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Budget
of the u.s.
government
FISCAL YEAR 2022

OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET

THE BUDGET DOCUMENTS
Budget of the United States Government,
Fiscal Year 2022 contains the Budget Message of
the President, information on the President’s priorities, and summary tables.
Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United
States Government, Fiscal Year 2022 contains
analyses that are designed to highlight specified
subject areas or provide other significant presentations of budget data that place the budget in perspective. This volume includes economic and accounting
analyses, information on Federal receipts and collections, analyses of Federal spending, information on
Federal borrowing and debt, baseline or current services estimates, and other technical presentations.
Supplemental tables and other materials
that are part of the Analytical Perspectives volume are available at https://whitehouse.gov/omb/
analytical-perspectives/.
Appendix, Budget of the United States
Government, Fiscal Year 2022 contains detailed
information on the various appropriations and funds
that constitute the budget and is designed primarily
for the use of the Appropriations Committees. The
Appendix contains more detailed financial information on individual programs and appropriation
accounts than any of the other budget documents.
It includes for each agency: the proposed text of

appropriations language; budget schedules for each
account; legislative proposals; narrative explanations of each budget account; and proposed general
provisions applicable to the appropriations of entire
agencies or group of agencies. Information is also
provided on certain activities whose transactions
are not part of the budget totals.
BUDGET INFORMATION
AVAILABLE ONLINE
The President’s Budget and supporting materials
are available online at https://whitehouse.gov/omb/
budget/. This link includes electronic versions of all
the budget volumes, supplemental materials that are
part of the Analytical Perspectives volume, spreadsheets of many of the budget tables, and a public use
budget database. This link also includes Historical
Tables that provide data on budget receipts, outlays,
surpluses or deficits, Federal debt, and Federal employment over an extended time period, generally
from 1940 or earlier to 2022 or 2026. Also available
are links to documents and materials from budgets
of prior years.
For more information on access to electronic versions of the budget documents, call (202) 512-1530
in the D.C. area or toll-free (888) 293-6498. To purchase the printed documents call (202) 512-1800.

GENERAL NOTES
1. All years referenced for budget data are
fiscal years unless otherwise noted. All
years referenced for economic data are
calendar years unless otherwise noted.
2. Detail in this document may not add to
the totals due to rounding.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 2021

Table of Contents

Page

The Budget Message of the President ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1
Confronting the Pandemic and Rescuing the Economy ����������������������������������������������������������������5
Building Back Better �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9
Delivering Results for All Americans through an Equitable, Effective,
and Accountable Government ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29
Summary Tables ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35
OMB Contributors to the 2022 Budget ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������63

THE BUDGET MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT
To the Congress of the United States:
Where we choose to invest speaks to what we value as a Nation.
This year’s Budget, the first of my Presidency, is a statement of values that define our Nation at
its best. It is a Budget for what our economy can be, who our economy can serve, and how we can
build it back better by putting the needs, goals, ingenuity, and strength of the American people front
and center.
The Budget is built around a fundamental understanding of how our economy works and why, for
too long and for too many, it has not. It is a Budget that reflects the fact that trickle-down economics
has never worked, and that the best way to grow our economy is not from the top down, but from
the bottom up and the middle out. Our prosperity comes from the people who get up every day, work
hard, raise their family, pay their taxes, serve their Nation, and volunteer in their communities. If
we make that understanding our foundation, everything we build upon it will be strong.
And we have already seen how that economic vision is working. When I took office, America was
a Nation in crisis. A once-in-a-century pandemic was raging, claiming thousands of American lives
each day. A punishing economic crisis had erased 22 million jobs in just 2 months in the spring of
2020 and upended the lives of millions more. The pain these crises caused was visible not just in the
data, but in the lives of millions of Americans: Americans who faced an empty chair at the dinner
table where a loved one once sat; who had to shut down the family business; who lined up for miles
in their cars waiting for a box of food to be put in the trunk; who went to bed staring at the ceiling
wondering how they would get through tomorrow.
Through the American Rescue Plan, we answered the emergency and provided desperately needed
relief to hundreds of millions of Americans. Immediately, the law began delivering shots in arms and
checks in pockets.
The American Rescue Plan is also helping schools reopen safely, helping child care centers stay
in business, and helping families pay for child care. In fact, it is providing the largest investment
in American child care since World War II. It is delivering food and nutrition assistance to millions
of Americans facing hunger. It is providing rental assistance to keep people from being evicted
from their homes. It is helping small businesses and restaurants stay open or re-open. It is making
healthcare more affordable. It is supporting the recovery of State and local governments. And it is
putting us on track to cut child poverty in half this year.

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The Budget Message of the President

With the resources provided by the American Rescue Plan, we are turning the corner on the
pandemic, and powering an equitable economic recovery. In my first 100 days in office, our economy
created more than 1.5 million jobs, the most in the first 100 days of any President on record. But more
work remains—not simply to emerge from the immediate crises we inherited, but to build back better.
The Budget lays out the essential investments that my Administration has proposed through the
American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan.
The American Jobs Plan puts millions of Americans to work to build our Nation back not just to
the way it was before the pandemic, but back better. Americans will rebuild America’s transportation
infrastructure, water infrastructure, and broadband connectivity infrastructure. Americans will
build a clean energy future while investing in communities at risk of being left behind during our
energy transition. American workers and American farmers will make unprecedented progress in
our effort to tackle climate change. And, thanks to the biggest increase in non-defense research and
development spending on record, Americans will boost America’s innovative edge in markets where
global leadership is up for grabs—markets like battery technology, biotechnology, computer chips, and
clean energy. Finally, the American Jobs Plan will create new and better jobs for caregiving workers
who have been underpaid and undervalued for far too long.
The American Families Plan addresses four of the biggest challenges facing American families
today, and lays the groundwork for individual, family, community, and national success tomorrow. It
guarantees four additional years of education for every American, beginning with 2 years of universal
high-quality pre-school for every 3- and 4-year old in America, and adding 2 years of free community
college. It would make college more affordable and tackle equity gaps with increased Pell grants and
investments in institutions serving low-income, first generation students, and students of color. And
it provides access to quality, affordable child care to low- and middle-income families, expanded access
to healthy meals because no child in America should be hungry or under-nourished, comprehensive
paid family and medical leave, and expanded game-changing tax credits for families and workers.
The Budget complements these historic plans with additional proposals to reinvest in the foundations
of our Nation’s strength—expanding economic opportunity, improving education, tackling the climate
crisis, and ensuring a strong national defense while restoring America’s place in the world. In the
1950s, our Department of Defense created a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to
enhance our national security, and DARPA’s work helped lead to the creation of the internet, Global
Positioning System, and more. The Budget would create an Advanced Research Projects Agency for
Health tasked with developing a new generation of medical breakthroughs—marshalling our Nation’s
incredible scientific capacity to help prevent, detect, and treat diseases like cancer, diabetes, and
Alzheimer’s. And it calls on the Congress to make progress on healthcare by cutting prescription drug
costs and expanding and improving the Affordable Care Act, Medicaid, and Medicare coverage.
The Budget invests directly in the American people and will strengthen our Nation’s economy
and improve our long-run fiscal health. It reforms our broken tax code to reward work instead of
wealth, while also fully paying for the American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan over 15
years. It will help us build a recovery that is broad-based, inclusive, sustained, and strong. And it will
demonstrate to the American people that we value them and that we recognize that they are the key
to our shared prosperity; that their Government sees them, hears them, and is able to deliver for them
again.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022

3

It will send to the world the message that I shared with a Joint Session of the Congress in April:
that America is on the move again, and that our democracy is proving it can deliver for our people and
is poised to win the competition for the 21st Century.
There are many challenges ahead. But every time America has faced moments of testing, we have
emerged stronger. And I believe this Budget will help us become stronger than ever.
I look forward to working with the Congress to deliver on this agenda this year.

JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR.

The White House.

CONFRONTING THE PANDEMIC AND
RESCUING THE ECONOMY
America has always been defined by the grit
and determination of its people, and our capacity
to come together in common purpose at moments
of great challenge. Across the generations, that
spirit of resilience has seen us through war and
depression, natural disasters and disease, and
countless crises that have tested the Nation’s
strength, persistence, and commitment to core
values and to one another. For more than a year,
we have confronted a confluence of challenges
that have called on that resilience like never
before.

Inheriting Historic Challenges
When the President took office, America was
in the grips of the worst pandemic in a century
and a painful economic downturn that had upended virtually every aspect of American life. By
January, more than 24 million Americans across
the Nation had contracted COVID-19. Infection
rates and hospitalizations were soaring. More
than 400,000 Americans had lost their lives and
thousands were dying every single day. A more
contagious variant of the virus had begun appearing in communities across America.
Meanwhile, the Administration inherited a
disorganized and ineffective national vaccination
effort that was struggling to get off the ground.
When the President took office, only eight percent of America’s seniors—and very few working-age adults—had received their first shot. At
the same time, more than 10 months into the
COVID-19 pandemic, the Nation still lacked
adequate testing capacity and faced shortages
of supplies like basic protective equipment for
those working on the frontlines.

The broad failure to control the spread of
COVID-19 in the months before the President
took office had devastating and far-reaching
consequences. Millions of students and parents were forced to navigate the challenges
of remote learning—straining countless families and disproportionately affecting Black,
Hispanic, Asian, and Native American students, as well as students with disabilities and
English language learners. Disruptive changes in people’s daily lives also took a significant toll on both mental and physical health.
Medically fragile individuals and those with
chronic diseases such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes had to make the decision to
either protect their health and avoid a negative outcome from COVID-19, or risk losing
their jobs. More Americans reported experiencing symptoms of anxiety, overdose deaths
rose, and domestic violence surged. Moreover,
the COVID-19 pandemic exposed and exacerbated deeply rooted health inequities in the
Nation and laid bare gaps and weaknesses in
America’s public health infrastructure.
As the virus tore across America, it left enormous economic damage in its wake. In January,
more than 10 million Americans were out of
work, with a national unemployment rate of
6.3 percent. After accounting for workers who
either dropped out of the labor force or could
not find full-time work, the unemployment rate
was over 12 percent. More than 52 percent of
America’s unemployed had been jobless for
more than 15 weeks, a level of long-term unemployment unseen since the depths of the Great
Recession. In addition, 1 in 11 Black workers
and 1 in 12 Latino workers were unemployed.

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6

Confronting the Pandemic and Rescuing the Economy

Thousands of small businesses closed their
doors—many permanently—with many others
struggling to stay afloat.

Delivering Immediate Relief: Passing
the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021

The jobs crisis was particularly severe among
women. When the President took office, a staggering 2.5 million women had dropped out of
the labor force due to the COVID-19 pandemic—
many to help care for their children, with potential lifetime consequences in terms of economic
security. Between February 2020 and January
2021, the labor force participation rate for women dropped by 3.7 percent overall, 6.4 percent for
Black women, and 6.6 percent for Hispanic women, eviscerating more than 35 years of progress
in labor force participation in just one year. The
economy was hit hardest in female dominated industries like retail and restaurants. On top of the
job loss in those sectors, women working on the
frontlines of the COVID-19 pandemic in nursing
homes and hospitals—many of whom are often
low-paid women of color—risked their health and
scrambled to take care of their own families so
they could care for others. Early childhood and
child care providers—a significant share of which
are owned by women and people of color—have
also been devastated by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Estimates suggest that among child care providers open at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, as of December 2020, roughly one in four
were closed.

In the face of these twin public health and economic crises, the President took immediate, bold
action to deliver relief to the American people.
The President proposed and signed into law the
American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (the American
Rescue Plan)—a historic, comprehensive package designed to help change the course of the
COVID-19 pandemic, deliver desperately needed support to millions of workers, families, and
small businesses, and build a bridge to a robust,
equitable economic recovery.

As a result of this enormous economic disruption, countless Americans who were financially
stretched even before the COVID-19 pandemic
were plunged into an economic emergency. One
in three households struggled to afford basic
expenses. Millions of households reported not
having enough to eat. Millions of Americans
fell behind on their rent or mortgage payments,
with more than 15 million households reporting overdue payments when the President took
office. Roughly two to three million people lost
employer sponsored health insurance between
March and September. Further, going into the
COVID-19 pandemic, about 30 million people
lacked coverage, limiting their access to the
healthcare system when the COVID-19 pandemic struck.

The American Rescue Plan advanced three
critical priorities. First, it included urgently
needed resources to help families and businesses
weather the worst of the COVID-19 pandemic,
including: $1,400 per-person rescue payments
for households across America; extended unemployment insurance; housing and nutrition assistance; increased access to safe and reliable
child care and affordable healthcare; historic
expansions of middle class tax relief for working families; a solution to the crisis in America’s
multi-employer pension system; and support for
hard-hit small businesses. Second, it provided vital resources to help safely reopen K-8 schools in
communities across the Nation and address the
needs of students. Third, it provided resources to
help mount an unprecedented Government-wide
effort to defeat the COVID-19 pandemic, including funding to: set up community vaccination
sites nationwide; dramatically scale up testing
and tracing; eliminate supply shortage problems;
support community health centers; and address
health disparities.
The resources included in the American Rescue
Plan, coupled with the President’s whole-of-Government response, have already begun to change
the course of the COVID-19 pandemic and bolster the economy. In a matter of months, the
Administration turned the slow-moving and underperforming vaccination effort it inherited into
one of the most effective vaccination systems anywhere in the world. The Administration exceeded

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
the President’s initial goal of administering
100 million shots in his first 100 days, ultimately
administering 220 million shots in the President’s
first 100 days in office—an unprecedented national mobilization. As of May 17, nearly 60 percent
of American adults had received at least one shot;
nearly 85 percent of all seniors had received at
least one shot and nearly 73 percent were fully
vaccinated; and daily deaths were down more
than 80 percent since January 20. All Americans
12 and older are now eligible for a COVID-19
vaccine. In addition, the Administration met
the President’s goal to reopen a majority of K-8
schools within the first 100 days.
As the Administration has ramped up the national COVID-19 pandemic response, the economy
has started to get back on track. The President
oversaw the creation of more than 1.5 million
new jobs in his first 100 days in office—more than
any president on record. Economists have raised
their Gross Domestic Product growth forecasts
for 2021 to 6.6 percent, which would be the fastest pace of economic growth in America in nearly
four decades. Consumer confidence and spending
are on the rise. Business activity is rebounding.
Moreover, the Administration is ensuring the
American Rescue Plan reaches families, communities, and small businesses. The Department of
the Treasury has already delivered more than
165 million relief payments of up to $1,400 per
person. The American Rescue Plan is delivering
nutrition assistance to millions of Americans facing hunger, rental assistance and mortgage relief
to help families stay in their homes, and loans to
small businesses to help keep their doors open. It
includes the largest investment in child care since
World War II, which will especially benefit women of color. It is reducing healthcare premiums,
expanding access to insurance coverage, and addressing persistent health disparities. It ensures
that millions of American workers and retirees
will receive the pensions they earned. In addition,

7

it is projected to reduce poverty by 32 percent,
lifting a total of nearly 13 million Americans out
of poverty—this would mean a 38-percent drop
in the Black poverty rate, a 43-percent drop in
the Hispanic poverty rate, a 23-percent drop in
the Asian American and Pacific Islander poverty
rate, and a 50-percent drop in the child poverty
rate.

Emerging from Crises and
Focusing on the Future
While significant challenges remain, the
American Rescue Plan has succeeded by virtually every measure in helping address the immediate economic and public health crises the
Administration inherited. However, even as the
Administration makes significant strides to get
the Nation back on track, the President believes
it is not enough to go back to the way things were
before the COVID-19 pandemic struck, or to settle for a shrunken view of what America can be.
The President believes this is a moment to build
back better and to rise to meet the full range of
challenges and opportunities before us—from rebuilding America’s crumbling physical and care
infrastructure and creating millions of good-paying jobs, to combatting climate change and revitalizing American manufacturing, to expanding
access to both early childhood and higher education and addressing systemic inequities, and
more.
None of this work will be easy. Many of the challenges America faces have been years or decades
in the making. These challenges do not lend themselves to quick or easy solutions, nor will they be
fully resolved in a single year or with a single budget. But it is precisely at the moments of greatest
consequence that Americans have shown their capacity to think big and do the hard work of charting a new and better course for the future. Our
charge now is to carry that legacy forward.

BUILDING BACK BETTER
Under the President’s leadership, America is
getting back on track. We have begun turning
the tide on the pandemic. Our economy is growing and creating jobs. Students are getting back
into classrooms. And we have shown yet again
there is no quit in America. But our work has
only begun.
For all of the hard-won progress our Nation
has made in recent months, we cannot afford to
simply return to the way things were before the
pandemic and economic downturn, with the old
economy’s structural weaknesses and inequities
still in place. We must seize this moment to reimagine and rebuild a new American economy—
an economy that invests in the promise and potential of every single American; that leaves no
one out and no one behind; and that makes it
easier for families to break into the middle class
and stay in the middle class.
The Budget details the President’s proposals
to advance that agenda this year. It includes
the two historic plans the President has already
put forward—the American Jobs Plan and the
American Families Plan—and outlines a package of discretionary proposals to help restore
core functions of Government and reinvest in
the foundations of the Nation’s strength. It also
calls on the Congress to reduce prescription drug
costs and expand and improve health coverage.
Enacting the Budget policies into law this year
would strengthen our Nation’s economy and
lay the foundation for shared prosperity, while
also putting the Nation on a sound fiscal course.
Importantly, even as the Administration pursues this historic agenda, the President also believes that there will be more to accomplish in

the coming years. This year’s Budget gives a full
accounting of the first, critical steps our Nation
must take to begin the work of building back
better.

The American Jobs Plan
The Budget begins with the American Jobs
Plan—an investment in America that would create millions of good jobs, rebuild the Nation’s infrastructure, and position the United States to
out-compete China. Public domestic investment
as a share of the economy has fallen by more
than 40 percent since the 1960s. The American
Jobs Plan would invest in America in a way that
has not occurred since the interstate highways
were built and the Space Race was won.
The United States is the wealthiest Nation in
the world, yet ranks 13th when it comes to the
overall quality of the Nation’s infrastructure.
After decades of disinvestment, America’s roads,
bridges, and water systems are crumbling. The
electric grid is vulnerable to catastrophic outages. Too many lack access to affordable, highspeed internet and to quality housing. The past
year has led to job losses and threatened economic security, eroding more than 30 years of progress in women’s labor force participation. It has
unmasked the fragility of America’s caregiving
infrastructure. In addition, the Nation is falling
behind its biggest competitors in research and
development (R&D), manufacturing, and training. It has never been more important to invest
in strengthening the Nation’s infrastructure and
competitiveness, and in creating the good-paying, union jobs of the future.

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As with great projects of the past, the
President’s plan would unify and mobilize the
Nation to meet the great challenges of our time:
the climate crisis and the ambitions of an autocratic China. It would invest in Americans and
deliver the jobs and opportunities they deserve.
Unlike past major investments, the plan prioritizes addressing long-standing and persistent
racial injustice. The plan targets 40 percent of
the benefits of climate and clean infrastructure
investments to disadvantaged communities. In
addition, the plan invests in rural communities
and communities impacted by the market-based
transition to clean energy. Specifically, the
President’s plan:
Fixes Highways, Rebuilds Bridges, and
Upgrades Ports, Airports, and Transit
Systems. The President’s plan would: modernize 20,000 miles of highways, roads, and mainstreets; fix the 10 most economically significant
bridges in the Nation in need of reconstruction;
repair the worst 10,000 smaller bridges, providing critical linkages to communities; replace
thousands of buses and rail cars; repair hundreds
of stations; renew airports; modernize ports of
entry; and expand transit and rail into new
communities.
Delivers Clean Drinking Water, a Renewed
Electric Grid, and High-Speed Broadband
to All Americans. The President’s plan would
eliminate all lead pipes and service lines in
drinking water systems, improving the health of
the Nation’s children and communities of color.
It would put hundreds of thousands of people to
work laying thousands of miles of transmission
lines and capping hundreds of thousands of orphan oil and gas wells and abandoned mines. It
would also bring affordable, reliable, high-speed
broadband to every household, including the
more than 35 percent of rural families who lack
access to broadband infrastructure, the millions
of families paying too much for broadband, and
the millions of low-income and marginalized communities left behind by digital redlining and the
digital divide.

Building Back Better
Builds, Preserves, and Retrofits More
than Two Million Homes and Commercial
Buildings, Modernizes the Nation’s Schools
and Child Care Facilities, and Upgrades
Veterans’ Hospitals and Federal Buildings.
The President’s plan would create good jobs by
building, rehabilitating, and retrofitting affordable, accessible, energy efficient, and resilient
housing, commercial buildings, schools, and child
care facilities all over the Nation while also vastly improving the Nation’s Federal facilities, especially those that serve veterans.
Solidifies the Infrastructure of America’s
Care Economy by Creating Jobs and Raising
Wages and Benefits for Essential Home Care
Workers. These workers—the majority of whom
are women of color—have been underpaid and
undervalued for too long. The President’s plan
makes substantial investments in the infrastructure of America’s care economy, starting by creating new and better jobs for caregiving workers. It
would provide home and community-based care
for individuals who otherwise would need to wait
as many as five years to get the services they
badly need. The President also looks forward to
working with the Congress on other policies to
improve economic security and access to healthcare for seniors and people with disabilities.
Revitalizes Manufacturing, Secures U.S.
Supply Chains, Invests in R&D, and Trains
Americans for the Jobs of the Future. The
President’s plan would ensure that the best, diverse minds in America are put to work creating the innovations of the future while creating hundreds of thousands of quality jobs today.
American workers would build and make things
in every part of the Nation, and they would be
trained for well-paying, middle-class jobs using
evidence-based approaches such as sector-based
training and registered apprenticeships.
Creates Good-Quality Jobs that Pay
Prevailing Wages in Safe and Healthy
Workplaces while Ensuring Workers Have
a Free and Fair Choice to Organize, Join a

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
Union, and Bargain Collectively with Their
Employers. To ensure that American taxpayers’
dollars benefit working families and their communities, and not multinational corporations or
foreign governments, the plan requires that goods
and materials are made in America and shipped
on U.S.-flag, U.S.-crewed vessels. The plan also
would ensure that Americans, especially those
who have endured systemic discrimination and
exclusion for generations, finally have a fair shot
at obtaining good-paying jobs with: a choice
to join a union; higher and equal pay; safe and
healthy workplaces; and workplaces free from
racial, gender, and other forms of discrimination
and harassment.
Restructures the Corporate Tax Code
to Ensure that Wealthy Corporations Pay
Their Fair Share and Invest Here at Home.
Alongside the American Jobs Plan, the President
has put forward a Made in America tax plan that
would reward investment at home, stop profit
shifting, and ensure other nations would not gain
a competitive edge by becoming tax havens. The
key components of the Made in America tax plan
include a 28-percent corporate tax rate and a
global minimum tax alongside a strong incentive
for other countries to enact reasonable minimum
taxes as well. The plan also includes measures
to prevent corporate inversions and offshoring,
as well as a new minimum tax on corporate book
income to ensure that massive, profitable companies can no longer get away with paying no
Federal income tax. In addition, the plan also
eliminates tax preferences for fossil fuels. This
is a generational opportunity to fundamentally
shift how countries around the world tax corporations so that big corporations cannot escape or
eliminate the taxes they owe by offshoring jobs
and profits.

