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TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
~~-COMMISSIONER OF LABOR
1-906
STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS .
WASHINGTON
GOVERNME
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T PRINTING OFFICE
1907
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CONTENTS.
Page.
LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL ............................................. .
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION AND DrscussIOK ............................. .
Introduction ....................................................... _.
Strikes, establishments involved, strikers, and employees thrown out
of work . . ... ..... ....
. ...................... _................ .
Lockouts, establishments mvolved, employees locked out, and employees thrown out of work ................... .... ..... ... ............. .
Per cent of strikes, establishments involved, strikers, and employees
thrown out of work, by industries and by States .................... .
Per cent of lockouts, establishments involved, employees locked out,
and employees thrown out of work, by industries and by States ..... .
Strikes ordered by labor organizations .................. ... ....... .... .
Duration of strikes, establishments closed, and time closed .. .......... .
Duration of lockouts, establishments closed, and time closed ........... .
Causes of strikes .................................................... .
Causes of lockouts .... •......................... _..................... .
R esults of strikes and lockouts ....................................... .
Settlement by joint agreement and by arbitration .......... . .......... .
Sex of strikers ............................... _....................... .
Sex of employees locked out ....... . ................... . .. .... .. : .... .
Sex of employees thrnwn out of work ................................. .
Strikes by semimonthly periods ........ .. ......... _................. .
Strikes and lockouts of l ess than one day's duration .. ..... .... ......... .
0H.AP'.rER IL-EXPLANATION OF TABLES .................................. .
List of tables ............ _................. .. ..... ........... ....... .
General explanation ................................................ .
Explanation of separate tables .. _.... .. ................ ...... ......... .
CHAPTER !IL-GENERAL TABLES OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS ............ .
TABLE !.-Strikes for each State, by years .and mdustries, 1901 to 1905.
TABLJ!: IL-Summary of strikes for the United States, by industries
and years, 1901 to 1905 ............................................. .
TABLE III.-Summary of strikes for the United States, by industries,
1881 to 1905 ..................................................... .
TABLE IV.-Summary of strikes for the United States, by years, 1881
to 1905 ....... _. _. _,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TABLE V.-Summary of strike!:} foT the United States, by States and
geographical divisions, 1881 to 1905 ...... ..... ................. .....
TABLE VI.-Summary of strikes for the United States, ordered by
labor organizations and not so ordered, by industries, 1881 to 1905 ....
TABLE VII.-Summary of strikes for the United States, ordered by
labor organizations and not so ordered, by years, 1881 to 1905 ..... ....
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3
7
9-104
11-15
15-20
20-24
24-27
28-31
31-46
46-50
50-55
55-68
G8-79
79-84
84-88
88-93
93-96
97-100
101
101-104
105-118
107
107-115
115-118
119-773
120-423
424-471
472-477
478, 479
480-485 .
486-489
490, 491
4
CONTENTS .
CHAPTER III.-GENERAL TABLES OF STRIKES AND LocKOUTs-Concluded .
Page.
TABLE VIII.-Summary of strikes for the nited States, ordered by
labor organizations and not so ordered, by States and geographical
divisions, 1881 to 1905 ............. . ...................... _.. _..... 492-495
TABLE IX.-Strikes for each State, by years and causes, 1901 to 1905 ... 496- 579
TABLE X.-Summaryof strikes for the United States, by years and causes,
1881 to 1905 .................... .. .. _... .. .... __ ..... _. __ . _........ 580-613
TABLE XL-Summary of strikes for the United States, by causes, 1881 to
1905 .......................... . .... . ....... .... ... __ ............... 614-621
TABLE XII.-Rcsults of strikes· for each cause, by years, 1881 to 1905 .. . 622-635
TABLE XIII.-Lo~kouts for each State, by years and industries, 1901 to
1905 ................................ . ............ _............ _.... 636-707
TABLE XIV.-Summary of lockouts fer the United States, by industries
and years, 1901 to 1905 ................. ___ ........................ : . 708-731
TABLE XV.-Summary of lockouts fo. the "Cnited States, by industries,
1881 to 1905...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732- 735
TABLE XVI.-Summary of lockouts for the United States, by years, 1881
to 1905 ........................................................... 736, 737
T ABLE XVII.-Summary of lockouts for the United States, by States
and geographical divisions, 1881 to 1905 .. : .................. _....... 738-741
TABLE XVIII.-Lockouts for each State, by years and causes, 1901 to
1905 .............................. __ ....... __ .................... 742-762
TABLE XIX .-Summary of lockouts for the United States, by years
and causes, 1881 to 1905 ............................................. 763- 771
T ABLE XX.-Summary of lockouts for the "C nited States, by causes, 1881
to 1905. _. .......... . ........... _. __.... _.......... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772, 773
CHAPTER !V.--STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS· Ir FOREIGN CoU:t:rTRIES .......... 775- 916
CHAP'l'ER V.-Tr-rn LAw REL1TING TO STRIKES, BLACKLISTING,BoYCOTTS, ETC. 917- 960
The statute law ........ .. ... _......... •........ _..................... _ 919-955
Alabama .. ... ......... -'· ........... _.... _.......... . . .. _..... .... 921,922
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
922
Cal ifornia .................. . ......... : ..................... __ .... 922,923
Colorado . . .................... '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923, 924
Connecticut . ... _._ ............ _.. _................ _.......... _...
