.0
97.9
99.9
100.0
97.6
98.4
99.9
101.3
102.8
105.3
1C9.9
114.5
121.1
126.8
129.7
132.2
140.2
144.6

127

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T a b l e III.—
RELATIVE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, BY
INDUSTRIES—Continued.
[Average 1890-1899=100.0.]

CANDY.
Year.
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898.......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906......................
1907.......................

C A R PETS.

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.
112.7
108.9
103.2
104 2
95.7
95.8
94.8
99.2
89.6
92.9
96.6
91.2
91.9
103.1
107.6
113.4
114.7
125.0

99.3
99.3
100.0
100.0
99.9
100.3
100.3
100.3
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.3
100.3
100.2
100.3
100.1
100.2
100.0

102.3
103.3
99.8
98.2
98.8
98.9
100.0
98.1
100.5
100.7
99.0
109.5
108.5
109.3
112.2
114.3
118.9
124.4

C A R R IA G E S A N D W AG O NS.
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902.......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

95.5
98.6
102.9
103.4
95.7
97.2
92.8
97.8
104.6
111.0
112.7
121.4
115.2
116.2
112.9
117.9
126.0
126.4

100.4
100.6
100.4
100.1
99.5
100.0
99.7
99.8
100.3
99.2
99.2
99.5
99.7
98.4
98.3
96.9
96.5
96.0

94.8
95.6
99.6
99.0
97.0
97.7
97.1
99.6
102.5
105.9
112.2
114.9
121.7
126.9
129.4
143.7
152.5
154.5




100.3
100.3
100.3
100.1
100.1
100.0
99.8
99.7
99.7
99.8
99.0
98.0
97.6
97.3
96.9
96.9
96.7
96.7

1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907........

104.2
100.5
100.6
105.5
87.0
101.8
102.6
93.1
96.9
106.4
111.5
115.2
119.4
122.5
129.9
128.1
109.5
110.2

101.2
101.2
100.4
99.5
99.6
99.5
99.5
99.6
99.6
99.6
99.7
99.6
99.6
99.3
98.3
98.4
98.1
98.6

99.6
97.9
100.0
99.8
95.3
97.2
101.9
101.8
103.0
103.7
104.1
108.1
105.4
111.3
108.1
111.7
113.9
117.1

CA R S, ST E A M R A IL R O A D .
100.0
99.4
100.4
99.7
99.2
98.1
100.7
100.2
100.1
102.3
102.2

101. e
103.4
107.6
108.9
111.6
115.8
118.3

CLOTHING, F A C T O R Y P R O D U C T .
1890......................
1891.......................
1892......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898.......................
1899......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907.......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.

99.5
99.7
99.6
100.0
97.2
98.7
99.9
100.4
101.9
103.2
103.0
106.7
103.1
105.9
110.0

111.2
115.4
115.8

1890.....................
1891.....................
1892..............
1893.............
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896'....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899..
1900.....................
1901
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905
1906
1907.....................

101.0
102:2
103.9
107.3
85.8
88.6
96.6
94.5
107.3
111.9
118.7
123.8
128.9
136.5
137.6
145.1
161.5
164.8

101.6
101.1
101.6
101.2
97.1
98.9
98.8
98.0
100.8
101.1
101.4
100.6
100.6
98.1
96.8
96.2
95.9
95.9

102.9
102. 4
101.5
104.0
97.8
97.8
97.6
98.2
98.0
99.8
100.7
101.7
105.7
111.5
116.2
114.9
118.5
124.4

COTTON GOODS.
1890...............
1891.. ..
1892 .
1893.....................
1894 .............
1895....................
1896 .
1897.....................
1898
1899.....................
1900
1901..
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907 .............

87.7
98.3
95.8
98.2
96.1
94.9
98.8
104.6
112.5
112.1
115.5
109.0
117.2
107.2
105.3
104.9
117.5
122.3

99.9
100.7
101.2
99.9
98.6
100.0
99.5
99.4
100.3
100.4
100.2
100.0
99.2
99.0
99.1
99.1
98.3
96.8

102.8
98.9
100.3
103.6
96.9
96.9
104.9
101.2
97.4
97.3
109.2
110. 4
116.2
123.2
119.7
125.5
139. 5
157. 5

128

BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOR,

T able

III.— RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
INDUSTRIES— Continued.
[Average 1890-1899=100.0.]

D Y E IN G , F IN IS H IN G , A N D P R IN T IN G
T E X T IL E S .
Belative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.

97.3
98.9
99.5
100.4
92.7
95.5
98.7
104.4

1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.

102.2
110.9
112.6

117.6
126.2
128.1
126.8
143.4
145.0
147.7

101.7
101.7

101.1

99.5
98.9
99.5
99.5
98.9
99.6
99.6
99.6
99.6
99.6
99.6
99.9

100.1
99.7
99.3

98.6
97.5
99.4
100.7
99.4
99.6

101.1
101.0
101.5
101.2
103.3
103.5
104.3
105.0
105.6
106.0
108.0
111.3

FLO UR.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.

90.3
89.4
91.6
96.1
92.8
92.4
106.5
107.1
117.2
117.7
118.7

120.6

123.4
124.0
124.0
130.2
134.2
136.8

E L E C T R IC A L A P P A R A T U S A N D
S U P P L IE S .
Year.
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899............. .
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

93.7
95.3
101.4
98.5
95.2
96.1
99.0
102.8
104.5
113.4
110.0
113.5
119.8
117.2
116.3
120.7
126.3
119.9




54.7
55.1
57.1
65.6
79.3
100.6
130.1
137.1
132.5
169.4
203.4
213.2
231.9
249.7
226.1
295.9
425.5
458.9

100.0
100.0
100.1
100.1
100.4
100.4
99.6
99.9
99.7
99.9
100.1
94.1
94.1
94.1
94.1
94.0
94.0
93.3

98.6
98.7
98.2
97.7
95.7
97.3
99.7
103.0
105.8
105.5
102.6
107.8
107.3
110.8
110.2
110.8
122.0
122.6

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E SH O P.
100.3

100.1
100.1
100.1

100.3
100.3
99.9

100.1

99.5
99.4
99.3
99.3
98.1
97.7
97.5
97.8
97.6
96.7

99.4
100.3
100.3
99.7
98.7
98.5
99.8
100.1

101.5

101.8

103.3
107.6
110.4

111.2

111.4

111.0

112.5
116.0

1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

F U R N IT U R E .
1890..........................
1891..........................
1892..........................
1893..........................
1894..........................
1895..........................
1896..........................
1897..........................
1898..........................
1899..........................
1900..........................
1901..........................
1902..........................
1903..........................
1904..........................
1905..........................
1906..........................
1907..........................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

101.8
101.1
94.5
99.6
87.7
93.2
93.9
93.5
108.1
125.1
126.8
132.0
139.2
149.1
133.2
155.0
168.3
161.9

100.5
100.4
100.2
100.0
99.9
100.1
99.8
99.7
99.9
99.4
99.2
98.1
96.6
95.4
94.6
94.8
94.8
94.6

99.2
100.3
102.7
101.6
98.7
99.1
100.5
99.7
99.0
99.1
101.5
104.7
108.2
112.2
113.9
114.0
117.9
121.4

100.6

99.5
99.0
99.6
100.4

GAS.
101.2
100.4
99.5
100.2
98.3
100.0
100.4
99.9
100.2
100.0
99.7
98.4
97.3
' 97.2
96.3
96.1
95.6
95.7

99.3
101.9
102.5
100.5
99.2
97.0
97.6
100.3
98.7
103.0
103.4
110. 4
117.0
118.2
119.9
122.1
125.6
127.1

1890
. _
1 891......................
1892 .....................
1893
1894 .....................
1895
1896...............
1897 .........
1898
1899
___
1900
1901 . . . .
1902
1903 .....................
1904
. ..
1905
1906........................
1907

110.1
95.4
91.3
84.1
100.5
95.6
93.2
111.0
129.8
91.6
104.0
99.0
121.1

119.4
138.0
141.4
150.2
160.1

100.7

101.0
101.0
101.0

100.7
100.9

100.8

97.3
96.3
94.8
97.4
95.3
96.3
96.2
96.2
96.5
96.1

101.2

99.7

101.0

100.7
98.6
100.3
101.3
96.5
104.9
101.3

101.8
102.0

103.8
107.7

129

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T able

III.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
INDUSTRIES— Continued.
[Average 1890-1899=100.0.]
G LASS.

HARNESS.

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.
1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.......................
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

99.4
108.2
101.6
97.6
93.1
92.8
95.7
95.9
104.9
108.7
110.3
112.6
115.0
116.7
117.8
119.2
121.7
127.6

100.1
99.9
100.0
100.1
99.8
99.9
100.0
100.3
100.0
99.9
100.3
100.0
99.9
99.7
99.6
99.4
98.6
98.6

101.5
100.2
101.3
100.2
99.1
92.6
96.6
98.3
101.2
103.5
107.7
107.5
115.0
120.0
110.3
116.6
122.3
129.4

IR O N A N D

1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.

86.2
94.0
90.9
100.0
103.2
90.1
94.5
101.0
109.5
132.1
147.0
160.9
164.6
168.6
166.9
186.5
184.7
217.4

100.7
100.5
100.5
100.2
100.2
100.1
100.2
100.0
99.4
98.3
98.5
98.7
94.2
92.6
92.9
92.3
92.2
91.6

104.4
100.5
100.0
97.5
99.6
97.8
98.8
100.6
99.8
100.9
102.4
103.0
110.3
113.8
115.7
119.2
125.2
126.4




1890.^..................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

102.7
101.6
101.8
101.4
101.3
100.7
101.0
97.1
96.6
95.9
97.3
98.4
98.8
98.4
97.9
98.1
97.9
97.9

1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

91.0
91.8
94.1
94.2
94.5
99.3
104.3
105.9
110.2
117.6
124.5
128.5
135.7
138.8
137.6
135.8
142.9
136.4
K N IT

81.3
89.3
122.6
116.4
83.7
99.8
93.1
93.1
111.3
107.9
120.8
131.8
121.2
125.6
125.6
167.0
188.5
184.4

100.4
100.4
100.2
100.1
100.0
99.8
99.7
99.8
99.9
99.7
99.8
99.5
99.0
98.0
97.6
97.0
96.6
95.9

100.2
100.6
100.6
101.0
99.0
98.5
98.7
99.5
100.7
101.2
102.0
105.6
108.7
115.8
118.0
118.6
121.6
123.5

GOODS.

101.5
101.5
101.5
100.3
95.0
100.2
100.0
100.1
100.0
100.0
98.9
98.7
98.9
98.4
98.3
98.3
98.2
97.7

106.1
1Q7.3
99.0
102.5
97.7
102.9
99.8
94.7
95.5
94.7
98.0
102.4
108.7
115.5
113.5
120.8
126.4
133.4

IR O N A N D S T E E L , B E S S E M E R CO N 
V E R T IN G .

STEEL, BAR.

99.4
98.4
98.3
105.9
100.2
103.7
93.9
97.7
99.7
101.6
108.9
100.7
104.1
109.2
100.2
103.6
97.0
98.5

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

H O S IE R Y A N D

H ATS, FUR.

1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902.....................
1903. ...
1904......................
1905......................
1906.......................
1907......................

Year.

110.3
104.9
100.0
95.7
90.1
91.7
99.3
98.0
96.3
113.7
118.2
119.7
132.8
136.5
125.6
126.9
135.7
140.4

1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.:..................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

99.5
104.8
101.2
102.3
100.0
100.0
99.0
100.1
99.0
100.1
118.7
113.9
113.9
115.0
116.6
118.3
116.9
119.1

98.3
98.1
101.8
99.2
100.1
100.2
101.1
100.2
101.0
100.2
91.3
94.6
94.6
96.0
91.1
91.2
91.5
90.5

113.3
115.9
112.3
105.5
96.1
97.3
92.5
86.3
88.1
92.8
106.2
113.1
122.6
131.8
114.7
123.3
133.8
132.6

130

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUR EAU OF LABOR.

T able I I I . — RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1S90 TO 1907, B Y
INDUSTRIES— Continued.
[Average 1890-1899=100.0.]
IR O N A N D S T E E L , B L A S T F U R N A C E .

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

Year.
1890......................
1891 ..................
1892 ..................
1893......................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................

94.1
95.1
106.1
99.7
99.8
100.2
98.9
98.3
102.6
104.1
104.1
106.5
104.2
101.7
100.2
104.7
109.0
121.4

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.6
100.6
100.6
100.6

104.4
105.3
107.1
105.2
91.4
96.5
100.1
93.4
93.9
102.8
107.3
108.1
111.2
114.4
109.6
112.6
114.1
119.8

LEATHER.

Year.
1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

M AR BLE AND

1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.

92.8
92.9
94.9
103.2
104.5
102.0
101.2
103.1
101.1
104.5
104.4
115.4
118.1
126.1
127.2
128.2
134.2
143.6

100.8
100.3
100.5
100.5
100.5
100.4
99.8
99.9
98.7
98.8
96.4
94.2
91.0
89.9
89.7
89.5
87.9
87.0

97.7
98.8
98.3
98.8
99.5
100.2
100.5
101.1
m s
102.7
108.0
111.2
117.5
120.3
122.2
124.4
127.8
132.9

STONE W O R K .

103.8
102.5
103.4
102.0
96.3
96.4
94.9
95.7
98.6
106.3
107.0
115.9
116.0
112.3
104.4
106.8
110.3
108.9




101.8
100.9
100.4
100.5
100.6
100.6
99.6
99.2
99.3
97.2
96.9
96.1
95.5
94.0
93.9
94.0
93.7
93.6

81.7
89.9
99.7
83.9
95.5
100.9
90.5
102.9
129.4
127.1
127.9
128.0
117.6
132.5
143.0
147.3
154.1
146.6

99.9
99.9
99.8
99.9
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.2
100.3
100.1
100.1
100.2
100.1
100.1
99.5
99.9
99.9
99.9

102.1
102.5
102.3
100.1
98.3
98.8
98.9
98.5
96.9
99.6
98.1
101.4
104.3
106.3
108.2
108.3
109.2
111.8

100.4
100.2
100.2
99.7
99.7
100.1
100.1
99.9
99.8
99.8
99.5
99.1
98.4
98.3
98.1
98.1
97.1
96.9

102.8
102.4
102.1
101.7
97.8
97.2
97.0
97.4
99.4
102.2
104.4
106.5
109.5
113.3
114.4
117.8
123.7
127.6

LUMBER.

L IQ U O R S , M A L T .

1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894
..............
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901
................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
1905......................
1906 .....................
1907......................

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
employees. week.
hour.

98.5
99.5
100.3
99.7
98.0
97.0
101.0
101.6
101.2
103.2
104.9
109.0
113.5
118.6
118.9
119.3
121.3
125.7

94.2
95.7
96.1
95.6
95.3
96.3
99.1
105.0
107.6
111.3
115.5
118.7
123.6
124.9
127.3
131.3
133.0
130.8

1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................
PAPER

1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

AND

WOOD

92.0
95.4
98.6
100.6
93.4
100.6
103.6
107.3
105.6
102.6
114.9
115.4
118.3
123.5
135.7
136.7
146.4
157.3

PULP.

100.5
100.4
100.4
99.9
100.9
100.7
100.7
100.8
101.2
99.5
99.6
98.6
93.0
92.7
91.1
92.8
93.1
89.8

96.5
98.8
93.6
99.7
98.7
99.2
100.6
99.8
99.3
108.6
108.7
110.9
111.1
118.7
122.3
122.4
121.1
133.3

131

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T able

Ilf.—
RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, B Y
INDUSTRIES— Continued.
[Average 1890-1899=100.0.]
POTTERY.

P L A N IN G M IL L .

Year.

Relative | Relative Relative
number of •hours per wages per
employees, week.
hour.

1890.......................
1891.......................
1892.......................
1893.......................
1894.......................
1895.......................
1896.......................
1897.......................
1898.......................
1899.......................
1900.......................
1901.......................
1902....................... 1
1903.......................
1904.......................
1905.......................
1906.......................
1907.......................

92.4 i
93.4
95.6
94.9
94.9
99.2
101.4
102.2
104.6
115.5
115.5
125.3
128.0
135.4
137.2
146.8
155.3
152.7

101.2
100.4
100.5
100.1
100.6
99.3
99.4
99.7
99.5
99.2
99.3
99.0
98.2
98.0
97.6
97.5
96.4
96.4

99.3
100.8
100.8
100.7
97.7
98.2
98.4
99.5
100.9
103.8
104.9
107.9
110.8
113.6
114.8
116.6
120.6
124.6

P R I N T I N G A N D B IN D IN G , B O O K
A N D JO B.

1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.

97.3
98.5
96.9
96.9
95.0
97.0
98.2
107.0
106.2
112.2
117.0
122.0
123.9
126.6
134.3
139.0
149.8
153.8

101.0
101.0
100.5
100.4
100.1
100.2
100.1
100.2
99.4
97.2
95.1
94.4
93.2
93.1
92.4
92.0
90.7
90.1

97.8
99.6
99.2
100.2
99.6
99.5
100.3
99.2
101.2
103.6
109.3
110.7
114.3
116.1
118.9
120.6
125.9
131.0

86.7
89.7 ;1
93.0
87.0
86.0
101.3
91.2
89.3
122.2
147.6
156.2
159.5
169.5
163.9
164.7
171.7
178.9
177.1




100.8
100.3
100.3
100.1
99.7
100.0
99.9
99.3
99.7
99.8
99.9
98.8
98.2
97.4
96.0
96.4
95.9
95.7

1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

97.5
97.2
97.9
98.7
95.6
101.0
m o
1040
103.8
102.3
102.6
104 2
108.2
110.3
112.5
112.3
117.7
120.9

101.8
104.8
100.8
103.1
101.2
93.3
95.0
98.6
95.4
99.7
102.0
100.7
99.5
103.5
109.9
115.8
118.1
118.0

99.7
99.6
99.7
99.6
99.6
100.0
100.2
100.6
100.6
100.4
100.1
ICO. 3
100.3
99.2
99.6
100.0
99.8
99.8

98.8
99.7
100.1
102.5
99.6
96.4
95.3
99.9
104.9
103.0
99.8
102.4
104.6
107.7
109.6
111.4
112.9
113*8

P R IN T IN G , N E W S P A P E R .

1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................
S IL K

S H IP B U IL D IN G .

1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.

1890.....................
1891.....................
1892.....................
1893.....................
1894.....................
1895.....................
1896.....................
1897.....................
1898.....................
1899.....................
1900.....................
1901.....................
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................

105.4
107.2
116.2
107.4
94.7
88.7
97.0
96.3
91.6
92.1
89.1
90.3
96.7
95.5
92.0
99.0
104.9
108.4

100.2
100.1
100.6
101.3
100.5
100.4
100.2
100.0
99.1
97.9
97.6
97.4
97.1
96.2
95.7
96.2
95.4
94.8

103.0
99.6
98.8
98.0
97.4
96.3
98.6
99.2
102.8
106.1
106.3
106.3
109.3
113.4
114.1
116.1
118.4
122.6

103.0
103.0
102.1
99.0
98.6
98.6
98.8
98.9
99.1
99.0
99.3
99.1
99.0
98.8
97.9
98.0
98.0
97.6

99.7
97.1
99.8
100.5
100.1
101.9
101.3
99.4
99.7
100.4
100.3
99.9
101.9
104.9
106.3
107.0
109.9
116.9

GOODS.

85.2
83.2
91.5
88.7
93.3
104.7
103.2
113.6
117.4
121.7
113.5
122.5
144.9
138.1
130.8
145.7
140.9
148.2

132

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUR EAU OF LABOR.

T able

III.— RELATIVE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907, BY
INDUSTRIES—Concluded.
[Average 1890-1899=100.0.]

S L A U G H T E R IN G A N D
TNG.

1890..........................
1891..........................
1892..........................
1893..........................
1894..........................
1895..........................
1896..........................
1897..........................
1898..........................
1899..........................
1900..........................
1901..........................
1902..........................
1903..........................
1904..........................
1905..........................
1906..........................
1907..........................

1890.
1891.
1892
1893.
1894.

1895.
1896.

1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.

PACK-

ST R E E TS AND S E W E R S , CONTRACT
WORK.

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.

STREETS

M EAT

89.3
90.0
90.5
96.9
99.7
101.8
103 3
106.5
108.9
107.5
107.2
109.1
114.9
115.3
115.0
108.7
111.3
107.9

99.5
99.5
99.5
100.2
100.2
100.3
100.3
100.3
100.2
100.0
100.3
100.3
99.3
99.2
99.2
99.0

(a)

(«)

AND S E W E R S ,
PAL, W O R K .

101.1
100.6

94.6
98.8
115.1
106.1
98.4
104.3
102.3
108.2
106.6

100.9
101.5
100.7

112.0
99.4
93.5

100.1
109.3
116.6
130.7

1890........................
1891........................
1892........................
1893........................
1894........................
1895........................
1896........................
1897........................
1898........................
1899........................
1900........................
1901........................
1902........................
1903...................... .
1904........................
1905........................
1906........................
1907........................

M U N IC I

85.8

86.2

102.2
102.1
102.7
103.4
07.9
97.8
97.6
98.0
98.0
100.2
103.6
103.3
107.1
113.6
114.6
113.5
115.2
116.0

100.0

100.6
100.1

98.7
95.7
93.3
92.6
92.7
91.8
91.1
90.9
91.0
90.5

99.8
99.5
98.3
98.1
100.9
99.7
98.1
98.7
100.9
105.8
110.3

110.6

111.0

111.8
113.8
113.0
114.9

121.6

Relative Relative Relative
number of hours per wages per
hour.
employees. week.

Year.

102.3
121.7
112.3
109.7
107.3
91.1
98.9
85.6
81.4
89.6
99.4
100.1
100.8
103.9
104.2
101.3
102.5
97.5

101.2
101.4
101.3
101.0
101.0
100.6
99.7
97.4
97.5
99.0
98.8
96.5
95.2
95.1
95.1
94.7
93.3
92.7

95.7
98.1
98.2
95.9
97.0
98.5
102.9
103.7
105.2
104.9
107.1
114.9
120.2
124.3
125.3
128.6
139.8
145.7

T O B A C C O , C IG A R S .

1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895.
1896.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901.
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907

76.0
85.2
90.3
100.5
103.5
109.9
95.2
107.4
107.7
119.9
93.9
106.1
116.0
118.8
118.1
123.5
116.6
116.6

100.1
99.6
99.2
99.7
99.9
99.8
100.4

100.0
100.3

101.0
99.8

100.3

100.6
99.6
100.0
99.0
97.2
98.6
102.4

101.1
101.3

100.8

100.6

112.5

100.1

99.7
99.5

116.9
119.0
120.9
131.1
132.4

100.3
100.1
100.2
99.3
99.3
98.4
98.8
98.6
98.0

103.7
110.4
110.6
113.5
115.2
116.4
118.3
124.0
131.9

100.9
101.4
100.4

110.0

W O O L E N A N D W O R S T E D GOODS.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896
1897

91.8
103.5
104.3
96.2
90.8
100.5
97.2
106.5
109.7




101.0
101.0
101.0
99.6
98.2
100.3
100.2
98.1
100.2

98.1
99.1
99.6
101.5
97.2
96.8
100.9
100.2
102.5

1899........................
1900........................
1901........................
1902........................
1903........................
1904........................
1905........................
1906........................
1907...................... ,

a Hours not reported.

100.0
109.4
112.1
121.3
134.1
138.3
137.7
142.5
166.5

133

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T

able

IV___ AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN

SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES.

BAKERY, BREAD.
B A K E R S , M a le .

Locality.

Albany, N. Y ............................
Atlanta, Ga..............................
Baltimore, Md..........................
Birmingham, Ala.....................
Boston^ Mass...........................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Butte, Mont.......................... .
Charleston, S. C.......................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Dallas, Tex...............................
Denver, Colo.............................
Des Moines, Iowa.....................
Detroit, Mich............................
Dubuque, Iow a........................
Duluth, Minn...........................
Fall River, Mass......................
Grand Rapids, Mich................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
Jacksonville, F la......................
jersey City, N. J ......................
Kansas City, M o......................
Little Rock, Ark......................
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
Louisville, K y..........................
Manchester, N. H ................... •
Memphis, Tenn.........................
Milwaukee, W is........................
Minneapolis, Minn....................
Montgomery, A la.....................
Nashville, Tenn........................
Newark, N. J ............................
New Haven, Conn....................
"NTftw Orleans, L a .........................

New York, N. Y .(« ).................
Norfolk, Va..............................
Omaha, Nebr...........................
Peoria, 111.................................
Philadelphia, P a......................
Pittsburg, Pa.(&).....................
Portland, Me............................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Providence, R. I ......................
Richmond, Y a..........................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
St. Louis, Mo...........................
St. Paul, Minn..........................
Salt Lake City, U tah ...............
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Scranton, P a ............................
Seattle, W ash..........................
Sioux Falls, S. Dak..................
Syracuse, N. Y .........................
Tacoma, W ash.........................
Tampa, F la ..............................
Terre Haute, Ind.....................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Topeka, K ans...........................
Trenton, N. J ...........................
Washington, D. C....................
Wheeling, W. V a......................
Wilkes-Barre, P a.....................
Wilmington, Del......................
Worcester, M ass.. ..................

Number
of establishments.
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
3
6
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

a Greater New York.




Number of
employees.
1906.
10
11
25
11
80
54
14
9
132
77
64
9
35
6
51
12
15
8
17
57
14
32
22
9
34
12
9
6
17
37
19
18
12
85
27
41
344
21
8
13
212
111
22
13
9
30
33
93
46
13
16
73
14
12
6
12
9
15
23
15
16
20
50
16
9
15
15

Average hours per Average1wages per
week
ho ur.

1907.
10
15
35
12
66
58
14
9
129
77
73
9
38
6
52
10
13
8
17
66
13
33
22
9
26
12
10
6
18
46
18
18
9
85
27
41
329
26
8
9
237
124
22
15
9
30
34
91
42
21
17
71
13
13
6
21
8
15
20
14
16
20
56
18
9
15
18

1906.
60.00
60.00
60.40
60.00
60.00
58.78
62.00
61.67
54.00
60.78
58.75
60.00
57.00
60.00
54.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
63.43
60.00
55.64
76.67
60.00
60.00
54.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
80.00
60.50
60.00
60.00
73.24
60.00
60.00
60.00
55.85
67.79
60.00
58.36
60.00
60.00
52.80
60.00
54.00
60.00
60.00
61.69
59.75
61.29
60.00
72.00
60.00
61.33
68.40
60.00
54.00
60.00
50.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
61.20
60.00

1907.
60.00
60.00
60.29
60.00
60.00
59.17
48.00
61.67
54.00
60.78
58.90
60.00
57.00
60.00
54.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
63.69
60.00
55.64
76.67
60.00
60.00
54 00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
80.00
60.67
60.00
60.00
69.78
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
67.73
60.00
58.36
60.00
60.00
52.80
CO. 00
5 400
60.00
60.00
60.59
59.66
61.23
60.00
72.00
60.00
60.00
68.40
60.00
54.00
60.00
50.00
57.64
60.00
60.00
61.20
60.00

&Including Allegheny.

1906.
$0.2300
.1901
.2261
.2000
.2508
.2391
.3721
.1773
.3025
.2123
.2415
.2500
.2757
.2778
.2651
.2445
.2467
.2396
.2412
.2406
.1968
.2617
.2792
.2068
.3000
.2389
.3004
.2361
.2696
.2128
.2557
.1414
.2121
.2663
.2364
.1929
.2762
.2477
.2375
.2308
.2154
.2396
.2445
.3392
.2537
.2097
.2323.
.2787
.2576
.3064
.2309
.3603
.2093
.3250
.1713
.2500
.3262
.1890
.2348
.2877
.2396
.2744
.2815
.2271
.2389
.2331
.2622

1907.
$0.2383
.1800
.2187
.2153
.2560
.2559
.5655
.1809
.3029
.2124
.2460
.2509
.2895
.2875
.2707
.2533
.2500
.2396
.2412
.2374
.1547
.2639
.2792
.2180
.3000
.2459
.3056
.2361
.2731
.2188
.2699
. i398
.2236
.2663
.2235
.2027
.2787
.2647
.2375
.2241
.2126
.2438
.2468
.3545
.2537
.2751
.2334
.2784
.2595
.3095
.2384
.3634
.2200
.3481
.1713
.2436
.3490
.1890
.2383
'.2871
.2427
.2744
.3078
.2315
.2574
.2381
.2556

134
T able

BULLETIN" OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR,

IT .—AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

B L A C K S M I T H I N G A N D H O R S E S H O E IN G .
F L O O R M E N , M a le .

Locality.

Albany, N. Y ............................
Atlanta, Ga..............................
Baltimore, Md..........................
Birmingham, Ala.....................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Butte, Mont.............................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Denver, Colo.............................
Des Moines, Iowa.....................
Detroit, Mich............................
Dubuque, Iowa........................
Duluth, Minn...........................
Fall River, Mass......................
Grand Rapids, Mich................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
Jacksonville, F la......................
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
Louisville, K y..........................
Lynn, Mass...............................
Manchester, N. II.....................
Memphis, Tenn.........................
Milwaukee, Wis........................
Minneapolis, Minn...................
Montgomery, Ala.....................
New Haven, Conn....................
New Orleans, L a......................
New York, N. Y .(« ).................
Norfolk, V a..............................
Omaha, Nebr...........................
Philadelphia, P a.......................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Providence, R. I .......................
Richmond, V a..........................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
St. Louis, Mo............................
St. Paul, Minn..........................
Salt Lake City, U tah ...............
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Seattle, W ash...........................
Syracuse, N. Y .........................
Tacoma, W ash.........................
Terre Haute, Ind.....................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Washington, D. C....................
Wilmington, Del......................
Worcester, Mass......................

Number
of estab
lish
ments.
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
4
4
2

3
6
2
2
5
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2

Number of
employees.
1906.
5
6
4
5
13
6
3
9
9
3
5
3
4
3
3
3
6
5
4
7
3
5
3
6
5
7
9
7
4
17
8
5
15
4
4
5
4
47
3
2
3
6
4
6
4
4
7
8
2
5

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.
5
4
4
5
13
5
3
9
9
3
6
3
4
2
3
3
6
5
4
6
3
5
3
4
5
8
8
6
4
20
8
5
18
4
4
5
5
45
3
2
3
6
4
6
4
4
7
8
2
5

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

54.00
60.00
53.00
53.80
53.00
53.00
47.00
53.00
53.00
53.33
53.40
54.00
53.75
59.00
54.00
55.33
59.00
53.00
54.00
54.00
56.00
53.00
54.00
53.00
57.00
59.00
54.00
5 3 . 7i
53.00
53.00
53.00
56.40
53.00
53.00
53.00
59.20
54.00
53.00
53.00
54.00
60.00
53.00
54.00
53.67
54.00
54.00
55.00
53.00
56.00
54.00

53.00
60.00
53.00
53.80
53.00
53.00
47.00
53.00
53.00
53.33
53.33
54.00
53.50
59.00
53.00
53.67
57.33
53.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
53.00
54.00
53.00
57.00
59.00
54.00

$0.2778
.2650
.2784
.3346
.3121
.3113
.5213
.3679
.3742
.3188
.3932
.2778
.2937
.2797
.3704
.2542
.2585
.3396
.2222
.3338
.2778
.2830
.2500
.3396
.2484
.2785
.2099

$0.3019
.2813
.2784
.3459
.3585
.3113
.6383
.3962
.3742
-.3562
.3937
.2778
.3226
.2797
.4151
.2607
.2930
.3736
.2292
.3333
.2871
.2830
.2500
.3962
.2558
.3083
.2546

53.00
53.00
53.00
56.40
53.00
53.00
53.00
59.20
54. CO
53.00
53.00
54.00
60.00
53.00
54.00
53.67
54.00
54. CO
55.00
53.00
56.00
53.00

.2901
.3862
.3325
.3200
.3264
.3608
.2759
.2138
.3056
.3384
.3302
.3364
.1833
.5660
.3611
.3077
.3403
.2778
.2970
.3325
.2667
.2778

.2901
.3933
.3325
.3200
.3585
.3679
.2547
.2205
.3000
.3383
.3962
.3645
.1750
.5660
.3959
.3262
.3889
.2778
.3271
.3396
.2667
.2830

54.00
60.00
53.00
53.75
53.00
53.00
47.00
53.00
53.00
53.50
53.33
54.00
53.60
59.00
56.00
59.00
53.00

53.00
60.00
53.00
53.60
53.00
53.00
47.00
53.00
53.00
53.50
53.33
54.00
53.40
55.67
53.50
55.67
53.00

$0.3333
.3063
.2768
.3907
.3482
.3639
.5745
.4151
. 4245
.3716
.3937
.3333
.3580
.3051
.3033
.3136
.3396

$0.3396
.3000
.2768
.3974
.3654
.3639
.6383
,4471
.4245
.4348
.3937
.3611
.3933
.3051
.3180
.3324
.3538

5 3 .6 7

.2 7 9 3

.2 7 9 5

F O R G E M E N , M a le .

Albany, N. Y ..........
Atlanta, Ga
Baltimore, Md........
Birmingham, A la ...
Boston, Mass..........
Buffalo, N. Y ..........
Butte, Mont............
Chicago, 111..............
Cincinnati, Ohio___
Cleveland, Ohio.......
Denver, Colo...........
Des Moines, Iow a...
Detroit, Mich..........
Dubuque, Iow a.......
Fall River, Mass__
Grand Rapids, Mich
Indianapolis, In d ...




2
2
2
2
4
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3

4
4
3
4
11
7
2
10
8
2
3
3
5
3
2
3
4

4
4
3
5
11
7
2
10
8
2
3
2
5
3
2
3
4

a Greater New York.

135

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOB, 1890 TO 1907.
T

able

I V .—

AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

B L A C K S M I T H I N G A N D H O R S E S H O E I N G —Concluded.
F O R Q E M E N , M a l e — Concluded.

Locality.

Jacksonville, F la......................
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
Louisville, K y..........................
Lynn, Mass...............................
Manchester, N. H .....................
Memphis, Tenn.........................
Milwaukee, Wis........................
Minneapolis, Minn....................
Montgomery, Ala.....................
New Haven, Conn....................
New Orleans, L a......................
New York, N .Y .(« ).................
Norfolk, V a...............................
Omaha, Nebr............................
Philadelphia, P a......................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Providence, R. I .......................
Richmond, V a..........................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
St. Louis, Mo............................
St Paul, Minn..........................
Salt Lake City, U tah...............
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Seattle, W ash...........................
Syracuse, N. Y .........................
Tacoma, W ash.........................
Terre Haute, Ind.....................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Washington, D. C....................
Wilmington, Del.......................
Worcester, Mass.......................

Number
of estab
lish
ments.
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
4
2
3
6
2
2
5
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2

Average hours per Average wages per
hour.
week.

Number of
employees.
1906.
3
3
5
5
4
6
3
4
5
7
3
16
6
6
14
2
2
4
2
18
3
2
3
5
4
2
2
4
7
2
2
5

1907.

1906.

3
3
4
5
4
5
3
4
5
6
3
15
6
6
14
2
2
4
2
18
3
2
3
5
4
2
2
4
8
2
2
5

54.00
54.00
56.40
53.00
54.00
53.00
57.33.
59.00
54.00
53.71
53.00
53.00
53.00
57.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
59.25
54.00
53.00
53.00
54.00
60.00
53.00
54.00
53.50
54.00
54.00
56.00
53.00
56.00
54.00

1907.

1906.

1907.

54.00
54.00
54.00
53.00
54.00
53.00
57.33
59.00
54.00
53.67
53.00
53.00
53.00
57.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
59.25
54.00
53.00
53.00
54.00
60.00
53.00
54.00
53.50
54.00
54.00
55.63
53.00
56.00
53.00

$0.3055
.3889
.3169
.3208
.2778
.3962
.3353
.3051
.3000
.3351
.3585
.4422
.3962
.3695
.3598
.4245
.3208
.2601
.3333
.3931
.3490
.3645
.2500
.5773
.4028
.3648
.3797
.3333
.3264
.3727
.2844
.3278

$0.3055
.4074
.3449
.3208
.2778
.3962
.3353
.3369
.3555
.3354
.3585
.4443
.3962
.3695
.4083
.4623
.3113
.2601
.3333
.3931
.4528
.3645
.2583
.5773
.4514
.3926
.4246
.3333
.3564
.3585
.3200
.3339

47.53
54.25
54.00
48.00
49.03
47.63
48.00
48.00
53.00
45.33
45.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
44.00
45.36
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.92

$0.4943
.4622
.3988
.6365
.6036
.5891
.5500
.8047
.3916
.6265
.6214
.6000
.7242
.7031
.6008
.5720
.5719
.5000
.5000
.5671
.7500
.6000
.5000
.6500
.6250
.7500
.6000
.5500
.5000
.6875
.5606
.5983

$0.5794
.4449
.3939
.6250
.6121
.5967
.5500
.8750
.39®
.6270
.6280
.6000
.7500
.7500
.6293
.6004
.6000
.5250
.5500
.6025
.7500
.6500
.5000
.6500
.6583
.7500
.6076
.5500
.5000
.7000
.6044
.5914

B U IL D IN G T R A D E S .
B R IC K L A Y E R S , M a le .

Albany, N. Y ............................
Atlanta, Ga..............................
Augusta, Ga.............................
Baltimore, Md..........................
Birmingham, Ala.....................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Butte, Mont.............................
Charleston, S. C........................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Dallas, Tex...............................
Denver, Colo.............................
Des Moines, Iowa.....................
Detroit, Mich............................
Dubuque, Iow a........................
Fall River, Mass......................
Grand Rapids, Mich................
Hartford, Conn........................
Houston, Tex...........................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
Jacksonville, F la......................
Jersey City, N. J ......................
Kansas City, Mo......................
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
Louisville, K y..........................
Lynn, Mass..............................
Manchester, N. H .....................
Memphis, Tenn........................
Milwaukee, Wis........................
Minneapolis, Minn....................




3
3
3
3
3
7
4
2
3
4
4
6
2
3
3
4
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
4
6

35
37
43
120
21
110
87
16
22
484
144
152
31
36
33
154
12
18
30
41
21
51
42
59
24
31
60
20
12
24
73
172

34
24
33
76
35
107 .
80
11
22
309
142
187
22
30
29
178
11
17
18
51
28
66
36
63
27
39
66
20
10
37
57
111

« Greater New York.

48.00
56.03
54.00
48.00
49.71
47.67
48.00
48.00
53.64
45.24
45.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
44.00
45.47
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.52

136

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUR EAU OF LABOR.

T able I V

.—AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

B U I L D I N G T R A D E S —Continued.
B R IC K L A Y E R S , M a le — Concluded.

Locality.

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

Mobile, Ala...............
Montgomery, Ala__
Nashville, Tenn........
Newark, N. J ............
New Haven, Conn...
New Orleans, La____
New York, N. Y. (a).
Norfolk, Va...............
Omaha, Nebr............
Peoria, 111..................
Philadelphia, P a.......
Pittsburg, Pa. (&)—
Portland, Me............
Portland, Oreg.........
Providence, R. I .......
Racine, W is..............
Richmond, V a..........
Rochester, N. Y ........
St. Louis, Mo............
St. Paul, Minn..........
Salt Lake City, Utah,
San Antonio, Tex___
San Francisco, Cal...
Scranton, P a .............
Seattle, W ash...........
Sioux Falls, S. D a k ..
Syracuse, N. Y .........
Tacoma, W ash.........
Tampa, F la...............
Terre Haute, Ind___
Toledo, Ohio.............
Topeka, Kans...........
Trenton, N. J ...........
Washington, D. C. . .
Wheeling, W. V a___
Wilkes-Barre, P a ___
Wilmington, Del.......
Worcester, Mass.......

3
3
2
3
2
3
9
2
2
3
7
3
2
2
2
2
4
3
4
4
3
3
4
3
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
3
3
2
2
4
2

Number of
employees.
1906.
26
83
53
148
50
54
546
15
37
54
327
59
37
41
23
29
96
119
81
67
30
15
197
42
6
9
17
7
25
70
40
7
50
102
38
59
86
56

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.
1906.

1907.
28
72
40
72
33
60
491
39
29
44
360
71
49
43
23
33
76
145
84
80
33
20
182
43
14
8
18
15
20
73
42
8
55
73
29
60
88
52

1907.

1906.

1907.

48.00
54.00
53.51
44.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
52.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00

50.79
54.00
53.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
46.51
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
51.75
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
46.73
48.00

$0.6250
.4964
.5179
:6500
.5066
.6287
./000
.7083
.6250
.6250
.6250
.6169
.5000
.7210
.5000
.6147
.6276
.5300
.7370
.6060
.7333
.7200
.8890
.5000
.7500
.5000
.5824
.7411
.6250
.6007
.5544
.6250
.6000
.6250
.6000
.5686
.5451
.5000

$0.6143
.4944
.6100
.6500
.5511
.6400
.7000
.7336
.6250
.6250
.6250
.6500
.5000
.8067
.5500
.6303
.6391
.5700
.7381
.5813
.7424
.7500
.8777
.5500
.7946
.5000
.5694
.7875
.7000
.6250
.6095
.6250
.6000
.6250
.6000
.5022
.5500
.5000

48.00
59.39
55.36
48.00
48.00
48.11
48.00
48.00
53.80
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
44.0045.47
52.71
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
57. 72

48.00
58.83
54.00
.48.00
48.00
48.12
48.00
48.00
53.00
44.00
44.88
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
44.00
45.27
52.80
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
51.92

$0.3345
.2742
.2202
.4085
.3738
.4047
.4023
.6406
.2268
.5500
.4023
.4407
.3750
.5000
.3903
.3488
.3691
.4018
.3280
.3398
.2882
.4063
.3799
.3415
.3148
.5000
.4000
.4375
.2790

$0.3548
.2805
.2084
.4228
.4000
.4238
.4021
.7500
.2514
.5625
.4525
.4456
.4500
.5500
.4014
.3632
.4102
.4447
.3539
.3515
.2863
.4400
.4560
.3417
.3158
.5000
.4000
.4559
.3441

C A R P E N T E R S , M a le .
Albany, N. Y ..........
Atlanta, Ga.............
Augusta, Ga............
Baltimore, Md........
Birmingham, Ala. . .
Boston, Mass..........
Buffalo, N. Y ..........
Butte, M ont............
Charleston, S. C.......
Chicago, 111..............
Cincinnati, Ohio___
Cleveland, Ohio____
Dallas, Tex..............
Denver, Colo............
Des Moines, Iow a...
Detroit, Mich..........
Dubuque, Iow a.......
Duluth, Minn..........
Fall River, Mass. . ..
Grand Rapids, Mich
Harrisburg, P a .......
Hartford, Conn.......
Houston, Tex..........
Indianapolis, In d ...
Jacksonville, F la___
Jersey City, N. J . . .
Kansas City, Mo___
Los Angeles, Cal___
Louisville, K y .........
a Greater New




2
3
3
5
4
6
3
3
3
3
4
3
2
2
4
6
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
3

York.

89
36
88
142
86
157
105
88
74
160
353
71
30
43
90
302
17
56
67
55
17
33
19
79
151
32
63
135
87

82
36
106
132
91
145
114
53
77
152
373
79
23
16
74
337
27
80
62
66
13
38
22
60
144
28
59
85
101

b Including

Allegheny.

137

WAGES AND HOUKS OF LABOB, 1890 TO 1907.
T a b l e IV___AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

B U I L D I N G T R A D E S —Continued.
C A R P E N T E R S , M a l e — Concluded.

Locality.

Lynn, Mass...............................
Manchester, N. II.....................
Memphis, Tenn.........................
Milwaukee, W is........................
Minneapolis, Minn...................
Mobile, Ala...............................
Montgomery, Ain___ _______
Nashville, 'tfenn........................
Newark, ft. J ............. .............
New Haven, Conn....................
New Orleans. L a......................
New York, N. Y. ( « ) ................
Norfolk, Va...............................
Omaha, Nebr............................
Peoria. Ill.................................
Philadelphia, P a .......................
Pittsburg, Pa. (&).....................
P o r t l a n d , M e .....................
Portland’ Oreg.........................
Providence, R7 I ..................... Racine, W is..............................
Richmond, V a..........................
Rochester, N . Y .......................
St. Louis, Mo............................
St. Paul, Minn..........................
Salt Lake City, U tah...............
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Scranton, P a ............................
Sioux Fails, S. D ak..................
Springfield, 111..........................
Syracuse, N. Y .........................
Tacoma, W ash.........................
Tampa, F la...............................
Terre Haute, in d ......................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Trenton, N. J ...........................
Washington, D. C....................
Wheeling, W. V a......................
Wilkes-Barre, P a .....................
Williamsport, P a .....................
Wilmington, Del.......................
Worcester, Mass.......................

Number
of estab
lish
ments.
2
2
2
4
3
3
4
2
3
2
4
13
2
2
4
7
2
2
3
2
4
4
2
3
3
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
2

Average hours per Average wages per
nour.
week.

Number of
employees.
1906.
32
118
21
59
192
43
188
33
308
39
88
564
54
34
68
206
203
81
54
52
62
81
47
51
187
29
16
118
82
28
36
17
70
94
113
54
37
159
47
77
49
72
265

1907.

1906.

30
134
21
80
122
59
183
40
280
61
65
831
57
25
61
181
231
83
68
54
40
84
41
68
139
34
25
149
67
28
32
17
39
71
112
79
33
236
42
79
36
72
268

1907.

48.00
54.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
53.30
58.60
56.73
44.00
48.00
49.25
44.00
48.00
46.00
48.00
44.87
48.00
54.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
49.41
48.00
44.00
48.00
46.48
48.00
44.00
48.00
60.00
49.00
48.00
47.20
48.00

48.00
54.00
44.00
46.25
48.00
53.08
58.58
58.05
44.00
48.00
49.38
44.00
48.00
46.40
48.00
44.11
48.00
53.28
48.00
44.00
48.00
49.29
48.00
44.00
48.00
47.71
48.00
44.00
48.00
60.00
49.13
48.00
44.00
48.00

58.22
44.00
48.00
47.00
48.00
54.00
46.06
48.00

48.00
54.83
48.00
46.91
50.34
45.47
53.59
45.66
44.92
47.42
50.92
48.00
44.00
49.18
48.00
48.60
48.00
54.00
53.70
50.37
44.00
50.00
46.11
48.00

52.04

1906.