The American Families Plan
To complement the American Jobs Plan and
help extend the benefits of economic growth
to all Americans, the Budget also includes the
American Families Plan—a historic investment
to: help families cover the basic expenses that so
many struggle with now; lower health insurance

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premiums; and continue the historic reductions
in child poverty in the American Rescue Plan Act
of 2021 (American Rescue Plan). Together, these
plans reinvest in the future of the American economy and American workers and would help the
Nation out-compete China and other countries
around the world. Specifically, the President’s
American Families Plan:
Adds at Least Four Years of Free Education. Investing in education is a down payment on the future of America. As access to high
school became more widely available at the turn
of the 20th Century, it made America the besteducated and best-prepared Nation in the world.
Yet, everyone knows that 12 years is not enough
today. The American Families Plan would make
transformational investments from early childhood to postsecondary education so that all children and young people are able to grow, learn,
and gain the skills they need to succeed. It would
provide universal access to high-quality preschool to all three- and four-year-olds, led by a
well-trained and well-compensated workforce. It
would provide Americans two years of free community college. It would invest in making college more affordable for low- and middle-income
students, including students at Historically
Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), Tribal
Colleges and Universities (TCUs), and MinorityServing Institutions (MSIs) such as HispanicServing Institutions (HSIs) and Asian American
and Native American Pacific Islander-Serving
Institutions. It would also invest in America’s
teachers and students, improving teacher training and support so that schools become engines of
growth at every level.
Provides Direct Support to Children and
Families. The Nation is strongest when everyone has the opportunity to join the workforce and
contribute to the economy. However, many workers struggle to both hold a full-time job and care
for themselves and their families. The American
Families Plan would provide direct support to
families to ensure that low- and middle-income
families spend no more than seven percent of
their income on child care, and that the child care
they access is of high-quality and provided by a

12

well-trained and well-compensated child care
workforce. It would also provide direct support to
workers and families by creating a national comprehensive paid family and medical leave program that would bring the American system in
line with competitor nations that offer paid leave
programs. A comprehensive paid family and medical leave program would allow workers to take
the time they need to bond with a new child, to
care for their own serious illness, and to care for a
seriously ill loved one. The system would also allow people to manage their health and the health
of their families. The plan would also make investments to improve maternal health and provide critical nutrition assistance to families who
need it most and expand access to healthy meals
to the Nation’s students—dramatically reducing
childhood hunger.
Extends Tax Cuts for Families with Children and American Workers. While the
American Rescue Plan provided critical help to
hundreds of millions of Americans, too many families and workers feel the squeeze of too-low wages and the high costs of meeting their basic needs
and aspirations. At the same time, the wealthiest Americans continue to get further and further
ahead. The American Families Plan would extend key tax cuts in the American Rescue Plan
that benefit lower- and middle-income workers
and families, including the expansions of the
Child Tax Credit, the Earned Income Tax Credit,
and the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit. In
addition to making it easier for families to make
ends meet, tax credits for working families have
been shown to boost child academic and economic
performance over time. The American Families
Plan would also extend the expanded health insurance tax credits in the American Rescue Plan.
These credits are providing premium relief that
is lowering health insurance costs by an average of $50 per person per month for more than
nine million people, and would enable millions of
uninsured people to gain coverage.
Leading economic research has shown that the
investments proposed in the American Families
Plan would yield significant economic returns—
boosting productivity and economic growth,

Building Back Better
producing a larger, more productive, and healthier workforce on a sustained basis, and generating
savings to States and the Federal Government.
A recent review indicates that every dollar invested in early childhood programs resulted in
an estimated range of $2.50 to $10.80 in benefits
as children grew up healthier, were more likely
to graduate high school and college, and earned
more as adults. A 2020 study by Nobel Laureate
James Heckman found that every dollar invested
in a high-quality, birth until age five program for
the most economically disadvantaged children resulted in $7.30 in benefits. Paid leave has been
shown to keep mothers in the workforce, increasing labor force participation and boosting economic growth. In addition, sustained tax credits for
families with children have been found to yield a
lifetime of benefits, ranging from higher educational attainment to higher lifetime earnings.
Supports Tax Reform that Rewards Work—
Not Wealth. The American Families Plan also
includes commonsense reforms to the income tax
code that would rebalance the tax system away
from special preferences for wealth and toward
fair treatment regardless of the type of income.
The President’s tax agenda would not only reverse some of the biggest 2017 tax law giveaways,
but would reform the tax code so that the wealthy
have to play by the same rules as everyone else.
It would ensure that high-income Americans pay
the tax they owe under the law—ending the unfair system of enforcement that collects almost
all taxes due on wages, while regularly collecting
a smaller share of business and capital income.
The plan would also eliminate long-standing loopholes, including lower taxes on capital gains and
dividends for the wealthy, which reward wealth
over work. Importantly, these reforms would also
rein in the ways that the tax code widens racial
disparities in income and wealth.

Reinvesting in the Foundations of the
Nation’s Strength
The American Jobs Plan and the American
Families Plan represent once-in-a-generation investments in the Nation’s future that would create jobs, grow the middle class, and expand the

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
benefits of economic growth to all Americans. To
truly build back better, the Nation must also begin to reinvest in core functions of Government
and the foundations of the Nation’s strength—
and that is exactly what the Budget does.
Over the past decade, due in large measure to
overly restrictive budget caps, the Nation significantly underinvested in crucial public services,
benefits, and protections. Since 2010, non-defense
discretionary funding has shrunk significantly as
a share of the economy.
The consequences of this broad disinvestment
are plain to see. Anticipating, preparing for, and
fighting a global pandemic requires a robust
public health infrastructure. Yet, going into the
COVID-19 pandemic, funding for the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was
10 percent lower than a decade ago, adjusted
for inflation. Creating an economy that works
for everyone—including rural, urban, and tribal
communities—requires investments in working families who drive growth and prosperity.
However, the Government has chronically underinvested in crucial programs such as Head Start,
which serves 95,000 fewer children today than it
did a decade ago. Responding to the climate crisis

13

depends on helping communities transition to a
cleaner future. Instead of investing in climate
science and technology at the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), funding has been reduced by 27 percent since 2010, adjusted for
inflation.
The President believes now is the time to begin reversing this trend—and the expiration of
nearly a decade of budget caps presents a unique
opportunity to do so. That is why the Budget includes targeted discretionary investments across
a range of key areas—from improving America’s
public health infrastructure and improving education, to tackling the climate crisis and fostering economic growth and security, to restoring
America’s global standing and confronting 21st
Century security challenges.
Overall, the Budget would restore non-defense
discretionary funding to 3.3 percent of Gross
Domestic Product, roughly equal to the historical average over the last 30 years, while providing robust funding for national defense as well as
for other instruments of national power—including diplomacy, development, and economic statecraft—that enhance the effectiveness of national
defense spending and promote national security.

EXPANDING OPPORTUNITY
The American Jobs Plan and the American
Families Plan would boost worker productivity,
invest in American ingenuity, create good-paying
jobs, and provide real opportunity and security
for millions of families. Those plans are complemented by the Budget’s additional foundational
investments. Together, this suite of policies would
contribute to a stronger, more inclusive economy
over the long term by: advancing economic dignity, equity, and security for all Americans; expanding opportunity; and creating good-paying jobs.

Improving Education

in education is both a moral and economic imperative. That is why the Budget proposes a historic $36.5 billion investment in Title I grants, a
$20 billion increase from the 2021 enacted level.
This investment would provide under-resourced
schools with the funding needed to deliver a
high-quality education to all of their students
by ensuring teachers at Title I schools are paid
competitively, providing equitable access to a rigorous curriculum, increasing access to preschool,
and providing meaningful incentives for States to
examine and address inequalities in school funding systems.

Makes Historic Investments in High-Poverty Schools. Addressing entrenched disparities

Expands Access to Affordable Early Child
Care and Learning. To lay the foundation for

14

the major long-term investments in the American
Families Plan, the Budget includes $7.4 billion
for the Child Care and Development Block Grant,
an increase of $1.5 billion from the 2021 enacted
level, to expand access to quality, affordable child
care for families across the Nation, as well as an
$11.9 billion investment in Head Start, a $1.2 billion increase, which would ensure more children
start kindergarten ready to learn on day one.
The Administration would also work with States
to ensure that these resources support increased
wages for early educators and family child care
providers, the majority of whom are women of
color.
Boosts Support for Children with Disabilities. To ensure that children with disabilities have the opportunity to thrive, the Budget
includes $16 billion, a $2.7 billion increase from
the 2021 enacted level, for Individuals with
Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) grants that
would support special education and related services for more than 7.6 million preschool through
grade 12 students. This is a significant first step
toward fully funding IDEA. The Budget also provides $732 million for early intervention services
for infants and toddlers with disabilities or delays, funding services that have a proven record
of improving academic and developmental outcomes. The $250 million increase for early intervention services would be paired with reforms to
expand access to these services for underserved
children, including children of color and children
from low-income families.
Prioritizes the Physical and Mental
Well-Being of Students. Recognizing the
profound effect of physical and mental health
on academic achievement, the Budget provides
$1 billion in addition to the resources in the
American Rescue Plan, to increase the number
of counselors, nurses, and mental health professionals in schools. In addition, the Budget provides $443 million for Full Service Community
Schools, which play a critical role in providing comprehensive wrap-around services to
students and their families, from afterschool
programs, to adult education opportunities, to
health and nutrition services.

Building Back Better
Increases Pell Grants and Expands
Institutional and Student Supports. The
Budget provides discretionary funding to increase
the maximum Pell Grant by $400—the largest
one-time increase since 2009. This increase, together with the $1,475 Pell Grant increase in
the American Families Plan, represents a significant first step to deliver on the President’s goal
to double the grant. The Budget also increases
discretionary funding, and provides funding first
proposed under the American Families Plan, to
expand institutional and student supports at
community colleges, HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs.
The Administration also looks forward to working with the Congress on changes to the Higher
Education Act of 1965 that ease the burden of
student debt, including through improvements to
the Income Driven Repayment and Public Service
Loan Forgiveness programs.

Advancing Dignity, Equity, and Security
Expands Opportunities for Minority-Owned
Businesses. To help address longstanding racial inequity and eliminate barriers for minority-owned firms, the Budget includes $70 million,
an increase of $22 million, to fund investments
in economic development grants and research
to ensure policies effectively support the minority business community. In addition, the Budget
provides $330 million, an increase of 22.2 percent
above the 2021 enacted level, to support expanding the role of Community Development
Financial Institutions (CDFIs), which offer loans
to start-ups and small businesses to promote the
production of affordable housing and community
revitalization projects. This investment builds on
an unprecedented level of support for the CDFI
industry in 2021, including more than $3 billion
in direct funding, $9 billion for investments in
depository and credit union CDFIs and Minority
Depository Institutions, and provisions in the
American Rescue Plan encouraging CDFI participation in the $10 billion State Small Business
Credit Initiative.
Increases Rural Outreach and Connectivity. The Budget provides $32 million for a
renewed and expanded initiative, StrikeForce, to

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022

15

help people in high poverty rural communities
tap into Federal resources. The Budget also provides an increase of $65 million from the 2021 enacted level for the Rural e-Connectivity Program
“Reconnect” for rural broadband. The Budget also
includes $318 million for regional commissions,
which provide economic development assistance
in distressed, rural communities through infrastructure investments, workforce development,
and other activities.

The Administration is also committed to ending
the abusive practice of misclassifying employees
as independent contractors, which deprives these
workers of critical protections and benefits. In
addition to including funding in the Budget for
stronger enforcement, the Administration intends to work with the Congress to develop comprehensive legislation to strengthen and extend
protections against misclassification across appropriate Federal statutes.

Spurs Infrastructure Modernization and
Rehabilitation in Marginalized Communities. The Budget provides $3.8 billion
for the Community Development Block Grant
program, which includes a targeted increase of
$295 million for the modernization and rehabilitation of public infrastructure and facilities,
such as recreational centers and commercial corridor improvements, in historically underfunded
and marginalized communities facing persistent
poverty.

Strengthens the Unemployment Insurance System. The COVID-19 pandemic triggered an economic crisis that has left millions
of Americans relying on unemployment insurance and exposed major flaws and gaps in how
the system is administered. To correct for these
weaknesses and address chronic delays, the
Budget includes significant support to modernize and improve States’ administration of the
program and to help unemployed workers return
to work, building on investments included in the
American Rescue Plan and setting the stage for
broad changes to modernize the program. This
includes reforming the unemployment insurance
system so it provides adequate benefits in every
State, automatically responds to downturns, reflects the modern economy and labor force, uses
more equitable and progressive financing mechanisms, and provides expanded reemployment services. Reform must also ensure that unemployment insurance benefits are both more accessible
and less vulnerable to fraud, including from sophisticated criminal rings.

Supports Transportation Equity.
The
Budget includes significant funding for major
discretionary competitive grant programs, including Rebuilding American Infrastructure
with Sustainability and Equity transit Capital
Investment Grants, and Port Infrastructure
Development grants. In addition, the Budget invests in rail as a down-payment to the President’s
commitment to passenger rail. The Budget
also proposes $110 million for a new Thriving
Communities initiative, which would foster transportation equity by providing capacity building grants to underserved communities. These
programs would ensure that more communities
have cleaner, robust, and affordable transportation options, including high-quality transit, equitable transit-oriented development, and other
enhancements to improve neighborhood quality
of life and address climate change.
Ensures Workers’ Health, Safety, and
Rights Are Protected. The Budget provides increased funding to the worker protection agencies
in the Department of Labor to ensure workers are
treated with dignity and respect in the workplace.

Advances Equity in Child Welfare. The
Budget proposes $100 million in new competitive
grants to advance racial equity in the child welfare system and reduce unnecessary child removals. The Budget also increases funding for State
and local child abuse prevention programs by over
30 percent compared to the 2021 enacted level.
The Administration is also interested in working
with the Congress to enact further child welfare
reforms that advance equity, improve children’s
well-being, and ensure all children, birth families, and prospective kinship, foster, and adoptive
parents are served equitably and with dignity.

16

Expanding Housing Opportunity and
Reducing the Racial Wealth Gap
Extends Housing Vouchers to 200,000
More Families. At a time when millions of families are struggling to pay their rent or mortgage,
the Budget proposes to provide $30.4 billion for
Housing Choice Vouchers, expanding vital housing assistance to 200,000 more families with a focus on those who are homeless or fleeing domestic
violence. The President looks forward to working
with the Congress to build on this investment and
achieve the long-term goal of providing housing
vouchers to all eligible households, while increasing the program’s impact on equity and poverty
alleviation.
Accelerates Efforts to End Homelessness.
The Budget builds on important provisions included in the American Rescue Plan by providing
a $500 million increase for Homeless Assistance
Grants to support more than 100,000 households—including survivors of domestic violence
and homeless youth, helping prevent and reduce
homelessness.
Enhances Household Mobility and Neighborhood Choice. In addition to expanding
the Housing Choice Voucher program to serve
200,000 more families, the Budget includes
funding for mobility-related supportive services
to provide low-income families who live in concentrated areas of poverty with greater options
to move to higher-opportunity neighborhoods.
Supports Access to Homeownership and
Pandemic Relief. The Budget supports access
to homeownership for underserved borrowers
through the Federal Housing Administration’s
(FHA) mortgage insurance programs. FHA is
a crucial source of mortgage financing for firsttime and minority homebuyers, who accounted
for 83 percent and 37 percent, respectively, of
FHA home purchase loans in 2020. In addition,
through its expanded and streamlined loss mitigation program, FHA continues to provide urgent
relief to homeowners suffering financially due to
the COVID-19 pandemic.

Building Back Better
Invests in Affordable Housing in Tribal
Communities. Native Americans are seven
times more likely to live in overcrowded conditions and five times more likely to have plumbing, kitchen, or heating problems than all U.S.
households. The Budget helps address the poor
housing conditions in tribal areas by providing
$900 million to fund tribal efforts to expand affordable housing, improve housing conditions and
infrastructure, and increase economic opportunities for low-income families.

Creating Jobs and Growth—Now and
for the Future
Supports a Future Made in America. The
President is committed to ensuring the future
is made in America by all of America’s workers.
The American Jobs Plan proposes transformative
new funding for manufacturing programs at the
National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST), and the Budget complements those investments with additional discretionary funding, enabling the establishment of two new Manufacturing
Innovation Institutes, in addition to institutes previously launched by the Departments of Defense
(DOD) and Energy (DOE). The Budget also nearly
doubles funding for the Manufacturing Extension
Partnership to boost the competitiveness of small
and medium manufacturers.
Renews America’s Commitment to R&D.
The Budget proposes historic increases in
funding for foundational R&D across a range
of scientific agencies—including the National
Science Foundation (NSF), the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA),
DOE, NIST, and others—to help spur innovation across the economy and renew America’s
global leadership. These investments would:
accelerate discoveries that would transform
America’s understanding of the solar system
and universe; launch the next generation of satellites to study and improve life on Earth; and
support upgrades to cutting-edge scientific user
facilities at DOE national laboratories to build
climate and clean energy research programs
and train the next generation of scientists at
HBCUs and MSIs. This funding, combined

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
with the investments proposed as part of the
American Jobs Plan, would firmly reestablish
the United States as a global leader in R&D.

Committing to Criminal Justice Reform
and Redressing Longstanding Injustice
Reforms the Federal Criminal Justice
System. The Budget supports key investments
in First Step Act of 2018 (FSA) implementation,
advancing the provision of high-quality substance use disorder treatment, reentry services,
and recidivism reduction programming. Building
on the bipartisan FSA, the Budget also incorporates savings from prison population reduction
measures that prioritize incarceration alternatives for low-risk offenders.
Invests in Community Policing, Police
Reform, and Other Efforts to Address
Systemic Inequities. The Administration will
take bold action to root out systemic inequities
in the Nation’s justice system. In addition to
investing in programs that support communityoriented policing and practices, the Budget also
proposes to expand grants that support efforts to
reform State and local criminal justice systems,
including funding to support juvenile justice
programs, drug courts and alternative court programs, public defenders, and Second Chance Act
of 2007 programs.
Invests in Civil Rights Offices across
Government. The Budget supports significant increases for civil rights offices and activities across Federal agencies to ensure that the
Nation’s laws are enforced fairly and equitably.

17

Promotes State and Local Efforts to Prevent and Redress Housing Discrimination.
The Budget provides $85 million in grants to
support State and local fair housing enforcement
organizations and to further education, outreach,
and training on rights and responsibilities under
Federal fair housing laws. The Budget also invests in the Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD) staff and operations capacity to deliver on the President’s housing priorities, including commitments outlined in the
Presidential Memorandum on Redressing Our
Nation’s and the Federal Government’s History
of Discriminatory Housing Practices and Policies.
Makes Major Investments in Environmental Justice. For decades, low-income and
marginalized communities have been overburdened with air pollution and other environmental hazards. The Budget includes a 44-percent increase in funding for EPA’s Brownfields
program, which would enable States to clean
up contaminated properties and assist them in
turning idle properties into hubs for economic
revitalization. The Budget provides $400 million for HUD’s Lead Hazard and Healthy
Homes grants, which enable State and local
governments and nonprofits to reduce leadbased paint and other health hazards in the
homes of low-income families with young
children. The Budget provides $5 million to
the Department of Justice (DOJ) to allow the
Environment and Natural Resources Division
to increase affirmative casework related to environmental justice.

INVESTING IN PUBLIC HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE
The United States faces no more urgent task
than defeating the COVID-19 pandemic. That
is why the American Rescue Plan included vital
funding to set up community vaccination sites nationwide, scale up testing and tracing, reduce supply shortage problems, support community health
centers, address health disparities, and safely

reopen schools. The Budget builds on this foundation by proposing investments to build a healthier,
more resilient Nation over the long term, including
funding to ensure the Nation is better positioned
to prevent and respond to future public health crises, help defeat other diseases and epidemics, and
invest in cutting-edge medical research.

18

Strengthening Public Health Infrastructure and Meeting Crisis-Related
Needs
Improves Readiness for Future Public
Health Crises. The Budget includes $8.7 billion
in discretionary funding for CDC—the largest
budget authority increase in nearly two decades—
to restore capacity at the world’s preeminent public health agency. Building on the investments in
the American Rescue Plan, CDC would use this
additional funding to support core public health
capacity improvements in States and Territories,
modernize public health data collection nationwide, train new epidemiologists and other public
health experts, and rebuild international capacity to detect, prepare for, and respond to emerging
global threats.
Expands Access to Mental Healthcare.
The COVID-19 pandemic has helped expose the
strain on the Nation’s mental healthcare system
and the need for additional sustained resources.
The Budget builds on mental health resources included in the American Rescue Plan by: calling
for historic investments, including $1.6 billion,
more than double the 2021 enacted level, for the
Community Mental Health Services Block Grant;
additional funding to support the needs of those
who are involved in the criminal justice system;
resources to partner mental health providers
with law enforcement; and funds to expand suicide prevention activities.
Invests in Efforts to End Gender-Based
Violence. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated domestic violence and sexual assault and
has compounded the barriers to safety and economic security, creating a “shadow pandemic” for
many women and girls who are largely confined
to their home with their abuser. To help address
this growing crisis, the Budget provides $1 billion for DOJ Violence Against Women Act of 1994
programs, nearly double the 2021 level, including
funding for new programs to expand restorative
justice efforts, protect transgender survivors, and
support women at HBCUs, HSIs, and TCUs to ensure these institutions have the same resources
as other schools to address this pervasive issue.

Building Back Better
The Budget also provides a significant increase in
funding at the Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS) for domestic violence shelters
and community-based programs, hotlines, cash
assistance for survivors, medical support, and integrated healthcare services. The Administration
also looks forward to working with the Congress
to expand the new cash assistance program for
survivors of domestic violence by providing additional resources beyond 2022.
Promotes Health Equity for American
Indians and Alaska Natives. To begin redressing long-standing, stark health inequities experienced by American Indians and Alaska Natives,
the Budget proposes to dramatically increase
funding for the Indian Health Service (IHS) by
$2.2 billion. In addition, to ensure a more predictable funding stream for IHS, the Budget for
the first time includes an advance appropriation
for IHS in 2023.
Addresses Racial Disparities in Healthcare. Building on efforts in the American Rescue
Plan to advance equity and reduce health disparities in all healthcare programs, the Budget includes additional funding to expand access to culturally competent care. The Budget also includes
$153 million for CDC’s Social Determinants of
Health program to support States and Territories
in improving health equity and data collection for
racial and ethnic populations. The Administration
also looks forward to working with the Congress
to advance the President’s goal of doubling the
Federal investment in community health centers,
which would help reduce health disparities by expanding access to care.
Reduces Maternal Mortality Rate and
Ends Race-Based Disparities in Maternal
Mortality. The United States has the highest
maternal mortality rate among developed nations, with an unacceptably high mortality rate
for Black, American Indian/Alaska Native, and
other women of color. To help end this high rate
of maternal mortality and race-based disparities in outcomes among birthing people—and in
addition to the investment in maternal health
included in the American Families Plan—the

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
Budget includes more than $200 million to: reduce maternal mortality and morbidity rates
nationwide; bolster Maternal Mortality Review
Committees; expand the Rural Maternity and
Obstetrics Management Strategies program;
help cities place early childhood development experts in pediatrician offices with a high percentage of Medicaid and Children’s Health Insurance
Program patients; implement implicit bias training for healthcare providers; and create State
pregnancy medical home programs.

Defeating Other Diseases and Epidemics
Launches Advanced Research Projects
Agency for Health (ARPA-H). The Budget
includes a major investment of $6.5 billion to
launch ARPA-H, which would provide significant increases in direct Federal R&D spending in
health. With an initial focus on cancer and other
diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer’s, this
major investment in Federal R&D would drive
transformational innovation in health research
and speed application and implementation of
health breakthroughs. This funding is part of
a $51 billion request for the National Institutes
of Health (NIH) to continue to support research
that enhances health, lengthens life, and reduces
illness and disability.
Makes a Major Investment to Help End
the Opioid Epidemic. The opioid epidemic
has shattered families, claimed lives, and ravaged communities across the Nation—and the
COVID-19 pandemic has only deepened this crisis. That is why the Budget includes a historic
investment of $10.7 billion in discretionary funding in HHS, an increase of $3.9 billion over the
2021 enacted level, to support research, prevention, treatment, and recovery support services,
with targeted investments to support populations
with unique needs, including Native Americans,
older Americans, and rural populations. The
Budget also includes $621 million specific to the
Department of Veterans Affairs’ (VA’s) Opioid

19

Prevention and Treatment programs, including
programs in support of the Jason Simcakoski
Memorial and Promise Act.
Combats the Gun Violence Public Health
Epidemic. The Budget includes $2.1 billion,
an increase of $232 million above the 2021 enacted level, for DOJ to address the gun violence
public health crisis plaguing communities across
the Nation. Investments include $401 million in
State and local grants, an increase of $162 million or 68 percent. This level supports existing
programs to improve background check systems,
and invests in new programs to incentivize State
adoption of gun licensing laws and establish voluntary gun buyback pilot programs. In addition,
a total of $1.6 billion is provided to the Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, an increase of $70 million or five percent over the 2021
enacted level, to oversee the safe sale, storage, and
ownership of firearms and to support the Agency’s
other work to fight violent crime. The Budget
request for HHS doubles funding for firearm
violence prevention research at CDC and NIH.
Combined, the Budget includes $200 million in
discretionary resources for DOJ and HHS to support a new Community Violence Intervention initiative to implement evidence-based community
violence interventions locally, which may include
hospital-based interventions. In addition to these
amounts, the Budget supports the American Jobs
Plan proposal for $5 billion in total mandatory
resources from 2023 to 2029 to provide long-term
support for the Community Violence Intervention
initiative.
Commits to Ending the HIV/AIDS Epidemic. To help accelerate and strengthen efforts to end the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United
States, the Budget includes $670 million within
HHS to help aggressively reduce new HIV cases
while increasing access to treatment, expanding
the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis, also known
as PrEP, and ensuring equitable access to services and supports.

