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KANDERSON
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Annual Report
1978
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND







Federal Reserve
Bank of Richmond
Sixty-fourth Annual Report 1978

Contents
FARMLAND . . . An Increasingly Valuable A s s e t .........

4

Influences in the Land M a r k e t ...................................................

7

Farm Asset Values and Earnings ..............................................

16

Financing Requirements Rise

18

...................................................

In Sum m ary .............................................................

22

HIGHLIGHTS

24

SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS

27

COMPARATIVE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

28

DIRECTORS

30

OFFICERS

32




IS S N 0164-0798

L IB R A R Y

OF

CONGRESS

CATALOG

CARD

NUM BER:

16-7264

A d d it io n a l co p ie s o f th is A n n u a l R e p o r t m a y be o b ta in e d w ith o u t c h a rg e fr o m the
B a n k a n d P u b lic R e la tio n s D e p a r tm e n t , F e d e r a l R e se rve B a n k o f R ic h m o n d ,
P . O . B o x 27622, R ic h m o n d , V ir g in ia

23261.

March 8, 1979

TO O U R M EM BER B A N K S :

W e are pleased to present the 1978 Annual Report of the Federal Reserve
Bank of Richmond.

The Report’s feature article examines the factors responsible

for the post-World War II changes in the value of farmland and the resulting rise
in farm real estate financing requirements. The Report also includes highlights of
the year, a summary of operations, comparative financial statements, and current
lists of directors and officers of our Richmond, Baltimore, Charlotte, Charleston,
Columbia, and Culpeper Offices.

On behalf of our directors and staff, we wish to thank you for the
cooperation and support you have extended to us throughout the past year.




Sincerely yours,

Chairman of the Board

President




FARMLAND . . .
An Increasingly Valuable Asset
“ Land is a many-splendored thing.

To some, it is soil— how many

bushels of corn will it raise? To others, it is a small piece of the earth’s
surface, rare as a gem, something to be cherished and enjoyed like an old
masterpiece.

To still others, it is space— something on which to build a

home, an apartment, a shopping center.”
—William H. Scofield,
“ Values and Competition for Land”
“ Meadow Farm to Be Sold.” This headline, announcing the sale of the Caroline
County, Virginia, birthplace of Triple Crown champion Secretariat and other champions
such as Hill Prince and Riva Ridge, appeared in the Richmond Times-Dispatch
late last September. One of the nation’s most respected horse farms, the Meadow was
a 2,600-acre land and breeding operation with a reported asking price of $2,650,000.
This pencils out to a little more than $1,000 per acre. News stories have since revealed
that the Meadow was purchased by a group of Virginia investors shortly after it was
put on the market. The actual selling price was not disclosed, but it was said to be
very close to the asking price. While the sale price will undoubtedly have a significant
impact on the value of land nearby, it by no means sets a precedent. Farmland values
per acre in 1974, for example, averaged $1,000 or higher in nearly one-tenth of all the
counties in Virginia.
F O R W O U L D -B E L A N D O W N E R S Market values such as these are enough to
discourage many potential owners of farm real estate, especially those thinking of buying
farmland as an investment or those toying with the idea of purchasing a little tract in
the country for retirement. Would-be buyers need to remember that the market value
of farmland depends on its potential use.1 Generally, the more intensive the use, the
higher the price. A nationwide survey of the price per acre and probable use of farm­
land five years after purchase, conducted during the year ended March 1, 1978, re­
vealed that land expected to remain in agriculture sold for an average of $595 per acre.
Farmland to be used for forestry went for $373— the lowest price. On the upper end,
land sold for commercial and industrial development brought $2,008 per acre, while
tracts intended for rural residences went at $1,024.
Land is selling at premium prices throughout much of the District and the nation.
United States farmland, on the average, was valued at a record $490 per acre on
February 1, 1978. On that same date, farm real estate in the Fifth Federal Reserve
District sold for an average of $705 per acre— also a record. Average market values
ranged from $403 in West Virginia to $1,578 in Maryland.
Would-be buyers of a complete farm, rather than part of a farm, will find that farm
real estate values per farm have increased at a much faster rate than values per acre.
N o te :
T h e a u th o r w ish e s to t h a n k C y n th ia V a u g h a n , S e n io r R e s e a rc h A s s is ta n t, fo r h er v e ry
ab le a n d w illin g assista n ce in p r e p a r in g th e s ta tis tic a l m a te r ia l a n d p r e lim in a r y d ra fts o f th e
c h a rts fo r th is article .
1 U S D A , E c o n o m ic s , S ta tis tic s , a n d C o o p e ra tiv e s Service, Farm Real Estate Market D evelop­
ments, C D -83 ( W a s h in g t o n , J u l y 1978), T a b le 37.

4

This is due to the steady increase in the average size of farms. Today, for example,
the value of a Fifth District farm averages around $101,925, more than double its 1972
value. Values per farm range from $71,300 in West Virginia to $263,000 in Maryland.
North Carolina, with a $79,100 value per farm, has the second lowest average. Higher
priced farms can be found in South Carolina, where the average is $92,900, and in
Virginia where the average value stands at $118,800.
The potential buyer will also find that there are wide variations in the average
values of farms, depending on the type of farm, its size, and the value of its sales.
Tallies of the 1974 census revealed, for instance, that the value of land and buildings
for Fifth District farms with sales of $2,500 and over averaged $118,921 but ranged
from a low of $56,725 for farms with sales under $5,000 to a high of $1,091,059 for
farms with sales of $500,000 and over. The value of farmland and buildings per farm
increased as the value of farm products sold rose. Similarly, the value of farm real
estate on farms with sales of $2,500 and over varied widely by type of farm. In South
Carolina, for example, dairy farms, valued at $242,262 per farm, had the highest average,
while horticultural specialty farms with a $56,612 price tag had the lowest.
South
Carolina tobacco farms, producers of the major source of farm income, were valued at
an average of $88,934 per farm.
For the Would-Be Owner of Farmland
The nation s farmland, on the average, was valued at a
record $490 per acre on February 1, 1978. On that same date,
farm real estate in the Fifth District sold for an average of
$705 an acre, with the market value ranging from $403
in West Virginia to $1,578 in Maryland.

Market values of District farms, according to the census, are relatively low when
compared to market values nationally. This situation most likely results from the fact
that the average size farm in the District is much smaller than the national average.
Market values of 48 percent of all District farms were less than $40,000 in 1974, for
example, while the values of 29 percent ranged from $40,000 to $99,999. The remain­
ing 23 percent were valued at $100,000 and over. By contrast, only 33 percent of the
nation’s farms were valued at less than $40,000, while 37 percent had market values of
$100,000 and over.
The movements of District and national farmland
values per acre have shown marked similarities since records began back in 1912. Dur­
ing much of this period— up through the midfifties, in fact— farmland prices followed
the movements of farm prices and farm income. But in the years that have followed,
with the exception of 1972 and 1973, farmland prices have continued to advance despite
an irregular downtrend in farm income.
A BAC K W AR D GLANCE

Much of the current boom in farmland values began back in 1972 with the huge
grain sale to Russia. Farmland became such a favored investment that its market value
in the District has jumped an average of 104 percent in the six years since, rising at an
average annual rate of 12.6 percent. The largest rise in a single year occurred in 1973
when values zoomed an unprecedented 26 percent. The only other year that gains in
land values came close to equaling this increase was 1919, when the influence of World
War I pushed values up 23 percent. But following the increase of 1919, farmland values
turned downward, finally hitting bottom with the crash of 1933 when they plummeted
almost 20 percent in a single year. Market values of farmland have moved steadily up-




5

Chart I

FARM REAL ESTATE: INDEX NUMBERS OF AVERAGE VALUE PER ACRE
1967 =

100

United States a n d Fifth District, 1 9 4 0 -1 9 7 8

350 ------= =

300

250
Fifth District

/

200

150

United States

100

50

1940
Note:
Source:

1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

Farm land an d buildings, M a rch 1 values fo r 1940-1975 an d February 1 values fo r 1976-1978.
U. S. Departm ent of Agriculture.




1975

1980

ward since the Great Depression, with only minor interruptions, mostly of one-year
duration, occurring in 1938, 1949, and 1953.
The rise in farmland values accelerated notably after the start of W orld War II.
District farm real estate values more than doubled by early 1949, responding in part to
a sharp gain in farm income. They then fell slightly, largely because of a drop in farm
prices and income that accompanied a downturn in overall economic activity.
The 1949 dip was of short duration, however. Values of farmland began to ad­
vance again with the outbreak of war in Korea in June 1950, rising by March 1953
to a new high some 30 percent above the pre-Korean level. They held at this new
level through early 1954. Meanwhile, prices of farm products, which began to decline
after reaching an all-time high in February 1951, dropped sharply by early 1954.
By mid-1954, farmland values in the District turned upward again despite continued
declines in the prices and incomes received by farmers. The escalation in farm real
estate prices has continued since, sometimes at a slower, sometimes at a faster, pace.
Meanwhile, net farm income, except in 1972 and 1973, has continued on an irregular
downward course, moving generally counter to farmland prices.