1907.

59.47
44.00
48.00
48.07
48.00
51.33
45.78
48.00

$0.4100
.2559
.4000
.3358
.4000
.3242
.2735
.2697
.4750
.4063
.3598
.5746
.3997
.4147
.4500
.4497
.4375
.2984
.4306
.3496
.4238
.3339
.3787
.5500
.3941
.4690
.3750
.6081
.3429
.2607
.3926
.3596
.4536
.3750
.3232
.3162
.4554
.5000
.3790
.3434
.2800
.3757
.3166

$0.4100
.2575
.4310
.3683
.4250
.3147
.2917
.2463
.5000
.4063
.3922
.6070
.4307
.4260
.4500
.4616
.4916
.2975
.4688
.4208
.4763
.3403
.4014
.5956
.4482
.4626
.3875
.6250
.3846
.2616
.3917
.4000
.5032
.4100
.3343
.3161
.4667
.5000
.3761
.3496
.3500
.4000
.3216

46.95
56.22
48.00
46.88
50.02
46.00
53.00
45.50
44.92
47.32
50.40
48.00
44.00
49.85
47.93
48.00
48.00
54.00
53.64
50.50
44.00
50.10
46.03
48.00

$0.2553
.1504
.3125
.3214
.1983
.6086
.1120
.3572
.3672
.2560
.2126
.2604
.3715
.2453
.2437
.3028
.2966
.1881
.2139
.2924
.3306
.1975
.2833
.1875

$0.2805
.1511
.3125
.3219
.2012
.6813
.1240
.3613
.3664
.2600
.2469
.2902
.3851
.2419
2480
.3333
.2956
.1944
.2064
.2867
.3500
.1968
.2751
.1875

51.70

H O D C A R R IE R S , M a le .
Albany. N. Y ............................
Atlanta, Ga...............................
Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Butte, Mont..............................
Charleston, S. C........................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Dallas, Tex...............................
Davenport, Iow a.....................
Denver, Colo.............................
Des Moines, Iow a.....................
Detroit, Mich............................
Dubuque, Iow a........................
Evansville, Ind.........................
Fall River, Mass.......................
Grand Rapids, Mich.................
Harrisburg, P a .........................
Hartford, Conn........................
Houston, Tex...........................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
Jacksonville, F la......................

3
2
6
7
5
4
2
6
6
7
2
2
8
5
6
5
2
2
3
3
2
3
6
4

a Greater New York.




64
36
110
161
113
38
34
1,075
96
186
37
15
63
71
282
30
17
22
50
27
46
32
71
65

65
9
98
143
104
20
34
789
102
217
20
14
62
65
363
24
12
21
33
20
55
41
74
57

&Including Allegheny.

138
T able

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR,

IV.— AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN

SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

B U I L D I N O T R A D ES-C ontinued.
H O D C A R R I E R S , M a l e — Concluded.

Locality.

Jersey City, N. J .......................
Kansas City, Mo.......................
Little Roc£, Ark......................
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
Louisville, K y ...........................
Lynn, M ass.I...........................
Manchester, N. H .....................
Memphis, Term..........................
Milwaukee, W is........................
Minneapolis, Minn....................
Montgomery, Ala.....................
Nashville, *femi........................
Newark, N. J ............................
New Haven, Conn...................
New Orleans, L a......................
New York, N. Y .(« ).................
Norfolk, Va...............................
Oakland, C al............................
Omaha, Nebr............................
Peoria, 111..................................
Philadelphia, P a .......................
Pittsburg, Pa.(&).....................
Portland, Me............................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Providence, R. I .......................
Racine, W is................... r.........
Reading, P a ..............................
Richmond, V a..........................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
St. Louis, M o ..........................
Salt Lake City, U tah ...............
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Scranton, Pa.............................
Seattle, W ash...........................
Sioux Falls, S. D ak..................
Springfield, 111..........................
Syracuse, N. Y .........................
Tacoma, W ash.........................
Tampa, F la...............................
Terre Haute, In d .....................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Topeka, Kans............................
Trenton, N. J . ..........................
Washington, D. C....................
Wheeling, W. V a......................
Wilkes-Barre, P a .....................
W illiam sport, Pa... _
Wilmington, Del.......................
Worcester, Mass.......................

Number
of estab
lish
ments.
6
5
2
4
6
3
4
4
6
8
2
5
3
3
2
12
5
2
3
5
8

3
4
5
3
2
2
6
3
9
5
3
6
3
4
2
2
2
5
2
6
4
3
3
3
3
4
2
5
2

Number of
employees.
1906.
Ill
63
19
71
62
38
21
43
106
212
65
90
168
82
10
1,006
45
21
17
87
111
56
65
41
27
34
18
165
110
116
43
40
195
80
48
9
14
21
15
42
71
66
10
27
60
43
61
9
57
8

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.

1906.

106
70
23
48
69
35
20
55
80
154
39
67
76
86
19
774
44
24
20
97
113
56
71
37
27
49
14
328
138
131
50
36
189
94
45
8
12
20
38
31
80
60
15
37
35
33
59
11
59
35

44.00
46.10
48.00
48.00
48.81
48.00
48.00
45.58
48.00
52.56
60.00
54.89
44.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
44.00
48.00
46.88
48.00
48.00
48.00
47.41
48.00
51.17
49.02
48.00
44.35
44.93
48.00
44.00
48.79
44.00
56.00
48.00
53.71
46.93
48.00
48.00
50.14
48.00
44.00
47.60
48.00
48/00
48.00
47.16
49.50

1906.

1907.

44.00
46.00
46.96
48.00
49.57
48.00
48.00
45.16
48.00
52.09
60.00
54.37
44.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
44.00
48.00
46.83
48.00
48.00
46.92
44 00
48.00
51.29
49.27
48.00
44.29
44 00
48.00
44.00
48.96
44 00
56.25
48.00
48.00
44 00
48.00
48.00
50.35
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
46.92
48.00

$0.3750
.3500
.2336
.3798
.2747
.3155
.2548
.2837
.2797
.2547
.1262
.1678
.3500
.2818
.2750
.3790
.2764
.5774
.2882
.3005
.3083
.3313
. 2673
.3781
.2323
.3000
.2652
.2333
.2384
.4395
.3924
.1901
.5269
. 2168
. 4102
.2376
.2768
. 2562
.4625
.2097
.3033
.2741
.2375
.3707
.2813
.2942
.2775
.2604
.2851
.2735

$0.3750
.3500
.2324
.3848
.2872
.3181
.2485
.3000
.3003
.2738
.1269
.1687
.3500
.2804
.3250
.3809
.2855
.5729
.2875
.2985
.3135
.3375
.2835
.4206
.2639
.3037
.2715
.2287
.2591
. 4534
.3994
.2113
.5188
.2212
.5250
.2396
.3125
.2565
.5069
.2167
.3047
.2733
.2500
.3651
.2813
.3038
.2767
.3125
.2733
.2840

51.00
53.56
48.00
51.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
48.00
48.00
52.04
52.38

$0.3353
.2780
.4331
.3922
.4500
.3790
.3349
.5625
.3856
.4500
.3384
.4100
.2927
.3366
.2597
.2867
.2978

$0.3389
.2909
.4333
.4118
.4500
.3819
.3347
.6250
.3912
. 4810
.3482
.4632
.3076
.3507
.3438
.3123
.2903

1907.

IN S I D E W I R E M E N , M a l e .

Albany, N. Y ..........
Atlanta, Ga............
Baltimore, Md........
Birmingham, A la...
Boston, Mass..........
Buffalo, N. Y ..........
Charleston, S. C___
Chicago, 111..............
Cincinnati, Ohio___
Cleveland, Ohio.......
Detroit, Mich..........
Duluth, Minn..........
Grand Rapids, Mich
Indianapolis, Ind.. Louisville, K y .........
Milwaukee, W is.......
Minneapolis, M inn..

a Greater New York.




2
2
4
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2

14
37
68
18
37
47
12
63
58
22
11
17
28
67
20
27
17

20
36
62
18
33
41
13
69
58
21
14
27
21
70
12
28
26

51.42
53.76
48.00
49.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
48.00
54.00
52.41
52.24

&Including Allegheny.

139

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOB, 1890 TO 1907.
T a b l e I V . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

B U I L D I N G T R A D E S —Continued.
IN S ID E W IE E M E N , M a le — Concluded.
Number
of estab
lish
ments.

Locality.

Montgomery, Ala................♦ ...
New Orleans, L a......................
New York, N. Y .(« ).................
Philadelphia, P a . . . ,................
Portland, Me............................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Richmond, V a..........................
St. Louis, Mo............................
Wilmington, Del......................

2
2
4
5
2
2
2
2
2

Average hours per Average wages per
hour.
week.

Number of
employees.
1906.
10
20
204
102
13
20
18
20
41

1906.

1907.
11
17
193
119
15
20
15
23
39

1907.

1906.

1907.

57.00
48.00
44.00
46.90
54.00
48.00
54.00
44.00
55.46

56.73
48.00
44.00
46.99
48.80
48.00
54.00
44.00
54.00

$0.2986
.3980
.5025
.3814
.2482
.4000
.2917
.5625
.2861

$0.3018
.3993
.5032
.4006
.2734
.4063
.2876
.5625
.2895

53.67
59.04
55.37
53.66
57.66
53.37
51.79
48.00
53.71
50.90
52.90
57.02
52.50
51.27
52.24
55.59
57.64
54.00
59.84
48.00
56.58
56.37
48.00
54.00
56.73
59.57
54 00
54.00
57.91
48.81
50.38
48.00
49.22
48.96
58.08
59.01
52.32
48.00
48.00
59.97
48.00
59.67
46.36
59.38
48.00
54 00
59.45
48.00
56.36
48.00
53.80
52.81
52.86
53.14
54 00

50.00
59.79
55.92
53.30
57.43
53.17
51.79
48.00
53.00
49.15
52.05
57.58
50.88
52.97
51.71
55.70
57.00
54 00
59.91
48.00
57.80
56.87
48.00
54.00
56.00
58.96
54.00
54 00
57.37
49.15
48.98
48.00
49.27
50.00
58.40
51.09
53.60
48.00
48.00
59.97
48.00
56.59
46.79
59.20
44.00
54 00
59.91
48.00
57.48
48.00
53.72
52.38
48.80
53.17
54 00

$0.1887
. 12*8
.1087
.1802
.1474
.1886
.1972
.3750
.1316
.2939
.2019
.1972
.2040
.2426
.2107
.1792
.2129
.1769
.1755
.1563
.2103
.2057
.2783
.1667
.1818
.2012
.2224
.1633
.1368
.2144
.2097
.1875
.2487
.1946
.1790
.1786
.2700
.2133
.2304
.2183
.1875
.1523
.3125
.2311
.3125
.1823
.2017
.2188
.1601
.2087
.1901
.1895
.1715
.1670
.1944

$0.1967
.1329
.1084
.1847
.1539
.1936
.2006
.4375
.1380
.3109
.2039
11948
.2157
.2635
.2322
.1951
.2484
.1790
.1972
.1801
.1914
.2049
.2801
.1667
.1766
.1996
.2231
.1703
. 1397
.2163
.2201
.1875
.2485
.2074
.1800
.2281
.2759
.2266
.2502
.2165
.1905
.1548
.3125
.2304
.3125
.1795
.1897
.2188
.1691
.2157
.1943
.1852
.1954
.1670
.1944

L A B O R E R S , M a le .
Albany, N. Y ............................
Atlanta, Ga..............................
Augusta, Ga.............................
Rfiftimore, Md______________
■ RirmiRgham, Ala . _ _ _____
Boston7M ass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Butte, Mont.............................
Charleston, S. C........................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Dallas, Tex...............................
Denver, Colo.............................
Des Moines, Iowa.....................
Detroit, Mich............................
Dubuque, Iow a........................
Fall River, Mass.......................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
Jacksonville, Fla.......................
Jersey City, N. J ........... ..........
Kansas City, Mo.......................
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
Manchester, N. H .....................
Memphis, Term.........................
Milwaukee, W is............ ..........
Minneapolis, Minn....................
Mobile, Ala...............................
Montgomery, Ala.....................
New Orleans, L a......................
New York, N. Y .(a ).................
Norfolk, Va..............................
Omaha, Nebr............................
Peoria, 111.................................
Philadelphia, P a .......................
Pittsburg, Pa . ( b ) .....................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Providence, R. I .......... ............
Rochester, N. Y .......................
St. Paul, Minn..........................
San Antonio, Tex.....................
Scranton, P a ............................
Seattle, W ash...........................
Sioux Falls, S. D a k .................
Tacoma, W ash.........................
Terre Haute, Ind.....................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Topeka, K ans...........................
Trenton, N. J . . ........................
Washington, D. C....................
Wheeling, W. V a......................
Wilkes-Barre, P a........._..........
Williamsport, P a.....................
Wilmington, Del......................
Worcester, Mass.......................
a Greater




2
4
3
4
4
5
2
2
2
3
5
6
2
2
2
4
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
2
5
6
4
2
3
3
5
2
2
2
3
5
2
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
4
2
5
3
3
2

New York.

33
279
167
155
218
404
149
33
21
399
213
246
16
22
75
215
66
76
99
76
62
43
221
85
22
83
212
53
109
74
213
32
59
50
409
303
25
50
92
351
19
127
22
39
18
47
44
17
33
76
30
101
21
56
155

24
159
72
149
273
387
149
16
24
295
205
332
75
39
97
162
45
81
107
72
125
46
158
72
16
115
233
119
89
86
201
28
66
24
450
303
30
84
122
608
19
81
33
30
17
47
261
16
31
55
25
85
15
65
142

b Including

Allegheny.

140

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

T a b l e IV___AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

B U I L D I N G T R A D E S —Continued.
P A IN T E R S , M a le .

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

Locality.

Albany, N. Y ............................
Atlanta, Ga..............................
Augusta, Ga.............................
Baltimore, Md..........................
Birmingham, Ala.....................
BostonT Mass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Butte, Mont.............................
Charleston, S. C........................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Dallas, Tex...............................
Denver, Colo.............................
Des Moines, Iowa.....................
Detroit, Mich............... ............
Dubuque, Iow a........................
Duluth, Minn...........................
Fall River, Mass.......................
Grand Rapids, Mich.................
Harrisburg, P a.........................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
J acksonville, F la......................
Jersey City, N. J .......................
Kansas City, Mo......................
Little Rock, Ark......................
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
Louisville, K y....... :.................
Lynn, Mass...............................
Manchester, N. H .....................
Memphis, Tenn........................
Milwaukee, Wia........................
Minneapolis, Minn...................
Montgomery, Ala.....................
Nashville, Tenn........................
Newark, N. J ............................
New Haven, Conn....................
New Orleans, La......................
New York, N. Y .(« ).................
Norfolk, V a..............................
Oakland, Cal.............................
Omaha, Nebr............................
Peoria, 111.................................
Philadelphia, P a.......................
Pittsburg, Pa.(&).....................
Portland, Me............................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Providence, R. I .......................
Racine, W is..............................
Reading, P a..............................
Richmond, V a..........................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
St. Louis, Mo............................
St. Paul, Minn..........................
Salt Lake City, U tah...............
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Scranton, P a............................
Seattle, W ash...........................
Sioux Falls, S. D ak..................
Syracuse, N. Y . ........................
Tacoma, W ash.........................
Terre Haute, Ind......................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Topeka, K ans...........................
Washington, D. C....................
Wheeling, W. V a......................
Wilkes-Barre, P a.....................
Wilmington, Del.......................
Worcester, Mass.......................
a

2
2
2
3
2
7
4
3
4
4
4
4
2

3
2
6
2
2
2
2
2
4
6
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
4
3
2
4
2
4
7
3
2
2
2
5
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
4
2
4
2
2
2
6
2
2
3
2
3
3
2

Greater New York.




Number of
employees.
1906.
58
22
26
114
32
148
160
37
37
243
86
100
20
24
53
214
31
32
28
21
12
90
76
62
32
20
33
67
32
44
25
106
120
24
37
98
61
110
220
15
49
27
35
280
44
45
38
93
19
23
33
63
94
48
27
30
113
18
42
22
21
23
58
27
27
82
44
56
74
69

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
nour.

1907.

1906.

55
24
16
108
45
150
161
25
47
229
93
106
15
28
54
217
29
37
24
15
14
100
73
45
37
16
17
59
28
42
32
96
127
25
40
91
56
140
220
15
67
24
29
267
40
45
34
95
14
22
37
64
97
38
40
28
99
22
41
24
22
22
48
14
32
72
46
56
77
60

48.00
54.59
57.08
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00*
48.00
54.00
53.33
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
44.10
48.00
44.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
48.00
45.12
48.00
54.00
54.00
48.10
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
58.36
48.00
48.00
52.76
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
50.57
48.00
48.00

b Including

1907.

1906.

♦ 48.00
54.46
54.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
53.85
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
53.43
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
44.10
48.00
44.00
44.00
48.00
46.23
48.00
52.00
48.00
44.97
48.00
54.00
54.00
48.09
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
58.25
48.00
48.00
52.75
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00

$0.3318
.2749
.2201
.3750
.3563
.3750
.3750
.5777
.2072
.4811
.3750
.3845
.3750
.4505
.3469
.3417
.3428
.3805
.3025
.2632
.2720
.3586
.3129
.4375
.4000
.3125
.4223
.3496
.3800
.2279
.3910
.3165
.4013
.2778
.2849
.4087
.3648
.3595
.4695
.3750
.5625
.4185
.3534
.3750
.4250
.2549
.3809
.3423
.3421
.2500
.2640
.3258
.5005
.3698
.5000
.3313
.5642
.3403
.5000
.3235
.3765
.4416
.3121
.3449
.3407
.4375
.4035
.3257
.3530
.3263

Allegheny.

1907.
$0.3338
.2909
.2344
.3750
.3728
.3826
.3750
.6875
.2140
.5000
.4000
.3842
.3750
.4509
.3476
.3453
.3836
.4324
.3334
.2685
.2748
.3540
.3232
.4375
.4000
.3711
.4154
.3363
.3800
.2368
.4000
.3367
.4193
.2945
.3000
.4179
.3516
.3750
.4901
.3750
.5625
.4188
.3778
.4000
.4250
.2924
.3897
.3479
.3821
.2767
.2740
.3622
.5394
.4000
.5000
.3337
.5625
.3864
.5625
.3275
.3764
.5028
.3177
.3500
.3359
.4375
.4297
.3354
.4015
.3543

141

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1901.
T able

IV.— AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

B U I L D I N G T R A D E S —Continued.
P L A S T E R E R S , M a le .

Locality.

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

Albany, N Y .............................
Atlanta, Ga..............................
Augusta, Ga.............................
Baltimore, Md..........................
Birmingham, Ala.....................
BostonTMass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Butte, Mont.............................
Charleston, S. C.......................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Dallas, Tex...............................
Denver, Colo.............................
Des Moines, Iowa.....................
Detroit, Mich............................
Dubuque, Iow a........................
Fall River, Mass.......................
Grand Rapids, Mich.................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
Jacksonville, F la......................
Jersey City, N .J .......................
Kansas City, Mo.......................
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
Louisville, K y..........................
Lynn, Mass...............................
Manchester, N. H .....................
Memphis, Tenn.........................
Milwaukee, W is........................
Minneapolis, Minn....................
Montgomery, Ala.....................
Nashville, Tenn........................
New Orleans, L a......................
New York, N. Y .(« )................
Norfolk, V a..............................
Omaha, Nebr............................
Peoria, 111.................................
Philadelphia, P a .......................
Pittsburg, Pa.(&).....................
Portland, Me............................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Providence, R. I ..................
Richmond, V a..........................
St. Louis, Mo............................
St. Paul, Minn..........................
Salt Lake City, U tah...............
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Scranton, P a............................
Seattle, W ash...........................
Sioux Falls, S. D ak..................
Syracuse, N .Y .........................
Tacoma, W ash.........................
Terre Haute, Ind.....................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Topeka, K ans...........................
Trenton, N . J ...........................
Washington, D .C ....................
Wheeling, W. V a......................
Wilkes-Barre, P a.....................
Wilmington, Del.......................
Worcester, Mass.......................

2
2
2
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
6
3
2
2
4
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
2

« Greater New York.

49979— No. 77— 08----- 10




Number of
employees.
1906.
9
25
7
99
18
89
21
36
16
155
73
43
13
23
22
37
16
4
12
27
19
29
30
37
19
8
8
17
24
65
26
23
21
332
30
11
21
83
49
23
20
6
37
34
15
15
13
40
34
37
13
7
19
21
29
10
21
77
14
35
30
21

Average hours per Average wages per
hour.
week.
1906.

1907.
9
18
19
110
15
83
21
20
16
197
82
58
9
29
32
35
12
4
13
16
19
26
35
33
17
8
10
16
16
63
28
21
44
327
28
28
13
97
49
24
24
6
33
47
19
24
13
40
26
47
12
8
22
16
26
14
23
90
14
32
39
22

48.00
54.00
54.00
48.00
46.22
44.00
48.00
44.00
53.75
44.00
44.51
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
45.62
48.00
48.00
48.00
46.33
48.00
44.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
49.29
54.00
57.13
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.67
54.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
56.31
48.00
48.00
50.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
47.36
48.00
48.00
48.00

1907.
48.00
53.00
54.00
48.00
44.80
44.00
48.00
44.00
53.00
44.00
44.50
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
45.26
48.00
48.00
48.00
46.50
48.00
44.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.95
54.00
56.57
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
54.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
56.50
48.00
44.00
50.25
48.00
48.00
4400
48.00
47.43
48.00
48.00
48.00

& Including Allegheny.

1906.
$0.5000
.4400
.4000
.6250
.5382
.5511
.5000
.8750
.3866
.6875
.6250
.5625
.7500
.6658
.5625
.5550
.5000
.5000
.5000
.5241
.5000
.5938
.6875
.6537
.6250
.5500
.4102
.6250
.5000
.5508
.4500
.3370
.4786
.6875
.6250
.6250
.5625
.5625
.5625
.4375
.6875
.5000
.3093
.7500
.5525
.6250
.7500
.8750
.4353
.7382
.4269
.5500
.6875
.5333
.5000
.5625
.5810
.6250
.5068
.4484
.5000
.5167

1907.
$0.6000
.4500
.4026
.6250
.5536
.6000
.5000
1.0000
.3910
.6875
.6250
.5625
.7500
.6875
.5762
.5640
.5625
.5250
.5048
.5500
.5000
.6500
.6875
.6534
.6250
.5500
.4094
.6250
.5625
.6067
.5036
.3380
.5170
.6875
.6875
.6250
.6250
.5938
.5625
.4792
.7500
.5088
.3106
.7500
.5526
.7500
.7500
.8750
.5038
.8125
.4313
.5500
.7500
.5313
.5000
.5625
.6000
.6250
.5000
.4570
.5000
.5182

142
T able

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BU R EAU OF LABOR,

IT.— AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

B U I L D I N G T R A D E S —Continued.
P L U M B E R S , M a le .

Locality.

Albany, N. Y ............................
Atlanta, Ga..............................
Baltimore, Md..........................
Birmingham, Ala.....................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Butte, Mont.............................
Charleston, S. C........................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Balias, Tex...............................
Davenport, Iow a.....................
Denver, Colo.............................
Des Moines, Jowa....................
Detroit, Mich............................
Dubuque, Iow a........................
Dulutli, Minn............................
Fall River, Mass.......................
Grand Rapids, Mich................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
Jacksonville, F la......................
Jersey City, N. J......................
Kansas City, Mo.......................
Little Rock, Ark......................
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
Louisville, K y..........................
Lynn, Mass...............................
Manchester, N. II .....................
Memphis, Tenn.........................
Milwaukee, W is ............................

Minneapolis, Minn....................
Mobile, Ala...............................
Montgomery, Ala.....................
Nashville, Tenn........................
Newark, N. J ............................
New Haven, Conn....................
New Orleans, L a......................
New York, N. Y .(« ).................
Norfolk, V a...............................
Omaha, Nebr............................
Peoria, 111.................................
Philadelphia, P a .......................
Pittsburg, Pa.(J>).....................
Portland, Me............................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Providence, R. I .......................
Racine, W is..............................
Reading, P a ..............................
Richmond, V a..........................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
St. Louis, Mo............................
St. Paul, Minn..........................
Salt Lake City, U tah...............
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Scranton, P a ............................
Seattle, W ash...........................
Sioux Falls, S. D ak..................
Springfield, 111..........................
Syracuse, N. Y .........................
Tacoma, W ash.........................
Tampa, F la...............................
Terre Haute, Ind......................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Topeka, K ans...........................
Trenton, N. J ...........................
Troy, N. Y ................................
Washington, D. C....................
Wheeling, W. V a......................
Wilkes-Barre, P a.....................
Wilmington, Del.......................
Worcester, Mass.......................

Number
of estab
lish
ments.
2
3
3
2
5
3
2
3
4
5
3
3
3
2
3
5
2
3
2
2
3
3
4
3
2
2
3
4
2
2
4
4
2
2
3
2
2
6
10
3
2
2
C
4
2
2
3
2
2
4.
21
3
2
2
2
5
2
3
2
2
2
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2

a Greater New York.




Number of
employees.
1906.
15
20
50
24
37
22
19
12
173
75
51
22
16
16
24
41
9
24
14
10
17
12
18
25
11
21
18
14
21
18
42
43
12
15
20
13
7
63
391
46
14
10
77
20
5
16
32
8
23
21
28
30
12
12
13
143
12
33
13
10
13
15
.19
12
17
10
15
11
27
11
17
18
17

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.

1906.

14
23
43
30
38
22
17
12
153
83
51
20
11
19
17
47
e
22
13
8
18
15
24
28
14
24
17
15
20
20
40
28
13
18
24
12
10
74
340
42
23
0
75
17
5
18
32
7
25
17
28
27
11
7
13
90
13
60
12
11
13
15
19
10
21
10
12
11
39
10
20
17
16

48.00
53.00
48.00
47.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
54.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
45.00
54.00
48.00
47.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
46.67
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.38
48.00
48.00
48.00
47.60
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
47.74
48.00
50.40
48.00
44.00
44.00
54.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
59.62
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
54.00
44.00
52.20
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00

b Including

1907.
48.00
53.00
48.00
47.00
47.47
48.00
44.00
54.00
44.00
46.65
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.73
54.00
48.00
47.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
46.33
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.20
48.00
48.00
48.00
47.67
44.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
45.57
48.00
47.73
48.00
47.40
48.00
44.00
44.00
54.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
59.58
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
52.20
4400
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00

Allegheny.

1906.

1907.

$0.5000
.4245

$0.5000
.4228
.4106
.6383
.5262
.4375
.8750
.3804
.6250
.5154
.5625
.6188
.4261
.6250
.5129
.4071
.5000
.6335
.3611
.4344
.5000
.5625
.5391
.6138
.5625
.5885
.5000
. 4833
.3452
.4797
.5375
.5089
.5000
.5625
.4567
.5563
.4375
.5152
.6258
.6250
.6250
.5313
.4375
.5000
.3375
.7500
.4822
.5000
.3200
.4063
.4253
.6400
.5625
.5768
.5048
.8229
.4544
.8125
.3440
.5000
.5000
.7375
.6184
.4300
.5000
.3644
.5000
.4500
.5000
.4688
.3344
.3987
.5000

.4094

.5745
.4761
. 4375
.8750
.3650
.5625
.5000
.5625
.6051
.4258
.6250
.4792
.4010
.5000
.5563
.3611
.4300
.4750
.5104
.5000
.5625
.5256
.6250
. 4375
.4599
.3470
.4479
.5000
.4724
.5000
.5000
.4605
.5000
. 4375
.4940
.5945
.6114
.5625
.4813
.4375
.5000
.3208
.6250
.4412
.5000
.3012
.3988
.4041
.6250
.5625
.5487
.4471
.7998
.4037
.6875
.3327
.5000
.4375
. 6250
.5691
.4000
. 4890
.3644
.4324
.3750
.5000
.4688
.3383
.3791
.4688

143

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T a b l e I V ___ AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

B U I L D I N G T R A D E S —Concluded.
R O O F E R S , T IN , M a l e .

Number
of establishments.

Locality.

Atlanta, Ga..............................
Baltimore, M d .........................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ...........................
Charleston, S. C.......................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Des Moines, Iowa.....................
Detroit, Mich............................
Dubuque, Iow a........................
Fall River, Mass......................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
Jacksonville, F la......................
Jersey City, N. J ......................
Louisville, K y..........................
Lynn, Mass...............................
Memphis, Term.........................
Milwaukee, Wis........................
Minneapolis, Minn....................
Montgomery, Ala.....................
Newark, N. J ............................
New Orleans, L a......................
New York, N. Y. (a )................
Norfolk, Va..............................
Philadelphia, P a......................
Pittsburg, Pa. (&)....................
Providence, R. I .......................
Richmond, V a..........................
St. Louis, Mo............................
Scranton, P a ............................
Terre Haute, Ind.....................
Trenton, N. J ...........................
Wilkes-Barre, P a.....................
Wilmington, Del......................

2
3
3
2
4
3
4
2
4
2
2
3
4
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
5
2
3
2
2
4
2
2
4
2
3
2

Number of
employees.
1906.
31
39
8
24
13
31
41
9
31
22
6
35
30
23
22
3
32
14
6
19
6
22
55
12
71
15
5
12
16
13
25
17
10
8

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.
1906.

1907.
28
34
8
26
16
28
79
10
30
15
5
30
35
23
22
3
34
13
7
17
4
22
61
11
81
14
5
9
17
18
30
17
9
7

1906.

1907.

$0.3049
.3638
.3586
.3563
.2483
.3322
.3145
.3417
.2965
.2667
.2778
.3636
.3351
.5543
.2778
.4063
.4375
.2973
.4000
.3895
.5000
.3182
.5625
.3385
.3743
.4452
.3245
.3872
.4378
.3399
.3333
.4547
.3125
.3333

$0.3073
.3649
.3782
.3590
.2556
.3380
.3188
.3619
.2911
.2686
.2778
.3950
.3447
.5625
.2778
.4375
.4384
.3548
.4036
.4114
.5563
.3525
.5625
.3409
.3765
.4716
.3245
.3912
.4703
.3976
.3750
.5000
.3195
.3440

53.62
50.25
51.00
48.00
48.00
57.15
51.21
53.95
54.00

$0.3192
.3461
.3936
.4426
.3960
.2158
.4012
.3507
.3220

$0.3203
.3500
.3958
.4761
.3960
.2293
.4127
. 3492
.3249

53.88
51.00
48.00
48.00
48.33
54.00

53.88
51.00
48.00
48.00
48.42
53.80

$0.3738
.4118
.4403
.4167
.4394
.4259

$0.3928
.4157
.4283
.4167
.4485
.4384

57.92
54.00
54.00
54.00
55.72
56.24
54.00
54.00

56.56
54.00
54.00
54.00
55.96
56.25
53.82
5400

$0.1191
.1141
.1537
.1148
.1080
.1028
.1156
.1568

$0.1335
.1361
.1539
.1168
.1062
.1043
.1354
.1631

53.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
55.38
48.00
48.15
48.00
53.39
58.32
5400
48.00
50.40
4400
54 00
48.00
48.00
48.00
47.17
48.95
48.00
48.45
44 00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
52.38
48.00
54 00
4400
48.00
49.50

1907.
53.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
55.13
48.00
48.10
48.00
53.50
58.00
54 00
48.00
48.00
44 00
54 00
48.00
4a 00
4a oo
47.14
49.00
4400
48.45
4400
48.00
48.00
4a 00
48.00
48.00
52.24
48.00
5400
4400
48.00
49.43

C L O T H IN G , F A C T O R Y P R O D U C T .
C U T T E R S , H A N D , M a le .

Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Louisville, K y..........................
New York, N. Y. ( a ) ...............
Philadelphia, P a.......................
Rochester, N. Y .......................

2
2
4
3
3
2
4
3
2

78
27
54
147
64
13
179
111
113

> 73
24
54
141
64
13
157
113
120

53.77
49.67
51.00
48.00
48.00
57.15
50.41
54.00
54.00

C U T T E R S , M A C H IN E , M a le .

Baltimore, Md..........................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
New York, N. Y .(o ).................
Philadelphia, P a.......................

2
4
3
3
4
2

34
5
159
5
15
4

32
5
202
5
12
5

F IN IS H E R S , F e m a le .

Baltimore, Md..........................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Louisville, K y..........................
New York, N. Y. (<*)................
Philadelphia, P a......................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
a Greater




3
3
3
2
2
4
2
2

New York.

227
33
143
126
69
148
62
51

179
30
166
115
114
133
76
86

& Including Allegheny.

144

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR,

T a b l e IV—

AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

C L O T H IN G , F A C T O R Y P R O D U C T —Concluded.
S E W I N G -M A C H I N E O P E R A T O R S , M a l e .

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

Locality.

Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ...........................
Chicago, 111...............................
Louisville, K y..........................
New York, N. Y. (a)................
Philadelphia, P a......................
Rochester, N. Y .......................

3
2
3
4

2
5
2
2

Number of
employees.
1906.
122
60
20
56
10
289
229
27

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.

1906.

125
53
20
76
12
274
230
40

58.87
49.14
54.00
54.02
57.50
56.85
54.00
54.00

1907.
55.94
49.75
54.00
54.03
56.75
57.34
54.00
54.00

1906.

1907.

$0.2564
.2784
.2757
.3103
.2791
.2082
.2131
.2289

$0.2326
.2761
.2692
.3161
.2809
.2109
.2193
.2532

$0.1287
.1871
.1277
.2098
.1548
. 1547
.1221
.1487

$0.1408
.1743
.1371
.2004
.1546
.1404
.1268
.1614

$0.3436
.2729
.3500
.2724
.3415
.2795
.5625
.3264
.3554
.3093
.3252
.3333
.3263
.3313
.3722
.2469
.2611
.3364
.2940
.2661
.2425
.3702
.2608
.4270
.3448
.2750
.3715
.3042
.2869
.3889
.3473
.3595
.3997
.3125
.3238
.2971
.2859
.2531
.4190
.2957
.2606
.3160
.3444

$0.3521
.2883
.3800
.2884
.3256
.2817
.6250
.3796
.3566
.3129
.3172
.3444
.3337
.3520
.3556
.2507
.2771
.3436
.2793
.2921
.2680
.3716
.2593
,4327
.3436
.2714
.3997
.3147
.3006
.4000
.3473
.4028
.4066
.3195
.3400
3016
.2960
.2566
.4537
.3190
.2771
.3206
.3630

S E W I N G -M A C H I N E O P E R A T O R S , F e m a l e .

Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass...........................
Buffalo, N. Y ...........................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Louisville, K y ..........................
Philadelphia, Pa......................
Rochester, N. Y .......................

2
2
3
4
2
2
3
2

86
69
26
153
62
165
436
103

60
59
27
170
60
169
455
99

58.88
52.57
53.08
54.14
54.00
55.32
54.00
54.00

59.07
52.47
53.11
54.12
54.00
55.37
53.88
54.00

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E S H O P .
B L A C K S M IT H S , M a le .

Atlanta, Ga............ .
Baltimore, Md........ .
Birmingham, Ala__
Boston, Mass.......... .
Bridgeport, Conn__
Buffalo, N. Y ...........
Butte, Mont.............
Charleston, S. C.......
Chicago, 111...............
Cincinnati, Ohio......
Cleveland, Ohio........
Dallas, Tex...............
Davenport, Io w a ....
Denver, Colo.............
Dcs Moines, Iowa__
Detroit, Mich...........
Dubuque, Iowa........
Duluth, Minn...........
Evansville, Ind........
Fort Wayne, Ind___
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Hoboken, N . J ..........
Indianapolis, Ind__
Jersey City, N. J ___
Los Angeles, Cal......
Louisville, K y ..........
Memphis, Tenn....... .
Milwaukee, Wis........
Minneapolis, Minn...
Mobile, Ala...............
Nashville, Tenn........
New Orleans, L a___
New York, N. Y. («)
Norfolk, Va............. .
Omaha, Nebr.......... .
Philadelphia, P a___
Pittsburg, Pa. (&)...
Portland, Me...........
Portland, Oreg.......
Providence, R. I ___
Richmond, V a........
Rochester, N. Y ___
St. Louis, Mo..........

3
4
2
5
2
2
2
2
5
4
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
4
3
2
2
3
2
2
4
3
4
2
2
2
4
7
3
2
7
5
2
2
6
3
4
4

a

Greater New York.




3
18
4
10
3
6
5
4
28
5
38
5
12
15
5
16
3
9
29
23
8
17
18
9
10
9
5
43
13
6
2
12
27
4
4
23
66
25
4
20
15
4
11

3
18
5
10
4
6
3
3
22
5
35
5
15
10
2
21
4
7
25
21
5
14
22
9
9
14
5
35
15
5
2
6
28
4
3
23
63
24
3
16
13
7
10

59.67
54.00
59.50
55.00
57.33
58.00
48.00
54.00
51.93
54.80
55.18
54.00
59.00
55.53
54.00
59.25
59.67
57.89
59.79
59.52
59.00
53.35
51.83
53.00
58.50
59.67
56.40
55.09
55.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
53.81
54.00
57.00
56.39
60.91
59.00
54.00
57.60
57.73
54.00
54.00

59.67
54.00
59.40
55.00
56.50
58.00
48.00
54.00
52.18
54.80
55.17
54 00
59.00
53.50
54.00
59.33
59.75
57.57
59.76
59.29
59.00
53.43
51.55
53.00
57.89
59.86
56.40
55.11
55.00
54 00
54 00
54 00
53.86
54 00
56.00
56.30
60.67
59.00
54 00
55.56
57.92
54 00
54.00

& Including Allegheny.

145

WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR, 1890 TO 1901.
T able I V .—

AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E S H O P —Continued.
B L A C K S M I T H S , M a l e — Concluded.

Locality.

St. Paul, Minn..........................
Salt Lake City. U tah...............
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Scranton. P a............................
Seattle, W ash...........................
Terre Haute, Ind.....................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Troy, N. Y ...............................
Washington, D. C....................
Williamsport, P a ....................
Wilmington, Del......................
Worcester, Mass.......................

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

Number of
employees.
1906.

4
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
B O IL E R

Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass............................
Bridgeport, Conn.....................
Charleston, S. C.......................
Chicago, 111...............................
Denver, Colo.............................
Duluth, Minn...........................
Fort Wayne, Ind.....................
Grand Rapids, Mich................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
Jersey City, N. J ......................
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
Louisville, JCy..........................
Mobile, Ala...............................
New Orleans, La......................
New York, N. Y. (a )...............
Norfolk, Va..............................
Philadelphia, P a......................
Pittsburg, Pa. (*>)....................
Richmond, Va..........................
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Scranton, P a............................

3
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
5
2
2
3
2
2
3
2

14
10
2
21
11
9
5
6
3
6
5
7
6

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.

1906.

11
7
4
21
9
7
5
4
3
6
4
7
6

1907.

1906.

1907.

55.73
53.29
54.00
54.00
55.00
54.00
54.00
57. 75
’ 59.33
51.33
58.50
54.00
56.67

$0.2796
.3250
.3519
.4378
.2623
.3672
.3000
.3075
.2768
.3221
.2585
.2639
.3100

$0.3082
.4103
.4236
.4643
.2889
.3968
.3000
.3275
.2935
.3326
.2669
.2668
.3250

54.00
54.00
55.89
54.00
52.24
53.57
54.00
58.23
59.00
50.05
53.00
54.00
59.93
54.00
54.00
53.39
54.00
55.90
57.81
57.67
54.00
54.00
55.00

$0.2953
.3002
.2603
.3333
.3649
.3203
.4036
.2828
.2514
.2775
.3441
.3688
.2576
.3843
.3932
.3463
.3034
.2622
.3285
.2320
.3333
.4264
.2695

$0.3083
.3173
.2565
.3271
.3764
.3554
.3719
.3001
.2500
.2633
.3630
.3844
.2584
.3932
.3905
.3479
.3409
.2625
.3278
.2667
.3519
.4877
.2776

54.00
58.01
53. 59
55.83
55.00

54.00
57. 75
53.52
55 88
55.00

$0.3015
.2346
.2801
.2960
.2334

$0.3064
.2309
.2872
.2927
.2504

59.78
54.00
59.66
54.55
59.14
48.00
54.00
54.01
55. 49
55. 33
59.00
55.23
54.00
59.29
59.73
56.77

59.81
54.00
59.59
54. 44
59.16
48.00
54.00
54.02
55. 51
56.02
59.00
54.46
54.00
69.40
59. 69
56.60

$0.1384
.1587
.1308
.1798
.1555
.3750
.1163
.1944
.1606
.1705
.1790
.1913
.2136
.1590
.1475
.2093

$0.1352
.1622
.1406
.1843
.1579
.4375
.1157
.1952
.1689
.1772
.1803
.2096
.2142
.1628
.1528
.2035

59.14
53.20
54.00
54.00
55.00
54.00
54.00
58.17
59.33
51.33
59.80
54.00
57.17

M A K E R S , M a le .

41
47
21
6
44
18
31
50
9
30
31
8
48
12
13
67
13
9
91
6
2'
74
40

44
49
18
9
38
14
27
47
12
61
25
9
67
13
17
56
11
10
74
3
3
113
27

54.00
54.00
59.00
54.00
51.55
57.00
54.00
57.76
59.00
50.17
53.00
54.00
59.88
54.00
54.00
53. 36
54.00
56.00
57.82
56.83
54.00
54.00
55.00

B R A S S F I N I S H E R S , M a le .

Chicago, 111...............................
Milwaukee, Wis........................
New York, N. Y. (a)................
Philadelphia, P a.......................
Providence, R. I .......................

2
3
5
2
2

91
86
194
30
44

76
100
186
34
47

L A B O R E R S , M a le .

Atlanta, G a ..............................
Baltimore, Md..........................
Birmingham, Ala.....................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo N. Y ............................
Butte, Mont.............................
Charleston, S. C . . . . ................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Davenport, Iow a.....................
D e n v e r C o lo

.......................

Des Moines, Iowa ................
Mich ..........................
Dubuque, Iow a........................
D u lu th , M inn ...........................

D e tr o it.,

3
7
2
7
2
2
2
5
3
4
2
2
2
3
2
2

« Greater New York.




80
404
73
121
91
11
16
1,135
69
237
35
44
22 1
446
45 1
56;

64
303
82
122
93
15
18
1,023
74
185
47
26
23
524
39
52

*>Including Allegheny.

146

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUR EAU OF LABOR.

T able I V .—

AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E S H O P —Continued.
L A B O R E R S ; M a l e — Concluded.

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

Locality.

Evansville, Ind........................
Fall River, Mass......................
Fort Wayne, Ind.....................
Grand Rapids, Mich................
Hoboken, N. J ..........................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
Jacksonville, Fla......................
Kansas City, Mo......................
Little Rock, Ark......................
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
Louisville, K y..........................
Memphis, Tenn........................
Milwaukee. Wis........................
Minneapolis, Minn....................
Mobile, Ala...............................
Montgomery, Ala.....................
Nashville, Tenn........................
Newark, N. J ............................
New Orleans, La....... .............
New York, N. Y. (<*)...............
Norfolk, Va..............................
Omaha, Nebr...........................
Philadelphia, P a ......................
Pittsburg, Pa. (&)....................
Portland, Me............................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Providence, R. I .......................
Richmond, V a..........................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
St. Louis, Mo...........................
St. Paul, Minn..........................
Salt Lake City, Utah...............
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Scranton, P a............................
Seattle, Wash...........................
Syracuse, N. Y ....... ................
Terre Haute, Ind.....................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Troy, N. Y ...............................
Washington, D. C....................
Wheeling, W. Va......................
Williamsport, P a.....................
Wilmington, Del......................
Worcester, Mass.......................

4
2
3
4
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
6
2
2
3
2
2
4
9
2
2
8
5
2
2
6
3
7
2
3
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
5
3
2
2
2
3

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

Number of
employees.
1906.
28
75
534
80
39
316
20
4
41
44
73
144
601
117
48
49
16
115
150
122
9
148
497
556
13
48
500
110
173
132
102
50
27
88
168
83
82
29
19
48
45
38
67
197
167

1907.

1906.

28
62
537
59
31
392
20
4
39
124
94
115
889
118
39
40
16
110
68
135
10
134
481
580
11
46
435
122
171
111
163
35
53
177
178
33
78
34
15
50
53
47
73
205
156

1907.

1906.

1907.

58.43
58.27
59.78
57.50
55.69
54.81
60.00
60.00
60.00
58.55
59.70
56.50
55.63
55.00
54.00
60.00
58.88
54.00
54.00
54.02
54.00
59.96
56.95
56.23
59.00
54.00
58.86
58.43
54.25
54.00
59.21
53. 34
54.00
54.00
59.17
54.00
59.35
54.00
59. 21
57. 44
51.71
54.00
59.78
54.00
57.87

58.46
58.26
59.79
57.31
55.94
53.58
60.00
60.00
54.31
58.76
59.66
56.09
55.55
55.00
54.00
60.00
58.88
54.00
54.00
54.04
54.00
59,96
56.76
56.19
59.00
54.00
55.49
58.52
54.14
54.00
55. 73
53.40
54.00
54.00
57.30
54.00
59. 31
56. 47
59.33
57.16
51.42
54.00
58.36
54.00
57.88

$0.1610
.1302
.1654
.1723
.1836
.1560
.1350
.1750
.1567
.2136
.1425
.1532
.1634
.1924
.1615
.1192
.1313
.1740
.1828
.1960
.1523
.1740
.1493
.1642
.1563
.2338
.1668
.1212
.1913
.1929
.1878
.2550
.1511
.2639
.1454
.2359
.1668
.1561
.1768
.1881
.1758
.1843
.1550
.1391
.1588

$0.1628
.1333
.1751
.1808
.1817
.1611
.1396
.1729
.1615
.2012
.1445
.1630
.1703
.1958
.1752
.1242
.1297
.1781
.1940
.2012
.1547
.1839
.1529
.1717
.1595
.2587
.1747
.1313
.2024
. 2077
,2101
.2405
.1620
.2811
.1486
.2229
.1793
.1642
.1797
. 1911
.1842
.1950
. 1586
,1467
.1601

59.62
54.00
59.76
54.00
55.81
48.00
54.00
52.18
55.42
54.65
54.00
59.00
56.28
54.00
59.13
59.30
57.46
57.95
55.33
59.00
53.07
52.56

59. 76
54.00
59.76
54.00
55.59
48.00
54.00
51.88
55. 44
54. 78
54.00
59.00
53.43
54.00
59.09
59.24
57.09
58.40
56. 34
59.00
53.07
51.54

$0,3020
.2913
.3089
.2987
.2777
.5625
.3034
.3296
.'2577
.2886
.3304
.3263
.3175
,3074
. 2763
.2533
.3387
.2578
.2827
.2493
.3238
.2955

$0.3103
.3061
.3214
.3045
.2896
.5625
.3034
.3365
.2651
.2940
.3536
.3398
.3546
.3460
,2871
.2820
.3376
.2543
.2854
.2592
.3410
.3018

M A C H IN IS T S , M a l e .