Building Back Better

20

TACKLING THE CLIMATE CRISIS
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time. It is also an opportunity to
create new industries and good-paying jobs with
a free and fair choice to join a union, revitalize
America’s energy communities and the economy,
and position America as the world’s clean energy
superpower. In addition to the American Jobs
Plan, the Budget includes more than $36 billion
of investments to combat climate change—an
increase of more than $14 billion compared to
2021—by investing in resilience and clean energy, enhancing U.S. competitiveness, and putting
America on a path to achieve net-zero emissions
no later than 2050—all while supporting communities that have been left behind and ensuring
that 40 percent of the benefits from tackling the
climate crisis are targeted toward addressing the
disproportionately high cumulative impacts on
disadvantaged communities.

Building Clean Energy Projects and
Investing in Resilience
Improves Energy Efficiency, Safety, and
Resilience of Low-Income Homes and
Public Buildings. The Budget invests $1.7 billion in energy saving retrofits to homes, schools,
and Federal buildings. This investment includes
$800 million in new investments across HUD
programs for rehabilitation and modernization
to further climate resilience and energy efficiency, which would lower the costs and improve the
quality of public and HUD-assisted housing, and
$400 million at DOE for the weatherization of
low-income homes.
Creates Good-Paying Jobs Building
Clean Energy Projects. Transforming the U.S.
electricity sector—and electrifying an increasing
share of the economy—represents one of the biggest job creation and economic opportunity engines of the 21st Century. That is why the Budget
provides $2 billion to put welders, electricians,
and other skilled laborers to work building clean
energy projects across the Nation. This investment supports a historic energy efficiency and
clean electricity standard that would transform

the electric sector to be carbon-pollution free by
2035 while creating good-paying union jobs.
Invests in Climate Resilience and Disaster
Planning. The Budget provides $815 million—a
$540 million increase above the 2021 enacted level—to incorporate climate impacts into pre-disaster planning and projects to ensure that the Nation
is rebuilding smarter and safer for the future. The
Budget also provides more than $1.2 billion above
the 2021 enacted level to increase the resilience of
ecosystems and communities across the Nation to
wildfires, flooding, and drought, including an additional $100 million for CDC’s Climate and Health
program. Consistent with the President’s national
conservation goal and the America the Beautiful
initiative, the Budget also makes critical investments to help communities conserve important
lands and waters, expand access to the outdoors
for underserved communities, and deploy natural
solutions to climate change.
Helps Tribal Nations Address the Climate
Crisis. Tribal communities are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, which
threatens their cultural and economic well-being.
The Budget provides an increase of more than
$450 million to facilitate climate mitigation, resilience, adaptation, and environmental justice
projects in Indian Country, including investment
to begin the process of transitioning tribal colleges to renewable energy.
Increases Demand for American Made,
Zero-Emission Vehicles through Federal
Procurement. To provide an immediate, clear,
and stable source of demand to help accelerate
American industrial capacity to produce clean
vehicles and components, the Budget includes
$600 million for electric vehicles and charging
infrastructure in the individual budgets of 18
Federal agencies, including dedicated funds at
the General Services Administration for other
agencies and for the United States Postal Service
charging infrastructure. This discretionary investment is one component of an overarching
effort—combined with funding in the American

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
Jobs Plan—to leverage Federal procurement to
create good-paying union jobs, and enable a clean
transportation future.

Helping Communities Left Behind
Makes the Largest Investment in Environmental Justice in History. To support
marginalized and overburdened communities
across the Nation, the Budget invests more than
$1.4 billion, including $936 million toward a
new Accelerating Environmental and Economic
Justice initiative at EPA. The initiative would
create good-paying union jobs, clean up pollution, and secure environmental justice for communities that have been left behind. In order
to hold polluters accountable, the initiative includes $100 million to develop a new community
air quality monitoring and notification program,
which would provide real-time data in the places
with the highest levels of exposure to pollution.
Propels an Effort to Create 250,000 Jobs
Remediating Abandoned Wells and Mines.
The Budget includes over $580 million to remediate thousands of abandoned oil and gas wells
and reclaim abandoned mines. This more than
triples the current annual discretionary funding, building on the President’s commitment
to create 250,000 good-paying union jobs for
skilled technicians and operators in some of the
hardest hit communities in the Nation, while
cleaning up hazardous sites. In line with the
stated goals of this Administration, the Budget
more than doubles funding for the Economic
Development Administration’s (EDA) Assistance
to Coal Communities program. EDA’s efforts are
part of the work of the new Interagency Working
Group on Coal and Power Plant Communities
and Economic Revitalization, and complement
other targeted investments across the Federal
Government to help spur economic revitalization,
create jobs, and support workers in hard-hit coal,
oil and gas, and power plant communities.
Creates Jobs Improving Critical Water
Infrastructure. Clean, safe drinking water
should be a right in all communities—rural and
urban, rich and poor. That is why the American

21

Jobs Plan would replace every lead service line
in America. The Budget also includes significant
funding—$3.6 billion—that could be used to advance water infrastructure improvement efforts
for community water systems, schools, and households. These water infrastructure improvement
efforts include repairing up to 180,000 septic systems, as well as broader efforts to improve drinking water and waste water infrastructure, while
creating good-paying construction jobs that pay
at least the prevailing wage across the Nation
and in tribal communities.
Partners with Rural America to Grow
Rural Economies and Tackle Rural Poverty.
The Budget includes a number of proposals
to invest in and create opportunities for rural
Americans. This includes more than $300 million in new investments in the next generation of
agriculture and conservation, including support
for voluntary private lands conservation as part
of the America the Beautiful initiative, renewable energy grants and loans, and the creation of
a Civilian Climate Corps to create a new pathway to good-paying jobs in rural America. The
Budget also supports $6.5 billion in lending to
support additional clean energy, energy storage,
and transmission projects in rural communities.

Increasing Competitiveness through
Investments in Innovation and Science
Advances Climate Science and Sustainability Research.
The Budget proposes
over $4 billion to fund a broad portfolio of research across multiple agencies including the
Department of the Interior, NASA, NSF, and
others to improve understanding of the changing climate and inform adaptation and resilience
measures.
Spurs Innovation in Clean Energy Technologies. The Budget invests more than $10 billion—a nearly 30-percent increase over 2021—in
clean energy innovation across non-defense agencies. These investments would help transform
the Nation’s electric, transportation, buildings,
and industrial sectors to achieve a net-zero carbon economy by 2050.

Building Back Better

22

Drives Breakthrough Solutions in Climate Innovation. The Budget includes a total
of $1 billion to create a new Advanced Research
Projects Agency for Climate and invests in the
existing Advanced Research Projects AgencyEnergy. Together, these initiatives would support
high-risk, high-reward solutions for adaptation,
mitigation, and resilience against the climate
crisis and enable robust investments in clean energy technology R&D.
Expands Observations, Research, and Climate Services. The Budget includes $7 billion for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), an increase of $1.5 billion from the 2021 enacted level. These additional
funds would allow NOAA to: expand its climate
observation and forecasting work and provide
better data and information to decisionmakers;
support coastal resilience programs that would
help protect communities from the economic and
environmental impacts of climate change; and

invest in modern infrastructure to enable these
critical efforts.

Leading the World toward Achieving
the Objectives of the Paris Agreement on
Climate
Supports Global Emissions Reductions.
To accelerate progress toward the Paris Agreement
targets, the Budget includes a $1.2 billion contribution to the Green Climate Fund—the first American
contribution since 2017—to help developing
countries reduce emissions and adapt to climate
change. The Budget also proposes $485 million to
support other multilateral climate initiatives, including $100 million for international climate adaptation programs. The Budget provides approximately $700 million for the Department of State
and U.S. Agency for International Development to
assist developing countries in adapting to climate
disruptions, expanding clean energy production,
and reducing landscape emissions.

CONFRONTING 21ST CENTURY SECURITY CHALLENGES
From the COVID-19 pandemic to climate
change, from the growing ambitions of China to
the many global threats to democracy, successfully addressing global challenges will require
working alongside and in partnership with other
nations. After years of neglect, the Budget makes
critical investments in diplomacy and development that would restore the health and morale
of the Nation’s foreign policy institutions, as well
as America’s relationships with key partners and
allies. Diplomacy would once again be a centerpiece of American foreign policy, and America
would once again be a leader on the world stage.
Renews American Leadership and Mobilizes Global Action. The Budget proposes reinvesting in the Nation’s diplomatic corps and
providing funding to support U.S. commitments
to the World Health Organization, the United
Nations (UN) Population Fund, and the UN High
Commissioner for Human Rights, while continuing to press for needed reforms. The Budget also

provides $1 billion in foreign assistance to bring
an end to the COVID-19 pandemic and expand
global health security activities, including to establish Global Health Security Agenda capacitybuilding programs in additional nations and increase investments in crosscutting research and
viral discovery programs to detect and stamp out
future infectious disease outbreaks. These funds
would also support a new health security financing mechanism, developed alongside U.S. partners
and allies, to ensure global readiness to respond to
the next outbreak. In addition, recognizing that
no single nation can meet the challenge of climate
change alone, the Budget provides $2.5 billion
for international climate programs to help rally
the world against this urgent threat, restore U.S.
leadership, and catalyze new climate pledges.
Counters 21st Century Challenges and
Threats. The Budget prioritizes the need to counter the threat from China while also deterring destabilizing behavior by Russia. Leveraging the

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
Pacific Deterrence Initiative and working together with allies and partners in the Indo-Pacific region and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
DOD would ensure that the United States builds
the concepts, capabilities, and posture necessary
to meet these challenges. To ensure the United
States plays a lead role in defending democracy, freedom, and the rule of law, the Budget
also includes a significant increase in resources
to: strengthen and defend democracies throughout the world; advance human rights; fight corruption; and counter authoritarianism. In addition, to support agencies as they modernize,
strengthen, and secure antiquated information
systems and bolster Federal cybersecurity, the
Budget provides $500 million for the Technology
Modernization Fund, an additional $110 million
for the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security
Agency, and $750 million in additional investments tailored to respond to lessons learned from
the SolarWinds incident.
Strengthens the Nation’s Immigration
and Asylum Systems. The Budget proposes resources to implement a fair, orderly, and humane
immigration system. This includes resources
necessary to fulfill the President’s commitment
to rebuild the Nation’s badly damaged refugee
admissions program and support up to 125,000
admissions in 2022. In addition, the Budget provides over $10 billion in humanitarian assistance
to support vulnerable people abroad, including
refugees and conflict victims. The Budget also

23

includes resources to address the naturalization
and asylum backlogs, support non-profit legal
service providers to help vulnerable populations,
and fund non-profit case management programs.
The Budget would also revitalize U.S. leadership
in Central America as part of a comprehensive
strategy to address the root causes of irregular
migration from Central America to the United
States, providing $861 million in assistance to
the region. These specific investments complement the President’s legislative efforts to provide
a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants and implement an immigration system
that welcomes all communities
Upholds the Nation’s Sacred Obligation
to America’s Veterans. Building on significant
investments included in the American Rescue
Plan, the Budget proposes $97.5 billion to improve access to VA healthcare, an increase of
$3.3 billion above the 2022 enacted advance appropriations level, including increases in funding
for women’s health, mental health, suicide prevention, and veterans’ homeless programs. The
Budget also proposes $882 million for medical
and prosthetic research—including the largest
increase in recent history—to advance VA’s understanding of traumatic brain injury, the effects
of toxic exposure on long-term health outcomes,
and the needs of disabled veterans. In addition,
the Budget includes $394 million to ensure veterans and their families have access to world-class
memorial benefits.

THE PRESIDENT’S HEALTHCARE AGENDA TO LOWER COSTS AND
EXPAND AND IMPROVE COVERAGE
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
(ACA) made historic progress in expanding and
improving health coverage and lowering health
costs. The American Rescue Plan built on that
progress with the most substantial improvement
in healthcare affordability since 2010. For people
who obtain coverage through the ACA marketplaces, the American Rescue Plan increased premium tax credits—and extended them to families
with incomes above 400 percent of the Federal

poverty level—for two years. These improvements are lowering premiums for more than
nine million current enrollees by an average of
$50 per person per month, and would enable millions of uninsured people to gain coverage.
The American Rescue Plan was only a first
step to lowering costs and expanding coverage. Building on that progress, the American
Jobs Plan invests $400 billion in strengthening

24

home- and community-based services for older
people and people with disabilities and strengthening the workforce that provides this vital care.
The American Families Plan makes permanent
the American Rescue Plan’s expansion of premium tax credits and makes a historic investment
to improve maternal health and mortality.
Beyond these steps, the President also calls on
the Congress to take action this year to reduce
prescription drug costs and to further expand
and improve health coverage. The President’s
healthcare agenda in these areas includes the
following additional policies:
Lowering the Costs of Prescription Drugs.
The President supports reforms that would bring
down drug prices by letting Medicare negotiate
payment for certain high-cost drugs and requiring manufacturers to pay rebates when drug prices rise faster than inflation. These reforms would
lower drug costs and save money for Medicare
beneficiaries and people with job-based insurance.
The reforms could also yield over half a trillion in
Federal savings over 10 years, which could help
pay for coverage expansions and improvements.
Improving Medicare, Medicaid, and ACA
Coverage. Medicare, Medicaid, and the ACA
marketplaces provide critical coverage to tens of
millions of Americans, but should be strengthened through measures like improving access to
dental, hearing, and vision coverage in Medicare,
making it easier for eligible people to get and stay
covered in Medicaid, and reducing deductibles

Building Back Better
for marketplace plans. The President also supports eliminating Medicaid funding caps for
Puerto Rico and other Territories while aligning
their matching rate with States (and moving toward parity for other critical Federal programs
including Supplemental Security Income and the
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program).
Further, evidence shows that we can reform
Medicare payments to insurers and certain providers to reduce overpayments and strengthen incentives to deliver value-based care, extending the
life of the Medicare Trust Fund, lowering premiums for beneficiaries, and reducing Federal costs.
Creating Additional Public Coverage Options. The President supports providing Americans with additional, lower-cost coverage choices
by: creating a public option that would be available through the ACA marketplaces; and giving
people age 60 and older the option to enroll in
the Medicare program with the same premiums
and benefits as current beneficiaries, but with financing separate from the Medicare Trust Fund.
In States that have not expanded Medicaid, the
President has proposed extending coverage to
millions of people by providing premium-free,
Medicaid-like coverage through a Federal public
option, paired with financial incentives to ensure
States maintain their existing expansions.
Healthcare is a right, not a privilege. Families
need the financial security and peace of mind that
comes with quality, affordable health coverage. In
collaboration with the Congress, the President’s
healthcare agenda would achieve this promise.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022

25

THE IMPACT OF THE PRESIDENT’S POLICIES ON THE NATION’S
ECONOMIC AND BUDGET OUTLOOK
The Budget makes the investments needed for
economic growth and shared prosperity, while
also putting the Nation on a sound fiscal course.

Generating Economic Growth
and Shared Prosperity
The Budget makes historic investments that
would increase economic prosperity over the coming decade and beyond by increasing American
productivity and the number of good-paying
American jobs. The President’s investments are
targeted to the everyday Americans who drive the
economy forward. The Budget reflects the basic
understanding that workers and families all over
the Nation are the engines of America’s prosperity and including more people in that prosperity
is how the Nation thrives.
The Budget’s investments in infrastructure,
research, and other areas would make American
businesses and workers more productive, and
more productive businesses would increase hiring
and pay higher wages. Rebuilding the Nation’s
infrastructure would bridge income and racial
gaps in transportation and housing opportunities, create good union jobs, and enable businesses to deliver goods and services more affordably
and operate anywhere, including in rural areas
that currently lack broadband. Investments in
R&D would ensure that the technologies of the
future would be created in America by American
businesses with American workers. Investments
in manufacturing supply chains would make it
more profitable to produce critical goods here at
home and put more Americans to work in good
jobs. In addition, investments to reverse climate
change and develop climate resilience would drive
technology growth, create millions of well-paying
jobs with a free and fair choice to join a union,
and mitigate the risk of electricity blackouts and
other environmental disasters that disrupt work
and cause enormous economic damage.
In addition to raising workers’ wages, the
Budget makes critical investments that would

increase the total number of American jobs and
ensure more of them are good-quality union
jobs. A generational investment in America’s
caregiving infrastructure would enable millions
of Americans—disproportionately women—to
succeed in the workforce and receive the better
pay they deserve as they raise children or care
for ailing parents. Long overdue paid family and
medical leave would ensure that no American
worker is one pregnancy or illness away from losing their paycheck and reduce racial disparities
in paid leave. Expanding the Earned Income Tax
Credit would make it possible for more people to
join and remain in the workforce. Health investments—from providing clean water to upgrading
the public health system to expanding health insurance tax credits so that millions of people gain
coverage and access to care—would lower mortality and disability and enable more Americans to
work long healthy fulfilling careers.
The Budget also makes historic investments
in children that would improve their health and
well-being in the near term while contributing to
economic growth and shared prosperity in the long
term. Universal preschool, child nutrition expansions, and tax cuts that lift millions of families with
children out of poverty would ensure that all children—not only those from privileged backgrounds
or advantaged communities—are set up for success in school and beyond. Historic investments in
Title I school funding would help millions of children in low-income families to compete through
high school and beyond. Free community college
and Pell Grants, along with investments in registered apprenticeships, other labor-management
training programs, and other workforce training
investments in the American Jobs Plan, would
give students the support to build skills directly
applicable to good-paying jobs. A large and growing body of research shows that these and similar
investments not only yield immediate benefits for
children and their families but also improve children’s health and well-being and increase their
earnings when they reach adulthood, strengthening America’s future economy.

26

Building Back Better

Overall, the Budget represents a comprehensive strategy to build an economy that works for
everyone, not only the wealthy and well-connected. These investments would pay dividends for
decades to come and would help build a highskilled workforce, spur faster growth, and create
more jobs, higher wages, more security, less poverty, less racial inequity, and broader prosperity.

anticipates that real interest rates would likely
rise over the coming decade, using projections
in line with private forecasters. Nonetheless,
under the President’s policies, including the
American Jobs Plan and the American Families
Plan, real interest would remain at or below
0.5 percent of the economy throughout the next
10 years, well below the historical average.

Putting the Nation on a Fiscally
Responsible Path

In the current economic environment, the
Federal Government has the fiscal space to
make critical investments to expand the productive capacity of the economy, while also
keeping real interest cost burdens low by
historical standards. In fact, failing to make
investments now that support growth and
shared prosperity would leave future generations worse off.

The Budget charts a fiscally responsible
path for delivering a stronger, more prosperous
economy. Under the Budget’s proposals, the
cost of Federal debt payments would remain
well below historical levels throughout the
coming decade. In response to the Nation’s
longer-term fiscal challenges, the Budget’s proposals would reduce the deficit in later years.
Over the past several decades, interest rates
have fallen, even as debt has risen. This has
been a widespread, persistent, and global phenomenon, and it has meant that the burden associated with debt has decreased. Given these
structural dynamics, the level of interest payments, rather than the size of the debt, is the
most relevant benchmark for whether debt is
burdening the economy.
Real interest—the Federal Government’s annual interest payments after adjusting for inflation—directly measures the economic cost
of the debt: the real resources that are going
toward paying off old debt, instead of investing
in the future.
Real interest has averaged about one percent
of the economy since 1980 and was about two
percent in the 1990s. Since then, the effective
real interest rate on Federal debt has fallen 10fold, from over 4 percent to 0.4 percent.
As a result, real interest has fallen.
Strikingly, in 2021, real interest costs are expected to be negative, due to negative real interest rates. The Budget’s economic forecast

Over the long term, the United States does
face fiscal challenges, driven principally by underlying demographic pressures on health and
retirement programs and inadequate revenue
levels. There is also uncertainty about the interest rate outlook. The Budget’s proposals
prudently address these future challenges by
making sure that new proposals are not only
fully offset, but reduce deficits in the long run
and improve the long-term fiscal outlook.
The Budget achieves this through reforms to
the tax system. The Budget provides reforms
to the corporate tax code to incentivize job creation and investment in the United States, stop
unfair and wasteful profit shifting to tax havens, ensure that large corporations are paying
their fair share, and stop a race-to-the-bottom
in corporate tax rates around the world. The
Budget also proposes to revitalize tax enforcement to ensure that high-income Americans
pay the tax they owe under the law—ending
the unfair system of enforcement that collects
almost all taxes due on wages, while regularly collecting a smaller share of business and
capital income. The plan would eliminate
long-standing loopholes, including lower taxes
on capital gains and dividends for the wealthy,
which reward wealth over work.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
Over time, the savings from these reforms
would exceed the cost of the investments, and by
large and growing amounts. The American Jobs
Plan and American Families Plan together are
paid for over 15 years. The full set of proposals in
the Budget reduce the annual deficit by the end of
the 10-year budget window and every year thereafter. In the second decade, the Budget’s proposals reduce deficits by over $2 trillion.

27

A Budget that added to long-term deficits would
worsen fiscal health, while a Budget that reduced
deficits today by underinvesting in the American
people would result in slower, more stratified
growth that would cause more damage than one
that invests appropriately. The Budget responsibly balances these needs and risks by charting
an economically and fiscally sound course for the
near term and the long term.

DELIVERING RESULTS FOR ALL AMERICANS
THROUGH AN EQUITABLE, EFFECTIVE,
AND ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNMENT
In order to build back better and meet the
full range of challenges and opportunities before us, the Nation needs an equitable, effective,
and accountable Government that delivers results for all Americans. The President is committed to ensuring the Government works for all
Americans—and the Budget makes crucial progress toward achieving that goal. The Budget ensures Federal agencies are sufficiently resourced
and effectively equipped to carry out their
missions. The Budget would help bolster the
Administration’s efforts to: center equity across
the Federal Government; empower, rebuild, and
protect the Federal workforce; restore public
trust in the Federal Government; deliver services effectively and efficiently; enhance Federal
information technology (IT) and cybersecurity;
advance America’s clean energy future; and help
ensure the future is made in America by all of
America’s workers. Taken together, these actions will support the President’s Management
Agenda as it takes shape in the coming months.

Centering Equity in Management
and Policymaking Processes
The Administration is committed to delivering on the President’s promise to advance equity
across the entire Federal Government, including
for people of color and other underserved communities that have been historically denied fair,
just, and equitable treatment.
On January 26, 2021, the President said, “we
need to make the issue of racial equity not just an
issue for any one department of [G]overnment; it
has to be the business of the whole of [G]overnment. That’s why I issued, among the first days,

my whole-of-[G]overnment [E]xecutive [O]rder
that will, for the first time, advance equity for
all throughout our [F]ederal policies and institutions.” Through this action, the President has
made embedding equity in Government decisionmaking a mandate for the leadership and staff of
every department and agency. At the President’s
direction, agencies are working to recognize and
redress inequities in their systems, policies, programs, and processes. Agencies are directed to
review policies and activities to assess whether
underserved communities and their members
face systemic barriers in accessing benefits and
opportunities available pursuant to those policies and programs. The President also issued
an Executive Order creating the Gender Policy
Council and laying out a whole-of-Government
approach to ensure that all policies and programs
promote gender equity and advance rights and
opportunity for women and girls. As discussed
in the previous chapter, the Budget makes wideranging investments in improving the delivery
of Government programs for all Americans, including funding for critical work to redress longstanding inequities in health, education, housing, and other areas.