924
Delaware .................... _.. _......... _._ .... _.... _.. _._ .... 924,925
Florida ............ ....... ..................................... _. 925, 926
Georgia .. ....... .... ......... _. ......... _.. __ ._ ... _....... _... _.. 926, 927
Idaho ........... . ...................... __ .... _.. _.. .· .. _. . . . . . . .
927
Illinois ....................... _......... _... . _. _.. __ . _... _. .. _. 927-929
Indiana .. . . ............. _.... . ... .. __ ... ____ . _. __ . __ .... __ . . . _.. 929-931
I9wa .... ........... . .. ... .... ..... ....... ...... .. . ... . ......... .
931
I(ansas .. _.. . ....... _. _...... _............................. _. ... . 931,932
Kentucky .......... __ ... __ ..... . . . ...... ... __ .... _... _. __ ... . . _
932
Louisiana. _............ _... _.. . ___ .................. _....... _... _
932
Maine ......................................... - .... . . s . . . - - .. . 933
Mary land .. ... •... __ . __ ......... _.... _.... _..................... .
934
J\fassachusetts. _. _.. _. _.... _..... _. _......... _. . _.... _.. _... _... _
934
Michigan ......... _.. _.......... _.............. _..... _.. _. _.. _.. _
934
Minnesota. _... _... _.... .. __ ...... _............................ . 934,9a5
Mississippi .... _. ___ ..... . ....... _............. _............ ... . . •. 935,936
J\fissouri .. ........ ....... ......... _......... _.. ... ....... . .. . . . .
936
Montana ..... _. . ... .... ..... .. . _... _..... . .. _................... _ 937, 938
Nevada .... .... _............. ... ...... _.... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
938
New Hampshire .................. _. ... .. ......... . . . ............ 938,939
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CONTENTS .
CHAPTER V.- TnE LAW RELATING •.ro STRIKES, BLACKLIS'l'ING, BoYCOT'l'S,
ETC.- oncluded.
The tatut law-Concluded.
ew J er ey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New York ........ : ..............................................
North Dakota ............................................ •. . . . . . . .
Oklahoma ....... .. ..................................... _.......
Oregon~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pennsylvania ......... : ................ .......... ...............
Rhode Island ................ : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Dakota .......................... .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tennessee ......................................................
Texa ... . .................. .. ............ ....... .......... , . . . .
tah ......... . ..... .. ..........................................
Vermont.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Virginia ... ................................._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Washington.....................................................
,, est Virginia................... . .......... ...... ................
Wisconsin .... ~- ................ .. ~ ..............................
United States ......................... ... ........................
The common law .....................................................
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5
PagP..
939
940,941
941, 942
943
943, 944
944-946
946, 947
947
91-7, 948
948-950
950, 951
951
951
952
952
952, 953
953- 955
955-960
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LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR,
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY,
Washington, June 5, 1907.
Pursuant to the provisions of section 8 of the act of June 13, 1888,
and the provisions of the act of February 14, 1903, creating the
.Department of Commerce and Labor, and placing under its jurisdiction, among other branches of the public service_, the former Department of Labor, now the Bureau of Labor, I have the honor to transmit herewith the Twenty-first ~nnual Report of the Commissioner
of Labor, which relates to strikes and lockouts in the United States
during the years 1881 to 1905.
OSCAR S. STRAUS,
R espectfully,
S ecretary.
The SENATE AND HousE OF REPRESENTAT_IVES.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LAB9R,
BUREAU OF LABOR,
Washington, June 5, 1907.
Sm: I have the honor to hand you herewith the Twenty-first
Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, dealing with the subject of strikes and lockouts in the United States during the years
1881 to 1905.
CHAS. P . NEILL,
I am, very respectfully,
Commissioner.
To Hon. O scAR S. STRAUS,
Secretary of Commerce and Labvr.
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CHAPTER I.
I TRODUCTIO A D DISCUS IO .