Atlanta, Ga..............................
Baltimore, Md..........................
Birmingham, Ala....................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Butte, Mont.............................
Charleston, S. C.......................
Chicago, 111..............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Dallas, T ex...............................
Davenport, Iowa..................
Denver, Colo.............................
Des Moines, Iowa....................
Detroit, Mich............................
Dubuque, Iow a........................
Duluth, Minn...........................
Evansville, Ind........................
Fort Wayne, Ind.....................
Grand Rapids, Mich................
Hoboken, N. J ..........................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
a

3
6
2
5
2
2
2
6
5
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
4
3
3
2
3

Greater New York.




34
209
37
72
43
18
15
239
250
186
19
68
67
9
30
23
39
37
45
35
149
242

25
197
42
69
49
18
15
239
243
250
20
76
47
7
33
25
34
43
56
26
100
248

& Including Allegheny.

147

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1901.
T a b l e IV.—
AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E S H O P —Continued.
M A C H IN IS T S , M a l e — Concluded.

Locality.

Number
of estabments.

Jacksonville, F la......................
Jersey City, N. J . * ..................
Little Rock, Ark .....................
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
Louisville, K y..........................
Memphis, Tenn.........................
Milwaukee, W is........................
Minneapolis, Minn....................
Mobile, Ala...............................
Montgomery, Ala.....................
Nashville, Tenn........................
Newark, N. J ............................
New Orleans, L a......................
New York, N. Y .(« ).................
Norfolk, V a..............................
Omaha, Nebr............................
Philadelphia, P a .......................
Pittsburg, Pa.(&).....................
Portland, Me............................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Providence, R. I .......................
Richmond, V a..........................
Rochester, N . Y .......................
St. Louis, Mo............................
St. Paul, Minn..........................
Salt Lake City, U tah...............
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Scranton, P a............................
Seattle, W ash...........................
Terre Haute, Ind.....................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Troy, N. Y ................................
Washington, D. C....................
Williamsport, Pa.....................
Wilmington, Del......................
Worcester, Mass.......................

2
2
2
2
3
2
5
2
2
2
2
2
4
8
3
2
7
5
2
2
5
3
4
5
3
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
2

Number of
employees.
1906.
15
34
16
68
38
24
749
92
29
8
13
53
76
351
22
13
490
411
55
44
677
45
269
239
41
18
14
191
100
83
15
25
33
36
50
93
236

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.

1906.

13
37
17
56
52
21
961
131
26
7
14
60
54
476
23
12
476
421
58
38
574
50
379
231
51
52
17
218
142
64
13
23
30
35
54
99
220

60.00
53.00
60.00
57.16
59.55
54.00
55.13
55.00
54.00
60.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.04
54.00
54.00
55.97
58.25
59.00
54.00
58.56
56.71
54.00
54.00
59.05
53.39
54.00
54.00
55.00
54.00
54.00
56.60
59.42
49.61
59.04
54.00
57.20

1907.

1906.

1907.

60.00
53.00
55.76
56.59
59.63
54.00
55.23
55.00
54,00
60.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
5 4 04
54.00
5 4 00
55.93
58.49
59.00
54 00
55.38
56.18
54 00
54 00
55.90
53.23
54 00
5 4 00
55.00
54.00
5 4 00
56.39
59.43
49.49
54.22
54 00
57.21

$0.3150
.3511
.3458
.3382
.2614
.3139
.2888
.2925
.3477
.3281
.3336
.3214
.3479
.3208
.2917
.3469
.2831
.3150
.2676
.3902
.2570
.2600
.2867
.3031
.2898
.4080
.3425
.3908
.2731
.3642
.2915
.3023
.2682
.3345
.2507
.2848
.2656

$0.3173
.3511
.3706
.3580
.2608
.3463
.2977
.2951
.3665
.3321
.3397
.3274
.3827
.3200
.3393
.3704
.2847
.3245
.2830
.4057
.2898
.2811
.2949
.3172
.2838
.3822
.3480
.4059
.2733
.3663
.2897
.3063
.2776
.3406
.2539
.2936
.2685

59.79
54.00
59.32
54.00
60.00
48.00
54.00
52.49
56.88
58.62
54.00
53.47
54.00
59.56
59.63
58.52
58.68
60.00
54.00
54.00
52.37
60.00
57.77
59.78
54.00
55.76
54.00
54.00
60.00

$0.2959
.3158
.3160
.3241
.2936
.5625
.2828
.3372
.3350
.2629
.3562
.4187
.3086
.2955
.2679
.2695
.2614
.2623
.3096
.3427
.2909
.2778
.3537
.2820
.3333
.3321
.3372
.3148
.3045

$0.2993
.3345
.3224
.3245
.3050
.5625
.2838
.3460
.3500
.2874
.3647
.4517
.3258
.3045
.2708
.2885
.2692
.2702
.3084
• .3464
.3134
.2725
.3609
.2797
.3611
.3502
.3314
.3426
.3056

M O L D E R S , IR O N , M a le .

Atlanta, Ga.............
Baltimore, Md........
Birmingham, A la ...
Boston, Mass..........
Buffalo, N. Y ..........
Butte, Mont............
Charleston, S. C___
Chicago 111..............
Cincinnati, Ohio___
Cleveland, Ohio.......
Dallas, Tex..............
Denver, Colo...........
Des Moines, Iow a...
Detroit, Mich...........
Dubuque, Iow a.......
Evansville, Ind.......
Fall River, Mass__
Fort Wayne, In d . . .
Grand Rapids, Mich,
Hoboken, N. J ........
Indianapolis, Ind...
Jacksonville, F la___
Los Angeles, Cal___
Louisville, K y.........
Memphis, Tenn.......
Milwaukee, W is.......
Minneapolis, Minn..
Mobile, Ala..............
Montgomery, Ala...

3
3
2
4
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2

a Greater New York.




29
77
24
127
28
15
11
227
24
104
17
56
18
85
16
24
76
119
46
32
81
9
45
25
32
149
36
6
11

28
91
31
123
25
15
13
211
25
113
26
19
14
116
24
25
65
117
40
34
79
10
65
36
25
298
43
6
9

59.79
54.00
59.42
54.00
60.00
48.00
54.00
52.22
57.00
58.85
54.00
54.00
54.00
59.54
59.56
58.50
58.66
60.00
54.00
54.00
53.65
60.00
57.67
59.76
54.00
56.71
54.00
54.00
CO. 00

%

&Including Allegheny.

148

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR,

T able I V .—

AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E S H O P —Continued.
M O L P E R S , IR O N , M a l e — Concluded.

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

Locality.

Newark, N. J ............................
New Haven, Conn....................
New Orleans, La......................
New York, N. Y .(a).................
Norfolk, Va..............................
Philadelphia, P a ......................
Pittsburg, Pa. (5 ).....................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Providence, R. I .......................
Richmond, V a..........................
Rochester, N .Y ........................
St. Louis, Mo...........................
St. Paul, Minn..........................
Salt Lake City, U tah...............
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Scranton, P a............................
Seattle, W ash...........................
Syracuse, N. Y .........................
Terre Haute, In d.....................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Wilmington, Del......................
Worcester, Mass.......................

3
2
3
4
2
7
4
2
3
2
5
4
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

PATTERN

Number of
employees.
1906.
146
68
29
125
10
239
188
28
151
40
131
125
31
17
7
93
56
52
86
14
14
75
68

Average hours per j[Average wages per
week.
|
hour.

1907.

1906.

161
70
22
151
10
265
214
23
138
26
129
103
79
25
10
58
27
27
89
13
12
78
69

54.00
57.09
54.00
54.00
54.00
56.11
55.56
54.00
59.34
57.58
54.00
54.00
54.00
53.65
54.00
54.00
58.13
54.00
54.00
54.00
60.00
54.00
60.00

1907.

|

54.00
56.50
54.00
54.00
54.00
55.68
55.63
54.00
56.14
58.00
54.00
54.47
54.00
53.32
54.00
54.00
'58.89
54.00
54.00
58.15
59.58
54.00
60.00

1906.

1907.

$0.3302
.2779
.3333
.3473
.2834
.3447
.3575
.4058
.3380
.2423
.3296
.3413
.3726
.4114
.3294
.4441
.2947
.4227
.3433
.3161
.3000
.3229
.2940

$0.3527
.2915
.3649
.3662
.3084
.3367
.3786
.4191
.3417
.2524
.3384
.3512
- .3133
.3940
.3250
.4693
.3426
.4417
.3437
.3192
.3000
.3266
.2931

59.67
59.71
SO. 3073
54.00
54.00
.3276
59.67
59.56
.3222
54.00
54.00
.3455
55.20
56.00
.3660
48.00
48.00
.5625
54.00
54.00
.3333
52.62
52.63
.4034
55.00
55.00
.3185
54.56
54.67
.3216
54.00
54.00
.3472
59.00
59.00
.3175
56.30
57.00
.3650
54.00
54.00
.3389
59.38
59.42
.2975
59.67
59.60
.2972
57.33
57.75
.3446
57.00
56.33
.2875
54.00
54.00
.2925
56.43
56.18
.2821
59.00
59.00
.2593
55.47
51.38
.3200
53.00
53.00
.4316
60.00
56.00
.3333
58.00
57.75
.3617
59.67
59.69
.2978
54.00
54.00
.3754
55.06
55.10
.3372
55.00
55.00
.3190
54.00
54.00
.3389
60.00
60.00
.3500
54.00
54.00
.3217
54.00
54.00
.4124
59.60
59.00
.3150
54.00
54.00
.3333
54.01
54.03
.4100
54.00
54.00
.3334
56.47
56.49
.3225
55.78
55.85
.•3634
59.00
59.00
.3279
54.00
54.00
.4074
57.40
55.71
.3258
56.91
57.56
.3000
55.00
54.63
.3305
b Including Allegheny.

SO.3159
.3444
.3528
.3449
.3600

M A K E R S , W O O D , M a le .
i

Atlanta, Ga..............................
3
Baltimore, Md..........................
4
Birmingham, Ala.....................
2
Boston, Mass...........................
4
Buffalo,N. Y .............................
2
Butte, Mont.............................
2
Charleston, S. C.......................
2
Chicago, 111...............................
4
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
3
Cleveland, Ohio........................
2
Dallas, Tex...............................
2
Davenport, Iow a.....................
2
Denver, Colo.............................
2
Des Moines, Iowa.....................
2
Detroit, Mich............................
2
Dubuque, Iowa........................
2
Dulutn, Minn...........................
2
Evansville, Ind........................
2
Fall River, Mass......................
2
Fort Wayne, In d .....................
3
Grand Rapids, Mich.................
2
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
3
Jersey City, N. J .......................
2
Little Rock, Ark......................
2
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
2
Louisville, K y..........................
2
Memphis, Tenn.........................
2
Milwaukee, Wi3........................
4
Minneapolis, Minn....................
2
Mobile, Ala...............................
2
Montgomery, Ala.....................
2
Nashville, Tenn........................
2
Newark, N. J ............................
3
New Haven, Conn....................
2
New Orleans, L a......................
4
New York, N. Y. (a )................
6
Norfolk, Va..............................
2
Philadelphia, P a ......................
8
Pittsburg, P a .(5).....................
4
Portland, Me............................
2
Portland, Oreg.........................
2
Providence, R. I .......................
4
Richmond, V a..........................
2
Rochester, N. Y .......................
5
a Greater New York;




9
21
9
11
5
4
3
78
13
25
4
4
10
6
8
6
6
2
7
14
6
19
4
6
15
9
7
158
13
5
2
2
13
5
14
71
3
64
64
7
6
43
11
12

7
27
9
13
3
3
3
62
15
18
7
5
6
5
12
5
8
3
7
17
4
21
3
3
16
13
5
134
20
3
2
2
14
4
10
66
2
76
65
4
5
.45
9
19

.3333
.4149
.3177
.3239
. 4024
.3290
.3750
.3289
.3100
.3000
.3306
.2583
.3265
.2935
.2764
.3683
.4339
.3167
.3922
.2965
.4000
. 3290
.3269
.3611
.3500
.3217
.3/89
.3339
.3667
.4294
.3473
.3263
.3813
.3101
.4167
.3363
.2944
.3407

149

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T ab le

IV .—

AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

F O U N D R Y A N D M A C H IN E S H O P —Concluded.
P A T T E R N M A K E R S , W O O D , M a l e — Concluded.

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

Locality.

St. Louis Mo.....................
St. Paul, Minn.......................
Salt Lake City, U tah.............
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Scranton, P a............................
Seattle, W ash...........................
Syracuse, N. Y .........................
Terre Haute, Ind.....................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Wilmington, Del......................
Worcester, Mass.......................

4
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Number of
employees.
1906.
14
6
8
4
29
20
3
7
3
3
8
10

Average hours per [ Average wages per
week.
j
hour.

1907.
14
12
10
4
19
17
3
9
2
2
8
12

1906.
54.00
59.17
53.50
54.00
54.00
55.00
54.00
56.86
54.00
58.00
54.00
57.60

1907.

1906.

1907.

54.00
54.83
53.40
54.00
54.00
55.00
54.00
56.22
54.00
56.50
54.00
57.58

$0.4000
.3410
.4229
.3545
.5345
.3135
.4737
.3325
.3028
.3011
.3293
.3070

$0.4096
.3563
.4011
.3850
.5600
.3282
.4738
.3108
.3139
.3167
.3329
.3192

59.78
48.86
54.24
56.06
50.61
51.79
60.00
60.00
59.82
59.18
57.86
57.57
56.86
55.24
56.63

$0.2220
.3543
.2744
.2561
.2831
.3097
.2081
.2197
.2124
.1571
.2437
.2192
.2608
.2891
.2411

$0.2215
.3540
.2827
.2522
.2826
.2938
.2229
.2230
.2061
.1546
.2448
.2261
.2628
.2819
.2424

59.89
49.71
54.45
56.12
52.36
55.39
60.00
60.00
59.79
59.08
58.82
59.38
58.08
56.28
60.00

59.83
49.47
54.56
57.25
53.00
55.40
60.00
60.00
59.77
59.10
58.29
59.30
57.66
57.21
60.00

$0.2004
.3281
.2691
.2549
.2574
.2068
.2038
.1900
.2071
.1566
.1868
.1879
.2506
.2654
.1958

$0.2093
.3275
.2799
.2523
.2662
.2213
.2200
.1950
.2128
.1574
.1866
.1991
.2555
.2678
.1952

59.87
49.88
54.61
57.90
55.69
60.00
60.00
59.82
59.23
58.54
58.87
57.50
53.93
60.00

59.87
49.42
54.45
58.20
55.74
60.00
60.00
59.82
59.27
58.54
58.96
57.50
54.58
60.00

$0.2195
.3374
.2660
.2313
.2097
.1994
.1967
.2122
.1554
.1873
' .2043
.2651
.2727
,2161

$0.2072
.3453
.2699
.2411
.2225
.2094
.1988
.2147
.1559
.1872
.2105
.2693
.2722
.2161

F U R N IT U R E .
C A B I N E T M A K E R S , M a le .

Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass............................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Des Moines, Iowa.....................
Detroit, Mich...........................
Dubuque, Iow a........................
Evansville, Ind........................
Grand Rapids, Mich................
High Point, N. C......................
Indianapolis, In d.....................
Milwaukee, W i s ......................
New York, N. Y .(« ).................
Philadelphia, P a......................
St. Louis, Mo............................

2
6
6
5
2
3
2
4
3
3
3
3
6
3
3

M A C H IN E

Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass............................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Des Moines, Iowa.....................
Detroit, M ich...........................
Dubuque, Iow a........................
Evansville, Ind........................
Grand Rapids, Mich................
High Point, N. C......................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
Milwaukee, W is........................
New York, N. Y.(<*).................
Philadelphia, P a .v ..................
St. Louis, Mo............................

2
6
6
5
2
3
2
4
3
3
4
3
5
3
2

8
147
183
181
18
88
21
36
92
74
21
80
99
129
63

9
154
176
166
23
94
20
35
99
56
21
72
80
92
64

59.75
49.16
54.14
55.26
50.67
50.93
60.00
60.00
59.83
59.14
59.14
56.94
57.37
53.92
56.67

W O O D W O R K E R S , M a le .

18
31
103
51
11
70
8
75
89
125
107
56
61
74
80

18
34
85
61
12
72
8
70
82
93
109
57
50
67
82

S A W Y E R S , M a le ,

Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass............................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Detroit, Mich............................
Dubuque, Iow a........................
Evansville, Ind........................
Grand Rapids, Mich................
High Point, N. C......................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
Milwaukee, W is........................
New York, N. Y .(«).................
Philadelpha, P a ........................
St. Louis, Mo............................




2
5
6
5
2
2
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
2

15
25
68
20
36
8
30
61
13
41
31
10
28
16

15
26
75
20
38
8
27
61
11
41
24
10
24
16

a Greater New York.

150

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

T a b l e I V . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.
F U R N I T U R E —Concluded.
U P H O L S T E R E R S , M a le .

Locality.

Boston, Mass...........................
Chicago 111................................
Des Moines, Iowa.....................
Detroit, Mich...........................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
New York, N. Y .(a )....... ........
St. Louis, Mo............................

Number
of establishments.
4
5
2
2
2
4
2

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

Number of
employees.
1906.

1907.

76
176
21
13
24
65
16

1906.

58
153
19
13
24
66
16

1907.

1906.

1907.

49.09
54.00
60.00
54.00
58.17
48.65
58.50

48.98
53.76
60.00
54 0 0
55.42
49.03
58.50

$0.3814
.2831
.2635
.2528
.2344
.4151
.2545

$0.3898
.2942
.2509
.2822
.2344
.4055
.2545

59.86
49.19
54.55
57.28
60.00
56.29
60.00
60.00
59.67
59.06
58.93
59.05
58.26
57.36
60.00

59.83
49.16
54 59
56.75
60.00
56.22
60.00
60.00
59.71
59.08
57.33
59.43
58.08
57.15
60.00

$0.1503
.3004
.2253
.1949
.2567
.1889
.2119
.1860
.1742
.1384
.2150
.1698
.2162
.2273
.2191

$0.1651
.3027
. 2316
.2098
.2333
.1999
.2163
.1897
.1786
.1379
.2150
.1750
.2192
.2320
.2210

54 0 0
54 00
54.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
60.00
60.00
54 00
53.98

54.00
54.00
54.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
60.00
60.00
54.00
48.00

$0.2222
.2490
.2222
.2396
.2719
.1857
.1809
.1633
.2064
.1842

$0.2222
.2495
.2222
.2396
.2801
.2022
.1964
.1638
.2008
.2365

54.00
54 50
54.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
54 68
54.00
48.00
48:00

54.00
54.50
54.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
48.00
54.00
54 00
54.65
54.00
48.00
48.00

$0.3218
* . 3019
.3160
.3750
.3351
.3620
.2989
.3194
.3426
.3347
.3036
.2870
.3420
.4375

$0.3241
.3015
.3295
.3792
.3351
.3620
.2992
.3183
.3419
.3335
.3037
.3148
.3718
.5000

V A R N IS H E R S , M a le .

Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass............................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Des Moines, Iow a.....................
D etroit, Mieh...........................
Dubuque, Iow a.........................
Evansville, In d ........................
Grand Rapids, Mich.................
High Point, N. C......................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
Milwaukee, W is........................
New York, N. Y .(a ).................
Philadelphia, P a.......................
St. Louis, Mo............................

2
5
7
5
2
4
2
4
3
3
2
3
5
3
2

50
70
249
75
5
93
7
34
135
48
15
100
121
80
41

47
76
234
83
7
144
7
32
130
38
15
97
106
86
39

L IQ U O R S , M A L T .
B O T T L E R S , M a le .

Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass............................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Detroit, Mich............................
Milwaukee, W is........................
New York, N. Y .(o).................
Philadelphia, P a .......................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
St. Louis, Mo............................

2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
2

17
36
126
19
10
1,877
34
22
7
1,434

17
36
135
20
9
2,191
28
26
16
1,445

C E L L A R M E N , M a le .

Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Detroit, Mich............................
Louisville, K y..........................
Milwaukee, W is........................
Newark, N. J . ..........................
New York, N. Y .(o).................
Philadelphia, P a .......................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
St. Louis, Mo............................
San Francisco, Cal...................




2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
6
3
2
2
2

16
54
15
32
23
8
21
185
12
162
44
20
107
21
a Greater New

16
54
17
30
23
8
19
193
13
175
46
22
111
29

York.

151

WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR, 1890 TO 1901.
T a b l e IV.—
AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.
L I Q U O R S , M A L T —Concluded.
C O O P E R S , M a le .

Locality.

Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Chicago, 111...............................
Milwaukee, W is........................
New York, N. Y .(o ).................
Philadelphia, P a.....................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
San Francisco, Cal...................

Number
of estab
lish
ments.
2
2
2
3
6
3
2
2

Number of
employees.

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.

1906.
11
5
8
240
21
12
9
11

1906.

11
5
8
283
22
12
11
10

1907.

1906.

1907.

48.00
54.00
48.00
48.00
53.67
54.00
54.00
48.00

48.00
54.00
48.00
48.00
53.68
54.00
54.00
48.00

$0.4489
.2945
.3802
.3211
.3363
.2963
.2870
.4583

$0.5114
.2082
.3802
.3214
.3396
.2917
.3148
.5021

57.09
54.00
54.00
48.00
48.00
57.00
60.00
56.29
51.46
58.50
57. 41
60.38
54.00
63.84
60.00

56.87
54.00
54.00
48.00
48.00
57.00
60.00
55.43
54.00
58.88
56.68
60.49
54.00
60.00
60.00

$0.3472
.3056
.2737
.3834
.3326
.3134
.2704
.2277
.3115
.3019
.3065
.2849
.3135
.2506
.4243

*$0.3550
.3049
.2761
.3834
.3283
.3140
.2737
.2349
.2958
.3010
.3044
.2856
.3333
.2634
.4578

55.29
54.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
55.50
54.00
48.00

55.29
54.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
55.41
54.00
48.00

$0.3265
.3148
.3785
.3403
.3542
.3163
.3472
.3333
.3043
.2886
.3405

$0.3265
.3272
.3785
.3403
.3542
.3196
.3457
.3348
.3044
.3214
.3724

54.00
54.00
54.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
55.38
54.00
48.00
48.00

54.00
54.00
54.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
55.50
54.00
48.00
48.00

$0.3254
.3122
.3166
.3750
.3583
.3646
.3056
.3190
.3457
.3407
.3134
.2897
.3530
.4375

$0.3307
.3122
.3318
.3828
.3583
.3750
.3056
.3183
.3457
.3466
.3111
.3229
.3791
.5000

D R I V E R S , M a le .

Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Denver, Colo.............................
Detroit, Mich............................
Louisville, K y ...........................
Milwaukee, Wis........................
Newark, N. J . . ........................
New York, N. Y .(« ).................
Philadelphia, P a.......................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
St. Louis, Mo............................
San Francisco, Cal...................

2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
6
3
2
2
2

64
76
25
27
28
16
18
42
52
32
293
71
14
75
15

67
77
27
25
29
17
19
39
44
32
311
74
14
90
15 '

F E R M E N T E R S , M a le .

Boston, Mass............................1
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Detroit, Mich............................
Milwaukee, W is........................
Newark, N. J ............................
New York, N. Y .(«).................
Philadelphia, P a .......................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
St. Louis, Mo............................

2
2
3
2
2
2
2
6
3
2
2

7
6
12
3
4
66
8
48
16
6
39

KETTLE

Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Detroit, Mich............................
Louisville, K y..........................
Milwaukee, W is........................
Newark, N. J ............................
New York, N. Y .(o).................
Philadelphia, P a......................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
St. Louis, Mo............................
San Francisco, Cal...................




2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
6
3
2
2
2

7
6
12
3
4
72
9
48
17
7
36

M E N , M a le .

7
7
5
9
5
2
4
58
6
40
13
7
19
9

7
7
6
8
5
2
4
63
6
46
14
8
18
9

a Greater New York.

152

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUR EAU OF LABOR,

T a b l e I V . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

M ARBLE AND STO N E W ORK.
M A R B L E C U T T E R S , M a le .

Number
of estab-

Locality.

ments.
Augusta, Ga.............................
Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass............................
Charleston, S. C........................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Dallas, Tex...............................
Detroit, Mich............................
Jacksonville, Fla......................
Knoxville, Tenn.......................
Little Rock, Ark......................
Louisville, K y..........................
Manchester, N. H .....................
Memphis, Tenn.........................
Montgomery, Ala.....................
New Orleans, L a......... .............
New York, N. Y. (a).................
Norfolk, Va..............................
Philadelphia, P a......................
Pittsburg, Pa.(&).....................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Providence, R. I .......................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Tacoma, W ash................. .......
Worcester, Mass.......................

2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
3
4
2
3

Number of
employees.
1906.
4
39
49
5
13
4
11
17
14
4
6
3
15
9
20
72
3
12
12
11
16
9
3
4

Average hours per | Average wages per
week.
j
hour.

1907.
4
27
55
5
19
3
10
6
15
3
6
3
14
5
32
92
2
12
10
10
7
9
6
8

1906.

1907.

51.00
52.46
48.00
50.00
57.77
53.50
51.27
50.47
60.00
60.00
53.00
54.00
53.67
59.00
53.15
44.00
56.00
52.17
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
52.00
48.00

1906.

1907.

51.00
51.33
48.00
50.00
56.95
53.33
49.20
51.00
60.00
60.00
54.00
54.00
53.71
59.40
49.31
44.00
57.00
52.17
48.00
46.40
48.00
48.00
52.00
48.00

$0.3464
.3803
.4021
.3382
.2891
.2951
.4250
.4297
.2811
.3063
.3292
.2685
.2946
.2655
.3423
.6102
.2889
.•3464
.5313
.4545
.4789
.4931
.4125
.4075

$0.3464
.4074
.4041
.3382
.2833
.3188
.4413
.4130
.2933
.3167
.3611
.2685
. 3253
.2728
.4371
.6046
.2417
.3464
.5125
.5375
.4518
.5590
.4125
.4685

48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
46.12
56.00
48.00
47.63
45.33
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
50.00
47.00
48.00
44.91
48.00
52.50
48.00
48.00

$0.3750
,3750
.4500
.4024
.4221
.6061
.3750
.5000
.4149
.3938
.3711
.3871
.5417
.4375
.4787
.4375
.5625
.3875
.3811
.3750
.4528
.3865
.5625
.4798
.4500
.2992
.4500
,3984

$0.3750
.3750
. 4500
. 4026
. 4303
.6400
.3750
.5000
.4275
.4000
.3726
.3984
.5417
.4375
.4785
.4375
.6250
.3875
.3828
.4383
.4606
.4316
.6250
.4798
.4500
.3206
.4583
.3977

48.00
44.73
48.00
44.00
45.68
48.29
44.00
44.44
44. 67
48.00

$0.5000
.4500
.5000
.5625
.5625
.4800
.5660
.5000
.5000
.5000

$0.5000
.4500
.5000
.5625
.5625
.4800
.6250
.5000
.5000
.5000

S T O N E C U T T E R S , G R A N IT E , M a le .

Atlanta, Ga..............................
Augusta, Ga.............................
Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Butte, Mont.............................
Charleston, S. C.......................
Denver, Colo.............................
Jersey City, N. J .......................
L ittle Rock, Ark......................
Manchester, N. II .....................
New Haven, Conn....................
New York, N. Y .( a ) .................
Norfolk, V a..............................
Philadelphia, P a ......................
Pittsburg, Pa.(&).....................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Providence, R. I .......................
Quincy, Mass............................
Richmond, V a ..........................
Salt Lake City, Utah...............
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Syracuse, N. Y .........................
Washington, D. C....................
Wilmington, Del.......................
Wilkes-Barre, P a.....................
Worcester, Mass.......................

4
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
4

50
11
21
80
13
7
6
15
16
4
16
20
24
6
93
17
10
12
38
26
5
18
118
11
15
8
9
181

46
11
19
77
13
8
6
14
17
3
13
32
24
5
113
14
15
12
30
27
6
18
127
11
12
8
6
200

48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
46.25
57.00
48.00
50.50
45.33
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
50.40
47.00
48.00
44.91
48.00
53.25
48.00
48.00

S T O N E C U T T E R S , S O F T S T O N E , M a le .

Baltimore, Md__
Birmingham, Ala.
Buffalo, N. Y ___
Chicago, 111..........
Cincinnati, Ohio..
Davenport, Iowa.
Denver, Colo........
Des Moines, Iowa.
Detroit, Mich___
Dubuque, Iow a...

2
3
2
2
2
2
4
2
3
2
a Greater New




York

47
12
46
15
38
7
24
13
23
14

46
11
34
14
44
7
28
9
24
13

48.00
44.67
48.00
44.00
45.71
48.29
44.00
44.92
45.04
48.00

&Including Allegheny.

153

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T able I V .—

AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

M A R B L E A N D S T O N E W O R K —Concluded.
S T O N E C U T T E R S , S O F T S T O N E , M a l e — Concluded.

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

Locality.

Indianapolis, In d .....................
Little Rock, Ark......................
Louisville, K y..........................
Memphis, Tenn.........................
Milwaukee, W is........................
Nashville, Tenn........................
Newark, N. J ............................
New York, N. Y . ( a ) .................
Norfolk, Ya..............................
Philadelphia, P a .......................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Richmond, V a.........................
St. Louis, Mo............................
St. Paul, Minn..........................
Trenton, N. J ...........................
Washington, D. C....................
Wheeling, W. V a......................

3
2
2
2
3
2
3
4
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
2

Average hours per Average wages per
hour.
week.

Number of
employees.
1906.
40
25
26
10
33
22
87
149
5
56
16
5
14
6
112
16
8

1907.

1906.

22
12
15
8
37
19
104
131
4
56
18
5
14
8
25
27
9

1907.

1906.

1907.

47.15
44.48
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
44.28
44 00
48.00
44.00
46.50
48.00
44.00
48.00
44 00
48.00
49.88

47.18
45.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
44.49
44.00
48.00
44 00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
49.67

$0.4804
.5500
.4788
.6000
.4905
.4545
.5618
.5591
.4750
.5000
.6211
. 4150
.5625
.5250
.5000
.5000
.4539

$0.4563
.5500
.5050
.6438
.5017
.4579
.5529
.5615
.•4688
.5000
.6667
.4250
.5625
.5859
.5000
.5000
.4333

60.00
56.29
48.00
60.00
54.54
59.00
50.74
60.00
55.60
55.50
55.20
49.71
54.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
54.00
49.34
57.53
60.00
50.57
51.26
59.00
54.00
60.00
60.00
48.13
48.00
55.76

60.00
54.00
48.00
60.00
54.58
59.00
50.71
60.00
55.60
54.86
60.00
49.82
54.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
54.00
49.36
56.94
60.00
50.74
54.00
59.00
54.00
60.00
60.00
47.86
48.00
54.00

$0.2464
.2789
.3986
.2434
.2958
.2574
.3496
.2200
.2617
.2903
.3045
.4054
.2659
.2114
.2667
.2037
.2559
.3742
.2597
.1875
.3007
.4190
.2495
.1950
.2880
.3875
.5682
.2500

$0.2598
.2945
.4077
.2644
.3030
.2596
.3497
.2400
.2633
.2996
.2850
.3933
.2641
.2156
.2643
.1894
.2707
.3783
.2739
.1889
.3045
.4213
.2596
.2722
.1933
.2945
.4196
.5710
.2688

60.00
57.21
60.00
60.00
60.21
56.55
58.62
59.00
51.00
60.00
55.35
60.00
59.68

60.00
57.21
60.00
60.00
60.85
56.91
56.08
59.00
50.52
60.00
55.42
60.00
60.00

$0.1135
.1536
.1639
.1538
.0876
.1712
.1670
.1535
.1831
.1504
.1632
.1282
.1616

$0.1183
.1536
.1668
.1608
.0978
.1733
.1735
.1550
.1976
.1580
.1645
.1285
.1722

P L A N IN G M IL L .
C A R P E N T E R S , M a le .

Atlanta, Ga..............................
Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Detroit, Mich............................
Dubuque, Iow a........................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
Jacksonville, F la......................
Lake Charles, L a......................
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
Louisville, K y ...........................
Milwaukee, W is........................
Montgomery, Ala.....................
Muscatine, Iow a.......................
New Orleans, L a......................
New York, N. Y .(«).................
North Tonawanda, N. Y ........
Oshkosh, W is...........................
Philadelphia, P a.......................
Pittsburg, Pa. (&).....................
Racine, W is..............................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
Saginaw, Mich..........................
St. Louis, Mo............................
Salt Lake City, U tah...............
San Francisco, Cal...................
Terre Haute, Ind......................

2
3
2
4
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
7
2
3
2
4
2
2
3
2
2
2
2

64
42
21
72
37
17
70
28
15
4
5
7
26
39
12
47
45
176
17
19
35
35
16
30
5
52
16
22
17

59
42
20
96
36
17
79
28
15
7
5
11
25
30
14
36
42
199
17
24
38
30
19
40
6
55
14
37
16

.2611

L A B O R E R S , M a le .

2
3
4
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3

Atlanta, Ga.........
Baltimore, M d...
Buffalo, N. Y ___
Cadillac, Mich___
Charleston, S. C ..
Chicago, 111.........
Cincinnati, O hio..
Cleveland, Ohio..
Detroit, Mich---Dubuque, Iow a..
Indianapolis, Ind
Jacksonville, Fla.
Lake Charles, La.
a Greater




New Y ork.

126
28
71
86
29
33
13
23
36
124
17
116
114

138'
28
75
92
54
33
12
20
46
122
19
123
113

&Including Allegheny.

154

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR,

T able I V . —AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, B Y CITIES— Continued.

P liA N I N G M l l i l i —Continued.
L A B O R E R S , M a l e — Concluded.

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

Locality.

Louisville, K y..........................
Milwaukee, W is........................
Minneapolis, Minn....................
Montgomery, Ala.....................
Muscatine, Iow a.......................
New Orleans, La......................
New York, N. Y. (» )................
North Tona wanda, N. Y .........
Oshkosh, W is...........................
Pittsburg, Pa. (&)....................
Racine, W is..............................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
Saginaw, Mich..........................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Terre Haute, Ind......................

2
2
3
2
2
2
7
3
3
4
2
2
3
2
2

Number of
employees.
1906.
13
36
183
19
102
28
70
82
116
8
7
16
168
31
8

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.
1906.

1907.
16
43
186
29
114
21
54
81
132
10
8
18
158
27
9

1907.

54.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
54.00
55.07
60.00
60.00
54.00
59.00
54.00
60.00
48.00
59.75

1906. •

1907.

54.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
54.00
54.76
59.84
60.00
54.00
59.00
54.00
60.00
48.00
58.00

$0.1369
.1513
.1740
.1082
.1314
.1603
.1829
.1645
.1495
.1944
.1621
.1806
.1424
.3075
.1679

$0.1602
.1603
.1799
.1144
.1329
.1616
.1836
.1684
. 1515.2009
.1611
.1996
.1507
.3194
.1641

60.00
54.00
48.00
58.36
60.00
60.43
56.88
54. 42
59.00
50.29
60.00
55.50
59.02
60.00
49.14
54.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
54.00
48.96
59.77
60.00
52.25
54.00
59.00
54.00
60.00
60.00
48.00
48.00
60.00
54.00

$0.2352
.2460
.3447
.2432
.1888
.1229
.3043
.2963
.2732
.2973
.1974
.2719
.1973
.2089
.3735
.2534
.1923
.2200
.2400
.1774
.2521
.3793
.2363
.1591
. 3195
.3968
.2262
.2565
.1543
.2731
. 4036
.6563
.2474
.2792

£0.2407
.2581
.3707
.2545
.1975
.1336
.3250
.3078
.2673
.3182
.2152
.2750
.1528
.1995
.4057
.2436
.1977
.2260
.2200
.1841
.2689
.4142
.2421
.1671
.3246
.4166
.2306
.2586
.1629
.2718
.4333
.6514
.2712
.2700

60.00
54.00
48.00
58.91
60.00
60.50
55.85
54.40
59.00
51.00
60.00
55.88

$0.2167
.2332
.3720
.2423
.2167
.1284
.3074
.2943
.2781
.3289
.2143
.2594

$0.2333
.2496
.3638
.2568
.2100
.1409
.3372
.3017
.2781
.3215
.2296
.2594

M A C H IN E W O O D W O R K E R S , M a le .

Atlanta, Ga..............................
Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Cadillac, Mich...........................
Charleston, S. C........................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Detroit, Mich............................
Dubuque, Iow a........................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
Jacksonville, F la......................
Lake Charles, La......................
Los Angeles, Cal......................
Louisville, K y ..........................
Milwaukee, W is........................
Minneapolis, Minn....................
Montgomery, Ala.....................
Muscatine, Iow a.......................
New Orleans, L a......................
New York, N. Y. (« )................
North Tonawanda, N. Y .........
Oshkosh, W is...........................
Philadelphia, P a.......................
Pittsburg, Pa. (&)....................
Racine, W is..............................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
Saginaw, Mich..........................
St. Louis, Mo............................
Salt Lake City, U tah ...............
San Francisco, Cal...................
Tacoma, W ash.........................
Terre Haute, Ind......................

2
3
2
4
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
8
3
3
2
4
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2

42
43
16
22
36
7
23
24
28
34
69
16
22
32
22
25
33
52
10
84
41
79
12
110
14
21
15
64
47
51
9
13
58
6

44
44
14
33
28
7
25
26
26
35
69
14
55
35
14
21
39
53
10
90
40
72
13
122
16
19
19
94
43
55
6
18
74
5

60.00
57.77
48. Q0
60.00
60.00
60.43
57.13
54.42
59.00
51.06
60.00
55.56
57.55
58.69
49.36
54.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
54.00
50.32
60.00
60.00
52.57
54.00
59.00
54.00
60.00
60.00
48.33
48.00
60.00
55.67

i

S A W Y E R S , M a le .

Atlanta, Ga.........
Baltimore, M d...
Boston, Mass___
Buffalo, N. Y . . . .
Cadillac, M ich ....
Charleston, S. C..
Chicago, 111.........
Cincinnati, Ohio..
Cleveland, Ohio..
Detroit, Mich___
'Dubuque, Io w a ..
Indianapolis, Ind

2
3
2
4
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
a

Greater New York.




9
17
8
13
3
2
14
12
8
9
15
8

12
17
8
11
3
2
13
10
8
8
14
8

60.00
56.47
48.00
60.00
60.00
60.50
56.14
54.33
59.00
50.89
60.00
55.88

6 Including Allegheny.

155

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1901.
T able

IV .—AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

P L A N I N G M IL L —Concluded.
S A W Y E R S , M a le — Concluded.
Number
of estab
lish
ments.

Locality.

Jacksonville, F la......................
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
Louisville, K y ...........................
Milwaukee, W is........................
Minneapolis, Mirm....................
Muscatine, Iow a.......................
New Orleans, L a......................
New York, N. Y. (« )................
North Tona wanda, N. Y .........
Oshkosh, W is...........................
Philadelphia, P a .......................
Pittsburg, Pa. (&)....................
Racine, W is..............................
Saginaw, Mich..........................
St. Louis, Mo............................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Tacoma, W ash.........................
Terre Haute, In d .....................

2
2
2
2
3
2
2
8
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2

Number of
employees.
1906.
5
7
4
17
26
31
14
52
9
33
10
4
5*
54
25
7
29
3

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.

1906.

5
7
4
20
30
37
12
47
8
34
11
4
6
57
27
7
18
3

56.40
49.14
54.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
54.00
50.88
59.33
60.00
52.00
54.00
59.00
60.00
60.00
48.00
60.00
55.67

1907.
56.40
49.14
54.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
54.00
50.81
59 88
60.00
51.82
54.00
59.00
60.00
60.00
48.00
60.00
54.00

1906.
$0.2661
.3686
.2703
.2160
.2181
.1882
.2999
.3506
.2077
.1770
.2726
.4236
.2483
.1528
.2638
.5759
.2388
.2667

1907.
$0.2767
.3532
.2628
.2089
.2182
.1805
.2611
.3610
.2036
.1840
.2695
.4097
.2444
.1662
.2702
.6071
.2689
.2667

P R IN T IN G A N D B IN D IN G , B O O K A N D JO B .
B O O K B IN D E R S , M a le .

Albany, N. Y ............................
Atlanta, Ga..............................
Baltimore, Md..........................
Birmingham, A la.....................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Butte, Mont.............................
Charleston, S. C........................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Dallas, Tex...............................
Denver, Colo.............................
Des Moines, Iowa.....................
Detroit, Mich............................
Dubuque, Iow a........................
Duluth, Minn...........................
Grand Rapids, Mich.................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
Little Rock, Ark......................
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
Louisville, K y..........................
Minneapolis, Minn....................
New Haven, Conn....................
New Orleans, L a......................
New York, N. Y. («)................
Norfolk, V a..............................
Omaha, Nebr............................
Philadelphia, P a .......................
Pittsburg, Pa. (&)....................
Richmond, V a..........................
St. Louis, Mo............................
St. Paul, Minn..........................
San Antonio, Tex.....................
Seattle, W ash...........................
Sioux Falls, S. D ak..................
Tacoma, W ash.........................
Terre Haute, Ind.....................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Topeka, Kans...........................
Trenton, N. J ...........................
Washington, D. C....................
Wheeling, W. V a ......................
Wilkes-Barre, P a .....................
a

2
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

2
3
4
2
2
2
4
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2

Greater New York.




49
5
13
6
34
16
4
10
88
49
15
12
15
5
29
7
5
6
28
8
18
24
14
13
11
47
8
9
38
19
16
54
37
5
9
5
7
8
9
6
10
5
7
11

58
9
9
7
39
16
5
10
81
48
15
15
15
3
39
7
7
8
28
12
20
25
12
17
6
37
7
8
40
20
13
63
41
6
12
6
10
6
10
6
10
6
6
13

52.90
54.00
55.38
51.00
54.00
54.00
48.00
54. t)0
54.00
54.86
54.00
53.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
49.71
53.00
54.00
54.00
53.00
52.67
54.00
53.14
54.00
54.00
54.00
53.38
54.00
52.89
54.00
54.00
54.00
53.35
53.00
48.00
54.00
48.00
53.75
54.00
54.00
51.00
53.80
54.00
50.73

53.17
54.00
52.44
50.57
53.23
54.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
53.00
54.00
53.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
48.00
53.00
54.00
54.00
53.00
52.95
54.00
53.17
54.00
50.00
54.00
52.57
54.00
50.25
54.00
54.00
54.00
53.29
53.00
48.00
54.00
48.00
53.83
54.00
54.00
48.00
50.83
54.00
51.46

& Including Allegheny.

$0.3984
.3056
.3290
.3413
.3407
.3056
.6146
.3037
.3129
.2920
.2895
.3561
.3958
.3259
.3052
.3095
.2679
.2901
.3466
.3538
.3513
.2705
.3262
.2949
.2921
.3842
.2885
.3333
.3358
.3060
.2778
.3188
.3389
.3283
.3750
.3296
.4107
.3046
.2881
.3117
.2902
.3266
.2725
.3148

$0.4112
.3159
.3199
.3594
.3451
.3102
.6375
.3232
.3109
.3070
.2901
.3762
.3917
.3704
.3048
.3214
.3369
.2986
.3506
.3585
.3597
.2859
.3258
.2996
.3299
.3893
.3309
.3195
.3476
.3056
.2899
.3181
.3444
.3396
.4566
.3503
.4302
.3025
.3046
.3364
.3208
.3417
.2994
.3380

156
T able

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUR EAU OF LABOR,

IV .—AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

P R I N T I N G A N D B I N D I N G , B O O K A N D J O B —Continued.
C O M P O S IT O R S , M a l e .

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

Locality.

Albany, N. Y ............................
Atlanta, Ga..............................
Baltimore, Md..........................
Birmingham, Ala.....................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Butte, Mont.............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Charleston, S. C ......................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Balias, Tex...............................
Denver, Colo.............................
Des Moines, Iowa.....................
Detroit, Mich...........................
Dubuque, Iow a........................
Duluth, Minn...........................
Grand Rapids, Mich................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
Jacksonville, F la......................
Jersey City, N. J ......................
Kansas City, Mo......................
Little Rock, Ark......................
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
Louisville, K y ..........................
Lynn, Mass...............................
Milwaukee, W is........................
Minneapolis, Minn....................
Montgomery, Ala.....................
New Haven, Conn....................
New Orleans, La......................
New York, N. Y. (o)................
Norfolk, V a..............................
Omaha, Nebr...........................
Peoria, 111.................................
Philadelphia, P a......................
Pittsburg, Pa. (5 )....................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Richmond, V a ..........................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
St. Louis, Mo............................
St. Paul, Minn..........................
Salt Lake City, U tah...............
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Scranton, P a ............................
Seattle, W ash...........................
Sioux Falls, S. D ak..................
Syracuse, N. Y .........................
Tacoma, W ash.........................
Terre Haute, Ind.....................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Topeka, K ans...........................
Trenton, N. J ...........................
Washington, D. C....................
Wheeling, W. V a......................
Wilkes-Barre, P a.....................
Wilmington, Del......................
Worcester, Mass.......................
SEW ERS

Albany, N. Y ___
Atlanta, Ga.........
Baltimore, Md__
Birmingham, Ala.
Boston, Mass___
Buffalo, N. Y ___
Butte, Mont.......