Empowering, Rebuilding, and
Protecting the Federal Workforce
The Administration is committed to respecting
and partnering with career civil servants who
form the backbone of the Federal Government.
That is why during his first month in office, the
President restored collective bargaining rights
and worker protections for Federal employees.
The President eliminated Schedule F, which
threatened the foundations of the civil service,

29

30

and made clear that the Administration will protect scientists and other career civil servants
from political interference. The President also
signed an Executive Order to ensure that the
Federal Government interprets Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 as prohibiting workplace
discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation
and gender identity.
The Budget builds on these efforts to empower
and protect the Federal workforce by:
Supporting Career Civil Servants as the
Backbone of the Federal Workforce. To help
departments and agencies recruit and retain a diverse and inclusive Federal workforce, the Budget
ensures more Federal employees are eligible for
a $15 per hour wage, and provides funding for
a pay increase averaging 2.7 percent across the
Federal civilian workforce, in parity with the military pay increase. The President also took steps
on his first day in office to protect the health and
safety of Federal employees and contractors during the COVID-19 pandemic, including enforcing
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s
science-based guidelines and directing agencies
to finalize and implement workplace health and
safety plans. The President also made clear that
he encourages union organizing and collective
bargaining by revoking Executive Orders 13836,
13837, and 13839 that made it harder for Federal
workers to unionize and bargain. The President’s
Executive Order on Protecting the Federal
Workforce also directs agencies to bargain over
additional subjects of bargaining, so that workers
have a greater voice in their working conditions.
Achieving Better Hiring Outcomes. The
Budget supports agency efforts to expand and enhance recruitment and hiring of top talent, and to
deploy more effective qualifying assessments to improve hiring outcomes. Specifically, agencies would
be required to revitalize their internship programs
to begin to reverse the decline in the percentage of
the workforce under 30, create and fund agency talent teams, and contribute funding to a new office that
would support centralized Government-wide hiring
actions that improve hiring outcomes for critical positions. Further, the President’s Memorandum on

DELIVERING RESULTS FOR ALL AMERICANS
Revitalizing America’s Foreign Policy and National
Security Workforce, Institutions, and Partnerships
ordered a series of actions agencies must take to
ensure that the national security workforce reflects
and draws on the richness and diversity of the
Nation it represents.
Modernizing the Personnel Vetting System. The Administration is leading efforts to
reform how the Executive Branch conducts
background checks for its workforce through the
Security Clearance, Suitability, and Credentialing
Performance Accountability Council (PAC). The
PAC is spearheading several transformative reforms through the Trusted Workforce 2.0 initiative
that will introduce continuous vetting, reduce the
time required to conduct background checks for
new hires, and improve the mobility of the workforce, all while ensuring the Nation’s security.

Promoting Public Trust in the
Federal Government
As the President has said, “[w]e have to prove
to the American people that their [G]overnment
can deliver for them...” The Administration is
making important progress in promoting trust in
Government, and the Budget advances these efforts.
Recommitting to Good Government. As
part of the Administration’s commitment to good
government, Federal agencies are working with
external stakeholders and their own workforces
to develop goals and track progress to improve
the delivery of Government services in key priority areas. As the President’s Management
Agenda takes shape and agency goals are established and pursued, the public will be able to
follow progress on Performance.gov, which will
be updated quarterly. By being clear about the
Administration’s goals, showing the public plans
to get there, and being transparent about results,
the Administration will continue building trust
with the American public.
Ensuring Effective Implementation of
COVID-19 Pandemic Relief Funds and
Stewardship of Taxpayer Resources. The
Administration will administer COVID-19

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
pandemic relief funding—including funding provided through the American Rescue Plan Act of
2021 (the American Rescue Plan)—with maximum accountability and transparency and a focus on achieving results. This requires designing programs and service delivery models that
achieve equitable results while promoting transparency and supporting long-term outcomes that
benefit the American people. These goals can be
achieved while minimizing burden to agencies
and recipients through sound financial management, a focus on program integrity, and accurate
and timely reporting on data about the use of taxpayer funds.
Fostering Scientific Integrity and Evidence-Based Decision-Making. The President
has made clear that it is the policy of this
Administration to make decisions guided by the
best available science and data. On January 27,
2021, when signing a Presidential Memorandum
charging agencies to advance scientific integrity
and evidence-based policymaking, the President
committed that his Administration would “protect our world-class scientists from political interference and ensure they can think, research,
and speak freely and directly to me, the Vice
President, and the American people.” Evidencebased policy-making and program evaluation
are critical in addressing systemic inequities and
injustices and maintaining the public’s trust.
The Administration’s commitment to evidencebased policy-making and program evaluation is
reflected in the prioritization and design of the
Budget’s historic investments in addressing climate change, environmental justice, health security, and pandemic preparedness and will be
equally central to implementing these initiatives. Agencies’ Learning Agendas and Annual
Evaluation Plans should reflect their plans to
build evidence in these and other priority areas.

Delivering Government Services
Effectively and Efficiently
Improving Customer Experience.
The
Federal Government administers a wide array
of programs on behalf of the American people,
but implementation efforts often fail to adopt a

31

human, customer-focused mindset—preventing
these programs from reaching all those they are
intended to benefit and serve. The Administration
is implementing a comprehensive approach to
improving the access, equity, and overall delivery of Federal services, which includes improving
customer experience management. The Budget
supports the Nation’s highest impact service providers across a variety of agencies to deliver on
their annual Customer Experience Action Plans.
This includes, for example: increasing the use
of remote inspection capabilities to enable families to send the Federal Emergency Management
Agency digital video and images of disaster
property damage for verification and validation;
making it possible for individuals to request a
call back, rather than waiting on the phone, for
more Internal Revenue Service functions; collecting customer feedback on interactions with the
Transportation Security Administration from
passengers that experience secondary screening; and adapting the design of new “journey to
discharge” approaches at the Veterans Health
Administration for patient information to reduce
preventable adverse events within three weeks of
discharge.
Delivering Better Services through
Design and Technology. Too often, outdated
tools, systems, and practices make interacting
with the Federal Government cumbersome and
frustrating. The COVID-19 pandemic laid bare
and exacerbated the Government’s technology
and service delivery challenges in a time of immediate need. Recognizing this, the Administration
requested and received $200 million through
the American Rescue Plan for the United States
Digital Service (USDS) for a multiyear investment in the USDS mission to use design and technology to deliver better services to the American
people. USDS quickly deployed teams of seasoned
operational engineers, service designers, product
managers, and procurement experts to bring best
practices and new approaches to these technology
challenges, ensure access and equity are integrated into products and processes, and help agencies
modernize their systems for long-term stability.
USDS is integrally engaged on American Rescue
Plan projects and Administration priorities for

32

COVID-19 pandemic vaccines and testing, economic rescue and recovery, environmental justice,
and immigration reform.

Enhancing Federal IT
and Cybersecurity
Modernizing Federal IT Systems. In a
world of constantly evolving technology and expanding cybersecurity threats, the Administration
recognizes the critical need for additional investment in enhancing Federal IT to improve service delivery to the American public. To support agencies as they modernize, strengthen,
and secure outdated information systems, the
Budget includes $500 million for the Technology
Modernization Fund (TMF). This builds on
the substantial down-payment provided by the
Congress in the American Rescue Plan to address
urgent IT modernization challenges, bolster cybersecurity defenses, and improve the delivery
of COVID-19 pandemic relief. The TMF would
continue to serve as the predominant vehicle for
delivering improvements to public-facing digital
services, enhancements to cross-government collaboration, and modern technology designed with
security and privacy in mind.
Bolstering Federal Cybersecurity. Cybersecurity will continue to be a key focus in protecting this Nation’s security, and recent, significant cybersecurity incidents highlight the
long-standing need to modernize Federal IT
systems and augment cybersecurity capabilities. The Budget contains $9.8 billion in cybersecurity funding to secure Federal civilian networks, protect the Nation’s infrastructure, and
support efforts to share information, standards,
and best practices with critical infrastructure
partners and American businesses. This funding includes $110 million for the Cybersecurity
and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and
$750 million to agencies affected by recent, significant cyber incidents to address exigent gaps
in security capability. These resources would
better enable Federal agencies to protect technology and safeguard citizen’s sensitive information
from the threats posed by cyber criminals and
adversaries. Agencies will continue to improve

DELIVERING RESULTS FOR ALL AMERICANS
cybersecurity practices, implement supply chain
risk management programs, develop coordinated
vulnerability disclosure programs, and improve
cyber threat intelligence analysis. The Budget
also provides $15 million to support the Office of
the National Cyber Director established in the
William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021.
Improving the Federal IT Workforce. To
support the Federal IT and cybersecurity portfolio, the Budget proposes to identify and address
critical skills gaps across the IT and cybersecurity workforce. The Budget invests in innovative
programs that improve the Government’s ability
to recruit, retain, and train a workforce that can
build, maintain, and secure Federal information
and information systems. The Administration is
focused on continuing the use of reskilling and
upskilling training programs to address critical
knowledge skills gaps by reinvesting in existing
employees. Moreover, the American Rescue Plan
includes resources for USDS and CISA to hire information technology and cybersecurity experts.

Ensuring the Future Is Made in All of
America by All of America’s Workers
Supporting America’s Workers and America’s Clean Energy Future through Federal
Contracting. The Administration will leverage
over $600 billion in annual Federal contracting
and other Federal assistance—nearly $260 billion of which is spent on manufactured goods each
year—to provide good-quality jobs to American
workers in manufacturing by strengthening domestic sourcing requirements. This includes the
establishment of a Made in America Office within
the Office of Management and Budget that works
with the Office of Federal Procurement Policy to
ensure taxpayer dollars support American manufacturing. Agencies will also leverage their vast
buying power to advance racial equity using procurement strategies to expand and strengthen
the Government’s contracting base, especially
in underserved communities, and drive forward
America’s clean energy future. For example,
the Budget invests $600 million to assist agencies in transitioning to clean and zero-emission

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
vehicles for Government fleets and associated infrastructure, leading the way for a cleaner transportation network across America. The President
also issued an Executive Order on April 27, 2021
requiring Federal contractors pay their employees—hundreds of thousands of workers who are
working on Federal contracts—a minimum wage
of at least $15 per hour. These workers are critical to the functioning of the Federal Government:
from cleaning professionals and maintenance
workers who ensure Federal employees have safe
and clean places to work; to nursing assistants
who care for the Nation’s veterans; to cafeteria
and other food service workers who ensure military members have healthy and nutritious food
to eat; to laborers who build and repair Federal
infrastructure.
Providing for a Modern and Diverse
Federal Acquisition System. The Federal
Government’s ability to effectively meet its
many missions requires support from a diverse
and resilient contractor base of small, medium,
and large entities that consistently produce

33

high-quality products and services with strong
customer satisfaction. The purchasing power
of the Federal Government has the potential to
have a transformative impact on women-, veteran-, and minority-owned small businesses and
create generational wealth for business owners
from traditionally underserved communities.
To meet this dual challenge, the Administration
will pursue agile, innovative, outcome-based,
and equity-focused, acquisition processes. This
will include a dedicated effort to eliminate barriers that small businesses in underserved communities face when competing for contracts. In
addition, the Administration will provide the
acquisition workforce with supplier and market
intelligence data at the point of need, so they can
work productively with contractors from across
the Nation to achieve more for each taxpayer dollar by, among other things, promoting buying as
an organized entity and using strategic business
practices. Additional emphasis will be placed on
partnering with entities that leverage domestic
supply chains, and sources that apply climatefriendly and sustainable practices.

Summary Tables

35

21,017
18,024
21,000
16.3%
31.2%
14.9%
100.1%
85.8%

Debt held by the public �����������������������������������������������
Debt held by the public net of financial assets ����������

Gross domestic product (GDP) ���������������������������������������

Budget totals as a percent of GDP:
Receipts �����������������������������������������������������������������������
Outlays ������������������������������������������������������������������������
Deficit �����������������������������������������������������������������������

Debt held by the public �����������������������������������������������
Debt held by the public net of financial assets ����������

109.7%
98.4%

16.3%
32.9%
16.7%

22,030

24,167
21,684

3,581
7,249
3,669

2021

111.8%
100.1%

17.8%
25.6%
7.8%

23,500

26,265
23,520

4,174
6,011
1,837

2022

112.7%
101.3%

18.9%
24.5%
5.6%

24,563

27,683
24,892

4,641
6,013
1,372

2023

113.8%
102.8%

18.9%
24.2%
5.3%

25,537

29,062
26,250

4,828
6,187
1,359

2024

115.2%
104.5%

19.0%
24.5%
5.5%

26,516

30,539
27,720

5,038
6,508
1,470

2025

116.1%
105.8%

19.4%
24.5%
5.1%

27,533

31,958
29,134

5,332
6,746
1,414

2026

Memorandum, real net interest:
Real net interest in billions of dollars ������������������������
134
–53
–139
–189
–186
–136
–86
Real net interest as a percent of GDP �����������������������
0.6%
–0.2%
–0.6%
–0.8%
–0.7%
–0.5%
–0.3%
*0.05 percent of GDP or less.
1
The estimated deficit for 2021 is based on partial year actual data and generally incorporates actuals through March.

3,421
6,550
3,129

Budget totals in billions of dollars:
Receipts �����������������������������������������������������������������������
Outlays ������������������������������������������������������������������������
Deficit 1 ���������������������������������������������������������������������

2020

Table S–1. Budget Totals
(In billions of dollars and as a percent of GDP)

–36
–0.1%

116.4%
106.5%

19.7%
24.3%
4.6%

28,590

33,266
30,437

5,632
6,935
1,303

2027

9
*

116.8%
107.3%

19.8%
24.6%
4.8%

29,697

34,691
31,860

5,888
7,312
1,424

2028

50
0.2%

116.6%
107.5%

19.8%
24.1%
4.2%

30,867

35,996
33,167

6,119
7,425
1,307

2029

108
0.3%

116.8%
107.9%

19.8%
24.4%
4.6%

32,094

37,481
34,643

6,370
7,847
1,477

2030

164
0.5%

117.0%
108.5%

19.9%
24.6%
4.7%

33,391

39,059
36,216

6,643
8,211
1,568

2031

–737
–0.6%

18.8%
24.7%
5.9%

24,013
31,465
7,452

20222026

–442
–0.2%

19.3%
24.5%
5.2%

54,665
69,196
14,531

20222031

Totals

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
37

.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
3,129
14.9%

Proposals in the 2022 Budget:
Enact the American Jobs Plan �������������������������������������������������
Enact the American Families Plan ������������������������������������������

Restore non-defense discretionary spending and provide
robust funding for national defense 1 �����������������������������������
Debt service and other interest effects ������������������������������������

Total proposals in the 2022 Budget ���������������������������������������

Resulting deficits in the 2022 Budget �����������������������������������
Percent of GDP ��������������������������������������������������������������������������

3,669
16.7%

–1

.........
–*

.........
–1

3,670
16.7%

2021

1,372
5.6%

2033

2032

224

53
*

92
79

1,148
4.7%

2023

1,837
7.8%

118

19
*

84
16

1,719
7.3%

2022

Enact the American Jobs Plan and the American Families
Plan, second decade effect ����������������������������������������������������
–165
–217
Total proposals in the 2022 Budget, second decade effect ������
–126
–183
*$500 million or less
1
Includes mandatory effects of discretionary policy and other conforming technical adjustments

Memorandum:

3,129
14.9%

Projected deficits in the baseline ������������������������������������������
Percent of GDP ��������������������������������������������������������������������������

2020

–228
–198

2034

1,359
5.3%

291

59
3

141
88

1,068
4.2%

2024

–238
–213

2035

1,470
5.5%

294

56
9

152
78

1,176
4.4%

2025

–248
–229

2036

1,414
5.1%

299

54
15

177
53

1,115
4.0%

2026

(Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in billions of dollars)

–260
–246

2037

1,303
4.6%

170

48
22

110
–9

1,134
4.0%

2027

–272
–264

2038

1,424
4.8%

76

40
25

28
–17

1,348
4.5%

2028

–285
–282

2039

1,307
4.2%

15

32
27

–35
–9

1,291
4.2%

2029

Table S–2. Effect of Budget Proposals on Projected Deficits

–299
–302

2040

1,477
4.6%

–40

23
30

–87
–5

1,517
4.7%

2030

–313
–323

2041

1,568
4.7%

–93

10
31

–133
–2

1,660
5.0%

2031

14,531

1,355

–297
406

20222036

393
163

529
270

13,176

–1,726
–1,012

20222041

Cumulative
Totals

7,452

1,226

241
27

645
312

6,226

20222031

Totals
20222026

38

Summary Tables

3,129
345
2,784

Deficit �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Net interest �������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Primary deficit ��������������������������������������������������������������������������

303
3,367

3,670

944
287
55
10
74
18
85
97
37
3,580

305
1,414

1,719

1,032
314
59
11
82
21
57
102
39
3,988

2,005
266

319
829

1,148

1,068
326
61
12
85
22
45
103
40
4,304

2,174
367

1,261
842
529
870
3,503
319
5,453

365
703

1,068

1,113
341
60
12
90
24
45
99
44
4,451

2,210
412

1,333
842
563
795
3,533
365
5,519

778
842
1,621

2024

436
739

1,176

1,153
353
57
13
90
25
47
77
46
4,640

2,347
432

1,410
948
592
784
3,735
436
5,816

796
849
1,645

2025

509
606

1,115

1,202
368
55
13
91
25
48
68
49
4,991

2,646
425

1,493
1,016
621
806
3,935
509
6,106

811
851
1,661

2026

581
553

1,134

1,247
383
55
14
92
38
49
65
52
5,272

2,852
424

1,580
1,087
654
813
4,135
581
6,405

828
862
1,689

2027

649
699

1,348

1,305
402
57
15
92
39
51
71
55
5,506

2,986
433

1,673
1,229
698
877
4,478
649
6,854

846
880
1,726

2028

717
574

1,291

1,355
418
57
16
94
41
53
75
57
5,724

3,128
432

1,769
1,181
741
846
4,537
717
7,015

865
896
1,760

2029

1,517

1,410
437
58
17
97
43
55
75
59
5,958

3,275
433

1,868
1,328
783
900
4,879
798
7,475

884
913
1,797

2030

1,660

1,467
456
56
17
97
46
57
79
60
6,205

3,431
438

1,969
1,415
828
938
5,149
883
7,866

903
931
1,834

2031

1,307
354

965
292
43
10
87
18
69
82
36
3,421

Social insurance and retirement receipts:
Social Security payroll taxes ������������������������������������������������
Medicare payroll taxes ����������������������������������������������������������
Unemployment insurance ����������������������������������������������������
Other retirement �������������������������������������������������������������������
Excise taxes �������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Estate and gift taxes �����������������������������������������������������������������
Customs duties ��������������������������������������������������������������������������
Deposits of earnings, Federal Reserve System ������������������������
Other miscellaneous receipts ���������������������������������������������������
Total receipts �������������������������������������������������������������������������

1,704
268

1,196
767
518
1,255
3,735
305
5,707

756
874
1,630

2023

On-budget deficit �����������������������������������������������������������������������
3,142
3,597
1,670
1,074
969
1,041
955
938
1,122
1,021
1,205
Off-budget deficit/surplus (–) ����������������������������������������������������
–13
73
48
74
99
135
160
195
226
270
312
1
Baseline estimates are on the basis of the economic assumptions shown in Table S-9, which incorporate the effects of the Administration’s fiscal policies.

1,609
212

Receipts:
Individual income taxes ������������������������������������������������������������
Corporation income taxes ���������������������������������������������������������

1,135
709
521
2,886
5,251
303
7,249

754
913
1,667

2022

883
778

1,090
769
458
2,260
4,578
345
6,550

Mandatory programs:
Social Security �����������������������������������������������������������������������
Medicare ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Medicaid ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Other mandatory programs ��������������������������������������������������
Subtotal, mandatory programs ����������������������������������������
Net interest �������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Total outlays ��������������������������������������������������������������������������

735
960
1,696

2021

798
718

714
913
1,627

Discretionary programs:
Defense ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Non-defense ��������������������������������������������������������������������������
Subtotal, discretionary programs �������������������������������������

Outlays:

2020

(In billions of dollars)

Table S–3. Baseline by Category 1

12,352
3,799
577
140
910
323
506
814
501
51,038

27,053
4,062

15,553
10,654
6,528
8,885
41,620
5,563
64,215

8,221
8,810
17,031

20222031

5,710
516

1,935
4,291

11,303
1,873

5,563
7,613

6,226 13,176

5,568
1,703
294
62
439
116
242
448
218
22,374

11,382
1,902

6,694
4,414
2,823
4,510
18,441
1,935
28,600

3,895
4,329
8,224

20222026

Totals

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
39

714
913
1,627
1,090
769
458
2,260
4,578
345
6,550
1,609
212
965
292
43
10
87
18
69
82
36
3,421
3,129
345
2,784
3,142
–13

Discretionary programs:
Defense ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Non-defense ��������������������������������������������������������������������������
Subtotal, discretionary programs �������������������������������������

Mandatory programs:
Social Security �����������������������������������������������������������������������
Medicare ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Medicaid ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Other mandatory programs ��������������������������������������������������
Subtotal, mandatory programs ����������������������������������������
Net interest �������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Total outlays ��������������������������������������������������������������������������

Receipts:
Individual income taxes ������������������������������������������������������������
Corporation income taxes ���������������������������������������������������������

Social insurance and retirement receipts:
Social Security payroll taxes ������������������������������������������������
Medicare payroll taxes ����������������������������������������������������������
Unemployment insurance ����������������������������������������������������
Other retirement �������������������������������������������������������������������
Excise taxes �������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Estate and gift taxes �����������������������������������������������������������������
Customs duties ��������������������������������������������������������������������������
Deposits of earnings, Federal Reserve System ������������������������
Other miscellaneous receipts ���������������������������������������������������
Total receipts �������������������������������������������������������������������������

Deficit �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Net interest �������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Primary deficit ��������������������������������������������������������������������������

On-budget deficit �����������������������������������������������������������������������
Off-budget deficit/surplus (–) ����������������������������������������������������

Outlays:

2020

3,595
73

303
3,366

3,669

944
287
55
10
74
18
85
97
37
3,581

1,705
268

1,135
709
521
2,886
5,251
303
7,249

735
960
1,696

2021

1,789
48

305
1,532

1,837

1,033
359
59
11
84
21
57
102
39
4,174

2,039
371

1,196
766
571
1,486
4,018
305
6,011

756
932
1,688

2022

1,301
71

320
1,052

1,372

1,072
383
61
12
89
18
45
103
40
4,641

2,242
577

1,261
841
582
1,324
4,008
320
6,013

756
930
1,685

2023

1,264
95

368
991

1,359

1,118
400
60
12
93
19
45
99
44
4,828

2,288
649

1,333
840
616
1,347
4,136
368
6,187

775
909
1,683

2024

(In billions of dollars)

1,341
129

445
1,025

1,470

1,159
418
57
13
94
20
47
77
46
5,038

2,436
673

1,410
947
645
1,357
4,358
445
6,508

791
914
1,704

2025

1,260
154

524
890

1,414

1,207
436
55
13
95
21
48
68
49
5,332

2,676
664

1,492
1,014
674
1,321
4,501
524
6,746

804
917
1,721

2026

1,115
189

603
701

1,303

1,252
453
55
14
96
32
49
65
52
5,632

2,896
666

1,579
1,085
698
1,227
4,589
603
6,935

816
927
1,743

2027

Table S–4. Proposed Budget by Category

1,205
219

674
749

1,424

1,311
476
57
15
96
33
51
71
55
5,888

3,044
679

1,672
1,227
734
1,232
4,865
674
7,312

826
947
1,773

2028

1,045
262

744
562

1,307

1,361
496
56
16
98
34
53
75
57
6,119

3,194
678

1,767
1,178
768
1,168
4,882
744
7,425

835
964
1,799

2029

1,174
303

829
649

1,477

1,417
518
58
17
101
37
55
75
59
6,370

3,354
681

1,866
1,325
801
1,200
5,191
829
7,847

843
984
1,827

2030

3,881 8,052
4,601 9,426
8,482 17,478

20222031

1,223
345

914
654

1,568

5,726
8,805
6,956 12,718
496 1,813

1,962
5,490

7,452 14,531

1,474 5,587 12,403
540 1,995 4,478
56
293
576
17
62
140
102
455
948
39
99
274
57
242
506
79
448
814
60
218
501
6,643 24,013 54,665

3,526 11,680 27,694
693 2,933 6,330

1,966 6,691 15,542
1,412 4,407 10,633
837 3,088 6,926
1,228 6,835 12,891
5,444 21,021 45,992
914 1,962 5,726
8,211 31,465 69,196

851
1,002
1,854

2031

Totals
20222026

40

Summary Tables

3.4
4.3
7.7
5.2
3.7
2.2
10.8
21.8
1.6
31.2
7.7
1.0
4.6
1.4
0.2
*
0.4
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.2
16.3
14.9
1.6
13.3
15.0
–0.1

Discretionary programs:
Defense ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Non-defense ��������������������������������������������������������������������������
Subtotal, discretionary programs �������������������������������������

Mandatory programs:
Social Security �����������������������������������������������������������������������
Medicare ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Medicaid ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Other mandatory programs ��������������������������������������������������
Subtotal, mandatory programs ����������������������������������������
Net interest �������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Total outlays ��������������������������������������������������������������������������

Receipts:
Individual income taxes ������������������������������������������������������������
Corporation income taxes ���������������������������������������������������������

Social insurance and retirement receipts:
Social Security payroll taxes ������������������������������������������������
Medicare payroll taxes ����������������������������������������������������������
Unemployment insurance ����������������������������������������������������
Other retirement �������������������������������������������������������������������
Excise taxes �������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Estate and gift taxes �����������������������������������������������������������������
Customs duties ��������������������������������������������������������������������������
Deposits of earnings, Federal Reserve System ������������������������
Other miscellaneous receipts ���������������������������������������������������
Total receipts �������������������������������������������������������������������������

Deficit �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Net interest �������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Primary deficit ��������������������������������������������������������������������������

On-budget deficit �����������������������������������������������������������������������
Off-budget deficit/surplus (–) ����������������������������������������������������
*0.05 percent of GDP or less.

