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Budget of the u.s. government FISCAL YEAR 2022 OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET THE BUDGET DOCUMENTS Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2022 contains the Budget Message of the President, information on the President’s priorities, and summary tables. Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2022 contains analyses that are designed to highlight specified subject areas or provide other significant presentations of budget data that place the budget in perspective. This volume includes economic and accounting analyses, information on Federal receipts and collections, analyses of Federal spending, information on Federal borrowing and debt, baseline or current services estimates, and other technical presentations. Supplemental tables and other materials that are part of the Analytical Perspectives volume are available at https://whitehouse.gov/omb/ analytical-perspectives/. Appendix, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2022 contains detailed information on the various appropriations and funds that constitute the budget and is designed primarily for the use of the Appropriations Committees. The Appendix contains more detailed financial information on individual programs and appropriation accounts than any of the other budget documents. It includes for each agency: the proposed text of appropriations language; budget schedules for each account; legislative proposals; narrative explanations of each budget account; and proposed general provisions applicable to the appropriations of entire agencies or group of agencies. Information is also provided on certain activities whose transactions are not part of the budget totals. BUDGET INFORMATION AVAILABLE ONLINE The President’s Budget and supporting materials are available online at https://whitehouse.gov/omb/ budget/. This link includes electronic versions of all the budget volumes, supplemental materials that are part of the Analytical Perspectives volume, spreadsheets of many of the budget tables, and a public use budget database. This link also includes Historical Tables that provide data on budget receipts, outlays, surpluses or deficits, Federal debt, and Federal employment over an extended time period, generally from 1940 or earlier to 2022 or 2026. Also available are links to documents and materials from budgets of prior years. For more information on access to electronic versions of the budget documents, call (202) 512-1530 in the D.C. area or toll-free (888) 293-6498. To purchase the printed documents call (202) 512-1800. GENERAL NOTES 1. All years referenced for budget data are fiscal years unless otherwise noted. All years referenced for economic data are calendar years unless otherwise noted. 2. Detail in this document may not add to the totals due to rounding. U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 2021 Table of Contents Page The Budget Message of the President ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Confronting the Pandemic and Rescuing the Economy ����������������������������������������������������������������5 Building Back Better �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9 Delivering Results for All Americans through an Equitable, Effective, and Accountable Government ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29 Summary Tables ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35 OMB Contributors to the 2022 Budget ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������63 THE BUDGET MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT To the Congress of the United States: Where we choose to invest speaks to what we value as a Nation. This year’s Budget, the first of my Presidency, is a statement of values that define our Nation at its best. It is a Budget for what our economy can be, who our economy can serve, and how we can build it back better by putting the needs, goals, ingenuity, and strength of the American people front and center. The Budget is built around a fundamental understanding of how our economy works and why, for too long and for too many, it has not. It is a Budget that reflects the fact that trickle-down economics has never worked, and that the best way to grow our economy is not from the top down, but from the bottom up and the middle out. Our prosperity comes from the people who get up every day, work hard, raise their family, pay their taxes, serve their Nation, and volunteer in their communities. If we make that understanding our foundation, everything we build upon it will be strong. And we have already seen how that economic vision is working. When I took office, America was a Nation in crisis. A once-in-a-century pandemic was raging, claiming thousands of American lives each day. A punishing economic crisis had erased 22 million jobs in just 2 months in the spring of 2020 and upended the lives of millions more. The pain these crises caused was visible not just in the data, but in the lives of millions of Americans: Americans who faced an empty chair at the dinner table where a loved one once sat; who had to shut down the family business; who lined up for miles in their cars waiting for a box of food to be put in the trunk; who went to bed staring at the ceiling wondering how they would get through tomorrow. Through the American Rescue Plan, we answered the emergency and provided desperately needed relief to hundreds of millions of Americans. Immediately, the law began delivering shots in arms and checks in pockets. The American Rescue Plan is also helping schools reopen safely, helping child care centers stay in business, and helping families pay for child care. In fact, it is providing the largest investment in American child care since World War II. It is delivering food and nutrition assistance to millions of Americans facing hunger. It is providing rental assistance to keep people from being evicted from their homes. It is helping small businesses and restaurants stay open or re-open. It is making healthcare more affordable. It is supporting the recovery of State and local governments. And it is putting us on track to cut child poverty in half this year. 1 2 The Budget Message of the President With the resources provided by the American Rescue Plan, we are turning the corner on the pandemic, and powering an equitable economic recovery. In my first 100 days in office, our economy created more than 1.5 million jobs, the most in the first 100 days of any President on record. But more work remains—not simply to emerge from the immediate crises we inherited, but to build back better. The Budget lays out the essential investments that my Administration has proposed through the American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan. The American Jobs Plan puts millions of Americans to work to build our Nation back not just to the way it was before the pandemic, but back better. Americans will rebuild America’s transportation infrastructure, water infrastructure, and broadband connectivity infrastructure. Americans will build a clean energy future while investing in communities at risk of being left behind during our energy transition. American workers and American farmers will make unprecedented progress in our effort to tackle climate change. And, thanks to the biggest increase in non-defense research and development spending on record, Americans will boost America’s innovative edge in markets where global leadership is up for grabs—markets like battery technology, biotechnology, computer chips, and clean energy. Finally, the American Jobs Plan will create new and better jobs for caregiving workers who have been underpaid and undervalued for far too long. The American Families Plan addresses four of the biggest challenges facing American families today, and lays the groundwork for individual, family, community, and national success tomorrow. It guarantees four additional years of education for every American, beginning with 2 years of universal high-quality pre-school for every 3- and 4-year old in America, and adding 2 years of free community college. It would make college more affordable and tackle equity gaps with increased Pell grants and investments in institutions serving low-income, first generation students, and students of color. And it provides access to quality, affordable child care to low- and middle-income families, expanded access to healthy meals because no child in America should be hungry or under-nourished, comprehensive paid family and medical leave, and expanded game-changing tax credits for families and workers. The Budget complements these historic plans with additional proposals to reinvest in the foundations of our Nation’s strength—expanding economic opportunity, improving education, tackling the climate crisis, and ensuring a strong national defense while restoring America’s place in the world. In the 1950s, our Department of Defense created a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to enhance our national security, and DARPA’s work helped lead to the creation of the internet, Global Positioning System, and more. The Budget would create an Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health tasked with developing a new generation of medical breakthroughs—marshalling our Nation’s incredible scientific capacity to help prevent, detect, and treat diseases like cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s. And it calls on the Congress to make progress on healthcare by cutting prescription drug costs and expanding and improving the Affordable Care Act, Medicaid, and Medicare coverage. The Budget invests directly in the American people and will strengthen our Nation’s economy and improve our long-run fiscal health. It reforms our broken tax code to reward work instead of wealth, while also fully paying for the American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan over 15 years. It will help us build a recovery that is broad-based, inclusive, sustained, and strong. And it will demonstrate to the American people that we value them and that we recognize that they are the key to our shared prosperity; that their Government sees them, hears them, and is able to deliver for them again. BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 3 It will send to the world the message that I shared with a Joint Session of the Congress in April: that America is on the move again, and that our democracy is proving it can deliver for our people and is poised to win the competition for the 21st Century. There are many challenges ahead. But every time America has faced moments of testing, we have emerged stronger. And I believe this Budget will help us become stronger than ever. I look forward to working with the Congress to deliver on this agenda this year. JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR. The White House. CONFRONTING THE PANDEMIC AND RESCUING THE ECONOMY America has always been defined by the grit and determination of its people, and our capacity to come together in common purpose at moments of great challenge. Across the generations, that spirit of resilience has seen us through war and depression, natural disasters and disease, and countless crises that have tested the Nation’s strength, persistence, and commitment to core values and to one another. For more than a year, we have confronted a confluence of challenges that have called on that resilience like never before. Inheriting Historic Challenges When the President took office, America was in the grips of the worst pandemic in a century and a painful economic downturn that had upended virtually every aspect of American life. By January, more than 24 million Americans across the Nation had contracted COVID-19. Infection rates and hospitalizations were soaring. More than 400,000 Americans had lost their lives and thousands were dying every single day. A more contagious variant of the virus had begun appearing in communities across America. Meanwhile, the Administration inherited a disorganized and ineffective national vaccination effort that was struggling to get off the ground. When the President took office, only eight percent of America’s seniors—and very few working-age adults—had received their first shot. At the same time, more than 10 months into the COVID-19 pandemic, the Nation still lacked adequate testing capacity and faced shortages of supplies like basic protective equipment for those working on the frontlines. The broad failure to control the spread of COVID-19 in the months before the President took office had devastating and far-reaching consequences. Millions of students and parents were forced to navigate the challenges of remote learning—straining countless families and disproportionately affecting Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American students, as well as students with disabilities and English language learners. Disruptive changes in people’s daily lives also took a significant toll on both mental and physical health. Medically fragile individuals and those with chronic diseases such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes had to make the decision to either protect their health and avoid a negative outcome from COVID-19, or risk losing their jobs. More Americans reported experiencing symptoms of anxiety, overdose deaths rose, and domestic violence surged. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic exposed and exacerbated deeply rooted health inequities in the Nation and laid bare gaps and weaknesses in America’s public health infrastructure. As the virus tore across America, it left enormous economic damage in its wake. In January, more than 10 million Americans were out of work, with a national unemployment rate of 6.3 percent. After accounting for workers who either dropped out of the labor force or could not find full-time work, the unemployment rate was over 12 percent. More than 52 percent of America’s unemployed had been jobless for more than 15 weeks, a level of long-term unemployment unseen since the depths of the Great Recession. In addition, 1 in 11 Black workers and 1 in 12 Latino workers were unemployed. 5 6 Confronting the Pandemic and Rescuing the Economy Thousands of small businesses closed their doors—many permanently—with many others struggling to stay afloat. Delivering Immediate Relief: Passing the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 The jobs crisis was particularly severe among women. When the President took office, a staggering 2.5 million women had dropped out of the labor force due to the COVID-19 pandemic— many to help care for their children, with potential lifetime consequences in terms of economic security. Between February 2020 and January 2021, the labor force participation rate for women dropped by 3.7 percent overall, 6.4 percent for Black women, and 6.6 percent for Hispanic women, eviscerating more than 35 years of progress in labor force participation in just one year. The economy was hit hardest in female dominated industries like retail and restaurants. On top of the job loss in those sectors, women working on the frontlines of the COVID-19 pandemic in nursing homes and hospitals—many of whom are often low-paid women of color—risked their health and scrambled to take care of their own families so they could care for others. Early childhood and child care providers—a significant share of which are owned by women and people of color—have also been devastated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Estimates suggest that among child care providers open at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, as of December 2020, roughly one in four were closed. In the face of these twin public health and economic crises, the President took immediate, bold action to deliver relief to the American people. The President proposed and signed into law the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (the American Rescue Plan)—a historic, comprehensive package designed to help change the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, deliver desperately needed support to millions of workers, families, and small businesses, and build a bridge to a robust, equitable economic recovery. As a result of this enormous economic disruption, countless Americans who were financially stretched even before the COVID-19 pandemic were plunged into an economic emergency. One in three households struggled to afford basic expenses. Millions of households reported not having enough to eat. Millions of Americans fell behind on their rent or mortgage payments, with more than 15 million households reporting overdue payments when the President took office. Roughly two to three million people lost employer sponsored health insurance between March and September. Further, going into the COVID-19 pandemic, about 30 million people lacked coverage, limiting their access to the healthcare system when the COVID-19 pandemic struck. The American Rescue Plan advanced three critical priorities. First, it included urgently needed resources to help families and businesses weather the worst of the COVID-19 pandemic, including: $1,400 per-person rescue payments for households across America; extended unemployment insurance; housing and nutrition assistance; increased access to safe and reliable child care and affordable healthcare; historic expansions of middle class tax relief for working families; a solution to the crisis in America’s multi-employer pension system; and support for hard-hit small businesses. Second, it provided vital resources to help safely reopen K-8 schools in communities across the Nation and address the needs of students. Third, it provided resources to help mount an unprecedented Government-wide effort to defeat the COVID-19 pandemic, including funding to: set up community vaccination sites nationwide; dramatically scale up testing and tracing; eliminate supply shortage problems; support community health centers; and address health disparities. The resources included in the American Rescue Plan, coupled with the President’s whole-of-Government response, have already begun to change the course of the COVID-19 pandemic and bolster the economy. In a matter of months, the Administration turned the slow-moving and underperforming vaccination effort it inherited into one of the most effective vaccination systems anywhere in the world. The Administration exceeded BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 the President’s initial goal of administering 100 million shots in his first 100 days, ultimately administering 220 million shots in the President’s first 100 days in office—an unprecedented national mobilization. As of May 17, nearly 60 percent of American adults had received at least one shot; nearly 85 percent of all seniors had received at least one shot and nearly 73 percent were fully vaccinated; and daily deaths were down more than 80 percent since January 20. All Americans 12 and older are now eligible for a COVID-19 vaccine. In addition, the Administration met the President’s goal to reopen a majority of K-8 schools within the first 100 days. As the Administration has ramped up the national COVID-19 pandemic response, the economy has started to get back on track. The President oversaw the creation of more than 1.5 million new jobs in his first 100 days in office—more than any president on record. Economists have raised their Gross Domestic Product growth forecasts for 2021 to 6.6 percent, which would be the fastest pace of economic growth in America in nearly four decades. Consumer confidence and spending are on the rise. Business activity is rebounding. Moreover, the Administration is ensuring the American Rescue Plan reaches families, communities, and small businesses. The Department of the Treasury has already delivered more than 165 million relief payments of up to $1,400 per person. The American Rescue Plan is delivering nutrition assistance to millions of Americans facing hunger, rental assistance and mortgage relief to help families stay in their homes, and loans to small businesses to help keep their doors open. It includes the largest investment in child care since World War II, which will especially benefit women of color. It is reducing healthcare premiums, expanding access to insurance coverage, and addressing persistent health disparities. It ensures that millions of American workers and retirees will receive the pensions they earned. In addition, 7 it is projected to reduce poverty by 32 percent, lifting a total of nearly 13 million Americans out of poverty—this would mean a 38-percent drop in the Black poverty rate, a 43-percent drop in the Hispanic poverty rate, a 23-percent drop in the Asian American and Pacific Islander poverty rate, and a 50-percent drop in the child poverty rate. Emerging from Crises and Focusing on the Future While significant challenges remain, the American Rescue Plan has succeeded by virtually every measure in helping address the immediate economic and public health crises the Administration inherited. However, even as the Administration makes significant strides to get the Nation back on track, the President believes it is not enough to go back to the way things were before the COVID-19 pandemic struck, or to settle for a shrunken view of what America can be. The President believes this is a moment to build back better and to rise to meet the full range of challenges and opportunities before us—from rebuilding America’s crumbling physical and care infrastructure and creating millions of good-paying jobs, to combatting climate change and revitalizing American manufacturing, to expanding access to both early childhood and higher education and addressing systemic inequities, and more. None of this work will be easy. Many of the challenges America faces have been years or decades in the making. These challenges do not lend themselves to quick or easy solutions, nor will they be fully resolved in a single year or with a single budget. But it is precisely at the moments of greatest consequence that Americans have shown their capacity to think big and do the hard work of charting a new and better course for the future. Our charge now is to carry that legacy forward. BUILDING BACK BETTER Under the President’s leadership, America is getting back on track. We have begun turning the tide on the pandemic. Our economy is growing and creating jobs. Students are getting back into classrooms. And we have shown yet again there is no quit in America. But our work has only begun. For all of the hard-won progress our Nation has made in recent months, we cannot afford to simply return to the way things were before the pandemic and economic downturn, with the old economy’s structural weaknesses and inequities still in place. We must seize this moment to reimagine and rebuild a new American economy— an economy that invests in the promise and potential of every single American; that leaves no one out and no one behind; and that makes it easier for families to break into the middle class and stay in the middle class. The Budget details the President’s proposals to advance that agenda this year. It includes the two historic plans the President has already put forward—the American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan—and outlines a package of discretionary proposals to help restore core functions of Government and reinvest in the foundations of the Nation’s strength. It also calls on the Congress to reduce prescription drug costs and expand and improve health coverage. Enacting the Budget policies into law this year would strengthen our Nation’s economy and lay the foundation for shared prosperity, while also putting the Nation on a sound fiscal course. Importantly, even as the Administration pursues this historic agenda, the President also believes that there will be more to accomplish in the coming years. This year’s Budget gives a full accounting of the first, critical steps our Nation must take to begin the work of building back better. The American Jobs Plan The Budget begins with the American Jobs Plan—an investment in America that would create millions of good jobs, rebuild the Nation’s infrastructure, and position the United States to out-compete China. Public domestic investment as a share of the economy has fallen by more than 40 percent since the 1960s. The American Jobs Plan would invest in America in a way that has not occurred since the interstate highways were built and the Space Race was won. The United States is the wealthiest Nation in the world, yet ranks 13th when it comes to the overall quality of the Nation’s infrastructure. After decades of disinvestment, America’s roads, bridges, and water systems are crumbling. The electric grid is vulnerable to catastrophic outages. Too many lack access to affordable, highspeed internet and to quality housing. The past year has led to job losses and threatened economic security, eroding more than 30 years of progress in women’s labor force participation. It has unmasked the fragility of America’s caregiving infrastructure. In addition, the Nation is falling behind its biggest competitors in research and development (R&D), manufacturing, and training. It has never been more important to invest in strengthening the Nation’s infrastructure and competitiveness, and in creating the good-paying, union jobs of the future. 9 10 As with great projects of the past, the President’s plan would unify and mobilize the Nation to meet the great challenges of our time: the climate crisis and the ambitions of an autocratic China. It would invest in Americans and deliver the jobs and opportunities they deserve. Unlike past major investments, the plan prioritizes addressing long-standing and persistent racial injustice. The plan targets 40 percent of the benefits of climate and clean infrastructure investments to disadvantaged communities. In addition, the plan invests in rural communities and communities impacted by the market-based transition to clean energy. Specifically, the President’s plan: Fixes Highways, Rebuilds Bridges, and Upgrades Ports, Airports, and Transit Systems. The President’s plan would: modernize 20,000 miles of highways, roads, and mainstreets; fix the 10 most economically significant bridges in the Nation in need of reconstruction; repair the worst 10,000 smaller bridges, providing critical linkages to communities; replace thousands of buses and rail cars; repair hundreds of stations; renew airports; modernize ports of entry; and expand transit and rail into new communities. Delivers Clean Drinking Water, a Renewed Electric Grid, and High-Speed Broadband to All Americans. The President’s plan would eliminate all lead pipes and service lines in drinking water systems, improving the health of the Nation’s children and communities of color. It would put hundreds of thousands of people to work laying thousands of miles of transmission lines and capping hundreds of thousands of orphan oil and gas wells and abandoned mines. It would also bring affordable, reliable, high-speed broadband to every household, including the more than 35 percent of rural families who lack access to broadband infrastructure, the millions of families paying too much for broadband, and the millions of low-income and marginalized communities left behind by digital redlining and the digital divide. Building Back Better Builds, Preserves, and Retrofits More than Two Million Homes and Commercial Buildings, Modernizes the Nation’s Schools and Child Care Facilities, and Upgrades Veterans’ Hospitals and Federal Buildings. The President’s plan would create good jobs by building, rehabilitating, and retrofitting affordable, accessible, energy efficient, and resilient housing, commercial buildings, schools, and child care facilities all over the Nation while also vastly improving the Nation’s Federal facilities, especially those that serve veterans. Solidifies the Infrastructure of America’s Care Economy by Creating Jobs and Raising Wages and Benefits for Essential Home Care Workers. These workers—the majority of whom are women of color—have been underpaid and undervalued for too long. The President’s plan makes substantial investments in the infrastructure of America’s care economy, starting by creating new and better jobs for caregiving workers. It would provide home and community-based care for individuals who otherwise would need to wait as many as five years to get the services they badly need. The President also looks forward to working with the Congress on other policies to improve economic security and access to healthcare for seniors and people with disabilities. Revitalizes Manufacturing, Secures U.S. Supply Chains, Invests in R&D, and Trains Americans for the Jobs of the Future. The President’s plan would ensure that the best, diverse minds in America are put to work creating the innovations of the future while creating hundreds of thousands of quality jobs today. American workers would build and make things in every part of the Nation, and they would be trained for well-paying, middle-class jobs using evidence-based approaches such as sector-based training and registered apprenticeships. Creates Good-Quality Jobs that Pay Prevailing Wages in Safe and Healthy Workplaces while Ensuring Workers Have a Free and Fair Choice to Organize, Join a BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 Union, and Bargain Collectively with Their Employers. To ensure that American taxpayers’ dollars benefit working families and their communities, and not multinational corporations or foreign governments, the plan requires that goods and materials are made in America and shipped on U.S.