2
2
4
2
5
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
4
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
3
2
2
6
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
3
4
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
AND

2
2
3
2
3
2
4
a

Greater New York.




Number of
employees.
1906.
128
28
88
25
94
22
11
31
11
118
26
20
28
13
24
8
6
16
54
23
17
32
16
29
60
8
22
28
8
45
30
197
30
15
9
121
47
17
24
26
152
28
14
15
13
54
24
15
16
12
13
23
9
21
11
23
21
4
8

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.

1906.

120
34
85
20
113
21
14
31
14
100
24
21
38
10
18
9
7
18
33
25
18
33
21
25
59
7
22
21
7
43
23
190
30
14
‘ 8
112
43
14
24
26
167
29
15
14
15
42
24
14
16
11
12
22
14
22
13
23
17
4
8

48.00
54.00
52.02
50.16
49.97
54.00
48.00
54.87
54.00
49.93
50.08
53.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
49.50
53.00
51.00
48.00
52.70
50.98
54.00
52.06
52.34
53.53
55.00
54.00
53.50
52.50
54.00
51.10
48.00
48.00
54.00
50.00
53.19
54.00
48.00
54 00
50.31
49.58
53.54
50.36
53.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
48.00
48.00
54 00
54 00
51.00
53.64
48.00
51.57
52.75
54 00

1907.
48.00
54.00
49.29
50.70
50.12
5400
48.00
50.84
54 00
50.28
50.25
53.00
48.00
54 00
54.00
48.00
53.00
51.33
48.00
52.32
48.00
54 00
52.05
52.56
53.54
54.43
54 00
53.48
52.29
54.00
51.39
48.00
48.00
54.00
50.25
51.93
54 00
48.00
54.00
50.31
49.76
53.34
49.87
53.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54 00
49.88
48.00
48.00
52.64
54 00
48.00
52.23
48.00
50.06
52.75
54.00

1906.

1907.

$0.3586
.2880
.3328
.3500
.3530
.3388
.6250
.3258
.3266
.3901
.3682
.3661
.4241
.3077
.3310
.3064
.3333
.3252
.3718
.3424
.3886
.3030
.3430
.3631
.2984
.2568
.2980
.3333
.3281
.3152
.3434
.4487
.3373
.3321
.3417
.3378
.3270
.4305
.3318
.3331
.3553
.2993
.4166
.3296
.4711
.3589
.4449
.3012
.2801
.4106
.3365
.3144
.3148
.3193
.3409
.3229
.3210
.2812
.2871

$0.3587
.2914
.3313
.3410
.3615
.3510
.6250
.3630
.3320
.3861
.3672
.3630
.4340
.3565
.3323
.3241
.2817
.3200
.3794
.3450
.4132
.3008
.3676
.3799
.3176
.2548
.3030
.3243
.3284
.3260
.3348
.4516
.3613
.3378
.3516
.3587
.3290
.4785
.3241
.3266
.3574
3180
.4632
.3275
.4736
.3859
.5035
.2923
.3138
.4811
.3438
.3280
3069
.3864
.3724
.3478
.3374
.2812
.2789

$0.1320
.0828
.1158
.1054
.1456
.1141
.2014

$0.1364
.0984
.1233
.1116
.1440
.1252*
.2035

S T IT C H E R S , B O O K , F e m a le .

19
16
13
23
22
13
12

19
16
10
20
23
9
13

52.42
54.00
54.31
50.09
54.00
54.00
48.00

52.74
54.00
52.30
50.10
52.43
54.00
48.00

b Including Allegheny.

157

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T

able

IV . — AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

P R I N T I N G A N D B I N D I N G , B O O K A N D J O B —Concluded.
SE W E R S AND

S T I T C H E R S , B O O K , F e m a l e — Concluded.

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

Locality.

2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
2
3
3
3
2
2
4
2
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2

Charleston, S. C.......................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Dallas, Tex...............................
Denver, Colo.............................
Des Moines, Iowa.....................
Detroit, Mich............................
Dubuque, Iow a........................
Duluth, Minn...........................
Grand Rapids, Mich................
Indianapolis, I n d ........................

Jersey City, N. J ......................
Little Rock, Ark......................
Los Angeles, Cal......................
Louisville, K y..........................
Minneapolis, Minn....................
New Haven, Conn....................
New Orleans, L a......................
New York, N. Y. (« )................
Norfolk, Va..............................
Omaha, Nebr............................
Philadelphia, P a......................
Pittsburg, Pa. (i>).....................
Richmond, V a..........................
St. Louis, Mo...........................
St. Paul, M inn..............................
San Antonio, Tex.....................
Seattle, W ash...........................
Sioux Falls, S. D ak..................
Syracuse, N. Y ............ ...........
Tacoma, W ash.........................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Topeka, K an s..........................
Trenton, N. J ...........................
Washington, D. C....................
Wheeling, W. V a......................
Wilkes-Barre, P a.....................

Average hours per ' Average wages per
hour.
week.

Number of
employees.
1906.
17
19
40
5
19
23
13
29
5
8
9
8
13
13
34
36
17
28
21
24
6
18
34
23
24
71
17
24
15
8
13
15
21
17
10
14
20
6

1907.

1906.

|

1907.

1906.

1907.

54.00
54.00
53.79
54.00
53.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
?8.00
53.00
54.00
54.00.
53.29
53.00
52.61
54.00
53.14
54.00
53.10
54.00
52.87
54.00
53.05
54.00
54.00
54.00
53.76
53.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
48.00
51.14
54.00
50.00

$0.0817
.1505
.1384
.1407
.1117
.1699
.1268
.1028
. 1123
.0755
.1111
.1389
.0959
.0958
.1366
.1200
.1457
.1220
.1120
.1840
.1030
.1229
.1287
.1155
.1011
.1099
.1529
.0814
.1674
.0926
.1147
.1347
.1007
.0915
.1176
.1310
.0852
.1180

$0.0914
.1719
.1500
.1466
.1125
.1761
.1203
.1135
.1198
.0949
.1278
.1296
.1037
.0967
.1462
.1199
.1349
.1444
.1091
.1697
.1071
.1267
.1323
.1219
.1085
.1062
.1488
.0843
.2113
.1138
.1177
.1465
.0990
.0980
.1302
.1396
.0854
.1166

48.00
48.00
9
48.00
48.00
25
42.11
48.00
114
48.00
21
48.00
42.00
42.00
156
48.00
48.00
51
45.00
45.00
12
50.67
52.00
2
46.10
45.78
144
48.00
48.00
49
48.00
48.00
33
48.00
48.00
26
46.00
25
46.00
48.00
48.00
26
48.00
48.00
4
48.00
48.00
16
48.00
48.00
8
48.00
48.00
29
54.00
54.00
11
48.00
48.00
36
44.77
45.00
13
48.00
48.00
9
48.00
48.00
38
48.63
48.64
24
47.00
47.00
19
b Including Allegheny.

$0.3864
.4183
.4577
.4625
.5855
.4498
.7733
.3710
.6592
.5226
.4939
.4920
.5745
.4319
.3333
.4545
.3021
.4100
.2556
.4668
.4514
.3750
.5677
.5024
.4043

$0.4282
.4183
.5316
.4667
.5888
.4607
.7167
.4420
.6714
.5434
.5437
.4987
.6230
. 4376
.3333
.4813
.3021
.4078
.2720
.4734
.4551
.4130
.6069
.5025
.4043

15
17
48
6
27
21
12
27
6
8
10
17
17
24
28
38
22
20
20
22
7
19
42
24
25
99
25
30
21
7
14
16
25
17
12
14
23
5

54.00
54.00 !
55.13
54.00
53.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
51.00
53.00
54.00
54.00
53.77
53.00
52.85
54.00
53.18
54.00
54.00
5100
53.50
54.00
53.41
54.00
54.00
54.00
53.65
53.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
51.00
53.71
54.00
49.67

P R IN T IN G , N E W SP A P E R .
C O M P O S IT O R S , M a l e .

2
2
5
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
a Greater New York.

Albany, N. Y ..........
Atlanta, Ga.............
Baltimore, Md........
Birmingham, A la ...
Boston, Mass..........
Buffalo, N. Y ..........
Butte, Mont............
Charleston, S. C___
Chicago, 111..............
Cincinnati, Ohio___
Cleveland, Ohio.......
Balias, Tex..............
Denver, Colo...........
Bes Moines, Iow a...
Dubuque, Iow a.......
Duluth, Minn..........
Fall River, Mass__
Grand Rapids, Mich
Harrisburg, P a.......
Indianapolis, Ind...
Jacksonville, F la___
Little Rock, Ark___
Los Angeles, Cal___
Louisville, K y.........
Lynn, Mass.............

49979—No. 77—08-----11



11
25
104
20
165
46
15
3
137
49
34
23
23
22
5
11
8
24
10
32
12
9
36
25
18

158

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

T a b l e IV.—
AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

P R I N T I N G , N E W S P A P E R —Continued.
C O M P O S IT O R S , M a le -C o n c lu d e d .

Number of
employees.

Number
of estab-

Locality.

m^nts.
Manchester, N. H .....................
Memphis, Tenn.........................
Milwaukee, W is........................
Minneapolis, Minn....................
Montgomery, Ala.....................
Nashville, Tenn........................
New Haven, Conn....................
New Orleans, L a......................
New York, N. Y. (a )................
Norfolk, Va..............................
Omaha, Nebr............................
Peoria, 111.................................
Philadelphia, P a .......................
Pittsburg, Pa. (*>).....................
Portland, Me............................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Providence, R. I .......................
Richmond, V a..........................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
St. Louis, Mo. I........................
St. Paul, Minn..........................
Salt Lake City, U tah...............
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Scranton, P a............................
Seattle, W ash...........................
Sioux Falls, S. Dak..................
Syracuse, N. Y .........................
Tacoma, W ash.........................
Tampa, F la..............................
Terre Haute, Ind.....................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Topeka, K ans...........................
Washington, D. C....................
Wheeling, W. V a......................
Wilmington, Del.......................
Worcester, Mass.......................

1906.

2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

L IN O T Y P E

Albany, N. Y ............................
2
Atlanta, Ga..............................
2
Baltimore, Md..........................
5
2
Birmingham, Ala.....................
Boston, Mass............................
3
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
2
Butte, Mont.............................
2
Charleston, S. C........................
2
Chicago, 111...............................
3
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
3
2
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Dallas, Tex...............................
2
Denver, Colo.............................
2
Des Moines, Iowa.....................
2
Detroit, Mich............................
2
Dubuque, Iow a........................
2
Duluth, Minn............................
2
Fall River, Mass.......................
2
Grand Rapids, Mich.................
2
Harrisburg, P a .........................
2
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
2
2
Jacksonville, F la......................
Little Rock, Ark......................
2
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
2
Louisville, K y ........................... i
2
2
Lynn, Mass...............................
Memphis, Tenn.........................
2
Milwaukee, W is........................
2
Minneapolis, Minn....................
2
2
Montgomery, Ala.....................
2
Nashville, Tenn........................
New Haven, Conn....................
3
New Orleans, L a...................... !
2
% a Greater New York.




Average hours per Average wages per
hour.
week.
1906.

1907.

48.00
49.20
48.00
45.68
49.33
48.00
48.00
48.39
47.75
48.00
48.00
48.00
49.61
48.00
48.56
48.00
48.00
52.62
48.00
45.23
49.02
49.31
50.10
45.00
48.00
44.70
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
43.59
48.00
53.45
48.00

$0.3576
.4988
.4384
.4635
.3465
.4657
.4375
.5804
.5808
.3631
.4485
.4465
.4292
.5857
.3597
.5867
.4538
.3916
.3916
.5820
.4753
.5732
.5146
.6701
.4063
.6181
.3959
.4469
.5625
.4318
.4115
.4063
.4095
.6034
.4536
.2764
.4612

$0.3576
.5023
.4673
.4635
.4031
.4657
.4375
.5804
.6292
.3906
.4485
.4436
.4326
.5838
.3597
.5802
.4538
.3835
.3876
.5814
.5000
.5949
.5031
.8000
.4449
.6262
.4000
.4656
.6060
.4342
.4281
.4479
.4115
.6094
.4786
.2959
.4522

15
48.00
48.00
44.64
44.64
25
42.41
42.40
87
42.00
42.00
18
42.00
42.00
133
48.00
48.00
36
11
45.00
45.00
42.50
42.50
10
46.50
103
46.38
48.00
48.00
59
48.00
48.00
49
48.00
25
48.00
25
46.00
46.00
18
48.00
48.00
44
45.55
46.85
48.00
13
48.00
26
48.00
48.00
10
48.00
48.00
15
48.00
48.00
54.00
54.00
9
48.00
43
48.00
12
42.00
42.00
44.50
13
44.31
48.00
60
48.00
22
48.45
48.45
14
46.85
46.86
23
50.00
50.00
27
48.00
48.00
46
42.70
42.70
11
48.73
48.73
25
48.00
48.00
20
48.00
48.00
47.73
43
47.91
6 Inc hiding Aii egheny.

$0.4461
.7424
.5377
.5000
.6236
.4590
.7867
.6872
.7086
.5292
.5079
.8955
.6261
.4396
.5558
.3512
.4348
.3750
.4214
.4535
.4526
.6210
.6109
.5836
.4927
.4157
.6251
.4518
.5988
.6340
.4775
.4375
.6796

$0.4833
.7222
.5001
.6008
.6228
.4870
.7333
.7009
.7162
.5498
.5456
.9040
.8021
.4445
.5655
.3558
. 4627
.3750
.4231
.4702
.4583
.6973
.5702
.6146
.4927
.4119
.6554
.4522
.6348
.6280
.4775
.4375
.6927

1907.

6
48
25
37 1
6 j
31 !
7
56
162
7
17
7
96
58
9
53
23
13
64
89
49
11
9
39
10
45
5
22
13
22
20
32
13
64
8
10
27

6
50
22
37
6
31
9
51
161
8
17
8
93
76
9
60
23
13
71
110
53
13
10
33
11
50
5
23
17
19
20
34
12
70
8
11
30

1906.

1
i
|
j
i

48.00
49.13
48.00
45.68
49.33
48.00
48.00
48.36
47.78
48.00
48.00
48.00
49.50
48.00
48.56
48.00
48.00
52.62
48.00
45.28
48.82
48.55
49.33
45.00
48.00
44.53
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48. CO
48.00
48.00
43.41
48.00
52.80
48.00

1907.

O P E R A T O R S , M a le .

17
25
91
14
132
36
10
10
104
60
50
25
27
15
39
14
26
10
14
9
38
12
12
58
22
13
25
24
46
11
25
20
44

'
I
;
!
>
i

I
!
!i
1

!

159

WAGES AND HOUKS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907,
T able

IV__ AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN

SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

P R I N T I N G , N E W S P A P E R —Continued.
L I N O T Y P E O P E R A T O R S , M a le — Concluded.

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

Locality.

New York, N. Y. ( a ) ................
Norfolk, Va...............................
Omaha, Nebr............................
Peoria, 111.................................
Philadelphia, P a .......................
Pittsburg, Pa. (&).....................
Portland, Me............................
Portland, Oreg....... .................
Providence, R . I .......................
Richmond, V a..........................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
St. Louis, Mo............................
St. Paul, M fnn..............................
Salt Lake City, U tah...............
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Scranton, P a............................
Seattle, W ash...........................
Sioux Falls, S. D ak..................
Syracuse, N. Y .........................
Tacoma, W ash.........................
Tampa, F la...............................
Terre Haute, Ind.....................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Topeka, K ans...........................
Washington, D. C....................
Wheeling, W. V a......................
Worcester, Mass.......................

4
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Number of
employees.

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.

1906.

1906.

172
11
40
19
78
109
8
46
29
23
26
58
30
21
17
38
10
38

176
12
33
20
81
72

20
20
6
12
26
13
52
15
19

21
26

5

3

47
34
23
25
61
28
25
18
31
11
35
5

9

16
26

fS

63
15
22

47.80
48.00
48.00
48.00
45.23
48.00
49.63
48.00
43.45
51.91
48.00
46.90
49.07
45.86
49.53
45.00
48.00
43.21
48.00
48.00
48. CO
49.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
43.38
48.00
48.00

1907.

1906.

1907.

47.77
48.00
48.00
48.00
45.58
48.00
48.00
48.00
43.06
51.91
48.00
46.98
49.14
48.56
50.33
45.00
48.00
43.23
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
43.57
48.00
48.00

$0.6042
.3807
.4766
.4173
.6106
.5894
.3790
.5978
.7005
.4251
.4343
.6880
.4805
.6633
.5610
.6737
.4229
.6225
.4208
.4323
.5813
.5592
.4054
.4063
.4167
.6032
.4493
.4803

$0.6365
.4254
.4754
.4244
.5747
.5892
.4167
.5951
.6895
.4653
.4350
.6839
.4911
.6930
.5551
.8022
.4452
.6399
.4563
.4544
.5938
.5208
.4258
.4479
.4231
.6139
.4743
.4801

52.00
48.00
42.00
52.00
42.00
53.33
56.00
48.50
49.49
48.53
48.00
56.00
47.71
48.00
46.69
48.00
48.00
51.00
54.00
48.00
45.50
52.50
48.00
45.50
42.00
51.56
54.67
54.86
56.00
53.20
42.46
48.00
48.00
53.00
47.52
52.95
53.00
48.00
45.50
51.00
44.00

$0.4271
.3625
.4540
.3733
.6131
.4161
.5692
.3087
.4947
.4015
.4063
.3066
.4402
.3619
.3979
.4011
.3750
.4074
.2685
.4063
.4694
.4931
.5104
.3658
.5714
.3933
.3507
.3069
.3958
.3839
.6536
.3125
.3819
.3975
.4108
.3773
.3542
.4688
.5222
.3481
.4018

$0.4688
.4375
.5025
.4353
.6129
.3572
.5603
.3087
.4961
.4328
.4302
.3006
.4717
.3620
.4558
. 4271
.3750
.4028
.2778
.4063
.3674
.5351
.5455
.4038
.5714
.4120
.3363
.3069
.3958
.4189
.6536
.3646
.4097
.3975
.4343
.4239
.3542
.4827
.5222
.3602
.4217

S T E R E O T Y P E R S , M a le .

Albany, N. Y ............................
Atlanta, Ga..............................
Baltimore, Md..........................
Birmingham, Ala.....................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Butte, Mont.............................
Charleston, S. C........................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Dallas, Tex...............................
Denver, Colo.............................
Des Moines, Iowa.....................
Detroit, Mich............................
Duluth, Minn............................
Fall River, Mass.......................
Grand Rapids, Mich.................
Harrisburg, P a .........................
Indianapolis, Ind.....................
Jacksonville, F la......................
Little Rock, Ark......................
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
Louisville, K y..........................
Lynn, Mass...............................
Memphis, Tenn.........................
Milwaukee, Wis........................
Minneapolis, Minn....................
New Haven, Conn....................
New Orleans, L a......................
New York, N. Y. (« )................
Norfolk, V a...............................
Omaha, Nebr............................
Peoria, 111.................................
Philadelphia, P a .......................
Pittsburg, Pa. (6 ).....................
Portland, Me............................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Providence, R. I .......................
Richmond, V a..........................
Rochester, N. Y .......................
a Greater




2
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 r
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2

New York.

2
10
21
2
64
5
4
2
45
18
9
6
7
4
14
4
2
3
4
12
2
2
12
5
3
8
9
7
3
5
69
2
9
2
32
24
3
7
16
5
6

2
10
21
2
62
6
4
2
47
17
10
6
7
4
16
4
2
4
4
13
2
2
11
4
3
9
9
7
3
5
69
2
9
2
33
21
3
9
16
4
6

52.00
48.00
42.57
55.50
42.00
52.80
56.00
48.50
49.33
48.61
48.00
56.00
47.71
52.00
48.86
48.00
48.00
47.00
54.00
48.00
45.50
52.50
48.00
45.00
42.00
52.00
55.11
54.86
56.00
53.20
42.46
48.00
48.00
53.00
47.25
56.00
53.00
48.00
45.50
50.40
44.00

&Including Allegheny.

160

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

T a b l e I V . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

P R I N T I N G , N E W S P A P E R —Concluded.
S T E R E O T Y P E R S , M a l e — Concluded.

Number
of estab
lish*
ments.

Locality.
St. Louis, Mo............................
St. Paul, Minn..........................
Salt Lake City, Utah...............
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Scranton, P a............................
Seattle, W ash...........................
Syracuse, N. Y .........................
Tacoma, Wash.........................
Terre Haute, Ind.....................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Topeka, Kans...........................
Washington, D. C....................
Wheeling, W. V a......................
Worcester, Mass.......................

3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Number of
employees.
1906.
17
7
5
2
12
2
9
3
3
2
7
2
7
3
4

Average hours per ;Average wages per
week.
j
hour.

1907.

1906.

18
10
5
2
12
2
13
3
4
2
8
2
7
3
4

45.35
45.43
55.60
46.00
45.00
52.00
56.00
53.33
53.33
56.00
48.00
52.00
52.57
48.00
48.00

1907.

|

1906.

45.33 1! $0.4996
46.20 i
.3852
55.60
.4234
46.00
.6013
45.00
.6000
52.00
.2897
.4321
48.00
53.33
.4454
52.00
.5625
56.00
.4018
48.00
.4063
52.00
.5105
52.57
.4715
.3611
48.00
48.00
.4323

1907.
10.4913
.3759
.4685
.6013
.6889
.2897
.5273
.4454
.5469
.4018
.4161
.5105
.5049
.3611
.4323

ST R E E T S A N D SEW ER S, CO NTRACT W ORK.
L A B O R E R S , M a le .

Albany, N . Y ............................
Atlanta, Ga..............................
Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N . Y ............................
Charleston, S .C ........................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Dallas, T ex...............................
Denver, Colo........................ .
Des Moines, Iow a.....................
Detroit, Mich............................
Dubuque, Iow a___.-.................
Duluth, Minn...........................
Grand Rapids, Mich.................
Indianapolis, In d.....................
Jacksonville, F la ......................
Jersey City, N. J .......................
Kansas City, Mo.......................
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
Louisville, K y ..........................
Lynn, Mass...............................
Memphis, Tenn.........................
Milwaukee, W is........................
Montgomery, A la.....................
New Haven, Conn....................
New Orleans, L a......................
New York, N .Y .(« ).................
Norfolk, V a...............................
Peoria, 111..................................
Philadelphia, P a .......................
Pittsburg, Pa. (&).....................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Providence, R . I .......................
Racine, Wis...............................
Richmond, V a ..........................
Rochester, N . Y .......................
St. Louis, Mo............................
Salt Lake City, U tah...............
San Francisco, Cal...................
Scranton, P a ............................
Seattle, Wash............................
Sioux Falls, S. D ak..................
Syracuse, N .Y ..........................
Tacoma, Wash..........................
Terre Haute, In d .....................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Trenton, N . J ...........................
Washington, D .C ....................
Wheeling, W .V a ......................
Wilmington, Del.......................
Worcester, Mass.......................
a

2
2
3
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
4
3
2
2
6
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Greater New York,




137
109
485
425
540
55
516
299
130
47
204
145
308
27
309
88
466
261
70
449
159
118
61
392
207
40
457
635
448
80
112
1,711
177
167
434
66
58
417
336
270
563
50
149
64
98
636
180
266
62
493
24
86
174

117
95
492
305
579
33
669
281
173
63
239
170
296
22
386
74
180
185
79
374
144
135
39
231
212
41
284
570
439
80
106
1,885
111
178
430
113
58
453
363
620
385
67
228
52
76
295
72
212
57
586
20
60
160

55.50
60.00
50.41
59.79
51.36
60.00
56.20
58.54
60.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
60.00
59.67
60.00
60.00
59.72
59.77
59.00
57.33
60.00
59.58
54.00
54.92
60.00
60.00
60.00
59.49
58.26
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
59.65
59.45
59.22
48.10
58.84
48.00
48.00
52.80
48.40
60.00
59.41
49.19
55.00
51.74
60.00
53.90
54.00
57.56
48.83

*>Including

52.77
60.00
50.43
59.31
51.13
60.00
53.89
58.53
60.00
51.62
54.00
54.00
60.00
59.55
60.00
60.00
58.00
60.00
59.00
58.72
60.00
59.52
54.00
54.81
60.00
60.00
60.00
59.04
58.47
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
59.44
59.58
59.22
48.00
59.33
48.00
48.00
51.94
48.00
60.00
59.66
49.83
54.00
51.51
60.00
52.37
54.00
57.00
48.75

Allegheny.

$0.1673
.1468
.1904
.1998
.2072
.1124
.2379
.1839
. 1'895
.1820
.2425
.1944
.1917
.2030
.2329
.1751
.1993
.1537
.1947
.1945
.2195
.1672
.1921
.1857
.2168
.1250
.1515
.1763
.1697
.1350
.1884
.1498
.1553
.2250
.1918
.1949
.1554
.2151
.2310
.2624
.3153
.1725
.2865
.2500
.1920
.2780
.1639
.2255
.1500
.1741
.1944
.1470
.2192

10.1963
.1500
.1909
.2021
.2284
.1097
.2542
.2023
.1901
.2064
.2661
.2276
.1879
.2039
.2317
.1905
.2210
.1546
.2063
.1977
.2115
.1790
.1906
.1765
.2284
.1312
.1659
.1907
.1753
.1438
.1844
.1547
.1723
.2500
.1921
.2113
.1534
.2177
.2243
.2554
.3125
.1752
.3090
.2500
.1936
.2967
.1949
.2362
.1500
.1829
.1944
.1564
.2192

161

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T a b l e IV.—
AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Continued.

S T R E E T S A N D S E W E R S , M U N IC IP A L W O R K .
L A B O R E R S , M a le .

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

Locality.

Albany, N. Y ............................
Atlanta, Ga...............................
Augusta, Ga.............................
Baltimore, M d.........................
Boston, Mass............................
Buffalo, N . Y ............................
Butte, Mont.............................
Charleston, S. C........................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Dallas, Tex...............................
Denver, Colo.............................
Des Moines, Iow a.....................
Detroit, Mich............................
Dubuque, Iow a........................
Duluth, Minn...........................
Evansville, In d ........................
Fall River, Mass.......................
Grand Rapids, Mich................
Harrisburg, P a .........................
Hartford, Conn........................
Houston, Tex...........................
Indianapolis, In d .....................
Jacksonville, Fla.......................
Jersey City, N. J ......................
Kansas City, Mo......................
Little Rock, Ark.......................
Los Angeles, Cal.......................
Louisville, K y ..........................
Lynn, Mass...............................
Manchester, N . II .....................
Memphis, Tenn.........................
Milwaukee, W is........................
Minneapolis, Minn....................
Mobile, A la...............................
Montgomery, Ala.....................
Nashville, Tenn........................
Newark, N . J ............................
New Haven, Conn....................
New Orleans, La.......................
New York, N .Y . (a ).................
Norfolk, Va..............................
Omaha, Nebr...........................
Peoria, 111.................................
Philadelphia, P a .......................
Pittsburg, Pa. (&).....................
Portland, Me............................
Portland, Oreg.........................
Providence, R . I .......................
Racine, W is..............................
Richmond, V a..........................
Rochester, N . Y .......................
St. Louis, Mo............................
St. Paul, Minn..........................
Salt Lake City, U tah ...............
San Antonio, Tex.....................
San Francisco, Cal...................
Scranton, P a ............................
Seattle, Wash...........................
Sioux Falls, S. D ak..................
Syracuse, N .Y ..........................
Tacoma, Wash..........................
Terre Haute, In d .....................
Toledo, Ohio.............................
Topeka, K ans...........................
Trenton, N . J ...........................
W ashington, D . C....................
Wheeling, W .V a ......................
W ilkes-B arre, P a.....................
Wilmington, Del......................
Worcester, Mass.......................
a Greater




1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

New York,

Number of
employees.
1906.
106
260
146
305
594
277
89
99
2,243
378
1,047
31
125
245
664
44
68
68
344
107
120
156
66
213
170
66
190
18
398
257
204
230
.470
533
2,193
. 46
54
174
404
130
330
3,075
107
63
54
919
860
155
136
401
23
114
400
1,741
183
170
126
50
150
140
36
275
175
86
190
50
62
965
51
75
282
371

1907.
99
319
146
375
977
278
60
79
3,403
476
1,012
49
132
244
784
106
47
97
330
112
135
133
94
227
170
66
231
22
359
243
234
240
470
545
1,950
51
97
155
486
250
330
3,233
226
41
52
1,130
860
149
151
345
33
139
430
1,497
195
203
137
529
205
160
38
285
120
51
175
50
70
1,105
60
81
352
464

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.
1906.
48.00
60.81
60.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
60.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
60.00
60.00
54.00
60.45
48.00
54.00
44.00
48.00
60.00
48.00
54.00
48.00
54.00
48.69
48.00
48.00
54.00
60.00
54.00
48.00
54.00
55.79
48.00
54.00
48.00
48.00
45.76
48.00
54.00
48.00
60.15
54.00
56.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
60.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
60.00
48.00
54.00
48.00
48.00
48.00

1907.
48.00
60.72
60.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
53.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
54.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
60.00
54.00
54.00
60.21
48.00
54.00
44.00
48.00
60.00
48.00
54.00
48.00
54.00
50.50
48.00
48.00
54.00
60.00
54.00
48.00
54.00
55.79
48.00
54.00
48.00
48.00
45.38
48.00
54.00
48.00
54.54
54.00
56.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
44.00
48.00
48.00
60.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
48.00
60.00
48.00
54.00
48.00
48,00
48.00

6 Including Allegheny.

1906.
$0.2063
.1308
.1091 ,
.2083
.2758
.1875
.3750
.1159
.2624
.2197
.2191
.2188
.2500
.2538
.2188
.1687
.2500
.1886
.2500
.1750
.1500
.2111
.2000
.2072
.1597
.3505
.2188
.1442
.2500
.1680
.2500
.1806
.1854
.2204
.2500
.1667
.1000
.1667
.1802
.1944
.2120
.2639
.1944
.2200
.2211
.2161
.2188
1944
.2803
.1568
.1776
.1875
.1912
.1875
.2000
.2813
.1875
.3125
.1875
.2813
.2000
.1923
.2500
.2000
.1977
.2000
.1500
.1964
.1944
.2029
.1929
.2348

1907.
$0.2223
.1368
.1091
.2083
.2886
.1875
.4375
.1379
.2752
.2197
.2192
.2500
.2813
.2576
.2188
.1791
.2500
.2070
.2813
.1924
.1667
.2125
.2000
.2089
.1597
.3536
.2188
.1505
.2813
.1944
.2813
.1944
.1826
.2209
.2500
.1944
.1021
.1944
.2064
.2222
.2142
.2695
.1918
.2200
.2212
.2541
.2322
.1944
.3125
.1727
.1940
.2143
.2035
.1875
.2000
.2813
.1875
.3750
.1875
.3125
.2000
.2097
.2813
.2000
.2063
.2188
.1500
.2017
.1944
.2022
.1925
.2347

162

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUR EAU OF LABOR.

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY CITIES—Concluded.

T a b l e IV.—
AVERAGE

T O B A C C O , C IG A R S .
C IG A R M A K E R S , M a le .

Locality.

Boston, Mass............................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Detroit, Mich............................
Indianapolis, In d.....................
New York, N .Y . (a ).................
Philadelphia, P a .......................
Richmond, V a..........................
Rochester, N . Y .......................
Tampa, F la...............................

Number of
employees.

Number
of establiaVft
iisnments.

s

1906.
307
101
54
36
38
103
238
18
32
2,250

3
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
5

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.

1906.

310
108
62
42
37
101
260
15
37
2,113

1907.

1906.

1907.

45.00
48.00
44.00
45.11
45.79
47.34
53.46
44.61
48.00
60.00

45.00
48.00
44.00
45.62
45.00
47.13
53.35
44.60
48.00
60.00

$0.4819
.3510
3443
.2877
.3508
.3533
.2657
.2971
.2908
.3026

$0.4869
.3759
.3442
.3231
.3583
.3256
.3129
.2974
.3028
.2975

53.21
45.00
48.00
51.93
44.00
52.02
51.38
49.78
55.81
46.28
46.47
51.00
60.00

53.76
45.00
48.00
51.79
44.00
52.57
52.15
49.76
55.30
49.35
46.73
50.73
60.00

$0.0883
.1417
.1423
.1073
.1314
.0821
.0808
.0666
.1053
.0960
.1197
.1053
.1417

$0.0800
.1564
.1460
.0991
.1300
.0890
.0944
.0941
.1105
.1019
.1306
.1044
.1360

ST E M M E R S, F e m a le .

Baltimore, Md..........................
Boston, Mass............................
Chicago, 111...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Detroit, Mich............................
Louisville, K y ..........................
Milwaukee, W is........................
New York, N .Y . (a )................
Philadelphia, P a ......................
Pittsburg, Pa. (6 ).....................
Rochester, N . Y .......................
Tampa, Fla .............................

2
3
2
3
3
3
2
8
3
3
2
5

a Greater New York,




i
1
I•
!
1!
!
1

53
78
32
113
21
104
39
27
560
58
74
10
186

50
75
33
136
26
103
26
17
570
71
73
11
161

Including Allegheny,

163

WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR, 1890 TO 190T.
T a b l e V . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES.

A G R IC U L T U R A L IM P L E M E N T S .
M A C H IN E ]

State.

California..................................
Illinois.......................................
Kentucky..................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Wisconsin..................................

W O O D W O R K E R S , M a le .

Number of
employees.

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

1906.
*
10
281
25
70
37
16

2
7
2
3
3
2

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.

1906.

13
284
22
51
40
14

1907.

1906.

1907.

54.00
58.63
60.00
58.43
58.54
56.25

54.00
58.69
56.55
58.24
58.63
57.00

$0.3277
.2614
.2380
.2106
.1964
.2270

$0.3440
.2523
.2453
.2247
.2104
.2444

54.00
58.56
59.78
58.47
55.30

54.00
58.58
58. 46
58.46
55.27

$0.3347
.2836
.2534
.2196
.2788

$0.3746
.2844
.2542
.2263
.2709

54.00
58.20
60.00
59.85
58.91
56.18

54.00
58.22
59.56
58.78
58.94
56.57

10. 4026
.2784
.2983
.2638
.3157
.3653

$0.4420
.2651
.3101
.2728
.3215
.3522

54.00
58.70
60.00
59. 85
58.37
55.75

54.00
58. 73
56.55
57.06
58.33
56.00

$0.3385
.2689
.3225
.2484
.2361
.2935

$0.3722
.2748
.3146
.2498
.2335
.3302

55.00
59.00
52.69
58.46
58.58
59.43
54.26
58.89
57.92
57.78

$0.2339
.1750
.1956
.1825
.1811
.1696
.2106
.1587
.1610
.1737

$0.2117
.1672
.1940
.1852
.2046
.1916
.1925
.1646
.1621
.1797

55.00
m oo
54.43
59.09
59.00
59.07
53.33
59.53
58.40
56.50

$0.2523
.2252
.2886
.2252
.2878
.2094
.2753
.2489
.2187
.2558

$0.2727
.2288
.2999
.2218
.2854
.2148
.2577
.2548
.2238
.2739

M A C H IN IS T S , M a le .

California..................................
Illinois.......................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Wisconsin..................................

2
7
3
3
2

57
334
74
51
92

41
323
78
54
120

M O L D E R S , IR O N , M a le .

California..................................
Illinois......................................
Kentucky..................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
W isconsin..................................

2
7
2
3
2
2

16
550
10
195
86
71

23
587
9
147
85
69

P A I N T E R S , M a le .

California..................................
Illinois.......................................
Kentucky..................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
W isconsin..................................

2
7
2
3
3
2

5
252
25
34
19
32

5
205
22
17
24
24

BO O TS AND SH O ES.
C L .O S E R S - O N , F e m a l e .

Illinois.......................................
Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New Hampshire.......................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Wisconsin..................................

4
3
14
2
3
3
7
4
4
2

1

26
13
98
26
26
33
23
26
13
9

26
11
118
28
36
28
23
27
13
9

55.00
59.00
54.61
58. 42
59.00
59.55
54.35
58.88
57.92
57.78

C U T T E R S , O U T S O L E , M a le .

Illinois.......................................
Maine.......* ...............................
Massachusetts..........................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New Hampshire.......................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Wisconsin..................................




3
2
13
2
2
3
3
4
4
2

8
14
63
16
10
15
3
16
14
11

7
12
60
23
12
14
3
17
15
10

• 55.00
59.00
55.67
59.13
59.00
59.40
53.67
59.50
58.43
56.36

164

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR,

T a b l e V ___AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES—Continued.

B O O T S A N D S H O E S —Continued.
C U T T E R S , U P P E R , M a le .

Number
of estab11SI1ments.

State.

Illinois.......................................
Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New Hampshire.......................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Wisconsin..................................

4
3
15
2
3
3
7
4
4
2

4
3
15
2
3
3
6
4
4
2

1906.
102
82
792
71
238
122
111
121
94
29

EDGE

Illinois......................................
Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New Hampshire.......................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Wisconsin..................................

Number of
employees.

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.
136
68
697
74
256
105
102
117
94
27

1906.
55.00
59.00
54.76
59.48
59.00
59.37
55.56
56.31
57.63
58.10

1907.

1906.

1907.

55.00
59.00
54.72
59.46
58.02
59.15
54.99
56.32
57.72
58.33

$0.3013
.2501
.2910
.2573
.2690
.2455
.3212
.3413
.2952
.2455

$0.3292
.2580
.3142
.2688
.2825
.2513
.3339
.3647
.3184
.2538

55.00
59.00
54.95
59.40
58.20
59.16
54.61
59.14
58.40
57.50

$0.4450
.2697
.3849
.2789
.3894
.2919
.4338
.3224
.3606
.3066

$0.4839
.2758
.4213
.2727
.4460
.2866
.4376
.3279
.3604
.3030

55.00
58.33
54.65
59.27
57.51
56.24
58.79
58.18
57.00

$0.5055
.2826
.4133
.2916
.3204
.3261
.3140
.2912
.3612

$0.5804
.2866
.4073
.3156
.3736
.3390
.3142
.3065
.3542

55.00
59.00
55. 78
59.45
59.00
59.31
54.36
59.05
57.07
56.88

55.00
59.00
54.90
59.31
57.17
59.19
54.21
59.00
56.84
56.43

$0.3336
.2395
.3504
.2898
.3037
.2573
.3307
.3155
.2277
.2898

$0.3385
.2423
.3464
.2864
.3228
.2528
.3445
.3108
.2549
.3149

55.00
59.00
54.68
59.36
59.00
59.72
55.00
58.75
58.00
58.75

55.00
59.00
54.88
59.38
57.86
59.40
54.20
58.33
58.00
58.64

$0.3120
.2595
.2549
.2013
.2274
.1667
.1895
.2035
.2572
.2247

$0.3436
.2645
.2927
.2260
.2339
.1719
.2265
.1906
.2693
.2444

T R IM M E R S , M a le .

34
14
230
8
40
27
18
30
15
6

35
15
193
10
44
31
18
28
15
6

55.00
59.00
54.89
59.38
59.00
59.56
54.83
59.20
58.40
57.50

G O O D Y E A R S T IT C H E R S , M a le .

Illinois.......................................
Maine........................*...............
Massachusetts..........................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New Y ork ................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Wisconsin..................................

4
3
11
2
3
7
4
4
2

31
6
164
10
40
18
19
17
5

32
9
158
11
37
17
19
17
5

55.00
59.00
54.60
59.40
59.00
56.28
58.79
58.18
57.00

B LA STE R S, M A C H IN E , M a le .

Illinois.......................................
Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New Hampshire.......................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Wisconsin..................................

4
3
14
2
3
3
7
4
4
2

197
53
303
11
89
101
28
74
90
16

206
47
332
16
112
78
28
75
101
14

T R E E R S , M a le .

Illinois.......................................
Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New Hampshire.......................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Wisconsin..................................




4
3
13
2
3
2
2
2
2
2

59
14
407
11
44
60
5
8
7
12

65
13
351
13
57
63
5
9
7
11

165

WAGES AND HOTJBS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T ab le

V

AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES—Continued.

B O O T S A N D S H O E S —Concluded.
V A M P E R S, F e m a le .

Number
of estabiisnments.

State.

Illinois.......................................
Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New Hampshire.......................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Wisconsin..................................

4
3
15
2
3
3
6
4
4
2

Number of
employees.
1906.
55
21
283
30
86
45
38
88
38
11

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.

1906.

55
9
221
26
71
37
38
87
38
11

1907.

55.00
59.00
55.32
55.17
59.00
59.47
54.66
59.31
57.66
57.73

1906.

1907.

55.00
59.00
55.05
55. 73
58.30
58.00
54.55
59.32
57.66
57.73

10.2173
.2071
.2534
.2044
.2390
.2244
.2317
.1842
.1964
.2251

10.2355
.2250
.2601
.2100
.2493
.2251
.2486
.2008
.1984
.2237

57.00
60.00
57.50
57.33
54.00
59.13
55.80
59.94
60.00
56.75
56.16
60.00
56.43
56.96
59.00
57.78
59.12

$0.3226
.2542
.2938
.2459
.2963
.2036
.2889
.2404
.2524
.2861
.3180
.1593
.2620
.2819
.2917
.2484
.2699

I0.314&
.2650
.2864
.2551
.2870
.2197
.2850
.2500
.2667
.2942
.3102
.1763
.2653
.2752
.2933
.2761
.2781

56.87
58.00
59.00
55.12
59.95
60.00
54.46
56. 41
56.78
59.26

$0.2601
.2405
.1859
.3168
.2450
.2575
.3181
.2601
.2811
.2289

$0.2674
.2570
.1846
.3328
.2451
.2700
.3203
.2929
.2909
.2566

57.64
57.79
59.00
59.97
58.36
54.56
58.75
59.13

$0.2240
.1923
.1704
.2021
.2346
.1860
.2017
.2047

$0.2311
.1925
.1763
.2106
.2350
.2083
.2010
.2226

C A R R IA G E S A N D W A G O N S .
B L A C K S M IT H S , M a le .

2
2
2
6
2
3
3
3
2
3
9
3
9
6
2
3
3

Connecticut___
Georgia............
Illinois.............
Indiana............
Iow a................
Kentucky........
Massachusetts.
Michigan..........
Missouri..........
New Jersey___
New Y ork.. ..
North Carolina
Onio.................
Pennsylvania..
Tennessee........
Virginia............
Wisconsin........

8
7
33
104
6
39
16
31
14
18
66
14
113
52
4
10
36

8
5
36
113
6
38
15
31
16
16
61
12
115
57
5
9
49

57.00
60.00
57.55
57.18
54.00
59.85
55.63
59.90
60.00
58.00
55.55
60.00
58.10
56.69
58.75
58.00
59.11

B O D Y M A K E R S , C A R R IA G E , M a le .

Indiana.....................................
Iow a..........................................
Kentucky..................................
Massachusetts..........................
Michigan...................................
Missouri....................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania....................... .
Wisconsin.................................

4
3
2
3
2
2
9
6
6
2

75
7
29
19
53
10
224
54
66
13

83
6
32
17
39
10
228
81
69
19

56.63
58.29
59.86
55. 21
59. 92'
60.00
54.16
58. 48
56.88
59.15

M A C H IN E W O O D W O R K E R S , M a le .

Illinois.......................................
Indiana.....................................
Kentucky..................................
Michigan...................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Wisconsin..................................




2
5
2
2
5
5
2
3

36
194
25
49
57
116
20
51

36
266
29
39
53
107
20
52

57.75
57.37
59.88
59.98
58.39
56.99
58.50
59.16

166

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR,

T a b l e V . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES—Continued.

C A R R IA G E S A N D W A G O N S —Concluded.
P A IN T E R S , M a le .

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

State.

Connecticut..... .........................
Georgia................ ....................
Illinois......................................
Indiana.....................................
Iow a..........................................
K entucky.................................
Massachusetts..........................
Michigan..... ..............................
Missouri....................... ............
New Jersey..............................
New Y ork ................................
North Carolina.........................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania..................... ......
Tennessee.................................
Virginia.....................................
Wisconsin..................................

Number of
employees.
1906.

2
2
2
6
3
3
3
3
2
3
10
3
9
7
2
3
3

17
22
86
379
16
52
42
97
33
24
311
18
307
65
15
26
78

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.

1906.

17
17
82
387
11
56
38
98
34
25
296
20
297
63
9
31
81

56.47
60.00
57.24
57.76
55.13
59.81
55.43
59.94
60.00
58.33
55.28
60.00
58.24
57.22
60.00
56.35
59.24

1907.

1906.

1907.

56.82
60.00
57.57
57.97
55.64
59.25
55.21
59.96
60.00
57.64
55.23
60.00
56.46
57.41
58.33
55.97
59.17

$0.2944
.2206
.3300
*2286
.2501
.2539
.2479
.2751
.2333
.2243
.2556
.1668
.2757
.2456
.2483
.2032
.2538

$0.2569
.2200
.3382
.2420
.2427
.2273
.2575
.2734
.2419
2320
.2688
.1666
.2940
.2491
.2750
.2019
.2946

60.00
56.55
57.00
59.26
54.50
59.98
60.00
60.00
55.74
56.47
59.73
56.07
59.63

$0.2457
.2677
.2580
.2537
.3317
.2700
.2369
.1950
.2957
.2908
.2182
.2492
.1776

$0.2691
.2839
.2580
.2549
.3308
.2691
*2637
.1956
.2949
.3004
.2341
.2789
.2274

54.00
55.38
55.19
55.00
56.84
55.55
57.17
56.79
56.55
60.00
56.71
59.32

$0.3494
.3491
.2759
.2687
.3090
.3016
.2712
.2828
.3224
.2653
.3268
.2814

$0.3875
.3676
.2988
.2856
.3343
.3064
.3062
.3055
.3590
.2803
.3631
.2932

54.00
57.93
57.40
55.00
56.82
53.04
56.17
55.41
60.00

$0.3808
.3420
.2899
.2557
.3621
.3341
.2775
.3160
.3504

$0.4112
.3631
.3196
.2696
.3824
.3569
.3051
.3198
.3868

T R IM M E R S , C A R R IA G E , M a le .