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CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
INTRODUCTION.
The present report gives the results · of an investigation of strikes
and locko_u ts in the United States fo.r the years 1901 to 1905, inclusive,
together with summaries covering the twenty-five-year period from
1881 to 1905.
The terms "strike" and "lockout " as used in this report are thus
defined:
A strike is .a concerted withdrawal from work by a part or all of
the employees of an establishment, or several establishments, to
enforce a demand on the part of employees.
A lockout is a refusal on the part of an employer or several employ•ers to permit a _p art or all of the employees to continue at work, such
refusal being made to enforce a demand on the part of. employers.
In their industrial effects these two classes of disturbances are
practically the same, and the only difference between them is that in
a strike the employees take the initiative in putting a stop to work, ·
while in a lockout the initiative is taken by the employer.
Including the present, four investigations of strikes and lockouts
have been made by the United States Bureau of Labor. The titles of
the several reports and the years covered by each are as follows:
PERIODS COVERED BY THE STRIKE AND LOCKO UT REPORTS OF T.HE BUREAU
OF LABOR.
Title ofTeport.
Period covered by the investigation.
Years.
Third Annual. . .. ...........
Tenth Annual. .. ..... _. __ ...
Sixteenth .A.nntTaL ...... _...
Twenty-first Annual. .......
January 1, 1881, to December 31, 1886 ........................ .
January 1, 1887, to June 30, 1894 .................... ......... . .
July 1, 18fl4, to Decemher 31, moo .. _... _. __ ........ _.......... .
January 1, 1901, to December 31, 1905 .......... .. ............ .
6
7½
6½
5
The present report gives statistics concerning strikes and lockouts
that occurred in the period from 1901 to 1905, inclusive, in as great
detail as space permits. In addition, the report summarizes the statistics of strikes and lockouts for the entir~ period of twenty-five
years from 1881 to 1905.
The recoTd of strikes and lockouts in the years preceding 1881 is
incomplete. Such information as could be obtained from newspaper
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11 •
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
and magazine :files and from other publications was included in the·
Third Annual Report of this Bureau and repeated in the Sixteenth
Annual Report, to which reports the reader is referred for the inter-'
esting though brief description of these early labor disturbances.
From 1881 to 1905, however, the record of strikes and lockouts in the
United States is approximately complete. It is believed that no
labor disturbance. of importance has escaped notice and inclusion in
the reports of the Bureau.
In the .general tables of this report and in the text tables drawn
therefrom no strikes or lockouts are included which lasted less than
a single day. These disturbances were considered of minor importance, and therefore were not fully investigated in the preceding
investigations. The results of an investigation of these short strikes
and lockouts covering the :five years 1901 to 1905 are presented in a
separate section in the text, pages 101 to 104. In conducting an
investigation of this character it is extre:rrely difficult to get any traces
of these short disturbances after any considerable period of time h as
elapsed, and it would be equally difficult to secure any definite information concerning them, even if any traces of them could be obtained.
As strikes of less than a single day are more frequently wholly successful than longer strikes, the inclusion of these shorter strikes would
increase to a small extent the percentage of successful strikes as given
in the table.s; but as these partial day strikes usually involve a comparatively small number of employees and . small establishments,
there would be very little other change of any consequence in the
tables in this report if such strikes had been included.
In this period of twenty-five years there were 36,757 strikes and
1,546 lockouts in the United States, making a total of 38,303 disturbances of this character. As above indicated, disturbances of less
than one day's duration are not included in these numbers.
Strikes occurred in 181,407 establishments and lockou ts in 18,547
establishments, making a total of 199,954 establishments involved in
these disturbances. The total number of persons who went out on
strike during the twenty-five years was ·6, 728,048 and the number of,
persons locked out was 716,231, making a total of 7,444,279 persons
•striking and locked out.
Because of the dependence of one occupation upon another the cessation of work by strikers and employees locked out often renders it
impossible for fellow-employees in the same establishment to continue
work. The number of employees, including strikers, thrown out of
work by strikes within this period of twenty-five years was 8,703,824,
and the number thrown out of work by lockouts was 825,610, making
a total of 9,529,434 persons thrown out of work by these labor disturbances in the establishments involved. In the above :figures establishments and employees have been counted ·each time they were·
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CHAPTER !.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
13
involved in different strikes and lockouts. On the other hand, no
attempt has been made to estimate the number of persons thrown out
of work in establishments not involved in the disturbances but closely
dependent in many ways on the establishment involved, as in furnishing material, etc.