-flag, U.S.-crewed vessels. The plan also would ensure that Americans, especially those who have endured systemic discrimination and exclusion for generations, finally have a fair shot at obtaining good-paying jobs with: a choice to join a union; higher and equal pay; safe and healthy workplaces; and workplaces free from racial, gender, and other forms of discrimination and harassment. Restructures the Corporate Tax Code to Ensure that Wealthy Corporations Pay Their Fair Share and Invest Here at Home. Alongside the American Jobs Plan, the President has put forward a Made in America tax plan that would reward investment at home, stop profit shifting, and ensure other nations would not gain a competitive edge by becoming tax havens. The key components of the Made in America tax plan include a 28-percent corporate tax rate and a global minimum tax alongside a strong incentive for other countries to enact reasonable minimum taxes as well. The plan also includes measures to prevent corporate inversions and offshoring, as well as a new minimum tax on corporate book income to ensure that massive, profitable companies can no longer get away with paying no Federal income tax. In addition, the plan also eliminates tax preferences for fossil fuels. This is a generational opportunity to fundamentally shift how countries around the world tax corporations so that big corporations cannot escape or eliminate the taxes they owe by offshoring jobs and profits. The American Families Plan To complement the American Jobs Plan and help extend the benefits of economic growth to all Americans, the Budget also includes the American Families Plan—a historic investment to: help families cover the basic expenses that so many struggle with now; lower health insurance 11 premiums; and continue the historic reductions in child poverty in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (American Rescue Plan). Together, these plans reinvest in the future of the American economy and American workers and would help the Nation out-compete China and other countries around the world. Specifically, the President’s American Families Plan: Adds at Least Four Years of Free Education. Investing in education is a down payment on the future of America. As access to high school became more widely available at the turn of the 20th Century, it made America the besteducated and best-prepared Nation in the world. Yet, everyone knows that 12 years is not enough today. The American Families Plan would make transformational investments from early childhood to postsecondary education so that all children and young people are able to grow, learn, and gain the skills they need to succeed. It would provide universal access to high-quality preschool to all three- and four-year-olds, led by a well-trained and well-compensated workforce. It would provide Americans two years of free community college. It would invest in making college more affordable for low- and middle-income students, including students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs), and MinorityServing Institutions (MSIs) such as HispanicServing Institutions (HSIs) and Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander-Serving Institutions. It would also invest in America’s teachers and students, improving teacher training and support so that schools become engines of growth at every level. Provides Direct Support to Children and Families. The Nation is strongest when everyone has the opportunity to join the workforce and contribute to the economy. However, many workers struggle to both hold a full-time job and care for themselves and their families. The American Families Plan would provide direct support to families to ensure that low- and middle-income families spend no more than seven percent of their income on child care, and that the child care they access is of high-quality and provided by a 12 well-trained and well-compensated child care workforce. It would also provide direct support to workers and families by creating a national comprehensive paid family and medical leave program that would bring the American system in line with competitor nations that offer paid leave programs. A comprehensive paid family and medical leave program would allow workers to take the time they need to bond with a new child, to care for their own serious illness, and to care for a seriously ill loved one. The system would also allow people to manage their health and the health of their families. The plan would also make investments to improve maternal health and provide critical nutrition assistance to families who need it most and expand access to healthy meals to the Nation’s students—dramatically reducing childhood hunger. Extends Tax Cuts for Families with Children and American Workers. While the American Rescue Plan provided critical help to hundreds of millions of Americans, too many families and workers feel the squeeze of too-low wages and the high costs of meeting their basic needs and aspirations. At the same time, the wealthiest Americans continue to get further and further ahead. The American Families Plan would extend key tax cuts in the American Rescue Plan that benefit lower- and middle-income workers and families, including the expansions of the Child Tax Credit, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit. In addition to making it easier for families to make ends meet, tax credits for working families have been shown to boost child academic and economic performance over time. The American Families Plan would also extend the expanded health insurance tax credits in the American Rescue Plan. These credits are providing premium relief that is lowering health insurance costs by an average of $50 per person per month for more than nine million people, and would enable millions of uninsured people to gain coverage. Leading economic research has shown that the investments proposed in the American Families Plan would yield significant economic returns— boosting productivity and economic growth, Building Back Better producing a larger, more productive, and healthier workforce on a sustained basis, and generating savings to States and the Federal Government. A recent review indicates that every dollar invested in early childhood programs resulted in an estimated range of $2.50 to $10.80 in benefits as children grew up healthier, were more likely to graduate high school and college, and earned more as adults. A 2020 study by Nobel Laureate James Heckman found that every dollar invested in a high-quality, birth until age five program for the most economically disadvantaged children resulted in $7.30 in benefits. Paid leave has been shown to keep mothers in the workforce, increasing labor force participation and boosting economic growth. In addition, sustained tax credits for families with children have been found to yield a lifetime of benefits, ranging from higher educational attainment to higher lifetime earnings. Supports Tax Reform that Rewards Work— Not Wealth. The American Families Plan also includes commonsense reforms to the income tax code that would rebalance the tax system away from special preferences for wealth and toward fair treatment regardless of the type of income. The President’s tax agenda would not only reverse some of the biggest 2017 tax law giveaways, but would reform the tax code so that the wealthy have to play by the same rules as everyone else. It would ensure that high-income Americans pay the tax they owe under the law—ending the unfair system of enforcement that collects almost all taxes due on wages, while regularly collecting a smaller share of business and capital income. The plan would also eliminate long-standing loopholes, including lower taxes on capital gains and dividends for the wealthy, which reward wealth over work. Importantly, these reforms would also rein in the ways that the tax code widens racial disparities in income and wealth. Reinvesting in the Foundations of the Nation’s Strength The American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan represent once-in-a-generation investments in the Nation’s future that would create jobs, grow the middle class, and expand the BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 benefits of economic growth to all Americans. To truly build back better, the Nation must also begin to reinvest in core functions of Government and the foundations of the Nation’s strength— and that is exactly what the Budget does. Over the past decade, due in large measure to overly restrictive budget caps, the Nation significantly underinvested in crucial public services, benefits, and protections. Since 2010, non-defense discretionary funding has shrunk significantly as a share of the economy. The consequences of this broad disinvestment are plain to see. Anticipating, preparing for, and fighting a global pandemic requires a robust public health infrastructure. Yet, going into the COVID-19 pandemic, funding for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was 10 percent lower than a decade ago, adjusted for inflation. Creating an economy that works for everyone—including rural, urban, and tribal communities—requires investments in working families who drive growth and prosperity. However, the Government has chronically underinvested in crucial programs such as Head Start, which serves 95,000 fewer children today than it did a decade ago. Responding to the climate crisis 13 depends on helping communities transition to a cleaner future. Instead of investing in climate science and technology at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), funding has been reduced by 27 percent since 2010, adjusted for inflation. The President believes now is the time to begin reversing this trend—and the expiration of nearly a decade of budget caps presents a unique opportunity to do so. That is why the Budget includes targeted discretionary investments across a range of key areas—from improving America’s public health infrastructure and improving education, to tackling the climate crisis and fostering economic growth and security, to restoring America’s global standing and confronting 21st Century security challenges. Overall, the Budget would restore non-defense discretionary funding to 3.3 percent of Gross Domestic Product, roughly equal to the historical average over the last 30 years, while providing robust funding for national defense as well as for other instruments of national power—including diplomacy, development, and economic statecraft—that enhance the effectiveness of national defense spending and promote national security. EXPANDING OPPORTUNITY The American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan would boost worker productivity, invest in American ingenuity, create good-paying jobs, and provide real opportunity and security for millions of families. Those plans are complemented by the Budget’s additional foundational investments. Together, this suite of policies would contribute to a stronger, more inclusive economy over the long term by: advancing economic dignity, equity, and security for all Americans; expanding opportunity; and creating good-paying jobs. Improving Education in education is both a moral and economic imperative. That is why the Budget proposes a historic $36.5 billion investment in Title I grants, a $20 billion increase from the 2021 enacted level. This investment would provide under-resourced schools with the funding needed to deliver a high-quality education to all of their students by ensuring teachers at Title I schools are paid competitively, providing equitable access to a rigorous curriculum, increasing access to preschool, and providing meaningful incentives for States to examine and address inequalities in school funding systems. Makes Historic Investments in High-Poverty Schools. Addressing entrenched disparities Expands Access to Affordable Early Child Care and Learning. To lay the foundation for 14 the major long-term investments in the American Families Plan, the Budget includes $7.4 billion for the Child Care and Development Block Grant, an increase of $1.5 billion from the 2021 enacted level, to expand access to quality, affordable child care for families across the Nation, as well as an $11.9 billion investment in Head Start, a $1.2 billion increase, which would ensure more children start kindergarten ready to learn on day one. The Administration would also work with States to ensure that these resources support increased wages for early educators and family child care providers, the majority of whom are women of color. Boosts Support for Children with Disabilities. To ensure that children with disabilities have the opportunity to thrive, the Budget includes $16 billion, a $2.7 billion increase from the 2021 enacted level, for Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) grants that would support special education and related services for more than 7.6 million preschool through grade 12 students. This is a significant first step toward fully funding IDEA. The Budget also provides $732 million for early intervention services for infants and toddlers with disabilities or delays, funding services that have a proven record of improving academic and developmental outcomes. The $250 million increase for early intervention services would be paired with reforms to expand access to these services for underserved children, including children of color and children from low-income families. Prioritizes the Physical and Mental Well-Being of Students. Recognizing the profound effect of physical and mental health on academic achievement, the Budget provides $1 billion in addition to the resources in the American Rescue Plan, to increase the number of counselors, nurses, and mental health professionals in schools. In addition, the Budget provides $443 million for Full Service Community Schools, which play a critical role in providing comprehensive wrap-around services to students and their families, from afterschool programs, to adult education opportunities, to health and nutrition services. Building Back Better Increases Pell Grants and Expands Institutional and Student Supports. The Budget provides discretionary funding to increase the maximum Pell Grant by $400—the largest one-time increase since 2009. This increase, together with the $1,475 Pell Grant increase in the American Families Plan, represents a significant first step to deliver on the President’s goal to double the grant. The Budget also increases discretionary funding, and provides funding first proposed under the American Families Plan, to expand institutional and student supports at community colleges, HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs. The Administration also looks forward to working with the Congress on changes to the Higher Education Act of 1965 that ease the burden of student debt, including through improvements to the Income Driven Repayment and Public Service Loan Forgiveness programs. Advancing Dignity, Equity, and Security Expands Opportunities for Minority-Owned Businesses. To help address longstanding racial inequity and eliminate barriers for minority-owned firms, the Budget includes $70 million, an increase of $22 million, to fund investments in economic development grants and research to ensure policies effectively support the minority business community. In addition, the Budget provides $330 million, an increase of 22.2 percent above the 2021 enacted level, to support expanding the role of Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFIs), which offer loans to start-ups and small businesses to promote the production of affordable housing and community revitalization projects. This investment builds on an unprecedented level of support for the CDFI industry in 2021, including more than $3 billion in direct funding, $9 billion for investments in depository and credit union CDFIs and Minority Depository Institutions, and provisions in the American Rescue Plan encouraging CDFI participation in the $10 billion State Small Business Credit Initiative. Increases Rural Outreach and Connectivity. The Budget provides $32 million for a renewed and expanded initiative, StrikeForce, to BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 15 help people in high poverty rural communities tap into Federal resources. The Budget also provides an increase of $65 million from the 2021 enacted level for the Rural e-Connectivity Program “Reconnect” for rural broadband. The Budget also includes $318 million for regional commissions, which provide economic development assistance in distressed, rural communities through infrastructure investments, workforce development, and other activities. The Administration is also committed to ending the abusive practice of misclassifying employees as independent contractors, which deprives these workers of critical protections and benefits. In addition to including funding in the Budget for stronger enforcement, the Administration intends to work with the Congress to develop comprehensive legislation to strengthen and extend protections against misclassification across appropriate Federal statutes. Spurs Infrastructure Modernization and Rehabilitation in Marginalized Communities. The Budget provides $3.8 billion for the Community Development Block Grant program, which includes a targeted increase of $295 million for the modernization and rehabilitation of public infrastructure and facilities, such as recreational centers and commercial corridor improvements, in historically underfunded and marginalized communities facing persistent poverty. Strengthens the Unemployment Insurance System. The COVID-19 pandemic triggered an economic crisis that has left millions of Americans relying on unemployment insurance and exposed major flaws and gaps in how the system is administered. To correct for these weaknesses and address chronic delays, the Budget includes significant support to modernize and improve States’ administration of the program and to help unemployed workers return to work, building on investments included in the American Rescue Plan and setting the stage for broad changes to modernize the program. This includes reforming the unemployment insurance system so it provides adequate benefits in every State, automatically responds to downturns, reflects the modern economy and labor force, uses more equitable and progressive financing mechanisms, and provides expanded reemployment services. Reform must also ensure that unemployment insurance benefits are both more accessible and less vulnerable to fraud, including from sophisticated criminal rings. Supports Transportation Equity. The Budget includes significant funding for major discretionary competitive grant programs, including Rebuilding American Infrastructure with Sustainability and Equity transit Capital Investment Grants, and Port Infrastructure Development grants. In addition, the Budget invests in rail as a down-payment to the President’s commitment to passenger rail. The Budget also proposes $110 million for a new Thriving Communities initiative, which would foster transportation equity by providing capacity building grants to underserved communities. These programs would ensure that more communities have cleaner, robust, and affordable transportation options, including high-quality transit, equitable transit-oriented development, and other enhancements to improve neighborhood quality of life and address climate change. Ensures Workers’ Health, Safety, and Rights Are Protected. The Budget provides increased funding to the worker protection agencies in the Department of Labor to ensure workers are treated with dignity and respect in the workplace. Advances Equity in Child Welfare. The Budget proposes $100 million in new competitive grants to advance racial equity in the child welfare system and reduce unnecessary child removals. The Budget also increases funding for State and local child abuse prevention programs by over 30 percent compared to the 2021 enacted level. The Administration is also interested in working with the Congress to enact further child welfare reforms that advance equity, improve children’s well-being, and ensure all children, birth families, and prospective kinship, foster, and adoptive parents are served equitably and with dignity. 16 Expanding Housing Opportunity and Reducing the Racial Wealth Gap Extends Housing Vouchers to 200,000 More Families. At a time when millions of families are struggling to pay their rent or mortgage, the Budget proposes to provide $30.4 billion for Housing Choice Vouchers, expanding vital housing assistance to 200,000 more families with a focus on those who are homeless or fleeing domestic violence. The President looks forward to working with the Congress to build on this investment and achieve the long-term goal of providing housing vouchers to all eligible households, while increasing the program’s impact on equity and poverty alleviation. Accelerates Efforts to End Homelessness. The Budget builds on important provisions included in the American Rescue Plan by providing a $500 million increase for Homeless Assistance Grants to support more than 100,000 households—including survivors of domestic violence and homeless youth, helping prevent and reduce homelessness. Enhances Household Mobility and Neighborhood Choice. In addition to expanding the Housing Choice Voucher program to serve 200,000 more families, the Budget includes funding for mobility-related supportive services to provide low-income families who live in concentrated areas of poverty with greater options to move to higher-opportunity neighborhoods. Supports Access to Homeownership and Pandemic Relief. The Budget supports access to homeownership for underserved borrowers through the Federal Housing Administration’s (FHA) mortgage insurance programs. FHA is a crucial source of mortgage financing for firsttime and minority homebuyers, who accounted for 83 percent and 37 percent, respectively, of FHA home purchase loans in 2020. In addition, through its expanded and streamlined loss mitigation program, FHA continues to provide urgent relief to homeowners suffering financially due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Building Back Better Invests in Affordable Housing in Tribal Communities. Native Americans are seven times more likely to live in overcrowded conditions and five times more likely to have plumbing, kitchen, or heating problems than all U.S. households. The Budget helps address the poor housing conditions in tribal areas by providing $900 million to fund tribal efforts to expand affordable housing, improve housing conditions and infrastructure, and increase economic opportunities for low-income families. Creating Jobs and Growth—Now and for the Future Supports a Future Made in America. The President is committed to ensuring the future is made in America by all of America’s workers. The American Jobs Plan proposes transformative new funding for manufacturing programs at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the Budget complements those investments with additional discretionary funding, enabling the establishment of two new Manufacturing Innovation Institutes, in addition to institutes previously launched by the Departments of Defense (DOD) and Energy (DOE). The Budget also nearly doubles funding for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership to boost the competitiveness of small and medium manufacturers. Renews America’s Commitment to R&D. The Budget proposes historic increases in funding for foundational R&D across a range of scientific agencies—including the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), DOE, NIST, and others—to help spur innovation across the economy and renew America’s global leadership. These investments would: accelerate discoveries that would transform America’s understanding of the solar system and universe; launch the next generation of satellites to study and improve life on Earth; and support upgrades to cutting-edge scientific user facilities at DOE national laboratories to build climate and clean energy research programs and train the next generation of scientists at HBCUs and MSIs. This funding, combined BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 with the investments proposed as part of the American Jobs Plan, would firmly reestablish the United States as a global leader in R&D. Committing to Criminal Justice Reform and Redressing Longstanding Injustice Reforms the Federal Criminal Justice System. The Budget supports key investments in First Step Act of 2018 (FSA) implementation, advancing the provision of high-quality substance use disorder treatment, reentry services, and recidivism reduction programming. Building on the bipartisan FSA, the Budget also incorporates savings from prison population reduction measures that prioritize incarceration alternatives for low-risk offenders. Invests in Community Policing, Police Reform, and Other Efforts to Address Systemic Inequities. The Administration will take bold action to root out systemic inequities in the Nation’s justice system. In addition to investing in programs that support communityoriented policing and practices, the Budget also proposes to expand grants that support efforts to reform State and local criminal justice systems, including funding to support juvenile justice programs, drug courts and alternative court programs, public defenders, and Second Chance Act of 2007 programs. Invests in Civil Rights Offices across Government. The Budget supports significant increases for civil rights offices and activities across Federal agencies to ensure that the Nation’s laws are enforced fairly and equitably. 17 Promotes State and Local Efforts to Prevent and Redress Housing Discrimination. The Budget provides $85 million in grants to support State and local fair housing enforcement organizations and to further education, outreach, and training on rights and responsibilities under Federal fair housing laws. The Budget also invests in the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) staff and operations capacity to deliver on the President’s housing priorities, including commitments outlined in the Presidential Memorandum on Redressing Our Nation’s and the Federal Government’s History of Discriminatory Housing Practices and Policies. Makes Major Investments in Environmental Justice. For decades, low-income and marginalized communities have been overburdened with air pollution and other environmental hazards. The Budget includes a 44-percent increase in funding for EPA’s Brownfields program, which would enable States to clean up contaminated properties and assist them in turning idle properties into hubs for economic revitalization. The Budget provides $400 million for HUD’s Lead Hazard and Healthy Homes grants, which enable State and local governments and nonprofits to reduce leadbased paint and other health hazards in the homes of low-income families with young children. The Budget provides $5 million to the Department of Justice (DOJ) to allow the Environment and Natural Resources Division to increase affirmative casework related to environmental justice. INVESTING IN PUBLIC HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE The United States faces no more urgent task than defeating the COVID-19 pandemic. That is why the American Rescue Plan included vital funding to set up community vaccination sites nationwide, scale up testing and tracing, reduce supply shortage problems, support community health centers, address health disparities, and safely reopen schools. The Budget builds on this foundation by proposing investments to build a healthier, more resilient Nation over the long term, including funding to ensure the Nation is better positioned to prevent and respond to future public health crises, help defeat other diseases and epidemics, and invest in cutting-edge medical research. 