Influences in the Land Market
Market values of farmland are controlled by the classic law of supply and demand.2
Both supply and demand factors play strong roles in determining the price.
When
limited supplies offered for sale coincide with escalating bids from would-be purchasers,
the market price climbs. The supply and demand equation is influenced by many fac­
tors whose importance varies widely, not only from state to state, but also from county
to county, and even within the same county. Most of these factors reflect the different
interests competing for farmland on the demand side. Farmers’ demand for land to
enlarge their farming operations is one of the strongest factors forcing prices upward.
But the demand for land for nonfarm uses has also become an increasingly important in­
fluence competing in farm real estate markets. A high rate of inflation, anticipated capital
appreciation, tax shelters, and the disappointing performance of the stock market have
been among the factors luring nonfarmers into the land-buying rush since 1972.
The old timer who said “ T h ey’re not making
anymore land” 3 must have been thinking about the small supply and the scarcity of
listings. The number of farms today is limited. But the number for sale is even more
limited. Reportedly, only around 2 percent of the nation’s total acreage in farms typically
changes hands each year. This situation sets the stage for stiff competition and higher
bidding in the event of a sudden increase in demand for farmland.4
Voluntary and estate sales are generally assumed to reflect the supply of farmland
put on the market in a given period.5 On this basis, the supply of farmland offered for
sale has been trending downward since the midforties, although a temporary increase
did occur during the 1972-1975 period of high net farm incomes. By 1978, voluntary
and estate sales were only about one-fifth as large as they were during the record year

“ F O R S A L E ” SIGNS SCARCE

2 U S D A , E c o n o m ic R e s e a rc h Service, “ H i g h S tak e s
X V I , N o . 3 ( W a s h in g t o n , M a r c h 1977), p. 11.
3 B i l l H u m p h r ie s , “ T h e y ’re N o t M a k in g A n y m o r e
to b e r 9, 1960), Sec. I l l , p. 1.

in

th e

C o u n tr y ,” The Farm

L a n d ,” News and O bserver

Index, V o l.

( R a le ig h , O c ­

4 U S D A , E c o n o m ic s , S ta tistic s , a n d C o o p e ra tiv e s Service, “ R e a l E s ta te ,” Farm ers’ Newsletter,
G-3 ( W a s h in g t o n , A u g u s t 1978), p. 2.
5 M a r v in D u n c a n , “ F a r m

R e a l E s ta te V a lu e s — S o m e

Im p o r t a n t

D e t e r m in a n t s ,”

M onthly R e­

view, F e d e r a l R e s e rv e B a n k o f K a n s a s C ity ( K a n s a s C ity , M a r c h 1977), p p . 6-7.




7




1944. This downturn in the supply of land for sale has been one of the prime factors
influencing farmland values, especially in recent years.
F A R M E R S S T IL L L E A D IN G B U Y E R S Farmers who want to enlarge their
farming operations continue to be the number one purchasers of farmland, despite the
growing competition from land-hungry nonfarm buyers. Farm expansion, the largest
single reason for buying farmland, is definitely on the uptrend. Last year, for instance,
almost 60 percent of all farmland transfers— up from less than 30 percent in 1954— were
made to enlarge existing farms. Parcels or tracts sold for enlargement purposes usually
bring better prices than those sold as complete farms. But since the turnover rate for
farmland is generally low, farmers who want to expand will usually pay the price to meet
their competition. When a neighboring farm is put on the auction block, it isn’t at all
uncommon for farmers living close by to be the strongest bidders. They know that
with the aid of present-day machinery and equipment, they can increase their volume
of business and spread overhead costs over the additional acres, thus reducing average
costs per unit of output.
Many farmers in the heart of the Virginia-Carolinas’ flue-cured tobacco-growing
area have sought more land for still another reason: to increase their acreage allot­
ments. Buying land that carries a tobacco allotment is the only realistic way to ac­
complish this since an allotment is tied to the land and not to the landowner. Such
farmland is in strong demand and consequently it carries a much higher price tag than
acreage which has no allotment.
Growth in part-time farming has also contributed to the increasing demand for
farmland.0 Part-time farmers in 1978, for example, bought 12 percent of all farm
tracts sold nationally compared with only 6 percent in 1954. Because those farming
part-time usually buy fewer acres than full-time farmers, they generally pay more per
acre than do the full-time operators. In other words, the smaller the farm tract pur­
chased, the higher the price per acre. During the year ended last March 1, for example,
farm real estate transfers that were smaller than 100 acres typically commanded more
than twice the price of the overall national average.7 The generally higher price of land
bought by part-time farmers is also due to factors other than the “ volume discount
effect” cited. Part-time farms, for instance, are more likely to be located near cities,
and the average price is higher because of the location.
O F F -F A R M IN C O M E S IG N IF IC A N T Farm families’ nonfarm income has be­
come an important factor in the land market, enabling many of them to bid for the
dwindling supply of land that is for sale (see Chart II). Such earnings have shown a
steady growth for many years, providing a supplement to farmers’ net farm income and
increasing their ability to invest and to service real estate debt.8 The situation is espe­
cially true for farm operator families with farm sales under $10,000, for their average
off-farm income is generally equal to, or far exceeds, their average debt.9
6 U S D A , Farm Real Estate Market Developm ents, CD -83, T a b le 22.
7 U S D A , Farm Real Estate Market Developments, CD-83, T a b le 38.
8 U S D A , Farm Real Estate Market Developm ents, CD -83, p. 7.
9 R e a d e rs m a y be in te re s te d in k n o w in g th a t the U . S. D e p a r tm e n t o f A g r ic u lt u r e ’s c la s s ific a ­
tio n o f fa r m s b y v a lu e o f sales lists th re e classes w ith fa r m sales u n d e r $10,000. F a r m o p e ra to r
fa m ilie s in the $5,000 to $9,999 class h a d a n av e rag e o ff- fa rm in c o m e in 1977 o f $12,179, a r o u n d
120 p e rc e n t o f th e ir a v e rag e d e b t o f $10,195. T h o se w ith sales o f $2,500 to $4,999 re ce ive d an
a v e rag e o ff- fa rm in c o m e o f $14,559, fa r in excess o f th e ir d e b t w h ic h a v e ra g e d $6,727.
T he
a v e rag e fa r m fa m ily w ith sales v a lu e d at less th a n $2,500, h o w e v e r, h a d o ff- fa rm e a rn in g s of
$15,077 c o m p a r e d w ith d e b t o f o n ly $3,905. W h il e these s m a ll fa rm e rs re ce ive d th e la rg e s t
o ff- fa rm in c o m e , th e y also o w e d th e least d e b t. See U S D A , E c o n o m ic s , S ta tis tic s , a n d C o o p ­
erative s S e rv ic e : Farm In com e Statistics, S ta tis tic a l B u lle tin N o . 609 ( W a s h in g t o n , J u l y 1978),
T a b le 8 D ; Balance Sheet o f the Farm ing Sector, 1978, S u p p le m e n t N o . 1 to A g r ic u lt u r e I n ­
f o r m a t io n B u lle t in N o . 416 ( W a s h in g t o n , O c to b e r 1978), T a b le 33.

8

By the midsixties, nonfarm earnings per farm family equaled the family’s net farm
income. But today’s farm families, on the average, earn more from their sources of offfarm income than from their farming operations. Of each $100 of income received by
farm families in 1977, for instance, $61 came from nonfarm sources. On the average,
their total income from farm and nonfarm sources amounted to a little more than $19,000.
Of this sum, around $7,400 was net farm income and the remaining $11,600 was income
from sources off the farm.
While nearly all farm families have some off-farm income, such earnings are most
important on small farms. Stated another way, nonfarm income generally becomes a
larger share of total farm family income as the value of a farm’s sales declines. Farm
operator families whose farm sales in 1977 totaled $100,000 and over, for example,
earned 20 cents of every dollar of their total income from nonfarm sources.
Those

C h art II

FARMLAND VALUES AND FARMERS' NET FARM AND NONFARM INCOME
(Current D ollars)
United States, 1 9 4 0 -1 9 7 7

* Land values per acre o f the fo llo w in g year.
** Before inventory adjustment.
t Personal income o f farm popu lation from nonfarm sources.

Source:

U. S. Department of Agriculture.




9

with farm sales of $10,000 to $19,999 had off-farm earnings amounting to 66 cents of
each dollar of total income. But families with farm sales below $5,000 depended on offfarm income for 91 cents of every dollar of their total earnings.
As noted earlier, net farm income, with the exception of 1972 and 1973, has gener­
ally moved counter to farmland values from the midfifties to the present. While net
farm income has trended irregularly downward, values of farmland have continued to
advance, a relationship that many see as a paradox. Meanwhile, off-farm income of farm
operator families has continued upward, climbing at almost the same pace as farmland
values until very recent years. The off-farm earning supplements to net farm income
have contributed to the ability of some farmers, particularly those on small and part-time
farms, to compete for and purchase additional farmland.

Ch art III

FARMLAND VALUES AND FARMERS7 NET FARM AND NONFARM INCOME
ADJUSTED FOR INFLATION
1967 =

100

United States, 1 9 4 0 -1 9 7 7

400

300

,X ~ \

200

20

1940

1945

1950

1955

1960

* Land values per acre o f the fo llo w in g year.
* * Before inventory adjustment,

f

Personal income o f farm population from n onfarm sources.

Note:

Source:

A ll d a ta are deflated by the CP I, all items, 1967 =

U. S. Department of Agriculture.




10

100.

1965

1970

1975

1980

When these data are adjusted for inflation, the influence of nonfarm income on
farmers’ capacity to purchase land is even more evident. Real market values of farmland
in early 1978 were more than double the 1960 level. Real net farm income in 1977,
however, was 11 percent below the level in 1960.
By contrast, farmers’ real nonfarm
earnings rose 66 percent during the same period (see Chart III).

For much of the history of this
country, many individuals who are not interested in farming have chosen to invest in
farmland. Such investments have proven to be an effective hedge against inflation for
more than 40 years. Many also view farmland as a safe and desirable long-term invest­
ment. Farmland prices, in fact, have outstripped consumer prices throughout the last
20 years. During that period, there has generally been a 2 percent average annual rate
of increase in farmland values for every 1 percent average annual rate of gain in the
Consumer Price Index.