Of the 36,757 strikes from 1881 to 1905, 68.99 per cent were ordered
by labor organizations, and 31.01 per cent were begun either by employees who were not members of organizations, or who, if members of
organizations, went on strike without the sanction of their organizations. Of the 181,407 establishments involved in strikes, 90.34 per
cent were included in strikes ordered by organizations; Strikes
ordered by labor organizations included 79.69 per cent of all strikers
and 77.45 per cent of the total persons thrown out of work in establishments involved in strikes.
The average duration of strikes per establishment was 25.4 days
and of lockouts 84.6 days. The strike or lockout does not, of course,
always result in the closing of the establishment affected, but in
strikes 111,343, or 61.38 per cent of all establishments involved, were
closed an average of 20.1 days. In lockouts 12,658, or 68.25 per cent
of ~II establishments involved, were closed an average of 40.4 days.
The days here referred to are c~lendar days, including Sundays and
holidays.
Employees who struck succeeded more often than they failed; they
succeeded in winning all the demands for which the strike was undertaken in 47.94 per cent of the establishments, succeeded partly in 15.28
per cent of the establishments, and failed to win any of their demands
in 36. 78 per cent of the establishments. On the other hand, employers succeeded more often than they failed when they locked out their
employees. Lockouts resulted in favor of employers in 57.20 per cent
of the establishments thus involved, succeeded partly in 10. 71 per
cent of the establishments, and failed in 32.09 per cent of the establishments.
Strikes ordered by labor organizations were wholly successful in
49.48 per cent of the establishments involved, partly successful in
15.87 per cent of the establishments, and failed in 34.65 per cent of the
establishments. Strikes not ordered by labor organizations were
wholly successful in 33.86 per cent of the establishments involved,
partly successful in 9.83 per cent of the establishments, and failed in
56.31 per cent of the establishments.
Of the 8,703,824 employees thrown out of work by strikes, 90.57
per cent were males and 9.43 per cent were females. Of the 825,610
thrown out of work by lockouts, 84.1 8 per cent were males and 15.82
per cent were females.
As might naturally be expected, more strikes were occasioned by
demands for increase of wages than for any other one cause. A total
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
14
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
of 11,851 strikes, or 32.24 per cent. of all strikes, were for this cause
alone. This cause, in combination with other causes, produced 3,117
• strikes, making 40. 72 per cent of all strikes attributable in whole or in
part to demands for increase of wages.
The next m cst fruitful cause of strikes was disagreement concerning re.cognition of union and union rules. This cause alone produced
18.84 per cent of all strikes, and both alone and combined with other
causes produced 23.35 per cent of all strikes. Objection to reduction
of wages alone and combined with other causes produced 11.90 per
cent of all strikes. Demands for reduction of hours alone and combined with other causes produced 9.78 per cent of all strikes.
Of the t otal number of establishments involved in strikes, 57.91 per
cent were involved in strikes caused either in whole or in part by
demands for increase of wages.
The most important cause of lockouts was -d isputes concerning
recognition of union and union rules and employers' organization,
which cause, alone and combined with various causes, produced
nearly one-half of all lockouts and included more than one-half of
all establishments involved in lockouts.
The greatest number of strikes that occurred in any one industry
was in the building trades, which embraced 26.02 per oent of all
strikes and 38.53 per cent cf all establishments involved in strikes.
In the coal and coke industry were 9 .08 per cent of all strikes and 9.39
per cent of all establishments involved in strikes. Many strikes.were
found in the following industries: Boots and shoes; clothing, men's;
foundry and machine shop; and tobacco (cigars and cigarettes).
The coal and coke industry included more •strikers than any other
industry, al-so more employees thrown out of work. The se-cond
industry in order in this respect was the building trades. In the
building trades were 16.49 per cent of all lockouts, more than one-half
of all the establishments involved, and about 30 per cent of all the
employees locked out and of persons thrown out of work.
In 1903 there were 3,494 strikes, a greater number than in any other
year. The number was 471 in 1881, the first year of the period,
while in 1905 the number was 2,077. More strik(jrs went out in the
year 1902 than in any other year, and more employees were thrown
out of work in 1894 than in any other year.
Lockouts were more frequent and included more employees in 1903
than in any other year of the period.
•
In the North Atlantic division were more than one-half of all strikes,
establishments involved, strikers, and employees thrown out of work
In the North Central division were almost one-third of the totals in
these items name·d.
The percentages of the total number of strikes in the principal
industrial States were as follows: New York, 27. 7 5 per cent; Pennsylvania, 11.31 per cent; Illinois, 9.86 per cent; Massachusetts, 7.55
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15
CHAPTER !.-INTRODUCTION AND DIS.CUSSION.
per cent, and Ohio, 6.99 per cent. Of the strikers, 25.12 per cent of
the total number were in P ennsylvania, 21.15 per cent in ew York,
13.31 per cent in Illinois, 6.36 per cent in Ohio, and 5.25 per cent in
Massachusetts. These States named were also the States in which
the greatest number of lockouts occurred.