18 Strengthening Public Health Infrastructure and Meeting Crisis-Related Needs Improves Readiness for Future Public Health Crises. The Budget includes $8.7 billion in discretionary funding for CDC—the largest budget authority increase in nearly two decades— to restore capacity at the world’s preeminent public health agency. Building on the investments in the American Rescue Plan, CDC would use this additional funding to support core public health capacity improvements in States and Territories, modernize public health data collection nationwide, train new epidemiologists and other public health experts, and rebuild international capacity to detect, prepare for, and respond to emerging global threats. Expands Access to Mental Healthcare. The COVID-19 pandemic has helped expose the strain on the Nation’s mental healthcare system and the need for additional sustained resources. The Budget builds on mental health resources included in the American Rescue Plan by: calling for historic investments, including $1.6 billion, more than double the 2021 enacted level, for the Community Mental Health Services Block Grant; additional funding to support the needs of those who are involved in the criminal justice system; resources to partner mental health providers with law enforcement; and funds to expand suicide prevention activities. Invests in Efforts to End Gender-Based Violence. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated domestic violence and sexual assault and has compounded the barriers to safety and economic security, creating a “shadow pandemic” for many women and girls who are largely confined to their home with their abuser. To help address this growing crisis, the Budget provides $1 billion for DOJ Violence Against Women Act of 1994 programs, nearly double the 2021 level, including funding for new programs to expand restorative justice efforts, protect transgender survivors, and support women at HBCUs, HSIs, and TCUs to ensure these institutions have the same resources as other schools to address this pervasive issue. Building Back Better The Budget also provides a significant increase in funding at the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) for domestic violence shelters and community-based programs, hotlines, cash assistance for survivors, medical support, and integrated healthcare services. The Administration also looks forward to working with the Congress to expand the new cash assistance program for survivors of domestic violence by providing additional resources beyond 2022. Promotes Health Equity for American Indians and Alaska Natives. To begin redressing long-standing, stark health inequities experienced by American Indians and Alaska Natives, the Budget proposes to dramatically increase funding for the Indian Health Service (IHS) by $2.2 billion. In addition, to ensure a more predictable funding stream for IHS, the Budget for the first time includes an advance appropriation for IHS in 2023. Addresses Racial Disparities in Healthcare. Building on efforts in the American Rescue Plan to advance equity and reduce health disparities in all healthcare programs, the Budget includes additional funding to expand access to culturally competent care. The Budget also includes $153 million for CDC’s Social Determinants of Health program to support States and Territories in improving health equity and data collection for racial and ethnic populations. The Administration also looks forward to working with the Congress to advance the President’s goal of doubling the Federal investment in community health centers, which would help reduce health disparities by expanding access to care. Reduces Maternal Mortality Rate and Ends Race-Based Disparities in Maternal Mortality. The United States has the highest maternal mortality rate among developed nations, with an unacceptably high mortality rate for Black, American Indian/Alaska Native, and other women of color. To help end this high rate of maternal mortality and race-based disparities in outcomes among birthing people—and in addition to the investment in maternal health included in the American Families Plan—the BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 Budget includes more than $200 million to: reduce maternal mortality and morbidity rates nationwide; bolster Maternal Mortality Review Committees; expand the Rural Maternity and Obstetrics Management Strategies program; help cities place early childhood development experts in pediatrician offices with a high percentage of Medicaid and Children’s Health Insurance Program patients; implement implicit bias training for healthcare providers; and create State pregnancy medical home programs. Defeating Other Diseases and Epidemics Launches Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H). The Budget includes a major investment of $6.5 billion to launch ARPA-H, which would provide significant increases in direct Federal R&D spending in health. With an initial focus on cancer and other diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer’s, this major investment in Federal R&D would drive transformational innovation in health research and speed application and implementation of health breakthroughs. This funding is part of a $51 billion request for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to continue to support research that enhances health, lengthens life, and reduces illness and disability. Makes a Major Investment to Help End the Opioid Epidemic. The opioid epidemic has shattered families, claimed lives, and ravaged communities across the Nation—and the COVID-19 pandemic has only deepened this crisis. That is why the Budget includes a historic investment of $10.7 billion in discretionary funding in HHS, an increase of $3.9 billion over the 2021 enacted level, to support research, prevention, treatment, and recovery support services, with targeted investments to support populations with unique needs, including Native Americans, older Americans, and rural populations. The Budget also includes $621 million specific to the Department of Veterans Affairs’ (VA’s) Opioid 19 Prevention and Treatment programs, including programs in support of the Jason Simcakoski Memorial and Promise Act. Combats the Gun Violence Public Health Epidemic. The Budget includes $2.1 billion, an increase of $232 million above the 2021 enacted level, for DOJ to address the gun violence public health crisis plaguing communities across the Nation. Investments include $401 million in State and local grants, an increase of $162 million or 68 percent. This level supports existing programs to improve background check systems, and invests in new programs to incentivize State adoption of gun licensing laws and establish voluntary gun buyback pilot programs. In addition, a total of $1.6 billion is provided to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, an increase of $70 million or five percent over the 2021 enacted level, to oversee the safe sale, storage, and ownership of firearms and to support the Agency’s other work to fight violent crime. The Budget request for HHS doubles funding for firearm violence prevention research at CDC and NIH. Combined, the Budget includes $200 million in discretionary resources for DOJ and HHS to support a new Community Violence Intervention initiative to implement evidence-based community violence interventions locally, which may include hospital-based interventions. In addition to these amounts, the Budget supports the American Jobs Plan proposal for $5 billion in total mandatory resources from 2023 to 2029 to provide long-term support for the Community Violence Intervention initiative. Commits to Ending the HIV/AIDS Epidemic. To help accelerate and strengthen efforts to end the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States, the Budget includes $670 million within HHS to help aggressively reduce new HIV cases while increasing access to treatment, expanding the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis, also known as PrEP, and ensuring equitable access to services and supports. Building Back Better 20 TACKLING THE CLIMATE CRISIS Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time. It is also an opportunity to create new industries and good-paying jobs with a free and fair choice to join a union, revitalize America’s energy communities and the economy, and position America as the world’s clean energy superpower. In addition to the American Jobs Plan, the Budget includes more than $36 billion of investments to combat climate change—an increase of more than $14 billion compared to 2021—by investing in resilience and clean energy, enhancing U.S. competitiveness, and putting America on a path to achieve net-zero emissions no later than 2050—all while supporting communities that have been left behind and ensuring that 40 percent of the benefits from tackling the climate crisis are targeted toward addressing the disproportionately high cumulative impacts on disadvantaged communities. Building Clean Energy Projects and Investing in Resilience Improves Energy Efficiency, Safety, and Resilience of Low-Income Homes and Public Buildings. The Budget invests $1.7 billion in energy saving retrofits to homes, schools, and Federal buildings. This investment includes $800 million in new investments across HUD programs for rehabilitation and modernization to further climate resilience and energy efficiency, which would lower the costs and improve the quality of public and HUD-assisted housing, and $400 million at DOE for the weatherization of low-income homes. Creates Good-Paying Jobs Building Clean Energy Projects. Transforming the U.S. electricity sector—and electrifying an increasing share of the economy—represents one of the biggest job creation and economic opportunity engines of the 21st Century. That is why the Budget provides $2 billion to put welders, electricians, and other skilled laborers to work building clean energy projects across the Nation. This investment supports a historic energy efficiency and clean electricity standard that would transform the electric sector to be carbon-pollution free by 2035 while creating good-paying union jobs. Invests in Climate Resilience and Disaster Planning. The Budget provides $815 million—a $540 million increase above the 2021 enacted level—to incorporate climate impacts into pre-disaster planning and projects to ensure that the Nation is rebuilding smarter and safer for the future. The Budget also provides more than $1.2 billion above the 2021 enacted level to increase the resilience of ecosystems and communities across the Nation to wildfires, flooding, and drought, including an additional $100 million for CDC’s Climate and Health program. Consistent with the President’s national conservation goal and the America the Beautiful initiative, the Budget also makes critical investments to help communities conserve important lands and waters, expand access to the outdoors for underserved communities, and deploy natural solutions to climate change. Helps Tribal Nations Address the Climate Crisis. Tribal communities are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, which threatens their cultural and economic well-being. The Budget provides an increase of more than $450 million to facilitate climate mitigation, resilience, adaptation, and environmental justice projects in Indian Country, including investment to begin the process of transitioning tribal colleges to renewable energy. Increases Demand for American Made, Zero-Emission Vehicles through Federal Procurement. To provide an immediate, clear, and stable source of demand to help accelerate American industrial capacity to produce clean vehicles and components, the Budget includes $600 million for electric vehicles and charging infrastructure in the individual budgets of 18 Federal agencies, including dedicated funds at the General Services Administration for other agencies and for the United States Postal Service charging infrastructure. This discretionary investment is one component of an overarching effort—combined with funding in the American BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 Jobs Plan—to leverage Federal procurement to create good-paying union jobs, and enable a clean transportation future. Helping Communities Left Behind Makes the Largest Investment in Environmental Justice in History. To support marginalized and overburdened communities across the Nation, the Budget invests more than $1.4 billion, including $936 million toward a new Accelerating Environmental and Economic Justice initiative at EPA. The initiative would create good-paying union jobs, clean up pollution, and secure environmental justice for communities that have been left behind. In order to hold polluters accountable, the initiative includes $100 million to develop a new community air quality monitoring and notification program, which would provide real-time data in the places with the highest levels of exposure to pollution. Propels an Effort to Create 250,000 Jobs Remediating Abandoned Wells and Mines. The Budget includes over $580 million to remediate thousands of abandoned oil and gas wells and reclaim abandoned mines. This more than triples the current annual discretionary funding, building on the President’s commitment to create 250,000 good-paying union jobs for skilled technicians and operators in some of the hardest hit communities in the Nation, while cleaning up hazardous sites. In line with the stated goals of this Administration, the Budget more than doubles funding for the Economic Development Administration’s (EDA) Assistance to Coal Communities program. EDA’s efforts are part of the work of the new Interagency Working Group on Coal and Power Plant Communities and Economic Revitalization, and complement other targeted investments across the Federal Government to help spur economic revitalization, create jobs, and support workers in hard-hit coal, oil and gas, and power plant communities. Creates Jobs Improving Critical Water Infrastructure. Clean, safe drinking water should be a right in all communities—rural and urban, rich and poor. That is why the American 21 Jobs Plan would replace every lead service line in America. The Budget also includes significant funding—$3.6 billion—that could be used to advance water infrastructure improvement efforts for community water systems, schools, and households. These water infrastructure improvement efforts include repairing up to 180,000 septic systems, as well as broader efforts to improve drinking water and waste water infrastructure, while creating good-paying construction jobs that pay at least the prevailing wage across the Nation and in tribal communities. Partners with Rural America to Grow Rural Economies and Tackle Rural Poverty. The Budget includes a number of proposals to invest in and create opportunities for rural Americans. This includes more than $300 million in new investments in the next generation of agriculture and conservation, including support for voluntary private lands conservation as part of the America the Beautiful initiative, renewable energy grants and loans, and the creation of a Civilian Climate Corps to create a new pathway to good-paying jobs in rural America. The Budget also supports $6.5 billion in lending to support additional clean energy, energy storage, and transmission projects in rural communities. Increasing Competitiveness through Investments in Innovation and Science Advances Climate Science and Sustainability Research. The Budget proposes over $4 billion to fund a broad portfolio of research across multiple agencies including the Department of the Interior, NASA, NSF, and others to improve understanding of the changing climate and inform adaptation and resilience measures. Spurs Innovation in Clean Energy Technologies. The Budget invests more than $10 billion—a nearly 30-percent increase over 2021—in clean energy innovation across non-defense agencies. These investments would help transform the Nation’s electric, transportation, buildings, and industrial sectors to achieve a net-zero carbon economy by 2050. Building Back Better 22 Drives Breakthrough Solutions in Climate Innovation. The Budget includes a total of $1 billion to create a new Advanced Research Projects Agency for Climate and invests in the existing Advanced Research Projects AgencyEnergy. Together, these initiatives would support high-risk, high-reward solutions for adaptation, mitigation, and resilience against the climate crisis and enable robust investments in clean energy technology R&D. Expands Observations, Research, and Climate Services. The Budget includes $7 billion for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an increase of $1.5 billion from the 2021 enacted level. These additional funds would allow NOAA to: expand its climate observation and forecasting work and provide better data and information to decisionmakers; support coastal resilience programs that would help protect communities from the economic and environmental impacts of climate change; and invest in modern infrastructure to enable these critical efforts. Leading the World toward Achieving the Objectives of the Paris Agreement on Climate Supports Global Emissions Reductions. To accelerate progress toward the Paris Agreement targets, the Budget includes a $1.2 billion contribution to the Green Climate Fund—the first American contribution since 2017—to help developing countries reduce emissions and adapt to climate change. The Budget also proposes $485 million to support other multilateral climate initiatives, including $100 million for international climate adaptation programs. The Budget provides approximately $700 million for the Department of State and U.S. Agency for International Development to assist developing countries in adapting to climate disruptions, expanding clean energy production, and reducing landscape emissions. CONFRONTING 21ST CENTURY SECURITY CHALLENGES From the COVID-19 pandemic to climate change, from the growing ambitions of China to the many global threats to democracy, successfully addressing global challenges will require working alongside and in partnership with other nations. After years of neglect, the Budget makes critical investments in diplomacy and development that would restore the health and morale of the Nation’s foreign policy institutions, as well as America’s relationships with key partners and allies. Diplomacy would once again be a centerpiece of American foreign policy, and America would once again be a leader on the world stage. Renews American Leadership and Mobilizes Global Action. The Budget proposes reinvesting in the Nation’s diplomatic corps and providing funding to support U.S. commitments to the World Health Organization, the United Nations (UN) Population Fund, and the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, while continuing to press for needed reforms. The Budget also provides $1 billion in foreign assistance to bring an end to the COVID-19 pandemic and expand global health security activities, including to establish Global Health Security Agenda capacitybuilding programs in additional nations and increase investments in crosscutting research and viral discovery programs to detect and stamp out future infectious disease outbreaks. These funds would also support a new health security financing mechanism, developed alongside U.S. partners and allies, to ensure global readiness to respond to the next outbreak. In addition, recognizing that no single nation can meet the challenge of climate change alone, the Budget provides $2.5 billion for international climate programs to help rally the world against this urgent threat, restore U.S. leadership, and catalyze new climate pledges. Counters 21st Century Challenges and Threats. The Budget prioritizes the need to counter the threat from China while also deterring destabilizing behavior by Russia. Leveraging the BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 Pacific Deterrence Initiative and working together with allies and partners in the Indo-Pacific region and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, DOD would ensure that the United States builds the concepts, capabilities, and posture necessary to meet these challenges. To ensure the United States plays a lead role in defending democracy, freedom, and the rule of law, the Budget also includes a significant increase in resources to: strengthen and defend democracies throughout the world; advance human rights; fight corruption; and counter authoritarianism. In addition, to support agencies as they modernize, strengthen, and secure antiquated information systems and bolster Federal cybersecurity, the Budget provides $500 million for the Technology Modernization Fund, an additional $110 million for the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, and $750 million in additional investments tailored to respond to lessons learned from the SolarWinds incident. Strengthens the Nation’s Immigration and Asylum Systems. The Budget proposes resources to implement a fair, orderly, and humane immigration system. This includes resources necessary to fulfill the President’s commitment to rebuild the Nation’s badly damaged refugee admissions program and support up to 125,000 admissions in 2022. In addition, the Budget provides over $10 billion in humanitarian assistance to support vulnerable people abroad, including refugees and conflict victims. The Budget also 23 includes resources to address the naturalization and asylum backlogs, support non-profit legal service providers to help vulnerable populations, and fund non-profit case management programs. The Budget would also revitalize U.S. leadership in Central America as part of a comprehensive strategy to address the root causes of irregular migration from Central America to the United States, providing $861 million in assistance to the region. These specific investments complement the President’s legislative efforts to provide a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants and implement an immigration system that welcomes all communities Upholds the Nation’s Sacred Obligation to America’s Veterans. Building on significant investments included in the American Rescue Plan, the Budget proposes $97.5 billion to improve access to VA healthcare, an increase of $3.3 billion above the 2022 enacted advance appropriations level, including increases in funding for women’s health, mental health, suicide prevention, and veterans’ homeless programs. The Budget also proposes $882 million for medical and prosthetic research—including the largest increase in recent history—to advance VA’s understanding of traumatic brain injury, the effects of toxic exposure on long-term health outcomes, and the needs of disabled veterans. In addition, the Budget includes $394 million to ensure veterans and their families have access to world-class memorial benefits. THE PRESIDENT’S HEALTHCARE AGENDA TO LOWER COSTS AND EXPAND AND IMPROVE COVERAGE The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) made historic progress in expanding and improving health coverage and lowering health costs. The American Rescue Plan built on that progress with the most substantial improvement in healthcare affordability since 2010. For people who obtain coverage through the ACA marketplaces, the American Rescue Plan increased premium tax credits—and extended them to families with incomes above 400 percent of the Federal poverty level—for two years. These improvements are lowering premiums for more than nine million current enrollees by an average of $50 per person per month, and would enable millions of uninsured people to gain coverage. The American Rescue Plan was only a first step to lowering costs and expanding coverage. Building on that progress, the American Jobs Plan invests $400 billion in strengthening 24 home- and community-based services for older people and people with disabilities and strengthening the workforce that provides this vital care. The American Families Plan makes permanent the American Rescue Plan’s expansion of premium tax credits and makes a historic investment to improve maternal health and mortality. Beyond these steps, the President also calls on the Congress to take action this year to reduce prescription drug costs and to further expand and improve health coverage. The President’s healthcare agenda in these areas includes the following additional policies: Lowering the Costs of Prescription Drugs. The President supports reforms that would bring down drug prices by letting Medicare negotiate payment for certain high-cost drugs and requiring manufacturers to pay rebates when drug prices rise faster than inflation. These reforms would lower drug costs and save money for Medicare beneficiaries and people with job-based insurance. The reforms could also yield over half a trillion in Federal savings over 10 years, which could help pay for coverage expansions and improvements. Improving Medicare, Medicaid, and ACA Coverage. Medicare, Medicaid, and the ACA marketplaces provide critical coverage to tens of millions of Americans, but should be strengthened through measures like improving access to dental, hearing, and vision coverage in Medicare, making it easier for eligible people to get and stay covered in Medicaid, and reducing deductibles Building Back Better for marketplace plans. The President also supports eliminating Medicaid funding caps for Puerto Rico and other Territories while aligning their matching rate with States (and moving toward parity for other critical Federal programs including Supplemental Security Income and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program). Further, evidence shows that we can reform Medicare payments to insurers and certain providers to reduce overpayments and strengthen incentives to deliver value-based care, extending the life of the Medicare Trust Fund, lowering premiums for beneficiaries, and reducing Federal costs. Creating Additional Public Coverage Options. The President supports providing Americans with additional, lower-cost coverage choices by: creating a public option that would be available through the ACA marketplaces; and giving people age 60 and older the option to enroll in the Medicare program with the same premiums and benefits as current beneficiaries, but with financing separate from the Medicare Trust Fund. In States that have not expanded Medicaid, the President has proposed extending coverage to millions of people by providing premium-free, Medicaid-like coverage through a Federal public option, paired with financial incentives to ensure States maintain their existing expansions. Healthcare is a right, not a privilege. Families need the financial security and peace of mind that comes with quality, affordable health coverage. In collaboration with the Congress, the President’s healthcare agenda would achieve this promise. BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 25 THE IMPACT OF THE PRESIDENT’S POLICIES ON THE NATION’S ECONOMIC AND BUDGET OUTLOOK The Budget makes the investments needed for economic growth and shared prosperity, while also putting the Nation on a sound fiscal course. Generating Economic Growth and Shared Prosperity The Budget makes historic investments that would increase economic prosperity over the coming decade and beyond by increasing American productivity and the number of good-paying American jobs. The President’s investments are targeted to the everyday Americans who drive the economy forward. The Budget reflects the basic understanding that workers and families all over the Nation are the engines of America’s prosperity and including more people in that prosperity is how the Nation thrives. The Budget’s investments in infrastructure, research, and other areas would make American businesses and workers more productive, and more productive businesses would increase hiring and pay higher wages. Rebuilding the Nation’s infrastructure would bridge income and racial gaps in transportation and housing opportunities, create good union jobs, and enable businesses to deliver goods and services more affordably and operate anywhere, including in rural areas that currently lack broadband. Investments in R&D would ensure that the technologies of the future would be created in America by American businesses with American workers. Investments in manufacturing supply chains would make it more profitable to produce critical goods here at home and put more Americans to work in good jobs. In addition, investments to reverse climate change and develop climate resilience would drive technology growth, create millions of well-paying jobs with a free and fair choice to join a union, and mitigate the risk of electricity blackouts and other environmental disasters that disrupt work and cause enormous economic damage. In addition to raising workers’ wages, the Budget makes critical investments that would increase the total number of American jobs and ensure more of them are good-quality union jobs. A generational investment in America’s caregiving infrastructure would enable millions of Americans—disproportionately women—to succeed in the workforce and receive the better pay they deserve as they raise children or care for ailing parents. Long overdue paid family and medical leave would ensure that no American worker is one pregnancy or illness away from losing their paycheck and reduce racial disparities in paid leave. Expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit would make it possible for more people to join and remain in the workforce. Health investments—from providing clean water to upgrading the public health system to expanding health insurance tax credits so that millions of people gain coverage and access to care—would lower mortality and disability and enable more Americans to work long healthy fulfilling careers. The Budget also makes historic investments in children that would improve their health and well-being in the near term while contributing to economic growth and shared prosperity in the long term. Universal preschool, child nutrition expansions, and tax cuts that lift millions of families with children out of poverty would ensure that all children—not only those from privileged backgrounds or advantaged communities—are set up for success in school and beyond. Historic investments in Title I school funding would help millions of children in low-income families to compete through high school and beyond. Free community college and Pell Grants, along with investments in registered apprenticeships, other labor-management training programs, and other workforce training investments in the American Jobs Plan, would give students the support to build skills directly applicable to good-paying jobs. A large and growing body of research shows that these and similar investments not only yield immediate benefits for children and their families but also improve children’s health and well-being and increase their earnings when they reach adulthood, strengthening America’s future economy. 