Georgia.....................................
Indiana.....................................
Iow a..........................................
Kentucky..................................
Massachusetts..........................
Michigan...................................
Missouri....................................
North Carolina.........................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Virginia.....................................
Wisconsin..................................

2
6
3
2
3
3
2
2
10
6
5
3
2

u
44
8
26
17
42
14
7
122
92
26
11
16

7

42

8
23
16
44
14
8
106
102
22
14
19

60.00
56.41
57.00
60.00
54.41
59.95
60.00
60.00
55.34
59.38
59.77
56.36
59.81

C A R S , S T E A M R A IL R O A D .
B L A C K S M IT H S , M a le .

California..................................
Illinois.......................................
Indiana.....................................
Marvland..................................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania...........................
Tennessee..................................
Texas........................................
Virginia....................................

3
6
4
2
2
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
B O IL E R

California..................................
Illinois......................................
Indiana.....................................
Maryland..................................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Texas........................................




2
5
3
2
2
3
2
2
2

158
235
60
81
58
99
56
110
100
15
67
28

161
239
62
88
64
97
53
116
84
16
51
28

54.00
55.42
57.22
55.00
55.07
57.10
57.21
56.55
56.35
60.00
59.67
59.32

M A K E R S , M a le .

103
200
79
91
61
93
83
57
36

103
237
100
93
66
56
83
51
38

54.00
58.01
57.97
55.00
55.31
58.58
56.24
55.05
59.81

167

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T able V —

AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES—Continued.

C A R S , S T E A M R A IL R O A D —Continued.
C A B I N E T M A K E R S , M a le .

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

State.

Delaware...................................
Illinois.......................................
Maryland. . ...............................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
Ohio..........................................

2
3
2
2
2
2

Number of
employees.
1906.
61
378
27
15
37
148

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.
54
397
21
16
21
168

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

54.00
54.26
55.00
57.40
57.78
57.41

54.00
54.19
55.00
56.94
58.76
57.26

$0.2457
.3498
.2284
.2567
.2843
.2955

$0.2944
.3578
.2429
.2762
.2755
.2842

54.00
54.00
56.26
57.53
55.00
57.94
55.94
55.52
57.90
56.54
60.00
56.90
59.06

54.00
54.00
56.40
55.35
55.00
57.85
56.78
55.58
57.85
56.68
60.00
60.00
59.05

$0.3443
.2439
.3263
.2785
.2110
.2245
.2662
.2633
.3062
.3001
.1986
.2910
.2105

$0.3435
.2856
.3243
.3313
.2253
.2416
.2615
.2952
.3339
.2858
.2076
.3078
.2213

54.00
57.43
57.40
55.00
49.91
56.28
56.29
55.69
59.63
59.17

5400
57.50
55.04
55.00
48.85
57.84
56.60
56.19
60.00
59.16

$0.2616
.2125
.2055
.1908
.2413
.1815
.2327
.3288
.2169
.1600

$0.2807
.2253
.2218
.1921
.2761
.1793
.2300
.3020
.2423
.1725

54.00
5400
54.95
56.24
55.00
56.68
58.01
.55.91
57.50
57.95
60.00
59.73
59.52

54.00
54 00
55.04
54 44
55.00
57.44
57.59
57.07
57.54
57.97
60.00
60.00
59.53

$0.2045
.1490
.1708
.1446
.1414
.1671
.1501
.1434
.1498
.1368
.1182
.1499
.1204

$0.2018
.1513
.1730
.1527
.1473
.1713
.1523
.1574
.1498
.1452
.1298
.1630
.1272

54 00
54.87
57.08
55.00
57.17
57.73
56.73
57.42
56.32
60.00
60.00
59.32

$0.2593
.2896
.2349
.2278
.2287
.2379
.2258
.2181
.2951
.1986
.2718
.2244

$0.2887
.2944
.2847
.2201
.2350
.2533
.2539
.2224
.3108
.2127
.2964
.2366

C A R P E N T E R S , M a le .

California..................................
Delaware...................................
Illinois......................................
Indiana.....................................
Maryland..................................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Tennessee..................................
Texas........................................
Virginia___ , ............................

3
2
6
4
2
2
4
3
3
2
2
2
2

29
204
1,316
200
214
317
462
395
536
587
29
115
155

23
212
1,650
200
148
363
580
396
588
612
43
112
144

C A R R E P A I R E R S , M a le .

California..................................
Illinois......................................
Indiana.....................................
Maryland..................................
Missouri....................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Texas........................................
Virginia....................................

2
6
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

527
627
82
581
88
58
448
474
325
235

673
802
133
609
85
139
418
506
305
238

L A B O R E R S , M a le .

California..................................
Delaware...................................
Illinois......................................
Indiana.....................................
Maryland.......................... ........
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Tennessee..................................
Texas........................................
Virginia.....................................

3
2
6
4
2
2
4
3
3
2
2
2
2

458
156
2,720
307
233
137
734
403
776
699
84
394
219

280
150
3,270
385
321
200
787
323
797
790
102
550
177

M A C H IN E W O O D W O R K E R S , M a le .
Delaware...................................
Illinois......................................
Indiana.....................................
Maryland..................................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Tennessee..................................
Texas........................................
Virginia....................................




2
5
3
2
2
4
3
3
2
2
2
2

80
337
36
47
30
101
50
213
88
11
24
17

94
344
48
47
36
99
55
224
95
11
28
19

5400
54 47
58.08
55.00
57.30
,57.64
56.52
57.33
56.25
60.00
56.75
59.29

168

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

T a b l e V . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES—Continued.

C A R S , S T E A M R A IL R O A D —Concluded.
M A C H IN IS T S , M a le .

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

State.

California..................................
Delaware..................................
Illinois......................................
Indiana.....................................
Maryland..................................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New Y o rk .,.............................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania...........................
Tennessee..................................
Texas........................................
Virginia....................................

3
2
6
4
2
2
4
3
3
2
2
2
2

Number of
employees.
1906.

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1 1907.
400
15
1,001
280
416
259
305
113
351
125
100
186
144

365
13
925
227
446
263
348
98
277
100
78
155
144

1906.

1907.

.1906.

1907.

54.00
54 00
56.50
55 64
55.00
55.09
57.97
59.33
55.96
58.20
60.00
56.10
59.44

54.00
54.00
56.42
53.81
55.00
57.20
53.30
59.15
55.80
57.96
60.00
60.00
59.45

$0.3574
.2531
.3362
.2902
.2791
.3477
.3259
.2472
.2875
.2697
.2897
.3378
.2925

$0.3894
.2778
.3555
.3233
.2945
.3683
.3558.
.2596
.2956
.2793
.3150
.3717
.3136

54.00
54.00
55.03
56.73
55.00
57.42
‘57.66
54.50
57.10
56.75
57.64
59.36

54.00
54.00
55.20
55.08
55.00
57.18
58.11
54.75
57.16
56.33
60.00
59.31

$0.2905
.2658
.3178
.2363
.2394
.2347
.2759
.3711
.2588
.3191
.2763
.2092

$0.3092
.2889
.3243
. 282a
.2204
.2436
.2574
.4281
.2357
.3305
.2921
.2202

54.00
54.00
54.38
53.33
55.00
56.64
58.29
54.46
57.04
60.00
59.67

$0.3025
.2821
.3665
.2363
.2151
.2351
.2773
.2477
.2673
.2964
.2256

$0.3293
.2865
.3749
.2547
.2157
.2631
.2532
.3614
.2802
.3105
.2875

65.79
64.53
60.00
58.00
58.00
61.70
60.00
58.00
63.29

$0.0895
.0799
.1196
.1287
.1267
.0854
.1455
.1275
.0961

$0.0941
.0954
.1304
.1466
.1368
.1005
.1469
.1494
.1144

65.79
64.17
57.10
58.00
58.00
62.71
60.00
58.00

$0.1621
.1457
.2075
.2295
.2194
.1416
.1656
.2169

$0.1621
.1601
.2304
.2642
.2428
.1523
.1610
.2540

i
P A I N T E R S , M a le .

California..................................
Delaware..................................
Illinois......................................
Indiana.....................................
Maryland..................................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Texas........................................
Virginia....................................

3
2
6
4
2
2
4
3
3
2
2
2

98
102
378
33
107
95
118
119
218
217
44
45

115
110
442
39
131
97
104
120
191
188
54
42

U P H O L S T E R E R S , M a le .

California..................................
Delaware...........*......................
Illinois......................................
Indiana.....................................
Maryland..................................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Texas........................................
Virginia....................................

2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

30
14
97
4
23
16
13
13
48
7
8

29
8
120
3
23
14
14
13
46
10
6

54.00
54.00
54.22
56.00
55.00
56.75
56.69
54.46
57.00
55.43
59.50

CO TTO N G O O DS.
C A R D IN G -M A C H IN E T E N D E R S , M a le .

Alabama...................................
Georgia.....................................
Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
New Hampshire.......................
North Carolina.........................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................
South Carolina.........................

3
6
3
5
2
4
2
2
4

36
61
34
113
107
23
12
29
59

43
55
33
108
107
23
12
26
62

65.83
66.00
60.00
58.00
60.00
63 87
60.00
58.00
65.34

LOOM F I X E R S , M a le .

Alabama...................................
Georgia.....................................
Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
New Hampshire.......................
North Caroiina.........................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island...........................




3
6
3
5
2
7
2
2

50
71
67
187
294
89
18
55

57
75
69
183
297
85
17
60

65.76
66.00
60.00
58.00
60.00
64.69
60.00
58.00

169

WAGES AND H OURS OE LABOR, 1890 TO 1907,
T able

V .—AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES—Continued.

C O T T O N G O O D S —Concluded.
S P IN N E R S , F R A M E , F e m a le .

State.

Alabama...................................
Georgia.....................................
Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
New Hampshire.......................
North Carolina.........................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................
South Carolina.........................

Number
of estabiisnments.
3
6
3
5
2
4

2

2
4

Number of
employees.
1906.
240
352
200
972
776
107
55
123
265

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.
284
352
207
976
817
110
55
112
249

1906.
65.54
66.00
60.00
58.00
60.00
64.08
60.00
58.00
65.65

1907.

1906.

1907.

65.63
64.23
60.00
58.00
58.00
61.87
60.00
58.00
63.20

$0.0619
.0747
.1088
.1221
.1039
.0740
.0982
.1097
.0787

$0.0650
.0859
.1193
.1407
.1192
.0885
.1018
.1348
.0977

60.00
58.00
58.00

60.00
58.00
58.00

$0.2192
.2156
.2032

$0.2452
.2407
.2372

65.19
66.00
60.00
58.00
64.64
60.00
58.00
65.52

65.12
64.55
60.00
58.00
62.01
60.00
58.00
63.19

$0.1108
.1090
.1748
.1740
.1185
.1339
.1646
.1114

$0.1125
.1244
.1923
.2012
.1389
.1377
.1919
.1242

64.60
66.00
60.00
58.00
65.14
60.00
58.00
65.54

64.82
63.95
60.00
58.00
61.71
60.00
58.00
63.34

$0.0911
.0951
.1474
.1559
.0941
.1313
.1505
.0989

$0.0855
.1127
.1612
.1760
.1135
.1364
.1691
.1130

S P IN N E R S , M U L E , M a le .

Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
Rhode Island............................

3
2
2

29
46
48

31
48
50

W E A V E R S , M a le .

Alabama...................................
Georgia.....................................
Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
North Carolina.........................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................
South Carolina.........................

3
5
3
5
4
2
2
4

160
371
159
1,186
159
54
298
327

166
330
219
1,185
145
81
298
313

W E A V E R S , F e m a le .

Alabama...................................
Georgia.....................................
Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
North Carolina.........................
Penns ylvania............................
Rhode Island............................
South Carolina.........................

3
5
3
5
4
2
2
4

201
422
468
1,708
113
202
373
156

210
417
459
1,645
115
183
462
160

D Y E IN G , F I N I S H I N G , A N D P R I N T I N G T E X T IL E S .
B L E A C H E R S , M a le .

Massachusetts..........................
New Jersey...............................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................

4
3
2
5

113
48
16
245

104
54
23
221

58.00
58.65
60.00
58.55

58.00
58.61
60.00
58.30

$0.1214
.1464
.1672
.1252

$0.1340
.1461
.1703
.1323

58.00
58.67
60.00
59.11

58.00
58.67
60.00
58.87

$0.1342
.1562
.1569
.1391

$0.1398
.1567
.1586
.1440

C A L E N D R E R S , M a le .

MassachuSI
New Jersey...............................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................




4
3
3
5

25
57
29
199

29
63
28
218

170

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUR EAU OF LABOR.

T a b l e V . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES—Continued.

D Y E IN G , F I N I S H I N G , A N D P R I N T I N G T E X T I L E S —Concluded.
D Y E R S , M a le .

State.

Massachusetts..........................
New Jersey...............................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................

Number
of estab
lish
ments.
4
3
5
5

Number of
employees.
1906.

Average hours per Average wager, per
week.
hour.

1907.

163
40
107
175

1906.

235
32
107
162

1907.

1906.

1907.

58.00
58.70
60.00
58.45

58.00
58.78
60.00
58.28

$0.1322
.1436
.1815
.1378

$0.1393
.1513
.1806
.1455

58.00
59.19
60.00
57.07

58.00
59.21
60.00
57.14

$0.4362
.3660
.4856
.4904

$0.4344
.3650
.4703
.5112

63.60
66.00
72.00
65.54
48.94
72.00
69.00
72.00
72.00
72.00
64.00

63.00
66:00
72.00
65.54
48.81
72.00
69.00
72.00
72.00
72.00
64.00

$0.3009
.2188
.1792
.1857
.3464
.1630
.2589
.1482
.1816
.1250
.2444

$0.3000
.2188
.1792
.1844
.3476
.1778
.2623
.1482
.1875
.1363
.2574

64.29
72.00
70.50
72.00
67.50
48.65
72.00
67.09
72.00
63.43
72.00
72.00
69.60
64.80

64.50
72.00
70.50
72.00
67.33
48.60
72.00
67.09
72.00
66.00
72.00
72.00
69.60
64.36

$0.4117
.2472
.2434
.2500
.2188
.3494
.2520
.2454
.1844
.2865
.2474
.2822
.2016
.2233

$0.3891
.2423
.2434
.2500
.2236
.3491
.2656
.2503
.1856
.2889
.2474
.2822
.2033
.2263

64.00
60.00
71.00
58.00
60.00
63.00
57.33
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00

64.00
60.00
71.00
58.00
59.09
63.00
57.33
60.00
.60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00

$0.3454
.3100
.2827
.2509
&

$0.3788
.3200
.3036
.2735
.3103
.2764
.4333
.2772
.2850
.3750
.3000
.3063

P R I N T E R S , M a le .

Massachusetts..........................
New Jersey...............................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................

3
2
2
3

41
16
14
29

39
19
14
28

FLO UR.
B O L T E R S , M a le .

California..................................
Illinois......................................
Kansas......................................
Michigan...................................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New York.................................
Tennessee..................................
Texas........................................
Virginia....................................
Wisconsin.................................

3
2
2
3
4
2
2
2
2
2
3

5
4
5
13
49
6
12
9
7
8
6

6
4
5
13
57
6
12
9
7
8
6

M IL L E R S , M a le .

California..................................
Illinois.......................................
Indiana.....................................
Kansas......................................
Michigan...................................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Tennessee..................................
Texas........................................
Virginia.....................................
Wisconsin.................................

3
3
3
2
3
4
3
6
4
2
2
2
2
3

7
10
8
3
8
71
7
22
75
7
8
3
5
10

8
10
8
3
9
77
8
22
91
4
8
3
5
11

M IL L W R IG H T S , M a le .

California..................................
Illinois......................................
Kansas......................................
Michigan...................................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Tennessee..................................
Texas........................................
Virginia.....................................
Wisconsin.................................




3
3
2
3
4
3
4
2
2
2
2
3

3
5
2
3
58
4
9
15
10
2
2
4

3
5
2
3
44
4
9
23
5
2
2
4

.4333
.2633
.2700
.3625
.2875
.2938

171

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.

T able V . —AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, B Y STATES—Continued.

H ARNESS.
C O L L A R M A K E R S , M a le .

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

State.

Number of
employees.

Illinois.......................................
Indiana............................................

Iowa..........................................
Maryland..................................
Massachusetts..........................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Tennessee..................................
Texas.................................. ......

1907.

1906.

1
3 i
2 1!
2
2 1
2 j
2 !
2 i
3 I
3 I
2 1
2 !
2 !
!

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

52
58
10
20
5
19
21
13
40
9
9

8

1906.

48
56
10
19
5
21
28
11
34
9
8
9

1907.

1906.

1907.

55.19
55.47
59.80
58.70
53.00
59.00
57.38
56.61
55.20
51.11
56.22
59.00

55.21
54.20
59.80
55.58
53.00
58.05
58.04
56.55
55.47
51.11
56.50
59.00

$0.2412
.2570
.2434
.1927
.3170
.2306
.2558
.2886
.2411
.3177
.2591
.2383

$0.2320
.2559
.2384
.2118
.3245
.2286
.2627
.2867
.2420
.3097
.2362
.2599

54.00
54.00
55.21
* 56.71
59.50
58.69
59.00
56.61
56.00
55.75
54.95
54.00
57.33
59.00

54.00
54.00
54.74
55.68
59.50
55.56
58.69
56.61
55.50
55.50
55.13
54.00
57.00
59.00

$0.4167
.3797
.2968
.2635
.2435
.2083
.2542
.2902
.2975
.3011
.2636
.3380
.2840
.2760

$0.4074
.4153
.3118
.2692
.2372
.2173
.2684
.2923
.3019
.2997
.2669
.3545
.3052
.2743

54.00
54.00
53.41
59.83
53.00
59.00
57.79
54.00
60.00
57.70

$0.3290
.2392
,2427
.2122
.2855
.2081
.2612
.2802
.2406
.2634

$0.3517
.2400
.2481
.2112
.2931
.2393
.2665
.2636
.2426
.2671

52.14
53.00
54.00
54.19

$0.2093
.2390
.2309
.2172

$0.2175
.2422
.2393
.2283

54.00
54.57
55.67
59.50
55.11
58.59
56.67
54.00
54.83
54.00
57.33
59.00

$0.3722
.2790
.2492
.2485
.2183
.2548
.2859
.2963
.2600
.3311
.2675
.2719

$0.3820
.2895
.2515
.2559
.2546
.2501
.2855
.3148
.2579
.3546
.2618
.2706

C U T T E R S , M a le .

3
2
5
3
2
2
3
4
3
7
4
2
2
2

California..................................
Georgia.................. ..................
Illinois.......................................
Indiana.....................................
Iow a..........................................
Maryland..................................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Oregon......................................
Tennessee..................................
Texas................................ .—

H ARNESS

California..................................
Georgia.....................................

Indiana,...........................................

Iowa..........................................
Massachusetts..........................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Tennessee..................................

2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2

4
2
24
17
6
16
15
31
3
8
38
8
12
21

3
2
19
19
8
16
16
31
4
8
32
7
10
19

M A K E R S , M a le .

23
12
100
24
31
11
56
81
11
24

19
12
91
24
16
10
61
93
10
27

54.00
54.00
55.87
59.88
53.00
59.00
57.59
54.00
60.00
58.17

S T IT C H E R S , H A N D , M a le .

2
2
2
5

Illinois.......................................
Massachusetts..........................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................

9
9
12
31

7
6
9
26

55.00
53.00
54.00
54.84

S T IT C H E R S , M A C H IN E , M a le .
C alifornia........................................

Illinois.......................................
Indiana.....................................
Iow a..........................................
Maryland..................................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
New Jersey...............................
Ohio..........................................
Oregon......................................
Tennessee..................................
Texas........................................




3
5
3
2
2
3
3
2
5
2
2
2

28
19

4
23
24

16
26

17
27

26

29

5

3
10
2

7
6

13

4
9
2

7

6
14

54.00
55.18
56.68
59.67
58.70
59.00
56.54
54.00
55.15
54.00
57.33
59.00

172

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR.

T able V .—AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN'
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, B Y STATES— Continued.

H A TS, FUR.
F IN IS H E R S , M a le .

Number
of establio
L
iisnments.

State.

Connecticut...............................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Pennsylvania............................

2
4
2
5

Number of
employees.
1906.
1 00

279
156
323

Average hours per Average wages per
week. •
hour.

1907.
119
282
151421

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

54.50
50.38
58.49
54.86

55.21
50.37
55.00
54.69

$0.3317
.3823
.3155
.2911

10.3277
.3768
.3103
.2982

54.68
50.29
57.96
54.81

54.59
50.35
55.00
54.84

$0.3504
.3469
.2748
.2595

$0.3911
.3598
.2848
.2754

53.98
50.41
57.77
54.45

54.00
50.37
55.00
54.56

$0.1655
.1847
.1369
.1257

$0.1629
.1993
.1416
.1290

S I Z E R S , M a le .

Connecticut..............................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Pennsylvania............................

2
4
2
5

111
341
198
543

109
313
193
573

T R IM M E R S , F e m a le .

Connecticut...............................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Pennsylvania............................

2
' 4
2
5

108
233
338
527

130
244
349
589

H O S IE R Y A N D K N IT G O O D S.
F IN IS H E R S , F e m a le .

Georgia.....................................
Illinois......................................
New York.................................
North Carolina.........................
Pennsylvania............................
Wisconsin.................................

2
3
8
2
3
3

22
48
392
70
91
200

22
42
388
70
85
184

58.32
55.38
59.53
66.00
59.73
59.68

58.45
55.17
59. 64
66.00
58.32
58.10

$0.0915
.1399
.1469
.0849
.1226
.1055

$0.1217
.1557
.1492
.1000
.1291
.1052

58.18
50.48
55.82
59.13
59.68
59.91

58.13
50.48
56.00
58.83
58.55
59.88

$0.1048
.1256
.1406
.1149
.1427
.0948

$0.1129
.1244
.1417
.1216
.1450
.1056

54.00
60.00
59.00
59.54
59.00
59.45
58.17
59.50
57.60
59.38
60.00
60.00
60.03

54.00
60.00
59.00
59.54
59.00
59.50
58.17
59.47
57.60
59.44
60.00
60.00
59.90

$0.2686
.1728
.1977
.1985
.1842
.1857
.2341
.1769
.2208
.1870
.1593
.1714
.1919

$0.2686
.1854
.2043
.1978
.1804
.1907
.2326
.1788
.2208
.1902
.1595
.1813
.2008

K N IT T E R S , F e m a le .

Georgia.....................................
Illinois.......................................
Massachusetts..........................
New York.................................
Pennsylvania............................
Wisconsin.................................

2
2
2
5
4
3

66
103
95
83
236
167

72
109
96
72
181
154

LEATHER.
F L E S H E R S , M a le .

California..................................
Delaware...................................
Illinois.......................................
Kentucky..................................
Massachusetts..........................
Michigan...................................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Virginia.....................................
West Virginia...........................
Wisconsin.................................




2
2
3
4
3
3
5
4
3
12
7
2
5

10
11
12
13
15
11
35
16
10
64
44
7
36

10
16
9
13
17
10
36
17
10
48
43
8
39

173

WAGES AND H O U ES OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T a b l e V . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES—Continued.
L E A T H E R —Continued.
G L .A Z E R S , M a le .

State.

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

Number of
employees.
1907.

1906.

2
4
5
4

Delaware...................................
Massachusetts..........................
New York.................................
Pennsylvania............................

Average hours per Average wages per
hour.
week.

80
172
21
373

1906.

97
159
19
291

1907.

1906.

1907.

60.00
59.00
59.19
59.44

60.00
59.00
59.21
59.68

$0.1877
.1716
.1639
.1694

SO. 1873
.1743
.1649
.1760

54.94
60.00
59.00
59.88
59.00
59.30
57.21
59.50
58.67
59.19
60.00
60.00
59.87

54.69
60.00
59.00
59.86
59.00
59.27
57.21
59.50
58.67
58.96
60.00
60.00
59.89

$0.2406
.1696
.1544
.1357
.1598
.1745
.2161
.1676
.1916
.1928
.1302
.1582
.1721

SO. 2473
.1704
.1856
.1538
.1600
.1779
.2160
.1702
.1916
.2021
.1323
.1595
.1815

54.67
60.00
59.00
59.00
54.43
59.00
59.38
56.31
59.25
59.93

54.75
60.00
59.00
59.00
54.43
59.00
59.34
56.31
59.32
59.92

SO. 2622
.1398
.2245
.1698
.2345
.1707
.1963
.2519
.1954
.2058

SO. 2681
.1420
.2447
.1703
.2398
.1731
.1982
.2596
.2047
.2133

60.00
59.00
59.00
59.00
59.62
59.87

60.00
59.00
59.00
59.00
59.80
59.91

SO. 1847
.1685
.1752
.1538
.2304
.1705

SO. 1807
.1900
.1758
.1576
.2309
.1836

54.41
60.00
59.00
60.00
59.00
59.86
57.77
59.77
57.83
59.28
60.00
60.00
59.91

SO. 2277
.1332
.1795
.1424
.1602
.1794
.1742
.1607
.1740
.1630
.1304
.1596
.1674

SO. 2412
.1360
.1816
.1520
.1605
.1808
.1758
.1658
.1802
.1683
.1333
.1665
.1739

U M E R S , M a le .

California..................................
Delaware...................................
Illinois.......................................
Kentucky..................................
Massachusetts..........................
Michigan...................................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Virginia.....................................
West V ir g in ia ...............................
Wisconsin.................................

3
2
2
4
3
3
4
6
3
10
6
2
5

16
34
18
16
77
10
19
32
9
106
27
11
60

13
27
10
14
70
11
19
34
9
73
29
11
62

S E T T E R S O U T , M a le .

California..................................
Delaware...................................
Illinois......................................
Massachusetts..........................
Michigan...................................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Wisconsin.................................

3
2
2
4
2
3
6
3
8
4

18
18
16
77
23
50
52
26
105
94

16
24
17
67
23
41
47
26
74
98

S T A K E R S , M a le .

2
2
4
3
4
4

Delaware...................................
Illinois......................................
Massachusetts..........................
New York.................................
Pennsylvania............................
Wisconsin.................................

TAN Y A R D

California..................................
Delaware...................................
Illinois.......................................
Kentucky..................................
Massachusetts..........................
Michigan...................................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Virginia.....................................
West Virginia...........................
Wisconsin.................................

3
2
3
3
3
2
5
5
3
i2
7
2
5

49979—No. 77—0 8 ----12



44
25
107
15
245
31

58
14
103
17
205
45

H A N D S , M a le .

32
51
33
16
73
36
74
43
36
172
142
24
181

37
49
38
14
74
36
64
44
36
134
142
23
159

54.47
60.00
59.00
60.00
59.00
59.86
57.93
59.77
57.83
59.21
60.00
60.00
59.94

174

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR.

T able V .—AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, B Y STATES— Continued.

[L E A T H E R —Concluded.
U N H A I R E R S , M a le .

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

State.

California..................................
Delaware...................................
Illinois......................................
Kentucky..................................
Massachusetts..........................
Michigan...................................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Virginia....................................
West Virginia...........................
Wisconsin.................................

3
2
3
2
2
2
4
6
3
12
7
2
5

Number of
employees.
1906.
26
40
24
7
57
5
31
19
7
86
49
8
33

Average hours per j Average wages per
week.
j
hour.

1907.
23
35
8
7
52
5
27
19
7
58
47
5
34

1906.
54.92
60.00
59.00
60.00
59.00
59.80
58.35
59.26
56.57
59.08
60.00
60.00
59.79

1907.

1906.

1907.

55.04
60.00
59.00
60.00
59.00
59.80
58.11
59.26
56.57
58.95
60.00
60.00
59.79

$0.2505
.1692
.2002
.1498
.1768
.1806
.2087
.1660
.2097
.2449
.1435
.1525
. 1978 |

$0.2536
.1833
.2023
.1641
.1750
.1840
.2129
.1709
.2043
.2059
.1439
.1800
. 2215

60.00
60.00
60.00
58.86
64.00
60.00
62.00
61.57
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
62.55
60.00
60.00
60.00
61.50
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00

SO. 1683 '!
.1998
.2474 :
.1751
.1407
.1736
. 2176
.1913
.2864
.2198
.3179
.1893
.1339
.1986
.2479
.2509
.1564
.1864
.2233
.2355
.2211 ;

SO. 1781
.2035
.2469
. 1776
. 1559
.1770
.2365
.2026
.2955
.2336
.3183
.1875
.1526
.2393
.2694
.2564
.1536
.2117
.2800
.2545
.2259

LUM BER.
C A R R IA G E

Alabama...................................
Arkansas...................................
California..................................
Florida......................................
Georgia.....................................
Indiana.....................................
Iow a............. , ..........................
Louisiana..................................
Maine........................................
Michigan...................................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
North Carolina.........................
Ohio..........................................
Oregon......................................
Pennsylvania............................
South Carolina.........................
Tennessee..................................
Texas........................................
Washington..............................
Wisconsin.................................

3
5
3
5
2
2
4
6
2
6
4
3
3
2
3
4
3
2
2
4
6

9
30
12
21
3
6
22
23
11
28
28
14
10
7
21
11
14
11
15
32
38

M E N , M a le .

8
30
10
21
3
6
18
23
11
28
30
14
11
7
18
11
14
9
15
30
38

60.00
61.20
60.00
61.52
64.00
60.00
61.64
61.57
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
63.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
61.50
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00

C H O P P E R S A N D S A W Y E R S , IN W O O D S , M a l e .

Arkansas...................................
California..................................
Florida......................................
Georgia.....................................
Michigan...................................
Minnesota.................................
North Carolina.........................
Oregon......................................
South Carolina.........................
W ashington..............................
Wisconsin.................................

3
3
4
2
4
3
2
2
2
2
5

45
155
118
19
280
1,229
21
75
46
86
307

45
149
124
18
340
1,240
26
119
46
53
415

61.33
61.63
60.00
58.74
62.26
60.00
69.43
60.00
66.00
62.79
60.00

61.33
61.69
60.00
59.00
62.84
60.00
68.77
60.00
66.00
64.30
60.00

$0.2000
.2814
.1552
.1950
.1606
. 1886
.1086
.3427
.1072
.2744
.1796

SO. 1871
.2827
.1607
.1772
.1634
.2036
.1140
.3538
.1072
.3111
.1718

60.00
60.93
60. 00
60.11
64.37
60.00
62.17
62.29
60.00
60.08

60.00
60.00
60.00
59.03
64.42
60.00
61.06
62.34
60.00
60.08

SO. 1366
.1597
.2089
.1449
.1165
.1409
.1683
.1408
.1641
.1664

SO. 1467
.1654
.2134
.1472
.1164
.1420
.1733
.1524
.1776
.1751

L A B O R E R S , M a le .

Alabama....................................
Arkansas...................................
California..................................
Florida......................................
Georgia.....................................
Indiana.....................................
Iow a..........................................
Louisiana..................................
Maine........................................
Michigan...................................




3
5
2
5
2
2
4
6
2
6

148
559
210
648
59
46
345
576
160
433

122
534
198
679
57
46
335
534
145
442

175

WAGES AND H OURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.

T able V . — AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, B Y STATES— Continued.

L U M B E R —Concluded.
L A B O R E R S , M a l e — Concluded.

Number of
employees.

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

State.

Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
North Carolina.........................
Ohio..........................................
Oregon......................................
Pennsylvania............................
South Carolina.........................
Tennessee..................................
Texas........................................
Washington..............................
Wisconsin.................................

1906.

6

Average hours per ] Average wages per
week.
hour.
1906.

1907.

640
411
155
169
486
47
109
394
166
1,352
520

4

3
3
2
3
3
3
2
2
4

;

541
407
170
70
543
50
110
323
173
1,051
626

60.00
60.00
61.16
60.00
60.00
60.00
61.65
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00

1907.

1906.

1907.

60.00
$0.2070
.1554
60.00
.1107
61.13
.1771
60.00
.2286
60.00
.1848
60.00
.1052
61.63 ii
.1404
60.00
.1916
60.00
.2039
60.00
.1683
60.00

$0.2100
.1057
.1227
.1637
.2399
.1867
.1044
.1505
.1976
.2187
.1764.

$0.6273
.4616
.5746
.4000
.4821
.5409
.5625
.4038
.7357
.4500
.4409
.2875
.3833
.4800
.4938
.4875

$0.6391
.4577
.5700
.4167
.5068
.5773
.5500
.4288
.7357
.4500
.4534
.2833
.3925
.5000
.5091
.5000

60.00
57.00
64.50
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
61.00
60.00
60.00

$0-5000
.5000
.3341
.5948
.4250
.3450
.5375
.3500
.2679
.6600
.5000

$0.5500
.5000
.2944
.5948
.4500
.2917
.5667
.3500
. 3155
.6600
.5250

54.60
57.98
60.00
68.90
71.50
72.00
72.00

48.00
51.87
60.00
49.70
71.50
72.00
72.00

$0.2108
.1644
.2020
.1575
.1648
.1545
.1482

$0.2394
.1963
.2051
.2008
.1705
.1603
.1502

48.20
65.87
60.00
64.26
72.00

48.18
59.95
60.00
72.00
72.00

$0.2172
.1741
.1948
.1607
.1466

$0.2366
.1804
.1989
.1487
.1467

S A W Y E R S , B A N D , M a le .
Arkansas...................................
California..................................
Florida......................................
Indiana.....................................
Iow a..........................................
Lou siana..................................
Maine........................................
Michigan...................................
Minnesota.................................
Missouri....................................
N o r t h C a r o lin a ................................

.Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Tennessee..................................
Washington..............................
Wisconsin.................................

11
6
5
3
9
4
8
13
14
3
4
4
3
5
12
16

5
2
3
2
4
4
2
6
4
2
3
2
2
2
4
6

11
5
5
3
8
4
6
13
14
3
4
3
4
4
11
16

61.09
60.00
62.40
60.00
62.00
63.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
63.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00

60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
62.25
63.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
63.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
i

S A W Y E R S , C IR C U L A R , M a le .
Alabama...................................
Florida......................................
Geoigia.....................................
Louisiana..................................
Michigan...................................
Missouri....................................
Oregon......................................
Pennsylvania............................
S o u t h C a r o l in a ...............................

Texas........................................

W is n o n s in ..........................................

2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
4
2
5
4
2
2
5
2

2
2
2
4
2
6
3
2
2
5
2

60.00
59.50
64.50
60.00
60. 00
60.00
60.00
60.00
61.00
60.00
60.00

PAPER AND W OOD PULP,
B E A T E R S , M a le .
Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
Michigan...................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Wisconsin.................................

2
5
2
5
2
3
4

!

146
103
25
71
12
55
67

172
130
26
103
12
52
68

C A X iE N D R E R S, M a le .
Connecticut..............................
Massachusetts..........................
Michigan...................................
Pennsylvania............................
Wisconsin.................................




2
3
3
3
3

119
30
35
42
24

132
42
35
57
24

176
T able

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

V .—AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES—Continued.

P A P E R A N D W O O D P U L P —Concluded.
L A B O R E R S , M a le .

State.

Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
Michigan...................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
W iscon sin......................................

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

Number of
employees.
1907.

1906.

3
5
3
5
2
2
4

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

136
120
107
183
78
354
55

1906.

127
135
110
220
73
387
73

1907.

1906.

1907.

58.47
58.30
60.00
54.79
59.66
61.49
62.63

$0.1852
.1596
.1514
.1489
.1513
.1506
.1464

10.1725
.1614
.1550
.1660
.1545
.1524
.1537

49.25
52.37
60.00
49.69
71.60
72.00
72.00

$0.3022
.2257
.3196
.3106
.2386
.2737
.2610

$0.3660
.2696
.3143
.4174
.2435
.2900
.2665

51.93
60.00
60.00

52.08
60.00
60.00

$0.1039
.1134
.0869

$0.1167
.1468
.0942

53.81
54.00
55.42
58.11
54.00
54.55
53.58
60.00
56.10

53.78
54.00
55.92
58.32
54.00
54.56
53.64
60.00
56.10

$0.3766
.2590
.2737
.2686
.3259
.3313
.3699
.2819
.2858

$0.3904
.2665
.2506
.2665
.3421
.3420
.3857
.2986
.2912

54.00
54.00
57.51
49.86
53.12
60.00
56.18

$0.4382
.2670
.2712
.3632
. .3352
.3001
.2508

$0.4860
.2721
.2719
.3782
.3361
.3100
.2515

54.00
54.89
53.93
60.00
56.15

$0.2280
.2446
.3042
.2632
.2726

$0.2246
.2478
.3202
.2780
.2727

53.03
57.88
60.00
59.97
59.65
61.79
63.49

M A C H IN E T E N D E R S , M a le .

Maine........................................
Massach usetts..........................
Michigan...................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................
Wisconsin. 1..............................

3
5
2
5
2
3
4

69
73
14
45
10
33
24

77
87
14
62
10
32
24

53.71
58.48
60.00
67.24
71.60
72.00
72.00

R A G SO R T E R S , F e m a le .

Massachu setts..........................
Michigan.............................___
Wisconsin.................................

4
2
2

169
20
33

166
27
37

S H IP B U IL D IN G .
B L A C K S M IT H S , M a le .

California..................................
Delaware...................................
Maine........................................
Maryland..................................
Massachusetts..........................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pp.nnsylvfl.nifl.................................

2
2
3
3
2
2
5
2
3
B O IL E R

California..................................
Delaware...................................
Maryland..................................
New Jersey...............................
New Y ork................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania-..........................

2
2
3
2
2
2
3

32
30
19
19
13
11
19
21
40

27
35
39
25
12
16
22
21
39

M A K E R S , M a le .

50
38
79
62
24
50
165

52
38
89
64
25
43
151

54.00
54.00
56.66
49.47
53.08
60.00
56.21

C A L K E R S , IR O N , M a le .
Delaware...................................
Maryland..................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................




2
2
2
2
3

37
17
28
57
217

56
19
41
47
154

54.00
54.88
53.89
60.00
56.17

177

WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T a b l e V . — AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES—Continued.

S H I P B U I L D I N G —Continued.
C A L R E R S , W O O D , M a le .

State.

Maine........................................
Maryland..................................
Massachusetts..........................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................

Number
of estab
lish
ments.
3
2
3
2
7

Number of
employees.
1906.
75
55
22
133
75

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.
54
55
14
121
97

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

57.53
54.00
49.64
49.53
53. 77

56.96
54.00
48.86
48.26
52.00

$0.2739
.3056
.3801
.4199
.3270

$0.2735
.3056
.4187
.4180
.3591

52.46
54.00
56.87
54.21
52.72
50.37
53.54
60.00
56.09

52.87
54.00
57.26
54.40
52.45
48.72
52.18
60.00
55.10

$0.4470
.2947
.2396
.3190
.3288
.4038
.3046
.2965
.2942

$0.4801
.3089
.2559
.3092
.3443
.4109
.3240
.3055
.3129

54.00
55.23
54.90
53.87
60.00
56.17

54.00
55.29
54.93
53.93
60.00
56.17

$0.1684
.1852
.1664
.2260
.1726
.2430

$0.1669
.1905
.1732
.2412
.1763
.2638

54.00
54.81
54.00
53.71
60.00
55.97

54.00
54.77
54.00
53.78
60.00
55.94

$0.2758
.2800
.2952
.3107
.2728
.2386

$0.2666
.2914
.3264
.3085
.2879
.2428

53.69
54.00
56.88
54.58
53.40
56.56
53.96
60.00
56.17

53.49
54.00
56.51
54.71
53.57
54.81
53.66
60.00
56.00

$0.4352
.2830
.2529
.2931
.3361
.2984
.3333
.2941
.2866

$0.4685
.2866
.2689
.2832
.3512
.3040
.3374
.3095
.2869

53.89
54.00
55.19
54.93
54.00
55.51
53.97
60.00
57.83

53.47
54.00
55.57
54.90
54.00
54.51
53.98
60.00
58.33

$0.2210
.14®
.1849
.1347
.2052
.1734
.1862
.1599
.1357

$0.2318
.1556
.2026
.1399
.2241
.1736
.1971
.1758
.1443

C A R P E N T E R S , M a le .

California..................................
Delaware...................................
Maine........................................
Maryland..................................
Massachusetts..........................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................

3
3
4
3
3
3
7
2
3

136
143
191
70
94
244
341
129
243

106
150
218
65
85
330
398
147
197

D R IL L E R S , M a le .

Delaware..................................
Maine........................................
Maryland..................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania...........................

2
3
2
2
2
3

25
35
31
23
76
304

37
28
56
43
57
207

F I T T E R S , M a le .

Delaware...................................
Maryland..................................
Massachusetts..........................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................

2
2
2
3
2
3

73
47
28
48
66
151

83
44
27
59
82
125

J O IN E R S , M a le .

California..................................
Delaware...................................
Maine........................................
Maryland..................................
Massachusetts..........................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................

3
2
3
3
2
2
4
2
3

177
95
34
59
60
32
57
70
217

94
112
45
83
91
26
86
71
258

L A B O R E R S , M a le .

California..................................
Delaware...................................
Maine........................................
Maryland..................................
Massachusetts..........................
New Jersey...............................
New York............................... .
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania...........................




3
3
4
3
2
2
7
2
3

366
319
81
313
51
195
406
788
404

68
365
68
319
72
204
563
1,250
553

178
T able

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOE.

V.—AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES—Continued.

S H I P B U I L D I N G —Concluded.
M A C H IN IS T S , M a le .

State.

California..................................
Delaware..................................
Maryland..................................
Massachusetts..........................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................

Number
of estab
lish
ments.
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
3

Number of
employees.
1906.
419
147
155
105
94
82
215
618

Average hours per Average wiiges per
week.
hour.

1907.
236
202
162
99
123
94
192
624

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.
$0.3890
.3091
.2804
.3059
.3301
.3292
.2946
.2620

54.00
54.00
57.41
54.00
52.10
53.38
60.00
56.17

54.00
54.00
57.11
54.00
51.98
53.44
60.00
56.17

$0.3745
.3063
.2709
.2886
.3269
.3257
.2778
.2571

54.00 :
54.08
53.60
60.00
56.14 ;

54.00
54.19
53.56
60.00
58.12

$0.2679
.2340
.2573
.2342
.3158

49.50
54.00
54.83
54.00
60.00
56.21

52.13 ! $0.5514
54.00
.2433
54.86 !
.1861
54.00 i
.2486
5 3 .9 3 !
.2049
60.00 ;
.2269
56.21 ;
.2001

$0.4120
.2430
.1841
.2631
.2211
.2357
.2036

54.00
54.89
54.00
53.77
58.09

54.00 ' $0.2605 :
54.91
.3011 ,
54.00
.3630
53.78
.3085
56.04
.3582 !

$0.2393
.3372
.3933
.3217
.3584

60.00
55.00
58.07
58.44

59.61
55.00
58.60
58.33

$0.0997
.0908
.0860
.0814

$0.1053
.1000
.1025
.0896

55.00
58.68

55.00 ' $0.1248
57.03
.0856

$0.1347
.0908

60.00
55 00
58.49

59.80
55 00
58.14

$0.1561
.1929
.1474

P A IN T E R S , M a le .

Delaware..................................
Maryland..................................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania............................

2
3
6
2
3

65
165
80
19
157

51
140
99
39
150

1
,
1
i

$0.2786
.2308
.2638
.2164
.3193

R IG G E R S , M a le .

California..................................
Delaware..................................
Maryland..................................
Massachusetts..........................
New York.................................
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania...........................

4
2
2
2
3
2
3

48
14
18
30
51
13
220

64
15
22
34
112
14
180

5 3 .8 4

R I V E T E R S , M a le .

Delaware..................................
Maryland..................................
Massachusetts..........................
New York.................................
Pennsylvania............................

2
2
2
3
2

86
28
18
86
177

95
44
25
126
135

S IL K G O O D S.
Q,ULLLiERS, F e m a l e .

Connecticut...............................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Pennsylvania............................

2
4
3
5

76
107
30
123

88
101
35
120

S P IN N E R S , M a l e .

New Jersey...............................
Pennsylvania............................

2
3

30
138

27
128

W A R P E R S ), F e m a l e .

Connecticut..............................
New Jersey...............................
Pennsylvania............................




2
4
5

135
120
267

118
156
251

$0.1511
.1986
.1308

179

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1890 TO 1907.
T able

V .—AVERAGE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES—Continued.

S I L K G O O D S —Concluded.
W E A V E R S , M a le .

Number of
employees.

Number
of estab
lish
ments.

State.

Connecticut...............................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Pennsylvania............................

1906.

2
4
3
2

262
228
122
88

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.

1906.

271
201
113
101

1907.

1906.

1907.

60.00
55.00
55.72
59.42

59.65
55.00
56.16
58.71

$0.2053
.2154
.1997
.1673

$0.2115
.2104
.2048
.1454

60.00
55.00
59.55
58.37

59.54
55.00
59.79
57.92

$0.1636
.2003
.1657
.1249

$0.1674
.2125
.1681
.1402

60.00
55.00
57.15
59.08

59.81
55.00
57.27
58.62

$0.1060
.1240
.1389
.0910

$0.1099
.1343
.1453
.1018

W E A V E R S , F e m a le .

Connecticut...............................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Pennsylvania............................

2
2 I
2 1
5

264
206
242
1,044

278
231
212
947

W IN D E R S ; , F e m a l e .
Connecticut...............................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Pennsylvania............................

2
5
3
5

242
189
46
380

227
163
41
337

W OOLEN AN D W O R STED G O O DS.
B U R L E R S , F e m a le .

Connecticut..............................
Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
New Hampshire.......................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................