A number of interesting tables have been prepared from the general tables shown in the body of the report and are presented in this
chapter. These tables, as well as the general tables, do not include
strikes or lockouts of less than one day's duration. • An explanation
o.f the various terms used in the tables of this report will be found in
the discussion and explanation of the general tables, page 107 et seq.
STRIKES, ESTABLISHME TS I VOLVED, STRIKERS, AND
EMPLOYEES THROW OUT OF WORK.
A series of three tables shows the number of strikes, establishments
involved, strikers, and employees thrown out of work, and also the
average number of establishments involved per strike, the average
number of strikers per strike, and the average number of employees
thrown out of work per strike. The first table of the series hows
these data by years, the second by industries, and the third by States
and geographical divisions.
The table by years follows:
STRIKES, ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED , STRI KERS, AND EMPLOYEES TIIROWN
0 T OF WORK, BY YEARS, 1 1 TO 1905.
Establishments.
Year.
Strikes.
N
umbor.
A vorago
per
strike.
Strikers.
N umber.
Employees thrown
out of work.
I
Average
A verago
p er
Number.
per
strike.
strike.
-----------1--- ------ ---
.;(ss1 ............. ...... •.. . . . . . . . . . . .
-1882. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
fl'883 ... .. .. ... .. .... ... : ............
..l.884 ......... ... .................. . .
)885... .. ...........................
1 6<. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
188r... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1888"". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 !r: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1890-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,,471
..-454
v478
2, 928
2, 105
2,759
v443
2,367
....645
2,284
1, 432' 10,053
1, 436'
6,589
906 • 3, 506
1,075 ,
3, 786
1,833
9, 424
·:Jfil:~:
:: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ,-'i;~ ~;1!Z
,..-1 93 .. ................ . ............. ,1,305
4,555
8, k9!.
.1 94.............................. .. .,1, 349
1 J?.~.:-........ .... . : .. ~~~: ... ~: 1;g~:.
?,462
1897-:.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,078.
8, 492
1898'......... .... ........ ..... ......
1899':...............................
1900".'.' .. •• ... • • • .. • ..... ... . • .. • • . .. .
1,056 I
1, 797 •
1,779
I
3,809
11,317
9,24.8
6. 2
4. 6
5.
5. 3
3. 5
7.0
4. 6
3. 9
3. 5
5.1
4. 7
4. 3
3. 5
6. 1
5. 7
5. 3
7. 9
3.6
6. 3
5. 2
3. 7
4. 5
5.
4. 4
4.0
a1 +::+ :++3:m ~:m ___
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36, 757
181, 407
101,070
120,860
122,198
117,313
158,584
407,152
272,776
103,218
205,068
285,900
245, 042
163, 499
215
129,521
266
154,671
256
149,763
265
147,054
242,705
246
2-84
50 ,044
190
379,676
114
147,704
191
249,559
156
351,944
143
298 93!1'
126 -.. 206,671
149
265,914
374
OOJ,~~
23639-, •=
179
l83,813
241?170
332,570
408,391
309
182,067
172 a249,002
308,267
172
417, 072
225
399,656
505 066
396,280
136
543,386
175
553, 143
659,792
531,682
152
656, 065
375,754
163
517 211
176,337
85
221,686
,· - - ~ - - - 1 - - -
275
341
313
332
376
355
264
163
232
192
174
159
204
490
_3
2.35
379
a236
232
284
186
209
188
224
107
183 118,703,824
a237
~J
4. 9 16, 728,048
a Not including 2 strikes involving 33 establishments not reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
16
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
The total number of strikes during the period from 1881 to 1905
was 36,757, the number of establishments involved 181,407, the
number of strikers G,728,048, and the number of employees thrown
out of work 8,703,824.
For the 25-year period from 1881 to 1905 the average number of
establishments per strike was 4.9, the average number of strikers
per strike was 183, and the average number of employees thrown
out of work per strike was 237.
Considering the strikes by the years in which they occurred, it ·is
seen from the above table that the number of strikes per year varied
from 443 in 1884 to 3,494 in 1903, the number of establishments
involved varied -from 2,105 in 1882 to 20,248 in 1903, the number of
strikers from 101,070 in 1881 to 553,143 in 1902, and the number of
employees thrown out of ,vork .from 129,521 in 1881 to 660,425 in
1894. The average number of establishments per strike varied from
3.5 in 1885, 1889, and 1893 to 7.9 in 1 97; the number of strikers
per strike from 85 in 1905 to 374 in 1894, and the number of employees
thrown out of work from ,107 in 1905 to 490 in 1894.