26 Building Back Better Overall, the Budget represents a comprehensive strategy to build an economy that works for everyone, not only the wealthy and well-connected. These investments would pay dividends for decades to come and would help build a highskilled workforce, spur faster growth, and create more jobs, higher wages, more security, less poverty, less racial inequity, and broader prosperity. anticipates that real interest rates would likely rise over the coming decade, using projections in line with private forecasters. Nonetheless, under the President’s policies, including the American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan, real interest would remain at or below 0.5 percent of the economy throughout the next 10 years, well below the historical average. Putting the Nation on a Fiscally Responsible Path In the current economic environment, the Federal Government has the fiscal space to make critical investments to expand the productive capacity of the economy, while also keeping real interest cost burdens low by historical standards. In fact, failing to make investments now that support growth and shared prosperity would leave future generations worse off. The Budget charts a fiscally responsible path for delivering a stronger, more prosperous economy. Under the Budget’s proposals, the cost of Federal debt payments would remain well below historical levels throughout the coming decade. In response to the Nation’s longer-term fiscal challenges, the Budget’s proposals would reduce the deficit in later years. Over the past several decades, interest rates have fallen, even as debt has risen. This has been a widespread, persistent, and global phenomenon, and it has meant that the burden associated with debt has decreased. Given these structural dynamics, the level of interest payments, rather than the size of the debt, is the most relevant benchmark for whether debt is burdening the economy. Real interest—the Federal Government’s annual interest payments after adjusting for inflation—directly measures the economic cost of the debt: the real resources that are going toward paying off old debt, instead of investing in the future. Real interest has averaged about one percent of the economy since 1980 and was about two percent in the 1990s. Since then, the effective real interest rate on Federal debt has fallen 10fold, from over 4 percent to 0.4 percent. As a result, real interest has fallen. Strikingly, in 2021, real interest costs are expected to be negative, due to negative real interest rates. The Budget’s economic forecast Over the long term, the United States does face fiscal challenges, driven principally by underlying demographic pressures on health and retirement programs and inadequate revenue levels. There is also uncertainty about the interest rate outlook. The Budget’s proposals prudently address these future challenges by making sure that new proposals are not only fully offset, but reduce deficits in the long run and improve the long-term fiscal outlook. The Budget achieves this through reforms to the tax system. The Budget provides reforms to the corporate tax code to incentivize job creation and investment in the United States, stop unfair and wasteful profit shifting to tax havens, ensure that large corporations are paying their fair share, and stop a race-to-the-bottom in corporate tax rates around the world. The Budget also proposes to revitalize tax enforcement to ensure that high-income Americans pay the tax they owe under the law—ending the unfair system of enforcement that collects almost all taxes due on wages, while regularly collecting a smaller share of business and capital income. The plan would eliminate long-standing loopholes, including lower taxes on capital gains and dividends for the wealthy, which reward wealth over work. BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 Over time, the savings from these reforms would exceed the cost of the investments, and by large and growing amounts. The American Jobs Plan and American Families Plan together are paid for over 15 years. The full set of proposals in the Budget reduce the annual deficit by the end of the 10-year budget window and every year thereafter. In the second decade, the Budget’s proposals reduce deficits by over $2 trillion. 27 A Budget that added to long-term deficits would worsen fiscal health, while a Budget that reduced deficits today by underinvesting in the American people would result in slower, more stratified growth that would cause more damage than one that invests appropriately. The Budget responsibly balances these needs and risks by charting an economically and fiscally sound course for the near term and the long term. DELIVERING RESULTS FOR ALL AMERICANS THROUGH AN EQUITABLE, EFFECTIVE, AND ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNMENT In order to build back better and meet the full range of challenges and opportunities before us, the Nation needs an equitable, effective, and accountable Government that delivers results for all Americans. The President is committed to ensuring the Government works for all Americans—and the Budget makes crucial progress toward achieving that goal. The Budget ensures Federal agencies are sufficiently resourced and effectively equipped to carry out their missions. The Budget would help bolster the Administration’s efforts to: center equity across the Federal Government; empower, rebuild, and protect the Federal workforce; restore public trust in the Federal Government; deliver services effectively and efficiently; enhance Federal information technology (IT) and cybersecurity; advance America’s clean energy future; and help ensure the future is made in America by all of America’s workers. Taken together, these actions will support the President’s Management Agenda as it takes shape in the coming months. Centering Equity in Management and Policymaking Processes The Administration is committed to delivering on the President’s promise to advance equity across the entire Federal Government, including for people of color and other underserved communities that have been historically denied fair, just, and equitable treatment. On January 26, 2021, the President said, “we need to make the issue of racial equity not just an issue for any one department of [G]overnment; it has to be the business of the whole of [G]overnment. That’s why I issued, among the first days, my whole-of-[G]overnment [E]xecutive [O]rder that will, for the first time, advance equity for all throughout our [F]ederal policies and institutions.” Through this action, the President has made embedding equity in Government decisionmaking a mandate for the leadership and staff of every department and agency. At the President’s direction, agencies are working to recognize and redress inequities in their systems, policies, programs, and processes. Agencies are directed to review policies and activities to assess whether underserved communities and their members face systemic barriers in accessing benefits and opportunities available pursuant to those policies and programs. The President also issued an Executive Order creating the Gender Policy Council and laying out a whole-of-Government approach to ensure that all policies and programs promote gender equity and advance rights and opportunity for women and girls. As discussed in the previous chapter, the Budget makes wideranging investments in improving the delivery of Government programs for all Americans, including funding for critical work to redress longstanding inequities in health, education, housing, and other areas. Empowering, Rebuilding, and Protecting the Federal Workforce The Administration is committed to respecting and partnering with career civil servants who form the backbone of the Federal Government. That is why during his first month in office, the President restored collective bargaining rights and worker protections for Federal employees. The President eliminated Schedule F, which threatened the foundations of the civil service, 29 30 and made clear that the Administration will protect scientists and other career civil servants from political interference. The President also signed an Executive Order to ensure that the Federal Government interprets Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as prohibiting workplace discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. The Budget builds on these efforts to empower and protect the Federal workforce by: Supporting Career Civil Servants as the Backbone of the Federal Workforce. To help departments and agencies recruit and retain a diverse and inclusive Federal workforce, the Budget ensures more Federal employees are eligible for a $15 per hour wage, and provides funding for a pay increase averaging 2.7 percent across the Federal civilian workforce, in parity with the military pay increase. The President also took steps on his first day in office to protect the health and safety of Federal employees and contractors during the COVID-19 pandemic, including enforcing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s science-based guidelines and directing agencies to finalize and implement workplace health and safety plans. The President also made clear that he encourages union organizing and collective bargaining by revoking Executive Orders 13836, 13837, and 13839 that made it harder for Federal workers to unionize and bargain. The President’s Executive Order on Protecting the Federal Workforce also directs agencies to bargain over additional subjects of bargaining, so that workers have a greater voice in their working conditions. Achieving Better Hiring Outcomes. The Budget supports agency efforts to expand and enhance recruitment and hiring of top talent, and to deploy more effective qualifying assessments to improve hiring outcomes. Specifically, agencies would be required to revitalize their internship programs to begin to reverse the decline in the percentage of the workforce under 30, create and fund agency talent teams, and contribute funding to a new office that would support centralized Government-wide hiring actions that improve hiring outcomes for critical positions. Further, the President’s Memorandum on DELIVERING RESULTS FOR ALL AMERICANS Revitalizing America’s Foreign Policy and National Security Workforce, Institutions, and Partnerships ordered a series of actions agencies must take to ensure that the national security workforce reflects and draws on the richness and diversity of the Nation it represents. Modernizing the Personnel Vetting System. The Administration is leading efforts to reform how the Executive Branch conducts background checks for its workforce through the Security Clearance, Suitability, and Credentialing Performance Accountability Council (PAC). The PAC is spearheading several transformative reforms through the Trusted Workforce 2.0 initiative that will introduce continuous vetting, reduce the time required to conduct background checks for new hires, and improve the mobility of the workforce, all while ensuring the Nation’s security. Promoting Public Trust in the Federal Government As the President has said, “[w]e have to prove to the American people that their [G]overnment can deliver for them...” The Administration is making important progress in promoting trust in Government, and the Budget advances these efforts. Recommitting to Good Government. As part of the Administration’s commitment to good government, Federal agencies are working with external stakeholders and their own workforces to develop goals and track progress to improve the delivery of Government services in key priority areas. As the President’s Management Agenda takes shape and agency goals are established and pursued, the public will be able to follow progress on Performance.gov, which will be updated quarterly. By being clear about the Administration’s goals, showing the public plans to get there, and being transparent about results, the Administration will continue building trust with the American public. Ensuring Effective Implementation of COVID-19 Pandemic Relief Funds and Stewardship of Taxpayer Resources. The Administration will administer COVID-19 BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 pandemic relief funding—including funding provided through the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (the American Rescue Plan)—with maximum accountability and transparency and a focus on achieving results. This requires designing programs and service delivery models that achieve equitable results while promoting transparency and supporting long-term outcomes that benefit the American people. These goals can be achieved while minimizing burden to agencies and recipients through sound financial management, a focus on program integrity, and accurate and timely reporting on data about the use of taxpayer funds. Fostering Scientific Integrity and Evidence-Based Decision-Making. The President has made clear that it is the policy of this Administration to make decisions guided by the best available science and data. On January 27, 2021, when signing a Presidential Memorandum charging agencies to advance scientific integrity and evidence-based policymaking, the President committed that his Administration would “protect our world-class scientists from political interference and ensure they can think, research, and speak freely and directly to me, the Vice President, and the American people.” Evidencebased policy-making and program evaluation are critical in addressing systemic inequities and injustices and maintaining the public’s trust. The Administration’s commitment to evidencebased policy-making and program evaluation is reflected in the prioritization and design of the Budget’s historic investments in addressing climate change, environmental justice, health security, and pandemic preparedness and will be equally central to implementing these initiatives. Agencies’ Learning Agendas and Annual Evaluation Plans should reflect their plans to build evidence in these and other priority areas. Delivering Government Services Effectively and Efficiently Improving Customer Experience. The Federal Government administers a wide array of programs on behalf of the American people, but implementation efforts often fail to adopt a 31 human, customer-focused mindset—preventing these programs from reaching all those they are intended to benefit and serve. The Administration is implementing a comprehensive approach to improving the access, equity, and overall delivery of Federal services, which includes improving customer experience management. The Budget supports the Nation’s highest impact service providers across a variety of agencies to deliver on their annual Customer Experience Action Plans. This includes, for example: increasing the use of remote inspection capabilities to enable families to send the Federal Emergency Management Agency digital video and images of disaster property damage for verification and validation; making it possible for individuals to request a call back, rather than waiting on the phone, for more Internal Revenue Service functions; collecting customer feedback on interactions with the Transportation Security Administration from passengers that experience secondary screening; and adapting the design of new “journey to discharge” approaches at the Veterans Health Administration for patient information to reduce preventable adverse events within three weeks of discharge. Delivering Better Services through Design and Technology. Too often, outdated tools, systems, and practices make interacting with the Federal Government cumbersome and frustrating. The COVID-19 pandemic laid bare and exacerbated the Government’s technology and service delivery challenges in a time of immediate need. Recognizing this, the Administration requested and received $200 million through the American Rescue Plan for the United States Digital Service (USDS) for a multiyear investment in the USDS mission to use design and technology to deliver better services to the American people. USDS quickly deployed teams of seasoned operational engineers, service designers, product managers, and procurement experts to bring best practices and new approaches to these technology challenges, ensure access and equity are integrated into products and processes, and help agencies modernize their systems for long-term stability. USDS is integrally engaged on American Rescue Plan projects and Administration priorities for 32 COVID-19 pandemic vaccines and testing, economic rescue and recovery, environmental justice, and immigration reform. Enhancing Federal IT and Cybersecurity Modernizing Federal IT Systems. In a world of constantly evolving technology and expanding cybersecurity threats, the Administration recognizes the critical need for additional investment in enhancing Federal IT to improve service delivery to the American public. To support agencies as they modernize, strengthen, and secure outdated information systems, the Budget includes $500 million for the Technology Modernization Fund (TMF). This builds on the substantial down-payment provided by the Congress in the American Rescue Plan to address urgent IT modernization challenges, bolster cybersecurity defenses, and improve the delivery of COVID-19 pandemic relief. The TMF would continue to serve as the predominant vehicle for delivering improvements to public-facing digital services, enhancements to cross-government collaboration, and modern technology designed with security and privacy in mind. Bolstering Federal Cybersecurity. Cybersecurity will continue to be a key focus in protecting this Nation’s security, and recent, significant cybersecurity incidents highlight the long-standing need to modernize Federal IT systems and augment cybersecurity capabilities. The Budget contains $9.8 billion in cybersecurity funding to secure Federal civilian networks, protect the Nation’s infrastructure, and support efforts to share information, standards, and best practices with critical infrastructure partners and American businesses. This funding includes $110 million for the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and $750 million to agencies affected by recent, significant cyber incidents to address exigent gaps in security capability. These resources would better enable Federal agencies to protect technology and safeguard citizen’s sensitive information from the threats posed by cyber criminals and adversaries. Agencies will continue to improve DELIVERING RESULTS FOR ALL AMERICANS cybersecurity practices, implement supply chain risk management programs, develop coordinated vulnerability disclosure programs, and improve cyber threat intelligence analysis. The Budget also provides $15 million to support the Office of the National Cyber Director established in the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021. Improving the Federal IT Workforce. To support the Federal IT and cybersecurity portfolio, the Budget proposes to identify and address critical skills gaps across the IT and cybersecurity workforce. The Budget invests in innovative programs that improve the Government’s ability to recruit, retain, and train a workforce that can build, maintain, and secure Federal information and information systems. The Administration is focused on continuing the use of reskilling and upskilling training programs to address critical knowledge skills gaps by reinvesting in existing employees. Moreover, the American Rescue Plan includes resources for USDS and CISA to hire information technology and cybersecurity experts. Ensuring the Future Is Made in All of America by All of America’s Workers Supporting America’s Workers and America’s Clean Energy Future through Federal Contracting. The Administration will leverage over $600 billion in annual Federal contracting and other Federal assistance—nearly $260 billion of which is spent on manufactured goods each year—to provide good-quality jobs to American workers in manufacturing by strengthening domestic sourcing requirements. This includes the establishment of a Made in America Office within the Office of Management and Budget that works with the Office of Federal Procurement Policy to ensure taxpayer dollars support American manufacturing. Agencies will also leverage their vast buying power to advance racial equity using procurement strategies to expand and strengthen the Government’s contracting base, especially in underserved communities, and drive forward America’s clean energy future. For example, the Budget invests $600 million to assist agencies in transitioning to clean and zero-emission BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 vehicles for Government fleets and associated infrastructure, leading the way for a cleaner transportation network across America. The President also issued an Executive Order on April 27, 2021 requiring Federal contractors pay their employees—hundreds of thousands of workers who are working on Federal contracts—a minimum wage of at least $15 per hour. These workers are critical to the functioning of the Federal Government: from cleaning professionals and maintenance workers who ensure Federal employees have safe and clean places to work; to nursing assistants who care for the Nation’s veterans; to cafeteria and other food service workers who ensure military members have healthy and nutritious food to eat; to laborers who build and repair Federal infrastructure. Providing for a Modern and Diverse Federal Acquisition System. The Federal Government’s ability to effectively meet its many missions requires support from a diverse and resilient contractor base of small, medium, and large entities that consistently produce 33 high-quality products and services with strong customer satisfaction. The purchasing power of the Federal Government has the potential to have a transformative impact on women-, veteran-, and minority-owned small businesses and create generational wealth for business owners from traditionally underserved communities. To meet this dual challenge, the Administration will pursue agile, innovative, outcome-based, and equity-focused, acquisition processes. This will include a dedicated effort to eliminate barriers that small businesses in underserved communities face when competing for contracts. In addition, the Administration will provide the acquisition workforce with supplier and market intelligence data at the point of need, so they can work productively with contractors from across the Nation to achieve more for each taxpayer dollar by, among other things, promoting buying as an organized entity and using strategic business practices. Additional emphasis will be placed on partnering with entities that leverage domestic supply chains, and sources that apply climatefriendly and sustainable practices. Summary Tables 35 21,017 18,024 21,000 16.3% 31.2% 14.9% 100.1% 85.8% Debt held by the public ����������������������������������������������� Debt held by the public net of financial assets ���������� Gross domestic product (GDP) ��������������������������������������� Budget totals as a percent of GDP: Receipts ����������������������������������������������������������������������� Outlays ������������������������������������������������������������������������ Deficit ����������������������������������������������������������������������� Debt held by the public ����������������������������������������������� Debt held by the public net of financial assets ���������� 109.7% 98.4% 16.3% 32.9% 16.7% 22,030 24,167 21,684 3,581 7,249 3,669 2021 111.8% 100.1% 17.8% 25.6% 7.8% 23,500 26,265 23,520 4,174 6,011 1,837 2022 112.7% 101.3% 18.9% 24.5% 5.6% 24,563 27,683 24,892 4,641 6,013 1,372 2023 113.8% 102.8% 18.9% 24.2% 5.3% 25,537 29,062 26,250 4,828 6,187 1,359 2024 115.2% 104.5% 19.0% 24.5% 5.5% 26,516 30,539 27,720 5,038 6,508 1,470 2025 116.1% 105.8% 19.4% 24.5% 5.1% 27,533 31,958 29,134 5,332 6,746 1,414 2026 Memorandum, real net interest: Real net interest in billions of dollars ������������������������ 134 –53 –139 –189 –186 –136 –86 Real net interest as a percent of GDP ����������������������� 0.6% –0.2% –0.6% –0.8% –0.7% –0.5% –0.3% *0.05 percent of GDP or less. 1 The estimated deficit for 2021 is based on partial year actual data and generally incorporates actuals through March. 