F A R M L A N D A G O O D IN V E S T M E N T 10

Measured against the gross national product price deflator, the most comprehensive
price index, few alternative investment opportunities since 1960 have been as profitable
and as safe a hedge against inflation as has United States farmland. Farm real estate
values have risen faster than this general price index each year. They have also in­
creased much faster than Standard and Poor’s average of 500 common stocks. During
this period, farmland values climbed to more than four and one-half times the 1960 level,
while the GNP price deflator more than doubled and Standard and Poor’s 500 common
stock average rose only 71 percent. These comparisons clearly indicate that the average
investor in farmland since 1960 has done much better than the average investor in the
stock market (see Chart IV ).
Last fall, Duke University, in an unusual investment initiative for an educational
institution, joined the ranks of nonfarm investors when they bought a 1,222-acre tract
of prime development land along the Neuse River in northern Wake County.
A l­
though the price was not disclosed, the announcement said the tract includes 9,000 feet
of riverfront property. While noting that “ . . . inflation was forcing schools to diversify
their investments . . . ,” the Duke president was also quoted as saying, “ . . . the Wake
County purchase, we think, gives us an opportunity to make more money on our invest­
ment than stocks and bonds.” 11
Duke itself does not plan to develop the property— quite unlike the real estate ven­
ture by Campbell College at nearby Buies Creek in 1975. At that time, Campbell opened
a 371-acre residential development, including a golf course, tennis courts, and a swim­
ming pool.
Since United States farmland has become such an attractive investment, foreigners
have joined the ranks of nonfarm investors in recent years in buying large tracts of the

10 R e fe re n c e s fo r th is sec tio n in c lu d e : J a c k B icke rs, “ W h y the S o u th e r n L a n d B o o m M a y B e
J u s t B e g in n in g ,” Progressive Farmer, V o l. 93, N o . 7, J u ly 1978, p. 15; M a r v in D u n c a n , “ F a r m
R e a l E s ta te : W h o B u y s a n d H o w , ” M onthly Review, F e d e r a l R e s e rv e B a n k o f K a n s a s C ity
( J u n e 1977), p. 6; R o b e r t G . H e a ly a n d J a m e s L . S h o rt, “ N e w F o rce s in the M a r k e t fo r
R u r a l L a n d , ” T h e Appraisal Journal, V o l. X L V I , N o . 2 ( A p r il 1978), p p. 190-192; H o w a r d W .
H jo r t , S ta te m e n t B e fo re th e H o u s e A g r ic u lt u r e C o m m itte e , S u b c o m m itte e o n F a m ily F a rm s ,
R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t a n d S p e c ia l S tu d ie s ( W a s h in g t o n , J u n e 20, 1978), p p. 1-10; E . C. P a s o u r ,
J r ., “ F a r m R e a l E s ta te P rice s in the U n ite d S tate s a n d N o r th C a r o lin a ,” Tar Heel Econom ist,
N o r t h C a r o lin a S ta te U n iv e r s ity ( R a le ig h , N o v e m b e r 1976), p. 2; R o b e r t D . R e in s e l, “ L a n d
R e n ts , V a lu e s , a n d E a r n in g s ” ( P a p e r p re s e n te d at the m e e tin g o f the A m e r ic a n A g r ic u lt u r a l
E c o n o m ic s A s s o c ia tio n , E d m o n t o n , C a n a d a , A u g u s t 1973), pp. 11-12; T e d V a d e n , “ D u k e U .
B u y s 1,222 A c re s in N o r th W a k e , ” News and Observer ( R a le ig h , S e p te m b e r 6, 1978), p. 1.
11 V a d e n , News and Observer, p. 1.




11

C h art IV

FARMLAND AS A HEDGE AGAINST INFLATION
1960 =

United States, 1 9 6 0 to Date

100

* 1978 d a ta are fo r 9 m onths only.
Sources:




U. S. Departm ent of Agriculture, U. S. Departm ent of Comm erce, a n d Council o f Economic A d visors.

nation’s farm real estate. Whether these foreign interests are oil-rich Arabs, Italian
grain magnates, German industrialists, bankers from the Netherlands, or tycoons from
Argentina, these eager buyers may well have helped to drive the price of land up. Most
popular spot for foreign investors is California, but they are also reported to be purchas­
ing land in the Midwest and Southeast, including this five-state area. Among the few
foreign transactions known to have taken place in the Fifth District is the Italian-owned
Open Grounds Farm, Inc., located in Carteret County, North Carolina. This 42,000acre tract of farmland, timberland, and marsh, is currently being used to produce cattle
and feed crops.
Foreign investments in this country’s farmland have received a great deal of public­
ity, partly because foreign buyers have made large, lump sum payments.
Moreover,
their investments have raised a number of economic and political questions, as well as
some emotions. The best information now available indicates that the amount of United
States farmland owned by foreigners is only around 1 percent. Recent reports from
the Department of Agriculture conclude that thus far the amount of farmland presently
owned by foreign investors has had no significant impact on the nation’s farmers or on
the agricultural economy.
12

P O P U L A T I O N P R E SS U R E S B O O S T V A L U E S 12 The competing demands
for farmland stemming from population pressures come in many different forms and
usually have a considerable impact on local farmland prices. The “ back-to-the-countrv”
trend, suburbanization, purchases for second homes or retirement homes, development
of recreational facilities, and industrialization are all reflections of these pressures.
That the market for rural land is undergoing some significant pressures from the
population is clearly evident in both the District and the nation. Consider the “ back-tothe-country” trend. Since 1970, for the first time in decades, the population of nonmetro­
politan counties has grown faster than that of the metropolitan areas. This phenomenon,
which has occurred in both the District and the nation, is unprecedented. Districtwide,
statistics show that between 1970 and 1975 population in the nonmetro counties rose
by 6.6 percent, as against 5.1 percent in the metro areas. Net inmigration in the non­
metropolitan counties totaled around 214,100, compared with some 127,600 in the metro­
politan areas. Generally, the fastest nonmetro growth has occurred in counties bordering
metro areas. But the nonmetro population gain has not been limited to the spillover from
the cities— to suburbanization, that is.
Rural population growth has by no means been evenly distributed. Some counties,
in fact, are still losing population. But where population has shifted from metro to
nonmetro areas, the shuffle has added to the demand for farmland, as has the population
dispersal from the central cities to the suburbs. Where this demand has been strong,
market values have soared. This situation is amply illustrated in the accompanying table
showing net gains in population and increases in farmland values in specified nonmetro
and metro counties (see Charts V and V I also).

“ They're not making anymore land”
— Author Unknown
Some population pressures have resulted from the increased job opportunities in
rural areas as well as the availability of jobs in the suburbs. Moreover, the desire for
the amenities of rural life, coupled with a widespread system of good roads, makes long­
distance commuting both desirable and practicable for many. The strong wave of move­
ment to the country and the resulting boom in farmland prices is well illustrated by
the nonmetro county of Spotsylvania, Virginia. There, with net inmigration at 22 per­
cent between 1970 and 1974, land values jumped sharply, rising 177 percent during the
five years ending in 1974. Many who migrated to Spotsylvania were former residents
of the nation’s capital and its environs and continue to commute to their jobs by bus
(see Table and Chart V I).
Much of the pressure for rural land has come increasingly from people who are
buying land for second homes or for retirement homes. Generally, many of these people
have chosen such places as the North Carolina highlands or sandhills.
Coastal areas,
reservoirs, lakes, and the foothills are other favorite locations. Moreover, some urban­
ites, in response to rising farmland prices, have bought rural acreage far ahead of actual
need to make sure they have their “ place in the country” when retirement time rolls
around.
Demand for rural land to be used in recreational pursuits has also been on the up­
swing. Such developments can and often do take good land out of agricultural use
forever. But with today’s leisure-oriented society, growing pressure for recreational

12 U S D A , E c o n o m ic s , S ta tis tic s , a n d C o o p e ra tiv e s S e rv ice , “ P o p u la tio n S h u ffle ,” T h e Farm
Index, V o l. X V I I , N o . 6 ( W a s h in g t o n , J u n e 1978), p p . 4-6; H e a ly a n d S h o rt, T h e Appraisal
Journal, p p . 195-197.




13

Chart V

FARM REAL ESTATE: AVERAGE VALUE PER ACRE
Fifth District by Counties, 1974

|

| Under $300

[

j $3 004499
§H

|

$500-$699
1 $700-$999
$1,000 and Over

®

Cities of the Stan dard Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Source:

U. S. Bureau of the Census.




Chart V I

FARM REAL ESTATE: CHANGE IN AVERAGE VALUE PER ACRE
Fifth District by Counties, 1 9 6 9 -1 9 7 4

Percentage
Increase

Percentage
Increase
M arylan d .................... 66
V irgin ia ...................... 95
W est V irgin ia ............. 121
North Carolina ........... 77
South Carolina ........... 79

I

I Under 50.0%

I

150.0%-74.9%

Fifth District ................. 84
United States ............... 73

|

175.0%-109.9%

|

|110.0%-149.9%

I

H 150.0% and Over

* D ata not published in 1969 for counties with less than 10 farm s to avoid possible disclosure of information for individual farms.
(•) Cities of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Source:

U. S. Bureau of the Census.







facilities is not surprising. Ski centers with their lodges and slopes and accompanying
real estate complexes, 18-hole golf courses, tennis on mountain and valley courts as
well as in the lowlands, lands owned or leased by hunting clubs, “ theme” parks, and
facilities oriented to campers are but some of the recreational developments now occupy­
ing a great deal of acreage that once was farmland. The resort complex in Watauga
County, North Carolina— a nonmetro county— provides an excellent example of how
this type demand has influenced land values (see Table and Chart V I ).
O T H E R N O N F A R M IN F L U E N C E S
The demand structure for farmland has
changed significantly over the years as many new uses and demands have been added
to the normal demands for land for farming purposes. When these demands for farm­
land result in strong competition between agricultural and nonagricultural uses, the
value of such land typically rises. The conversion of farmland to nonfarm uses, such as
commercial-industrial developments, shopping centers, highways, airports, and the like,
not only increases the value of that land but also has a carry-over effect on the value of
surrounding land.
The trend towards industrial parks has added significantly to the demand for farm­
land. Forward-looking industrial establishments want land not only as sites for new
plants but also for future expansion. Today’s modern, well-engineered plants require
sizable acreage. Since industry is often willing to pay more for land than farmers,
pressure from industry can be significant in some areas. With the economic develop­
ment that has occurred in the Fifth District over the past couple of decades, in rural as
well as in urban areas, it seems safe to say that industrial demand for land has played a
major role in the escalation of farmland prices.
Development of the interstate highway system has also had a major impact on farm­
land prices. One mile of interstate highway requires nearly 40 acres, while a single
interchange may take another 10 acres.13 The dual lanes of asphalt or concrete such as
1-95, cutting across the Fifth District and extending north and south up and down the
East Coast, became wands of magic that sent farmland prices skyrocketing.
On the
average, land values per acre along the North Carolina segment zoomed from a low of
$1,684 in 1955 to a high of $26,611 in 1963.11 And owners of farm property adjacent to
interchanges reaped even bigger windfalls. The strong demand for land exerted by the
interstate highway program aptly illustrates that location value is often more important
as a price-making factor in the land market than productive value.