,
The second table of the series presents the statistics by industries :
STRIKES, ESTABLISITMENTS I VOLVED, STRIKERS, AND EMPLOYEES THROWN
OUT OF WORK, BY I r DUSTRIE S, l < 1 TO 1905.
Establishments.
Indu::itry.
St rlkes. -
1t~~-•
,-Avera;
per
strike.
Strikers.
thrown
IEmployees
out of work.
JAverag~
Avera~~
Number. , per
Number.
per
strike.
·strike.
____________ ,___ - - - - - - - - - - - -
---- ---
Agricultural implements ..... ... ...
87
1.1
16,997
93
22,912
264
195
Agriculture .. .. ....................
35
131
3.7
13,065
373
13,227
378
Automobiles :1,nd bicycles ....... ...
1.2
5,579
79
93
71
9,073
ll5
Awnings, tents, and sails ..........
374
10
30
3 .0
37
374.
37
Bakery . ....... . . .. .................
424
6,423
15.1
29,811
70
32,531
77
Blacksmithing and horseshoeing ...
7,423
2,979
7,576
33.9
84
86
Boots and shoes ........ ........ ...
1,101
1.4
88,553
1,555
160,059
145
80
Brass and brass goods .............
12,536
119
2 .4
105
284
13,729
ll5
Brewing ....... ....... .. ....... ....
874
16,651
166
100
18,177
5 .3
HO
Brick and tile ... .... .. . . .. . .... .. ..
4.4 ' 81,391
332
1,476
245
90,410
272
Brooms and brushes ...............
1,694
42
40
6..'i
1.5
2,050
49
Building trades (a) ..... .... ........
9,564
917,90/i
b ll3
69,899
7 .3
96 bl ,083 ,699
Canning and preserving ...... ... ...
2.4
48
144
6,928
113
9,164
191
Car building ............ ... ........
441
1.4
150
614
89,277
661181
202
Carpets ........................... .
426
2.4
37,830
175
216
66,109
378
Carriages and wagons .. . ..... . ....
125
1,420
11.4
20,542
164
23,351
187
Clothing, men's .................. . .
372,214
1,1.47
15,996
13.9
325
459,059
400
Clothing, women's ........... ... .. .
640
4,918
232,154
7.7
2lfi,595
337
363
Coal and coke ............... -... ...
17,025
5.1 2,006,353
3,336
738
601 2,460,743
Coffins and undertakers' goods ....
441
27
15
1.8
61
29
916
Confectionery ......................
17
2 , 20
2.3
1,383
81
39
16G
Cooperage........... . .. . ...........
25 ,652
1,0 6
27,474
3.4
323
79
85
Cotton and woolen goods ..........
440
6-1, 928
4.0
38,30
111
585
345
Cotton goods ......................
277,470
166,3-57
417
250
832
1.3
665
Cutlery and edge tools ............ .
5,202
56
8,402
l.O
93
96
90
Domestic service . ... ... . ... . .......
32,212
31,803
95
2,924
8.7
338
94
Rlectric and gas apparatus 'and
supplies ..........................
6, 7fi8
6,364
106
64
1.7
99
111
4,371
Electric light and power . .. . .......
4,117
82
53
50
1.50
1.8
Flour mill products ............. ...
92
4.723
2.1
3,880,
112
42
89
12.5
282;106
Foundry and machine shop ........
208,352
169
4,722
2.8
1,668
272
275,483
Freight handling and t eaming .....
301
6.2
249,545
916
5,665
150
30,297
4.4
Furnishing goods, men's ...........
21,919
109
88.'i
202
54,135
116
101
61,869
2.9
Furniture and upholstering ........
1,551
535
a Including 1 strike involving nearly all industries in New Orleans, the principal industry affected
belng building trades.
b Not including 2 strikes involving 33 establishments not reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
17
CHAPTER !.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION .
STRIKES, ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED, STRIKERS, AND EMPLOYEES THROWN
OUT OF WORK, BY INDUSTRIES, 1881 '1'0 1905- Concluded.
Establishments.
Industry.
Strikes.
Average
Average
Num- Average
per
Number.
per
Number.
per
ber.
strike.
strike.
strike.
- - - - -Gas ................................
Glass ...............................
Gloves and mittens ................
Hardware..........................
Ilarness and saddlery... . ..........
Hats and caps ............... . .....
Hosiery and knit goods ............
Iron and steel. .....................
Ironwork, ornamental ............