3,421 6,550 3,129 Budget totals in billions of dollars: Receipts ����������������������������������������������������������������������� Outlays ������������������������������������������������������������������������ Deficit 1 ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 2020 Table S–1. Budget Totals (In billions of dollars and as a percent of GDP) –36 –0.1% 116.4% 106.5% 19.7% 24.3% 4.6% 28,590 33,266 30,437 5,632 6,935 1,303 2027 9 * 116.8% 107.3% 19.8% 24.6% 4.8% 29,697 34,691 31,860 5,888 7,312 1,424 2028 50 0.2% 116.6% 107.5% 19.8% 24.1% 4.2% 30,867 35,996 33,167 6,119 7,425 1,307 2029 108 0.3% 116.8% 107.9% 19.8% 24.4% 4.6% 32,094 37,481 34,643 6,370 7,847 1,477 2030 164 0.5% 117.0% 108.5% 19.9% 24.6% 4.7% 33,391 39,059 36,216 6,643 8,211 1,568 2031 –737 –0.6% 18.8% 24.7% 5.9% 24,013 31,465 7,452 20222026 –442 –0.2% 19.3% 24.5% 5.2% 54,665 69,196 14,531 20222031 Totals BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 37 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 3,129 14.9% Proposals in the 2022 Budget: Enact the American Jobs Plan ������������������������������������������������� Enact the American Families Plan ������������������������������������������ Restore non-defense discretionary spending and provide robust funding for national defense 1 ����������������������������������� Debt service and other interest effects ������������������������������������ Total proposals in the 2022 Budget ��������������������������������������� Resulting deficits in the 2022 Budget ����������������������������������� Percent of GDP �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3,669 16.7% –1 ......... –* ......... –1 3,670 16.7% 2021 1,372 5.6% 2033 2032 224 53 * 92 79 1,148 4.7% 2023 1,837 7.8% 118 19 * 84 16 1,719 7.3% 2022 Enact the American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan, second decade effect ���������������������������������������������������� –165 –217 Total proposals in the 2022 Budget, second decade effect ������ –126 –183 *$500 million or less 1 Includes mandatory effects of discretionary policy and other conforming technical adjustments Memorandum: 3,129 14.9% Projected deficits in the baseline ������������������������������������������ Percent of GDP �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2020 –228 –198 2034 1,359 5.3% 291 59 3 141 88 1,068 4.2% 2024 –238 –213 2035 1,470 5.5% 294 56 9 152 78 1,176 4.4% 2025 –248 –229 2036 1,414 5.1% 299 54 15 177 53 1,115 4.0% 2026 (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in billions of dollars) –260 –246 2037 1,303 4.6% 170 48 22 110 –9 1,134 4.0% 2027 –272 –264 2038 1,424 4.8% 76 40 25 28 –17 1,348 4.5% 2028 –285 –282 2039 1,307 4.2% 15 32 27 –35 –9 1,291 4.2% 2029 Table S–2. Effect of Budget Proposals on Projected Deficits –299 –302 2040 1,477 4.6% –40 23 30 –87 –5 1,517 4.7% 2030 –313 –323 2041 1,568 4.7% –93 10 31 –133 –2 1,660 5.0% 2031 14,531 1,355 –297 406 20222036 393 163 529 270 13,176 –1,726 –1,012 20222041 Cumulative Totals 7,452 1,226 241 27 645 312 6,226 20222031 Totals 20222026 38 Summary Tables 3,129 345 2,784 Deficit ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Net interest ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Primary deficit �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 303 3,367 3,670 944 287 55 10 74 18 85 97 37 3,580 305 1,414 1,719 1,032 314 59 11 82 21 57 102 39 3,988 2,005 266 319 829 1,148 1,068 326 61 12 85 22 45 103 40 4,304 2,174 367 1,261 842 529 870 3,503 319 5,453 365 703 1,068 1,113 341 60 12 90 24 45 99 44 4,451 2,210 412 1,333 842 563 795 3,533 365 5,519 778 842 1,621 2024 436 739 1,176 1,153 353 57 13 90 25 47 77 46 4,640 2,347 432 1,410 948 592 784 3,735 436 5,816 796 849 1,645 2025 509 606 1,115 1,202 368 55 13 91 25 48 68 49 4,991 2,646 425 1,493 1,016 621 806 3,935 509 6,106 811 851 1,661 2026 581 553 1,134 1,247 383 55 14 92 38 49 65 52 5,272 2,852 424 1,580 1,087 654 813 4,135 581 6,405 828 862 1,689 2027 649 699 1,348 1,305 402 57 15 92 39 51 71 55 5,506 2,986 433 1,673 1,229 698 877 4,478 649 6,854 846 880 1,726 2028 717 574 1,291 1,355 418 57 16 94 41 53 75 57 5,724 3,128 432 1,769 1,181 741 846 4,537 717 7,015 865 896 1,760 2029 1,517 1,410 437 58 17 97 43 55 75 59 5,958 3,275 433 1,868 1,328 783 900 4,879 798 7,475 884 913 1,797 2030 1,660 1,467 456 56 17 97 46 57 79 60 6,205 3,431 438 1,969 1,415 828 938 5,149 883 7,866 903 931 1,834 2031 1,307 354 965 292 43 10 87 18 69 82 36 3,421 Social insurance and retirement receipts: Social Security payroll taxes ������������������������������������������������ Medicare payroll taxes ���������������������������������������������������������� Unemployment insurance ���������������������������������������������������� Other retirement ������������������������������������������������������������������� Excise taxes ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Estate and gift taxes ����������������������������������������������������������������� Customs duties �������������������������������������������������������������������������� Deposits of earnings, Federal Reserve System ������������������������ Other miscellaneous receipts ��������������������������������������������������� Total receipts ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1,704 268 1,196 767 518 1,255 3,735 305 5,707 756 874 1,630 2023 On-budget deficit ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 3,142 3,597 1,670 1,074 969 1,041 955 938 1,122 1,021 1,205 Off-budget deficit/surplus (–) ���������������������������������������������������� –13 73 48 74 99 135 160 195 226 270 312 1 Baseline estimates are on the basis of the economic assumptions shown in Table S-9, which incorporate the effects of the Administration’s fiscal policies. 1,609 212 Receipts: Individual income taxes ������������������������������������������������������������ Corporation income taxes ��������������������������������������������������������� 1,135 709 521 2,886 5,251 303 7,249 754 913 1,667 2022 883 778 1,090 769 458 2,260 4,578 345 6,550 Mandatory programs: Social Security ����������������������������������������������������������������������� Medicare �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Medicaid �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Other mandatory programs �������������������������������������������������� Subtotal, mandatory programs ���������������������������������������� Net interest ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Total outlays �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 735 960 1,696 2021 798 718 714 913 1,627 Discretionary programs: Defense ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Non-defense �������������������������������������������������������������������������� Subtotal, discretionary programs ������������������������������������� Outlays: 2020 (In billions of dollars) Table S–3. Baseline by Category 1 12,352 3,799 577 140 910 323 506 814 501 51,038 27,053 4,062 15,553 10,654 6,528 8,885 41,620 5,563 64,215 8,221 8,810 17,031 20222031 5,710 516 1,935 4,291 11,303 1,873 5,563 7,613 6,226 13,176 5,568 1,703 294 62 439 116 242 448 218 22,374 11,382 1,902 6,694 4,414 2,823 4,510 18,441 1,935 28,600 3,895 4,329 8,224 20222026 Totals BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 39 714 913 1,627 1,090 769 458 2,260 4,578 345 6,550 1,609 212 965 292 43 10 87 18 69 82 36 3,421 3,129 345 2,784 3,142 –13 Discretionary programs: Defense ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Non-defense �������������������������������������������������������������������������� Subtotal, discretionary programs ������������������������������������� Mandatory programs: Social Security ����������������������������������������������������������������������� Medicare �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Medicaid �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Other mandatory programs �������������������������������������������������� Subtotal, mandatory programs ���������������������������������������� Net interest ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Total outlays �������������������������������������������������������������������������� Receipts: Individual income taxes ������������������������������������������������������������ Corporation income taxes ��������������������������������������������������������� Social insurance and retirement receipts: Social Security payroll taxes ������������������������������������������������ Medicare payroll taxes ���������������������������������������������������������� Unemployment insurance ���������������������������������������������������� Other retirement ������������������������������������������������������������������� Excise taxes ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Estate and gift taxes ����������������������������������������������������������������� Customs duties �������������������������������������������������������������������������� Deposits of earnings, Federal Reserve System ������������������������ Other miscellaneous receipts ��������������������������������������������������� Total receipts ������������������������������������������������������������������������� Deficit ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Net interest ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Primary deficit �������������������������������������������������������������������������� On-budget deficit ����������������������������������������������������������������������� Off-budget deficit/surplus (–) ���������������������������������������������������� Outlays: 2020 3,595 73 303 3,366 3,669 944 287 55 10 74 18 85 97 37 3,581 1,705 268 1,135 709 521 2,886 5,251 303 7,249 735 960 1,696 2021 1,789 48 305 1,532 1,837 1,033 359 59 11 84 21 57 102 39 4,174 2,039 371 1,196 766 571 1,486 4,018 305 6,011 756 932 1,688 2022 1,301 71 320 1,052 1,372 1,072 383 61 12 89 18 45 103 40 4,641 2,242 577 1,261 841 582 1,324 4,008 320 6,013 756 930 1,685 2023 1,264 95 368 991 1,359 1,118 400 60 12 93 19 45 99 44 4,828 2,288 649 1,333 840 616 1,347 4,136 368 6,187 775 909 1,683 2024 (In billions of dollars) 1,341 129 445 1,025 1,470 1,159 418 57 13 94 20 47 77 46 5,038 2,436 673 1,410 947 645 1,357 4,358 445 6,508 791 914 1,704 2025 1,260 154 524 890 1,414 1,207 436 55 13 95 21 48 68 49 5,332 2,676 664 1,492 1,014 674 1,321 4,501 524 6,746 804 917 1,721 2026 1,115 189 603 701 1,303 1,252 453 55 14 96 32 49 65 52 5,632 2,896 666 1,579 1,085 698 1,227 4,589 603 6,935 816 927 1,743 2027 Table S–4. Proposed Budget by Category 1,205 219 674 749 1,424 1,311 476 57 15 96 33 51 71 55 5,888 3,044 679 1,672 1,227 734 1,232 4,865 674 7,312 826 947 1,773 2028 1,045 262 744 562 1,307 1,361 496 56 16 98 34 53 75 57 6,119 3,194 678 1,767 1,178 768 1,168 4,882 744 7,425 835 964 1,799 2029 1,174 303 829 649 1,477 1,417 518 58 17 101 37 55 75 59 6,370 3,354 681 1,866 1,325 801 1,200 5,191 829 7,847 843 984 1,827 2030 3,881 8,052 4,601 9,426 8,482 17,478 20222031 1,223 345 914 654 1,568 5,726 8,805 6,956 12,718 496 1,813 1,962 5,490 7,452 14,531 1,474 5,587 12,403 540 1,995 4,478 56 293 576 17 62 140 102 455 948 39 99 274 57 242 506 79 448 814 60 218 501 6,643 24,013 54,665 3,526 11,680 27,694 693 2,933 6,330 1,966 6,691 15,542 1,412 4,407 10,633 837 3,088 6,926 1,228 6,835 12,891 5,444 21,021 45,992 914 1,962 5,726 8,211 31,465 69,196 851 1,002 1,854 2031 Totals 20222026 40 Summary Tables 3.4 4.3 7.7 5.2 3.7 2.2 10.8 21.8 1.6 31.2 7.7 1.0 4.6 1.4 0.2 * 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 16.3 14.9 1.6 13.3 15.0 –0.1 Discretionary programs: Defense ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Non-defense �������������������������������������������������������������������������� Subtotal, discretionary programs ������������������������������������� Mandatory programs: Social Security ����������������������������������������������������������������������� Medicare �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Medicaid �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Other mandatory programs �������������������������������������������������� Subtotal, mandatory programs ���������������������������������������� Net interest ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Total outlays �������������������������������������������������������������������������� Receipts: Individual income taxes ������������������������������������������������������������ Corporation income taxes ��������������������������������������������������������� Social insurance and retirement receipts: Social Security payroll taxes ������������������������������������������������ Medicare payroll taxes ���������������������������������������������������������� Unemployment insurance ���������������������������������������������������� Other retirement ������������������������������������������������������������������� Excise taxes ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Estate and gift taxes ����������������������������������������������������������������� Customs duties �������������������������������������������������������������������������� Deposits of earnings, Federal Reserve System ������������������������ Other miscellaneous receipts ��������������������������������������������������� Total receipts ������������������������������������������������������������������������� Deficit ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Net interest ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Primary deficit �������������������������������������������������������������������������� On-budget deficit ����������������������������������������������������������������������� Off-budget deficit/surplus (–) ���������������������������������������������������� *0.05 percent of GDP or less. Outlays: 2020 16.3 0.3 1.4 15.3 16.7 4.3 1.3 0.2 * 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.2 16.3 7.7 1.2 5.2 3.2 2.4 13.1 23.8 1.4 32.9 3.3 4.4 7.7 2021 7.6 0.2 1.3 6.5 7.8 4.4 1.5 0.3 * 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 17.8 8.7 1.6 5.1 3.3 2.4 6.3 17.1 1.3 25.6 3.2 4.0 7.2 2022 5.3 0.3 1.3 4.3 5.6 4.4 1.6 0.2 * 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 18.9 9.1 2.3 5.1 3.4 2.4 5.4 16.3 1.3 24.5 3.1 3.8 6.9 2023 5.0 0.4 1.4 3.9 5.3 4.4 1.6 0.2 * 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 18.9 9.0 2.5 5.2 3.3 2.4 5.3 16.2 1.4 24.2 3.0 3.6 6.6 2024 (As a percent of GDP) 5.1 0.5 1.7 3.9 5.5 4.4 1.6 0.2 * 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 19.0 9.2 2.5 5.3 3.6 2.4 5.1 16.4 1.7 24.5 3.0 3.4 6.4 2025 4.6 0.6 1.9 3.2 5.1 4.4 1.6 0.2 * 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 19.4 9.7 2.4 5.4 3.7 2.4 4.8 16.3 1.9 24.5 2.9 3.3 6.3 2026 3.9 0.7 2.1 2.5 4.6 4.4 1.6 0.2 * 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 19.7 10.1 2.3 5.5 3.8 2.4 4.3 16.1 2.1 24.3 2.9 3.2 6.1 2027 4.1 0.7 2.3 2.5 4.8 4.4 1.6 0.2 * 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 19.8 10.3 2.3 5.6 4.1 2.5 4.1 16.4 2.3 24.6 2.8 3.2 6.0 2028 3.4 0.8 2.4 1.8 4.2 4.4 1.6 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 19.8 10.3 2.2 5.7 3.8 2.5 3.8 15.8 2.4 24.1 2.7 3.1 5.8 2029 Table S–5. Proposed Budget by Category as a Percent of GDP 3.7 0.9 2.6 2.0 4.6 4.4 1.6 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 19.8 10.4 2.1 5.8 4.1 2.5 3.7 16.2 2.6 24.4 2.6 3.1 5.7 2030 3.7 1.0 2.7 2.0 4.7 4.4 1.6 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 19.9 10.6 2.1 5.9 4.2 2.5 3.7 16.3 2.7 24.6 2.5 3.0 5.6 2031 5.5 0.4 1.5 4.4 5.9 4.4 1.6 0.2 * 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 18.8 9.1 2.3 5.2 3.4 2.4 5.4 16.5 1.5 24.7 3.0 3.6 6.7 20222026 4.6 0.6 2.0 3.3 5.2 4.4 1.6 0.2 * 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 19.3 9.7 2.2 5.5 3.7 2.4 4.7 16.3 2.0 24.5 2.9 3.4 6.2 20222031 Averages BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 41 2022 2023 2024 2025 Build world-class transportation infrastructure: Transform our crumbling transportation infrastructure: Repair roads and bridges ������������������������������������������� ......... 5,124 13,385 17,416 19,650 Improve road safety for all users ������������������������������ ......... 414 1,427 2,279 3,062 Modernize public transit ������������������������������������������� ......... 1,830 4,225 6,085 7,090 Invest in reliable passenger and freight rail ������������ ......... 1,600 2,850 4,880 7,497 Create good jobs electrifying vehicles: Spark widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) ������������������������������������������������������������������� ......... 795 2,328 6,436 13,468 Invest in electric school buses ������������������������������� ......... 2,000 3,200 3,800 4,000 Improve ports, waterways, and airports: Invest in ports �������������������������������������������������������� ......... ......... 5 95 310 Make our airports the best in the world ��������������� ......... 1,235 3,460 4,145 4,455 Improve coastal ports and inland waterways ������� ......... 3,488 1,411 1,406 1,060 Invest in the Federally owned Land Ports of Entry portfolio ���������������������������������������������������� ......... 15 80 250 515 Redress historic inequities and build the future of transportation infrastructure: Restore and reconnect thriving communities ������� ......... 236 964 1,860 2,684 Accelerate transformational projects �������������������� ......... 367 1,014 2,658 4,496 Total, transform our crumbling transportation infrastructure ������������������������������������������������� ......... 17,104 34,349 51,310 68,287 Make our infrastructure more resilient: Safeguard critical infrastructure and services: Enhance electric grid resilience, including cyber ��� ......... 40 180 420 600 Urban Heat Stress: Map heat stress ���������������������������������������������������������� ......... 30 30 30 30 Mitigate heat stress ��������������������������������������������������� ......... 120 192 228 240 Community health and hospital resilience: Increase resilience of hospitals and critical infrastructure ��������������������������������������������������������� ......... 270 580 90 60 Fund health emergency preparedness ���������������������� ......... 22 195 20 8 Build resilience against climate effects �������������������� ......... 68 145 22 15 Maximize the resilience of land and water resources to protect communities and the environment: Ecosystem resilience, green infrastructure, and conservation on Federal, Tribal and partner lands: Deploy green and conservation-based infrastructure ����������������������������������������������������� ......... 240 600 960 1,200 Invest in Tribal fuels management ����������������������� ......... 40 100 140 170 Invest in natural resource restoration grants and partnerships ������������������������������������������������������� ......... 160 400 640 800 Improve coastal resilience ������������������������������������� ......... 250 250 250 250 American Jobs Plan 2021 16,958 3,404 11,765 11,209 26,612 2,000 1,090 4,270 ......... 765 4,104 7,058 89,235 190 30 120 ......... ......... ......... 960 160 640 250 25,971 4,000 680 4,630 635 750 3,575 6,185 91,528 460 30 240 ......... 5 ......... 1,200 200 800 250 2027 21,626 3,872 9,395 10,209 2026 (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) 400 250 600 100 ......... ......... ......... 30 48 80 75,454 3,868 7,133 475 1,360 1,705 ......... 25,397 800 7,895 1,696 13,400 11,725 2028 Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals 160 250 240 60 ......... ......... ......... 30 12 30 59,249 3,219 5,878 150 1,230 615 ......... 20,952 200 4,523 1,174 10,855 10,453 2029 ......... 250 ......... 30 ......... ......... ......... 30 ......... ......... 40,848 2,244 4,118 ......... 855 335 ......... 13,685 ......... 3,310 948 7,455 7,898 2030 ......... 250 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 30 ......... ......... 19,099 1,242 2,636 ......... 375 150 ......... 1,723 ......... 2,408 746 4,540 5,279 2031 2,800 1,250 4,200 650 1,000 250 250 150 1,020 1,700 262,578 9,319 14,720 1,610 1,090 17,925 8,000 48,998 17,000 77,201 11,054 28,625 27,036 4,000 2,500 6,000 1,000 1,000 250 250 300 1,200 2,000 546,463 23,996 41,543 3,000 6,000 25,000 8,000 137,367 20,000 112,295 19,022 76,640 73,600 2022–2026 2022–2031 Totals 42 Summary Tables 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 Increase the resilience of large landscape ecosystems ���������������������������������������������������������� ......... 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 200 ......... ......... Increase western water resilience ������������������������� ......... 300 500 500 500 500 200 ......... ......... ......... ......... Community resilience and equity: Support disadvantaged community investment in hazard mitigation projects, including incentives for building above existing codes and standards: Invest in disadvantaged communities through the Building Resilient Infrastructure in Communities grant program ����������������������������� ......... ......... ......... ......... 40 300 380 480 460 200 120 Provide Community Development Block Grants for resilience ������������������������������������������������������� ......... 5 165 340 435 470 485 330 160 65 30 Invest in a National resilient communities challenge ������������������������������������������������������������� ......... ......... 21 91 197 320 433 487 420 284 146 Improve transportation infrastructure resilience (PROTECT grants) �������������������������������������������� ......... 75 262 425 613 825 800 475 438 378 295 Flood and drought resilience for vulnerable communities: Establish an affordability program for the National Flood Insurance Program ������������������ ......... 194 235 349 400 471 523 568 591 587 626 Invest in watershed protection and flood prevention ����������������������������������������������������������� ......... 5 30 90 96 99 100 100 100 100 100 Invest in technology to increase drought resilience for agricultural producers ����������������� ......... 18 32 40 44 48 50 50 50 50 50 Support agriculture resource management and improve irrigation for Tribes and insular areas ���� ......... 50 80 100 100 100 50 20 ......... ......... ......... Provide pre-development grants for resilient infrastructure ����������������������������������������������������� ......... 140 400 400 400 400 260 ......... ......... ......... ......... Provide community transition and relocation assistance ����������������������������������������������������������� ......... 80 200 320 400 400 320 200 80 ......... ......... Support resilience tools to build back better: Hazard mapping: Update flood and hazard maps in disadvantaged communities �������������������������� ......... 60 105 105 30 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... Expand ocean and coastal mapping ������������������ ......... 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Improve digital high-resolution elevation collection mapping ����������������������������������������� ......... 40 50 40 40 30 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... Improve climate forecast capabilities and information products for the public and monitoring the impacts of climate change: Provide localized information to help communities respond to climate change ������� ......... 32 80 128 160 160 128 80 32 ......... ......... Improve local air and water quality monitoring/modeling �������������������������������������� ......... 20 32 38 40 40 20 8 2 ......... ......... Develop decision support tools �������������������������� ......... 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Invest in resilience financing mechanisms ������� ......... 70 200 200 200 200 130 ......... ......... ......... ......... Total, make our infrastructure more resilient ������������������������������������������������������� ......... 2,829 5,564 6,466 7,568 8,048 6,729 4,806 3,415 2,074 1,747 Total, build world-class transportation infrastructure ����������������������������������������� ......... 19,933 39,913 57,776 75,855 99,576 95,964 80,260 62,664 42,922 20,846 2021 (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued 3,000 2,500 1,980 2,485 2,399 4,586 4,544 820 432 500 2,000 2,000 300 500 200 800 200 500 1,000 49,246 595,709 2,000 2,300 340 1,415 629 2,200 1,649 320 182 430 1,740 1,400 300 250 200 560 170 250 870 30,475 293,053 2022–2026 2022–2031 Totals BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 43 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Rebuild clean drinking water infrastructure, a renewed electrical grid, and high-speed broadband to all Americans: Ensure clean, safe drinking water is a right in all communities: Replace 100 percent of the Nation’s lead service lines ������������������������������������������������������������������������� ......... 4,500 7,200 8,550 9,000 9,000 4,500 Invest in Rural Clean Water infrastructure ������������� ......... 195 260 650 1,300 1,755 2,340 Tackle new contaminants, including polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) ������������������������������������������������� ......... 350 560 665 700 700 350 Upgrade and modernize America’s drinking water, wastewater, and stormwater systems ������������������� ......... 5,600 8,960 10,640 11,200 11,200 5,600 Total, ensure clean, safe drinking water is a right in all communities ���������������������������������������������� ......... 10,645 16,980 20,505 22,200 22,655 12,790 Digital infrastructure, adoption, and affordability ������ ......... 13,000 48,000 23,000 8,000 8,000 ......... Reenergize America’s power infrastructure: Invest in hydrogen, carbon capture, and sequestration capacity ������������������������������������������� ......... 380 990 1,700 2,400 2,430 800 Provide clean energy block grants for early action ���� ......... 1,500 3,500 4,500 5,000 3,500 1,500 Provide community solar and storage assistance ���� ......... 100 200 400 300 ......... ......... Remediate and redevelop brownfield sites ��������������� ......... 500 800 950 1,000 1,000 500 Mobilize the Civilian Climate Corps ������������������������� ......... 1,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 1,000 Expand the Public Works Program at the Economic Development Administration �������������������������������� ......... 227 270 300 358 300 45 Expand rural Main Street revitalization grants ������ ......... 38 110 55 25 22 ......... Provide Main Street grants to small communities ���� ......... ......... 18 58 58 62 55 Provide support for biofuels �������������������������������������� ......... 500 250 250 ......... ......... ......... Support economic development in Appalachian communities ����������������������������������������������������������� ......... 2 66 136 174 188 194 Expand the Environmental Justice Small Grants program ������������������������������������������������������������������ ......... 250 400 475 500 500 250 Invest in lead remediation and healthy homes �������� ......... 12 66 240 438 564 582 Provide grants to convert and retool manufacturing facilities ������������������������������������������������������������������ ......... 200 340 500 670 200 90 Provide grants to replace leaking natural gas distribution lines ���������������������������������������������������� ......... 150 430 580 620 180 40 Reclaim abandoned mines and wells ������������������������ ......... 640 1,440 2,400 2,880 3,200 2,560 Accelerate clean energy support to rural co-ops ������� ......... 2,400 3,200 1,800 1,200 1,400 ......... Employ electrical workers upgrading the grid ��������� ......... 240 1,080 2,520 3,600 2,760 1,140 Increase adoption of net-zero agriculture technology ��� ......... 172 194 104 105 129 115 Total, reenergize America’s power infrastructure ......... 8,311 15,354 18,968 21,328 18,435 8,871 Total, rebuild clean drinking water infrastructure, a renewed electrical grid, and high-speed broadband to all Americans ......... 31,956 80,334 62,473 51,528 49,090 21,661 2021 (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) 450 ......... 35 560 1,045 ......... 100 ......... ......... 50 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 64 25 360 ......... ......... 800 ......... 180 56 1,635 2,680 140 2,240 4,180 ......... 450 500 ......... 200 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 132 100 534 ......... ......... 1,760 ......... 