Outlays:

2020

16.3
0.3

1.4
15.3

16.7

4.3
1.3
0.2
*
0.3
0.1
0.4
0.4
0.2
16.3

7.7
1.2

5.2
3.2
2.4
13.1
23.8
1.4
32.9

3.3
4.4
7.7

2021

7.6
0.2

1.3
6.5

7.8

4.4
1.5
0.3
*
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.2
17.8

8.7
1.6

5.1
3.3
2.4
6.3
17.1
1.3
25.6

3.2
4.0
7.2

2022

5.3
0.3

1.3
4.3

5.6

4.4
1.6
0.2
*
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.2
18.9

9.1
2.3

5.1
3.4
2.4
5.4
16.3
1.3
24.5

3.1
3.8
6.9

2023

5.0
0.4

1.4
3.9

5.3

4.4
1.6
0.2
*
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.2
18.9

9.0
2.5

5.2
3.3
2.4
5.3
16.2
1.4
24.2

3.0
3.6
6.6

2024

(As a percent of GDP)

5.1
0.5

1.7
3.9

5.5

4.4
1.6
0.2
*
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.2
19.0

9.2
2.5

5.3
3.6
2.4
5.1
16.4
1.7
24.5

3.0
3.4
6.4

2025

4.6
0.6

1.9
3.2

5.1

4.4
1.6
0.2
*
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
19.4

9.7
2.4

5.4
3.7
2.4
4.8
16.3
1.9
24.5

2.9
3.3
6.3

2026

3.9
0.7

2.1
2.5

4.6

4.4
1.6
0.2
*
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
19.7

10.1
2.3

5.5
3.8
2.4
4.3
16.1
2.1
24.3

2.9
3.2
6.1

2027

4.1
0.7

2.3
2.5

4.8

4.4
1.6
0.2
*
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
19.8

10.3
2.3

5.6
4.1
2.5
4.1
16.4
2.3
24.6

2.8
3.2
6.0

2028

3.4
0.8

2.4
1.8

4.2

4.4
1.6
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
19.8

10.3
2.2

5.7
3.8
2.5
3.8
15.8
2.4
24.1

2.7
3.1
5.8

2029

Table S–5. Proposed Budget by Category as a Percent of GDP

3.7
0.9

2.6
2.0

4.6

4.4
1.6
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
19.8

10.4
2.1

5.8
4.1
2.5
3.7
16.2
2.6
24.4

2.6
3.1
5.7

2030

3.7
1.0

2.7
2.0

4.7

4.4
1.6
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
19.9

10.6
2.1

5.9
4.2
2.5
3.7
16.3
2.7
24.6

2.5
3.0
5.6

2031

5.5
0.4

1.5
4.4

5.9

4.4
1.6
0.2
*
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.2
18.8

9.1
2.3

5.2
3.4
2.4
5.4
16.5
1.5
24.7

3.0
3.6
6.7

20222026

4.6
0.6

2.0
3.3

5.2

4.4
1.6
0.2
*
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.2
19.3

9.7
2.2

5.5
3.7
2.4
4.7
16.3
2.0
24.5

2.9
3.4
6.2

20222031

Averages

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
41

2022

2023

2024

2025

Build world-class transportation infrastructure:
Transform our crumbling transportation infrastructure:
Repair roads and bridges �������������������������������������������
.........
5,124 13,385 17,416 19,650
Improve road safety for all users ������������������������������
.........
414
1,427
2,279
3,062
Modernize public transit �������������������������������������������
.........
1,830
4,225
6,085
7,090
Invest in reliable passenger and freight rail ������������
.........
1,600
2,850
4,880
7,497
Create good jobs electrifying vehicles:
Spark widespread adoption of electric vehicles
(EVs) �������������������������������������������������������������������
.........
795
2,328
6,436 13,468
Invest in electric school buses �������������������������������
.........
2,000
3,200
3,800
4,000
Improve ports, waterways, and airports:
Invest in ports ��������������������������������������������������������
.........
.........
5
95
310
Make our airports the best in the world ���������������
.........
1,235
3,460
4,145
4,455
Improve coastal ports and inland waterways �������
.........
3,488
1,411
1,406
1,060
Invest in the Federally owned Land Ports of
Entry portfolio ����������������������������������������������������
.........
15
80
250
515
Redress historic inequities and build the future of transportation infrastructure:
Restore and reconnect thriving communities �������
.........
236
964
1,860
2,684
Accelerate transformational projects ��������������������
.........
367
1,014
2,658
4,496
Total, transform our crumbling transportation
infrastructure �������������������������������������������������
......... 17,104 34,349 51,310 68,287
Make our infrastructure more resilient:
Safeguard critical infrastructure and services:
Enhance electric grid resilience, including cyber ���
.........
40
180
420
600
Urban Heat Stress:
Map heat stress ����������������������������������������������������������
.........
30
30
30
30
Mitigate heat stress ���������������������������������������������������
.........
120
192
228
240
Community health and hospital resilience:
Increase resilience of hospitals and critical
infrastructure ���������������������������������������������������������
.........
270
580
90
60
Fund health emergency preparedness ����������������������
.........
22
195
20
8
Build resilience against climate effects ��������������������
.........
68
145
22
15
Maximize the resilience of land and water resources to protect communities and the environment:
Ecosystem resilience, green infrastructure, and conservation on Federal, Tribal and partner lands:
Deploy green and conservation-based
infrastructure �����������������������������������������������������
.........
240
600
960
1,200
Invest in Tribal fuels management �����������������������
.........
40
100
140
170
Invest in natural resource restoration grants and
partnerships �������������������������������������������������������
.........
160
400
640
800
Improve coastal resilience �������������������������������������
.........
250
250
250
250

American Jobs Plan

2021

16,958
3,404
11,765
11,209

26,612
2,000
1,090
4,270
.........
765
4,104
7,058
89,235

190
30
120

.........
.........
.........

960
160
640
250

25,971
4,000
680
4,630
635
750
3,575
6,185
91,528

460
30
240

.........
5
.........

1,200
200
800
250

2027

21,626
3,872
9,395
10,209

2026

(Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

400
250

600
100

.........
.........
.........

30
48

80

75,454

3,868
7,133

475

1,360
1,705
.........

25,397
800

7,895
1,696
13,400
11,725

2028

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals

160
250

240
60

.........
.........
.........

30
12

30

59,249

3,219
5,878

150

1,230
615
.........

20,952
200

4,523
1,174
10,855
10,453

2029

.........
250

.........
30

.........
.........
.........

30
.........

.........

40,848

2,244
4,118

.........

855
335
.........

13,685
.........

3,310
948
7,455
7,898

2030

.........
250

.........
.........

.........
.........
.........

30
.........

.........

19,099

1,242
2,636

.........

375
150
.........

1,723
.........

2,408
746
4,540
5,279

2031

2,800
1,250

4,200
650

1,000
250
250

150
1,020

1,700

262,578

9,319
14,720

1,610

1,090
17,925
8,000

48,998
17,000

77,201
11,054
28,625
27,036

4,000
2,500

6,000
1,000

1,000
250
250

300
1,200

2,000

546,463

23,996
41,543

3,000

6,000
25,000
8,000

137,367
20,000

112,295
19,022
76,640
73,600

2022–2026 2022–2031

Totals

42

Summary Tables

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

2031

Increase the resilience of large landscape
ecosystems ����������������������������������������������������������
.........
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
200
.........
.........
Increase western water resilience �������������������������
.........
300
500
500
500
500
200
.........
.........
.........
.........
Community resilience and equity:
Support disadvantaged community investment in hazard mitigation projects, including incentives for building above existing codes and standards:
Invest in disadvantaged communities through
the Building Resilient Infrastructure in
Communities grant program �����������������������������
.........
.........
.........
.........
40
300
380
480
460
200
120
Provide Community Development Block Grants
for resilience �������������������������������������������������������
.........
5
165
340
435
470
485
330
160
65
30
Invest in a National resilient communities
challenge �������������������������������������������������������������
.........
.........
21
91
197
320
433
487
420
284
146
Improve transportation infrastructure resilience
(PROTECT grants) ��������������������������������������������
.........
75
262
425
613
825
800
475
438
378
295
Flood and drought resilience for vulnerable communities:
Establish an affordability program for the
National Flood Insurance Program ������������������
.........
194
235
349
400
471
523
568
591
587
626
Invest in watershed protection and flood
prevention �����������������������������������������������������������
.........
5
30
90
96
99
100
100
100
100
100
Invest in technology to increase drought
resilience for agricultural producers �����������������
.........
18
32
40
44
48
50
50
50
50
50
Support agriculture resource management and
improve irrigation for Tribes and insular areas ����
.........
50
80
100
100
100
50
20
.........
.........
.........
Provide pre-development grants for resilient
infrastructure �����������������������������������������������������
.........
140
400
400
400
400
260
.........
.........
.........
.........
Provide community transition and relocation
assistance �����������������������������������������������������������
.........
80
200
320
400
400
320
200
80
.........
.........
Support resilience tools to build back better:
Hazard mapping:
Update flood and hazard maps in
disadvantaged communities ��������������������������
.........
60
105
105
30
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
Expand ocean and coastal mapping ������������������
.........
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
Improve digital high-resolution elevation
collection mapping �����������������������������������������
.........
40
50
40
40
30
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
Improve climate forecast capabilities and information products for the public and monitoring the impacts of climate change:
Provide localized information to help
communities respond to climate change �������
.........
32
80
128
160
160
128
80
32
.........
.........
Improve local air and water quality
monitoring/modeling ��������������������������������������
.........
20
32
38
40
40
20
8
2
.........
.........
Develop decision support tools ��������������������������
.........
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
Invest in resilience financing mechanisms �������
.........
70
200
200
200
200
130
.........
.........
.........
.........
Total, make our infrastructure more
resilient �������������������������������������������������������
.........
2,829
5,564
6,466
7,568
8,048
6,729
4,806
3,415
2,074
1,747
Total, build world-class transportation
infrastructure �����������������������������������������
......... 19,933 39,913 57,776 75,855 99,576 95,964 80,260 62,664 42,922 20,846

2021

(Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

3,000
2,500

1,980
2,485
2,399
4,586

4,544
820
432
500
2,000
2,000

300
500
200

800
200
500
1,000
49,246
595,709

2,000
2,300

340
1,415
629
2,200

1,649
320
182
430
1,740
1,400

300
250
200

560
170
250
870
30,475
293,053

2022–2026 2022–2031

Totals

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
43

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

Rebuild clean drinking water infrastructure, a renewed electrical grid, and high-speed broadband to all Americans:
Ensure clean, safe drinking water is a right in all communities:
Replace 100 percent of the Nation’s lead service
lines �������������������������������������������������������������������������
.........
4,500
7,200
8,550
9,000
9,000
4,500
Invest in Rural Clean Water infrastructure �������������
.........
195
260
650
1,300
1,755
2,340
Tackle new contaminants, including polyfluoroalkyl
substances (PFAS) �������������������������������������������������
.........
350
560
665
700
700
350
Upgrade and modernize America’s drinking water,
wastewater, and stormwater systems �������������������
.........
5,600
8,960 10,640 11,200 11,200
5,600
Total, ensure clean, safe drinking water is a right
in all communities ����������������������������������������������
......... 10,645 16,980 20,505 22,200 22,655 12,790
Digital infrastructure, adoption, and affordability ������
......... 13,000 48,000 23,000
8,000
8,000
.........
Reenergize America’s power infrastructure:
Invest in hydrogen, carbon capture, and
sequestration capacity �������������������������������������������
.........
380
990
1,700
2,400
2,430
800
Provide clean energy block grants for early action ����
.........
1,500
3,500
4,500
5,000
3,500
1,500
Provide community solar and storage assistance ����
.........
100
200
400
300
.........
.........
Remediate and redevelop brownfield sites ���������������
.........
500
800
950
1,000
1,000
500
Mobilize the Civilian Climate Corps �������������������������
.........
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
Expand the Public Works Program at the Economic
Development Administration ��������������������������������
.........
227
270
300
358
300
45
Expand rural Main Street revitalization grants ������
.........
38
110
55
25
22
.........
Provide Main Street grants to small communities ����
.........
.........
18
58
58
62
55
Provide support for biofuels ��������������������������������������
.........
500
250
250
.........
.........
.........
Support economic development in Appalachian
communities �����������������������������������������������������������
.........
2
66
136
174
188
194
Expand the Environmental Justice Small Grants
program ������������������������������������������������������������������
.........
250
400
475
500
500
250
Invest in lead remediation and healthy homes ��������
.........
12
66
240
438
564
582
Provide grants to convert and retool manufacturing
facilities ������������������������������������������������������������������
.........
200
340
500
670
200
90
Provide grants to replace leaking natural gas
distribution lines ����������������������������������������������������
.........
150
430
580
620
180
40
Reclaim abandoned mines and wells ������������������������
.........
640
1,440
2,400
2,880
3,200
2,560
Accelerate clean energy support to rural co-ops �������
.........
2,400
3,200
1,800
1,200
1,400
.........
Employ electrical workers upgrading the grid ���������
.........
240
1,080
2,520
3,600
2,760
1,140
Increase adoption of net-zero agriculture technology ���
.........
172
194
104
105
129
115
Total, reenergize America’s power infrastructure 
.........
8,311 15,354 18,968 21,328 18,435
8,871
Total, rebuild clean drinking water
infrastructure, a renewed electrical grid,
and high-speed broadband to all Americans 
......... 31,956 80,334 62,473 51,528 49,090 21,661

2021

(Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

450
.........
35
560
1,045
.........

100
.........
.........
50
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
64
25
360
.........
.........
800
.........
180
56
1,635
2,680

140
2,240
4,180
.........

450
500
.........
200
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
132
100
534
.........
.........
1,760
.........
480
85
4,241
8,421

2029

1,800
.........

2028

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

580

.........
320
.........
.........
22
580

.........

.........
162

26

.........
.........
.........
.........

50
.........
.........
.........
.........

.........
.........

.........

.........

.........
.........

2030

58

.........
.........
.........
.........
10
58

.........

.........
36

12

.........
.........
.........
.........

.........
.........
.........
.........
.........

.........
.........

.........

.........

.........
.........

2031

275,381

1,960
10,560
10,000
10,200
704
82,396

1,910

2,125
1,320

566

1,455
250
196
1,000

7,900
18,000
1,000
4,250
9,000

92,985
100,000

47,600

2,975

38,250
4,160

308,781

2,000
16,000
10,000
12,000
992
97,781

2,000

2,500
2,994

994

1,500
250
251
1,000

9,300
20,000
1,000
5,000
10,000

111,000
100,000

56,000

3,500

45,000
6,500

2022–2026 2022–2031

Totals

44

Summary Tables

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

2031

2022–2026 2022–2031

Totals

Build, preserve, and retrofit more than two million homes and commercial buildings; modernize our Nation’s schools, community colleges, and early learning facilities; and upgrade
veterans’ hospitals and Federal buildings:
Build, preserve, and retrofit more than two million homes and commercial buildings to address the affordable housing crisis:
Capitalize a clean energy accelerator �����������������������
......... 27,000
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
27,000
27,000
Provide efficiency/electrification block grants ����������
.........
1,600
2,800
3,200
2,900
1,600
700
200
.........
.........
.........
12,100
13,000
Expand weatherization ����������������������������������������������
.........
1,750
5,050
6,100
3,400
1,200
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
17,500
17,500
Retrofit Housing and Urban Development
multifamily properties �������������������������������������������
.........
55
80
90
100
100
45
20
10
.........
.........
425
500
Expand the Capital Magnet Fund ����������������������������
.........
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
12,000
12,000
Increase the Housing Trust Fund �����������������������������
.........
.........
90
1,260
4,140
6,840
8,640
8,820
7,740
4,860
2,160
12,330
44,550
Support housing and community development in
Indian Country �������������������������������������������������������
.........
2
46
134
240
328
370
342
266
160
72
750
1,960
Provide project-based rental assistance �������������������
.........
130
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
930
1,930
Invest in the public housing stock �����������������������������
.........
1,200 12,000 14,000
7,200
4,400
800
400
.........
.........
.........
38,800
40,000
Construct housing for the elderly �����������������������������
.........
2
46
134
240
328
370
342
266
160
72
750
1,960
Stimulate additional rural housing grants, loans,
and loan guarantees ����������������������������������������������
.........
460
485
485
350
220
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
2,000
2,000
Incentivize zoning reform ������������������������������������������
.........
30
330
680
860
970
960
670
320
140
30
2,870
4,990
Invest in Home Online Performance-Based EnergyEfficiency (HOPE) for homes ���������������������������������
.........
800
1,400
1,800
2,000
2,000
1,200
600
200
.........
.........
8,000
10,000
Provide HOME grants �����������������������������������������������
.........
35
805
2,345
4,200
5,740
6,475
5,985
4,655
2,800
1,260
13,125
34,300
Total, build, preserve, and retrofit more than two
million homes and commercial buildings to
address the affordable housing crisis ����������������
......... 35,464 25,732 32,828 28,230 26,326 19,760 17,579 13,657
8,320
3,794
148,580
211,690
Modernize our Nation’s schools and early learning facilities:
Invest in child care infrastructure ����������������������������
.........
2,500
4,000
4,750
5,000
5,000
2,500
1,000
250
.........
.........
21,250
25,000
Invest in community college infrastructure �������������
.........
240
888
2,064
2,400
2,400
2,160
1,512
336
.........
.........
7,992
12,000
Invest in K–12 school infrastructure ������������������������
.........
1,000
3,700
8,600 10,000 10,000
9,000
6,300
1,400
.........
.........
33,300
50,000
Total, modernize our Nation’s schools and early
learning facilities �����������������������������������������������
.........
3,740
8,588 15,414 17,400 17,400 13,660
8,812
1,986
.........
.........
62,542
87,000
Upgrade Federal hospitals and buildings:
Invest in the General Service Administration
Federal Buildings portfolio ������������������������������������
.........
100
450
850
1,000
1,000
900
550
150
.........
.........
3,400
5,000
Establish and capitalize the Federal Capital
Revolving Fund ������������������������������������������������������
.........
966
2,264
1,132
133
–133
117
–150
67
–13
–90
4,362
4,293
Veterans Affairs facility maintenance and modernization to deliver 21st Century care:
Recapitalize long-term facilities ����������������������������
.........
622
511
470
4,222
3,894
3,724
1,319
116
64
58
9,719
15,000
Perform short-term upgrades to facilities ������������
.........
6
23
62
149
410
878
752
419
231
70
650
3,000
Total, upgrade Federal hospitals and buildings 
.........
1,694
3,248
2,514
5,504
5,171
5,619
2,471
752
282
38
18,131
27,293
Total, build, preserve, and retrofit more
than two million homes and commercial
buildings; aodernize our Nation’s schools,
community colleges, and early learning
facilities; and upgrade veterans’ hospitals
and Federal buildings ��������������������������������
......... 40,898 37,568 50,756 51,134 48,897 39,039 28,862 16,395
8,602
3,832
229,253
325,983

2021

(Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
45

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

27,000

27,000

2029

Invest in research and development (R&D), revitalize manufacturing and small businesses, and train Americans for the jobs of the future:
Invest in R&D and the technologies of the future:
Advance U.S. leadership in critical technologies and upgrade America’s research infrastructure:
Fund research infrastructure, including
Historically Black Colleges and Universities
(HBCU) set-aside �����������������������������������������������
.........
2,000
5,800
7,200
7,400
7,100
5,540
2,740
1,340
Increase research and development for existing
programs �������������������������������������������������������������
.........
600
2,100
3,600
5,100
6,630
6,090
3,090
1,590
Transform the National Science Foundation by
adding a technology directorate ������������������������
.........
1,200
4,000
6,400
8,600 10,760
9,720
4,920
2,520
Establish the United States as a leader in climate science, innovation, and R&D:
Increase climate-focused research ������������������������
.........
100
400
800
1,250
1,230
630
330
180
Increase demonstration funding at energy
programs �������������������������������������������������������������
.........
500
1,250
3,250
4,000
3,750
1,750
500
.........
Launch Advanced Research Projects AgencyClimate ���������������������������������������������������������������
.........
600
2,100
2,700
3,000
3,000
2,400
900
300
Eliminate racial and gender inequities in research and development and science, technology, engineering, and math:
Fund research and development grants at HBCUs/
Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs) ������������������
.........
200
700
1,200
1,700
2,210
2,030
1,030
530
Create Science, Technology, Engineering, Math
(STEM) centers of excellence �����������������������������
.........
200
700
1,200
1,700
2,210
2,030
1,030
530
Fund STEM education and training ���������������������
.........
160
500
720
880
1,018
886
446
226
Total, invest in R&D and the technologies of
the future ��������������������������������������������������������
.........
5,560 17,550 27,070 33,630 37,908 31,076 14,986
7,216
Retool and revitalize American manufacturers and small businesses:
Strengthen manufacturing supply chains for critical goods:
Create a Critical Supply Chain Resilience Fund ���
.........
5,000 10,000 20,000 10,000
5,000
.........
.........
.........
Provide incentives for semiconductor
manufacturing and research �����������������������������
.........
750
4,000
7,750 12,000 13,000
8,500
4,000
.........
Prepare Americans for future pandemics �������������
.........
1,650
6,485
7,145
7,520
5,815
995
390
.........
Prepare Americans for future pandemics–
Department of Health and Human Services
(HHS) (non-add) ��������������������������������������������
.........
1,620
5,100
5,640
6,000
4,380
900
360
.........
Prepare Americans for future pandemics–
Department of Defense (non-add) ������������������
.........
.........
1,250
1,250
1,250
1,250
.........
.........
.........
Prepare Americans for future pandemics–
Department of Energy (non-add) �������������������
.........
30
135
255
270
185
95
30
.........

Solidify the infrastructure of our care economy by creating jobs and raising wages and benefits for essential home care workers:
Expand Medicaid home and community based services
and strengthen the home care workforce �����������������
......... 53,000 53,000 53,000 53,000 53,000 44,000 36,000
Total, solidify the infrastructure of our care
economy by creating jobs and raising wages and
benefits for essential home care workers ��������������
......... 53,000 53,000 53,000 53,000 53,000 44,000 36,000

2021

(Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

240
360
560
.........
.........
.........

120
120
48
1,448

.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........

840
1,320
80
.........
.........

280
280
116
3,556

.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........

10,000

18,000

640

10,000

2031

18,000

2030

875

5,000

22,740

37,500
28,615

50,000

121,718

6,010
3,278

6,010

11,400

12,750

3,780

30,960

18,030

29,500

265,000

265,000

1,000

5,000

24,000

50,000
30,000

50,000

180,000

10,000
5,000

10,000

15,000

15,000

5,000

50,000

30,000

40,000

400,000

400,000

2022–2026 2022–2031

Totals

46

Summary Tables

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

Jumpstart clean energy manufacturing through Federal procurement:
Procure advanced nuclear power ����������������������
.........
100
150
250
500
2,500
Procure low carbon materials ����������������������������
.........
400
1,800
2,200
2,900
3,000
Electrify the Federal vehicle fleet and support
the necessary charging infrastructure ����������
.........
250
250
500
1,000
1,000
Electrify the Postal Service fleet �����������������������
.........
800
800
800
.........
.........
Procure carbon-free power and sustainable
buildings ���������������������������������������������������������
.........
400
2,000
3,200
4,000
4,000
Make it in all of America:
Expand Manufacturing USA �����������������������������
.........
300
600
1,200
600
300
Invest in research at the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) labs ��������
.........
800
800
800
800
800
Expand the Manufacturing Extension
Partnership �����������������������������������������������������
.........
700
1,400
2,800
1,400
700
Establish regional innovation hubs ������������������
.........
3,500
1,500
3,500
750
750
Invest in a community revitalization fund �������
.........
.........
20
80
360
660
Increase access to capital for domestic manufacturers:
Modernize the auto supply chain ����������������������
.........
1,100
3,300
4,950
5,500
4,400
Establish a manufacturing financing facility ���
.........
3,650
3,050
3,055
50
45
Finance clean energy manufacturing ���������������
.........
80
400
640
800
800
Increase business and industry guaranteed
loans ����������������������������������������������������������������
.........
220
200
55
20
5
Increase biorefinery, renewable chemical and
biobased product manufacturing ������������������
.........
4,930
4,060
3,190
1,740
580
Support U.S. companies abroad and mobilize
private sector investment to counter
climate change–U.S. Development Finance
Corporation ����������������������������������������������������
.........
51
80
100
100
100
Develop vibrant global markets to support
U. S. job creation–USAID Development
Assistance Program ���������������������������������������
.........
12
32
56
72
80
Create a national network of small business incubators and innovation hubs:
Support small business manufacturing through
the Small Business Administration����������������
.........
1,500
1,875
2,250
2,625
3,750
Support small business manufacturing
through the Minority Business Development
Agency ������������������������������������������������������������
.........
100
100
100
100
100
Partner with rural and Tribal communities to create jobs and economic growth in rural America:
Create a new rural partnership fund ����������������
.........
650
1,050
1,500
1,650
150
Total, retool and revitalize American
manufacturers and small businesses ��������
......... 26,943 43,952 66,121 54,487 47,535
Invest in workforce development:
Pair job creation efforts with next generation training programs:
Scale Sectoral Employment through Career
Training for Occupational Readiness
(SECTOR) �����������������������������������������������������������
.........
.........
196
1,288
1,944
2,200

2021
250
2,400
1,000
.........
2,000
.........
.........
.........
.........
1,400
550
35
400
.........
.........