Jewelry and silverware ............
t:~Ji~7. ~~:~:::::::::::::::::::::
i1!i~h!~8~~!sezit: .• ~:: : : : : : : : : : : : : :
Lithographing .................. . ..
Lumber and.timber products ......
g~1mi!ti~~~~:: ~: ::::::::::::::::
Musical instruments ...............
Paper ..............................
Paper goods.~ .....................
Planing mill products .... . ... . ....
Pottery ........................ . ...
Printing and publishing .... : ......
Public works .......................
Railroad and ro3<d building ........
Railroad transportation ...........
Ro~e, twine, and bagging ..... . ....
Ru )bcr goods ............. .. .... . ..
1
~mr~i~1;~~:::::::::::::::::::::::
Slaughtering and meat packing ....
Smelting and refining ..............
Stone quarrying and cutting ......
Stoves and furnaces ............ . ..
Street railway transportation .....
Streets and sewers .................
Telegraph and telephone . . .. . . _....
Tin and sheet metal goods ....... __
Tobacco: chewing and smoking .. _.
Tobacco: cigars and cigarettes .....
Trunks and valises ........ _.......
Typewriters, cash registers, and
sewing machines ... _... .. .... . ...
Watches and clocks ... . .. .. . . .. . ...
VI ater trans~ortation ..... ____ . . _.
:i~~;~1li~t:::: : :::: :: : : : : : : : : :
48
548
50
279
150
374
206
Employees thrown
out of work.
Strikers.
- --
34
77
67
206
21
48
64
269
203
15
227
]25
90
62
389
84
1,001
146
378
5~i
77
270
397
155
71
1,057
335
297
446
325
243
29
1,780
53
52
1,020
241
305
340
600
251
1,219
101
315
482
346
71
82
170
806
283
24
563
208
177
112
1,532
195
2,999
155
532
680
53
86
611
592
988
88
4,450
491
479
976
433
1,067
40
7,381
78
1.1
1.9
4.8
1.1
2.3
1.6
1.2
1.5
3.0
4.1
7.2
1.7
3.4
1.7
2.7
3.0
1.4
1.6
2.5
1.7
2.0
1.8
3.9
2.3
3.Q.
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
2.3
1.5
6.4
1.2
4.2
1.5
1.6
2.2
1.3
4.4
1.4
4-.1
1.5
5,593
63,641
11,363
20,704
8,126
30,249
11,054
250,125
3,336
6,680
10,893
22,384
1,325
4,824
2,773
51,934
12,725
1,184
66,181
14,517
15,738
5,329
56,939
16,013
44,424
20,613
79,134
123,413
5,327
11,020
46,808
58,404
106,078
13,267
122,671
20,877
116,896
60,748
21,642
25,105
10 ,415
231,988
4,302
81
54
300
98
87
163
109
63
101
43
193
63
79
292
116
17fi
86
146
191
44
141
209
244
116
143
173
147
684
187
116
62 .
394
136
67
103
359
130
81
39
36
128
79
396
966
3!l
43
1,551
187
419
4,463
1.0
1.2
12.1
2.4
1.1
4.6
3,614
3,032
11;231
12,631
33,056
106,642
135
160
83
110
835
Total . . .. . ............ .. ..... - 36,757 1 181,407
4.9 6,728,048
117
116
227
74
5,618
135,431
15,898
37,062
8,784
44,617
28,428
436,647
4,173
8,670
11,201
29,428
1,334
7,573
3,264
70,172
15,728
1,190
93,658
17,961
20,338
5,930
66,709
23,903
58,471
23,094
91,601
218,303
9,546
18,864
64,064
93,918
129,989
18,069
142,451
40,073
123,557
70,682
22,622
27,114
15,406
281,890
4,589
117
247
318
133
59
119
138
523
123
113
167
143
64
158
51
261
77
79
413
144
226
96
171
285
58
158
242
431
208
245
237
237
839
254
135
120
416
158
70
112
531
158
87
10,200
3,874
50,733
14,016
77,940
124,895
262
108
396
177
197
129
183 a8,7-03,824
a237
54
93
84
a Not including 2 strikes involving 33 establishments not reported.
A greater number of strikes occurred in the bujlding trades than
in any other jndustry. In that industry during the years from 1881
to 1905 there were 9,564 strikes, 69,899 establishments involved,
917,905 strikers, aild 1,083,699 employees thrown out of work in the
establishments involved in strikes. The size of the strikes in the
building trades is indicated by -the :figures in the average columns.
The average number of establishments involved in each strike was
7.3, the average number of strikers per strike 96, and the average
number of employees thrown out of work per strike 113.