2
3
6
3
2
2
6
5

22
109
147
81
55
112
109
135

31
96
215
113
149
119
121
191

60.00
60.00
58.00
60.00
55.55
57.64
59.12
57.04

58.19
60.00
58.00
58.00
55.30
57.53
59.21
58.00

$0.1611
.1077
.1143
.1074
.1032
.0920
.1078
.1154

$0.1489
.1235
.1220
.1171
.1030
.1012
.1029
.1233

60.00
60.00
58.00
60.00
58.59
59.60
58.00

59.33
60.00
58.00
58.57
58.74
59.57
58.00

$0.1264
.1125
.1220
.1146
.1194
.1234
.1123

$0.1344
.1152
.1216
.1321
.1229
.1338
.1336

60.00
60.00
58.00
60.00
58.39
58.97
60.89

58.53
' 60.00
58.00
58.00
58.14
58.80
60.70

$0.1442
.1422
.1385
.1440
.1365
.1586
.1312

$0.1505
.1497
.1480
.1645
.1425
.1592
.1390

C A R D E R S , M a le .

Connecticut...............................
Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
New Hampshire.......................
New York.................................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................

2
3
6
2
2
3
5

17
20
65
24
17
15
36

15
21
66
14
23
14
43

D Y E R S , M a le .
Connecticut..............................
Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
New Hampshire......, ...............
New York.................................
Pennsylvania...........................
Rhode Island............................




2
3
6
3
2
4
5

H
79
177
173
41
58
118

15
95
220
108
37
70
132

180

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BU BEA U OF LABOK.

T a b l e V.—
AVERAGE

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1906 AND 1907, IN
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES—Concluded.

W O O L E N A N D W O R S T E D G O O D S —Concluded.
LOOM F I X E R S , M a le .

State.

Connecticut..............................
]tfq.inft........................................
Massachusetts..........................
New Hampshire.......................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................

Number
of establiaVk
iisnments.
2
3
6

3
2
2
6
5

Number of
employees.
1906.
14
21
79
43
24
22
51
79

Average hours per Average wages per
week.
hour.

1907.
17
22
79
42
33
21
50
83

1906.

1907.

1906.

1907.

58.47
60.00
58.00
58.00
55.30
58.29
58.56
58.00

$0.2057
.2453
.2517
.2156
.2794
.2432
.3064
.2510

$0.2147
.2413
.2701
.2383
.2862
.2579
.3107
.2660

57.36
58.00

$0.0970
.1128

60.00
60.00
59.41
60.00
55.47
58.35
58.00

59.36
60.00
59.85
58.04
55.64
58.75
58.00

$0.1541
.2195
.2127
.1842
.2329
.1523
.2003

$0.1641
.2120
.2201
.1905
.2352
.1470
.2159

60.00
60.00
58.00
60.00
56.62
59.29
59.25
58.00

58.43
60.00
58.00
58.00
56.55
59.39
59.22
58.00

$0.2266
.1629
.1955
.1807
.1987
.1810
.2265
.2085

$0.2299
.1631
.2072
.1782
.2074
.2041
.2266
.2250

60.00
60.00
58.00
60.00
55.37
57.95
59.05
58.00

59.83
60.00
58.00
58.00
55.33
57.57
58.89
58.00

$0.1796
.1453
.1693
.1784
.1654
.1365
.2157
.1749

$0.1670
.1503
.1929
.1815
.1686
.1455
.2135
.1909

60.00
60.00
58.00
60.00
55.42
58.23
58.53
58.00

S P IN N E R S , F R A M E , F e m a l e .

New York.................................
Bhode Island............................

2
2

153
115

140
141

57.41
58.00

S P IN N E R S , M U L E , M a l e .

Connecticut...............................
Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
New Hampshire.......................
New Jersey...............................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island...........................

2
2
6
3
2
2
5

23
25
100
35
53
20
70

25
25
91
56
55
24
68

W E A V E R S , M a le .

Connecticut..............................
Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
New Hampshire.......................

N ew Jersey....................................

New York.................................
Pennsylvania............................
Bhode Island............................

2
3
6
2
2
2
5
5

151
163
321
23
37
106
229
414

154
172
389
53
58
132
281
444

W E A V E R S , F e m a le .

Connecticut...............................
Maine........................................
Massachusetts..........................
New Hampshire.......................
New Jersey...............................
New York.................................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................




2
3
6
2
2
2
5
5

35
137
756
97
108
219
142
707

35
154
630
70.
107
194
157
652

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1907.

This article presents the retail prices of 30 staple food commodities
as sold in 68 localities in the United States by 1,014 dealers. These
retail prices taken in connection with summary figures from the
Eighteenth Annual Report and Bulletins 59, 65, and 71 of this
Bureau, reproduced herein, afford an opportunity for the comparison
of retail prices of food in the years 1890 to 1907, inclusive.
Retail prices of food in 1907 were higher than in any other year of the
eighteen-year period above named,being 4.2 per cent higher than in 1906.
The average prices of 29 of the 30 articles included in this compila
tion of prices were higher in 1907 than in 1906. The articles which
showed the greatest advance in prices are flour 8.9 per cent, butter 8.0
per cent, evaporated apples 7.8 per cent, milk 7.3 per cent, com meal 6.8
per cent, cheese 6.7 per cent, and potatoes 5.4 per cent. The only
article which showed a decrease is tea, the decrease being 0.2 per cent.
The table which follows shows the per cent of increase or decrease
in price for each of the 30 articles when the average price in 1907 is
compared with the average price in 1906:
PER CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN THE AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF THE
PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF FOOD IN 1907 AS COMPARED WITH 1906.
Articles for which the average price in
1907 was higher than the average price
in 1906.

Per cent
of in
crease
in price.

Articles for which the average price in
1907 was lower than the average price
in 1906.

Per cent
of de
crease
in price.

Coffee.......................................................
Sugar........................................................
Veal..........................................................
Chickens (year or more old), dressed__
Vinegar....................................................
Bread, wheat...........................................
Molasses..................................................
Eggs.........................................................

0.3
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.9
2.2
2.3
2.6
2.6
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.1
3.5
3.5
3.8
3.9
4.1
4.6
4.8
4.8
5.4
6.7
6.8
7.3
7.8
8.0
8.9

Tea.........................................................

0.2

Pork, salt, ham .......................................
Beef, fresh, roasts...................................
Beef, sa lt..................................................
Beans, dry...............................................
Pork, salt, dry or pickled......................
Beef, fresh, steaks...................................
Pork, fresh...............................................
Fish, fresh................................................
Prunes......................................................
Fish, sa lt.................................................
Pork, salt, bacon.....................................
Lard.........................................................
Mutton.....................................................
Potatoes, Irish ........................................
Cheese.......................................................
Corn m eal.................................................
Milk, fresh, Iina1dmmp.fi..........................
Apples, evaporated.................................
Butter......................................................
Flour, wheat............................................

Retail prices in each month of 1907 were higher than in the corre
sponding month of 1906; in January they were 3.9 per cent higher,
in February 4.2 per cent higher, in March 4.0 per cent higher, in
April 3.9 per cent higher, in May 4.1 per cent higher, in June 4.3 per
cent higher, in July 4.5 per cent higher, in August 4.8 per cent higher,
in September 5.1 per cent higher, in October 5.4 per cent higher, in



181

182

B U LLE TIN OF TH E BUR EAU OF LABOR.

November 4.0 per cent higher, and in December 3.1 per cent higher.
Thus it is seen that October, 1907, showed a greater increase over
the corresponding month of 1906 than any other month of 1907, and
December showed the least increase. These figures are computed
from the weighted averages shown in the table on page 187.
In comparing the months of 1907 with the same months in 1906. it
was found that in January 27 of the 30 articles were higher in price
and 3 lower; in February 27 articles were higher, 1 the same, and
2 lower; in March 29 were higher and 1 the same; in April, May,
June, July, August, and September each 29 articles were higher and
1 lower; in October 28 were higher and 2 lower; in November 25
were higher, 1 the same, and 4 lower, and in December 22 were
higher, 1 the same, and 7 lower.
While December showed the least increase in prices, in a com
parison of 1907 month by month with the preceding year, prices in
December, 1907, were higher than in any other month of the same or
the preceding year, as may be seen on page 187.
The table which follows showrs the per cent of increase or decrease in
price for each of the 30 articles of food when the average price in Octo
ber, November, and December, 1907, is compared with the average
price in the corresponding months of 1906. These three months only
are taken, as the month of October shows the greatest variation in the
year and December brings the information down to the latest date.
PER CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN THE AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF THE
PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF FOOD IN OCTOBER, NOVEMBER, AND DECEMBER, 1907, AS
COMPARED WITH THE CORRESPONDING MONTHS IN 1906.
Articles for which the
average price in certain
months of 1907 was
higher than in the cor
responding months of
1906.

Per cent of increase in
Per cent of decrease in
price.
| Articles for which the
price.
average price in certain
Oct., Nov., Dec., , months of 1907 was Oct., Nov., Dec.,
1907,
1907,
1907, i lower than in the cor 1907,
1907,
1907,
over
over
over
responding months of below below below
Oct., Nov., Dec.,
1906.
Oct., Nov., Dec.,
1906.
1906.
1906. |
1906.
1906.
1906.

Coffee...............................
Pork, salt, ham ................
Veal..................................
Lard.................................
Sugar...............................
Chickens (year or more
old), dressed.................
Molasses...........................
Rice..................................
Vinegar............................
Bread, wheat...................
Beef, sa lt..........................
Pork, fresh.......................
E g g s.................................
Fish, fresh........................
Pork, salt, bacon.............
Beef, fresh, steaks...........
Beef, fresh, roasts...........
Fish, sa lt..........................
Mutton.............................
Prunes..............................
Beans, dry........................
Butter..............................
Cheese...............................
Milk, fresh, unskimmed...
Corn m eal.........................
Potatoes, Irish................
Apples, evaporated..........
Flour, wheat....................
a No change.




0.1
.4
1.3
1.4
1.9
2.0
2.4
2.4
2.7
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
5.0
5.6
6.1
8.2
9.3
9.7
11.1
11.4
13.6
16.7

(a )

(a )

(«)
0.7
.1
1.9

(0
0.9
(c)
1.9

.2
2.5
2.3
2.5
3.3
2.7
.8

(0
2.5
2.2
2.5
3.3
2.4

3.4
1.7
3.5
2.2
3.4
4.8
5.5
8.0
4.4
9.1
9.8
11.9
10.0
14.6
17.0

2.9
.3
2.9
1.8
3.8
4.1
5.4
8.5
.9
8.3
9.6
11.9
10.1
15.3
17.5

(<0

Coffee..............................
Pork, salt, dry or pickled.
Tea..................................
Pork, salt, ham ..............
E g g s...............................
Lard...............................
Chickens (year or more
old), dressed................
Pork, fresh.....................

(b)

0.1
.3

(b)
(b)

(&)
(&)
(6)

(<0
(0

b Increase.

c Decrease.

C°)
1.2
.3
.9
.5
(&)
(6)
(*)

(a)
k 2.3

.3
2.0
2.0
1.0
.7
1.8

183

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1907,

The articles which showed the most marked advance in prices in
December, 1907, over December, 1906, are flour 17.5 per cent,
evaporated apples 15.3 per cent, corn meal 11.9 per cent, potatoes
10.1 per cent, and milk, fresh, unskimmed, 9.6 per cent. No article
shows any marked decline in price in December, 1907, from the price
in December, 1906.
The average prices of 20 of the 30 articles were higher in 1907 than
in any other year of the eighteen-year period, 1890 to 1907. The
price of every article, except coffee, was higher in 1907 than in 1896,
the year of lowest prices during the period, and in the case of 16 of
the 30 articles it was more than 25 per cent above the level of 1896.
The increases in the price of some of the more important articles over
the 1896 prices were as follows: Bacon, 62.7 per cent; potatoes,
56.6 per cent; eggs, 48.4 per cent; salt pork, 47.9 per cent; fresh
pork, 46.3 per cent, and lard, 45.1 per cent.
The average price in 1907 for each of the 30 articles separately
and as a whole is compared with the average price during each of the
years from 1890 to 1906 in the following table, which shows the per
cent of increase or decrease:
PER CENT OF INCREASE (+ ) OR DECREASE ( - ) IN RETAIL PRICES OF PRINCIPAL
ARTICLES OF FOOD IN 1907 AS COMPARED WITH SEVENTEEN PRECEDING YEARS.
Per cent of increase or decrease, 1907 compared with—
A I U U ltJ .

1890.

1891.

1892.

1893.

1894.

1895.

1896.

1897.

+14.3
+ 15.0
+19.7
+22.1
+17.0
+ 4.2
+28.6
+24.7
+29.7
- 9.9
+31.6
+36.9
+21.5
+20.8
+ 7.3
+36.7
+16.2
+ 2.9
+29.2
+46.9
+64.2
+48.2
+32.4
+10.3
- 24.3
+ 7.1
- 16.0
+ 5.3
+ 26.5
+ 1.6

+ 13.0
+11.9
+19.1
+21.3
+16.1
+ 4.2
+19.9
+ 22.8
+26.3
- 9.7
+20.0
+28.8
+21.1
+19.6
+ 4.6
+ 34.5
+16.2
+ 5.9
+29.3
+ 44.4
+62.8
+ 42.8
+31.6
+ 3.4
-24.1
+ 5.9
- 3.0
+ 4.9
+ 25.5
- .9

+ 25.4
+16.0
+19.6
+ 21.5
+14.7
+ 4.2
+ 19.5
+ 21.4
+26.6
- 8.5
+25.1
+28.9
+20.5
+ 19.0
+ 12.0
+29.5
+16.1
+ 6.4
+28.8
+41.8
+58.7
+ 40.5
+28.3
+26.0
-22.1
+ 7.1
+ 3.5
+ 5.1
+25.0
+ 1.8

+16.4
+13.1
+20.3
+21.1
+13.8
+ 4.4
+16.1
+ 21.0
+26.1
- 9.4
+27.6
+27.4
+ 20.5
+17.6
+ 22.5
+ 13.8
+16.3
+ 7.1
+30.2
+33.2
+44.3
+29.9
+19.6
+ 7.4
-2 3 .5
+10.3
- 1.9
+ 5.2
+25.0
+ 5.0

+17.8
+15.6
+21.2
+ 22.8
+ 15.4
+ 4.6
+25.5
+21.3
+33.3
- 8.0
+28.8
+43.0
+20.1
+19.8
+32.7
+25.5
+16.6
+ 7.4
+33.0
+ 40.0
+51.8
+36.6
+28.3
+17.5
-1 2 .4
+ 9.6
+ 6.2
+ 6.7
+26.6
+ 4.7

+27.9
+18.2
+ 20.8
+ 21.7
+14.6
+ 4.8
+ 31.5
+24.2
+33.5
- 6.6
+30.6
+38.7
+ 20.8
+ 23.0
+32.2
+34.1
+16.8
+ 8.8
+31.8
+42.9
+58.2
+42.3
+32.3
+ 31.4
- 6.2
+ 9.8
+ 8.5
+ 6.9
+26.9
+ 5.7

+ 40.6
+ 28.2
+ 20.2
+ 21.2
+14.3
+ 4.6
+37.6
+25.8
+35.3
- 4.6
+ 38.5
+ 48.4
+ 20.4
+ 24.7
+27.0
+45.1
+16.9
+ 9.1
+31.8
+46.3
+62.7
+ 47.9
+33.9
+56.6
+ 1.8
+ 12.2
+ 3.1
+ 6.6
+25.6
+ 7.5

+ 41.9
+ 29.8
+ 18.7
+ 20.4
+13.1
+ 4.5
+37.1
+ 24.4
+ 39.8
+ .4
+ 40.4
+ 50.7
+ 20.8
+ 27.7
+ 12.8
+ 49.4
+ 17.2
+ 10.2
+ 30.6
+ 46.0
+ 61.5
+45.1
+33.1
+ 29.7
+ 4.9
+ 10.8
+ 4.1
+ 6.9
+25.1
+ 7.3

All food, simple averages................. + 18.2
All food, weighted according to fam
ily consumption............................. +17.8

+ 16.7

+18.6

+ 15.9

+20.3

+22.9

+ 26.0

+25.3

+16.2

+ 18.4

+ 15.5

+21.0

+23.3

+26.3

+ 25.2

Apples, evaporated ......................................................
Beans, dry.........................................
Beef, fresh, roasts.............................
Beef, fresh, steaks.............................
Beef, sa lt...........................................
Bread, wheat.....................................
Butter................................................
Cheese................................................
Chickens (year or more old), dressed.
Coffee...................................................................................................
Corn m eal..........................................
E ggs.................................................
Fish, fresh.........................................
Fish, sa lt...........................................
Flour, wheat.....................................
Lard...................................................
Milk, fresh, unskimmed....................
Molasses.............................................
M utton..............................................
Pork, fresh........................................
Pork, salt, bacon*.............................
Pork, salt, dry or pickled.'..............
Pork, salt, ham .................................
Potatoes, Irish..................................
Prunes...............................................
Rice....................................................
Sugar.................................................
Tea.....................................................
Veal...................................................
Vinegar..............................................




184

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR,

PER CENT OF INCREASE (+ ) OR DECREASE ( - ) IN RETAIL PRICES OF PRINCIPAL
ARTICLES OF FOOD IN 1907 AS COMPARED W ITH SEVENTEEN PRECEDING YEARS—
Concluded.
Per cent of increase or decrease, 1907 compared with—

Apples, evaporated.......................
Beans, dry..........................................
Beef, fresh, roasts..............................
Beef, fresh, steaks..............................
Beef, sa lt............................................
Bread, wheat......................................
Butter.................................................
Cheese.................................................
Chickens (year or more old), dressed.
Coffee..................................................
Corn meal...........................................
Fish, salt............................................
Flour, wheat......................................
Lard...................................................
Milk, fresh, unskimmed.....................
Molasses.............................................
Mutton...............................................
Pork, fresh.........................................
Pork, salt, bacon...............................
Pork, salt, dry or pickled..................
Pork, salt, ham ..................................
Potatoes, Irish...................................
Prunes................................................
Rice.....................................................
Sugar..................................................
Tea......................................................
Veal.....................................................
Vinegar...............................................

1898.

1899.

1900.

1901.

1902.

1903.

1904.

1905.

+30.6
+23.9
+17.1
+18.2
+11.8
+ 4.7
+34.2
+26.4
+35.7
+ 4.3
+ 38.5
+43.1
+20.0
+23.1
+ 9.6
+42.9
+17.5
+ 10.0
+29.6
+ 44.5
+57.0
+42.5
+37.4
+ 14.4
+ 2.4
+ 6.7
- 1.7
+ 4.6
+23.5
+ 6.7

+25.2
+19.2
+ 14.9
+16.1
+10.6
+ 4.9
+30.6
+20.3
+29.1
+ 5.0
+ 38.4
+36.2
+ 20.4
+ 21.4
+24.4
+38.2
+18.1
+ 9.7
+26.8
+40.1
+52.9
+38.7
+ 31.8
+25.5
+ 3.9
+ 6.0
- 2 .1
+ •9
+20:5
+ 6.3

+30.9
+ 8.0
+11.8
+13.3
+10.0
+ 4.8
+25.8
+18.6
+ 30.4
+ 4.3
+35.1
+37.8
+20.1
+22.7
+ 24.8
+ 28.5
+16.9
+ 5.4
+23.2
+32.3
+43.4
+31.1
+24.1
+ 29.0
+ 6.5
+ 6.0
- 5.1
- .2
+19.2
+ 6.1

+ 28.7
+ 4.3
+ 7.6
+ 8.6
+ 7.5
+ 5.1
+23.6
+19.3
+27.6
+ 4.7
+22.9
+30.3
+18.9
+ 20.5
+ 24.7
+13.6
+ 15.5
+ 6.3
+ 19.4
+20.9
+30.0
+20.2
+18.6
+ 3.3
+ 7.0
+ 4.8
- 3.3
- 1.3
+14.9
+ 5.7

+19.3
+ 1.7
+ •4
+ 1.8
- 1.6
+ 5.1
+14.4
+14.8
+16.1
+ 6.0
+ 10.8
+15.6
+14.9
+18.3
+ 24.0
- .1
+13.1
+ 5.5
+13.4
+11.1
+ 16.0
+ 6.6
+ 9.5
+ 3.1
+ 6.0
+ 4.8
+ 3.8
- 1.8
+ 8.5
+ 5.0

+23.6
+ •6
+ 5.3
+ 6.8
+ 4.9
+ 4.3
+15.2
+12.6
+10.9
+ 6.4
+ 9.0
+ 9.9
+12.4
+12.2
+16.3
+ 5.9
+10.4
+ 3.8
+15.5
+12.2
+ 12.5
+ 9.5
+ 7.7
+ 5.1
+10.2
+ 4.4
+ 3.6
- .7
+ 8.8
+ 5.4

+25.6
+ 1.7
+ 5.6
+ 6.3
+ 5.4
+ .6
+17.1
+14.7
+ 8.9
+ 3.5
+ 8.3
+ 5.2
+11.8
+ 8.9
- 1.8
+14.4
+ 9.9
+ 3.6
+14.0
+14.9
+14.1
+12.2
+10.4
- .6
+11.1
+ 6.8
- 2.3
- .5
+ 8.2
+ 5.7

+17.5
+ 2.1
+ 6.1
+ 6.8
+ 5.7
(«)
+13.2
+11.1
+ 6.3
+ 1.5
+ 7.7
+ 4.6
+ 9.7
+ 6.9
- 1.8
+15.1
+ 9.2
+ 3.2
+10.4
+12.6
+13.3
+12.1
+10.3
+ 9.4
+ 8.6
+ 5.8
- 4.1
- .4
+ 6.2
+ 4.2

All food, simple averages.................. + 22.5 +21.2 +18.9 + 14.4 + 8.8 + 8.8 + 8.2 + 7.3
All food, weighted according to fam
ily consumption.............................. +22.2 +21.2 +19.3 +14.6 + 8.7 + 9.3 + 8.0 + 7.3

1906.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

7.8
3.1
2.9
3.5
3.0
2.2
8.0
6.7
1.8
.3
6.8
2.6
3.8
4.1
8.9
4.8
7.3
2.3
4.8
3.5
4.6
3.1
2.8
5.4
3.9
2.6
1.4
.2
1.5
1.9

+ 3.9
+ 4.2

a No change.

The line of this table relating to eggs, for example, shows that the
1907 price of eggs was 36.9 per cent higher than the price in 1890,
28.8 per cent higher than the price in 1891, etc.
The greatest advance shown by this table was in bacon, the price
in 1907 being 64.2 per cent higher than in 1890. The greatest
decrease was in prunes, the price in 1907 being 24.3 per cent lower
than in 1890.
When the 30 articles are taken as a whole and weighted according
to family consumption, the price in 1907 was, according to the above
table, 17.8 per cent above the price in 1890, 16.2 per cent above that
in 1891, 18.4 per cent above 1892, 15.5 per cent above 1893, 21.0 per
cent above 1894, 23.3 per cent above 1895, 26.3 per cent above 1896,
25.2 per cent above 1897, 22.2 per cent above 1898, 21.2 per cent
above 1899, 19.3 per cent above 1900, 14.6 per cent above 1901, 8.7
per cent above 1902, 9.3 per cent above 1903, 8.0 per cent above 1904,
7.3 per cent above 1905, and 4.2 per cent above 1906.
In order that the course of prices of the various articles through a
series of years may be studied, relative prices have been computed
for each of the 30 articles included in this investigation. These rela




185

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1907.

tive prices have also been combined so that the course of prices of
food as a whole may be seen.
A relative price, or index number, as it is technically called, of any
article is the per cent which the price of that article at any certain
date is of the price of the same article at a date or period which has
been selected as the base or standard. The value of the relative price
is that it enables the reader to follow more readily the course of prices
of a single article and especially of groups of articles. The base
selected for the compilation of retail prices is the average price for
the ten-year period, 1890 to 1899. This base period is the same as
was used in the presentation of wholesale prices in Bulletins 39, 45,
51, 57, 63, 69, and 75 of this Bureau, and as used in the preceding
article of this Bulletin on wages and hours of labor. The reason for
selecting this base period is set forth on page 212.
The table which follows shows for each of the five geographical
divisions and for the United States as a whole the relative prices of
food for each year from 1890 to 1907. In the first column under each
division is shown the simple average of the relative prices of the 30
articles. In the second column under each division is shown the rela
tive prices weighted according to the average consumption of the
various articles of food in workingmen’s families. The relative prices
obtained by the two methods are presented so that the reader can
make such use or comparison as he may desire.
RELATIVE RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, SIMPLE AND WEIGHTED AVERAGES, BY
GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1890 TO 1907.
[Average price for 1890-1899=100.0.]
North Atlan South Atlan North Central South Central
division.
tic division.
division.
tic division.
Year.

1890........
1891........
1892........
1893........
1894........
1895........
1896........
1897........
1898........
1899........
1900........
1901........
1902........
1903........
1904........
1905........
1906........
1907........

Western
division.

United States.

Sim Weight- Sim Weight- Sim Weight* Sim Weight- Sim Weight- Sim Weight
ple.
ple.
ple.
ple.
ple.
ple.
ed.
101.9
102.9
102.0
104.3
99.9
98.2
96.2
96.9
98.3
99.3
101.3
104.4
110.0
110.4
111.2
111.8
115.2
119.4

102.3
103.2
102.1
104.4
99.2
97.7
97.0
96.9
98.8
99.5
101.2
104.7
110.5
110.1
111.7
112.1
114.8
119.4

100.7
101.5
100.6
102.1
100.3
99.5
97.5
97.8
99.4
100.6
102.2
106.6
110.8
110.1
110.2
111.2
115.9
120.3




101.2
102.1
101.1
103.2
100.0
98.7
96.8
97.1
99.3
100.5
102.4
106.9
111.8
111.2
111.9
113.0
116.2
122.3

102.3
104.1
101.7
105.0
100.9
98.3
94.9
95.3
98.1
99.4
101.7
106.7
112.1
112.0
112.6
114.0
117.8
121.8

102.3
104.5
101.8
105.4
100.6
98.0
94.6
95.6
98.4
98.9
100.8
106.1
111.7
111.0
112.1
113.1
116.5
121.2

101.1
102.9
100.6
102.9
99.9
98.2
96.2
97.2
99.9
101.0
103.3
108.1
114.1
114.0
115.0
115.9
118.9
124.6

102.1
103.6
100.7
103.5
100.0
98.1
96.1
97.3
98.8
99.9
101.1
106.9
113.5
113.5
115.0
115.9
119.0
124.6

105.4
106.2
104.4
102.7
99.4
97.3
93.9
94.2
96.7
99.8
100.1
102.0
106.9
108.1
109.4
110.0
113.6
119.1

107.7
108.7
105.2
102.9
99.3
96.7
93.2
92.7
95.2
98.5
98.1
99.9
104.4
103.7
104.9
105.7
110.1
116.2

102.1
103.4
101.8
104.1
100.3
98.2
95.8
96.3
98.5
99.6
101.5
105.5
110.9
110.9
111.6
112.5
116.2
120.7

102.4
103.8
101.9
104.4
99.7
97.8
95.5
96.3
98.7
99.5
101.1
105.2
110.9
110.3
111.7
112.4
115.7
120.6

186

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUREAU CF LABOR.

Tlie relative number 102.4 under United States, weighted, oppo
site 1890 indicates that the price in 1890 was 102.4 per cent of the
average price for the ten years from 1890 to 1899, inclusive. The
next year the relative price advanced to 103.8. After a decline in
1892 the relative price advanced in 1893 to 104.4. In the three years
following there was a steady decline until in 1896 the relative price
was 95.5, or 4.5 below the average price from 1890 to 1899. Except
for a slight decline in 1903, there has been an advance each year from
1896 to 1907, the relative price in 1907 being 120.6, indicating that
the price in 1907 was 120.6 of the average price from 1890 to 1899.
The relative prices shown in this column for the weighted average
are given in the form of a diagram in the accompanying graphic table:
RELATIVE RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD IN THE UNITED STATES,
WEIGHTED ACCORDING TO AVERAGE CONSUMPTION IN WORKING
MEN’S FAMILIES, BY YEARS, 1890 TO 1907.




[Average price for 1890 to 1899=100.0.]

RETAIL PRICES OF POOD, 1890 TO 1901.

187

The columns giving the relative prices, when the various articles
of food are weighted according to their consumption in workingmen’s
families, indicate that the lowest relative price was reached in the
North Atlantic and Western divisions in 1897 and in each of the
other geographical divisions and in the United States as a whole in
1896. The highest relative price was reached in each of the five
geographical divisions and in the United States as a whole in 1907.
It is interesting to compare the results under the two methods of
computing relative prices of food. In the North Atlantic division
there is a difference of 0.4 in 1890, 0.3 in 1891, 0.1 in 1892, 0.1 in 1893,
0.7 in 1894, 0.5 in 1895, 0.8 in 1896, nothing in 1897, 0.5 in 1898, 0.2
in 1899, 0.1 in 1900, 0.3 in 1901, 0.5 in 1902, 0.3 in 1903, 0.5 in 1904,
0.3 in 1905, 0.4 in 1906, and nothing in 1907. The greatest difference
in results obtained under the two methods is found in the Western
division.
In the United States, considered as a whole, there is a difference
under the two methods of 0.6 in two years, 0.5 in one year, 0.4 in
three years, 0.3 in four years, 0.2 in one year, 0.1 in five years, and
nothing in two years.
The table which follows shows the relative prices of food for each
month of the years 1905, 1906, and 1907. The table presents the
simple average of the relative prices of the 30 articles and the average
in which the various articles of food are given a weight according to
their consumption in workingmen’s families.
RELATIVE RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, SIMPLE AND WEIGHTED AVERAGES, BY
MONTHS, 1905 TO 1907.
[Average price for 1890-1899=100.0.]

Month.

Weighted.

Simple.
1905.

1906.

1907.

1905.

1906.

January........................................................................
February......................................................................
March............................................................................
April.............................................................................
May...............................................................................
June..............................................................................
July...............................................................................
August..........................................................................
September.....................................................................
October.........................................................................
November.....................................................................
December......................................................................

113.8
113.8
113.0
112.1
111.5
111.2
111.2
111.3
111.7
112.5
113.5
114.4

115.9
115.6
115.2
115.0
114.7
115.0
115.3
115.6
116.3
117.4
118.6
119.5

120.2
120.1
119.4
118.9
118.9
119.3
119.8
120.4
121.5
122.9
123.3
123.5

115.6
115.7
113.8
112.0
110.6
109.8
109.7
110.1
110.7
112.1
113.8
115.3

117.0
116.2
115.0
113.9
113.0
112.9
113.3
113.8
115.2
117.1
119.4
121.2

121.6
121.1
119.6
118.3
117.6
117.8
118.4
119.3
121.1
123.4
124.2
125.0

Year.....................................................................

112.5

116.2

120.7

112.4

115.7

120.6

1907.

The table shows that in every month of 1907 the price of food was
higher than in the corresponding month of 1906, and that in December,
1907, the price was higher than in any other month shown in the
table, being 25.0 per cent above the average price for the ten-year
period, 1890 to 1899.



188

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

The relative price computed by giving to each article a weight
according to its average consumption in workingmen’s families was
higher than the simple average during the winter months and lower
during the summer months. This difference is due to the seasonal
fluctuations of articles of large consumption, such as butter, eggs, etc.
The course of relative prices of food, weighted averages, during the
months of 1905, 1906, and 1907, indicated in the preceding table, is
also shown in the accompanying graphic table.
RELATIVE RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD IN THE UNITED STATES,
WEIGHTED ACCORDING TO AVERAGE CONSUMPTION IN WORKING
MEN’S FAMILIES, BY MONTHS, 1905 TO 1907.




[Average price for 1890 to 1893=100.0.]

EETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1907.

189

The relative retail prices in the United States, considered as a
whole, of the 30 articles of food for the eighteen years, 1890 to 1907,
are presented in the table which follows:
RELATIVE RETAIL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF FOOD IN THE UNITED
STATES, 1890 TO 1907.
[Average price for 1890-1899=100.0.]

49979— No. 77—OS----13



190

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUR EAU OF LABOR.

In this table, as in the preceding tables of relative prices, the aver
age price for the ten-year period, 1890 to 1899, equals 100.0. The
figures in the column for evaporated apples, for instance, indicate
that the price for evaporated apples in 1890 was 109.0 per cent of
the average price for 1890 to 1899, or 9.0 per cent above that average
price. The price of evaporated apples in 1907 was 124.6 per cent of
the average price for 1890 to 1899, or 24.6 per cent above that aver
age price.
The price of fresh roasting beef in 1890 was 99.5 per cent of the
average price during the ten-year period from 1890 to 1899. In
1891 the price was exactly the same as the average price for the
ten-year period—that is, 100.0. The lowest point reached was in
1894, when it was 98.3 per cent of the average price for the ten-year
period. The highest point reached was in 1907, when it stood at
119.1, or 19.1 per cent higher than the average price for the period
from 1890 to 1899.
In the use of these tables showing the relative figures it should be
borne in mind that the difference between the relative prices in any
two years is not the percent of difference in the cost. For example,
the relative price of fresh roasting beef was 98.3 in 1894 and 119.1
in 1907. The difference between these relative prices is 20.8, and
this figure being 21.2 per cent of 98.3, the per cent of increase in 1907
over 1894 is 21.2 per cent.
The table which follows is drawn from the above table and shows
the articles for which the price in 1907 was higher than the average
price for the ten-year period, 1890 to 1899, and also the articles for
which the price in 1907 was lower than the average for 1890 to* 1899.
RELATIVE RETAIL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF FOOD IN THE UNITED
STATES, 1907, COMPARED WITH AVERAGE PRICE FOR 1890-1899.
[Average price for 1890-1899=100.0.]
Articles for which the average price in Relative
1907 was higher than the average for
price,
1890-1899.
1907.

Articles for which the average price in Relative
1907 was lower than the average for
price,
1890-1899.
1907.

Bread, wheat...........................................
Vinegar....................................................
Tea...........................................................
Molasses...................................................
Rice..........................................................
Beef, sa lt..................................................
Milk, fresh, unskimmed..........................
Flour, w heat............................................
Beans, dry...............................................
Beef, fresh, roasts....................................
Beef, fresh, steaks...................................
Fish, fresh................................................
Potatoes, Irish........................................
Fish, sa lt..................................................
Cheese.......................................................
Apples, evaporated.................................
Veal..........................................................
Butter......................................................
M utton.....................................................
Pork, salt, ham .......................................
Chickens (year or more old), dressed___
Com m eal.................................................
Lard.........................................................
Eggs.........................................................
Pork, salt, dry or pickled.......................
Pork, fresh............................................... '!
Pork, salt, bacon.....................................

Sugar......................................................
Coffee...................................................
Prunes..............................




1

104.5
104.5
105.3
107.7
108.5
114.1
116.8
117.7
118.8
119.1
120.6
120.6
120.6
121.6
123.2
124.6
125.0
127.6
130.1
130.7
131.4
131.6
134.2
137.7
141.2
142.5
157.3

1

99.6
95.0
88.4

191

EETAIL PRICES OE FOOD, 1890 TO 1907.

This table shows that the price of each of the articles except sugar,
coffee, and prunes was higher in 1907 than the average price for the
ten-year period, 1890 to 1899. The price of bacon was 57.3
per cent higher; fresh pork, 42.5 per cent higher; dry or pickled
pork, 41.2 per cent higher; eggs, 37.7 per cent higher, etc. The
price of only three articles was lower in 1907 than the average for the
ten-year period, 1890 to 1899. Prunes were 11.6 per cent lower;
coffee, 5.0 per cent lower, and sugar 0.4 per cent lower.
The preceding table is summarized in the short table which follows:
NUMBER AND PER CENT OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF FOOD, CLASSIFIED B Y
PER CENT WHICH THE 1907 RETAIL PRICE IS ABOVE OR BELOW THE AVERAGE
PRICE FOR 1890-1899.

Price higher.
40 per cent or over.................
25 to 40 per cent...................... !
10 to 25 per cent.....................
Less than 10 per cent.............
Total.............................

Number Per cent |
of
j
of
articles. articles.

Price lower.

Number Per cent
of
of
articles. articles.

3
8
11
5

10.0
26.7
36.7
16.6

Less than 10 per cent.............
10 to 25 per cent.....................

2
1

6.7
3.3

27

90.0

Total.............................

3

10.0

From this table it is seen that in 1907 the price of 3 of the 30
articles, or 10.0 per cent of the total, was more than 40 per cent
higher than the average price for the ten-year period, 1890 to 1899;
the price of 8 articles, or 26.7 per cent of the total, was from 25 to
40 per cent higher than the average price for the ten-year period;
the price of 11 articles, or 36.7 per cent of the total, was from 10 to
25 per cent higher than the average price for the ten-year period,
and the price of 5 articles, or 16.6 per cent of the total, was less than
10 per cent higher than the average price for the ten-year period.
On the other hand, the price of 2 articles, or 6.7 per cent of the whole
number, was less than 10 per cent lower than the average price for
the ten-year period, and the price of 1 article, or 3.3 per cent of
the whole number, was from 10 to 25 per cent (11.6 per cent) lower
than the average price for the ten-year period.




192

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR,

The following table compares for each article the price in December,
1907, with the average price for the ten-year period, 1890 to 1899:
RELATIVE RETAIL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF FOOD IN THE UNITED
STATES, DECEMBER, 1907, COMPARED WITH AVERAGE PRICE FOR 1890-1899.
[Average price for 1890-1899=100.0.]
Articles for which the average price in Relative
for which the average price in Relative
price,
price, | Articles
December, 1907, was higher than the DecernDecember, 1907, was lower than the Decem
1
average for 1890-1899.
average for 1890-1899.
ber, 1907.
ber, 1907.;
Tea...........................................................
Bread, wheat...........................................
Vinegar...................................................
Molasses...................................................
R ice.........................................................
Beef, sa lt..................................................
Beef, fresh, roasts...................................
Beef, fresh, steaks...................................
Potatoes, Irish........................................
Fish, salt..................................................
Beans, d ry ...............................................
Milk, fresh, unskimmed..........................
Flour, wheat............................................
Fish, fresh................................................
Veal..........................................................
Pork, salt, ham .......................................
Cheese......................................................
Chickens (year or more old), dressed__
Mutton.....................................................
Apples, evaporated.................................
Lard.........................................................
Pork, fresh...............................................
Pork, sfl.lt, dry or pickled.......................
Corn meal................................................
Butter......................................................
Pork, salt, b a co n ....................................
Eggs.........................................................

105.2
105.7
105.7
108.5
109.1
114.8
117.6
119.9
120.1
123.0
123.3
124.2
124.8
125.4
125.8
127.0
129.7
130.6
131.1
131.9
132.7
136.9
137.7
137.9
138.7
155.2
176.9

Sugar......................................................
Coffee......................................................
Prunes....................................................

99.6
95.3
90.2

This table shows that in December, 1907, eggs were 76.9 per cent
higher than the average price for the ten-year period from 1890 to
1899; bacon was 55.2 per cent higher than during the ten-year
period, etc.
The only articles which show a decline in price are sugar, 0.4 per
cent; coffee, 4.7 per cent, and prunes, 9.8 per cent.
The table which follows summarizes the above table:
NUMBER AND PER CENT OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF FOOD, CLASSIFIED BY
PER CENT WHICH THE DECEMBER, 1907, RETAIL PRICE IS ABOVE OR BELOW THE
AVERAGE PRICE FOR 1890-1899.

Price higher.

Number Per cent
of
of
articles. articles.

Price lower.

Number Per cent
of
of
articles. articles.

40 per cent or over..................
25 to 40 per cent.....................
10 to 25 per cent......................
Less than 10 per cent.............

2
12
8
5

6.7
40.0
26.7
16.6

Less than 10 per cent.............

3

10.0

Total.............................

27

90.0

Total.............................

3

10.0




193

RETAIL PRICES OE FOOD, 1890 TO 1907.

From this table it is seen that in December, 1907, the price of 2,
or 6.7 per cent of the total of the 30 articles, was more than 40 per
cent higher than the average price for the ten-year period, 1890 to
1899. The price of 12 articles, or 40 per cent of the total, was from
25 to 40 per cent higher than the average price for the ten-year
period, etc.
A table follows which shows for the United States the lowest and
highest yearly relative price of each of the 30 articles of food during
the eighteen years, 1890 to 1907, and the year in which the lowest
and highest yearly prices were reached:
LOWEST AND HIGHEST YEARLY RELATIVE RETAIL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL
ARTICLES OF FOOD IN THE UNITED STATES, 1890 TO 1907.
[Average price for 1890-1899=100.0.]
Lowest.
Article.

Year.

Apples, evaporated..............................................................
1897
Beans, dry............................................................................
1897
Beef, fresh, roasts................................................................
1894
Beef, fresh, steaks................................................................
1894
Beef, sa lt..............................................................................
1890
Bread, wheat........................................................................ 1901, 1902
Butter..................................................................................
1896
Cheese...................................................................................
1898
Chickens (year or more old), dressed.................................
1897
1903
Coffee....................................................................................
Com meal.............................................................................
1897
Eggs......................................................................................
1897
Fish, fresh............................................................................
1890
Fish, sa lt..............................................................................
1897
1894
Flour, w neat........................................................................
Lard......................................................................................
1897
1899
Milk, fresh, unskimmed.......................................................
1897
Molasses.............. ................................................................
1894
Mutton................ ................................................................
Pork, fresh.......................................................... .................
1890
1890
Pork, salt, bacon.................................................................
1890
Pork, salt, dry or pickled....................................................
1898
Pork, salt, ham ....................................................................
1896
Potatoes, Irish.....................................................................
1904
Prunes..................................................................................
1896
Rice.......................................................................................
1895
Sugar....................................................................................
Tea........................................................................................ 1895, 1897
1895
Veal......................................................................................
1896
Vinegar.................................................................................

Highest.

Relative
price.
87.8
91.5
98.3
98.2
97.5
99.4
92.7
97.5
94.0
89.3
93.7
91.4
99.3
95.2
88.7
89.8
98.9
97.7
97.8
97.0
95.8
95.3
95.1
77.0
79.6
96.7
91.8
98.5
98.5
97.2

Year.
1907
1907
1907
1907
1902
1905,1907
1907
1907
1907
1890
1907
1907
1907
1907
1904,1905
1902
1907
1907
1907
1907
1907
1907
1907
1904
1890
1907
1890
1902
1907
1891

Relative
price.
124.6
118.8
119.1
120.6
116.0
104.5
127.6
123.2
131.4
105.4
131.6
137.7
120.6
121.6
119.9
134.3
116.8
107.7
130.1
142.5
157.3
141.2
130.7
121.3
116.8
108.5
118.6
107.2
125.0
105.5

Of the 30 articles the lowest yearly relative price was reached by 5
in 1890, 4 in 1894, 2 in 1895, 1 in 1895 and 1897 (the price being the
same for the two years), 4 in 1896, 8 in 1897, 2 in 1898, 1 in 1899, 1 in
1901 and 1902, 1 in 1903, and 1 in 1904. The highest yearly relative
price was reached by 3 in 1890, 1 in 1891, 3 in 1902, 1 in 1904, 1 in
1904 and 1905, 1 in 1905 and 1907, and 20 in 1907. Thus the highest
yearly price of the eighteen-year period was reached by two-thirds
of the 30 articles during the last year.




194

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR,

Certain of the articles included in this investigation are related to
each other in such a way as to make a comparison of the course of
prices of such articles very interesting. These groups of related
articles are shown in the table which follows:
RELATIVE RETAIL PRICES IN THE UNITED STATES OF CERTAIN GROUPS OF
RELATED ARTICLES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1907.
[Average price for 1890-1899=100.0.]
Cattle products.
Year.

Beef,
fresh,
roasts.

1890.............................................................
1891.............................................................
1892.............................................................
1893.............................................................
1894.............................................................
1895.............................................................
1896.............................................................
1897.............................................................
1898.............................................................
1899.............................................................
1900.............................................................
1901........ ....................................................
1902.............................................................
1903.............................................................
1904.............................................................
1905.............................................................
1906.............................................................
1907.............................................................

99.5
100.0
99.6
99.0
98.3
98.6
99.1
100.3
101.7
103.7
106.5
110.7
118.6
113.1
112.8
112.2
115.7
119.1

Dairy products.

Beef,
fresh, 1 Beef,
steaks. ii salt.
98.8
99.4
99.3
99.6
98.2
99.1
99.5
100.2
102.0
103.9
106.4
111.0
118.5
112.9
113.4
112.9
116.5
120.6

97.5
98.3
99.5
100.3
98.9
99.6
99.8
100.9
102.1
103.2
103.7
106.1
116.0
108.8
108.3
107.9
110.8
114.1

|
Milk,
fresh, un-; Butter. ! Cheese.
skimmed.]
'

100.5
100.5
100.6
100.4
100.2
100.0
99.9
99.7
99.4
98.9
99.9
101.1
103.3
105.8
106.3
107.0
108.9
116.8

Hog products.
Year

1 8 9 0 ..
1 8 9 1 ..
1892..
1 8 9 3 ..
1 8 9 4 ..
1 8 9 5 ..
1 8 9 6 ..
1 8 9 7 ..
189 8 ..
189 9 ..
1 9 00..
190 1 ..
1902..
1 9 03..
1 9 04..
19 0 5 ..
1906..
1907..

.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Pork,
fresh.
97.0
98.7
100.5
107.0
101.8
99.7
97.4
97.6
98.6
101.7
107.7.
117.9
128.3
127.0
124.0
126.6
137.7
142.5

95.3
98.9
100.5
108.7
103.4
99.2
95.5
97.3
99.1
101.8
107.7
117.5
132.5
129.0
125.8
126.0
136.9
141.2

98.8
100.3
101.5
101.8
101.6
99.2
97.9
99.0
97.5
102.4
103.9
103.3
107.3
109.4
107.4
110.9
115.5
123.2

Flour and bread.