Farm Asset Values and Earnings
Farm real estate, a farmer’s major production asset, has dominated the capital
structure of agriculture for many decades. The value of farmland, in fact, has comprised
from three-fourths to four-fifths of the total market value of all farm production assets
— those assets used in the production of farm products— since the early sixties. With
the generally strong farmland market of the past several decades, the value of farm real
estate in this five-state area totaled an unprecedented $26.9 billion by 1978, up from
$11.5 billion in 1970 and $2.3 billion in 1940 just prior to World War II.
Rising farmland prices, therefore, lead to increasing asset values. As the growth in
asset values has improved the asset ppsition of landowners’ balance sheets, it has re-

13 W i l l i a m H . S c o fie ld , “ V a lu e s a n d C o m p e t itio n fo r L a n d ,” Th e Y earbook o f Agriculture, 1963,
U S D A ( W a s h in g t o n : G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O ffic e , 1963), p. 64.
14 D ic k B r o w n , “ L a n d V a lu e s S o a r as In te r s ta te
le ig h , M a y 19, 1968), S u n d a y R e a d in g Sec., p. 1.

16

R o u te s

E x p a n d ,” New s and O bserver

(R a ­

NET G A IN S IN POPULATION AND INCREASES IN FARMLAND VALUES
S p e c ifie d Counties, Fifth District, 1 9 6 9 -1 9 7 4
Gains in
Net M igra tio n
1970-1974

Farm land V a lu e s
1969-1974

Percent

Percent

16.1

7 1.3

W orcester, M d .

6.1

142.7

A lb e m a rle , V a .

16.0

81.5

Louisa, V a .

16.6

125.0

O ra n g e , V a.

10.8

137.1

S p o tsy lv a n ia , V a.

22.0

177.2

Sta ffo rd , V a .

13.4

1 27.6

W a rre n , V a .

15.1

1 02.7

B a rb o u r, W . V a .

8.5

126.7

Berkeley, W . V a .

8.0

100.6

H a m p sh ire , W . V a .

8.9

118.6

Je fferson, W . V a .

8.8

111.2

Jackso n , N. C.

12.2

1 02.6

M a c o n , N. C.

10.5

108.1

8.4

15 3 .4

W a t a u g a , N. C.

17.7

83.0

Horry, S. C.

14.3

66.7

5.0

55.7

C arro ll, M d .

12.5

101.2

H a rfo rd , M d .

11.3

7 9 .8

Chesterfield, V a.

21.8

106.2

Cou n ty a n d State

N o n m e tro p o lita n C o u n tie s
C alvert, M d .

Polk, N. C.

O r a n g e b u r g , S. C.
M e tro p o lita n C o u n tie s

G loucester, V a .

16.7

177.3

M o n tg o m e ry , V a .

12.6

103.2

N e w Kent, V a .

23.9

102.3

P o w h a ta n , V a .

32.1

1 42.9

B ru n sw ick , N. C.

26.0

106.6

C urrituck, N. C.

33.8

106.8

O ra n g e , N. C.

12.1

85.5

Dorchester, S. C.

23.1

90.5

Lexington , S. C.

19.6

7 6.2

Pickens, S. C.

10.1

14 0 .7

Source:




U. S. Bureau of the Census.

17




suited in substantial gains in proprietors’ equities, enabling them to expand their bor­
rowings and to use the higher priced farmland as collateral. But with the rapidly rising
land prices of recent years, farmers who have recently invested large sums in farmland
and other capital items have been finding it increasingly difficult to meet their debt pay­
ments out of net farm income.
Over the years, many attempts have been made to explain rising farmland prices.
The traditional hypothesis states that farm income is the basic factor influencing farm­
land values.15 But as noted in the historical perspective above, this hypothesis fell into
disrepute in the midfifties when farmland prices continued to rise without an accompany­
ing increase in net farm income. By and large, this apparent paradox continued through
1977, puzzling land appraisers, prospective land buyers, and farm lenders alike. This
departure from the historic relationships between farmland prices and farm income has
stimulated many analysts to search for possible explanations. Many different factors or
explanations have been forthcoming, some undoubtedly having more validity in certain
geographic areas than in others.
In a recent discussion of this subject, Emanuel Melichar of the Board of Governors
of the Federal Reserve System challenged many past analyses.16 Net farm income, he
noted, is a return not only to farm assets but also to operators’ labor and management.
The amount and probable value of farm operators’ labor have fallen sharply in recent
decades, and thus an increasing proportion of total net farm income must be regarded
as a return to production assets. Melichar then pointed out that U. S. Department of
Agriculture estimates show that such annual residual returns to production assets rose
faster than the value of those assets over the period 1954-1971.17 The rate of return to
assets thus increased even though land prices were rising— an observation quite con­
trary to the commonly held view (see Chart V II ).
While the rising trend in returns to production assets has gone unnoticed by most
observers, many have noted that the major purchasers of farmland have been the large
farmers who, for the most part, have above-average rates of return.
These farmers,
mostly those with sales of $100,000 and over, have been prominent in buying farmland
for farm expansion, and it is believed that their purchases have had a marked influence
in determining the price of farmland. Indeed, it appears that these farmers have been
setting the tone of the rural land market. Therefore, as Melichar has pointed out, it
seems logical that “ . . . farm real estate might be priced at the return achieved by these
[large] farms capitalized at their cost of borrowing funds.” 18

Financing Requirements Rise
Someone has said, and rightly so, that
. . the lending of money is the keystone
of most land purchases.” 19 While rising farmland prices lead to increasing asset values,
as indicated above, they also create greater financing requirements.

15 J o h n B ra k e , “ A P e rs p e c tiv e o n F u tu r e C a p ita l a n d C r e d it N e e d s o f A g r ic u lt u r e ” (R e m a r k s
p r e p a re d fo r the m e e tin g o f the N a t io n a l A g r ic u lt u r a l C r e d it C o m m itte e , C h ic a g o , Illin o is
S e p te m b e r 24, 1973), p. 2.
16 See E m a n u e l M e lic h a r, “ T h e R e la tio n s h ip B e tw e e n F a r m In c o m e a n d A s s e t V a lu e s , 19501977” ( P a p e r p re se n te d a t the S e m in a r o n F o o d a n d A g r ic u lt u r a l P o lic y , S p r in g H i l l C e n te r
W a y z a t a , M in n e s o ta , M a r c h 27, 1978), p p . 1-13.
17 M e lic h a r , “ T h e R e la tio n s h ip B e tw e e n F a r m In c o m e a n d A s s e t V a lu e s ,

1950-1977,” p. 8.

18 M e lic h a r , “ T h e R e la tio n s h ip B e tw e e n F a r m In c o m e a n d A s s e t V a lu e s , 1950-1977,” p. 12.
19 U S D A , The Farm Index, M a r c h 1977, p. 13.

18

The amount of money borrowed in relation to the purchase price of farmland, for
example, trended upward steadily from a low of 54 percent in 1951 to a high of 78
percent in 1973.-° Moreover, the debt-to-purchase-price ratio has averaged around 76
percent in the years since. Some of the increase in the amount of debt relative to the
purchase price of farmland has been due, however, to the increasing proportion of farm
transfers comprised of purchases by farmers to enlarge their farms.21 Under such con­
ditions, the prospective buyer can use his existing farm as security when borrowing to
20 D a t a u se d in th is p a r a g r a p h a p p ly o n ly to cre d it- fin a n ce d fa r m la n d transfe rs.
21 P a u l L . H o l m a n d W i l l i a m H . S c o fie ld , “ T h e M a r k e t fo r F a r m R e a l E s t a t e ,” T h e Y e a r ­
book of A griculture, 1958, U S D A ( W a s h in g t o n : G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O ffic e , 1958), p. 205.

C h art V II

RATES OF RETURN TO FARM PRODUCTION ASSETS
United States, 1 9 5 0 -1 9 7 7

1955

1950

Sources:

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

U. S. Department of Agriculture and Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.




19




buy the additional land, oftentimes reducing the amount of cash required for a down­
payment.
Moreover, the proportion of farm real estate transfers for which credit was used has
been climbing steadily. While credit financing was involved in 54 percent of all farm­
land transfers in 1951, the proportion was up sharply by 1978 when credit-financed
transfers comprised 89 percent of the total (see Chart V II I).
D E M A N D F O R B O R R O W E D FU N D S STR O N G W ith roughly nine out of
ten farmland transfers now financed with borrowed funds, it should come as no surprise
that farm real estate indebtedness of the District’s farmers at the beginning of 1978 hit
$3,083 million, a record January 1 high and more than 11 times the $277 million out­
standing on the same date in 1940. Over this 38-year period, the volume of farmmortgage credit outstanding grew at an average annual rate of 6.5 percent— almost as fast
as the 6.7 percent yearly increase in the total value of farm real estate. Greatest expan­
sion in the use of farm real estate credit has occurred since 1972, with District farmers
boosting their outstanding debt at an annual rate of 13.0 percent— faster even than the
yearly rates of gain in farmland value per acre and in the total value of all farmland.
Moreover, the rate was somewhat higher than the 11.9 percent rate of increase in farmmortgage indebtedness nationally.