49
48

6,000
100
.........
18,622

2,400

1,000
.........
3,600
.........
.........
.........
.........
1,020
2,200
40
720
.........
.........

100
68

4,875
100
.........
27,468

2,372

2028

1,250
3,000

2027

(Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2,400

10,479

.........

100

7,125

24

20

.........

.........

.........
30
160

.........
.........
1,920

.........

.........

800

.........
.........

.........
300

2029

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

2,400

1,773

.........

100

.........

8

.........

.........

.........

.........
25
.........

.........
.........
1,640

.........

.........

.........

.........
.........

.........
.........

2030

2,400

1,460

.........

100

.........

.........

.........

.........

.........

.........
20
.........

.........
.........
1,340

.........

.........

.........

.........
.........

.........
.........

2031

5,628

239,038

5,000

500

12,000

252

431

14,500

500

19,250
9,850
2,720

7,000
10,000
1,120

4,000

3,000

13,600

3,000
2,400

3,500
10,300

17,600

298,840

5,000

1,000

30,000

400

600

14,500

500

22,000
10,000
4,000

7,000
10,000
8,440

4,000

3,000

20,000

5,000
2,400

5,000
16,000

2022–2026 2022–2031

Totals

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
47

2022

2023

2024

Made in America Tax Plan:
Prioritize clean energy:
Eliminate fossil fuel tax preferences:
Repeal enhanced oil recovery credit ����������������������
Repeal deduction for tertiary injectants ���������������
Repeal credit for oil and gas produced from
marginal wells ����������������������������������������������������
Repeal expensing of intangible drilling costs �������
Repeal exemption to passive loss limitation for
working interests in oil and natural gas ����������
Repeal percentage depletion for oil and natural
gas wells �������������������������������������������������������������
Repeal amortization of air pollution control
equipment �����������������������������������������������������������
–158
.........
–39
–2,182
–10
–678
–16

.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........

–39

–767

–10

–100
–1,954

–389
.........

–60

–794

–9

–128
–1,569

–599
.........

Provide Comprehensive Supports for Dislocated
Workers (CSDW) ������������������������������������������������
.........
234
1,638
1,800
Target workforce development opportunities in underserved communities:
Support subsidized jobs �����������������������������������������
.........
600
600
400
Support the phase out of 14(c) �������������������������������
.........
300
400
400
Expand reentry training and violence prevention
efforts ������������������������������������������������������������������
.........
.........
45
70
Invest in community violence intervention ����������
.........
.........
15
100
Community violence intervention–Department
of Justice (non-add) ����������������������������������������
.........
.........
8
50
Community violence intervention–HHS (nonadd) �����������������������������������������������������������������
.........
.........
8
50
Build the capacity of the existing workforce development and worker protection systems:
Expand adult education �����������������������������������������
.........
5
70
95
Bolster Department of Labor enforcement �����������
.........
.........
200
375
Bolster Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission enforcement ����������������������������������
.........
.........
46
67
Bolster National Labor Relations Board
enforcement ��������������������������������������������������������
.........
.........
36
43
Expand career pathways for middle and high
school students ���������������������������������������������������
.........
50
700
950
Expand career services ������������������������������������������
.........
80
752
800
Fund community college training partnerships ���
.........
.........
70
280
Scale Registered Apprenticeship and preapprenticeship ����������������������������������������������������
.........
.........
112
716
Total, invest in workforce development ������������
.........
1,269
4,880
7,384
Total, invest in R&D, revitalize
manufacturing and small businesses, and
train Americans for the jobs of the future 
......... 33,772 66,382 100,575

2021

100
420
210
210
100
740
117
76
1,000
800
780
1,014
9,847
95,290

85
260
130
130
100
560
92
60
1,000
800
510
972
8,983
97,100

–80

–831

–9

–116
–1,174

–99

–890

–9

–78
–747

–951
.........

400
300

400
400

–808
.........

1,800

2026

1,800

2025

–117

–946

–8

–38
–562

–988
.........

68,953

1,086
10,409

1,000
800
850

93

133

100
905

285

285

100
570

400
200

1,800

2027

(Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

–134

–996

–8

–14
–586

–980
.........

44,182

1,100
10,574

1,000
800
950

114

175

100
1,050

343

343

100
685

300
.........

1,800

2028

–132

–1,045

–8

–3
–591

–975
.........

28,669

1,100
10,974

1,000
800
1,010

157

237

100
1,175

398

398

100
795

300
.........

1,800

2029

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

–119

–1,093

–8

.........
–585

–974
.........

16,579

1,086
11,250

1,000
800
1,060

193

296

100
1,235

440

440

100
880

300
.........

1,800

2030

–105

–1,132

–7

.........
–536

–976
.........

14,017

1,014
11,109

1,000
800
1,050

228

337

100
1,260

360

360

100
720

300
.........

1,800

2031

–294

–3,960

–47

–461
–7,626

–2,905
.........

393,119

2,814
32,363

3,700
3,232
1,640

215

322

370
1,875

398

398

300
795

2,400
1,800

7,272

–901

–9,172

–86

–516
–10,486

–7,798
.........

565,519

8,200
86,679

8,700
7,232
6,560

1,000

1,500

870
7,500

2,223

2,223

800
4,445

4,000
2,000

16,272

2022–2026 2022–2031

Totals

48

Summary Tables

2022

Increase geological and geophysical amortization
period for independent producer �����������������������
.........
–38
Repeal expensing of exploration and development
costs ��������������������������������������������������������������������
.........
–190
Repeal percentage depletion for hard mineral
fossil fuels �����������������������������������������������������������
.........
–97
Repeal capital gains treatment for royalties ��������
.........
–46
Treat publicly traded partnerships as C
corporations ��������������������������������������������������������
.........
.........
Excise tax exemption for crude oil derived from
bitumen and kerogen-rich rock �������������������������
.........
–31
Total, eliminate fossil fuel tax preferences �������
......... –3,485
Extend and enhance renewable and alternative energy incentives:
Extend and modify the Energy Investment
Credit 1 ����������������������������������������������������������������
.........
1,397
Extend and modify the Renewable Energy
Production Tax Credit 1 ��������������������������������������
.........
2,059
Extend and modify the Residential Efficient
Property Credit ��������������������������������������������������
.........
290
Total, extend and enhance renewable and
alternative energy incentives ������������������������
.........
3,746
Provide tax credit for electricity transmission
investments 1 ����������������������������������������������������������
.........
187
Provide allocated credit for electricity generation
from existing nuclear power facilities 1 �����������������
.........
750
Establish new tax credits for qualifying advanced
energy manufacturing 1 ������������������������������������������
.........
425
Establish tax credits for heavy- and medium-duty
zero emission vehicles 1 ������������������������������������������
.........
71
Provide tax incentives for sustainable aviation fuel ������
.........
363
Provide a production tax credit for low-carbon
hydrogen 1 ���������������������������������������������������������������
.........
14
Extend and enhance energy efficiency and electrification incentives:
Extend and modify the nonbusiness energy
property credit ����������������������������������������������������
.........
532
Extend and increase the tax credit for
manufacturing credit for new energy efficient
new homes �����������������������������������������������������������
.........
128
Extend and increase the commercial buildings
deduction ������������������������������������������������������������
.........
146
Provide tax credits for the installation of
mechanical insulation ����������������������������������������
.........
317
Total, extend and enhance energy efficiency
and electrification incentives �������������������������
.........
1,123
Provide disaster mitigation tax credit ����������������������
.........
391
Extend and enhance the Carbon Oxide
Sequestration Credit 1 ��������������������������������������������
.........
21

2021
–227
–136
–114
–48
.........
–39
–3,723

26,324
937
1,594
28,855
1,746
1,000
1,492
835
633
156

2,460
298
328
736
3,822
415
10

–170
–110
–47
.........
–39
–3,764

5,767
2,106
480
8,353
250
1,000
1,102
295
503
53

1,806
271
280
606
2,963
411
10

2024

–139

2023

19

3,466
415

867

346

313

1,940

358

1,471
693

988

1,000

2,280

34,108

2,256

1,429

30,423

–39
–3,574

.........

–119
–49

–102

–247

2025

27

2,750
415

1,007

350

337

1,056

548

2,692
1,313

824

1,000

2,863

35,590

2,538

1,903

31,149

–39
–3,302

.........

–127
–51

–65

–246

2026

101

1,941
415

737

350

220

634

979

4,028
1,696

940

1,000

3,118

41,081

2,846

2,780

35,455

–40
–3,261

–83

–136
–52

–49

–242

2027

(Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

101

876
415

454

350

72

.........

1,570

1,178
743

1,396

1,000

3,239

33,864

2,425

4,606

26,833

–41
–3,404

–169

–142
–50

–51

–233

2028

53

719
415

344

350

25

.........

445

63
376

576

1,000

3,246

31,261

1,933

6,267

23,061

–41
–3,472

–216

–149
–44

–51

–217

2029

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

2,082

588
415

229

351

8

.........

5

11
199

58

1,000

3,420

27,612

1,342

7,730

18,540

–42
–3,525

–259

–156
–37

–51

–201

2030

3,634

466
332

110

354

2

.........

.........

.........
117

131

1,000

3,447

20,836

392

8,802

11,642

–44
–3,533

–300

–161
–31

–46

–195

2031

87

14,124
2,047

3,533

1,450

1,347

7,794

1,129

5,364
3,505

4,831

4,750

7,326

110,652

7,158

8,434

95,060

–187
–17,848

.........

–567
–241

–663

–897

6,058

18,714
4,039

5,407

3,205

1,674

8,428

4,128

10,644
6,636

7,932

9,750

23,796

265,306

16,096

38,619

210,591

–395
–35,043

–1,027

–1,311
–455

–911

–1,985

2022–2026 2022–2031

Totals

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
49

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

2031

Extend and enhance the electric vehicle charging
station credit 1 ���������������������������������������������������������
.........
236
432
848
1,457
2,599
771
18
–26
–35
–33
Modify Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund financing �����
.........
–38
–51
–53
–53
–53
–53
–53
–53
–53
–53
Reinstate Superfund excise taxes �����������������������������
......... –1,715 –2,340 –2,406 –2,455 –2,517 –2,560 –2,610 –2,670 –2,723 –2,787
Revenue effect of sparking widespread adoption of
EVs �������������������������������������������������������������������������
.........
10
32
66
113
178
267
409
647
1,022
1,584
Total, prioritize clean energy ���������������������������������
.........
2,099
9,249 33,696 40,286 44,927 50,463 38,742 32,580 30,076 25,141
Reform corporate taxation:
Increase the domestic corporate tax rate to 28
percent ��������������������������������������������������������������������
......... –51,127 –86,182 –88,059 –89,385 –91,784 –92,065 –90,730 –89,357 –88,798 –90,330
Revise the Global Minimum Tax regime, disallow
deductions attributable to exempt income, and
limit inversions ������������������������������������������������������
......... –29,816 –51,386 –54,192 –57,030 –55,283 –54,699 –56,056 –56,988 –58,223 –59,830
Reform taxation of foreign fossil fuel income:
Modify foreign oil and gas extraction income
(FOGEI) and foreign oil related income (FORI)
rules ��������������������������������������������������������������������
......... –4,178 –7,173 –7,468 –7,834 –8,393 –9,055 –9,633 –10,051 –10,358 –10,638
Modify tax rule for dual capacity taxpayers ���������
.........
–48
–123
–128
–134
–143
–154
–165
–173
–178
–183
Total, reform taxation of foreign fossil fuel
income �������������������������������������������������������������
......... –4,226 –7,296 –7,596 –7,968 –8,536 –9,209 –9,798 –10,224 –10,536 –10,821
Provide tax incentives for locating jobs and business activity in the United States and remove tax deductions for shipping jobs overseas:
Provide tax credit for onshoring jobs to the
United States �����������������������������������������������������
.........
6
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
Remove tax deductions for shipping jobs overseas ���
.........
–6
–10
–10
–11
–11
–12
–12
–13
–13
–14
Total, provide tax incentives for locating jobs
and business activity in the United States
and remove tax deductions for shipping jobs
overseas �����������������������������������������������������������
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
Repeal deduction for Foreign Derived Intangible
Income (FDII) and provide additional support for
research and experimentation expenditures ��������
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
Replace the Base Erosion Anti-Abuse Tax (BEAT)
with the Stopping Harmful Inversions and
Ending Low-Tax Developments (SHIELD) Rule ��
.........
......... –33,244 –53,796 –51,111 –47,655 –44,463 –41,914 –39,425 –38,990 –39,453
Limit foreign tax credits for sales of hybrid entities 
.........
–23
–39
–41
–43
–45
–47
–48
–49
–50
–51
Restrict deductions of excessive interest of members
of financial reporting groups for disproportionate
borrowing in the United States �����������������������������
......... –2,100 –2,334 –1,586 –1,638 –1,690 –1,743 –1,795 –1,846 –1,900 –1,956
Impose 15 percent minimum tax on book earnings
of large corporations ����������������������������������������������
......... –10,736 –15,245 –14,588 –13,812 –14,561 –15,203 –16,049 –16,158 –15,775 –16,217
Total, reform corporate taxation ���������������������������
......... –98,028 –195,726 –219,858 –220,987 –219,554 –217,429 –216,390 –214,047 –214,272 –218,658
Support housing and infrastructure:
Expand Low-income Housing Tax Credit �����������������
.........
35
212
707
1,592
2,527
3,427
4,370
5,362
6,339
7,356
Provide Neighborhood Homes Investment Tax
Credit ����������������������������������������������������������������������
.........
10
99
398
944
1,512
1,889
2,063
2,083
2,035
2,001

2021

(Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

4,328
307,259

–857,817
–533,503

–84,781
–1,429
–86,210

112
–112

.........
.........
–390,051
–436
–18,588

399
130,257

–406,537
–247,707

–35,046
–576
–35,622

48
–48

.........
.........
–185,806
–191
–9,348

31,927
13,034

5,073
2,963

–68,942
–148,344
–954,153 –2,034,949

6,267
–513
–24,783

5,572
–248
–11,433

2022–2026 2022–2031

Totals

50

Summary Tables

.........

2022
.........

2023
.........

2024
.........

2025
97

2026
280

2027
492

2028
736

2029
1,006

2030
1,294

2031

4
24
32
4
73

.........
.........
.........
.........
.........

.........
.........

Provide direct support to children and families:
Establish a new child care program for American
families �������������������������������������������������������������������
Provide universal paid family and medical leave ����

6,720
750

8
1

.........
.........

Education and preparation for teachers:
Expand Teacher Quality Partnerships �������������������������
Create Hawkins Centers of Excellence �������������������������
Increase Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(IDEA) personnel preparation funding ���������������������
Reform and expand Teacher Education Assistance for
College and Higher Education (TEACH) grants ������
Invest in teacher credentials �����������������������������������������
Invest in teacher leadership and development ������������
Total, education and preparation for teachers ���������

–901
8,608
206
5,828
4,078
470
188
42,762

–455
8,336
146
4,092
3,050
330
132
29,896

8,860
9,355

120
560
74
1,044

80

11,820
12,406

123
560
144
1,215

88

263
37

15,399

9,532

184
26

6,306
2,580

2,203
2,530

13,760
13,909

125
400
194
1,119

90

271
39

48,155

194

485

206
6,014
4,180

–1,354
8,664

17,496

9,637
2,633

17,230
15,362

127
48
200
785

90

280
40

44,970

200

500

187
6,200
4,347

–1,847
8,648

12,892

11,158
2,685

20,910
20,739

128
.........
200
738

90

280
40

45,512

200

500

164
6,200
4,430

–2,243
8,797

11,053

13,673
2,738

24,480
25,626

130
.........
200
740

90

280
40

48,029

200

500

162
6,200
4,567

–2,662
8,987

10,864

16,417
2,794

31,820
36,438

133
.........
200
743

90

280
40

51,435

200

500

136
6,200
4,710

–3,094
9,193

10,418

20,323
2,849

40,090
41,546

134
.........
200
744

90

280
40

56,257

200

500

79
6,200
4,860

–3,590
9,372

10,092

25,638
2,906

49,270
48,918

136
.........
200
746

90

280
40

64,325

200

500

67
6,200
5,016

–4,031
9,558

10,349

33,501
2,965

.........
291
767
1,292
1,458
1,439
1,403
1,357
1,308
1,257
1,204
.........
336
1,078
2,397
3,994
5,575
6,999
8,282
9,489 10,637 11,855
......... –95,593 –185,399 –183,765 –176,707 –169,052 –159,967 –169,366 –171,978 –173,559 –181,662
......... 83,966 91,798 140,815 151,910 176,801 109,650 28,359 –34,570 –86,876 –132,909

.........

2021

Add at least four years of free public education:
Universal preschool:
Provide universal preschool grants to States �����������
.........
302
Provide Head Start educator fund ���������������������������
.........
1,004
Free community college and other postsecondary education investments:
Fund free community college ������������������������������������
.........
429
Account for American Opportunity Tax Credit
interaction with free community college 1 �������������
.........
–22
Increase the Pell Grant ����������������������������������������������
.........
3,550
Make Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
(DACA) recipients eligible for Pell Grants ������������
.........
45
Create completion grants for student supports ��������
.........
186
Fund Advancing Affordability for students ��������������
.........
139
Increase funding to HBCUs/Tribal Colleges
and Universities (TCUs)/MSIs in Titles III/V
programs �����������������������������������������������������������������
.........
15
Create or expand health care graduate programs at
HBCUs/TCUs/MSIs �����������������������������������������������
.........
6
Total, add at least four years of free public
education ������������������������������������������������������������
.........
5,654

American Families Plan

Expand New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC) and
make permanent ����������������������������������������������������
Provide federally subsidized State and local bonds
for infrastructure including for schools 1 ���������������
Total, support housing and infrastructure ����������
Total, Made in America Tax Plan ������������������������������
Total, American Jobs Plan ����������������������������������������

(Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

3,905

58,390
51,782

519
1,600
616
4,236

352

1,006
143

171,437

720

1,800

790
22,320
15,794

–4,579
37,806

55,748

29,606
11,432

224,960
225,049

1,180
1,600
1,616
7,947

802

2,406
343

436,995

1,720

4,300

1,398
53,320
39,377

–20,199
83,713

108,524

139,158
25,684

5,247
11,776
13,380
60,642
–810,516 –1,667,048
645,290
528,944

97

2022–2026 2022–2031

Totals

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
51

21,620

8,840

.........

30
180

30
24

.........
.........
28,567

25
504

86

1,980
1,746
.........

2024

32,696

25
582

84

2,538
1,798
.........

2025

28

28

29

16,513

Strengthen taxation of high-income taxpayers and close loopholes:
Increase top marginal tax rate for high earners ����������
......... –19,991 –30,594 –33,278 –36,525
Reform taxation of capital income �������������������������������� –1,241 –7,656 –25,451 –32,906 –36,303
Rationalize Net Investment Income and SelfEmployment Contributions Act (SECA) taxes ���������
......... –11,383 –19,535 –20,779 –23,038
Tax carried (profits) interest as ordinary income ���������
.........
–100
–135
–138
–141
Repeal deferral of gain from like-kind exchanges ��������
.........
–676 –1,857 –1,914 –1,971
Make permanent excess business loss limitation of
noncorporate taxpayers ���������������������������������������������
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
Total, strengthen taxation of high-income taxpayers
and close loopholes ������������������������������������������������� –1,241 –39,806 –77,572 –89,015 –97,978

29

15,679

–1,680

17,215

–1,934

12,303

18,076

–2,199

11,032

12,445

25
.........

92

3,511
2,104
.........

2031

46,487

33

23,334

–4,093

11,761

13,032

2,420

578,494

143

60,897

–7,238

47,246

41,513

435,933

129,992

135
1,890

445

9,087
7,263
1,000

–376,228

–6,836

–71,857 –69,952 –75,086 –73,630 –75,643 –84,244

–7,627

.........

–9,996 –11,782

–6,619

.........

–754,783

–42,860

–236,500
–1,468
–19,550

–131,920
–322,485

799,301

302

163,048

–22,527

104,198

105,219

449,061

498,266

260
3,000

882

25,844
17,271
1,000

2022–2026 2022–2031

–98,940
–657
–8,448

45,198

32

21,704

–3,531

11,573

12,908

2,512

87,250 103,920

25
18

90

3,430
2,051
.........

2030

–24,205 –25,464 –26,719 –27,559 –28,416 –29,402
–143
–149
–155
–162
–169
–176
–2,030 –2,091 –2,154 –2,218 –2,285 –2,354

43,936

32

20,149

–2,992

11,391

12,745

2,611

73,822

25
96

88

3,348
2,007
.........

2029

–131,920
–136,263

42,941

31

18,888

–2,474

11,195

12,576

2,725

55,858

25
420

85

3,271
1,951
.........

2028

Totals

–11,532
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
–33,947 –32,252 –34,276 –36,064 –37,937 –45,693

42,245

11,490

0

–1,437

10,633

12,145

49,332 137,489 145,200 144,655 101,818

–1,205

–982

10,588

11,970

2,860

47,424

25
576

82

3,197
1,895
.........

2027

31

10,588

3,134

11,782

62,060

38,269

25
600

82

3,123
1,847
.........

2026

29

5,589

27

47,125 110,999 108,559 107,190

87

106

.........

1,446
1,662
.........

2023

.........
210
1,000

2022

.........
.........
.........

Support workers and families and strengthen economic security:
Extend the American Rescue Plan changes to the
Child Credit through 2025 and make permanent
full refundability 1 ������������������������������������������������������
.........
Make permanent the American Rescue Plan
expansion to Earned Income Tax Credit for workers
without qualifying children 1 �������������������������������������
.........
Make permanent the American Rescue Plan changes
to the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit
(CDCTC) 1 �������������������������������������������������������������������
.........
Account for CDCTC interaction with new child care
program for American families 1, 2 ������������������������������
.........
Make permanent the American Rescue Plan
expansion of premium tax credits 1 ���������������������������
.........
Increase the employer-provided childcare tax credit
for businesses �������������������������������������������������������������
.........
Total, support workers, families, and economic
security �����������������������������������������������������������������������
.........