Pork, |
Pork,
Pork, | Lard.
salt, ba salt,ordry I!salt,ham.j
con.
pickled.
95.8
96.6
99.1
109.0
103.6
99.4
96.7
97.4
100.2
102.9
109.7
121.0
135.6
139.8
137.9
138.8
150.4
157.3

99.2
106.4
106.8
109.9
101.7
97.0
92.7
93.1
95.1
97.7
101.4
103.2
111.5
110.8
109.0
112.7
118.2
127.6

98.7
99.3
101.9
109.3
101.9
98.8
97.6
98.2
95.1
99.2
105.3
110.2
119.4
121.3
118.4
118.5
127.2
130.7

98.2
99.8
103.6
117.9
106.9
100.1
92.5
89.8
93.9
97.1
104.4
118.1
134.3
126.7
117.3
116.6
128.0
134.2

Flour,
wheat.
109.7
112.5
105.1
96.1
88.7
89.0
92.7
104.3
107.4
94.6
94.3
94.4
94.9
101.2
119.9
119.9
108.1
117.7

Bread,
wheat.
100.3
100.3
100.3
100.1
99.9
99.7
99.9
100.0
99.8
99.6
99.7
99.4
99.4
100.2
103.9
104.5
102.3
104.5

Under cattle products are shown the three articles, beef, fresh,
roasts; beef, fresh, steaks, and beef, salt. The price of each of these
three articles was higher in 1891 than in 1890; that of the two
descriptions of fresh beef was lower, and that of salt beef was higher
in 1892 than in 1891; prices of roasts were lower and of steaks and
salt beef higher in 1893 than in 1892; all three of the articles show
lower prices in 1894 thajn in 1893; in each year from 1895 to 1902,
inclusive, the price of each of the 3 articles increased; all were



195

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1907.

lower in 1903 than in 1902; prices of roasts and salt beef were lower
and steaks higher in 1904 than in 1903; the price of each of these
3 articles was lower in 1905 than in 1904; the prices of all were
higher in 1906 than in 1905; and the prices of all were higher in 1907
than in 1906.
In the group of hog products, all of the 5 articles take the same
course in each of the six years, 1891 to 1896; in 1897 all except lard
were higher than in 1896; in 1898 all except salt ham were higher
than in 1897; in each of the four years, 1899 to 1902, all of the 5 arti
cles were higher than in the year immediately preceding; in 1903
fresh pork, dry or pickled pork, and lard were lower, while bacon and
ham were higher than in 1902; in 1904 all were lower than in 1903;
in 1905 all except lard were higher than in 1904; in 1906 all were
higher than in 1905; and in 1907 all were higher than in 1906.
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD.
In connection with this report on retail prices it is interesting to
compare the course of wholesale prices with the course of retail prices.
Retail prices usually follow the wholesale but do not always vary in
the same proportion. The table which follows shows the relative
wholesale prices of food (simple averages of 53 articles from 1890 to
1892 and 1904 to 1907, and of 54 articles from 1893 to 1903) and the
relative retail prices of food (simple averages of 30 articles). The
figures for wholesale prices are from Bulletin No. 75 of this Bureau.
RELATIVE WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD IN THE UNITED STATES, 1890
TO 1907.
[The wholesale prices are from Bulletin No. 75 of the Bureau of Labor and are simple averages of 53
articles from 1890 to 1892 and 1904 to 1907, and of 54 articles from 1893 to 1903. The retail prices are
simple averages of 30 articles. Average price for 1890-1899=100.0.]

Year.

1890...................................
1891...................................
1892...................................
1893...................................
1894...................................
1895...................................
1896...................................
1897...................................
1898...................................

Relative
wholesale
prices of
food.
112.4
115.7
103.6
110.2
99.8
94.6
83.8
87.7
94.4

Relative
retail
prices of
food.
102.1
163.4
101.8
104.1
100.3
98.2
95.8
96.3
98.5

Year.

1899...................................
1900...................................
1901...................................
1902...................................
1903...................................
1904...................................
1905...................................
1906...................................
1907...................................

Relative
wholesale
prices of
food.
98.3
104.2
105.9
111.3
107.1
107.2
108.7
112.6
117.8

Relative
retail
prices of
food.
99.6
101.5
105.5
110.9
110.9
111.6
112.5
116.2
120.7

The facts presented in this table are clearly shown in the graphic
table on the following page. I t will be observed that in this graphic
table the simple average of retail prices is used, while in the graphic
table on page 186 the weighted average of retail prices is used.




196

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR.

RELATIVE WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD IN THE
UNITED STATES, SIMPLE AVERAGES, 1890 TO 1907.
[Average price for 1890 to 1899=100.0.]

From this table it is seen that both wholesale and retail prices of
food were higher in 1891 than in 1890, the wholesale, however, show
ing a much greater advance; both wholesale and retail prices were
lower in 1892 than in 1891, the decline being much greater in whole
sale than in retail; both were higher in 1893 than in 1892; both lower
in 1894 than in 1893; both lower in 1895 than in 1894; both lower
in 1896 than in 1895, the decline in wholesale being much greater
than in retail; both were higher in each of the years from 1897 to 1902
than in the year immediately preceding; wholesale prices were lower
in 1903 than in 1902, while retail prices remained on the same level;
wholesale prices were slightly higher in 1904 than in 1903, while



197

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1907.

retail prices made a more marked advance; both wholesale and retail
prices were higher in 1905 than in 1904, both higher in 1906 than in
1905, and both higher in 1907 than in 1906.
RETAIL PRICES AND COST OF LIVING.
The significance of the changes in the retail prices of food will be
better understood possibly if taken in connection with certain infor
mation in regard to detailed family expenditures covering the entire
cost of living, furnished by 2,567 workingmen’s families in 1901 and
published in the Eighteenth Annual Report of this Bureau. If it be
assumed that the expenditure for each of the various articles bore
the same relation to the total expenditure for food in each of the
other years of the eighteen-year period covered by this investigation
as in 1901, the average cost for food per family in 1907 was $374.75,
against $296.76 in 1896, the year of lowest prices, and against an
expenditure of $359.53 in 1906, a difference between 1896 and 1907
of $77.99, or 26.3 per cent. The increase in 1907 over 1906 was
$15.22, or 4.2 per cent.
The table which follows shows by geographical divisions the average
food cost per family each year from 1890 to 1907. This table is based
on the average food cost per family in 1901 as reported by the families
investigated in each geographical division, and the course of relative
retail prices of food in each geographical division weighted according
to family consumption in that division.
In each of the geographical divisions, and in the United States as a
whole, it is considered in this table that the expenditure for each of
the various articles bore the same relation to the total expenditure
for food in each of the other years of the eighteen-year period covered
by this investigation as in 1901.
The table follows:
AVERAGE FOOD COST PER WORKINGMAN’S FAMILY, BY GEOGRAPHICAL
DIVISIONS, FOR EACH YEAR, 1890 TO 1907.
[Based on the average cost per family in 1901 and the course of retail prices of food as indicated by
the relative prices weighted according to family consumption.]

Year.

1890.............................................................
1891.............................................................
1892.............................................................
1893..................................................1.........
1894.............................................................
1895.............................................................
1896.............................................................
1897............................................................
1898.............................................................
1899.............................................................
1900........................................... * ...............
1901.............................................................
1902............................................................
1903............................................................
1904............................................................
1905............................................................
1906............................................................
1907............................................................




North
South
North
South
Atlantic Atlantic Central Central Western United
States,
division, division, division, division, division,
90
2,567
1,415
122
219
721
families. families. families. families. families. families.
$330.35
333.26
329.70
337.13
-320.34
315.50
313.23
312.91
319.05
321.31
326.80
338.10
356.83
355.54
360.70
362.00
370.72
385.57

$282.72 ! $310.08
285.23
316.75
282.44
308.57
288.30
319.48
279.36
304.93
275.73
297.05
270.42
286.74
271.26
289.77
277.41
298.26
280.76
299.78
305.54
286.07
298.64
321.60
312.33
338.57
310.65
336.45
312.61
339.79
342.82
315.68
324.62
353.12
341.66
367.37

$279.54
283.64
275.71
283.37
273.79
268.59
263.11
266.40
270.50
273.51
276.80
292.68
310.75
310.75
314.86
317.32
325.81
341.14

$332.61
335.72
324.90
317.80
306.68
298.65
287.84
286.29
294.01
304.21
302.97
308.53
322.43
320.27
323.97
326.44
340.03
358.87

$318.20
322.55
316.65
324.41
309.81
303.91
296.76
299.24
306.70
309.19
314.16
326.90
344.61
342.75
347.10
349.27
359.53
374.75

198

B U L L E T IN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR.

From this table it is seen that in the North Atlantic division the
average food cost per family (assuming that food was purchased in
the same quantity each year and that the expenditure for each of
the various articles bore the same relation to the total expenditure
for food in each of the years) was $330.35 in 1890, $333.26 in 1891,
etc. The lowest cost was $312.91 in 1897, and the highest was
$385.57 in 1907, a difference of $72.66.
For the United States, considered as a whole, the average cost of
food per family in 1890 was $318.20. In 1896, the year of lowest
prices, it fell to $296.76; in 1907 it reached the highest point of the
period, being $374.75.
The changes in the cost of living, as shown by this table, relate
to food alone, representing 42.54 per cent of all family expenditures
in the 2,567 families furnishing information relative to cost of living.
The table which follows shows for the United States the average
cost of a year’s food supplies in representative workingmen’s families
if purchased at the prices for the specified month of 1905, 1906, and
1907. This table is based on the average food cost per family in 1901
as reported by the 2,567 families investigated. In computing this
table it was considered that the expenditure for each of the various
articles bore the same relation to the total expenditure for food in
each month of 1905, 1906, and 1907 as in the year 1901.
AVERAGE COST OF A YEAR’S FOOD SUPPLIES PER WORKINGMAN’S FAMILY IF
PURCHASED AT THE PRICES FOR EACH SPECIFIED MONTH, 1905 TO 1907.
[Based on the average cost per family in 1901 and the course of retail prices of food as indicated by
the relative prices weighted according to family consumption.]
Month.

1905.

January....................................................................................................... $359.22
February.....................................................................................................
359.53
March...........................................................................................................
353.62
April............................................................................................................
348.03
May..............................................................................................................
343.68
341.19
June.............................................................................................................
340.88
July..............................................................................................................
342.12
August.........................................................................................................
September....................................................................................................
343.99
October........................................................................................................
348.34
November....................................................................................................
353.62
December..................................................................................................... ! 358.28
Year................................................................................................... |

349.27

1906.

1907.

$363.57
361.08
357.35
353.93
350.83
350.83
352.07
353.62
357.97
363.88
371.03
376.62

$377.86
376.31
371.65
367.61
365.43
366.05
367.92
370.71
376.31
383.45
385.94
388.43

359.53

374.75

The average cost at December, 1907, prices of a year’s food sup
plies per family (assuming that food was purchased in the same
quantity and that the expenditure for each of the various articles
bore the same relation to the total expenditure for food as in the year
1901) was $388.43; which was an advance of $11.81 over the average
cost of a year’s supplies at December, 1906, prices, and an advance
of $30.15 over December, 1905, prices. The lowest point reached
during the three years was $340.88, the average cost of a year’s food



199

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 190}.

supplies at July, 1905, prices. By referring to the table on page 197
comparison may be made with each of the years since 1890.
For a comparison of the relative advance of retail prices of food
with wages in the manufacturing and mechanical industries the reader
is referred to the article on “ Wages and hours of labor,” pages 1 to 180
of this Bulletin. As has been mentioned in previous numbers of the
Bulletin, the increased cost of food has been felt by everyone, and
perhaps more keenly by employees on salaries, as the general ten
dency is to advance employees on salaries less rapidly than those
employed by the day or week or whose services are contracted for at
frequent intervals.
The table which follows shows for 20 articles of food the amount
which could have been bought for one dollar in each of the years, 1890
to 1907.
The table is based on the average price reported paid by the 2,567
families in 1901, the quantities for the other years being calculated
from the relative retail prices for each of the articles. Flour and
meal were combined on the family budgets; therefore the average
price reported for these two articles by the retail merchants was used
in computing the number of pounds of each which could have been
bought for one dollar.
No detailed description of the various articles can be given, but
they were of the grade reported used by the 2,567 workingmen’s
families reporting expenditures in detail.
The table follows:
AMOUNT OF VARIOUS ARTICLES OF FOOD OF THE GRADE USED BY THE 2,567 WORK
INGMEN’S FAMILIES REPORTING EXPENDITURES IN DETAIL, WHICH COULD HAVE
BEEN BOUGHT FOR ONE DOLLAR IN EACH YEAR FROM 1890 TO 1907.
[Based on the average price paid by the 2,567 workingmen’s families in 1901, and the course of retail
prices.]

Year.

1890..........................
1891..........................
1892..........................
1893..........................
1894..........................
1895..........................
1896..........................
1897..........................
1898..........................
1899..........................
1900..........................
1901..........................
1902..........................
1903..........................
1904..........................
1905..........................
1906..........................
1907..........................

Poul
try
Fresh
Fresh
Salt
Salt
Fish, Eggs, Milk, Butter, Cheese,
pork, pork, (chick pounds.
beef,
beef,
dozens. quarts. poimds. pounds
pounds. pounds. pounds. pounds. ens),
pounds.
7.81
7.78
7.79
7.81
7.89
7.84
7.81
7.73
7.61
7.47
7.28
6.99
6.54
6.86
6.85
6.88
6.68
6.47




10.06
9.97
9.85
9.77
9.91
9.84
9.82
9.72
9.60
9.50
9.45
9.24
8.45
9.01
9.05
9.09
8.85
8.59

9.89
9.72
9.55
8.97
9.43
9.63
9.84
9.83
9.73
9.44
8.91
8.14
7.48
7.56
7.74
7.58
6.97
6.73

9.58
9.41
9.20
8.49
8.98
9.33
9.58
9.48
9.43
9.13
8.60
7.96
7.16
7.12
7.26
7.24
6.69
6.46

7.25
7.06
7.08
7.05
7.45
7.46
7.56
7.81
7.59
7.21
7.29
7.13
6.49
6.20
6.08
5.94
5.69
5.59

10.09
10.02
9.97
9.91
9.99
10.15
10.20
10.35
10.12
10.07
10.11
9.97
9.71
9.35
9.19
9.02
8.66
8.33

5.33
5.01
5.02
4.96
5.56
5.40
5.77
5.86
5.57
5.30
5.36
5.07
4.50
4.28
4.09
4.07
3.99
3.89

16.74
16.74
16.72
16.76
16.79
16.82
16.84
16.87
16.92
17.01
16.84
16.64
16.29
15.90
15.83
15.72
15.45
14.40

4.23
3.95
3.93
3.82
4.13
4.33
4.53
4.51
4.42
4.30
4.14
4.07
3.77
3.79
3.85
3.73
3.55
3.29

6.39
6.29
6.22
6.20
6.21
6.36
6.45
6.38
6.47
6.16
6.07
6.11
5.88
5.77
5.88
5.69
5.46
5.12

200

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR.

AMOUNT OF VARIOUS ARTICLES OF FOOD OF THE GRADE USED BY THE 2,567 WORK
INGMEN’S FAMILIES REPORTING E X PEN D ITU R ES IN DETAIL, WHICH COULD HAVE
BE EN BOUGHT FOR ONE DOLLAR IN EACH YEAR FROM 1890 TO 1907—Concluded.
Flour, Com Bread,
Pota
Tea, Coffee, Sugar, Molas
Lard,
one- Rice,
ses, wheat, meal, pound
toes,
pounds. pounds. pounds. pounds. gallons.
pounds. pounds. loaves. pounds. bushels.

Year.

1890..........................
1891............. 1..........
1892..........................
1893..........................
1894..........................
1895..........................
1896.
........... ..
1897..........................
189.8..........................
1899..........................
1900..........................
1901..........................
1902..........................
1903..........................
1904..........................
1905..........................
1906..........................
1907..........................

10.86
10.69
10.29
9.05
9.98
10.65
11.53
11.88
11.36
10.98
10.21
9.03
7.94
8.42
9.09
9.15
8.33
7.95

2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.16
2.17
2.16
2.17
2.12
2.04
2.02
2.00
1.99
2.01
2.02
2.02
2.02
2.03

3.75
3.76
3.81
3.77
3.83
3.89
3.97
4.18
4.34
4.37
4.34
4.36
4.41
4.43
4.31
4.22
4.18
4.16

14.80
17.09
18.24
17.29
18.71
19.12
18.17
18.34
17.33
17.26
16.73
17.04
18.28
18.26
17.22
16.89
17.87
17.62

2.06
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.18
2.19
2.21
2.20
2.20
2.11
2.13
2.11
2.08
2.07
2.07
2.05
2.00

34.42
33.56
35.93
39.29
42.57
42.43
40.73
36.20
35.16
39.92
40.04
40.00
39.79
37.31
31.49
31.49
34.93
32.08

46.57
42.45
44.27
45.17
45.56
46.20
49.02
49.70
49.02
48.97
47.81
43.48
39.20
38.58
38.33
38.11
37.80
35.39

20.15
20.15
20.15
20.19
20.23
20.27
20.23
20.21
20.25
20.29
20.27
20.33
20.33
20.17
19.45
19.34
19.75
19.34

12.51
12.36
12.51
12.87
12.80
12.82
13.10
12.94
12.46
12.37
12.37
12.24
12.24
12.19
12.47
12.35
11.99
11.68

1.22
1.14
1.39
1.19
1.30
1.45
1.73
1.43
1.26
1.39
1.42
1.14
1.14
1.16
1.10
1.21
1.16
1.10

From this table it is seen that the amount of fresh beef (of the
grade consumed by the 2,567 families investigated) which could have
been bought for $1 was 7.81 pounds in 1890, 7.78 pounds in 1891, 7.79
pounds in 1892, 7.81 pounds in 1893, 7.89 pounds in 1894, 7.84 pounds
in 1895, 7.81 pounds in 1896, 7.73 pounds in 1897, 7.61 pounds in 1898,
7.47 pounds in 1899, 7.28 pounds in 1900, 6.99 pounds in 1901, 6.54
pounds in 1902, 6.86 pounds in 1903, 6.85 pounds in 1904, 6.88 pounds
in 1905, 6.68 pounds in 1906, and 6.47 pounds in 1907.
EXPLANATION OF SCOPE AND METHOD.
The present report gives the results of an investigation of retail
prices of 30 staple articles of food in 68 of the principal industrial
cities in 39 States, including the District of Columbia, for the year
1907 and also summaries covering the eighteen-year period from 1890
to 1907. Previous investigations of retail prices have been made and
published by the Bureau of Labor, as follows: Eighteenth Annual
Report, covering 1890 to 1903; Bulletin No. 59 (July, 1905), covering
1904; Bulletin No. 65 (July, 1906), covering 1905; Bulletin No. 71
(July, 1907), covering 1906.
The investigation includes 6,087 schedules or statements of prices
secured from 1,014 firms. In the Eighteenth Annual Report, the
first of the series, were included 5,302 schedules from 814 retail
merchants for the years 1890 to 1902, and 5,293 schedules from 811
merchants for the year 1903. The prices were secured in the prin
cipal industrial localities in 33 States, including the District of Colum
bia. In collecting the prices published in Bulletin No. 59 the scope
of the investigation was enlarged and included 6,760 schedules from




201

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1907.

1,064 firms in 40 States. The report in Bulletin No. 65 included 6,193
schedules from 999 firms in 39 States, and the report in Bulletin 71
included 6,176 schedules from 993 firms in 39 States.
As far as possible 1907 prices were secured from those firms which
furnished prices for previous years. Where a firm which had here
tofore furnished prices to the Bureau was no longer in business, thus
making it necessary to secure schedules from another firm in the
same locality, or where schedules from additional firms were desired,
prices were secured for both 1906 and 1907, so that in every case
the 1906 and 1907 prices shown in this compilation are from the
same firm.
The schedules were in all cases secured by personal visits of agents
of the Bureau. The firms furnishing prices were those selling largely
to workingmen. In this compilation prices are quoted for 30 dis
tinct articles and under each article prices are shown for various
grades and descriptions of that article. The articles for which retail
prices are quoted in this report, the number of schedules or state
ments of prices secured for each article, and the number of cities
and States in which the schedules were secured are shown in the
table which follows:
ARTICLES FOR WHICH RETAIL PRICES ARE SHOWN, NUMBER OF SCHEDULES
SECURED FOR EACH ARTICLE, AND NUMBER OF CITIES AND STATES IN WHICH
THE SCHEDULES W ERE SECURED FOR 1906 AND 1907.

Article.

Cities
States
Total
which in which
schedules. in
secured. secured.

Apples, evaporated..................................................................................
Beans, dry................................................................................................
Beef, fresh, roasts....................................................................................
Beef, fresh, steaks....................................................................................
Beef, salt..................................................................................................
Bread, wheat...........................................................................................
Butter......................................................................................................
Cheese...................................................» ................................................
Chickens (year or more old), dressed......................................................
Coffee........................................................................................................
Com meal.................................................................................................
Eggs.........................................................................................................
Fish, fresh................................................................................................
Fish, salt..................................................................................................
Flour, wheat................................................................................„...........
Lard.........................................................................................................
Milk, fresh, unskimmed...........................................................................
Molasses...................................................................................................
Mutton.....................................................................................................
Pork, fresh...............................................................................................
Pork, salt, bacon.....................................................................................
Pork, salt, dry or pickled........................................................................
Pork, salt, ham ........................................................................................
Potatoes, Irish.........................................................................................
Prunes......................................................................................................
Rice .......................................................................................................
Sugar........................................................................................................
Tea...........................................................................................................
Veal..........................................................................................................
Vinegar.....................................................................................................

156
156
450
449
157
221
227
172
161
174
171
224
169
161
221
176
219
167
163
223
224
166
227
225
156
169
227
164
156
156

68
68
68
68
67
68
68
68
67
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
67
68

39
39
39
39
38
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
38
39

Total...............................................................................................

6,087

68

39




202

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR,

The 68 cities in which quotations of retail prices were secured are
enumerated in the following table. The cities selected are so dis
tributed that the prices fairly represent the prices to the consumers
in the principal industrial localities in all parts of the country:
CITIES IN WHICH RETAIL PRICES WERE SECURED, NUMBER OF FIRMS FROM WHICH
SECURED, AND NUMBER OF SCHEDULES OR QUOTATIONS OF PRICES SECURED.

Cities.

Number of firms
Number of
from which quo schedules or
tations of prices quotations of
were secured.
prices secured.

Albany N. Y ......................................................................................
Atlanta, Ga........................................................................................
Baltimore, Md.....................................................................................!
Birmingham, Ala................................................................................ !
Boston, Mass.......................................................................................I
Buffalo, N. Y ......................................................................................
Butte, Mont........................................................................................
Charleston, S. C..................................................................................
Chicago, 111.........................................................................................
Cincinnati, Ohio.................................................................................
Cleveland, Ohio..................................................................................
Dallas, Tex.........................................................................................
Denver, Colo.......................................................................................
Des Moines, Io w a .............................................................................
Detroit, Mich......................................................................................
Dubuque, Iow a..................................................................................
Duluth, Minn......................................................................................
Fall River, Mass.................................................................................
Grand Rapids, Mich..........................................................................
Indianapolis, Ind....................................................................... .......
Jacksonville, F la................................................................................
Jersey City, N. J .................................................................................
Kansas City, Mo.................................................................................
Little Rock, Ark................................................................................. i
Los Angeles, Cal................................................................................. i
Louisville, K y ..................................................................................... i
Lynn, Mass......................................................................................... j
Malden, Mass...................................................................................... !
Manchester, N. H ................................................................................j
Memphis, Tenn....................................................................................!
Milwaukee, W is...................................................................................'
Minneapolis, Minn.............................................................................. I
Montgomery, Ala................................................................................i
Nashville, Tenn...................................................................................!
New Haven, Conn...............................................................................J
New Orleans, L a ...............................................................................
New York (Brooklyn), N. Y .............................................................
New York (Manhattan), N. Y ..........................................................
Norfolk, V a.........................................................................................
Omaha, Nebr......................................................................................
Peoria, 111........................................................................................
Philadelphia, P a .................................................................................
Pittsburg (Allegheny), P a .................................................................
Pittsburg (Pittsburg), P a .................................................................
Portland, Me......................................................................................
Portland, Oreg...................................................................................
Providence, R. I .................................................................................
Richmond, V a ....................................................................................
Rochester, N. Y .................................................................................
St. Louis, Mo.......................................................................................|
St. Paul, Minn..................................................................................... !
Salt Lake City, U tah.......................................................................... ;
San Antonio, Tex...............................................................................
San Francisco, Cal.............................................................................
Scranton, P a.......................................................................................
Seattle, W ash.....................................................................................
Sioux Falls, S. Dak............................................................................
Syracuse, N. Y ...................................................................................
Tacoma, W ash...................................................................................
Terre Haute Ind................................................................................
Toledo, Ohio.......................................................................................
Topeka, K ans.....................................................................................
Trenton, N. J .....................................................................................
Washington, D. C..............................................................................
Wheeling, W. V a................................................................................
Wilkes-Barre, P a ................................................................................
Wilmington, Del................................................................................. !
Worcester, Mass..................................................................................i
Total.......................................................................................... !
i




12
9
12
39
10
6
14
15
16
19
14
14
10
14
13
24
16
12
11
11
13
11
14
10
11
14
12
19
15
15

78
89
118
78
111
122
75
84
150
113
119
79
83
78
78
80
80
78
87
83
101
78
77
77
78
81
75
79
80
87
84
84
79
77
84
105
122
181
79
78
82
148
78
78
79
80
84
86
84
114
78
80
77
132
79
90
78
78
78
78
78
76
83
128
79
77
81
78

1,014

6,087

13
17
24
12
31
27
8
21
21
22
18
15
11
7
13
12
10
16
12
13
21
16
13
13
13
16
5
14
6
16
13
9
16
15

12
27
15
26

203

BET A ll i PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1901.

As stated in several places in the preceding pages, the weighted
relative prices given in this report were computed from the relative
prices of the several articles and the consumption of the several
articles in workingmen’s families as set forth in the Eighteenth
Annual Report of this Bureau.
In preparing the Eighteenth Annual Report data were obtained
from 2,567 families, including 13,643 persons, which were able to
give an account of their expenditures in detail. Certain of the sum
mary tables from that report are here reproduced because of their
interest, and more especially because they are used in preparing
several of the tables of this Bulletin article.
The table which follows shows, by geographical divisions, the total
number of families reporting expenditures in detail, average size of
family and average income, average expenditure for all purposes,
and average expenditure for food per family for the year 1901:
NUMBER OF FAMILIES, AVERAGE SIZE OF FAMILY, AVERAGE INCOME PER FAMILY,
AVERAGE EXPEND ITU RE PER FAMILY FOR ALL PURPOSES, AND AVERAGE
EXPEND ITU RE PER FAMILY FOR FOOD, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1901.

Geographical division.

Average
expendi
Average Average
income
ture per
Families. size of
per
family
family. family.
for all
purposes.

Average
expendi
ture per
family
for food.

North Atlantic..........................................................
South Atlantic...........................................................
North Central............................................................
South Central............................................................
Western.....................................................................

1,415
219
721
122
90

5.25
5.30
5.46
5.65
4.69

$83483
762.78
842.60
715.46
891.82

$778.04
700.62
785.95
690.11
751.46

$338.10
298.64
321.60
292.68
308.53

United States...................................................

2,567

5.31

827.19

768.54

326.90

The table which follows shows, for the 2,567 families reporting
expenditures in detail, the average amount per family expended in
one year for each of the principal items entering into the cost of
living, and also the per cent which the amount expended for each item
is of the total family expenditure:
AVERAGE EXPEND ITU RE OF 2,567 WORKINGMEN’S FAMILIES FOR EACH OF THE
PRINCIPAL ITEMS ENTERING INTO COST OF LIVING, AND PER CENT OF AVER
AGE TOTAL EXPEND ITU RE, 1901.
Expenditure based
on all families.
Items of expenditure.

Per cent
of total
Average. expendi
ture.

Food............
R ent............
Mortgage:
Principal
Interest.
Fuel.............
Lighting---Clothing:
Husband
Wife.......
Children.
o Including interest paid by 13 families.
&Not including interest paid by 13 families, included in principal.




$326.90
99.49

42.54
12.95

a8.15
6 3.98
32.23
8.15

1.06
.52
4.19
1.06

33.73
26.03
48.08

4.39
3.39
6.26

204

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR,

AVERAGE EXPEN D ITU R E OF 2,567 WORKINGMEN’S FAMILIES FOR EACH OF THE
PRINCIPAL ITEMS ENTERING INTO COST OF LIVING, AND PER CENT OF AVER
AGE TOTAL EXPEN D ITU R ES, 1901—Concluded.
Expenditure based
on all families.
Items of expenditure.

Per cent
of total
Average. expendi
ture.

Insurance:
Property................................................................................................................
L ife........................................................................................................................
Organizations:
Labor.....................................................................................................................
Other.....................................................................................................................
Religious purposes.......................................................................................................
Charity.........................................................................................................................
Furniture and utensils................................................................................................
Books and newspapers................................................................................................
Amusements and vacation..........................................................................................
Intoxicating liquors.....................................................................................................
Tobacco........................................................................................................................
Sickness and death......................................................................................................
Other purposes.............................................................................................................
Total...................................................................................................................

$5.79

0.75

1.53
19.44

.20
2.53

3.87
5.18
7.62
2.39
26.31
8.35
12.28
12.44
10.93
20.54
45.13

.50
.67
.99
.31
3.42
1.09
1.60
1.62
1.42
2.67
5.87

768.54

100.00

The following table shows for each of the geographical divisions
and for the United States the average quantity per family of certain
principal articles of food consumed in one year. These averages are
based on the families from which detailed statements were secured in
each geographical division.
AVERAGE QUANTITY PER WORKINGMAN’S FAMILY OF CERTAIN PRINCIPAL
ARTICLES OF FOOD CONSUMED IN 1901, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS.

Article.

Unit.

Fresh beef......... •.......................
Salt beef - . ................................
Fresh hog products..................
Salt hog products.....................
Other meat - -- --.......................
Poultry.....................................
Fish...........................................
Eggs..........................................

Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
D ozens.
Quarts .
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Gallons.
Pounds.
L oaves.
Pounds.
Bushels.

M ilk ......................................................

Butter.......................................
Cheese........................................
Lard..........................................
Tea............................................
Coffee.........................................
Sugar........................................
Molasses....................................
Flour and meal.........................
Bread........................................
Rice........................ ..................
Potatoes....................................

South
North
North
South
Atlantic Atlantic Central Central Western United
States,
division, division, division, division, division,
90
2,567
721
1,415
219
122
families. families. families. families. families. families.
352.2
75.3
103.4
95.2
98.1
67.2
98.9
85.8
396.3
118.9
15.9
73.8
12.9
38.5
282.8
3.2
624.0
310.2
22.2
13.8

306.8
9.4
85.3
222.0
28.1
73.6
66.1
90.6
191.9
102.1
15.2
119.5
8.2
60.7
240.4
4.6
851.8
197.0
49.1
11.1

363.5
21.3
152.6
87.3
68.8
71.3
56.5
88.3
348.2
124.0
17.4
89.1
8.5
57.5
253.1
3.4
718.2
165.6
21.8
18.3

317.4
3.5
128.1
248.7
11.2
53.0
39.5
85.0
220.8
88.9
18.9
143.3
4.9
71.4
245.8
6.2
979.5
199.8
47.2
13.3

348.4
3.8
28.4
76.6
37.8
53.5
57.5
39.8
324.4
108.9
3.8
48.5
5.6
25.2
267.2
4.0
452.3
255.2
10.3
10.3

349.7
48.6
114.2
110.5
77.7
67.7
79.9
85.2
354.5
117.1
16.0
84.4
10.6
46.8
268.5
3.6
680.8
252.7
25.1
14.7

Another table shows the average cost per family of the principal
articles of food consumed in one year. These averages are based
on the families from which detailed statements were secured in each
of the geographical divisions.



205

RETAIL PRICES OP POOD, 1890 TO 1907.

AVERAGE COST PER WORKINGMAN’S FAMILY OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF
FOOD CONSUMED IN 1901, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS.

Article.

North
South
South
North
United
Atlantic Atlantic Central Central Western States,
division, division, division, division, division,
90
2,567
721
122
219
1,415
families. families. families. families. families. families.

Butter........................................................
Cheese........................................................
Lard...........................................................
Tea.............................................................
Coffee.........................................................
Sugar.........................................................
Molasses....................................................
Flour and meal..........................................
Bread.........................................................
Rice............................................................
Potatoes....................................................
Other vegetables.......................................
Fruit..........................................................
Vinegar, pickles, and condiments.............
Other food.................................................

$54.27
8.18
12.83
12.19
12.26
10.18
10.06
18.44
24.29
29.77
2.55
8.15
6.33
9.70
16.67
1.51
16.24
15.41
1.94
13.77
16.08
15.31
4.06
17.91

$41.08
$46.06
2.20
1.13
10.48
18.39
11.25
26.79
3.86
8.68
8.44
9.34
5.21
5.67
15.24
15.55
13.02
19.67
25.76
28.48
2.87
2.65
12.72
10.34
4.22
4.40
10.58
12.91
14.15 • 14.63
2.01
1.53
21.10
16.47
9.34
8.11
1.92
2.77
13.01
8.29
20.75
22.03
15.22
17.15
3.21
4.80
26.63
19.13

$37.84
.33
15.60
28.09
1.40
5.93
3.95
13.20
12.25
21.74
3.36
14.31
2.69
12.22
15.70
2.93
22.68
9.55
3.70
11.54
16.62
11.52
4.41
21.12

$54.13
.66
4.04
11.06
5.35
7.15
6.90
11.01
20.46
31.81
.69
5.44
3.43
8.06
14.49
3.28
8.85
11.93
.91
9.84
35.41
40.53
1.49
11.61

$50.05
5.26
14.02
13.89
9.78
9.49
8.01
16.79
21.32
28.76
2.62
9.35
5.30
10.74
15.76
1.69
16.76
12.44
2.05
12.93
18.85
16.52
4.12
20.40

Total................................................

338.10

298.64

292.68

308.53

326.90

Fresh beef..................................................
Salt beef.....................................................
Fresh hog products...................................
Salt hog products.....................................
Other m eat................................................
Poultry......................................................
F ish ...........................................................
E ggs...........................................................

MmT

...................................................

321.60

From the table just shown another table has been computed,
showing the relative importance, as measured by the average family
expenditure, of the principal articles of food consumed in one year.
For the purpose of computing the relative importance of the various
articles, the total value of food consumed is considered equal to
10,000. The table follows:
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE IN WORKINGMEN’S FAMILIES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTI
CLES OF FOOD CONSUMED IN 1901, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS.
{Total value ol food consumed—10,000.]

Article.

South
North
North
South
Atlantic Atlantic Central Central Western United
States,
division, division, division, division, division,
90
2,567
721
122
1,415
219
families.
families.
families. families. families. families.

Butter........................................................
Cheese........................................................
Lard...........................................................
Tea.............................................................
Coffee.........................................................
Sugar.........................................................
Molasses....................................................
Flour and meal..........................................
Bread.........................................................
Riftft ..........................................................
Potatoes....................................................
Other vegetables.......................................
Fruit..........................................................
Vinegar, pickles, and condiments............
Other food.................................................

1,605
242
379
361
363
301
298
545
718
881
75
241
187
287
493
45
480
456
57
407
476
453
120
530

Total................................................

10,000

Fresh beef..................................................
Salt beef.....................................................
Fresh hog products...................................
Salt hog products......................................
Other meat................................................
Poultry......................................................
Fish............................................................

IfiSc...........................................................

49979—No. 77—9 8 ----14



1,375
38 ,
351
897
129
283
174
521
436
863
89
426
147
354
474
67
706
313
93
311
695
510
107
641
10,000

1,432
68
572
350
270
290
. 176
474
612
886
89
322
131
401
455
48
512
252
60
405
685
533
149
828

1,293
11
533
960
48
203
135
451
418
743
115
489
92
417
536
100
775
326
126
394
568
394
151
722

1,754
21
131
359
173
232
224
357
663
1,031
22
176
111
261
470
106
287
387
30
319
1,148
1,314
48
376

1,531
161
429
425
299
290
245
514
652
880
80
286
162
328
482
52
513
381
63
395
577
505
126
624

10,000

10,000

10,000

10,000

206

B U L L E T IN OE T H E BUREAU OF LABOR.

The relative prices or index numbers weighted according to family
consumption shown in the preceding pages were computed by the
use of this table, the several articles being given the weight or im
portance shown in the table.
Certain groupings of the articles for which retail prices were
secured are necessary in order to bring them within the classification
reported in the family budgets.
Fresh beef is represented by the two articles—one, roasts, and the
other, steaks; salt hog products by the three articles—salt bacon,
dry or pickled pork, and salt ham; other meat by the two articles—
mutton and veal; poultry by the single article—chickens; fish by
fresh fish and salt fish; flour and meal by wheat flour and corn meal.
However, in obtaining an average index number to be used in weight
ing by relative importance, wheat flour is given twice the importance
of com meal. It would be necessary to give wheat flour even a
greater weight as compared with corn meal but for the fact that
bread is considered separately from flour and meal. Fruit is repre
sented by two articles only—evaporated apples and prunes—as it
was impossible to secure complete series of prices of other descrip
tions of fruits. Vinegar, pickles, and condiments are represented by
the single article vinegar.
This list includes all articles for which retail prices were secured
except beans. The groupings are as follows:
Fresh beef:
Other meat:
Roasts.
Mutton.
Steaks.
Veal.
Poultry:
Salt beef.
Fresh hog products:
Chickens (year or more old),
Pork, fresh.
dressed.
Salt hog products:
Fish:
Pork, salt, bacon.
Fresh.
Salt.
Pork, salt, dry or pickled.
Pork, salt, ham.
Eggs.
Milk, fresh, unskimmed.
Bread.
Butter.
Rice.
Cheese.
Potatoes.
Lard.
Fruit:
Tea.
Apples, evaporated.
Coffee.
Primes.
Sugar.
Vinegar, pickles, and condiments:
Vinegar.
Molasses.
Flour and meal:
Other food:
Flour, wheat (2).
The same index as for 11total
food, except meat.”
Corn meal (1).



207

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 190*7.

The figures showing the relative importance of the various articles
of food are based on the family consumption for 1901. There is no
doubt that the relative importance of articles varied slightly from
year to year, but no figures are available covering the 18 years, there
fore the relative consumption of the various articles of food is, in
this study, considered the same for each of the years.
The method of computing the series of relative prices weighted
according to family consumption, for each of the geographical divi
sions, and for the United States considered as a whole, can best be
explained by illustrating the process.
The following table is for the United States for the year 1907:
TABLE ILLUSTRATING THE METHOD OF COMPUTING THE RELATIVE RETAIL PRICE
OF FOOD IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1907, THE VARIOUS ARTICLES BEING
W EIGHTED ACCORDING TO AVERAGE CONSUMPTION IN 2,567 WORKINGMEN'S
FAMILIES.

Article.

Relative Relative
impor
price.
tance.

Result.

Fresh beef.................................................................................................
Salt beef....................................................................................................
Fresh hog products.................................................................................
Salt hog products........................ ...........................................................
Other m eat...............................................................................................

1,531
161
429
425
299

119.9
114.1
142.5
143.1
127.6

183,566.9
18,370.1
61.132.5
60.817.5
38,152.4

Total m eat......................................................................................

2,845

127.3

362,039.4

Poultry.....................................................................................................
Fish...........................................................................................................
Eggs..........................................................................................................
MUk...........................................................................................................
Butter.......................................................................................................
Cheese.... ..................................................................................................
Lard..........................................................................................................
Tea............................................................................................................
Coffee........................................................................................................
Sugar........................................................................................................
Molasses...................................................................................................
Flour and meal........................................................................................
Bread........................................................................................................
Rice...........................................................................................................
Potatoes...................................................................................................
Fruit.........................................................................................................
Vinegar, pickles, and condiments...........................................................

290
245
514
652
880
80
286
162
328
482
52
513
381
63
395
505
126

131.4
12L1
137.7
116.8
127.6
123.2
134.2
105.3
95.0
99.6
107.7
122.3
104.5
108.5
120.6
106.5
104.5

38.106.0
29.669.5
70.777.8
76.153.6
112,288.0
9,856.0
38.381.2
17.058.6
31.160.0
48.007.2
5.600.4
62.739.9
39.814.5
6.835.5
47.637.0
53.782.5
13.167.0

Total, except m eat.........................................................................
Other food................................................................................................
Meat..........................................................................................................

5,954
624
2,845

117.7
117.7
127.3

701,034.7
73,444.8
362,039.4

Grand to ta l.....................................................................................'

9,423

120.6

1,136,518.9

The sum of the numbers indicating the relative importance of the
various kinds of meat is 2,845, the relative importance in family con
sumption of all meat. The sum of the results which were obtained
by multiplying the relative price of each of the kinds of meat by the
number indicating its relative importance is 362,039.4. Therefore
to obtain the relative price of the group, meat, for the United States
in 1907, the sum of the results is divided by 2,845, the relative impor
tance of the meat group. The quotient, 127.3, shows the relative
price of the meat group in 1907 when weighted according to family
consumption.



208

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUR EAU OF LABOR.

Each, of the remaining 17 articles or classes of articles is taken up
in the same way as were the several kinds of meat, the relative price
for the United States in 1907, as shown in Table III, being multiplied
by the relative importance of the article, as shown in the table on
page 205. For the group of 17 articles comprised in “ total, except
meat,” the relative price, 117.7, was found in the same way as was the
relative price for all meat, the sum of the results, 701,034.7, being
divided by 5,954, the sum of the numbers indicating relative impor
tance. One other group, designated “ other food,” remains to be
considered. As the various descriptions of meat most generally used
and also a class, “ other meat,” were included in the total meat, it is
presumed that all meat was included in that total and that the food
which in the family budgets was classed as “ other food” must be
more nearly related to the various articles considered in the group
“ total food, except meat,” and therefore “ other food” was given the
same relative price as “ total food, except meat.”
The grand total of the numbers indicating relative importance was
9,423, and the sum of the results obtained by multiplying the relative
price of each of the various articles considered by its relative impor
tance was 1,136,518.9. The sum of the results divided by 9,423 is
120.6, the relative price of food for the United States in 1907, when
the various articles are weighted according to the reported consump
tion in 2,567 families. The class “ other vegetables” has a relative
importance of 577, but it was impossible to collect retail prices of
articles to represent properly this class for the sixteen years; hence it
was not possible to include that class in this table, and therefore the
grand total of relative importance, 9,423, lacks 577 of making the
10,000 total importance of food indicated in the table on page 205.
That is, 94.23 per cent of the total food consumption per family is
represented in this table.
It is interesting to see, from the table on page 185, that the relative
price for 1907, weighted according to family consumption and includ
ing 94.23 per cent of the total food consumption, differed very little
from the simple average of the 30 articles of food shown on the same
page, the weighted price being 120.6 and the simple average 120.7.
It should not be understood that the 30 articles for which retail prices
were secured, and which are enumerated on page 201, comprise 94.23
per cent of the food consumed, but these articles represent groups or
classes which do, according to the 2,567 family budgets, comprise
94.23 per cent of the food consumed.
The weighted relative price for the United States for each of the
years from 1890 to 1906 was found in the same way as has been
explained for 1907.
The same method was employed in computing the weighted rela
tive prices for each of the five geographical divisions as for the United



209

BETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1907.

States. The relative importance of the various articles, or classes of
articles, in the different geographical divisions is shown in the table on
page 205.
The following table shows the average price per pound, dozen,
quart, etc., in 1901, of various articles of food. One column shows
the average price paid by the 2,567 workingmen’s families investigated
in the United States, as reported by the housewife or other member
of the family—that is, the average amount paid per family for each
article was divided by the average quantity of the article consumed.
Another column shows the average price computed from the reports
obtained from the retail merchants. The average price shown for
fresh beef in the last column, for instance, is the simple average of
the prices quoted on the 614 schedules for fresh beef; the average
for salt beef is the simple average of the prices quoted on the 121
schedules for that article, etc.
AVERAGE PRICE PER POUND, DOZEN, QUART, ETC., OF CERTAIN PRINCIPAL
ARTICLES OF FOOD, 1901.
Average price—

Article.

Fresh, "beef....................................................................................................
Salt beef.......................................................................................................
Fresh hog products.....................................................................................
Salt hog products.......................................................................................
Other m eat..................................................................................................
Poultry........................................................................................................
Fish.............................................................................................................
Eggs.............................................................................................................
Milk.............................................................................................................
Butter..........................................................................................................
Cheese..........................................................................................................
Lard.............................................................................................................
Tea...............................................................................................................
Coffee...........................................................................................................
Sugar...........................................................................................................
Molasses......................................................................................................
Flour and m eal............................................................................................
Bread...........................................................................................................
R ic e ............................................................................................................
Potatoes......................................................................................................

Unit.

Com
puted
from
2,567
family
budgets.

Pound.. $0.1431
Pound..
.1082
Pound..
.1228
Pound..
.1257
Pound..»
.1259
Pound..
.1402
Pound..
.1003
Dozen..
.1971
Q u art..
.0601
Pound..
.2456
Pound..
.1638
Pound..
.1108
Pound..
.5000
Pound..
.2295
Pound..
.0587
Gallon..
.4694
.0246
Pound..
.0492
Loaf___
Pound..
.0817
.8796
Bushel..

Com
puted
from
retail
price
sched
ules.
$0.1470
.0931
.1300
.1457
.1430
.1529
.1166
.2194
.0617
.2644
.1634
.1190
.5455
.2445
.0587
.5136
(«)
.0545
.0837
.9908

«Flour, $0.0250; com meal, $0.0230.