“ Real estate investments have yielded long-term returns equal to,
or better than, other long-term investment alternatives.'”

■—Robert D. Reinsel
Because of the burgeoning demand for farm-mortgage credit, the sources of credit
have become increasingly important in paving the way for transfers of farmland. The
availability of credit is, unquestionably, the one ingredient that affects nearly all pur­
chases of farmland, regardless of location.22 And closely tied to credit availability, of
course, is the average interest rate charged on farm real estate loans, or the cost of bor­
rowing. Generally, when credit availability for farm-mortgage loans tightens, the move
is reflected in higher interest rates. But higher interest rates do not always signify
tighter credit conditions. Last year, for example, farmers in general did not find it
difficult to arrange loans, but interest rates— like most everything else— moved higher.
T H E P R IN C IP A L L E N D E R S W h o is providing the large sums of money re­
quired to finance purchases of today’s high-priced farmland? By far the major share of
funds for financing new farm capital has traditionally been provided by farmers them­
selves.23 But in recent years as their capital needs have expanded sharply, farmers
generally have relied increasingly on borrowed funds. The modern-day Fifth District
farmer finds that today’s major institutional lenders are, according to volume, the Fed­
eral land banks, commercial banks, Farmers Home Administration, and life insurance
companies. The relative importance of seller financing, mostly by individuals, has de­
clined over the years. But by still providing slightly more than one-fifth of the credit
volume outstanding, sellers continue as the second largest source of loan funds for buying
farmland.

22 U S D A , T he Farm Index, M a r c h 1977, p. 12.
23 A lv in S. T o s tle b e , Capital in Agriculture: Its Form ation and Financing since 1870, A S tu d y
b y th e N a t io n a l B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a rc h (P r in c e to n , N . J .: P r in c e to n U n iv e r s ity P ress,
1957), p. 19.

20

Competition between lending agencies intensified in the postwar years, and major
shifts occurred in the shares of outstanding farm-mortgage loans held by the principal
lender groups. Districtwide, the greatest competition was between the Federal land
banks and commercial banks. The Federal land banks have steadily increased their share
of total farm-mortgage credit since the midfifties, becoming the major institutional
lender in 1960 and increasing their hold on this position almost every year since. Half
the farm real estate loan volume outstanding for the past couple of years, in fact, has
been provided by the Federal land banks.
Meanwhile, commercial banks’ share of farm real estate credit held at around onefifth of the total from 1960 through the early seventies. Financing by banks has been
declining since and now stands at 14 percent— far below their relative position among
the institutional lenders during the late forties and fifties when banks played the leading
role in financing farmers’ long-term credit needs. District banks, however, continue to
play a relatively more important role in the farm-mortgage field than banks nationwide.
Life insurance companies and the Farmers Home Administration have not been as
active in extending credit to District farmers as have commercial banks and the Federal
land banks. Life insurance companies’ relative position in farm real estate lending has
followed a downward trend since 1960, with their share dropping to 5 percent by 1978.

Ch art V III

FARMLAND TRANSFERS AND THE GROW ING
PROPORTION FINANCED BY CREDIT
Thousands

Percent

United States, 1 9 5 0 -1 9 7 8

---- 100

360 ---------

90

320

280

//* * *

\

—

_______

240

V

—

,/

'

/

\

t --------------------------------------------------

80

Credit-Financed Transfers
a s % o f A ll Transfers
70

J
------------

-----

200

60

a /

----50

160

AJl Farm land Transfers

-----

^

----40

120

---

-----

30

80
-----

-----

20

40

1950

Source:

1955

I9 6 0

1965

1970

1975

1980

U. S. Department of Agriculture.




21




While the proportion of long-term financing supplied by the FmHA has followed an
up-and-down pattern for the past several decades, it has also trended downward since
the early seventies and now accounts for around 8 percent of the total outstanding.

In Summary
Farmland is, indeed, an increasingly valuable asset.
With the generally strong
farmland market of the past several decades, the value of farm real estate in this fivestate area totaled an unprecedented $26.9 billion in 1978, up from $11.5 billion in 1970
and $2.3 billion in 1940 just prior to World War II.
While rising farmland prices have led to increasing asset values, they have also
created greater financing requirements. Roughly nine out of ten farmland transfers are
now financed with borrowed funds. Moreover, borrowed funds make up around threefourths of the purchase price of each transfer. Outstanding farm-mortgage debt in the
District has thus grown significantly, hitting a record $3.1 billion at the beginning of
1978. Half this loan volume was held by the Federal land banks.
Land is presently selling at premium prices. Much of the current boom in farm­
land values began back in 1972 with the huge sale of grain to Russia. Market values
have more than doubled in the six years since.
Both supply and demand factors play strong roles in determining the price of farm­
land. The supply of farms for sale is limited, which sets the stage for stiff competition
and higher bidding when demand increases. Many factors influence buyers of farmland
on the demand side, however. Generally, they fall into two categories— either demand
by farmers or by nonfarmers.
Farmers who want to enlarge their farming operations are still the leading buyers.
Their demand is one of the strongest factors forcing prices upward. Growth in parttime farming has also become an important factor in the land market, as has the nonfarm
income of full-time farmers and their families.
Land purchased for nonfarm uses has become an increasingly important influence
competing in farm real estate markets. Among the factors that have lured nonfarmers
into the land-buying rush since 1972, these stand ou t: population pressures, including the
“ back-to-the-country” trend, purchases for second homes or retirement homes, and de­
velopment of recreational facilities; conversion of farmland to nonfarm uses, such as
commercial-industrial developments, shopping centers, highways, and the like; the dis­
appointing performance of the stock market; and investment in farmland as a hedge
against inflation.
The would-be buyer, seriously considering getting into the land market, would do
well to remember:
•

The market value of farmland depends on its potential use. Generally, the more
intensive the use, the higher the price.

•

The smaller the farm tract purchased, the higher the price per acre.

•

Market values of different sizes and types of farms vary widely.

•

Location value is oftentimes more important as a price-making factor than pro­
ductive value.

•

Few alternative investment opportunities since 1960 have been as profitable and
as safe a hedge against inflation as has farmland.
Sada L. Clarke

22

References
Bickers, Jack. “ Why the Southern Land Boom May Be Just Beginning.”
F a rm er. Vol. 93, No. 7. July 1978. pp. 15-17.

P rog ressiv e

Blazar, Sheldon. “ Farmland Investment Determinants.”
Farm and Land R ealtor.
X X I X , No. 9. National Association of Realtors. Chicago, October 1977. p. 6.

Vol.

Brake, John. “ A Perspective on Future Capital and Credit Needs of Agriculture.” Remarks
prepared for the meeting of the National Agricultural Credit Committee, Chicago,
Illinois, September 24, 1973.
Duncan, Marvin. “ Farm Real Estate: Who Buys and How.”
Reserve Bank of Kansas City. June 1977. pp. 3-9.

M onthly R eview .

------------------ . “ Farm Real Estate Values— Some Important Determinants.”
Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. March 1977. pp. 3-12.

Federal

M onth ly R eview .

Healy, Robert G., and Short, James L. “ New Forces in the Market for Rural Land.”
A ppra isal Journal. Vol. X L V I, No. 2. April 1978. pp. 185-199.

The

Hjort, Howard W . Statement before the House Agriculture Committee, Subcommittee on
Family Farms, Rural Development and Special Studies, Washington, June 20, 1978.
Holm, Paul L., and Scofield, William H. “ The Market for Farm Real Estate.” The Y ea r­
book o f A g ricu ltu re, 1958. U SD A. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1958.
Melichar, Emanuel. “ The Relationship Between Farm Income and Asset Values, 1950-1977.”
Paper presented at the Seminar on Food and Agricultural Policy, Spring Hill Center,
Wayzata, Minnesota, March 27, 1978.
N ew s and O bserver, October 9, 1960; May 19, 1968; September 6, 1978.
Pasour, E. C., Jr. “ Farm Real Estate Prices in the United States and North Carolina.” Tar
H eel E conom ist. North Carolina State University. Raleigh, November 1976. p. 2.
Reinsel, Robert D. “ Land Rents, Values, and Earnings.” Paper presented at the meeting
of the American Agricultural Economics Association, Edmonton, Canada, August 1973.
Richm ond T im es-D ispatch, September 27, November 7, 15, 1978.
Scofield, William H. “ Values and Competition for Land.” The Y earbook o f A gricu ltu re,
1963. U SD A. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1963.
Tostlebe, Alvin S. Capital in A g r ic u ltu r e : Its F orm ation and F inancing since 1870.
A
Study by the National Bureau of Economic Research. Princeton, N. J .: Princeton Uni­
versity Press, 1957.
U SD A. Economics, Statistics, and Cooperatives Service. Fa7'm R eal E sta te M a rk et D ev elop ­
m ents. CD-83. Washington, July 1978. pp. 3-50.
-------------- — Economic Research Service. “ High Stakes in the Country.”
Vol. X V I, No. 3. Washington, March 1977. pp. 11-13.

The F a rm Index.

------------------. Economics, Statistics, and Cooperatives Service. “ Population Shuffle.”
F a rm Index. Vol. X V II, No. 6. Washington, June 1978. pp. 4-6.
------------------ .

“ Real Estate.”




The

F a rm ers’ N ew sletter. G-3. Washington, August 1978. pp. 1-4.