480 85 4,241 8,421 2029 1,800 ......... 2028 Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued 580 ......... 320 ......... ......... 22 580 ......... ......... 162 26 ......... ......... ......... ......... 50 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2030 58 ......... ......... ......... ......... 10 58 ......... ......... 36 12 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2031 275,381 1,960 10,560 10,000 10,200 704 82,396 1,910 2,125 1,320 566 1,455 250 196 1,000 7,900 18,000 1,000 4,250 9,000 92,985 100,000 47,600 2,975 38,250 4,160 308,781 2,000 16,000 10,000 12,000 992 97,781 2,000 2,500 2,994 994 1,500 250 251 1,000 9,300 20,000 1,000 5,000 10,000 111,000 100,000 56,000 3,500 45,000 6,500 2022–2026 2022–2031 Totals 44 Summary Tables 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2022–2026 2022–2031 Totals Build, preserve, and retrofit more than two million homes and commercial buildings; modernize our Nation’s schools, community colleges, and early learning facilities; and upgrade veterans’ hospitals and Federal buildings: Build, preserve, and retrofit more than two million homes and commercial buildings to address the affordable housing crisis: Capitalize a clean energy accelerator ����������������������� ......... 27,000 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 27,000 27,000 Provide efficiency/electrification block grants ���������� ......... 1,600 2,800 3,200 2,900 1,600 700 200 ......... ......... ......... 12,100 13,000 Expand weatherization ���������������������������������������������� ......... 1,750 5,050 6,100 3,400 1,200 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 17,500 17,500 Retrofit Housing and Urban Development multifamily properties ������������������������������������������� ......... 55 80 90 100 100 45 20 10 ......... ......... 425 500 Expand the Capital Magnet Fund ���������������������������� ......... 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 12,000 12,000 Increase the Housing Trust Fund ����������������������������� ......... ......... 90 1,260 4,140 6,840 8,640 8,820 7,740 4,860 2,160 12,330 44,550 Support housing and community development in Indian Country ������������������������������������������������������� ......... 2 46 134 240 328 370 342 266 160 72 750 1,960 Provide project-based rental assistance ������������������� ......... 130 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 930 1,930 Invest in the public housing stock ����������������������������� ......... 1,200 12,000 14,000 7,200 4,400 800 400 ......... ......... ......... 38,800 40,000 Construct housing for the elderly ����������������������������� ......... 2 46 134 240 328 370 342 266 160 72 750 1,960 Stimulate additional rural housing grants, loans, and loan guarantees ���������������������������������������������� ......... 460 485 485 350 220 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2,000 2,000 Incentivize zoning reform ������������������������������������������ ......... 30 330 680 860 970 960 670 320 140 30 2,870 4,990 Invest in Home Online Performance-Based EnergyEfficiency (HOPE) for homes ��������������������������������� ......... 800 1,400 1,800 2,000 2,000 1,200 600 200 ......... ......... 8,000 10,000 Provide HOME grants ����������������������������������������������� ......... 35 805 2,345 4,200 5,740 6,475 5,985 4,655 2,800 1,260 13,125 34,300 Total, build, preserve, and retrofit more than two million homes and commercial buildings to address the affordable housing crisis ���������������� ......... 35,464 25,732 32,828 28,230 26,326 19,760 17,579 13,657 8,320 3,794 148,580 211,690 Modernize our Nation’s schools and early learning facilities: Invest in child care infrastructure ���������������������������� ......... 2,500 4,000 4,750 5,000 5,000 2,500 1,000 250 ......... ......... 21,250 25,000 Invest in community college infrastructure ������������� ......... 240 888 2,064 2,400 2,400 2,160 1,512 336 ......... ......... 7,992 12,000 Invest in K–12 school infrastructure ������������������������ ......... 1,000 3,700 8,600 10,000 10,000 9,000 6,300 1,400 ......... ......... 33,300 50,000 Total, modernize our Nation’s schools and early learning facilities ����������������������������������������������� ......... 3,740 8,588 15,414 17,400 17,400 13,660 8,812 1,986 ......... ......... 62,542 87,000 Upgrade Federal hospitals and buildings: Invest in the General Service Administration Federal Buildings portfolio ������������������������������������ ......... 100 450 850 1,000 1,000 900 550 150 ......... ......... 3,400 5,000 Establish and capitalize the Federal Capital Revolving Fund ������������������������������������������������������ ......... 966 2,264 1,132 133 –133 117 –150 67 –13 –90 4,362 4,293 Veterans Affairs facility maintenance and modernization to deliver 21st Century care: Recapitalize long-term facilities ���������������������������� ......... 622 511 470 4,222 3,894 3,724 1,319 116 64 58 9,719 15,000 Perform short-term upgrades to facilities ������������ ......... 6 23 62 149 410 878 752 419 231 70 650 3,000 Total, upgrade Federal hospitals and buildings ......... 1,694 3,248 2,514 5,504 5,171 5,619 2,471 752 282 38 18,131 27,293 Total, build, preserve, and retrofit more than two million homes and commercial buildings; aodernize our Nation’s schools, community colleges, and early learning facilities; and upgrade veterans’ hospitals and Federal buildings �������������������������������� ......... 40,898 37,568 50,756 51,134 48,897 39,039 28,862 16,395 8,602 3,832 229,253 325,983 2021 (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 45 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 27,000 27,000 2029 Invest in research and development (R&D), revitalize manufacturing and small businesses, and train Americans for the jobs of the future: Invest in R&D and the technologies of the future: Advance U.S. leadership in critical technologies and upgrade America’s research infrastructure: Fund research infrastructure, including Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) set-aside ����������������������������������������������� ......... 2,000 5,800 7,200 7,400 7,100 5,540 2,740 1,340 Increase research and development for existing programs ������������������������������������������������������������� ......... 600 2,100 3,600 5,100 6,630 6,090 3,090 1,590 Transform the National Science Foundation by adding a technology directorate ������������������������ ......... 1,200 4,000 6,400 8,600 10,760 9,720 4,920 2,520 Establish the United States as a leader in climate science, innovation, and R&D: Increase climate-focused research ������������������������ ......... 100 400 800 1,250 1,230 630 330 180 Increase demonstration funding at energy programs ������������������������������������������������������������� ......... 500 1,250 3,250 4,000 3,750 1,750 500 ......... Launch Advanced Research Projects AgencyClimate ��������������������������������������������������������������� ......... 600 2,100 2,700 3,000 3,000 2,400 900 300 Eliminate racial and gender inequities in research and development and science, technology, engineering, and math: Fund research and development grants at HBCUs/ Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs) ������������������ ......... 200 700 1,200 1,700 2,210 2,030 1,030 530 Create Science, Technology, Engineering, Math (STEM) centers of excellence ����������������������������� ......... 200 700 1,200 1,700 2,210 2,030 1,030 530 Fund STEM education and training ��������������������� ......... 160 500 720 880 1,018 886 446 226 Total, invest in R&D and the technologies of the future �������������������������������������������������������� ......... 5,560 17,550 27,070 33,630 37,908 31,076 14,986 7,216 Retool and revitalize American manufacturers and small businesses: Strengthen manufacturing supply chains for critical goods: Create a Critical Supply Chain Resilience Fund ��� ......... 5,000 10,000 20,000 10,000 5,000 ......... ......... ......... Provide incentives for semiconductor manufacturing and research ����������������������������� ......... 750 4,000 7,750 12,000 13,000 8,500 4,000 ......... Prepare Americans for future pandemics ������������� ......... 1,650 6,485 7,145 7,520 5,815 995 390 ......... Prepare Americans for future pandemics– Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (non-add) �������������������������������������������� ......... 1,620 5,100 5,640 6,000 4,380 900 360 ......... Prepare Americans for future pandemics– Department of Defense (non-add) ������������������ ......... ......... 1,250 1,250 1,250 1,250 ......... ......... ......... Prepare Americans for future pandemics– Department of Energy (non-add) ������������������� ......... 30 135 255 270 185 95 30 ......... Solidify the infrastructure of our care economy by creating jobs and raising wages and benefits for essential home care workers: Expand Medicaid home and community based services and strengthen the home care workforce ����������������� ......... 53,000 53,000 53,000 53,000 53,000 44,000 36,000 Total, solidify the infrastructure of our care economy by creating jobs and raising wages and benefits for essential home care workers �������������� ......... 53,000 53,000 53,000 53,000 53,000 44,000 36,000 2021 (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued 240 360 560 ......... ......... ......... 120 120 48 1,448 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 840 1,320 80 ......... ......... 280 280 116 3,556 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 10,000 18,000 640 10,000 2031 18,000 2030 875 5,000 22,740 37,500 28,615 50,000 121,718 6,010 3,278 6,010 11,400 12,750 3,780 30,960 18,030 29,500 265,000 265,000 1,000 5,000 24,000 50,000 30,000 50,000 180,000 10,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 15,000 5,000 50,000 30,000 40,000 400,000 400,000 2022–2026 2022–2031 Totals 46 Summary Tables 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Jumpstart clean energy manufacturing through Federal procurement: Procure advanced nuclear power ���������������������� ......... 100 150 250 500 2,500 Procure low carbon materials ���������������������������� ......... 400 1,800 2,200 2,900 3,000 Electrify the Federal vehicle fleet and support the necessary charging infrastructure ���������� ......... 250 250 500 1,000 1,000 Electrify the Postal Service fleet ����������������������� ......... 800 800 800 ......... ......... Procure carbon-free power and sustainable buildings ��������������������������������������������������������� ......... 400 2,000 3,200 4,000 4,000 Make it in all of America: Expand Manufacturing USA ����������������������������� ......... 300 600 1,200 600 300 Invest in research at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) labs �������� ......... 800 800 800 800 800 Expand the Manufacturing Extension Partnership ����������������������������������������������������� ......... 700 1,400 2,800 1,400 700 Establish regional innovation hubs ������������������ ......... 3,500 1,500 3,500 750 750 Invest in a community revitalization fund ������� ......... ......... 20 80 360 660 Increase access to capital for domestic manufacturers: Modernize the auto supply chain ���������������������� ......... 1,100 3,300 4,950 5,500 4,400 Establish a manufacturing financing facility ��� ......... 3,650 3,050 3,055 50 45 Finance clean energy manufacturing ��������������� ......... 80 400 640 800 800 Increase business and industry guaranteed loans ���������������������������������������������������������������� ......... 220 200 55 20 5 Increase biorefinery, renewable chemical and biobased product manufacturing ������������������ ......... 4,930 4,060 3,190 1,740 580 Support U.S. companies abroad and mobilize private sector investment to counter climate change–U.S. Development Finance Corporation ���������������������������������������������������� ......... 51 80 100 100 100 Develop vibrant global markets to support U. S. job creation–USAID Development Assistance Program ��������������������������������������� ......... 12 32 56 72 80 Create a national network of small business incubators and innovation hubs: Support small business manufacturing through the Small Business Administration���������������� ......... 1,500 1,875 2,250 2,625 3,750 Support small business manufacturing through the Minority Business Development Agency ������������������������������������������������������������ ......... 100 100 100 100 100 Partner with rural and Tribal communities to create jobs and economic growth in rural America: Create a new rural partnership fund ���������������� ......... 650 1,050 1,500 1,650 150 Total, retool and revitalize American manufacturers and small businesses �������� ......... 26,943 43,952 66,121 54,487 47,535 Invest in workforce development: Pair job creation efforts with next generation training programs: Scale Sectoral Employment through Career Training for Occupational Readiness (SECTOR) ����������������������������������������������������������� ......... ......... 196 1,288 1,944 2,200 2021 250 2,400 1,000 ......... 2,000 ......... ......... ......... ......... 1,400 550 35 400 ......... ......... 49 48 6,000 100 ......... 18,622 2,400 1,000 ......... 3,600 ......... ......... ......... ......... 1,020 2,200 40 720 ......... ......... 100 68 4,875 100 ......... 27,468 2,372 2028 1,250 3,000 2027 (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) 2,400 10,479 ......... 100 7,125 24 20 ......... ......... ......... 30 160 ......... ......... 1,920 ......... ......... 800 ......... ......... ......... 300 2029 Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued 2,400 1,773 ......... 100 ......... 8 ......... ......... ......... ......... 25 ......... ......... ......... 1,640 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2030 2,400 1,460 ......... 100 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 20 ......... ......... ......... 1,340 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2031 5,628 239,038 5,000 500 12,000 252 431 14,500 500 19,250 9,850 2,720 7,000 10,000 1,120 4,000 3,000 13,600 3,000 2,400 3,500 10,300 17,600 298,840 5,000 1,000 30,000 400 600 14,500 500 22,000 10,000 4,000 7,000 10,000 8,440 4,000 3,000 20,000 5,000 2,400 5,000 16,000 2022–2026 2022–2031 Totals BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 47 2022 2023 2024 Made in America Tax Plan: Prioritize clean energy: Eliminate fossil fuel tax preferences: Repeal enhanced oil recovery credit ���������������������� Repeal deduction for tertiary injectants ��������������� Repeal credit for oil and gas produced from marginal wells ���������������������������������������������������� Repeal expensing of intangible drilling costs ������� Repeal exemption to passive loss limitation for working interests in oil and natural gas ���������� Repeal percentage depletion for oil and natural gas wells ������������������������������������������������������������� Repeal amortization of air pollution control equipment ����������������������������������������������������������� –158 ......... –39 –2,182 –10 –678 –16 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –39 –767 –10 –100 –1,954 –389 ......... –60 –794 –9 –128 –1,569 –599 ......... Provide Comprehensive Supports for Dislocated Workers (CSDW) ������������������������������������������������ ......... 234 1,638 1,800 Target workforce development opportunities in underserved communities: Support subsidized jobs ����������������������������������������� ......... 600 600 400 Support the phase out of 14(c) ������������������������������� ......... 300 400 400 Expand reentry training and violence prevention efforts ������������������������������������������������������������������ ......... ......... 45 70 Invest in community violence intervention ���������� ......... ......... 15 100 Community violence intervention–Department of Justice (non-add) ���������������������������������������� ......... ......... 8 50 Community violence intervention–HHS (nonadd) ����������������������������������������������������������������� ......... ......... 8 50 Build the capacity of the existing workforce development and worker protection systems: Expand adult education ����������������������������������������� ......... 5 70 95 Bolster Department of Labor enforcement ����������� ......... ......... 200 375 Bolster Equal Employment Opportunity Commission enforcement ���������������������������������� ......... ......... 46 67 Bolster National Labor Relations Board enforcement �������������������������������������������������������� ......... ......... 36 43 Expand career pathways for middle and high school students ��������������������������������������������������� ......... 50 700 950 Expand career services ������������������������������������������ ......... 80 752 800 Fund community college training partnerships ��� ......... ......... 70 280 Scale Registered Apprenticeship and preapprenticeship ���������������������������������������������������� ......... ......... 112 716 Total, invest in workforce development ������������ ......... 1,269 4,880 7,384 Total, invest in R&D, revitalize manufacturing and small businesses, and train Americans for the jobs of the future ......... 33,772 66,382 100,575 2021 100 420 210 210 100 740 117 76 1,000 800 780 1,014 9,847 95,290 85 260 130 130 100 560 92 60 1,000 800 510 972 8,983 97,100 –80 –831 –9 –116 –1,174 –99 –890 –9 –78 –747 –951 ......... 400 300 400 400 –808 ......... 1,800 2026 1,800 2025 –117 –946 –8 –38 –562 –988 ......... 68,953 1,086 10,409 1,000 800 850 93 133 100 905 285 285 100 570 400 200 1,800 2027 (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) –134 –996 –8 –14 –586 –980 ......... 44,182 1,100 10,574 1,000 800 950 114 175 100 1,050 343 343 100 685 300 ......... 1,800 2028 –132 –1,045 –8 –3 –591 –975 ......... 28,669 1,100 10,974 1,000 800 1,010 157 237 100 1,175 398 398 100 795 300 ......... 1,800 2029 Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued –119 –1,093 –8 ......... –585 –974 ......... 16,579 1,086 11,250 1,000 800 1,060 193 296 100 1,235 440 440 100 880 300 ......... 1,800 2030 –105 –1,132 –7 ......... –536 –976 ......... 14,017 1,014 11,109 1,000 800 1,050 228 337 100 1,260 360 360 100 720 300 ......... 1,800 2031 –294 –3,960 –47 –461 –7,626 –2,905 ......... 393,119 2,814 32,363 3,700 3,232 1,640 215 322 370 1,875 398 398 300 795 2,400 1,800 7,272 –901 –9,172 –86 –516 –10,486 –7,798 ......... 565,519 8,200 86,679 8,700 7,232 6,560 1,000 1,500 870 7,500 2,223 2,223 800 4,445 4,000 2,000 16,272 2022–2026 2022–2031 Totals 48 Summary Tables 2022 Increase geological and geophysical amortization period for independent producer ����������������������� ......... –38 Repeal expensing of exploration and development costs �������������������������������������������������������������������� ......... –190 Repeal percentage depletion for hard mineral fossil fuels ����������������������������������������������������������� ......... –97 Repeal capital gains treatment for royalties �������� ......... –46 Treat publicly traded partnerships as C corporations �������������������������������������������������������� ......... ......... Excise tax exemption for crude oil derived from bitumen and kerogen-rich rock ������������������������� ......... –31 Total, eliminate fossil fuel tax preferences ������� ......... –3,485 Extend and enhance renewable and alternative energy incentives: Extend and modify the Energy Investment Credit 1 ���������������������������������������������������������������� ......... 1,397 Extend and modify the Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit 1 �������������������������������������� ......... 2,059 Extend and modify the Residential Efficient Property Credit �������������������������������������������������� ......... 290 Total, extend and enhance renewable and alternative energy incentives ������������������������ ......... 3,746 Provide tax credit for electricity transmission investments 1 ���������������������������������������������������������� ......... 187 Provide allocated credit for electricity generation from existing nuclear power facilities 1 ����������������� ......... 750 Establish new tax credits for qualifying advanced energy manufacturing 1 ������������������������������������������ ......... 425 Establish tax credits for heavy- and medium-duty zero emission vehicles 1 ������������������������������������������ ......... 71 Provide tax incentives for sustainable aviation fuel ������ ......... 363 Provide a production tax credit for low-carbon hydrogen 1 ��������������������������������������������������������������� ......... 14 Extend and enhance energy efficiency and electrification incentives: Extend and modify the nonbusiness energy property credit ���������������������������������������������������� ......... 532 Extend and increase the tax credit for manufacturing credit for new energy efficient new homes ����������������������������������������������������������� ......... 128 Extend and increase the commercial buildings deduction ������������������������������������������������������������ ......... 146 Provide tax credits for the installation of mechanical insulation ���������������������������������������� ......... 317 Total, extend and enhance energy efficiency and electrification incentives ������������������������� ......... 1,123 Provide disaster mitigation tax credit ���������������������� ......... 391 Extend and enhance the Carbon Oxide Sequestration Credit 1 �������������������������������������������� ......... 21 2021 –227 –136 –114 –48 ......... –39 –3,723 26,324 937 1,594 28,855 1,746 1,000 1,492 835 633 156 2,460 298 328 736 3,822 415 10 –170 –110 –47 ......... –39 –3,764 5,767 2,106 480 8,353 250 1,000 1,102 295 503 53 1,806 271 280 606 2,963 411 10 2024 –139 2023 19 3,466 415 867 346 313 1,940 358 1,471 693 988 1,000 2,280 34,108 2,256 1,429 30,423 –39 –3,574 ......... –119 –49 –102 –247 2025 27 2,750 415 1,007 350 337 1,056 548 2,692 1,313 824 1,000 2,863 35,590 2,538 1,903 31,149 –39 –3,302 ......... –127 –51 –65 –246 2026 101 1,941 415 737 350 220 634 979 4,028 1,696 940 1,000 3,118 41,081 2,846 2,780 35,455 –40 –3,261 –83 –136 –52 –49 –242 2027 (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) 101 876 415 454 350 72 ......... 1,570 1,178 743 1,396 1,000 3,239 33,864 2,425 4,606 26,833 –41 –3,404 –169 –142 –50 –51 –233 2028 53 719 415 344 350 25 ......... 445 63 376 576 1,000 3,246 31,261 1,933 6,267 23,061 –41 –3,472 –216 –149 –44 –51 –217 2029 Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued 2,082 588 415 229 351 8 ......... 5 11 199 58 1,000 3,420 27,612 1,342 7,730 18,540 –42 –3,525 –259 –156 –37 –51 –201 2030 3,634 466 332 110 354 2 ......... ......... ......... 117 131 1,000 3,447 20,836 392 8,802 11,642 –44 –3,533 –300 –161 –31 –46 –195 2031 87 14,124 2,047 3,533 1,450 1,347 7,794 1,129 5,364 3,505 4,831 4,750 7,326 110,652 7,158 8,434 95,060 –187 –17,848 ......... –567 –241 –663 –897 6,058 18,714 4,039 5,407 3,205 1,674 8,428 4,128 10,644 6,636 7,932 9,750 23,796 265,306 16,096 38,619 210,591 –395 –35,043 –1,027 –1,311 –455 –911 –1,985 2022–2026 2022–2031 Totals BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 49 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 Extend and enhance the electric vehicle charging station credit 1 ��������������������������������������������������������� ......... 236 432 848 1,457 2,599 771 18 –26 –35 –33 Modify Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund financing ����� ......... –38 –51 –53 –53 –53 –53 –53 –53 –53 –53 Reinstate Superfund excise taxes ����������������������������� ......... –1,715 –2,340 –2,406 –2,455 –2,517 –2,560 –2,610 –2,670 –2,723 –2,787 Revenue effect of sparking widespread adoption of EVs ������������������������������������������������������������������������� ......... 10 32 66 113 178 267 409 647 1,022 1,584 Total, prioritize clean energy ��������������������������������� ......... 2,099 9,249 33,696 40,286 44,927 50,463 38,742 32,580 30,076 25,141 Reform corporate taxation: Increase the domestic corporate tax rate to 28 percent �������������������������������������������������������������������� ......... –51,127 –86,182 –88,059 –89,385 –91,784 –92,065 –90,730 –89,357 –88,798 –90,330 Revise the Global Minimum Tax regime, disallow deductions attributable to exempt income, and limit inversions ������������������������������������������������������ ......... –29,816 –51,386 –54,192 –57,030 –55,283 –54,699 –56,056 –56,988 –58,223 –59,830 Reform taxation of foreign fossil fuel income: Modify foreign oil and gas extraction income (FOGEI) and foreign oil related income (FORI) rules �������������������������������������������������������������������� ......... –4,178 –7,173 –7,468 –7,834 –8,393 –9,055 –9,633 –10,051 –10,358 –10,638 Modify tax rule for dual capacity taxpayers ��������� ......... –48 –123 –128 –134 –143 –154 –165 –173 –178 –183 Total, reform taxation of foreign fossil fuel income ������������������������������������������������������������� ......... –4,226 –7,296 –7,596 –7,968 –8,536 –9,209 –9,798 –10,224 –10,536 –10,821 Provide tax incentives for locating jobs and business activity in the United States and remove tax deductions for shipping jobs overseas: Provide tax credit for onshoring jobs to the United States ����������������������������������������������������� ......... 6 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 Remove tax deductions for shipping jobs overseas ��� ......... –6 –10 –10 –11 –11 –12 –12 –13 –13 –14 Total, provide tax incentives for locating jobs and business activity in the United States and remove tax deductions for shipping jobs overseas ����������������������������������������������������������� ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... Repeal deduction for Foreign Derived Intangible Income (FDII) and provide additional support for research and experimentation expenditures �������� ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... Replace the Base Erosion Anti-Abuse Tax (BEAT) with the Stopping Harmful Inversions and Ending Low-Tax Developments (SHIELD) Rule �� ......... ......... –33,244 –53,796 –51,111 –47,655 –44,463 –41,914 –39,425 –38,990 –39,453 Limit foreign tax credits for sales of hybrid entities ......... –23 –39 –41 –43 –45 –47 –48 –49 –50 –51 Restrict deductions of excessive interest of members of financial reporting groups for disproportionate borrowing in the United States ����������������������������� ......... –2,100 –2,334 –1,586 –1,638 –1,690 –1,743 –1,795 –1,846 –1,900 –1,956 Impose 15 percent minimum tax on book earnings of large corporations ���������������������������������������������� ......... –10,736 –15,245 –14,588 –13,812 –14,561 –15,203 –16,049 –16,158 –15,775 –16,217 Total, reform corporate taxation ��������������������������� ......... –98,028 –195,726 –219,858 –220,987 –219,554 –217,429 –216,390 –214,047 –214,272 –218,658 Support housing and infrastructure: Expand Low-income Housing Tax Credit ����������������� ......... 35 212 707 1,592 2,527 3,427 4,370 5,362 6,339 7,356 Provide Neighborhood Homes Investment Tax Credit ���������������������������������������������������������������������� ......... 10 99 398 944 1,512 1,889 2,063 2,083 2,035 2,001 2021 (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued 4,328 307,259 –857,817 –533,503 –84,781 –1,429 –86,210 112 –112 ......... ......... –390,051 –436 –18,588 399 130,257 –406,537 –247,707 –35,046 –576 –35,622 48 –48 ......... ......... –185,806 –191 –9,348 31,927 13,034 5,073 2,963 –68,942 –148,344 –954,153 –2,034,949 6,267 –513 –24,783 5,572 –248 –11,433 2022–2026 2022–2031 Totals 50 Summary Tables ......... 2022 ......... 2023 ......... 2024 ......... 