Nutrition:
Expand Summer Electronic Benefit Transfer (Summer
EBT) to all eligible children nationwide �������������������
Expand school meal programs ����������������������������������
Launch a healthy food incentives demonstration ����
Facilitate re-entry for formerly incarcerated
individuals through Supplemental Nutrition
Assistance Program (SNAP) eligibility �����������������
Place family coordinators at Veterans Affairs medical
centers ������������������������������������������������������������������������
Invest in maternal health ����������������������������������������������
Total, provide direct support to children and
families �������������������������������������������������������������������

2021

(Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

52

Summary Tables

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

Improve tax compliance and administration:
Implement a program integrity allocation adjustment and provide additional resources for tax administration:
Increase revenues through program integrity
allocation adjustment for tax administration ������
.........
–334 –1,858 –3,165 –4,055 –4,894
Increase revenues by providing mandatory Internal
Revenue Service (IRS) funding for compliance ����
.........
0
–631 –3,312 –7,562 –13,837
Provide mandatory IRS funding for compliance ������
.........
953
1,959
2,938
4,069
5,441
Implement a program integrity allocation
adjustment for tax administration, discretionary
outlays (non-add) ���������������������������������������������������
.........
375
620
641
657
676
Total, implement a program integrity allocation
adjustment and provide additional resources
for tax administration ����������������������������������������
.........
619
–530 –3,539 –7,548 –13,290
Introduce comprehensive financial account
information reporting ������������������������������������������������
......... –8,378 –32,413 –36,551 –42,517 –46,980
Increase oversight of paid tax return preparers:
Allow IRS to regulate paid Federal tax return
preparers 1 ���������������������������������������������������������������
.........
–35
–52
–57
–59
–58
Increase penalties on ghost preparers 1 ��������������������
.........
–13
–19
–21
–24
–25
Total, increase oversight of paid tax return
preparers ��������������������������������������������������������
.........
–48
–71
–78
–83
–83
Enhance accuracy of tax information:
E-file of forms and returns ����������������������������������������
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
Taxpayer Identification Numbers certification for
reportable payments ����������������������������������������������
.........
–36
–83
–141
–193
–202
Total, enhance accuracy of tax information ����������
.........
–36
–83
–141
–193
–202
Expand broker information reporting with respect to
cryptocurrency assets ������������������������������������������������
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
Address taxpayer noncompliance:
Extend statute of limitation ��������������������������������������
.........
–23
–52
–66
–79
–77
Impose liability on shareholders to collect unpaid
income taxes of applicable corporations ���������������
.........
–395
–412
–428
–444
–462
Total, address taxpayer noncompliance ����������������
.........
–418
–464
–494
–523
–539
Modify tax administration rules:
Amend centralized partnership audit regime (BBA)
to provide for the carryover of non-refundable
reporting year amounts that exceed the income
tax liability of a partner ����������������������������������������
.........
5
5
5
5
6
Modify requisite supervisory approval of penalty
included in notice ���������������������������������������������������
.........
–29
–254
–245
–248
–222
Total, modify tax administration rules �����������������
.........
–24
–249
–240
–243
–216

2021

2031

–57
–27
–84
.........
–221
–221
.........
–74
–498
–572

7
–174
–167

–81
.........
–211
–211
.........
–76
–479
–555

6
–197
–191

–173
–166

7

–518
–591

–73

.........

–231
–231

.........

–89

–61
–28

–179
–172

7

–539
–610

–71

.........

–241
–241

.........

–97

–68
–29

–186
–179

7

–560
–630

–70

.........

–252
–252

.........

–103

–73
–30

–998
–972

26

–2,141
–2,438

–297

.........

–655
–655

.........

–363

–261
–102

–166,839

–53,032 –57,123 –61,024 –61,886 –62,742

–55
–26

–24,288

749

–21,184 –31,641 –42,962 –56,155 –68,889

729

2,969

710

767

692

–1,907
–1,847

60

–4,735
–5,396

–661

.........

–1,811
–1,811

.........

–817

–575
–242

–462,646

–245,119

6,616

–265,896
71,057

–50,280

2022–2026 2022–2031

–25,342
15,360

–7,796

2030

–22,342 –34,081 –46,941 –62,253 –74,937
7,047
9,035 11,222 13,894 14,499

–7,243

2029

–14,306

–6,595

2028

Totals

–8,451

–5,889

2027

(Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
53

1

.........

2025

.........

2026

556
–530
–290
130
–160
–245
1,599
1,354

.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........

1,653
–876

–2,529

–260

252

–512

571
–573

–1,144

205
150
38
115

1,142

72

1,726
–1,702

–3,428

–292

424

–716

587
–617

–1,204

344
153
39
197

1,165

153

1,583
–2,914

–4,497

–17

528

–545

604
–664

–1,268

354
156
40
245

1,188

135

1,593
–3,698

–5,291

–330

605

–935

621
–683

–1,304

365
159
40
250

1,212

134

–1,621 –2,463 –3,297 –4,192 –5,370
98,153 168,002 225,204 225,258 224,106

–1,086

.........

.........
.........
.........
.........

.........
.........
.........
.........

.........

.........

.........
–1,241

.........

2024

.........

2027

–6,059
94,304

1,654
–4,404

–6,058

–235

631

–866

638
–701

–1,339

376
162
41
255

1,236

134

Extend and Modify the Renewable Energy Production
Tax Credit �������������������������������������������������������������������

.........

2021

3,416

2022

4,582

2023

4,703

2024

5,895

2025

6,530

2026

7,167

2027

The estimates for this proposal include effects on outlays. The outlay effects included in the totals above are as follows:

Program integrity proposals:
Capturing savings to Medicare and Medicaid from
Health Care Fraud and Abuse Control (HCFAC)
allocation adjustment ������������������������������������������������
Implement HCFAC allocation adjustment,
discretionary outlays (non-add) �����������������������������
Net effect of HCFAC allocation adjustment (non-add) ��
Capturing savings to Unemployment Insurance from
Reemployment Services and Eligibility Assessment
(RESEA) allocation adjustment 3 �������������������������������
Implement RESEA allocation adjustment,
discretionary outlays (non-add) �����������������������������
Net effect of RESEA allocation adjustment (nonadd) �������������������������������������������������������������������������
Capturing savings from Social Security
Administration (SSA) allocation adjustment 4 ����������
Implement SSA allocation adjustment,
discretionary outlays (non-add) �����������������������������
Net effect of SSA allocation adjustment (non-add) ���
Total, mandatory effects of discretionary
proposals ����������������������������������������������������������
Total, mandatory and receipt proposals ���������������

.........

2023

.........

2028

.........

2029

.........

2030

.........

2031

1,692
–5,590

–7,282

1

658

–657

674
–741

–1,415

394
169
43
265

1,286

142

1,724
–6,632

–8,356

352

671

–319

693
–762

–1,455

403
172
44
272

1,312

142

1,760
–7,324

–9,084

113

685

–572

712
–783

–1,495

411
176
45
277

1,338

147

8,574

2028

9,749

2029

10,557

2030

10,895

2031

–7,073 –7,055 –7,785 –8,757
3,960 –50,382 –100,016 –143,227

1,659
–5,527

–7,186

–117

646

–763

656
–722

–1,378

387
166
42
260

1,261

138

.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
–8,285 –33,810 –41,043 –51,107 –61,310 –75,254 –89,808 –105,063 –119,161 –132,795
15,808 78,667 87,686 77,540 52,675 –9,287 –17,326 –8,757 –5,355 –1,561

.........

2022

.........

.........

Mandatory effects of discretionary proposals
Increase the Pell Grant discretionary award by $400 �����

Reclassifications:
Reclassify contract support costs Indian Health
Service (IHS) ��������������������������������������������������������������
Reclassify contract support costs Bureau of Indian
Affairs (BIA) ���������������������������������������������������������������
Reclassify Tribal lease payments (IHS) ������������������������
Reclassify Tribal lease payments (BIA) ������������������������
Reclassify Tribal Water Settlements �����������������������������

.........
.........
–1,241

.........

Authorize limited sharing of business tax return
information to measure the economy more
accurately �������������������������������������������������������������������
Increase Low Income Taxpayer Clinic (LITC) grant
cap and index it for inflation �������������������������������������
Total, improve tax compliance and administration ���
Total, American Families Plan ��������������������������������

2021

(Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

.........

25,126

72,068

2022–2026 2022–2031

–53,672
745,362

16,643
–37,313

–53,956

–945

5,230

–6,175

6,312
–6,776

–13,088

3,239
1,463
372
2,136

11,140

1,197

.........
–717,636
270,090

Totals

–16,943
940,723

8,154
–7,836

–15,990

–1,059

1,939

–2,998

2,939
–3,067

–6,006

1,268
618
157
807

4,707

494

.........
–195,555
312,376

.........

2022–2026 2022–2031

Totals

54

Summary Tables

385
66
11
547
158
345
.........

.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........

–380

1,637

334

752

128

768

1,350

900

1,789

2024

–579

1,880

412

939

313

1,346

889

900

2,295

2025

.........
.........
.........

.........
.........
.........

8,620

–733

6,442

5,231

11,666

–876

6,455

10,670

12,244

–1,025

6,486

10,839

12,327

–1,030

6,554

10,984

54,147

–790

1,819

540

1,206

469

2,462

735

900

2,801

2026

–24
–3
74,073

14,073

–1,270

4,835

11,163

2,602

–1,095

1,620

.........

2,950

419

.........

518

900

3,105

2029

–27
–3
71,775

15,052

–1,497

4,908

11,304

2,503

–1,271

1,554

.........

5,018

.........

.........

39

900

3,308

2030

–29
–3
67,530

16,094

–1,732

4,977

11,409

2,411

–1,459

1,488

.........

6,520

.........

.........

117

900

3,375

2031

–152
–10
815,784

44,857

–3,664

25,937

37,724

543,592

–1,954

6,645

1,703

4,099

963

4,914

4,359

4,275

7,358

–279
–25
1,196,720

116,091

–10,151

50,109

93,740

556,675

–7,505

14,746

1,847

23,417

3,716

9,579

7,141

8,775

23,187

2022–2026 2022–2031

4

2021
0

2022
0

15

2023

109

2024

399

2025

59

2026

83

2027

117

2028

151

2029

423

2030

109

2031

582

1465

2022–2026 2022–2031

Represents the savings associated with continuing to provide dedicated funding, through a discretionary allocation adjustment, for program integrity activities to confirm program
participants remain eligible to receive benefits.

RESEA allocation adjustment effects ���������������������������

Totals

The estimates for this proposal include effects on receipts. The receipt effects included in the totals above are as follows:

–23
–3
79,506

13,247

–1,052

4,758

11,018

2,716

–940

1,686

.........

2,767

1,495

992

1,261

900

3,071

2028

3

–24
–3
88,052

12,768

–936

4,694

11,122

2,851

–786

1,753

144

2,063

839

3,673

847

900

2,970

2027

Individuals will not be able to claim both the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit and participate in the new Child Care for American Families program for the same care. This
interaction removes costs already included in the Child Care for American Families score.

–19
–34
–35
–34
–30
.........
–2
–2
–3
–3
90,679 175,151 204,834 211,478 133,642

.........

.........

.........
.........
.........

–205

964

259

655

42

272

1,000

900

270

2023

80,956 137,868 135,741 134,880

675

.........

.........

203

2022

.........

2021

Totals

2

Provide tax credit for electricity transmission
investments ����������������������������������������������������������������
Provide allocated credit for electricity generation from
existing nuclear power facilities ��������������������������������
Establish new tax credits for qualifying advanced
energy manufacturing �����������������������������������������������
Establish tax credits for heavy- and medium-duty zero
emission vehicles ��������������������������������������������������������
Provide a production tax credit for low-carbon
hydrogen ���������������������������������������������������������������������
Extend and enhance the Carbon Oxide Sequestration
Credit ��������������������������������������������������������������������������
Extend and enhance the electric vehicle charging
station credit ��������������������������������������������������������������
Provide federally subsidized State and local bonds for
infrastructure including for schools ��������������������������
Account for American Opportunity Tax Credit
interaction with Free Community College ���������������
Extend the American Rescue Plan changes to
the Child Credit and make permanent full
refundability ���������������������������������������������������������������
Make permanent the American Rescue Plan
expansion to Earned Income Tax Credit for workers
without children ���������������������������������������������������������
Make permanent the American Rescue Plan changes
to the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit
(CDCTC) ���������������������������������������������������������������������
Account for CDCTC interaction with new child care
program for American families ���������������������������������
Make permanent the American Rescue Plan
expansion of premium tax credits �����������������������������
Allow IRS to regulate paid Federal tax return
preparers ��������������������������������������������������������������������
Increase penalties on ghost preparers ��������������������������
Total, outlay effects of receipt proposals �������������������

(Deficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
55

–1.5

16.9

.........
.........
3.1
10.1
2.5
1.1

–1.9
–0.2
–0.2
–1.5

+2.1%
+2.2%
+2.1%

1,555.2
769.5
785.7

2023

16.4

.........
.........
3.4
10.1
2.5
0.5

–2.0
–0.2
–0.2
–1.5

+2.2%
+2.2%
+2.2%

1,589.5
786.6
802.9

2024

16.1

.........
.........
3.4
10.1
2.5
0.2

–2.0
–0.2
–0.2
–1.6

+2.2%
+2.2%
+2.2%

1,624.7
804.0
820.6

2025

16.3

.........
.........
3.5
10.1
2.5
0.2

–2.0
–0.3
–0.2
–1.6

+2.2%
+2.2%
+2.2%

1,660.8
821.9
838.9

2026

16.2

.........
.........
3.6
10.1
2.5
.........

–2.1
–0.3
–0.2
–1.6

+1.6%
+1.0%
+2.2%

1,687.5
830.1
857.4

2027

Outyears

16.3

.........
.........
3.7
10.1
2.5
.........

–2.1
–0.3
–0.2
–1.7

+1.6%
+1.0%
+2.2%

1,714.7
838.4
876.2

2028

16.4

.........
.........
3.8
10.1
2.5
.........

–2.2
–0.3
–0.2
–1.7

+1.6%
+1.0%
+2.2%

1,742.4
846.8
895.6

2029

16.4

.........
.........
3.8
10.1
2.5
.........

–2.2
–0.3
–0.2
–1.7

+1.6%
+1.0%
+2.2%

1,770.5
855.3
915.3

2030

16.5

.........
.........
3.9
10.1
2.5
.........

–2.3
–0.3
–0.2
–1.8

+1.6%
+1.0%
+2.2%

1,799.3
863.8
935.5

2031

64.3

–26.0
.........
15.9
59.5
12.3
2.5

–7.9
–1.0
–0.8
–6.2

7,952.6
3,934.9
4,017.7

2026

2022-

146.1

–26.0
.........
34.8
110.3
24.5
2.5

–18.8
–2.3
–1.8
–14.6

16,666.9
8,169.3
8,497.6

2031

2022-

Totals

Grand Total, Discretionary Budget Authority �������� 1,592.3 1,521.0 1,570.2 1,604.0 1,638.8 1,675.0 1,701.7 1,728.8 1,756.6 1,784.8 1,813.5
8,009.0 16,794.3
1
The 2021 enacted level includes changes that occur after appropriations are enacted that are part of budget execution such as transfers, reestimates, and the rebasing as mandatory
any changes in mandatory programs (CHIMPs) enacted in appropriations bills. The 2021 levels are adjusted to include OMB’s scoring of CHIMPs enacted in 2021 appropriations
Acts for a better illustrative comparison with the 2022 request.
2
The 2023 Budget will be accompanied by a Future Years Defense Program that reflects this Administration’s policy judgments and National Security and National Defense
strategies. Because these strategy documents are currently under development, out-year defense funding levels in the 2022 budget are mechanical extrapolations. After 2022,
defense programs are provided with current services growth through 2026 followed by one-percent increases through 2031, a proxy for long-run efficiencies the Administration
believes may be achieved in the defense budget.
3
The 2022 Budget proposes two reclassifications of programs that historically have been funded as discretionary. This first proposal reclassifies the appropriations for the Contract
Support Costs and Section 105(l) lease accounts in the Department of Health and Human Services’ Indian Health Service and the Department of the Interior’s (DOI) Bureau of
Indian Affairs. The second proposal reclassifies DOI’s Indian water rights settlements funding. The Budget proposes to offset the increase in mandatory funding resulting from
both reclassifications by reducing base discretionary funding by amounts equal to current services inflation of the programs. See the Budget Concepts chapter of the Analytical
Perspectives volume of the Budget for more information on these proposals.
4
With the expiration of the discretionary caps in 2022, the Administration’s 2022 Budget presents funding differently than under the recent discretionary cap framework. The
Administration shifts funds that had been designated as Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) to the base. Funds for anomalous or above-base activities such as emergency
requirements, program integrity, disaster relief, wildfire suppression, and 21st Century Cures appropriations continue to be presented outside of base allocations. In addition,
major offsets resulting from proposed changes in mandatory programs are also presented outside of the base.

191.0

–26.0
.........
2.5
18.9
2.5
0.5

Non-Base Discretionary Funding (not included above): 4
Change in Mandatory Program Offsets ������������������������
–26.0
Emergency and COVID–19 Supplemental Funding ����
194.9
Program Integrity ����������������������������������������������������������
1.9
Disaster Relief ����������������������������������������������������������������
17.3
Wildfire Suppression ������������������������������������������������������
2.4
21st Century Cures Appropriations ������������������������������
0.5

Total, Non-Base Funding ����������������������������������������������

.........
.........
.........
.........

.........
.........
.........
.........

Non-Defense Reclassifications 3 �����������������������������������
Indian Water Rights Settlement Funding ���������������������
Section 105(l) Leases ������������������������������������������������������
Contract Support Costs ��������������������������������������������������

1,522.5
752.9
769.6
+8.6%
+1.6%
+16.5%

1,401.3
740.7
660.7

Proposed Growth in Base Discretionary Programs:
Total �������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Defense Allocation ����������������������������������������������������������
Non-Defense Allocation ��������������������������������������������������

Base Discretionary Funding Allocation ��������������������
Defense Allocation 2 ���������������������������������������������������������
Non-Defense Allocation ��������������������������������������������������

Enacted 1 Request
2021
2022

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

Table S–7. Funding Levels for Appropriated (“Discretionary”) Programs by Category

56

Summary Tables

41.8
108.4

Education ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Energy (DOE) 3 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Health and Human Services (HHS) ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

–0.5

Transportation Security Administration Fees ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

15.0
33.5
12.5
57.3

HUD receipts ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Interior ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Justice ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Labor �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

State and International Programs 2,5 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

2.9
13.5
104.6

DOT General Fund Transfer to Mandatory Programs 6 �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Treasury 5 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Veterans Affairs �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

7.8
9.2
–1.0
23.3
8.5
0.8
9.0
23.4
1,401.3

Corps of Engineers (Corps) 7 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Environmental Protection Agency ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

General Services Administration ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

National Aeronautics and Space Administration �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

National Science Foundation ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Small Business Administration ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Social Security Administration 4 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Other Agencies �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Subtotal, Base Discretionary Budget Authority ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Major Agencies:

22.4

DOT Discretionary Programs ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Transportation (DOT):

59.6
–15.1

HUD program level ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Housing and Urban Development (HUD):

54.9

DHS program level ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Homeland Security (DHS):

73.0

Defense �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

4

8.9
703.7

Commerce ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

23.9

2021
Enacted 1

Agriculture 2 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Cabinet Departments:

Base Discretionary Funding:

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

1,522.5

25.5

9.8

0.9

10.2

24.8

1.5

11.2

6.8

113.1

15.0

.........

25.7

63.6

14.2

35.3

17.4

–10.5

68.7

–2.7

54.9

133.7

46.2

102.8

715.0

11.5

27.9

2022 Request

Table S–8. 2022 Discretionary Request by Major Agency

+121.1

+2.1

+0.8

+0.1

+1.7

+1.5

+2.5

+2.0

–1.0

+8.5

+1.5

–2.9

+3.3

+6.3

+1.7

+1.8

+2.5

+4.6

+9.0

–2.3

+*

+25.3

+4.3

+29.8

+11.3

+2.6

+4.0

Dollar

+8.6%

+8.8%

+9.3%

+9.5%

+19.8%

+6.6%

N/A

+21.6%

–12.9%

+8.2%

+11.3%

N/A

+14.8%

+11.0%

+14.0%

+5.3%

+16.7%

N/A

+15.2%

N/A

+0.1%

+23.4%

+10.4%

+40.8%

+1.6%

+29.4%

+16.7%

Percent

2022 Request Less
2021 Enacted

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
57

0.4
194.9

Other Agencies ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Subtotal, Emergency Requirements ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

1.3
1.9

Treasury �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Social Security Administration ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Subtotal, Program Integrity ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

0.1
17.3

Small Business Administration ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Subtotal, Disaster Relief ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

2.0
0.3
2.4

Agriculture ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Interior ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Subtotal, Wildfire Suppression ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Wildfire Suppression:

17.1

Homeland Security ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Disaster Relief:

0.1
.........

Labor �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

0.5

Health and Human Services �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Program Integrity:

2.0

Small Business Administration ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

0.7

Labor �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

0.5

0.6

Justice �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Treasury �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

0.4

Interior ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

5.3

0.7

Housing and Urban Development ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

27.0

2.8

Homeland Security ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Transportation ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

73.8

Health and Human Services �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

State and International Programs ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

81.6
–2.3

Education ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

0.3

Energy ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

1.0

Commerce �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

–26.0

2021
Enacted 1

Agriculture ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Emergency Requirements and COVID–19 Supplemental Funding: 9

Changes in mandatory program offsets 8 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Non-Base Discretionary Funding:

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

2.5

0.3

2.1

18.9

0.1

18.8

2.5

1.4

0.4

0.1

0.6

.........

.........

.........

.........

.........

.........

.........

.........

.........

.........

.........

.........

.........

.........

.........

.........

–26.0

2022 Request

Table S–8. 2022 Discretionary Request by Major Agency—Continued

+0.1

+*

+0.1

+1.7

.........

+1.7

+0.7

+0.1

+0.4

+0.1

+0.1

–194.9

–0.4

–2.0

–0.5

–27.0

–5.3

–0.7

–0.6

–0.4

–0.7

–2.8

–73.8

+2.3

–81.6

–0.3

–1.0

.........

Dollar

+4.3%

+6.5%

+3.9%

+9.6%

.........

+9.7%

+35.1%

+10.2%

N/A

+60.2%

+12.1%

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

.........

Percent

2022 Request Less
2021 Enacted

58

Summary Tables

191.0

Subtotal, Non-Base Discretionary Funding �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

–1.5

0.5

2022 Request

–192.5

+0.1

Dollar

–100.8%

+15.2%

Percent

2022 Request Less
2021 Enacted

Total, Discretionary Budget Authority �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
1,592.3
1,521.0
–71.3
–4.5%
* $50 million or less.
1
The 2021 enacted level includes changes that occur after appropriations are enacted that are part of budget execution such as transfers, reestimates, and the rebasing as mandatory
any changes in mandatory programs (CHIMPs) enacted in appropriations bills. The 2021 levels are adjusted to include OMB’s scoring of CHIMPs enacted in 2021 appropriations
Acts for a better illustrative comparison with the 2022 request.
2
Funding for Food for Peace Title II Grants is included in the State and International Programs total. Although the funds are appropriated to the Department of Agriculture, the
funds are administered by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).
3
The Department of Energy base total in 2021 includes an appropriation of $2.3 billion that had been designated as emergency in Public Law 116-260 since the activities were for
regular operations and not emergency purposes.
4
Funding from the Hospital Insurance and Supplementary Medical Insurance trust funds for administrative expenses incurred by the Social Security Administration that support
the Medicare program are included in the Health and Human Services total and not in the Social Security Administration total.
5
The State and International Programs total includes funding for the Department of State, USAID, Treasury International, and 11 international agencies while the Treasury total
excludes Treasury’s International Programs.
6
The DOT General Fund Transfer to Mandatory Programs line reflects General Fund appropriations to programs that traditionally receive mandatory funding out of the Highway
and Airport and Airway Trust Funds.
7
The 2022 Budget shifts the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP) from the Corps to DOE; setting aside the FUSRAP shift, the change from 2021 is a
10-percent decrease to the Corps non-defense budget.
8
The limitation enacted and proposed in the Justice Department’s Crime Victims Fund program and cancellations in the Children’s Health Insurance Program in HHS make up the
bulk of these offsets.
9
Funding enacted in division N of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (Public Law 116-260) for otherwise discretionary programs has been rebased from mandatory and is
included here along with other emergency requirements provided in 2021. The division N amounts were not designated as emergency but are considered non-base funding.

0.5

2021
Enacted 1

Health and Human Services �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

21st Century Cures appropriations:

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

Table S–8. 2022 Discretionary Request by Major Agency—Continued

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
59

1.8
2.1
2.1

Consumer Price Index, 2 percent change, year/year �������

Interest rates, percent: 3
91-day Treasury bills 4 ������������������������������������������������������������
10-year Treasury notes ����������������������������������������������������������
0.4
0.9

1.2

20,933
–2.3
–3.5
–2.5
1.2

2020

0.1
1.2

2.1

22,411
7.1
5.2
5.2
1.8

2021

0.2
1.4

2.1

23,799
6.2
4.3
3.2
1.9

2022

0.4
1.7

2.2

24,808
4.2
2.2
2.0
2.0

2023

0.8
2.1

2.2

25,778
3.9
1.9
1.8
2.0

2024

1.2
2.4

2.3

26,767
3.8
1.8
1.8
2.0

2025

1.5
2.6

2.3

27,794
3.8
1.8
1.8
2.0

2026

Projections

1.6
2.7

2.3

28,860
3.8
1.8
1.8
2.0

2027

1.7
2.8

2.3

29,986
3.9
1.9
1.9
2.0

2028

1.8
2.8

2.3

31,166
3.9
1.9
1.9
2.0

2029

3.8

2.1
2.8

2.3

32,414
4.0
2.0
2.0
2.0

2030

Unemployment rate, civilian, percent 3 �����������������������������
3.7
8.1
5.5
4.1
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
Note: A more detailed table of economic assumptions appears in Chapter 2, “Economic Assumptions and Overview,” in the Analytical Perspectives volume of the Budget.
1
Based on information available as of mid-February 2021.
2
Seasonally adjusted CPI for all urban consumers.
3
Annual average.
4
Average rate, secondary market (bank discount basis).