23

Highlights
Earnings and Capital Accounts Net earnings
before payments to the United States Treasury
increased by $111,460,344.32 to $592,876,370.74
in 1978. Six percent statutory dividends totaling
$3,343,866.57 were paid to Fifth District member
banks, and the sum of $587,995,404.17 was turned
over to the United States Treasury.
Capital stock increased by $1,537,100.00 to
$56,630,850.00 as member banks increased their
stockholdings in this Bank, as required by law,
to reflect the rise in their own capital and surplus
accounts. The Bank’s surplus account increased
$1,537,100.00 to $56,630,850.00.
Discount Rate The discount rate, which had
been 6 percent since October 26, 1977, was raised
on seven separate occasions. These increases were
adopted by the Richmond Reserve Bank, with the
approval of the Board of Governors, in order to
bring the discount rate into closer alignment with
short-term rates generally and also as a part of
the nation’s efforts to strengthen the dollar and
combat a continuing serious inflationary problem.
The 1978 discount rate increases are tabulated
below :
E ffectiv e D ate

Rate

January 13
May 11
July 3
August 21
September 22
October 16
November 2

6 / 2%
7 %
7^4%
8 %
8 /%
9 /2 %

The volume of activity in the Discount and
Credit Department during 1978 rose substantially
over that of the previous year, with increases in
both daily outstandings and the number of bor­
rowing banks.
N ew Building A t one a.m. on July 30, 1978,
the first armored van rolled out of the old Bank
building at 9th and Franklin and began the longawaited move to our new home on the James.
The move of over %7y2 billion worth of money
and securities was completed by daybreak. In
another week the entire staff of almost 1000 people
had been relocated with no significant interruption
of business.
24




The move into the new building represented the
culmination of nine years of planning, designing,
and construction. During more than three years
of construction involving over a million and a half
manhours, no lives were lost and only five acci­
dents resulted in loss of work time.
Chairman Miller dedicated the new building on
November 14 in a ceremony attended by member
bankers from throughout the Fifth District. This
ceremony was followed in late November by a
three-day open house for the business and banking
community.
At Baltimore, the eight-acre site for the new
Branch Office building was cleared and tentative
approval was received to complete the conceptual
design of the project.
Occupancy in 1982 is
anticipated.
Check Collection Operations The Fifth Dis­
trict Automated Clearing House Exchange Pro­
gram was initiated in 1977 and became fully
operational when the South Carolina Automated
Clearing House Association (S O C A C H A ), oper­
ated by the Columbia RCPC, began to participate
in May 1978. The Exchange Program became
part of a nationwide network for making payments
electronically during the latter part of 1978. This
network utilizes Federal Reserve communications
facilities to link 32 independent automated clearing
house (A C H ) associations serving over 9400
banks and 1500 thrift institutions into a nation­
wide exchange. The new system is expected to
enhance and improve financial services to individ­
uals and to financial institutions, as well as to
encourage the use of electronic funds transfer
systems as a more efficient and less costly alter­
native to making payments by check.
Linkage of automated clearing house associ­
ations in all parts of the nation makes possible the
electronic transfer of payments to and from virtu­
ally any place in the United States. Payments
that can be made by check can also be made elec­
tronically.
Treasury Check Truncation, a new operational
concept that provides microfilm and magnetic tape
to the U. S. Treasury for subsequent processing,
became a reality during 1978. Formerly, Treasury
checks were processed at each Federal Reserve
office and then shipped to the Treasury Depart­
ment in Washington where many of the same pro­
cessing steps were repeated. The new process
eliminates duplicate handling of Treasury checks

and is expected to save the Treasury substantial
expense. The Richmond Office participated in de­
veloping the concept by serving as one of two pilot
installations. Full implementation was completed
in October of 1978, with all Fifth District Trea­
sury check processing operations consolidated at
Richmond.
Fiscal A gency Operations Several projects
were undertaken during the year to improve the
Bank’s Fiscal Agency operations or to provide
new services. In March, the Bank’s Noncash
Collection operation was transferred to the Fiscal
Agency Department from Check Collection. In
November, the Reserve Banks implemented the
Treasury’s new Tax and Loan Investment Pro­
gram. This program, based on legislation passed
in late 1977, enables the Treasury to earn interest
on its balances held by commercial banks and
other depositories and provides for the direct pay­
ment of fees for services performed. In September,
the Fiscal Agency Department began submitting
daily Public Debt reports to the Treasury on
magnetic tape. A proposal to automate the Bank’s
savings bond operation was approved by the Board
of Governors in December, and preliminary work
proceeded on the implementation of an on-line
securities transfer system for the Fifth District.
New Automated Systems A new communica­
tions system to serve the Fifth District and inter­
connect to other Districts was put into operation
in July 1978. This is a replacement for the system
used to transmit transfer of funds, securities, and
administrative traffic. A second system, to be
used for the high-speed transmission of large com­
puter files, such as social security and inter­
regional ACH payments, became operational in
October.
In a related Federal Reserve Communications
System project, the Culpeper and Richmond
Offices are testing cryptographic devices that safe­
guard data during transmission over communica­
tions circuits.
Intradistrict data communications facilities were
extended to the Columbia and Charleston Offices
in 1978. All remote District Offices using Bur­
roughs computers are now directly connected to
the IBM computer at the Richmond Office.
High speed equipment for the handling of cur­
rency was installed at the Baltimore Office in
March. This equipment replaces the present man­
ual counting, sorting, and verification operations




with a capacity of performing the same functions
at a rate of up to 72,000 notes per hour. In addi­
tion, these systems will provide on-line destruction,
thus eliminating completely the present currency
verification and destruction methods. The Rich­
mond and Charlotte Offices are scheduled for
installation of these systems during the latter part
of 1979.
The computerized bank structure system was
fully implemented this year. The system provides
the capability of automatically tracing the history
of a financial institution. Structural history infor­
mation is used for banking market, merger, and
holding company analysis.
A new software package used for performing
on-line programming tasks via remote terminals
was installed at the Richmond Office. By pro­
viding direct access to the computer, the system
enables programmers to accomplish routine edit­
ing, job submission, and retrieval tasks more
quickly and efficiently.
Federal Reserve Membership The following
newly chartered banks in the Fifth District
opened for business during 1978 as members
of the Federal Reserve System :
National Banks
T h e W o m e n ’s N a t io n a l B a n k
W a s h in g t o n , D . C.

M a y 15

State Banks
F ir s t Se ttlers B a n k
H a y e s , V ir g in ia
S a le m B a n k & T r u s t
S a le m , V ir g in ia
C o n tin e n ta l B a n k a n d T r u s t C o m p a n y
S p rin g fie ld , V ir g in ia
B a n k o f A m e lia
A m e lia , V ir g in ia

F e b r u a r y 16
J u n e 12
A u g u s t 28
O c to b e r 17

The following State-chartered banks converted to
membership in the Federal Reserve System during
1978:
F id e lity A m e r ic a n B a n k , V ir g in ia B e a c h ,
V ir g in ia B e ac h , V ir g in ia , to
F id e lity A m e r ic a n B a n k
N o r fo lk , V ir g in ia

O c to b e r 2

B a n k o f B la n d C o u n ty ,
B la n d , V ir g in ia , to
F ir s t V ir g in ia B a n k - B la n d
B la n d , V ir g in ia

N ovem ber 1

B a n k o f S u rry C o u n ty , In c .
S u rry , V ir g in ia , to
F ir s t V ir g in ia B a n k - S u r r y
S u rry , V ir g in ia

N ovem ber 1

S ta te B a n k o f K e y s v ille
K e y s v ille , V ir g in ia

D ecem ber 1

F ir s t C ity B a n k o f N e w p o r t N e w s
N e w p o r t N e w s , V ir g i n ia

D e c e m b e r 29

25

The following National banks converted to State
membership in the Federal Reserve System during
1978:
T h e F ir s t N a t io n a l B a n k
N a r r o w s , V ir g in ia , to
F ir s t V ir g in ia B a n k - W e s t
N a r r o w s , V ir g in ia

O c to b e r 2

T h e P e o p le s N a t io n a l B a n k of R o c k y M o u n t
R o c k y M o u n t , V ir g in ia , to
F ir s t V ir g in ia B a n k - F r a n k lin C o u n ty
R o c k y M o u n t , V ir g in ia
O c to b e r 2
F ir s t V ir g i n ia B a n k , N .A .
S tr a s b u r g , V ir g in ia , to
F ir s t V ir g in ia B a n k - S h e n a n d o a h V a lle y
S tr a s b u r g , V ir g in ia
O c to b e r 2
F ir s t N a t io n a l B a n k in O n a n c o c k
O n a n c o c k , V ir g in ia , to
F ir s t V ir g in ia B a n k - E a s te r n Sho re
O n a n c o c k , V ir g in ia

N ovem ber 1

F ir s t V ir g i n ia B a n k - F ir s t N a tio n a l
P u r c e llv ille , V ir g in ia , to
F ir s t V ir g in ia B a n k - L o u d o u n
P u r c e llv ille , V ir g i n ia

D ecem ber 1

Changes in Directors The election, by Fifth
District member banks, of one Class A and one
Class B director to three-year terms on the Rich­
mond Board of Directors was held in the fall.
Vincent C. Burke, Jr., Chairman of the Board and
Chief Executive Officer, The Riggs National Bank
of Washington, D. C., was elected a Class A
director by banks in Group 1, succeeding J. Owen
Cole, Chairman of the Board, First National Bank
of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, whose term
expired at the end of 1978. Elected as a Class B
director by banks in Group 1 was Paul G. Miller,
Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer,
Commercial Credit Company, Baltimore, Mary­
land. Mr. Miller succeeded Paul E. Reichardt,
Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Offi­
cer, Washington Gas Light Company, Washing­
ton, D. C., whose term expired December 31, 1978.
The Board of Governors redesignated E. Angus
Powell, Partner, Midlothian Company, Midloth­
ian, Virginia, as Chairman of the Board for 1979.
Maceo A. Sloan, Executive Vice President, North
Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company, Dur­
ham, North Carolina, was reappointed to a threeyear term as a Class C director and renamed
Deputy Chairman of the Board for 1979.
Joseph H. McLain, President, Washington
College, Chestertown, Maryland, was appointed
by the Board of Governors to a three-year term on