2025 97 2026 280 2027 492 2028 736 2029 1,006 2030 1,294 2031 4 24 32 4 73 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... Provide direct support to children and families: Establish a new child care program for American families ������������������������������������������������������������������� Provide universal paid family and medical leave ���� 6,720 750 8 1 ......... ......... Education and preparation for teachers: Expand Teacher Quality Partnerships ������������������������� Create Hawkins Centers of Excellence ������������������������� Increase Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) personnel preparation funding ��������������������� Reform and expand Teacher Education Assistance for College and Higher Education (TEACH) grants ������ Invest in teacher credentials ����������������������������������������� Invest in teacher leadership and development ������������ Total, education and preparation for teachers ��������� –901 8,608 206 5,828 4,078 470 188 42,762 –455 8,336 146 4,092 3,050 330 132 29,896 8,860 9,355 120 560 74 1,044 80 11,820 12,406 123 560 144 1,215 88 263 37 15,399 9,532 184 26 6,306 2,580 2,203 2,530 13,760 13,909 125 400 194 1,119 90 271 39 48,155 194 485 206 6,014 4,180 –1,354 8,664 17,496 9,637 2,633 17,230 15,362 127 48 200 785 90 280 40 44,970 200 500 187 6,200 4,347 –1,847 8,648 12,892 11,158 2,685 20,910 20,739 128 ......... 200 738 90 280 40 45,512 200 500 164 6,200 4,430 –2,243 8,797 11,053 13,673 2,738 24,480 25,626 130 ......... 200 740 90 280 40 48,029 200 500 162 6,200 4,567 –2,662 8,987 10,864 16,417 2,794 31,820 36,438 133 ......... 200 743 90 280 40 51,435 200 500 136 6,200 4,710 –3,094 9,193 10,418 20,323 2,849 40,090 41,546 134 ......... 200 744 90 280 40 56,257 200 500 79 6,200 4,860 –3,590 9,372 10,092 25,638 2,906 49,270 48,918 136 ......... 200 746 90 280 40 64,325 200 500 67 6,200 5,016 –4,031 9,558 10,349 33,501 2,965 ......... 291 767 1,292 1,458 1,439 1,403 1,357 1,308 1,257 1,204 ......... 336 1,078 2,397 3,994 5,575 6,999 8,282 9,489 10,637 11,855 ......... –95,593 –185,399 –183,765 –176,707 –169,052 –159,967 –169,366 –171,978 –173,559 –181,662 ......... 83,966 91,798 140,815 151,910 176,801 109,650 28,359 –34,570 –86,876 –132,909 ......... 2021 Add at least four years of free public education: Universal preschool: Provide universal preschool grants to States ����������� ......... 302 Provide Head Start educator fund ��������������������������� ......... 1,004 Free community college and other postsecondary education investments: Fund free community college ������������������������������������ ......... 429 Account for American Opportunity Tax Credit interaction with free community college 1 ������������� ......... –22 Increase the Pell Grant ���������������������������������������������� ......... 3,550 Make Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) recipients eligible for Pell Grants ������������ ......... 45 Create completion grants for student supports �������� ......... 186 Fund Advancing Affordability for students �������������� ......... 139 Increase funding to HBCUs/Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs)/MSIs in Titles III/V programs ����������������������������������������������������������������� ......... 15 Create or expand health care graduate programs at HBCUs/TCUs/MSIs ����������������������������������������������� ......... 6 Total, add at least four years of free public education ������������������������������������������������������������ ......... 5,654 American Families Plan Expand New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC) and make permanent ���������������������������������������������������� Provide federally subsidized State and local bonds for infrastructure including for schools 1 ��������������� Total, support housing and infrastructure ���������� Total, Made in America Tax Plan ������������������������������ Total, American Jobs Plan ���������������������������������������� (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued 3,905 58,390 51,782 519 1,600 616 4,236 352 1,006 143 171,437 720 1,800 790 22,320 15,794 –4,579 37,806 55,748 29,606 11,432 224,960 225,049 1,180 1,600 1,616 7,947 802 2,406 343 436,995 1,720 4,300 1,398 53,320 39,377 –20,199 83,713 108,524 139,158 25,684 5,247 11,776 13,380 60,642 –810,516 –1,667,048 645,290 528,944 97 2022–2026 2022–2031 Totals BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 51 21,620 8,840 ......... 30 180 30 24 ......... ......... 28,567 25 504 86 1,980 1,746 ......... 2024 32,696 25 582 84 2,538 1,798 ......... 2025 28 28 29 16,513 Strengthen taxation of high-income taxpayers and close loopholes: Increase top marginal tax rate for high earners ���������� ......... –19,991 –30,594 –33,278 –36,525 Reform taxation of capital income �������������������������������� –1,241 –7,656 –25,451 –32,906 –36,303 Rationalize Net Investment Income and SelfEmployment Contributions Act (SECA) taxes ��������� ......... –11,383 –19,535 –20,779 –23,038 Tax carried (profits) interest as ordinary income ��������� ......... –100 –135 –138 –141 Repeal deferral of gain from like-kind exchanges �������� ......... –676 –1,857 –1,914 –1,971 Make permanent excess business loss limitation of noncorporate taxpayers ��������������������������������������������� ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... Total, strengthen taxation of high-income taxpayers and close loopholes ������������������������������������������������� –1,241 –39,806 –77,572 –89,015 –97,978 29 15,679 –1,680 17,215 –1,934 12,303 18,076 –2,199 11,032 12,445 25 ......... 92 3,511 2,104 ......... 2031 46,487 33 23,334 –4,093 11,761 13,032 2,420 578,494 143 60,897 –7,238 47,246 41,513 435,933 129,992 135 1,890 445 9,087 7,263 1,000 –376,228 –6,836 –71,857 –69,952 –75,086 –73,630 –75,643 –84,244 –7,627 ......... –9,996 –11,782 –6,619 ......... –754,783 –42,860 –236,500 –1,468 –19,550 –131,920 –322,485 799,301 302 163,048 –22,527 104,198 105,219 449,061 498,266 260 3,000 882 25,844 17,271 1,000 2022–2026 2022–2031 –98,940 –657 –8,448 45,198 32 21,704 –3,531 11,573 12,908 2,512 87,250 103,920 25 18 90 3,430 2,051 ......... 2030 –24,205 –25,464 –26,719 –27,559 –28,416 –29,402 –143 –149 –155 –162 –169 –176 –2,030 –2,091 –2,154 –2,218 –2,285 –2,354 43,936 32 20,149 –2,992 11,391 12,745 2,611 73,822 25 96 88 3,348 2,007 ......... 2029 –131,920 –136,263 42,941 31 18,888 –2,474 11,195 12,576 2,725 55,858 25 420 85 3,271 1,951 ......... 2028 Totals –11,532 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –33,947 –32,252 –34,276 –36,064 –37,937 –45,693 42,245 11,490 0 –1,437 10,633 12,145 49,332 137,489 145,200 144,655 101,818 –1,205 –982 10,588 11,970 2,860 47,424 25 576 82 3,197 1,895 ......... 2027 31 10,588 3,134 11,782 62,060 38,269 25 600 82 3,123 1,847 ......... 2026 29 5,589 27 47,125 110,999 108,559 107,190 87 106 ......... 1,446 1,662 ......... 2023 ......... 210 1,000 2022 ......... ......... ......... Support workers and families and strengthen economic security: Extend the American Rescue Plan changes to the Child Credit through 2025 and make permanent full refundability 1 ������������������������������������������������������ ......... Make permanent the American Rescue Plan expansion to Earned Income Tax Credit for workers without qualifying children 1 ������������������������������������� ......... Make permanent the American Rescue Plan changes to the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit (CDCTC) 1 ������������������������������������������������������������������� ......... Account for CDCTC interaction with new child care program for American families 1, 2 ������������������������������ ......... Make permanent the American Rescue Plan expansion of premium tax credits 1 ��������������������������� ......... Increase the employer-provided childcare tax credit for businesses ������������������������������������������������������������� ......... Total, support workers, families, and economic security ����������������������������������������������������������������������� ......... Nutrition: Expand Summer Electronic Benefit Transfer (Summer EBT) to all eligible children nationwide ������������������� Expand school meal programs ���������������������������������� Launch a healthy food incentives demonstration ���� Facilitate re-entry for formerly incarcerated individuals through Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) eligibility ����������������� Place family coordinators at Veterans Affairs medical centers ������������������������������������������������������������������������ Invest in maternal health ���������������������������������������������� Total, provide direct support to children and families ������������������������������������������������������������������� 2021 (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued 52 Summary Tables 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Improve tax compliance and administration: Implement a program integrity allocation adjustment and provide additional resources for tax administration: Increase revenues through program integrity allocation adjustment for tax administration ������ ......... –334 –1,858 –3,165 –4,055 –4,894 Increase revenues by providing mandatory Internal Revenue Service (IRS) funding for compliance ���� ......... 0 –631 –3,312 –7,562 –13,837 Provide mandatory IRS funding for compliance ������ ......... 953 1,959 2,938 4,069 5,441 Implement a program integrity allocation adjustment for tax administration, discretionary outlays (non-add) ��������������������������������������������������� ......... 375 620 641 657 676 Total, implement a program integrity allocation adjustment and provide additional resources for tax administration ���������������������������������������� ......... 619 –530 –3,539 –7,548 –13,290 Introduce comprehensive financial account information reporting ������������������������������������������������ ......... –8,378 –32,413 –36,551 –42,517 –46,980 Increase oversight of paid tax return preparers: Allow IRS to regulate paid Federal tax return preparers 1 ��������������������������������������������������������������� ......... –35 –52 –57 –59 –58 Increase penalties on ghost preparers 1 �������������������� ......... –13 –19 –21 –24 –25 Total, increase oversight of paid tax return preparers �������������������������������������������������������� ......... –48 –71 –78 –83 –83 Enhance accuracy of tax information: E-file of forms and returns ���������������������������������������� ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... Taxpayer Identification Numbers certification for reportable payments ���������������������������������������������� ......... –36 –83 –141 –193 –202 Total, enhance accuracy of tax information ���������� ......... –36 –83 –141 –193 –202 Expand broker information reporting with respect to cryptocurrency assets ������������������������������������������������ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... Address taxpayer noncompliance: Extend statute of limitation �������������������������������������� ......... –23 –52 –66 –79 –77 Impose liability on shareholders to collect unpaid income taxes of applicable corporations ��������������� ......... –395 –412 –428 –444 –462 Total, address taxpayer noncompliance ���������������� ......... –418 –464 –494 –523 –539 Modify tax administration rules: Amend centralized partnership audit regime (BBA) to provide for the carryover of non-refundable reporting year amounts that exceed the income tax liability of a partner ���������������������������������������� ......... 5 5 5 5 6 Modify requisite supervisory approval of penalty included in notice ��������������������������������������������������� ......... –29 –254 –245 –248 –222 Total, modify tax administration rules ����������������� ......... –24 –249 –240 –243 –216 2021 2031 –57 –27 –84 ......... –221 –221 ......... –74 –498 –572 7 –174 –167 –81 ......... –211 –211 ......... –76 –479 –555 6 –197 –191 –173 –166 7 –518 –591 –73 ......... –231 –231 ......... –89 –61 –28 –179 –172 7 –539 –610 –71 ......... –241 –241 ......... –97 –68 –29 –186 –179 7 –560 –630 –70 ......... –252 –252 ......... –103 –73 –30 –998 –972 26 –2,141 –2,438 –297 ......... –655 –655 ......... –363 –261 –102 –166,839 –53,032 –57,123 –61,024 –61,886 –62,742 –55 –26 –24,288 749 –21,184 –31,641 –42,962 –56,155 –68,889 729 2,969 710 767 692 –1,907 –1,847 60 –4,735 –5,396 –661 ......... –1,811 –1,811 ......... –817 –575 –242 –462,646 –245,119 6,616 –265,896 71,057 –50,280 2022–2026 2022–2031 –25,342 15,360 –7,796 2030 –22,342 –34,081 –46,941 –62,253 –74,937 7,047 9,035 11,222 13,894 14,499 –7,243 2029 –14,306 –6,595 2028 Totals –8,451 –5,889 2027 (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 53 1 ......... 2025 ......... 2026 556 –530 –290 130 –160 –245 1,599 1,354 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 1,653 –876 –2,529 –260 252 –512 571 –573 –1,144 205 150 38 115 1,142 72 1,726 –1,702 –3,428 –292 424 –716 587 –617 –1,204 344 153 39 197 1,165 153 1,583 –2,914 –4,497 –17 528 –545 604 –664 –1,268 354 156 40 245 1,188 135 1,593 –3,698 –5,291 –330 605 –935 621 –683 –1,304 365 159 40 250 1,212 134 –1,621 –2,463 –3,297 –4,192 –5,370 98,153 168,002 225,204 225,258 224,106 –1,086 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –1,241 ......... 2024 ......... 2027 –6,059 94,304 1,654 –4,404 –6,058 –235 631 –866 638 –701 –1,339 376 162 41 255 1,236 134 Extend and Modify the Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit ������������������������������������������������������������������� ......... 2021 3,416 2022 4,582 2023 4,703 2024 5,895 2025 6,530 2026 7,167 2027 The estimates for this proposal include effects on outlays. The outlay effects included in the totals above are as follows: Program integrity proposals: Capturing savings to Medicare and Medicaid from Health Care Fraud and Abuse Control (HCFAC) allocation adjustment ������������������������������������������������ Implement HCFAC allocation adjustment, discretionary outlays (non-add) ����������������������������� Net effect of HCFAC allocation adjustment (non-add) �� Capturing savings to Unemployment Insurance from Reemployment Services and Eligibility Assessment (RESEA) allocation adjustment 3 ������������������������������� Implement RESEA allocation adjustment, discretionary outlays (non-add) ����������������������������� Net effect of RESEA allocation adjustment (nonadd) ������������������������������������������������������������������������� Capturing savings from Social Security Administration (SSA) allocation adjustment 4 ���������� Implement SSA allocation adjustment, discretionary outlays (non-add) ����������������������������� Net effect of SSA allocation adjustment (non-add) ��� Total, mandatory effects of discretionary proposals ���������������������������������������������������������� Total, mandatory and receipt proposals ��������������� ......... 2023 ......... 2028 ......... 2029 ......... 2030 ......... 2031 1,692 –5,590 –7,282 1 658 –657 674 –741 –1,415 394 169 43 265 1,286 142 1,724 –6,632 –8,356 352 671 –319 693 –762 –1,455 403 172 44 272 1,312 142 1,760 –7,324 –9,084 113 685 –572 712 –783 –1,495 411 176 45 277 1,338 147 8,574 2028 9,749 2029 10,557 2030 10,895 2031 –7,073 –7,055 –7,785 –8,757 3,960 –50,382 –100,016 –143,227 1,659 –5,527 –7,186 –117 646 –763 656 –722 –1,378 387 166 42 260 1,261 138 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –8,285 –33,810 –41,043 –51,107 –61,310 –75,254 –89,808 –105,063 –119,161 –132,795 15,808 78,667 87,686 77,540 52,675 –9,287 –17,326 –8,757 –5,355 –1,561 ......... 2022 ......... ......... Mandatory effects of discretionary proposals Increase the Pell Grant discretionary award by $400 ����� Reclassifications: Reclassify contract support costs Indian Health Service (IHS) �������������������������������������������������������������� Reclassify contract support costs Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) ��������������������������������������������������������������� Reclassify Tribal lease payments (IHS) ������������������������ Reclassify Tribal lease payments (BIA) ������������������������ Reclassify Tribal Water Settlements ����������������������������� ......... ......... –1,241 ......... Authorize limited sharing of business tax return information to measure the economy more accurately ������������������������������������������������������������������� Increase Low Income Taxpayer Clinic (LITC) grant cap and index it for inflation ������������������������������������� Total, improve tax compliance and administration ��� Total, American Families Plan �������������������������������� 2021 (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued ......... 25,126 72,068 2022–2026 2022–2031 –53,672 745,362 16,643 –37,313 –53,956 –945 5,230 –6,175 6,312 –6,776 –13,088 3,239 1,463 372 2,136 11,140 1,197 ......... –717,636 270,090 Totals –16,943 940,723 8,154 –7,836 –15,990 –1,059 1,939 –2,998 2,939 –3,067 –6,006 1,268 618 157 807 4,707 494 ......... –195,555 312,376 ......... 2022–2026 2022–2031 Totals 54 Summary Tables 385 66 11 547 158 345 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –380 1,637 334 752 128 768 1,350 900 1,789 2024 –579 1,880 412 939 313 1,346 889 900 2,295 2025 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 8,620 –733 6,442 5,231 11,666 –876 6,455 10,670 12,244 –1,025 6,486 10,839 12,327 –1,030 6,554 10,984 54,147 –790 1,819 540 1,206 469 2,462 735 900 2,801 2026 –24 –3 74,073 14,073 –1,270 4,835 11,163 2,602 –1,095 1,620 ......... 2,950 419 ......... 518 900 3,105 2029 –27 –3 71,775 15,052 –1,497 4,908 11,304 2,503 –1,271 1,554 ......... 5,018 ......... ......... 39 900 3,308 2030 –29 –3 67,530 16,094 –1,732 4,977 11,409 2,411 –1,459 1,488 ......... 6,520 ......... ......... 117 900 3,375 2031 –152 –10 815,784 44,857 –3,664 25,937 37,724 543,592 –1,954 6,645 1,703 4,099 963 4,914 4,359 4,275 7,358 –279 –25 1,196,720 116,091 –10,151 50,109 93,740 556,675 –7,505 14,746 1,847 23,417 3,716 9,579 7,141 8,775 23,187 2022–2026 2022–2031 4 2021 0 2022 0 15 2023 109 2024 399 2025 59 2026 83 2027 117 2028 151 2029 423 2030 109 2031 582 1465 2022–2026 2022–2031 Represents the savings associated with continuing to provide dedicated funding, through a discretionary allocation adjustment, for program integrity activities to confirm program participants remain eligible to receive benefits. RESEA allocation adjustment effects ��������������������������� Totals The estimates for this proposal include effects on receipts. The receipt effects included in the totals above are as follows: –23 –3 79,506 13,247 –1,052 4,758 11,018 2,716 –940 1,686 ......... 2,767 1,495 992 1,261 900 3,071 2028 3 –24 –3 88,052 12,768 –936 4,694 11,122 2,851 –786 1,753 144 2,063 839 3,673 847 900 2,970 2027 Individuals will not be able to claim both the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit and participate in the new Child Care for American Families program for the same care. This interaction removes costs already included in the Child Care for American Families score. –19 –34 –35 –34 –30 ......... –2 –2 –3 –3 90,679 175,151 204,834 211,478 133,642 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –205 964 259 655 42 272 1,000 900 270 2023 80,956 137,868 135,741 134,880 675 ......... ......... 203 2022 ......... 2021 Totals 2 Provide tax credit for electricity transmission investments ���������������������������������������������������������������� Provide allocated credit for electricity generation from existing nuclear power facilities �������������������������������� Establish new tax credits for qualifying advanced energy manufacturing ����������������������������������������������� Establish tax credits for heavy- and medium-duty zero emission vehicles �������������������������������������������������������� Provide a production tax credit for low-carbon hydrogen ��������������������������������������������������������������������� Extend and enhance the Carbon Oxide Sequestration Credit �������������������������������������������������������������������������� Extend and enhance the electric vehicle charging station credit �������������������������������������������������������������� Provide federally subsidized State and local bonds for infrastructure including for schools �������������������������� Account for American Opportunity Tax Credit interaction with Free Community College ��������������� Extend the American Rescue Plan changes to the Child Credit and make permanent full refundability ��������������������������������������������������������������� Make permanent the American Rescue Plan expansion to Earned Income Tax Credit for workers without children ��������������������������������������������������������� Make permanent the American Rescue Plan changes to the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit (CDCTC) ��������������������������������������������������������������������� Account for CDCTC interaction with new child care program for American families ��������������������������������� Make permanent the American Rescue Plan expansion of premium tax credits ����������������������������� Allow IRS to regulate paid Federal tax return preparers �������������������������������������������������������������������� Increase penalties on ghost preparers �������������������������� Total, outlay effects of receipt proposals ������������������� (Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 55 –1.5 16.9 ......... ......... 3.1 10.1 2.5 1.1 –1.9 –0.2 –0.2 –1.5 +2.1% +2.2% +2.1% 1,555.2 769.5 785.7 2023 16.4 ......... ......... 3.4 10.1 2.5 0.5 –2.0 –0.2 –0.2 –1.5 +2.2% +2.2% +2.2% 1,589.5 786.6 802.9 2024 16.1 ......... ......... 3.4 10.1 2.5 0.2 –2.0 –0.2 –0.2 –1.6 +2.2% +2.2% +2.2% 1,624.7 804.0 820.6 2025 16.3 ......... ......... 3.5 10.1 2.5 0.2 –2.0 –0.3 –0.2 –1.6 +2.2% +2.2% +2.2% 1,660.8 821.9 838.9 2026 16.2 ......... ......... 3.6 10.1 2.5 ......... –2.1 –0.3 –0.2 –1.6 +1.6% +1.0% +2.2% 1,687.5 830.1 857.4 2027 Outyears 16.3 ......... ......... 3.7 10.1 2.5 ......... –2.1 –0.3 –0.2 –1.7 +1.6% +1.0% +2.2% 1,714.7 838.4 876.2 2028 16.4 ......... ......... 3.8 10.1 2.5 ......... –2.2 –0.3 –0.2 –1.7 +1.6% +1.0% +2.2% 1,742.4 846.8 895.6 2029 16.4 ......... ......... 3.8 10.1 2.5 ......... –2.2 –0.3 –0.2 –1.7 +1.6% +1.0% +2.2% 1,770.5 855.3 915.3 2030 16.5 ......... ......... 3.9 10.1 2.5 ......... –2.3 –0.3 –0.2 –1.8 +1.6% +1.0% +2.2% 1,799.3 863.8 935.5 2031 64.3 –26.0 ......... 15.9 59.5 12.3 2.5 –7.9 –1.0 –0.8 –6.2 7,952.6 3,934.9 4,017.7 2026 2022- 146.1 –26.0 ......... 34.8 110.3 24.5 2.5 –18.8 –2.3 –1.8 –14.6 16,666.9 8,169.3 8,497.6 2031 2022- Totals Grand Total, Discretionary Budget Authority �������� 1,592.3 1,521.0 1,570.2 1,604.0 1,638.8 1,675.0 1,701.7 1,728.8 1,756.6 1,784.8 1,813.5 8,009.0 16,794.3 1 The 2021 enacted level includes changes that occur after appropriations are enacted that are part of budget execution such as transfers, reestimates, and the rebasing as mandatory any changes in mandatory programs (CHIMPs) enacted in appropriations bills. The 2021 levels are adjusted to include OMB’s scoring of CHIMPs enacted in 2021 appropriations Acts for a better illustrative comparison with the 2022 request. 2 The 2023 Budget will be accompanied by a Future Years Defense Program that reflects this Administration’s policy judgments and National Security and National Defense strategies. Because these strategy documents are currently under development, out-year defense funding levels in the 2022 budget are mechanical extrapolations. After 2022, defense programs are provided with current services growth through 2026 followed by one-percent increases through 2031, a proxy for long-run efficiencies the Administration believes may be achieved in the defense budget. 3 The 2022 Budget proposes two reclassifications of programs that historically have been funded as discretionary. This first proposal reclassifies the appropriations for the Contract Support Costs and Section 105(l) lease accounts in the Department of Health and Human Services’ Indian Health Service and the Department of the Interior’s (DOI) Bureau of Indian Affairs. The second proposal reclassifies DOI’s Indian water rights settlements funding. The Budget proposes to offset the increase in mandatory funding resulting from both reclassifications by reducing base discretionary funding by amounts equal to current services inflation of the programs. See the Budget Concepts chapter of the Analytical Perspectives volume of the Budget for more information on these proposals. 4 With the expiration of the discretionary caps in 2022, the Administration’s 2022 Budget presents funding differently than under the recent discretionary cap framework. The Administration shifts funds that had been designated as Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) to the base. Funds for anomalous or above-base activities such as emergency requirements, program integrity, disaster relief, wildfire suppression, and 21st Century Cures appropriations continue to be presented outside of base allocations. In addition, major offsets resulting from proposed changes in mandatory programs are also presented outside of the base. 191.0 –26.0 ......... 2.5 18.9 2.5 0.5 Non-Base Discretionary Funding (not included above): 4 Change in Mandatory Program Offsets ������������������������ –26.0 Emergency and COVID–19 Supplemental Funding ���� 194.9 Program Integrity ���������������������������������������������������������� 1.9 Disaster Relief ���������������������������������������������������������������� 17.3 Wildfire Suppression ������������������������������������������������������ 2.4 21st Century Cures Appropriations ������������������������������ 0.5 Total, Non-Base Funding ���������������������������������������������� ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... Non-Defense Reclassifications 3 ����������������������������������� Indian Water Rights Settlement Funding ��������������������� Section 105(l) Leases ������������������������������������������������������ Contract Support Costs �������������������������������������������������� 1,522.5 752.9 769.6 +8.6% +1.6% +16.5% 1,401.3 740.7 660.7 Proposed Growth in Base Discretionary Programs: Total ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Defense Allocation ���������������������������������������������������������� Non-Defense Allocation �������������������������������������������������� Base Discretionary Funding Allocation �������������������� Defense Allocation 2 ��������������������������������������������������������� Non-Defense Allocation �������������������������������������������������� Enacted 1 Request 2021 2022 (Budget authority in billions of dollars) Table S–7. Funding Levels for Appropriated (“Discretionary”) Programs by Category 56 Summary Tables 41.8 108.4 Education ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Energy (DOE) 3 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Health and Human Services (HHS) �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� –0.5 Transportation Security Administration Fees �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15.0 33.5 12.5 57.3 HUD receipts ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ Interior �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Justice ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Labor ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� State and International Programs 2,5 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2.9 13.5 104.6 DOT General Fund Transfer to Mandatory Programs 6 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Treasury 5 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Veterans Affairs ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7.8 9.2 –1.0 23.3 8.5 0.8 9.0 23.4 1,401.3 Corps of Engineers (Corps) 7 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Environmental Protection Agency ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ General Services Administration �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� National Aeronautics and Space Administration ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� National Science Foundation ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Small Business Administration ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Social Security Administration 4 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Other Agencies ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Subtotal, Base Discretionary Budget Authority ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Major Agencies: 22.4 DOT Discretionary Programs ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Transportation (DOT): 59.6 –15.1 HUD program level �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Housing and Urban Development (HUD): 54.9 DHS program level ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Homeland Security (DHS): 73.0 Defense ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4 8.9 703.7 Commerce ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 23.9 2021 Enacted 1 Agriculture 2 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ Cabinet Departments: Base Discretionary Funding: (Budget authority in billions of dollars) 1,522.5 25.5 9.8 0.9 10.2 24.8 1.5 11.2 6.8 113.1 15.0 ......... 