21,433
4.0
2.2
2.3
1.8

Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
Nominal level, billions of dollars �������������������������������������������
Percent change, nominal GDP, year/year ������������������������������
Real GDP, percent change, year/year ������������������������������������
Real GDP, percent change, Q4/Q4 �����������������������������������������
GDP chained price index, percent change, year/year �����������

Actual
2019

(Calendar years)

Table S–9. Economic Assumptions 1

3.8

2.2
2.8

2.3

33,723
4.0
2.0
2.0
2.0

2031

60

Summary Tables

3,150

4,216
4,216
17
1
4,234
26,881
39
26,920

Changes in Debt Subject to Statutory Limitation:
Change in debt held by the public ��������������������������������������������������������
Change in debt held by Government accounts ������������������������������������
Change in other factors ������������������������������������������������������������������������
Total, change in debt subject to statutory limitation ����������������������

Debt Subject to Statutory Limitation, End of Year:
Debt issued by Treasury �����������������������������������������������������������������������
Adjustment for discount, premium, and coverage 3 �����������������������������
Total, debt subject to statutory limitation 4 �������������������������������������

Gross Federal debt: 5
Debt issued by Treasury �������������������������������������������������������������������
Debt issued by other agencies ����������������������������������������������������������
Total, gross Federal debt ���������������������������������������������������������������
As a percent of GDP ������������������������������������������������������������������

26,881
21
26,902
128.1%

*
.........
–518
–1
–519

–*
–11
1,087
–*
1,087

Debt Outstanding, End of Year:

159
354

198
–499

30,204
21
30,226
137.2%

30,204
41
30,245

3,150
173
1
3,325

–1,032

3,366
303
3,669
16.7%

1,399

2,784
345
3,129
14.9%

2021

Other transactions affecting borrowing from the public:
Changes in financial assets and liabilities: 1
Change in Treasury operating cash balance �������������������������������
Net disbursements of credit financing accounts:
Direct loan and Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)
equity purchase accounts �����������������������������������������������������
Guaranteed loan accounts ��������������������������������������������������������
Net purchases of non-Federal securities by the National
Railroad Retirement Investment Trust (NRRIT) ��������������������
Net change in other financial assets and liabilities 2 ������������������
Subtotal, changes in financial assets and liabilities ���������������
Seigniorage on coins ��������������������������������������������������������������������������
Total, other transactions affecting borrowing from the public ���
Total, requirement to borrow from the public (equals change in
debt held by the public) ������������������������������������������������������������

Unified budget deficit:
Primary deficit ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Net interest ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Unified budget deficit ��������������������������������������������������������������������
As a percent of GDP ������������������������������������������������������������������

Financing:

Actual
2020

32,423
22
32,445
138.1%

32,423
42
32,465

2,098
121
1
2,220

2,098

–2
.........
262
–*
261

110
154

.........

1,532
305
1,837
7.8%

2022

34,005
22
34,026
138.5%

34,005
43
34,048

1,418
163
1
1,582

1,418

–2
.........
47
–1
46

44
5

.........

1,052
320
1,372
5.6%

2023

(Dollar amounts in billions)

35,586
22
35,607
139.4%

35,586
44
35,630

1,379
202
1
1,582

1,379

–2
.........
21
–1
20

17
6

.........

991
368
1,359
5.3%

2024

37,167
22
37,189
140.3%

37,167
44
37,211

1,476
106
–*
1,582

1,476

–2
.........
7
–1
7

4
5

.........

1,025
445
1,470
5.5%

2025

38,652
22
38,673
140.5%

38,652
44
38,696

1,419
65
*
1,485

1,419

–2
.........
6
–1
5

3
5

.........

890
524
1,414
5.1%

2026

Estimate

Table S–10. Federal Government Financing and Debt

39,867
22
39,889
139.5%

39,867
45
39,912

1,308
–93
1
1,216

1,308

–2
.........
5
–1
5

1
6

.........

701
603
1,303
4.6%

2027

41,083
22
41,105
138.4%

41,083
46
41,129

1,425
–209
*
1,216

1,425

–2
.........
2
–1
1

–2
5

.........

749
674
1,424
4.8%

2028

42,267
23
42,290
137.0%

42,267
47
42,314

1,305
–120
*
1,185

1,305

–2
.........
–1
–1
–1

–4
5

.........

562
744
1,307
4.2%

2029

43,517
24
43,541
135.7%

43,517
47
43,564

1,485
–234
–1
1,250

1,485

–1
.........
8
–1
7

5
5

.........

649
829
1,477
4.6%

2030

44,821
25
44,846
134.3%

44,821
47
44,868

1,578
–273
–1
1,304

1,578

–1
.........
11
–1
11

8
5

.........

654
914
1,568
4.7%

2031

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
61

21,017

Debt Held by the Public Net of Financial Assets:
Debt held by the public �������������������������������������������������������������������������
24,167

6,059
24,167
109.7%

2021

26,265

6,180
26,265
111.8%

2022

27,683

6,343
27,683
112.7%

2023

29,062

6,545
29,062
113.8%

2024

30,539

6,651
30,539
115.2%

2025

31,958

6,716
31,958
116.1%

2026

Estimate

33,266

6,622
33,266
116.4%

2027

34,691

6,414
34,691
116.8%

2028

35,996

6,294
35,996
116.6%

2029

37,481

6,060
37,481
116.8%

2030

39,059

5,786
39,059
117.0%

2031

Less financial assets net of liabilities:
Treasury operating cash balance �����������������������������������������������������
1,782
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
Credit financing account balances:
Direct loan and TARP equity purchase accounts ������������������������
1,613
1,773
1,883
1,926
1,943
1,947
1,949
1,951
1,949
1,945
1,950
1,957
Guaranteed loan accounts ������������������������������������������������������������
–467
–112
41
46
52
57
62
68
72
77
82
86
Government-sponsored enterprise stock 7 ����������������������������������������
109
109
109
109
109
109
109
109
109
109
109
109
Air carrier worker support warrants and notes 8 ����������������������������
5
13
13
13
13
13
13
12
12
12
12
7
Non-Federal securities held by NRRIT ��������������������������������������������
24
24
22
20
18
17
15
13
11
10
9
8
Other assets net of liabilities �����������������������������������������������������������
–73
–73
–73
–73
–73
–73
–73
–73
–73
–73
–73
–73
Total, financial assets net of liabilities ����������������������������������������
2,993
2,483
2,744
2,791
2,812
2,819
2,824
2,829
2,830
2,830
2,837
2,843
Debt held by the public net of financial assets ������������������������ 18,024 21,684 23,520 24,892 26,250 27,720 29,134 30,437 31,860 33,167 34,643 36,216
As a percent of GDP ��������������������������������������������������������������
85.8%
98.4% 100.1% 101.3% 102.8% 104.5% 105.8% 106.5% 107.3% 107.5% 107.9% 108.5%
* $500 million or less.
1
A decrease in the Treasury operating cash balance (which is an asset) is a means of financing a deficit and therefore has a negative sign. An increase in checks outstanding (which
is a liability) is also a means of financing a deficit and therefore also has a negative sign. More information on the levels and changes to the operating cash balance is available in
Chapter 4, “Federal Borrowing and Debt” in the Analytical Perspectives volume of the Budget.
2
Includes checks outstanding, accrued interest payable on Treasury debt, uninvested deposit fund balances, allocations of special drawing rights, and other liability accounts; and, as
an offset, cash and monetary assets (other than the Treasury operating cash balance), other asset accounts, and profit on sale of gold.
3
Consists mainly of debt issued by the Federal Financing Bank (which is not subject to limit), the unamortized discount (less premium) on public issues of Treasury notes and bonds
(other than zero-coupon bonds), and the unrealized discount on Government account series securities.
4
Legislation enacted August 2, 2019 (P.L. 116-37), temporarily suspends the debt limit through July 31, 2021.
5
Treasury securities held by the public and zero-coupon bonds held by Government accounts are almost all measured at sales price plus amortized discount or less amortized
premium. Agency debt securities are almost all measured at face value. Treasury securities in the Government account series are otherwise measured at face value less
unrealized discount (if any).
6
At the end of 2020, the Federal Reserve Banks held $4,445.5 billion of Federal securities and the rest of the public held $16,571.2 billion. Debt held by the Federal Reserve Banks is
not estimated for future years.
7
Treasury’s warrants to purchase 79.9 percent of the common stock of the enterprises expire after September 7, 2028. The warrants were valued at $13 billion at the end of 2020.
8
Of the notes and warrants issued under Air carrier worker support (Payroll support program), $0.5 billion are scheduled to expire by the end of 2026, $0.6 billion are scheduled to
expire by the end of 2027, and $5.3 billion are scheduled to expire by the end of 2031.

5,886
21,017
100.1%

Held by:
Debt held by Government accounts �������������������������������������������������
Debt held by the public 6 �������������������������������������������������������������������
As a percent of GDP ����������������������������������������������������������������������

Actual
2020

(Dollar amounts in billions)

Table S–10. Federal Government Financing and Debt—Continued

62

Summary Tables

OMB CONTRIBUTORS TO THE 2022 BUDGET
The following personnel contributed to the preparation of this publication. Hundreds, perhaps
thousands, of others throughout the Government also deserve credit for their valuable contributions.

A
Lindsay Abate
Andrew Abrams
Chandana L. Achanta
Laurie Adams
Shagufta Ahmed
P. Joseph Ahn
Benjamin Aidoo
Lina Al Sudani
Joseph Albanese
Isabel Aldunate
Jason Alleman
Victoria Allred
Aaron Alton
Michaela Amos
Kimberly Anoweck
Nickole M. Arbuckle
Rachel Arguello
Alison Arnold
Aviva Aron-Dine
Anna R. Arroyo
Emily Schultz Askew
Lisa L. August

B
Samuel Bagenstos
Drew Bailey
Jessie W. Bailey
Ally P. Bain
Paul W. Baker
Steven Bakovic
Carol A. Bales
Caroline Ball
Pratik S. Banjade
Avital Bar-Shalom
Zachary Barger
Carl Barrick
Jody Barringer
Alexander Barron
Amy Batchelor
Sarah Belford
Jennifer Wagner Bell
Sara Bencic

Joseph J. Berger
Danielle Berman
Elizabeth A. Bernhard
Katherine Berrey
William Bestani
Samuel J. Black
Sharon Block
Kate Bloniarz
Mathew C. Blum
Tia Boatman
Patterson
Sharon A. Boivin
Amira C. Boland
Cassie L. Boles
Melissa B. Bomberger
Derick A. Boyd Jr.
William J. Boyd
Michael Branson
Alex M. Brant
Joseph F. Breighner
Andrea M. Brian
Candice M. Bronack
Ashley A. Brooks
Katherine W. Broomell
Dustin S. Brown
Sheila Bruce
Michael T. Brunetto
Nicole Budzinski
Pearl Buenvenida
Tom D. Bullers
Scott H. Burgess
Ben Burnett
Jordan C. Burris
John C. Burton
Nicholas S. Burton
Mark Bussow
Dylan W. Byrd

C
Steven Cahill
Greg Callanan
Amy Canfield
Eric D. Cardoza

Kevin Carpenter
Curtis M. Carr Jr.
Christina S. Carrere
Matthew Carroll
William S. S. Carroll
Scott D. Carson
Corryne C. Carter
Mary I. Cassell
David Cerrato
Dan Chandler
Anthony Chase
James Chase
Nida Chaudhary
Erin Cheese
Anita Chellaraj
Damon Clark
Michael Clark
Sean Coari
Alyssa Cogen
Jordan Cohen
Pamela Coleman
Victoria W. Collin
Debra M. Collins
Kelly T. Colyar
Jose A. Conde
Alyson M. Conley
David C. Connolly
Kyle Connors
Mary Rose Conroy
Shila Cooch
LaTiesha B. Cooper
Benjamin E. Coyle
Drew W. Cramer
Ayana Crawford
William Creedon
Jill L. Crissman
Rose Crow
Jefferson Crowder
James Crowe
Juliana Crump
Craig Crutchfield
David M. CruzGlaudemans
Lily Cuk

Pennee Cumberlander
C. Tyler Curtis
William Curtis
Matthew Cutts

D
J. Alex Dalessio
D. Michael Daly
Rody Damis
Neil B. Danberg
Elisabeth C. Daniel
Kristy L. Daphnis
Alexander J. Daumit
Joanne C. Davenport
Kelly Jo Davis
Kenneth L. Davis
Margaret B. DavisChristian
Karen De Los Santos
Tasha M. Demps
Paul J. Denaro
Kimberly A. Denz
Catherine A. Derbes
Christopher DeRusha
Suzy Deuster
John H. Dick
Jamie Dickinson
Amie Didlo
Rachel M. Diedrick
Jean Diomi Kazadi
Angela M. Donatelli
Paul S. Donohue
Cristin Dorgelo
Vladik Dorjets
Michelle Dorsey
Celeste Drake
Megan Dreher
Lisa Cash Driskill
Mark A. Dronfield
Abigail Drucis
Vanessa Duguay
Nathaniel Durden
Ryan Durga
63

OMB Contributors to the 2022 Budget

64

Reena Duseja

E
Matthew C. Eanes
Jacqueline A. Easley
Calie Edmonds
Jeanette Edwards
Matthew Eliseo
Michelle Enger
Diana F. Epstein
Brede Eschliman
Robert Etter
Beatrix Evans
Gillian Evans
Patrick Evans

F
Farnoosh Faezi-Marian
Robert Fairweather
Edna Falk Curtin
Hunter Fang
Christine E.
Farquharson
Louis Feagans
Iris R. Feldman
Christopher M. Felix
Kelsi Feltz
Lesley A. Field
Sean C. Finnegan
Mary Fischietto
John J. Fitzpatrick
Cleones Fleurima
Daniel G. Fowlkes
Nicholas A. Fraser
Rob Friedlander
Laurel Fuller
Steven Furnagiev

G
Abigail P. Gage
Scott D. Gaines
Christopher D.
Gamache
Joseph R. Ganahl
Kyle Gardiner
Mathias A. Gardner
Arpit Garg
Marc Garufi
Anthony R. Garza
Anna M. Gendron
Mariam Ghavalyan

Daniel Giamo
Carolyn Gibson
Brian Gillis
Jacob Glass
Joshua S. Glazer
Porter O. Glock
Andrea L. Goel
Jeffrey D. Goldstein
Christopher Gomba
Anthony A. Gonzalez
Oscar Gonzalez
Alex Goodenough
Michael D. Graham
David M. Gratz
Aron Greenberg
Brandon H. Greene
Robin J. Griffin
Justin Grimes
Hester C. Grippando
Stephanie F. Grosser
Andrea L. Grossman
Kerry Gutknecht

H
Michael B. Hagan
James R. Hagen
Jessica K. Hale
Tia Hall
Victor Hall
William F. Hamele
Christine E. Hammer
Brian Hanson
Jennifer L. Hanson
Dionne Hardy
Deidre A. Harrison
Edward Hartwig
Paul Harvey
Abdullah Hasan
Laurel Havas
Nichole M. Hayden
Mark Hazelgren
Kelly Healton
Gary Hellman
John David Henson
Matthew A. Herb
Rachel Hernández
Alex Hettinger
Michael J. Hickey
Michael Hildner
Amanda M. Hill
Jonathan Hill
Walter F. Hill
Michelle Hilton

Elke Hodson-Marten
Jennifer E. Hoef
Stuart Hoffman
Troy Holland
Brian Holm-Hansen
Javay C. Holmes
Michele Holt
Jack Hoskins
Clinton T. Hourigan
Aaron B. House
Peter Hoy
Grace Hu
Rhea A. Hubbard
Kathy M. Hudgins
Shristi Humagai
Ashley Hungerford
Sally J. Hunnicutt
Alexander T. Hunt
Lorraine D. Hunt
James C. Hurban
Veta Hurst

I
Tae H. Im

J
Scott W. Jackson
Manish Jain
Harrison M. Jarrett
Ames R. Jenkins
Carol Jenkins
Connor Jennings
Julie Jent
Carol Johnson
Michael D. Johnson
Danielle Y. Jones
Denise Bray Jones
Lauren H. Jones
Lisa M. Jones
Shannon Maire Joyce
Hursandbek
Jumanyazov
Hee Jun

K
Kosta Kalpos
Daniel S. Kaneshiro
Jacob H. Kaplan
Jenifer L. Karwoski
Regina L. Kearney
Benjamin R. Keffer

Christopher Keller
Mary W. Keller
Nancy B. Kenly
Moses I. Kennedy
Jung H. Kim
Maria Kim
Michael B. Kim
Rachael Y. Kim
Kelly C. King
Kelly A. Kinneen
Marina Kirakosian
Jessica Elizabeth
Kirby
Robert T. Klein
Ellen Knight
Bobby Kogan
Nick Koo
Andrea G. Korovesis
Katelyn V. Koschewa
A. Faride Kraft
Charles Kraiger
Lori A. Krauss
Megan K. Kruse
Steven B. Kuennen
Jennifer J. Kuk
Christine J. Kymn

L
Christopher D. LaBaw
Sherry Lachman
Leonard L. Lainhart
Chad A. Lallemand
Lawrence L. Lambert
Michael Landry
Daniel LaPlaca
Eric P. Lauer
Jessie L. LaVine
Daniel Lawver
Jessica Lee
Susan E. Leetmaa
Carmine Leggett
Bryan P. León
Kerrie Leslie
Ariel Leuthard
John Levock-Spindle
Sheila Lewis
Andrew Lieberman
Jennifer Liebschutz
Jane C. Lien
Kristina E. Lilac
Erika Liliedahl
Michael Linden
John E. Lindner

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022
Jennifer M. Lipiew
Adam Lipton
Kim Lopez
Sara R. Lopez
Adrienne Lucas

M
Ryan MacMaster
Christian MacMillan
Claire A. Mahoney
Mayur Manchanda
Dominic J. Mancini
Caroline Manela
Noah S. Mann
Iulia Z. Manolache
Roman Manziyenko
Chris Marokov
Italy Martin
Rochelle Martinez
Nicole Martinez Moore
Clare Martorana
Kimie Matsuo
Joshua May
Steven McAndrews
Jessica Rae McBean
Alexander J.
McClelland
John L. McClung
Malcolm P. McConnell
Jeremy P. McCrary
Anthony W. McDonald
Christine A. McDonald
Katrina A. McDonald
Renford McDonald
Michael McManus
William McNavage
Christopher McNeal
Andrea Medina-Smith
Edward Meier
Barbara A. Menard
Flavio Menasce
Margaret Mergen
P. Thaddeus
Messenger
William L. Metzger
Lauren Michaels
Daniel J. MichelsonHorowitz
Eric Mill
Jason Miller
Kimberly Miller
Sofie Miller
Susan M. Minson

Emily A. Mok
Kirsten J. Moncada
Claire Monteiro
Joseph Montoni
Andrea J. Montoya
Julia C. Moore
Betty T. Morrison
Josephine Morse
Savannah M. Moss
Austin B. Mudd
Robin McLaughry
Mullins
Daenuka
Muraleetharan
Jonathan J. Murphy
Christian G. Music
Hayley W. Myers
Kimberley L Myers

N
Jeptha E. Nafziger
Larry J. Nagl
Barry Napear
Robert Nassif
Kimberly P. Nelson
Michael D. Nelson
Anthony Nerino
Melissa K. Neuman
Joanie F. Newhart
Kimberly Armstrong
Newman
Christine Nguy
Tim H. Nusraty
Joseph B. Nye

O
Erin O’Brien
Kerry Clinton O’Dell
Melanie Ofiesh
Matthew J. O’Kane
Kathryn Olson
Brendan J. O’Meara
Matthew Oreska
Lydia H. Orth
Jared Ostermiller

P
Heather C. Pajak
Farrah N. Pappa
Jacob A. Parcell
John C. Pasquantino

Michael Pauls
Brian Paxton
Casey Pearce
Michael D. Pearlstein
Liuyi Pei
Falisa L. Peoples-Tittle
Emma C. Perron
Michael A. Perz
Whitney L. Peters
William C. Petersen
Andrea M. Petro
Amy E. Petz
Stacey Que-Chi Pham
Alec Pharris
Carolyn R. Phelps
Karen A. Pica
Brian Pickeral
Brian Pipa
Joseph Pipan
Maggie Polachek
Mark J. Pomponio
Ruxandra Pond
Julianne Poston
Larrimer S. Prestosa
Jamie M. Price
Alanna B. Pugliese
Robert B. Purdy

R
Lucas R. Radzinschi
K. Sabeel Rahman
Houman Rasouli
Johnnie Ray
Alex Reed
Thomas M. Reilly
Bryant D. Renaud
Keri A. Rice
Natalie Rico
Kyle S. Riggs
Jamal Rittenberry
Maria Roat
Beth Higa Roberts
Donovan Robinson
Marshall J. Rodgers
Jung M. Roh
Samantha Romero
Meredith B. Romley
Renee Rosa
Jeffrey R. Ross
David J. Rowe
Amanda Roy
Danielle Royal
Brian Rozental

65

Tamia Russell
Erika H. Ryan

S
Adam N. Salazar
John Asa Saldivar
Mark S. Sandy
Nathan T. Sanfilippo
Ruth Saunders
Gregoire F. Sauter
Joel Savary
Jason K. Sawyer
Rio Schondelmeyer
Daniel K. Schory
Mariarosaria
Sciannameo
Kristi Scott
Jasmeet K. Seehra
Kimberly Segura
Robert B. Seidner
Andrew Self
Megan Shade
Shabnam
Sharbatoghlie
Amy K. Sharp
Dianne Shaughnessy
Paul Shawcross
Andrew B. Shea
Gary F. Shortencarrier
Matthew Sidler
Leticia Sierra
Sara R. Sills
Angela Simmons
Celeste Simon
Daniel Liam Singer
Sarah Sisaye
Robert Sivinski
Benjamin J. Skidmore
Evan C. Skloot
Curtina O. Smith
Sarah B. Smith
Stannis M. Smith
Silvana Solano
Roderic A. Solomon
Timothy F. Soltis
Amanda R.K. Sousane
Candice G. Spalding
Rebecca L. Spavins
Valeria Spinner
Christopher Spiro
John H. Spittell
Sarah Whittle Spooner
Travis C. Stalcup

OMB Contributors to the 2022 Budget

66

Scott R. Stambaugh
Nora Stein
Ryan Stoffers
Gary R. Stofko
Terry W. Stratton
Vanessa D. Studer
Thomas J. Suarez
Kevin J. Sullivan
Patrick Sullivan
Jessica L. Sun
Ariana Sutton-Grier
Katherine M. Sydor

T
Jamie R. Taber
Naomi S. Taransky
Myra L. Taylor
Jay F. Teitelbaum
Emma K. Tessier
Amanda L. Thomas
Barbara E. Thomas
Judith F. Thomas
Payton A. Thomas
Will Thomas

Serita K. Thornton
Parth Tikiwala
Thomas Tobasko
Gia Tonic
Gil M. Tran
Vy Tran
Susanna Troxler
Austin Turner

U
Nicholas J. Ufier
Shraddha A.
Upadhyaya
Darrell J. Upshaw
Taylor J. Urbanski

V
Matthew J. Vaeth
Candace Vahlsing
Areletha L. Venson
Alexandra Ventura
Cesar Villanueva
Megha Vyas

W
James A. Wade
Brett Waite
Nicole Waldeck
Joseph Waldow
Traci Walker
Heather V. Walsh
Tim Wang
Ben Ward
Peter H. Waterman
Gary Waxman
Bess M. Weaver
Jacqueline K. Webb
Daniel Week
William J. Weinig
David Weisshaar
Lillian Welch
Philip R. Wenger
Max West
Arnette C. White
Ashley M. White
Curtis C. White
Kim S. White
Sherron R. White

Brian Widuch
Jeremy D. Williams
Alex O. Wilson
James Wolff
Minzy Won
Alegra Woodard
Sophia M. Wright
Bert Wyman

Y
Danny Yagan
Melany N. Yeung
David Y. Yi
Christian T. Yonkeu
Xia You
Frank Young
Rita Young
Shalanda D. Young
Janice Yun

Z
Eliana M. Zavala
Erica H. Zielewski