26




the Baltimore Board.
Mr. McLain succeeded
David W . Barton, Jr., President, The BartonGillet Company, Baltimore, Maryland, whose term
expired December 31, 1978. The Board of Gov­
ernors also appointed Henry Ponder, President,
Benedict College, Columbia, South Carolina, to a
three-year term on the Charlotte Board, effective
January 1, 1979. Mr. Ponder succeeded Robert C.
Edwards, President, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina.
The Richmond Board appointed Hugh M.
Chapman, Chairman of the Board of Citizens and
Southern National Bank of South Carolina, Co­
lumbia, South Carolina, to a three-year term on
the Charlotte Board to succeed William W .
Bruner, Chairman and President, First National
Bank of South Carolina, Columbia, South Caro­
lina.
Federal Advisory Council The Board of D i­
rectors appointed J. Owen Cole, Chairman of the
Board, First National Bank of Maryland, Balti­
more, Maryland, to a one-year term beginning
January 1, 1979, as the Fifth Federal Reserve
District representative to the Federal Advisory
Council. The twelve-member Council, consisting
of one member from each of the Federal Reserve
Districts, meets in Washington at least four times
a year with the System’s Board of Governors to
discuss business conditions and other topics of
current interest to the System. Mr. Cole succeeds
John H. Lumpkin, Chairman, President, and
Chief Executive Officer, The South Carolina Na­
tional Bank, Columbia, South Carolina.
Changes in Official Staff John G. Deitrick,
Vice President, elected to take an early retirement
in February after almost 44 years of service. In
March, John E. Friend, Assistant Vice President,
retired after 28 years of service to the Bank.
John A. Vaughan, Assistant Vice President at
the Richmond Office resigned as of June 30, 1978.
Staff changes announced in December to be
effective January 1, 1979 included the retirement
of Wilbur C. Wilson, Assistant Vice President,
after 47 years of service, and the promotion of
Harold T. Lipscomb to Assistant Vice President
in the Fiscal Agency and Securities Departments.

Summary of Operations
C heck C learing and C ollection

1978

1977r

Commercial bank checks1 _____________________________________ __ —

627,945,000,000

555,401,000,000

Government checks2 ________________________________________________

65,497,000,000

64,073,000,000

Return ite m s________________________________________________________

4,780,000,000

4,103,000,000

1,215,524,000

Dollar amount

Number of items
Commercial bank checks1 ___________________________________________

1,300,530,000

Government checks2 ________________________________________________

96,400,000

93,700,000

Return item s________________________________________________________

16,629,000

15,273,000

9,163,200,000

8,244,746,000

C urrency and Coin
Currency disbursed— Dollar amount _________________________________
Coin disbursed— Dollar amount ______________________________________

274,113,000

248,282,000

Dollar amount of currency destroyed ________________________________

1,728,251,000

1,827,159,000

Daily average of currency destroyed
Dollar amount ______________________________________________________

6,858,000

7,251,000

Number _____________________________________________________________

1,086,405

1,181,958

D isco u n t and Credit
Dollar amount
Total loans made during y e a r ______________________________________

21,110,996,000

9,641,692,000

Daily average loans outstanding __________________________________

102,704,000

49,124,000

Number of banks borrowing during the year _______________________

131

85

Dollar amount ______________________________________________________

262,984,431,000

228,361,626,000

Number _____________________________________________________________

196,622

176,240

Dollar amount ______________________________________________________

69,577,000

74,036,000

Number _____________________________________________________________

201,974

242,435

Dollar amount ______________________________________________________

585,922,000

682,452,000

Number _____________________________________________________________

11,706,584

11,626,861

Dollar amount ______________________________________________________

870,989,000

673,910,000

Number _____________________________________________________________

12,850,881

12,970,436

F iscal A g e n c y A ctivities
Marketable securities delivered or redeemed

Coupons redeemed

Savings bond and savings note issues

Savings bond and savings note redemptions

T ra n sfers of Fu n ds
Dollar amount ________________________________________________________
Number ________________________________________________________________

1,763,218,000,000

1,608,664,000,000

1,636,631

1,410,040

r Revised.

1 E xcluding checks on this Bank.
2 Including postal m oney orders.




27

Comparative Financial Statements
Condition
Assets:

Dec. 31, 1978

Gold certificate account ____________________

$

973,696,100.00

Dec. 31, 1977
$

981,629,900.00

Special Drawing Rights certificate account

116,000,000.00

113.000.000.00

Coin _________________________________________

23,225,897.74

27,681,295.92

48,471,200.00

13,001,000.00

646,503,670.75

654.340.000.00

3,452,035,398.11

3,397,797,000.00

Notes __________________________________

4,491,632,934.02

4.129.321.000.00

Bonds __________________________________

1,020,641,115.96

723,388,000.00

TO T AL U . S. G O V E R N M E N T SECURITIES __

8,964,309,448.09

8.250.506.000.00

TO T AL L O A N S A N D SECURITIES ___________

9,659,284,318.84

8.917.847.000.00

2,431,868,863.49

1,866,075,845.67

79,932,514.94

71,968,780.29

L O A N S A N D SE C U R IT IE S :

Loans to member banks _________________
Federal agency obligations ______________
U. S. Government securities:
Bills ____________________________________
Certificates ____________________________

Cash items in process of collection
Bank premises ______________________________
Furniture and operating equipment _______

6,214,881.47

891,718.61

Other assets ________________________________

263,374,961.73

156,440,107.38

Interdistrict settlement account ___________

-262,141,449.44

246,589,981.12

$13,291,456,088.77

$12,382,124,628.99

$ 9,248,851,866.00

$ 8,328,960,410.00

T O T A L A SS E T S ___________________

Liabilities:
Federal Reserve notes ________________________________________________
D E P O S IT S :

Member bank reserves _____________________________________________

1,781,185,839.09

1,533,774,161.09

U. S. Treasurer— general account _________________________________

247,634,722.29

598,066,636.65

Foreign _____________________________________________________________

10,945,800.00

15,163,500.00

Other _______________________________________________________________

53,117,295.81

56,689,499.31

_________________________________________________

2,092,883,657.19

2,203,693,797.05

Deferred availability cash items _____________________________________

1,679,837,331.10

1,625,091,801.68

Other liabilities _______________________________________________________

156,621,534.48

114,191,120.26

TO TAL LIA BILITIE S _______________________________________

13,178,194,388.77

12,271,937,128.99

56,630,850.00

55,093,750.00

TO TAL DEPOSITS

Capital Accounts:
Capital paid i n ________________________________________________________
Surplus

_______________________________________________________________

TO TAL LIA B ILITIE S AN D CAPITAL ACCOUNTS _____

28




56,630,850.00
$13,291,456,088.77

___________ 55,093,750.00
$12,382,124,628.99

Earnings and Expenses
E A R N IN G S :

1978

Loans to member b a n k s__________________________________________________
Interest on U. S. Government securities ________________________________

1977
$

7,617,868.41

Foreign currencies _______________________________________________________
Other earnings____________________________________________________________

$

679,295,906.61
104,981.86
51,256.24

2,841,197.03
541,531,105.55
154,532.17

______________53,828.39

____________________________________________

687,070,013.12

544,580,663.14

Operating expenses (including depreciation on bank premises) after
deducting reimbursements received for certain Fiscal Agency and
other expenses _________________________________________________________

49,803,238.50

45,617,502.50

Cost of Federal Reserve currency_______________________________________

6,130,501.70

5,166,650.66

_______________________________________________________

55,933,740.20

50,784,153.16

CURRENT N E T E AR N IN G S _____________________________________

631,136,272.92

493,796,509.98

_______________________________________

2,700,178.61

2,262,831.82

Loss on sales of U. S. Government securities (net) ________________

10,667,111.81

3,966,089.57

Losses on Foreign Exchange transactions____________________________

27,306,830.10

8,051,138.70

All other ______________________________________________________________

143,038.88

28,887.11

___________________________________________________

38,116,980.79

12,046,115.38

N E T A D D ITIO N S OR D E D U C T IO N S ____________________________

-35,416,802.18

-9,783,283.56

Assessment for expenses of Board of Governors _______________________

2,843,100.00

2,597,200.00

$592,876,370.74

$481,416,026.42

$

$

TOTAL CURRENT e a r n i n g s

EXPENSES:

N ET

AD D ITION S

expenses

TO

CURRENT

E A R N IN G S

DEDUCTIONS FROM CURREN T N E T E A R N IN G S :

TOTAL D EDUCTIONS

N E T E A R N IN G S BEFORE P A Y M E N T S TO U. S. TR E A SU R Y
Dividends paid ___________________________________________________________

3,343,866.57

3,279,713.59

Payments to U. S. Treasury (interest on Federal Reserve notes) ____

587,995,404.17

476,974,462.83

Transferred to surplus __________________________________________________

1,537,100.00

1,161,850.00

TO T A L ______________________________________________________________

$592,876,370.74

$481,416,026.42

Surplus A ccount
$ 55,093,750.00

$ 53,931,900.00

Addition account of profits for year ____________________________________

Balance at close of previous y e a r _______________________________________

1,537,100.00

1,161,850.00

B ALAN CE A T CLOSE OF CURRENT Y E A R ___________________

$ 56,630,850.00

$ 55,093,750.00

Capital Stock A ccou n t
(Representing amount paid in, which is 50% of amount subscribed)
Balance at close of previous year _______________________________________