I t will be noticed that for all articles except four—salt beef, cheese,
sugar, and flour and meal—the average price computed from the
family budgets is less than the reports of retail merchants. In
explanation of this difference two suggestions may be offered. The
first is that when the price of any article of food advances there is a
tendency on the part of the consumers to use some substitute for that
article. Therefore, if an article is low for six months of the year and
high for the remaining six months, the greater quantity consumed by
the family may have been purchased during the months when the



210

B U L L E T IN OE T H E BUR EAU OF LABOR.

price was low, thus producing a lower average for the year than
would the simple average of twelve monthly quotations. A second
suggestion is that prices secured from retail merchants were usually
for some standard grade or brand of article, while in some families
investigated it is no doubt true that articles of a lower grade were
purchased at times.
The methods employed in computing a relative price and in pre
paring the three general tables of this article are set forth under the
next section, entitled “ Explanation of tables.”
EXPLANATION OF TABLES.
This report includes three general tables, as follows;
T able I.—Retail prices of food, 1906 and 1907.
T able II.—Relative retail prices of food, by months, 1905, 1906,
and 1907.
T able III.—Relative retail prices of food, 1890 to 1907.
Table I.—Retail prices o f food, 1906 and 1907 (pp. 215 to 320).—
This table shows for each of the years, 1906 and 1907, the average price
of the particular article enumerated in each separate schedule or state
ment of prices. The agents of the Bureau obtained from the retail
merchants the prevailing price for the various articles of food during
each month of the two years. The monthly prices of the various arti
cles are not published in detail owing to the amount of space that
would be required; but from these monthly prices an average price
for each year has been computed for each schedule or separate state
ment of prices. The average price for the year is a simple average,
found by adding together the 12 monthly quotations of prices for
each article for the year and dividing by 12. For the few schedules
in which the price was not quoted for all months in the year the
average was obtained by dividing the sum of the monthly prices
quoted by the number of such quotations. The 80 articles are pre
sented in alphabetical order, the prices for each article being shown
under each State, by localities, in which secured.
The particular grade or description of each article is shown in con
nection with the average prices. Great care was taken to secure
prices throughout the two years for an article of uniform grade or
quality, as changes in quality are of course reflected in prices. A
reference to Table I (p. 215) shows that the first article is “Apples,
evaporated,” and the first line shows the average price computed
from monthly statements of the price of evaporated apples as sold
by a certain retail merchant in Birmingham, Ala. The third column
shows the average price per pound, 12.50 cents, in 1906; the fourth
column the average price per pound, 14.17 cents, in 1907. The second
line presents the average price of evaporated apples computed from



RETAIL PRICES OE FOOD, 1890 TO 1907.

211

statements of monthly prices furnished by a certain other retail mer
chant in Birmingham, Ala. The third line shows the price of evapo
rated apples computed from statements of monthly prices furnished
by a certain retail merchant in Montgomery, Ala., etc.
For evaporated apples 156 statements of prices are shown. These
statements were obtained in 68 cities in 39 States. For dry beans 156
statements of prices are shown. For fresh beef, roasts, 450 state
ments are shown. The number of statements of prices, or schedules,
shown for each of the 30 articles may be seen by reference to the table
on page 201.
In some localities the weight of a loaf of bread is fixed by statute;
but in many other localities the weight of a loaf varies to some extent
with the fluctuations in the price of flour. For this reason the portion
of Table I relating to bread shows the weight of the loaf for which the
statement of prices was secured, the average price per loaf for 1906
and 1907, and the computed average price per pound (after baking)
for each of the two years. A loaf of bread is the usual unit of pur
chase, but in comparing 1907 and 1906 prices the price per pound
should be used in preference to the price per loaf when the weight per
loaf has changed.
Table II.—Relative retail prices o f food, by months, 1905, 1906, and
1907 (pp. 321 and 322).—This table shows for each month of 1905,1906,

and 1907 the relative price for each of the 30 articles of food included
in this compilation. This table was not included in the reports on
retail prices published by the Bureau until last year.
As the first step in computing, the relative prices in this table all of
the several actual price quotations for an article in a month were
added and the sum divided by the number of quotations, giving the
average actual price for the month. The relative price for the month
was then found by proportion, using the average actual price for the
year and the relative price for the year as the other two terms of the
proportion. The method of obtaining the average actual price for the
year has been explained under Table I. The method of obtaining the
relative price for the year is explained under Table III.
As an example, the average actual price of the 156 quotations for
evaporated apples in January, 1907, was 12.65 cents, the average
actual price for the year was 13.19 cents, and the relative price for the
year, as taken from Table III, was 124.6, giving the proportion
13.19:12.65::124.6:&. From this proportion it is found that the rel
ative price (x) for evaporated apples in January was 119.5.
Table III.—Relative retail prices of food, 1890to 1907 (pp. 323to332).—
In the Eighteenth Annual Report of this Bureau were shown the rel
ative retail prices for each of the fourteen years, from 1890 to 1903,
for each of the 30 articles of food included in that report. In Bulletin
No. 59 those relative prices were extended to include 1904; in Bulletin



212

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

No. 65, to include 1905; in Bulletin No. 71, to include 1906, and in the
present compilation they are extended to include 1907.
As explained on a previous page, a relative price, or an index num
ber, as it is technically called, of any article is the per cent which the
price of that article at any certain date is of the price of the same arti
cle at a date or a period which has been selected as the base or standard.
The base selected for the compilation of retail prices is the average
price for the 10-year period, 1890 to 1899. This base period is the
same as was used in the several presentations of wholesale prices in
bulletins of this Bureau and in the preceding bulletins on wages and
hours of labor and retail prices. The average for the 10-year period
is used as the base for the reason that an average price for a number
of years more nearly r e p r e s e n t s average or normal conditions than
does the price for a single year, because of unusual conditions that
may prevail in any one year.
The value of the relative price is that it enables the reader to follow
more readily the course of prices of a single article or of groups of arti
cles, and also that it permits the continuation of a price series when,
for any reason, quotations from one firm are discontinued and quota
tions from another firm for a different quality or brand of article are
secured instead, which article, though differing somewhat from the
one formerly quoted, equally well represents the trend of the general
market.
In the Eighteenth Annual Report relative prices were computed
for each of the schedules of prices. The method followed after com
puting the average price for each year was to determine for each
schedule the base price, which is the sum of the average prices of the
ten years, 1890 to 1899, divided by 10. The relative price or index
number was then obtained for the schedule for each year in the
period covered by dividing the average price of the article shown on
that schedule for each year by the average price of the same article
for the ten-year period 1890 to 1899. The quotient thus obtained
multiplied by 100 is the per cent which the average price that year
was of the base price, and is called the index number or relative
price.
In the compilations of prices published in Bulletins Nos. 59, 65,
and 71 and in the present compilation schedules were secured from a
number of firms that had not before furnished prices, and in many
cases such firms had been in existence but a few years. It was
therefore necessary to follow a different method in determining the
relative prices or index numbers for 1904 and succeeding years than
had been used for the years 1890 to 1903. The method adopted for
determining the 1904 relative price was to compute for each schedule
or statement of prices the average price for 1903 and the average



RETAIL PRICES OE POOD, 1890 TO 1907.

213

price for 1904, and then the per cent which the average price in 1904
was of the average price in 1903. These percentages for all of the
various grades and descriptions of the article were added and the
sum divided by the number of schedules secured for that article.
Thus for evaporated apples the 33 schedules secured in the North
Atlantic division showed that the average price in 1904 was 98.48
per cent of the average price in 1903; the 18 schedules secured in
the South Atlantic division showed that the average price in 1904
was 98.14 per cent of the average price in 1903; the 33 schedules from
the North Central division, 97.93 per cent; the 17 schedules from the
South Central division, 98.47 per cent; the 17 schedules from the
Western division, 99.32 per cent, and the total schedules, 118, showed
that the average price in 1904 was 98.39 per cent of the average price
in 1903.' By referring to Table III (page 323) it is seen that the rela
tive price or index number (average price for 1890 to 1899 = 100.0)
for evaporated apples in the North Atlantic division in 1903 was
107.5; therefore in 1904 the relative price was 98.48 per cent of 107.5,
or 105.9. The relative price for each of the geographical divisions
and also for the United States was found by the same method. The
relative prices for other articles were determined in the same way.
After collecting prices for 1904 and 1905 a year later the relative
price for 1905 was determined in the same way as was the relative
price for 1904, as has just been explained.
In Bulletin No. 71 a new table (Table II) was added, showing rela
tive prices for each of the months of 1905 and 1906, and in the pres
ent report Table II is extended to include the relative prices for each
month of 1907. A great amount of work would have been required
4o compute the relative prices for each month according to the
method followed for the years 1904 and 1905; therefore a shorter
method which produces practically the same results was used. The
method followed has been explained under Table II.
In order that the same general method might be followed in both
Table II and Table III the figures for 1906 and 1907 (Table III)
were computed in the following manner:
The average yearly prices for each year on all schedules obtained
for an article were added and the sum divided by the number of
schedules. Having the average price of the article for each of the
two years according to the schedules and the relative price as deter
mined in the preceding investigation, the relative price was found
by proportion. For example, the average price for the year of
evaporated apples in the United States, as computed from the price
schedules obtained, was 12.24 cents in 1906 and 13.19 cents in 1907.
The relative price in 1906 as determined in the preceding investiga
tion was 115.6. From the proportion 12.24 : 13.19 :: 115.6 : x it is



214

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.

found that the relative price (x) of evaporated apples in the United
States in 1907 was 124.6.
For reasons explained in the discussion of Table I the relative
prices for bread are computed from the price per pound and not from
the price per loaf.
The 39 States from which prices were secured have been grouped.
The relative prices for each of the 30 articles are shown for each of the
five geographical divisions, and for the United States. The classifi
cation into groups of the States represented is as follows:
North Atlantic division:
Connecticut.
Maine.
Massachusetts.
New Hampshire.
New Jersey.
New York.
Pennsylvania.
Rhode Island.
South Atlantic division:
Delaware.
District of Columbia.
Florida.
Georgia.
Maryland.
South Carolina.
Virginia.
West Virginia.
North Central division:
Illinois.
Indiana.
Iowa.
Kansas.




North Central division—Concluded.
Michigan.
Minnesota.
Missouri.
Nebraska.
Ohio.
South Dakota.
Wisconsin.
South Central division:
Alabama.
Arkansas.
Kentucky.
Louisiana.
Tennessee.
Texas.
Western division:
California.
Colorado.
Montana.
Oregon.
Utah.
Washington.

215

RETAIL PBICES OP POOD, 1890 TO 1907.
T a b l e I . — RETAIL

PRICES OF FOOD, 1906 AND 1907.

A PPLES) EV APO R A TED , P E R

PO UND.

Average price.
State and locality.

Description.

1906.

1907.

ALABAMA.

Birmingham .......................................... Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Mn-ptgomery ......................................... Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

$0.1250
.1250
. 1200
.1000

$0.1417
.1396
.1313
.1042

Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

.1250
.1250

.1375
.1363

Los Angeles........................................... Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
San Francisco....................................... Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated..............................................
Evaporated...............................................

.1229
.1292
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000

.1175
.1042
.1146
.1333
.1250
.1146

Denver................................................... Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

. 1250
.1200

.1250
.1200

Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

.1200
.1308

.1275
.1325

W ilmington........................................... Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

.1100
.1200

.1158
.1233

W ashington........................................... Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

. 1050
.1250
.1200
.1267

.1200
.1313
.1233
.1300

Jacksonville........................................... Evaporated............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

. 1250
.1333
.1375

.1250
.1342
.1375

Atlanta.................................................. Evaporated.........................................
Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

. 1000
.1000
.1250

.1208
.1083
.1354

Chicago.................................................. Evaporated............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Peoria.................................................... Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

. 1000
.1200
.1300
. 1250
.1500

.1000
.1233
.1367
.1357
.1500

Indianapolis.......................................... Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Terre H aute........................................... Evaporated.... .......................................
Evaporated...............................................

.1000
.1000
. 1500
.1500

.1042
.1250
.1500
.1500

Des Moines............................................

Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Dubuque................................................ Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

. 1292
.1000
.1000
.1542

.1500
.1083
.1104
.1271

Topeka................................................... Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

.1196
.1188

.1292
.1354

Louisville............................................... Evaporated............................................... 1
Evaporated............................................... .
i
LOUISIANA.
^ew Orleans.......................................... Evaporated............................................... 1
Evaporated............................................... !
Evaporated...............................................

.1500
. 1167

.1500
.1250

.1000
.1171
.1396

.1000
.1446
.1500

Portland................................................ Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

.1400
.1500

.1500
.1500

Baltimore.............................................. Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

.0800
.1200
.1000

.0800
.1333
.1200

ARKANSAS.

CALIFORNIA.

COLORADO.

CONNECTICUT.

New Haven. . ........................................
DELAWARE.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

FLORIDA.

GEORGIA.

ILLINOIS.

INDIANA.

IOWA.

KANSAS.

KENTUCKY.

MAINE.

MARYLAND.




216

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR,
T able I .—

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1906 AND 1907—Continued.

A PPLES, EV APO R A TED , P E R

P O U N D — C o n tin u e d .

Average price.
State and locality.

Description.

1906.

1907.

Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated

$0.1220
.1210
.1418
.1367
.1460
.1460
.1246
.1250
.1220
.1517
.1117

$0.1450
.1220
.1500
.1358
.1433
.1408
.1300
.1411
.1400
.1533
.1183

Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated

.1083
.1250
.1000
.1000

.1050
.1250
.1250
.1125

Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated

.1238
.1208
.1458
.1200
.0967
.1250

.1354
.1250
.1500
.1333
.1000
.1250

Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated

.1250
.0833
.1229
.1229
.1000

.1250
.1000
.1396
.1375
.1000

Evaporated
Evaporated

.1292
.1500

.1500
.2000

Evaporated
Evaporated

.1250
.1250

.1458
.1313

Evaporated
Evaporated

.1308
.1625

.1383
.1567

Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated

.1267
.1350
.1200
.1400
.1200

.1400
.1500
.1200
.1400
.1200

Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated

.1367
.1300
.1057
.1000
.1500
.1500
.1450
.1200
.1275
.1275
.1275
.1500
.1444
.1400
.1100
.1200

.1417
.1300
.1671
.1163
.1500
.1500
.1500
.1200
.1500
.1500
.1500
.1500
.1189
.1500
.110.
. 13(

Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated
Evaporated

.1156
.1500
.1200
.1000
.1400
.1100
.1400
.1250

.15
.151
. 14C
. 140(»
.1400
.1400

Evaporated
Evaporated

.0930
.1083

.1146
.1250

MASSACHUSETTS.

B oston.................................
Fall River............................
Lynn....................................
Malden..................................
Worcester............................
MICHIGAN.

Detroit.................................
Grand Rapids......................
MINNESOTA.

Duluth..................................
Minneapolis..........................
St. Paul................................
MISSOURI.

Kansas City.........................
St. Louis..............................
MONTANA.

B utte..
NEBRASKA.

Omaha
NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Manchester.......................
NEW JERSEY.

Jersey City........................
Trenton.............................
NEW YORK.

Albany..............................
Buffalo..............................
New York (Brooklyn)___
New York (Manhattan)..

Rochester.......................
Syracuse........................
OHIO.

Cincinnati......................
Cleveland.......................
Toledo............................
OREGON.

Portland.




.1 2

217

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1901.
T able

I.— RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD. 1906 AND 1907—Continued.
A P P L .E S , E V A P O R A T E D , P E R . P O U N D — Concluded.

Average price.
Description.

State and locality.

1906.

1907.

$0.1200
.1200
.1125
.1292
.1300
.1300
.1300
.1200
.1250
.1250
.1267

$0.1388
.1400
.1238
.1500
.1300
.1300
.1300
.1017
.1367
.1425
.1361

................ Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

.1508
.1500
.1408

.1467
.1500
.1575

.................................. Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

.1000
.1000

.1222
.1089

Sioux F alls............................................ Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

.1000
.1146

.1188
.1438

Memphis................................................ Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Nashville............................................... Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

.1100
.1042
.1000
.0833

.1333
.1417
.1286
.1167

Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

.1250
.1250
.1167
.1000

.1375
.1417
.1375
.1271

Salt Lake City....................................... Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

.2000
.1875

.2000
. 1750

Norfolk.................................................. Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Richmond............................................ Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

.1000
.1000
.1000
.1200

.1080
.1000
.1071
.1200

Seattle...................................................

Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Tacoma.................................................. Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

.1250
.1250
.1000
.1250

.1250
.1250
.1250
.1250

Wheeling................................................ Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................

.1000
.1500

.1175
.1500

Milwaukee......................

.1000
.1000

.1067
.1200

N avy..................................
N avy..................................
N avy..................................
N avy..................................

$0.1250
.1250
.1000
.1000

$0.1396
.1250
.1000
.1000

Navy, sold by the pound..
Navy, sold by the pound..

.1172
.1172

.1186
.1563

Navy, sold by the pound..
Navy, sold in 6-pound lots
Navy, sold by the pound..
Navy, sold in 6-pound lots.
Pea, sold by the pound___
Pea sold in 4-pound lo t s ..,

.0750
.0781
.0750
.0781
.0938
.1172

.0750
.0781
.0750
.0781
.0938
.1172

PENNSYLVANIA.

Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
Pittsburg (Pittsburg) ........................ Evaporated..............................................
Evaporated...............................................
fff»rfl.nton.
.
.............. Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
W ilkes-Barre......................................... Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
RHODE ISLAND.

Providence.............
SOUTH CAROLINA.

Charleston....

SOUTH DAKOTA.

TENNESSEE.

TEXAS.

Dallas....................................................
San Antonio..................

...............

UTAH.

VIRGINIA.

WASHINGTON.

WEST VIRGINIA.
WISCONSIN.

................ Evaporated...............................................
Evaporated...............................................
BEANS, D R Y , P E R Q U ART.

ALABAMA.

Birmingham....................
Montgomery...................
ARKANSAS.

Little Rock.....................
CALIFORNIA.

Los Angeles.....................
San Francisco................




218

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOB,
T a b l e I . — RETAIL

PRICES OP FOOD, 1906 AND 1907—Continued.

BEANS, D R Y , P E R

R U A R T — Continued.

Average price.
Description.

State and locality.

1906.

1907.

COLORADO.

Denver................................................... Navy, sold by the pound..........................
Navy^ sold by the pound..........................

$0.0938
.0938

$0.0938
.0938

Pea.............................................................
Pea.............................................................

.1000
.1000

.10 00
.1 0 0 0

Wilmington........................................... N avy..........................................................
Pea.............................................................

.0800
.0800

.0850
.0833

Washington........................................... N avy..........................................................
Pea.............................................................
Pea.............................................................
Pea.............................................................

.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000

.10 00
.1 0 0 0 .

N avy..........................................................
N avy..........................................................
N avy..........................................................

.10 00
.1000
.1 0 0 0

.1183
.1042

Atlanta.................................................. N avy..........................................................
N avy..........................................................
N avy..........................................................

.1000

.1 0 0 0

.1000

.10 00

Chicago.....

.................................. N avy..........................................................
N avy..........................................................
N avy..........................................................
Peoria.................................................... Navy, sold by the pound..........................
Navy, sold by the pound..........................

.1 0 0 0
.10 00

.10 00
.10 00

Indianapolis.......................................... N avy..........................................................
Navy, sold in 25 cent lo ts.........................
Terre H aute.......................................... Navy, sold by the pound..................
Navy, sold in 7-pound lo ts.......................

.10 00

.1 0 0 0

Des Moines............................................ Navy,
Navy,
Dubuque............................................... Navy,
Navy,

the pound..........................
the pound..........................
the pound..........................
the pound..........................

.0938
.0750
.0938
.0750

.0977
.0750
.0938
.0781

Topeka................................................... Navy, sold by the pound..........................
Navy, sold by the pound..........................

. G938
.0938

.0891
.0801

Louisville............................................... Navy, sold by the pound.......................
Navy, sold by the pound..........................

.0750
.0719

.0813
.0797

New Orleans.......................................... Navy, sold by the pound..........................
Navy, sold by the pound..........................
Navy, sold by the pound..........................

.0938
.0938
.0938

.0938
.Q938
.1406

Portland................................................

Pea..........................................................
Pea.............................................................

.0800
.0767

.0800
.0850

Baltimore.............................................. N avy........................................
N avy..........................................................
N avy..........................................................

.10 00
.1000

.10 00
.1 0 0 0

.0800
.0635

.0900
.0700

.0800
.0783
.0700
.0800
.0900
.0683
.0900
.C600

.0800
.0800
.0758
.0825

.0708
.0781
.0775
.0700 1

. 0767
.0846
. 0867
.0725

CONNECTICUT.

DELAWARE.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

FLORIDA.

GEORGIA.

.1250

ILLINOIS.

INDIANA.

IOWA.

KANSAS.

sold by
sold by
sold by
sold by

KENTUCKY.

LOUISIANA.

MAINE.

MARYLAND.

MASSACHUSETTS.

Boston..................................................
Fall River..............................................
Lynn......................................................
Malden...................................................
Worcester..............................................
MICHIGAN.

Navy or pea.......................................
Navy or pea, sold by the J-peck...............
P e a ............................................................
Pea.............................................................
Pea.............................................................
Navy or pea...............................................
Pea.............................................................
N avy or pea...............................................
N avy or pea, sold by the J-peck...............
Pea.............................................................
Pea.............................................................

D etroit................................................... N avy..........................................................
Navy, sold in 6-pound lo ts .......................
Grand Rapids........................................ N avy..........................................................
N avy..........................................................




.0800
.0938
.0781
.0833
.0750
.0670

.0800

.10 00

.1033
.10 00

.10 00

.1250

.0817
.0938
.0833
.0833
.0844
.0688

.0817

.10 00

.1000

.0825
.0900
.0800

2 19

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1907.
T a b l e I ___ RETAIL

PRICES OF FOOD, 1906 AND 1907—Continued.

BEANS, D R Y , P E R

Q U A R T — Continued.

Average price.

State and locality.
MINNESOTA.

Duluth.............................
Minneapolis.....................
St. P aul...........................

Description.

1906.

1907.

$0.0828
.0938
.0833
.1000
.0833
.1000

$0.0781
.0938
.0833
.1000
.0833
.1000

Navy, sold by the pound...........
Navy, sold by the pound...........
Hand picked, sold by the pound
Navy, sold by the pound............
Navy, sold by the pound...........

.0938
.0856
.0922
.0907
.0750

.0938
.0938
.1000
.0038
.0750

Navy, sold by the pound...........
Navy, sold by the pound...........

.0938
.0938

.1016
.0938

Navy, sold by the pound...........
Navy, sold by the pound...........

.0938
.0938

.1125
.0938

Navy.
Pea..

.0708
.0733

.0750
.0700

Pea..
Pea..
Navy.
Pea..

.1000
.0858
.1000
.1000
.0850

.1000
.0900
.1000
.1000
.0867

N avy..........
N avy..........
N avy...........
N avy..........
N avy.......... .
Navy or pea
Pea.............
N avy..........
N avy..........
N avy..........
N avy ..........
N avy..........
Pea.............
N avy ..........
N avy ..........
N avy..........
N avy ..........

.0783
.1000
.0900
.0800
.1200
.0900
.0900
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1067
.1000
.0800
. 0733
.1083
.1000
.1200

.0725
.1000
.0817
.0900
.1200
.0900
.0900
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1200
.1000
.0800
.0733
.1229
.1000
.1200

N avy ..........
N avy...........
N avy..........
N avy ..........
N avy ..........
N avy ..........
N avy..........
N avy..........

.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.0800
.0800
.0800

.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1050
.0800

Navy, sold by the pound
Navy, sold by the pound.

.0938
.0938

.0938
.1063

N avy ..............................
Navy, sold by the pound
Pea, sold by the pound..
N avy ..............................
N avy .............................. .
N avy..............................
N avy................................
N avy...............................
N avy..............................
N avy...............................
N avy...............................

.1000
.0938
.0938
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1200
.1000
.1000

.1000
.0938
.0938
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1200
.1000
.1000

Navy
Navy

.1000
.1017

.1000
.1000

Navy
Navy,

.1000
.1000

.1000
.1000

Navy, sold by the pound..
Navy, sold by the pound..
N avy..................................
N avy..................................
Navy, sold in 3-pound lots

MISSOURI.

Kansas City
St. Louis__
MONTANA.

Butte

NEBRASKA.

Omaha.................................
NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Manchester..........................
NEW JERSEY.

Jersey City
Trenton__

Albany...........................
Buffalo..........................
New York (Brooklyn)..
New York (Manhattan)

Rochester.............................
Syracuse..............................
OHIO.

Cincinnati............................
Cleveland.............................
Toledo..................................
OREGON.

Portland...............................
PENNSYLVANIA.

Philadelphia.........................
Pittsburg (Allegheny)........
Pittsburg (Pittsburg).........
Scranton..............................
Wilkes-Barre.......................
RHODE ISLAND.

Providence...........................
SOUTH CAROLINA.

Charleston...........................




220

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUR EAU OF LABOR,
T a ble I . — RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1906 AND 1907— Continued.
BEANS, D R Y , P E R

Q U A R T — Concluded.

|
Description.

State and locality.

Average price.
1906.

1907.

Navy, sold by the pound..........................
Navy^ sold by the pound..........................

$0.0938
.0938

$0.0938
.1000

N avy..........................................................
Navy, sold by the pound..........................
N avy..........................................................
Navy, sold in 6-pound lots Jan., 1906, to
Aug., 1907.

.1000
.0938
.0750
.0938

.1083
.0938
.0850
.0959

.1172
.1172
.0938
.0938

.1172
.1172
.1094
.0938

.1172
.0938

.1172
.0958

.1000
.1000
.1000
.0800

.1000
.1000
.1000
.0867

.1000
.1000
.0938
.0938

.1000
.1000
.0938
.0938

N avy..........................................................
N avy.........................................................

.0800
.0800

.0800
.0850

Navy, sold by the pound..........................
Navy, sold by the pound..........................

.0563
.0750

.CC33
.0750

$0.1000

$0.1083
.1158
.1250
.1104
.2104
.1850
.1629

SOUTH DAKOTA.
TENNESSEE.

TEXAS.
D allas.................................................... Navy, sold by the pound..........................
Navy, sold by the pound..........................
San Antonio.......................................... Navv, sold by the pound..........................
Navy, sold by the pound..........................
UTAH.
Salt Lake C ity....................................... Navy, sold by the pound..........................
Navy, sold by the pound..........................
VIEGINIA.
N orfolk.................................................. N avy..........................................................
N avy..........................................................
Richm ond.............................................. N avy..........................................................
N avy..........................................................
WASHINGTON.
S eattle..........................;....................... N avy .........................................................
N avy .........................................................
Tacoma.................................................. Navy, sold by the pound..........................
Navy, sold by the pound..........................
WEST VIEGINIA.

W heeling...............................................
WISCONSIN.

Milwaukee.............................................

B E E F , F R E SH , RO A STS, P E R

PO UND.

ALABAMA.

Birmingham.

Montgomery.

ABKANSAS.

Little Rock.

CALIFOBNIA.

Los Angeles.




Chuck.
Chuck.
Chuck.
Chuck.
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...
Chuck,
Chuck
Chuck
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...

.1075
.1208
.1250
.1900
.1867
.1725
.1000
.0933
.0917
.1250
.1250
.1250

.1000
.1000
.1000
.1250
. 1250
.1313

Chuck
Chuck
Chuck
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...

.1000

.1000
.1000
.1000

.1500
.1250
.1250

.1500
.1250
.1250

Chuck
Chuck
Chuck
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...

.0800
.0900

.0800

.1700
.1800
.1500

.1700
.1800
.1500

Chuck
Chuck
Chuck
Rib...
Rib...
Rib...
Rib...

.1250
.0800

.1250
.0800

.1500
.1933
.1500
.1800

.2000

.1000
.1000

.1000

.1000
.1000

.1000
.1000

.1000

.1000

.1500

.1500
.1800

221

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1907.
T able I .—

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1906 AND 1907— Continued.

B E E F , F R E S H , ROASTS, P E R

P O U N D — Continued.

Description.

State and locality.

Average price.
1906.

1907.

Chuck
Chuck
Chuck
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...

$0.0700
.0900
.0800
.1333
.1575
.2000

$0.0825
.0900
.0800
.1354
.1625
.2000

Chuck
Chuck
Chuck
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...

.1200
.1317
.1400
.1800
.2083
.2083

.1300
.1433
.1400
.1867
.2150
.2175

Chuck
Chuck
Chuck
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...

.1200
.1000
.0983
.1800
.1500
.1350

.1233
.1188
.1083
.1800
.1567
.1300

Washington...............................

Chuck
Chuck
Chuck
Chuck
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...

.1300
.1250
.1242
.1250
.1725
.1692
.1750
.1700

.1300
.1250
.1250
.1188
.1725
.1758
.1717
.1750

Jacksonville..

Chuck
Chuck
Chuck
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...

.0883
.1250
.1250
.1250
.1867
.1800

.1079
.1250
.1250
.1250
.1933
.1800

Atlanta.

Chuck
Chuck
Chuck
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...

.1000
.1000
.1250
.1500
.1892
.1750

.1104
.1000
.1250
.1604
.1933
.1750

Chicago.

Chuck
Chuck
Chuck
Chuck
Chuck
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...
Chuck
Chuck
Chuck
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...

.1175
.1033
.0600
.0858
.1079
.1217
.1429
.0917
.1150
.1479
.1000
.0900
.0800
.1167
.1200
.1250

.1250
.1125
.0792
.0958
.1250
.1217
.1642
.1042
.1158
.1725
.1000
.0900
.0800
.1133
.1017
.1250

Chuck
Chuck
Chuck
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...
Chuck
Chuck
Chuck
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...

.1300
.1150
.1167
.1650
.1250
.1317
.1050
.1000
.1000
.1583
.1342
. 1458

.1300
.1200
.1125
.1800
.1250
.1367
.1283
.1000
.1000
.1617
.1300
.1417

Denver.

CONNECTICUT.

New Haven.

DELAWARE.

Wilmington.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

Peoria.

Indianapolis.

Terre Haute.

49979— No. 77—08----- 15




.

222

BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOR,
T able I . —

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1906 AND 1907—Continued.

B E E F , F R E SH , ROASTS, P E R

P O U N D — Continued.

Average price.
State and locality.

Description.

IOWA.
Des Moines............................................ Chuck......................................... ...........
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
Dubuque................................................ Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
KANSAS.
Topeka................................................... Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib...................................................... .
KENTUCKY.
Louisville...............................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
LOUISIANA.
New Orleans .....................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
MAINE.
Portland................................................ Chuck......................................
...........
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
MARYLAND.
Baltimore.............................................. Chuck......................................
.......
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
Rib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
MASSACHUSETTS.
Boston................................................... Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Rib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
Fall River.............................................. Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
Lynn...................................................... Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................




1906.

1907.

$0.0889
.1083
.0833
.1567
.1933
.1250
.1208
.1083
.0975
.1500
.1250
.1333

$0.0944
.1000
.0800
.1567
.1817
.1250
.1250
.1250
.0975
.1500
.1354
.1375

.0867
.1000
.1000
.1167
.1375
.1500

.0785
.1058
.1000
.1104
.1438
.1500

.0958
.0800
.1000
.1383
.1450
.1533
.1350
.1500

.0983
.0800
.1000
.1396
.1458
.1438
.1250
.1500

.0850
.1000
.0867
.1000
.1500
.1500
.1667
.1550

.1000
.1000
.0900
.1000
.1500
.1500
.1633
.1800

.0867
.0833
.1000
.1200
.1483
.1525

.0900
.0900
.1225
.1375
.1450
.1575

.1000
.1000
.1000
.1000
.1067
.1750
.1333
.1650
.1467

.1067
.1000
.0883
.1000
.1067
.1700
.1342
.1667
.1483

.1163
.0950
.1000
.1250
.1500
.1933
.1833
.1758
.0858
.1008
.1033
.1800
.1467
.1533
.1000
.1200
.1288
.1221
.1800
.1592

.1117
.1092
.1025
.1333
.1425
.2117
.1958
.1917
.0867
.1067
.1075
.1817
.1658
.1650
.1000
.1358
.1200
.1200
.1867
.1592

228

BETAIL PBICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1901.
T able I __ RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1906 AND 1907— Continued.
B E E F , F R E S H , ROASTS, P E R

State and locality.

P O U N D — Continued.

Average price.
jjescripxion.

1906.

1907.

MASSACHUSETTS— concluded.

Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib.............................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib.............................................................

$0.1229
.1233
.1100
.1667
.1733
.1250
.0992
.0958
.0700
.1700
.1733
.1650

$0.1350
.1450
.1179
.1758
.1900
.1325
.1017
.1033
.0842
.1675
.1767
.1775

Chuck.........................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck........................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................

.0883
.0925
.0842
.1375
.1308
.1404
.1000
.0900
.0967
.1400
.1400
.1288

.0867
.1000
.0917
.1417
.1300
.1404
.1000
.0900
.0983
.1567
.1400
.1263

Chuck....................................... *................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib............................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
Rib.............................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib.............................................................

.0933
.1083
.1250
.1133
.1375
.1800
.0792
.1000
.0867
.1500
.1600
.1375
.1033
.1225
.0800
.1458
.1767
.1146

.1050
.1083
.1250
.1250
.1500
.1967
.1000
.1000
.0950
.1500
.1600
.1438
.1050
.1267
.0883
.1500
.1917
.1167

Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib............................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib............................................................
Rib............................................................

.1000
.0833
.0800
. 1667
.1438
.1150
.0733
.0958
.0750
.0808
.1592
.1333
.1213
. 1600

.1000
.0883
.0867
.1688
.1438
.1150
.0794
.0950
.0808
.0867
.1600
.1313
.1258
.1550

Butte.

Chuck.........................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................

.0917
.0538
.0708
.1250
.1083
.1375

.0788
.0542
.0825
.1375
.1042
.1417

Omaha.

Chuck.........................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Rib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................

.0800
.0800
.0800
.1333
.1250
.1333

.0867
.1000
.0800
.1354
.1333
.1354

Malden...........................................

Worcester.

MICHIGAN.

Detroit.

Grand Rapids.

MINNESOTA.

Duluth.

Minneapolis..

St. Paul.

Kansas City.

St. Louis.

MONTANA.




224

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR.
T able I . —

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1906 AND 1907—Continued.

B E E F , F R E S H , R O A S T S , P E R P O U N D — Continued.

Description.

State and locality.

Average price.
1906.

1907.

Chuck.
Chuck.
Chuck.
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...

10.1150
.1000
.1083
.1375
.1133
.2000

«0.1167
.0950
.1258
.1483
.1250
.2000

Chuck.
Chuck.
Chuck.
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...
Chuck.
Chuck.
Chuck.
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...

.1092
.1050
.1292
.1650
.1296
.1850
.1300
.1250
.1200
.1767
.1667
.1667

.1250
.1200
.1250
.1583
. 1475
.1950
.1533
.1450
.1304
.1917
.2125
.1633

Chuck.
Chuck.
Chuck,
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib...
Chuck.
Chuck.
Chuck.
Chuck.
Chuck.
Chuck.
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...
Chuck.
Chuck.
Chuck
Chuck
Chuck
R ib ...
R ib...
R ib ...
R ib ...
Chuck.
Chuck.
Chuck.
Chuck.
Chuck.
Chuck.
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...
Chuck.
Chuck
Chuck
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...
Chuck
Chuck
Chuck
R ib ...
R ib ...
R ib ...

.1400
.1200
.1250
.1867
.1500
.1600
.0842
.1183
.0967
.1067
.0983
.1042
.1300
.1517
.1321
.1233
.1775
.1200
.1000
.1200
.1046
.1300
.1800
.1717
.1550
.2000
.1000
.1333
.1288
.1133
.1083
.1167
.1400
.1400
.1950
.1425
.1338
.1800
.0800
.1033
.1000
.1375
.1400
.1400
.1000
.1250
.1200
.1250
.2050
.2000

.1400
.1233
.1325
.1917
.1500
.1683
.0800
.1242
.1083
.0929
.1008
.1142
.1350
.1667
.1333
. 1217
.1750
.1450
.1133
.1400
.1175
.1300
.1867
.1850
.1658
.2000
.1250
.1425
.1325
.1200
.1125
.1183
.1400
.1250
.2050
.1475
.1442
.1800
.0900
.1033
.0983
.1400
.1400
.1367
.1000
.1383
.1250
.1400
.2200
.2000

Chuck.
Chuck
Chuck.
Chuck

.0850
.0800
.1250
.0800

.0883
.0800
.1250
.0800

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Manchester............................

NEW JERSEY.

Jersey City.

Trenton.

NEW YORK.

Albany.

Buffalo.

New York (Brooklyn).

New York (Manhattan).

Rochester.

Syracuse.

Cincinnati.




225

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1907.
T a b l e I ___ RETAIL

PRICES OF FOOD, 1906 AND 1907—Continued.

B E E F , F R E SH , ROASTS, P E R

P O U N D — Continued.

Average price.
State and locality.

Description.

1906.

1907.

ohio—concluded.
Cincinnati............................................. R ib............................................................
Rib............................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib............................................................
Rib............................................................
Cleveland............
............. Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib............................................................
Rib............................................................
Chuck......... „.............................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck........................................................
R ib............................................................
Rib............................................................
R ib............................................................

10.1392
.1500
.1500
.1417
.1367
.0900
.1200
.1250
.1183
.1400
.1500
.1800
.1500
. 1150
.0908
.1400
.1275
.1800
.1800

$0.1396
.1500
.1500
.1417
.1379
.0992
.1250
.1388
.1233
.1583
.1600
.1800
.1500
.1163
.0900
.1400
.1313
.1800
.1800

Portland................................................ Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib............................................................

.0900
.0900
.1000
.1500
.1500
. 1479

.0900
.0800
.1000
.1500
.1500
.1500

Philadelphia.......................................... Chuck.........................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck........................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib............................................................
Rib.............................................................
R ib............................................................
Pfttshnrg ( Allegheny)........... ............. Chuck........................................................
Chuck.....................................................
Chuck..................................... 1.................
R ib............................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib............................................................
Pittsburg (Pittsburg).......................... Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
R ib............................................................
Rib............................................................
Rib............................................................
PerAT,tnn
- _________ Chuck........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck................................ -......................
Rib............................................................
R ib............................................................
Rib............................................................
Wilkes-Rfl/rre......................................... Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck........................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib............................................................
Rib............................................................

.1200
.0967
.1200
.1200
.1167
.1800
.1167
.1833
.2000
.1800
. 1300
.1300
.1250
.1567
.1533
.1617
.1250
.1300
.1300
.1800
.1867
.1600
. 1050
.1300
.1250
.1400
.2150
.1750
.1000
.1000
.1250
.1600
.1425
.1417

.1200
.1067
.1200
.1200
.1250
.1800
.1300
.2000
.2000
.1800
.1300
.1300
.1250
.1567
.1550
.1625
.1367
.1300
.1300
.1800
.1983
.1600
.1083
.1400
.1250
.1433
.2150
.1800
.1000
.1000
.1250
.1575
.1338
.1450

Chuck........................................................
R ib............................................................
Rib............................................................
R ib............................................................

.1267
.0867
.1800
.1733
.2117

.1167
.0883
.1700
.1767
.2117

........................................ Chuck.........................................................
Chuck........................................................
Chuck.......................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib............................................................

.0800
.1000
.1000
.1500
.1313
.1458

.0800
.1000
.1000
.1567
.1313
.1483

OREGON.

PENNSYLVANIA.

RHODE ISLAND.
P roviden ce............ ...................................... ' Chuck........................................................

SOUTH CAROLINA.
Charleston




226

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR,
T able I . —

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1906 AND 1907—Continued.

B E E F , F R E S H , ROASTS, P E R

P O U N D — Continued.

Average price.
State and locality.

•Lussuiipwim.

1906.

1907.

Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
R ib.............................................................
Rib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................

$0.0650
.0833
.0800
.1333
.1250
.1313

$a0758
.0889
.0850
.1354
.1292
.1333

Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
R ib............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib............................................................

.1000
.1000
.1000
.1313
.1288
.1500
.0917
.0758
.0933
.1438
.1375
.1313

.1000
.1000
.1000
.1354
.1354
.1500
.0950
.0750
.0950
.1438
.1438
.1417

Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
R ib......................................................
R ib...........................................................
R ib.............................................................
Chuck..................................................
Chuck.......................
.....
Chuck.......................................................
R ib.............................................................
Rib.............................................................
R ib...........................................................

.0900
.1000
.1000
.1083
.1188
.1188
.1000
.0800
.0700
.1208
.1250
.1063

.0967
.1000
.1000
.1104
.1125
.1250
.1000
.0817
.0800
.1500
.1333
.1083

Salt Lake City.

Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Rib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................

.1000
.1000
.1250
.2000
.1750
.1500

.1000
.1000
.1200
.1750
.1750
.1600

Norfolk.

Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.......................................................
Chuck.................................................
R ib.........................................................
R ib...........................................................
R ib.............................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck......................................................
Chuck.....................................................
Rib.............................................................
R ib.........................................................
R ib.............................................................

.1000
.1042
.1208
.1500
.1292
.1458
.1250
.1000
.1000
.1542
.1667
.1275

.1125
.1083
.1104
.1569
.1354
.1354
.1250
.1000
.1000
.1569
.1667
.1304

Chuck.....................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck..................................................
Rib.............................................................
R ib.........................................................
Rib.............................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
R ib.............................................................
Rib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................

.1000
.0800
.0892
.1500
.1500
.1396
.0900
.1033
.1021
.1500
.1558
.1500

.1000
.0800
.0800
.1500
.1783
.1375
.0975
.0867
.1175
.1500
.1250
.1583

Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Chuck.........................................................
Rib.............................................................
Rib.............................................................
R ib.............................................................

.1250
.1250
.1204
.1500
.1500
.1383

.1250
.1250
.1283
.1500
.1525
.1425

SOUTH DAKOTA.

Sioux Falls-

TENNESSEE.

Memphis.

Nashville.

Dallas.

San Antonio.

Richmond.

WASHINGTON.

Seattle.

Tacoma.

WEST VIRGINIA.

Wheeling.




227

BETAIL PKICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1907.
T able I .—

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1906 AND 1907—Continued.

B E E F , F R E SH , ROASTS, P E R

State and locality.

P O U N D — Concluded.

Average price.
Description.

1906.

1907.

WISCONSIN.

Milwaukee.............................................. Chuck......................................................... $0.1000
Chuck........................................................
.0900
Chuck.........................................................i
.1000
Rib.............................................................I! .1400
R ib.............................................................1
.1200
R ib.............................................................
. 1250

$0.1200
.0900
.1000
.1500
.1200
.1200

B E E F , F R E S H , S T E A K S , P E R PO U ND.
ALABAMA.

Birmingham.......................................... Round..............................
Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Montgomery............
............. Round......................................................
Round.......................................................
Round.......................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................

$0.1500
.1500
.1500
.2000
.1933
.1750
.1146
.1250
.1250
.1500
.1500
.1500

$0.1667
.1500
.1375
.2000
.2050
.1625
.1167
.1250
.1250
.1500
.1500
.1500

Little Rock............................................ Remind................
Round.......................................................
Round........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................

.1500
.1250
.1292
.1750
.1500
.1813

.1500
.1250
.1250
.1750
.1542
.1750

Los Angeles........................................... Round..............................................
Round : ......................................................
Round........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
San Francisco........................................ Round.......................................................
Round.......................................................
Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................

.1250
.1250
.1250
.1700
.1500
.1600
.1250
.1250
.1000
.1100
.1250
.1500
.1250
.1500

.1250
.1250
.1250
.1700
.1500
.1600
.1250
.1250
.1000
.1100
.1500
.1500
.1250
.1500

Denver................................................... Round..............
Round.......................................................
Round.......................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................

.1083
.1104
.1500
.1583
.1354
.2000

.1333
.1354
.1500
.1583
.1354
.2000

New Haven............................................ Round.......................................................
Round.......................................................
Round.......................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin.......................................................

.2000
.2083
.2200
.2217
.2425
.2300

.2100
.2150
.2283
.2300
.2725
.2383

Wilmington........................................... Round........................................................
Round.......................................................
Round.......................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................

.2000
.1600
.1500
.2150
.2200
.1600

.2033
.1600
.1567
.2200
.2067
.1600

Washington........................................... Round.......................................................
Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Round.......................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................

.1558
.1558
.1542
.1500
.1883
.1850
.1883
.1933

.1550
.1550
.1533
.1500
.2033
.2017
.1950
.1867

ARKANSAS.

CALIFORNIA.

COLORADO.

CONNECTICUT.

DELAWARE.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.




228

B U L L E T IN OF T H E BUREAU OF LABOR.
T able I —

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1906 AND 1907—Continued.

B E E F , FRESH , STEAKS, PER

P O U N D — Continued.

Average price.
State and locality.

Description.

1906.

1907.

$0.1500
.1433
.1800
.2000
.2033
.1800

10.1500
.1675
.1800
.2000
.2450
.1800

.1354
.1396
.1250
.1500
.1750
.2000

.1458
.1417
.1250
.1604
.1767
.2000

.1117
.1000
.1075
.1133
.1058
.1383
.1429
.1425
.1313
.1458
.1383
.1408
.131?
.1288
.1467
.1542
.1542

.1133
.1050
.1208
.1250
.1142
.1383
.1642
.1525
.1354
.1650
.1338
.1250
.1254
.1242
.1500
.1500
.1567

Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................

.1500
.1483
.1350
.1800
.1658
.1675
.1396
.1300
.1475
.1592
.1500
.1600

.1700
.1500
.1400
.2000
.1700
.1775
.1467
.1300
.1560
.1667
.1725
.1675

Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Dubuque................................................ Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin.......................................................

.1250
.1417
.1083
.1600
.1767
.1333
.1500
.1438
.1250
.1958
.1750
.1500

.1250
.1500
.1083
.1713
.1800
.1417
.1500
.1500
.1250
.2000
.2000
.1500

Topeka............................................... ._ Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................

.1313
.1396
.1250
.1500
.1683
.1583

.1354
.1458
.1333
.1750
.1750
.1617

.1400
.1250
.1425
.1675
.1583
.1688

.1396
.1250
.1354
.1675
.1542
.1425

FLORIDA.
J acksonville........................................... Bound........................................................
Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
GEORGIA.
A tlanta.................................................. Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
ILLINOIS.
Chicago.................................................. Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Peoria............................................ ....... Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin.......................................................
INDIANA.

Indianapolis........................................

Terre H aute..........................................

IOWA.

Des Moines...........................................

KANSAS.

KENTUCKY.

^Louisville............................................... Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Round........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................
Sirloin........................................................




229

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 1890 TO 1907.
T able I . —RETAIL P
Full text of Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor, Nos. 1 - 100 : July 1908 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor, No. 77, Volume XVII

FRASER