25.7 63.6 14.2 35.3 17.4 –10.5 68.7 –2.7 54.9 133.7 46.2 102.8 715.0 11.5 27.9 2022 Request Table S–8. 2022 Discretionary Request by Major Agency +121.1 +2.1 +0.8 +0.1 +1.7 +1.5 +2.5 +2.0 –1.0 +8.5 +1.5 –2.9 +3.3 +6.3 +1.7 +1.8 +2.5 +4.6 +9.0 –2.3 +* +25.3 +4.3 +29.8 +11.3 +2.6 +4.0 Dollar +8.6% +8.8% +9.3% +9.5% +19.8% +6.6% N/A +21.6% –12.9% +8.2% +11.3% N/A +14.8% +11.0% +14.0% +5.3% +16.7% N/A +15.2% N/A +0.1% +23.4% +10.4% +40.8% +1.6% +29.4% +16.7% Percent 2022 Request Less 2021 Enacted BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 57 0.4 194.9 Other Agencies ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Subtotal, Emergency Requirements ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1.3 1.9 Treasury ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Social Security Administration ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ Subtotal, Program Integrity ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 0.1 17.3 Small Business Administration ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ Subtotal, Disaster Relief ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2.0 0.3 2.4 Agriculture ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Interior ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Subtotal, Wildfire Suppression ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ Wildfire Suppression: 17.1 Homeland Security �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Disaster Relief: 0.1 ......... Labor ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 0.5 Health and Human Services ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Program Integrity: 2.0 Small Business Administration ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 0.7 Labor ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 0.5 0.6 Justice ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Treasury ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 0.4 Interior ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5.3 0.7 Housing and Urban Development ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 27.0 2.8 Homeland Security �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Transportation ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 73.8 Health and Human Services ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� State and International Programs �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 81.6 –2.3 Education ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 0.3 Energy ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1.0 Commerce ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� –26.0 2021 Enacted 1 Agriculture ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Emergency Requirements and COVID–19 Supplemental Funding: 9 Changes in mandatory program offsets 8 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Non-Base Discretionary Funding: (Budget authority in billions of dollars) 2.5 0.3 2.1 18.9 0.1 18.8 2.5 1.4 0.4 0.1 0.6 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –26.0 2022 Request Table S–8. 2022 Discretionary Request by Major Agency—Continued +0.1 +* +0.1 +1.7 ......... +1.7 +0.7 +0.1 +0.4 +0.1 +0.1 –194.9 –0.4 –2.0 –0.5 –27.0 –5.3 –0.7 –0.6 –0.4 –0.7 –2.8 –73.8 +2.3 –81.6 –0.3 –1.0 ......... Dollar +4.3% +6.5% +3.9% +9.6% ......... +9.7% +35.1% +10.2% N/A +60.2% +12.1% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A ......... Percent 2022 Request Less 2021 Enacted 58 Summary Tables 191.0 Subtotal, Non-Base Discretionary Funding ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� –1.5 0.5 2022 Request –192.5 +0.1 Dollar –100.8% +15.2% Percent 2022 Request Less 2021 Enacted Total, Discretionary Budget Authority ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1,592.3 1,521.0 –71.3 –4.5% * $50 million or less. 1 The 2021 enacted level includes changes that occur after appropriations are enacted that are part of budget execution such as transfers, reestimates, and the rebasing as mandatory any changes in mandatory programs (CHIMPs) enacted in appropriations bills. The 2021 levels are adjusted to include OMB’s scoring of CHIMPs enacted in 2021 appropriations Acts for a better illustrative comparison with the 2022 request. 2 Funding for Food for Peace Title II Grants is included in the State and International Programs total. Although the funds are appropriated to the Department of Agriculture, the funds are administered by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). 3 The Department of Energy base total in 2021 includes an appropriation of $2.3 billion that had been designated as emergency in Public Law 116-260 since the activities were for regular operations and not emergency purposes. 4 Funding from the Hospital Insurance and Supplementary Medical Insurance trust funds for administrative expenses incurred by the Social Security Administration that support the Medicare program are included in the Health and Human Services total and not in the Social Security Administration total. 5 The State and International Programs total includes funding for the Department of State, USAID, Treasury International, and 11 international agencies while the Treasury total excludes Treasury’s International Programs. 6 The DOT General Fund Transfer to Mandatory Programs line reflects General Fund appropriations to programs that traditionally receive mandatory funding out of the Highway and Airport and Airway Trust Funds. 7 The 2022 Budget shifts the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP) from the Corps to DOE; setting aside the FUSRAP shift, the change from 2021 is a 10-percent decrease to the Corps non-defense budget. 8 The limitation enacted and proposed in the Justice Department’s Crime Victims Fund program and cancellations in the Children’s Health Insurance Program in HHS make up the bulk of these offsets. 9 Funding enacted in division N of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (Public Law 116-260) for otherwise discretionary programs has been rebased from mandatory and is included here along with other emergency requirements provided in 2021. The division N amounts were not designated as emergency but are considered non-base funding. 0.5 2021 Enacted 1 Health and Human Services ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21st Century Cures appropriations: (Budget authority in billions of dollars) Table S–8. 2022 Discretionary Request by Major Agency—Continued BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 59 1.8 2.1 2.1 Consumer Price Index, 2 percent change, year/year ������� Interest rates, percent: 3 91-day Treasury bills 4 ������������������������������������������������������������ 10-year Treasury notes ���������������������������������������������������������� 0.4 0.9 1.2 20,933 –2.3 –3.5 –2.5 1.2 2020 0.1 1.2 2.1 22,411 7.1 5.2 5.2 1.8 2021 0.2 1.4 2.1 23,799 6.2 4.3 3.2 1.9 2022 0.4 1.7 2.2 24,808 4.2 2.2 2.0 2.0 2023 0.8 2.1 2.2 25,778 3.9 1.9 1.8 2.0 2024 1.2 2.4 2.3 26,767 3.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2025 1.5 2.6 2.3 27,794 3.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2026 Projections 1.6 2.7 2.3 28,860 3.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2027 1.7 2.8 2.3 29,986 3.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2028 1.8 2.8 2.3 31,166 3.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2029 3.8 2.1 2.8 2.3 32,414 4.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2030 Unemployment rate, civilian, percent 3 ����������������������������� 3.7 8.1 5.5 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 Note: A more detailed table of economic assumptions appears in Chapter 2, “Economic Assumptions and Overview,” in the Analytical Perspectives volume of the Budget. 1 Based on information available as of mid-February 2021. 2 Seasonally adjusted CPI for all urban consumers. 3 Annual average. 4 Average rate, secondary market (bank discount basis). 21,433 4.0 2.2 2.3 1.8 Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Nominal level, billions of dollars ������������������������������������������� Percent change, nominal GDP, year/year ������������������������������ Real GDP, percent change, year/year ������������������������������������ Real GDP, percent change, Q4/Q4 ����������������������������������������� GDP chained price index, percent change, year/year ����������� Actual 2019 (Calendar years) Table S–9. Economic Assumptions 1 3.8 2.2 2.8 2.3 33,723 4.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2031 60 Summary Tables 3,150 4,216 4,216 17 1 4,234 26,881 39 26,920 Changes in Debt Subject to Statutory Limitation: Change in debt held by the public �������������������������������������������������������� Change in debt held by Government accounts ������������������������������������ Change in other factors ������������������������������������������������������������������������ Total, change in debt subject to statutory limitation ���������������������� Debt Subject to Statutory Limitation, End of Year: Debt issued by Treasury ����������������������������������������������������������������������� Adjustment for discount, premium, and coverage 3 ����������������������������� Total, debt subject to statutory limitation 4 ������������������������������������� Gross Federal debt: 5 Debt issued by Treasury ������������������������������������������������������������������� Debt issued by other agencies ���������������������������������������������������������� Total, gross Federal debt ��������������������������������������������������������������� As a percent of GDP ������������������������������������������������������������������ 26,881 21 26,902 128.1% * ......... –518 –1 –519 –* –11 1,087 –* 1,087 Debt Outstanding, End of Year: 159 354 198 –499 30,204 21 30,226 137.2% 30,204 41 30,245 3,150 173 1 3,325 –1,032 3,366 303 3,669 16.7% 1,399 2,784 345 3,129 14.9% 2021 Other transactions affecting borrowing from the public: Changes in financial assets and liabilities: 1 Change in Treasury operating cash balance ������������������������������� Net disbursements of credit financing accounts: Direct loan and Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) equity purchase accounts ����������������������������������������������������� Guaranteed loan accounts �������������������������������������������������������� Net purchases of non-Federal securities by the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust (NRRIT) �������������������� Net change in other financial assets and liabilities 2 ������������������ Subtotal, changes in financial assets and liabilities ��������������� Seigniorage on coins �������������������������������������������������������������������������� Total, other transactions affecting borrowing from the public ��� Total, requirement to borrow from the public (equals change in debt held by the public) ������������������������������������������������������������ Unified budget deficit: Primary deficit ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Net interest ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Unified budget deficit �������������������������������������������������������������������� As a percent of GDP ������������������������������������������������������������������ Financing: Actual 2020 32,423 22 32,445 138.1% 32,423 42 32,465 2,098 121 1 2,220 2,098 –2 ......... 262 –* 261 110 154 ......... 1,532 305 1,837 7.8% 2022 34,005 22 34,026 138.5% 34,005 43 34,048 1,418 163 1 1,582 1,418 –2 ......... 47 –1 46 44 5 ......... 1,052 320 1,372 5.6% 2023 (Dollar amounts in billions) 35,586 22 35,607 139.4% 35,586 44 35,630 1,379 202 1 1,582 1,379 –2 ......... 21 –1 20 17 6 ......... 991 368 1,359 5.3% 2024 37,167 22 37,189 140.3% 37,167 44 37,211 1,476 106 –* 1,582 1,476 –2 ......... 7 –1 7 4 5 ......... 1,025 445 1,470 5.5% 2025 38,652 22 38,673 140.5% 38,652 44 38,696 1,419 65 * 1,485 1,419 –2 ......... 6 –1 5 3 5 ......... 890 524 1,414 5.1% 2026 Estimate Table S–10. Federal Government Financing and Debt 39,867 22 39,889 139.5% 39,867 45 39,912 1,308 –93 1 1,216 1,308 –2 ......... 5 –1 5 1 6 ......... 701 603 1,303 4.6% 2027 41,083 22 41,105 138.4% 41,083 46 41,129 1,425 –209 * 1,216 1,425 –2 ......... 2 –1 1 –2 5 ......... 749 674 1,424 4.8% 2028 42,267 23 42,290 137.0% 42,267 47 42,314 1,305 –120 * 1,185 1,305 –2 ......... –1 –1 –1 –4 5 ......... 562 744 1,307 4.2% 2029 43,517 24 43,541 135.7% 43,517 47 43,564 1,485 –234 –1 1,250 1,485 –1 ......... 8 –1 7 5 5 ......... 649 829 1,477 4.6% 2030 44,821 25 44,846 134.3% 44,821 47 44,868 1,578 –273 –1 1,304 1,578 –1 ......... 11 –1 11 8 5 ......... 654 914 1,568 4.7% 2031 BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 61 21,017 Debt Held by the Public Net of Financial Assets: Debt held by the public ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 24,167 6,059 24,167 109.7% 2021 26,265 6,180 26,265 111.8% 2022 27,683 6,343 27,683 112.7% 2023 29,062 6,545 29,062 113.8% 2024 30,539 6,651 30,539 115.2% 2025 31,958 6,716 31,958 116.1% 2026 Estimate 33,266 6,622 33,266 116.4% 2027 34,691 6,414 34,691 116.8% 2028 35,996 6,294 35,996 116.6% 2029 37,481 6,060 37,481 116.8% 2030 39,059 5,786 39,059 117.0% 2031 Less financial assets net of liabilities: Treasury operating cash balance ����������������������������������������������������� 1,782 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 Credit financing account balances: Direct loan and TARP equity purchase accounts ������������������������ 1,613 1,773 1,883 1,926 1,943 1,947 1,949 1,951 1,949 1,945 1,950 1,957 Guaranteed loan accounts ������������������������������������������������������������ –467 –112 41 46 52 57 62 68 72 77 82 86 Government-sponsored enterprise stock 7 ���������������������������������������� 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 Air carrier worker support warrants and notes 8 ���������������������������� 5 13 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 7 Non-Federal securities held by NRRIT �������������������������������������������� 24 24 22 20 18 17 15 13 11 10 9 8 Other assets net of liabilities ����������������������������������������������������������� –73 –73 –73 –73 –73 –73 –73 –73 –73 –73 –73 –73 Total, financial assets net of liabilities ���������������������������������������� 2,993 2,483 2,744 2,791 2,812 2,819 2,824 2,829 2,830 2,830 2,837 2,843 Debt held by the public net of financial assets ������������������������ 18,024 21,684 23,520 24,892 26,250 27,720 29,134 30,437 31,860 33,167 34,643 36,216 As a percent of GDP �������������������������������������������������������������� 85.8% 98.4% 100.1% 101.3% 102.8% 104.5% 105.8% 106.5% 107.3% 107.5% 107.9% 108.5% * $500 million or less. 1 A decrease in the Treasury operating cash balance (which is an asset) is a means of financing a deficit and therefore has a negative sign. An increase in checks outstanding (which is a liability) is also a means of financing a deficit and therefore also has a negative sign. More information on the levels and changes to the operating cash balance is available in Chapter 4, “Federal Borrowing and Debt” in the Analytical Perspectives volume of the Budget. 2 Includes checks outstanding, accrued interest payable on Treasury debt, uninvested deposit fund balances, allocations of special drawing rights, and other liability accounts; and, as an offset, cash and monetary assets (other than the Treasury operating cash balance), other asset accounts, and profit on sale of gold. 3 Consists mainly of debt issued by the Federal Financing Bank (which is not subject to limit), the unamortized discount (less premium) on public issues of Treasury notes and bonds (other than zero-coupon bonds), and the unrealized discount on Government account series securities. 4 Legislation enacted August 2, 2019 (P.L. 116-37), temporarily suspends the debt limit through July 31, 2021. 5 Treasury securities held by the public and zero-coupon bonds held by Government accounts are almost all measured at sales price plus amortized discount or less amortized premium. Agency debt securities are almost all measured at face value. Treasury securities in the Government account series are otherwise measured at face value less unrealized discount (if any). 6 At the end of 2020, the Federal Reserve Banks held $4,445.5 billion of Federal securities and the rest of the public held $16,571.2 billion. Debt held by the Federal Reserve Banks is not estimated for future years. 7 Treasury’s warrants to purchase 79.9 percent of the common stock of the enterprises expire after September 7, 2028. The warrants were valued at $13 billion at the end of 2020. 8 Of the notes and warrants issued under Air carrier worker support (Payroll support program), $0.5 billion are scheduled to expire by the end of 2026, $0.6 billion are scheduled to expire by the end of 2027, and $5.3 billion are scheduled to expire by the end of 2031. 5,886 21,017 100.1% Held by: Debt held by Government accounts ������������������������������������������������� Debt held by the public 6 ������������������������������������������������������������������� As a percent of GDP ���������������������������������������������������������������������� Actual 2020 (Dollar amounts in billions) Table S–10. Federal Government Financing and Debt—Continued 62 Summary Tables OMB CONTRIBUTORS TO THE 2022 BUDGET The following personnel contributed to the preparation of this publication. Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of others throughout the Government also deserve credit for their valuable contributions. A Lindsay Abate Andrew Abrams Chandana L. Achanta Laurie Adams Shagufta Ahmed P. Joseph Ahn Benjamin Aidoo Lina Al Sudani Joseph Albanese Isabel Aldunate Jason Alleman Victoria Allred Aaron Alton Michaela Amos Kimberly Anoweck Nickole M. Arbuckle Rachel Arguello Alison Arnold Aviva Aron-Dine Anna R. Arroyo Emily Schultz Askew Lisa L. August B Samuel Bagenstos Drew Bailey Jessie W. Bailey Ally P. Bain Paul W. Baker Steven Bakovic Carol A. Bales Caroline Ball Pratik S. Banjade Avital Bar-Shalom Zachary Barger Carl Barrick Jody Barringer Alexander Barron Amy Batchelor Sarah Belford Jennifer Wagner Bell Sara Bencic Joseph J. Berger Danielle Berman Elizabeth A. Bernhard Katherine Berrey William Bestani Samuel J. Black Sharon Block Kate Bloniarz Mathew C. Blum Tia Boatman Patterson Sharon A. Boivin Amira C. Boland Cassie L. Boles Melissa B. Bomberger Derick A. Boyd Jr. William J. Boyd Michael Branson Alex M. Brant Joseph F. Breighner Andrea M. Brian Candice M. Bronack Ashley A. Brooks Katherine W. Broomell Dustin S. Brown Sheila Bruce Michael T. Brunetto Nicole Budzinski Pearl Buenvenida Tom D. Bullers Scott H. Burgess Ben Burnett Jordan C. Burris John C. Burton Nicholas S. Burton Mark Bussow Dylan W. Byrd C Steven Cahill Greg Callanan Amy Canfield Eric D. Cardoza Kevin Carpenter Curtis M. Carr Jr. Christina S. Carrere Matthew Carroll William S. S. Carroll Scott D. Carson Corryne C. Carter Mary I. Cassell David Cerrato Dan Chandler Anthony Chase James Chase Nida Chaudhary Erin Cheese Anita Chellaraj Damon Clark Michael Clark Sean Coari Alyssa Cogen Jordan Cohen Pamela Coleman Victoria W. Collin Debra M. Collins Kelly T. Colyar Jose A. Conde Alyson M. Conley David C. Connolly Kyle Connors Mary Rose Conroy Shila Cooch LaTiesha B. Cooper Benjamin E. Coyle Drew W. Cramer Ayana Crawford William Creedon Jill L. Crissman Rose Crow Jefferson Crowder James Crowe Juliana Crump Craig Crutchfield David M. CruzGlaudemans Lily Cuk Pennee Cumberlander C. Tyler Curtis William Curtis Matthew Cutts D J. Alex Dalessio D. Michael Daly Rody Damis Neil B. Danberg Elisabeth C. Daniel Kristy L. Daphnis Alexander J. Daumit Joanne C. Davenport Kelly Jo Davis Kenneth L. Davis Margaret B. DavisChristian Karen De Los Santos Tasha M. Demps Paul J. Denaro Kimberly A. Denz Catherine A. Derbes Christopher DeRusha Suzy Deuster John H. Dick Jamie Dickinson Amie Didlo Rachel M. Diedrick Jean Diomi Kazadi Angela M. Donatelli Paul S. Donohue Cristin Dorgelo Vladik Dorjets Michelle Dorsey Celeste Drake Megan Dreher Lisa Cash Driskill Mark A. Dronfield Abigail Drucis Vanessa Duguay Nathaniel Durden Ryan Durga 63 OMB Contributors to the 2022 Budget 64 Reena Duseja E Matthew C. Eanes Jacqueline A. Easley Calie Edmonds Jeanette Edwards Matthew Eliseo Michelle Enger Diana F. Epstein Brede Eschliman Robert Etter Beatrix Evans Gillian Evans Patrick Evans F Farnoosh Faezi-Marian Robert Fairweather Edna Falk Curtin Hunter Fang Christine E. Farquharson Louis Feagans Iris R. Feldman Christopher M. Felix Kelsi Feltz Lesley A. Field Sean C. Finnegan Mary Fischietto John J. Fitzpatrick Cleones Fleurima Daniel G. Fowlkes Nicholas A. Fraser Rob Friedlander Laurel Fuller Steven Furnagiev G Abigail P. Gage Scott D. Gaines Christopher D. Gamache Joseph R. Ganahl Kyle Gardiner Mathias A. Gardner Arpit Garg Marc Garufi Anthony R. Garza Anna M. Gendron Mariam Ghavalyan Daniel Giamo Carolyn Gibson Brian Gillis Jacob Glass Joshua S. Glazer Porter O. Glock Andrea L. Goel Jeffrey D. Goldstein Christopher Gomba Anthony A. Gonzalez Oscar Gonzalez Alex Goodenough Michael D. Graham David M. Gratz Aron Greenberg Brandon H. Greene Robin J. Griffin Justin Grimes Hester C. Grippando Stephanie F. Grosser Andrea L. Grossman Kerry Gutknecht H Michael B. Hagan James R. Hagen Jessica K. Hale Tia Hall Victor Hall William F. Hamele Christine E. Hammer Brian Hanson Jennifer L. Hanson Dionne Hardy Deidre A. Harrison Edward Hartwig Paul Harvey Abdullah Hasan Laurel Havas Nichole M. Hayden Mark Hazelgren Kelly Healton Gary Hellman John David Henson Matthew A. Herb Rachel Hernández Alex Hettinger Michael J. Hickey Michael Hildner Amanda M. Hill Jonathan Hill Walter F. Hill Michelle Hilton Elke Hodson-Marten Jennifer E. Hoef Stuart Hoffman Troy Holland Brian Holm-Hansen Javay C. Holmes Michele Holt Jack Hoskins Clinton T. Hourigan Aaron B. House Peter Hoy Grace Hu Rhea A. Hubbard Kathy M. Hudgins Shristi Humagai Ashley Hungerford Sally J. Hunnicutt Alexander T. Hunt Lorraine D. Hunt James C. Hurban Veta Hurst I Tae H. Im J Scott W. Jackson Manish Jain Harrison M. Jarrett Ames R. Jenkins Carol Jenkins Connor Jennings Julie Jent Carol Johnson Michael D. Johnson Danielle Y. Jones Denise Bray Jones Lauren H. Jones Lisa M. Jones Shannon Maire Joyce Hursandbek Jumanyazov Hee Jun K Kosta Kalpos Daniel S. Kaneshiro Jacob H. Kaplan Jenifer L. Karwoski Regina L. Kearney Benjamin R. Keffer Christopher Keller Mary W. Keller Nancy B. Kenly Moses I. Kennedy Jung H. Kim Maria Kim Michael B. Kim Rachael Y. Kim Kelly C. King Kelly A. Kinneen Marina Kirakosian Jessica Elizabeth Kirby Robert T. Klein Ellen Knight Bobby Kogan Nick Koo Andrea G. Korovesis Katelyn V. Koschewa A. Faride Kraft Charles Kraiger Lori A. Krauss Megan K. Kruse Steven B. Kuennen Jennifer J. Kuk Christine J. Kymn L Christopher D. LaBaw Sherry Lachman Leonard L. Lainhart Chad A. Lallemand Lawrence L. Lambert Michael Landry Daniel LaPlaca Eric P. Lauer Jessie L. LaVine Daniel Lawver Jessica Lee Susan E. Leetmaa Carmine Leggett Bryan P. León Kerrie Leslie Ariel Leuthard John Levock-Spindle Sheila Lewis Andrew Lieberman Jennifer Liebschutz Jane C. Lien Kristina E. Lilac Erika Liliedahl Michael Linden John E. Lindner BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 Jennifer M. Lipiew Adam Lipton Kim Lopez Sara R. Lopez Adrienne Lucas M Ryan MacMaster Christian MacMillan Claire A. Mahoney Mayur Manchanda Dominic J. Mancini Caroline Manela Noah S. Mann Iulia Z. Manolache Roman Manziyenko Chris Marokov Italy Martin Rochelle Martinez Nicole Martinez Moore Clare Martorana Kimie Matsuo Joshua May Steven McAndrews Jessica Rae McBean Alexander J. McClelland John L. McClung Malcolm P. McConnell Jeremy P. McCrary Anthony W. McDonald Christine A. McDonald Katrina A. McDonald Renford McDonald Michael McManus William McNavage Christopher McNeal Andrea Medina-Smith Edward Meier Barbara A. Menard Flavio Menasce Margaret Mergen P. Thaddeus Messenger William L. Metzger Lauren Michaels Daniel J. MichelsonHorowitz Eric Mill Jason Miller Kimberly Miller Sofie Miller Susan M. Minson Emily A. Mok Kirsten J. Moncada Claire Monteiro Joseph Montoni Andrea J. Montoya Julia C. Moore Betty T. Morrison Josephine Morse Savannah M. Moss Austin B. Mudd Robin McLaughry Mullins Daenuka Muraleetharan Jonathan J. Murphy Christian G. Music Hayley W. Myers Kimberley L Myers N Jeptha E. Nafziger Larry J. Nagl Barry Napear Robert Nassif Kimberly P. Nelson Michael D. Nelson Anthony Nerino Melissa K. Neuman Joanie F. Newhart Kimberly Armstrong Newman Christine Nguy Tim H. Nusraty Joseph B. Nye O Erin O’Brien Kerry Clinton O’Dell Melanie Ofiesh Matthew J. O’Kane Kathryn Olson Brendan J. O’Meara Matthew Oreska Lydia H. Orth Jared Ostermiller P Heather C. Pajak Farrah N. Pappa Jacob A. Parcell John C. Pasquantino Michael Pauls Brian Paxton Casey Pearce Michael D. Pearlstein Liuyi Pei Falisa L. Peoples-Tittle Emma C. Perron Michael A. Perz Whitney L. Peters William C. Petersen Andrea M. Petro Amy E. Petz Stacey Que-Chi Pham Alec Pharris Carolyn R. Phelps Karen A. Pica Brian Pickeral Brian Pipa Joseph Pipan Maggie Polachek Mark J. Pomponio Ruxandra Pond Julianne Poston Larrimer S. Prestosa Jamie M. Price Alanna B. Pugliese Robert B. Purdy R Lucas R. Radzinschi K. Sabeel Rahman Houman Rasouli Johnnie Ray Alex Reed Thomas M. Reilly Bryant D. Renaud Keri A. Rice Natalie Rico Kyle S. Riggs Jamal Rittenberry Maria Roat Beth Higa Roberts Donovan Robinson Marshall J. Rodgers Jung M. Roh Samantha Romero Meredith B. Romley Renee Rosa Jeffrey R. Ross David J. Rowe Amanda Roy Danielle Royal Brian Rozental 65 Tamia Russell Erika H. Ryan S Adam N. Salazar John Asa Saldivar Mark S. Sandy Nathan T. Sanfilippo Ruth Saunders Gregoire F. Sauter Joel Savary Jason K. Sawyer Rio Schondelmeyer Daniel K. Schory Mariarosaria Sciannameo Kristi Scott Jasmeet K. Seehra Kimberly Segura Robert B. Seidner Andrew Self Megan Shade Shabnam Sharbatoghlie Amy K. Sharp Dianne Shaughnessy Paul Shawcross Andrew B. Shea Gary F. Shortencarrier Matthew Sidler Leticia Sierra Sara R. Sills Angela Simmons Celeste Simon Daniel Liam Singer Sarah Sisaye Robert Sivinski Benjamin J. Skidmore Evan C. Skloot Curtina O. Smith Sarah B. Smith Stannis M. Smith Silvana Solano Roderic A. Solomon Timothy F. Soltis Amanda R.K. Sousane Candice G. Spalding Rebecca L. Spavins Valeria Spinner Christopher Spiro John H. Spittell Sarah Whittle Spooner Travis C. Stalcup OMB Contributors to the 2022 Budget 66 Scott R. Stambaugh Nora Stein Ryan Stoffers Gary R. Stofko Terry W. Stratton Vanessa D. Studer Thomas J. Suarez Kevin J. Sullivan Patrick Sullivan Jessica L. Sun Ariana Sutton-Grier Katherine M. Sydor T Jamie R. Taber Naomi S. Taransky Myra L. Taylor Jay F. Teitelbaum Emma K. Tessier Amanda L. Thomas Barbara E. Thomas Judith F. Thomas Payton A. Thomas Will Thomas Serita K. Thornton Parth Tikiwala Thomas Tobasko Gia Tonic Gil M. Tran Vy Tran Susanna Troxler Austin Turner U Nicholas J. Ufier Shraddha A. Upadhyaya Darrell J. Upshaw Taylor J. Urbanski V Matthew J. Vaeth Candace Vahlsing Areletha L. Venson Alexandra Ventura Cesar Villanueva Megha Vyas W James A. Wade Brett Waite Nicole Waldeck Joseph Waldow Traci Walker Heather V. Walsh Tim Wang Ben Ward Peter H. Waterman Gary Waxman Bess M. Weaver Jacqueline K. Webb Daniel Week William J. Weinig David Weisshaar Lillian Welch Philip R. Wenger Max West Arnette C. White Ashley M. White Curtis C. White Kim S. White Sherron R. White Brian Widuch Jeremy D. Williams Alex O. Wilson James Wolff Minzy Won Alegra Woodard Sophia M. Wright Bert Wyman Y Danny Yagan Melany N. Yeung David Y. Yi Christian T. Yonkeu Xia You Frank Young Rita Young Shalanda D. Young Janice Yun Z Eliana M. Zavala Erica H. Zielewski