$ 55,093,750.00

Issued during the year __________________________________________________

1,906,000.00

1,927,100.00

56,999,750.00

55,859,000.00

Cancelled during the y e a r ________________________________________________

______ 368,900.00

B A L A N C E A T CLOSE OF CU RRENT Y E A R ___________________

$ 56,630,850.00




$ 53,931,900.00

______765,250.00
$ 55,093,750.00

29

Directors

(D ecem ber 31, 1978)

Richmond
E. A n gu s Pow ell _______________ Chairman o f the B oard
M aceo A . Sloan ________________ D epu ty Chairman o f the B oard

Class A
J. Owen Cole ----------------------------- Chairman o f the Board, F irst N ational Bank o f M aryland
Baltim ore, M aryland
(T erm expired D ecem ber 31, 1978)
Succeeded b y :

V incent C. Burke, Jr.
Chairman o f the Board and C h ief E x ecu tiv e O ffice r
The R iggs N ational Bank o f W ashington, D. C.
W ashington, D. C.
(T erm exp ires D ecem ber 31, 1981)

F rederic H. Phillips ___________ President, N ew Bank o f Roanoke
Roanoke, V irginia
(T erm expires D ecem b er 31, 1980)
F ran k B. Robards, Jr. _________ President, Rock H ill N ational Bank
R ock Hill, South Carolina
(T erm expires D ecem b er 31, 1979)

Class B
A n drew L. Clark _______________ President, A nd y Clark Ford, Inc.
P rinceton, W est V irgin ia
(T erm expires D ecem b er 31, 1979)
Thom as A . Jordan ______________ S ecreta ry-T rea su rer, S tua rt F u rn itu re Industries, Inc.
A sh eboro, N orth Carolina
(T erm expires D ecem b er 31, 1980)
Paul E. R eich ardt ______________ Chairman o f the Board and C h ief E x ecu tiv e O ffic e r
W ashington Gas L ig h t Com pany
W ashing ton, D. C.
(T erm expired D ecem ber 31, 1978)
Succeeded b y :

Paul G. M iller
Chairman, Presiden t, and C h ief E x ecu tiv e O ffic e r
C om m ercial C redit Com pany
B altim ore, M aryland
(T er m exp ires D ecem ber 31, 1981)

Class C
Steven M uller ___________________ President, The Johns H opkins U niversity
Baltim ore, M aryland
(T erm expires D ecem ber 31, 1980)
E. A n gus Pow ell _______________ P artner, M idlothian Com pany
Midlothian, V irginia
(T erm expires D ecem ber 31, 1979)
M aceo A . Sloan ------------------------- E xecu tiv e V ice P resid en t, N orth Carolina M utual L ife Insu rance Co.
Durham, N orth Carolina
(T erm expires D ecem b er 31, 1981)

Member of Federal A dvisory Council
John H. Lum pkin ----------------------Chairman, Presiden t, and C h ief E x ecu tiv e O ffic e r
The South Carolina N ational Bank
Columbia, South Carolina
(T erm expired D ecem b er 31, 1978)
Succeeded b y :

30




J. Owen Cole
Chairm an o f the Board
F ir st N ational Bank o f M aryland
B altim ore, M aryland
(T er m exp ires D ecem ber 31, 1979)

B altim o re
D avid W . Barton, Jr. __________ President, The Barton-Gillet Company
Baltimore, Maryland
(T erm expired Decem ber 31, 1978)
Succeeded b y : Joseph H. M cLain
President
Washington College
Chestertown, Maryland
(Ter?n expires Decem ber 31, 1981)

P earl C. B r a c k e t t _______________ A ssista n t/D e p u ty Manager, Baltimore Regional Chapter of A m erican Red Cross
Baltimore, Maryland
(T erm expires Decem ber 31, 1980)

Catherine B. Doehler __________ Real E state Consultant
Baltimore, M aryland
(T erm expires Decem ber 31, 1980)

Joseph M. Gough, J r . ____________President, The F irst National Bank of St. M a ry's
Leonardtown, Maryland
(T e rm expires Decem ber 31, 1980)

*1. E. K illian ____________________ President, Killian E nterprises, Inc.
Gibson Island, Maryland
(T e rm expires D ecem ber 31, 1979)

A . R. R eppert __________ ________ President, The Union Natioyial Bank o f Clarksburg
Clarksburg, W est Virginia
(T erm expires D ecem ber 31, 1979)

L acy I. Rice, Jr. ________________ President, The Old National Bank of M artinsburg
M artinsburg, W est Virginia
(T e rm expires D ecem ber 31, 1979)

C h a r lo tte
N aom i G. Albanese _____________ Dean, School of Home Economics, University of N orth Carolina at Greensboro
Greensboro, N orth Carolina
(T erm expires D ecember 31, 1979)

W . B. Apple, Jr. ________________ President, F irst National Bank of Reidsville
Reidsville, N orth Carolina
(T erm expires D ecem ber 31, 1979)

Thom as L. Benson _____________ President, The Conway National Bank
Conway, South Carolina
(T erm expires D ecem ber 31, 1979)

W illiam W . Bruner ____ _______ Chairman and President, F irst National Bank of South Carolina
Columbia, South Carolina
(T e rm expired Decem ber 31, 1978)
Succeeded b y :

Hugh M. Chapman
Chairman o f the Board
The Citizens and Southern National Bank o f South Carolina
Columbia, South Carolina
(T erm expires D ecem ber 31, 1981)

*R obert C. E dw ards _____________ President, Clemson U niversity
Clemson, South Carolina
(T erm expired Decem ber 31, 1978)
Succeeded b y :

H enry Ponder
President
Benedict College
Columbia, South Carolina
(T erm expires D ecem ber 31, 1981)

R obert E. E lb e r s o n ______________ President, Chief E xecutive O fficer, and D irector, H anes Corporation
Wiyiston-Salem, N orth Carolina
(T erm expires Decem ber 31, 1980)

John T. Fielder __ ______ _______ President, J. B. Iv e y and Company
Charlotte, N orth Carolina
(T erm expires Decem ber 31, 1980)

*B ranch B oard Chairm an.




31

(Ja n u ary 1, 1979)

R ichm ond
R o b e r t P . B la c k , President

R o b e r t D . B o u c k , Assistant Counsel

G e o rg e C . R a n k in , First Vice President

J a m e s R . S la te , Assistant Counsel

W e lf o r d S . F a r m e r , Senior Vice President

D a v id B . A y r e s , J r . , General Auditor

J a m e s P a r th e m o s , Senior Vice President and

H . L e w is G a r r e t t , Assistant General Auditor

Director of Research

J o h n F . R a n d , Senior Vice President
R a y m o n d E . S a n d e rs , J r . , Senior Vice President
E liz a b e t h W . A n g le , Vice President
L lo y d W . B o s t ia n , J r . , Vice President
J . A l f r e d B r o a d d u s , J r . , Vice President

B altim ore
J im m ie R . M o n h o llo n , Senior Vice President
W i l l i a m E . P a s c o e , I I I , Vice President
G e r a ld L . W ils o n , Vice President

G e o rg e B . E v a n s , Vice President

R o n a ld B . D u n c a n , Assistant Vice President

R o y L . F a u b e r , Vice President

R o n a ld E . G o u ld , Assistant Vice President

W i llia m C . G lo v e r , Vice President

C h a r le s P . K a h le r , Assistant Vice President

W i l l i a m D . M a r t i n , I I I , Vice President and

R o b e r t A . P e r r y , Assistant Vice President

General Counsel

V ic t o r T u r y n , Assistant Vice President

R o b e r t D . M c T e e r , J r . , Vice President
A r t h u r V . M y e r s , J r . , Vice President

Charlotte

C h e s te r D . P o r t e r , J r . , Vice President
A u b r e y N . S n e llin g s , Vice President

S t u a r t P . F is h b u r n e , Senior Vice President

A n d r e w L . T il t o n , Vice President

T h o m a s E . S n id e r , Vice President

J a m e s F . T u c k e r , Vice President

W i n f r e d W . K e lle r , Assistant Vice President

J o s e p h F . V iv e r e t t e , Vice President

0 . L o u is M a r t in , J r . , Assistant Vice President

J . L a n d e r A l l i n , J r . , Assistant Vice President

H a r r y B . S m it h , Assistant Vice President

F r e d L . B a g w e ll, Assistant Vice President

R o b e r t F . S t r a t t o n , Assistant Vice President

J a c k s o n L . B la n t o n , Assistant Vice President

J e ff e r s o n A . W a lk e r , Assistant Vice President

T im o t h y Q . C o o k , Research Officer
W i l l i a m E . C u llis o n , Research Officer

Charleston

W y a t t F . D a v is , Chief Examiner
W i l l i a m C . F it z g e r a ld , Assistant General Counsel

R ic h a r d L . H o p k in s , Assistant Vice President

B r a d le y H . G u n t e r , Assistant Vice President and
Secretary

R o b e r t B . H o llin g e r , J r . , Assistant Vice President

C olum bia

J o h n C . H o r ig a n , Assistant Vice President

B o y d Z . E u b a n k s , Vice President

T h o m a s M . H u m p h r e y , Research Officer

R . W a y n e S ta n c il, Assistant Vice President

H a r o ld T . L ip s c o m b , Assistant Vice President
H o b e r t D . P ie r c e , Assistant Vice President
J o s e p h C . R a m a g e , Assistant Vice President

C ulpeper

B a r t h o n h u e W . R e e s e , Assistant Vice President

J o h n G . S to id e s , Vice President

J a m e s D . R e e s e , Assistant Vice President

A lb e r t D . T in k e le n b e r g , Vice President

F r a n k D . S t in n e t t , J r . , Assistant Vice President

D a le M . C u n n in g h a m , Assistant Vice President

J a c k H . W y a t t , Assistant Vice President

J a m e s G . D e n n is , Assistant Vice President

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