309B-07-2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
18
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
· The coal and coke industry was second in importance so far as
number of strikes and establishments involved were concerned, but
first in number of strikers and employees thrown out of work. In
the coal and coke industry there were 3,336 strikes, 17,025 establishments involved, 2,006,353 strikers, and 2,460,743 employees thrown
out of work. The average per strike was 5.1 establishments, 601
strikers, and 738 employees thrown out of work. So far as the average number of establishments involved was concerned, the strikes in
the coal and coke industry were considerably smaller than the strikes
in the building trades, but both the average number of strikers and
the average number of employees thrown out of wor~ were more
than six times as great in the coal and coke strikes as in the building
trades strikes.
The average number of establishments involved per strike varied
from 1 to 33.9. Two industries averaged 1 establishment each, an9one jndustry (blacksmithing and horseshoeing) averaged 33.9 establishments per strike.
The average number of strikers per strike varied from 29 in the
manufacture of coffins and undertakers' goods to· 684 in slaughtering
and meat packing.
•
The average number of employees thrown out of work per strike
varied from 37 in the manufacture of awnings, tents, and·sails to 839
in slaughtering and meat packing ..
The average number of strikers and of employees thrown out of work
indjcate the size of a strike, but a strike of only a few men in certain
occupations or "industries may as successfully tie up the establishment or · industry temporarily as a much larger number in other
occupations or industries.
The presentation by States and geographical divisions follows:
STRIKES, ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED, STRIKERS, AND EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT
OF WORK, BY STATES AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1881 TO 1905.
[See Table V, p ages 480 to 485, for notes relating to general strikes extending into two or more
States.]
Establishments.
State and geographical division.
Strikes.
Number.
Average
per
strike.
Employees thrown
out of work.
Strikers.
Number.
Average
Average
per
Number.
per
strike.
strike.
--- -----Alabama ...... ..... .. .......... ... .
Arizona ..... .. ... .. ................
Arkansas ........ .. ... •.............
California ..................... .. ...
Colorado . . . . .......... .. ...........
Connecticut ........ ....... .........
D ela ware ..........................
District of Columbia ...............
Florida .. ........ . ...... .. .. . ......
Georgia ........ . . : ..... .. .... . .....
Idaho .. .. ... •..... .. .. . ..... . .......
Illinois ....... . ... .... ..............
Indiana .. .. .. ........ . . . ...........
India n Territory ............ . . . ...
Iowa . . .. .... . . ........ . . . ..........
K ansas ............................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
296
15
69
638
378
930
77
121
415
263
21
3,624
1,126
13
446
175
737
28
175
3,357
3,663
2,111
279
785
1,360
715
27
29,176
3,533
63
1,706
477
2.5
1. 9
2.5
5.3
9. 7
2.3
3.6
6.5
3.3
2. 7
1.3
8.1
3.1
4.8
3.8
2. 7
63,038
3,118
10,529
84,747
85,382
60,468
6,632
10,525
87,905
29,976
3,555
895,593
160,847
6, 625
70,241
28,914
213
208
153
133
226
65
86
87
212
114
169
247
143
510
157
. 165
80,151
4,324
11,323
102,880
93,435
96,310
9,832
11,437
98,673
36,840
4,085
1,207,000
222,496
7,603
79,515
36,991
271
288
164
161
247
104
12S
95
238
140
195
333
198
585
178
211
CHAPTER !.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
19
STRIKES, ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED , STRIKERS AND EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT
OF WORK, BY STATES AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1881 TO 1905- Concluded.
Establishments.
State and geographical division.
Strikes.
405
209
238
Maryland. __ . . _. _. .. ... . _....... _._
384
Ma ssachusetts .. _... _........... . . _ 2,774
Michigan .. . ....... _.... _.... ... .. . _
637
Minnesota ......... ................
535
32
~t::~sit~.i _-: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
1,004
Montana ..... . ... . .... . . .. .........
132
Nebraska ..... . . _._._._ . .. _- ._ .. . .. _
109
Nevada ...... ..... .... •...... _. . ....
4
New Hampshire .... _..............
188
1,507
~
29
New York._ ...... .. .... .......... . 10,199
North Carolina. , ..................
28
North Dakota .....................
26
Ohio .......... . ......... . ....... ...
2,570
Oklahoma. ___ ............ . ........
13
Oregon. __ .. __ .... . .... _..... . _....
77
Pennsylvania._ ... _. __ .. _..... _. .. _ 4,159
Rhode Island .... ... ......... _.....
369
South Carolina ... _................
38
South Dakota ...... : ..............
22
Tennessee .. ....... . . ........ . ......
449
Texas ..... . .... ........ .. . ... ·.... ..
322
Utah ..... . ............... ... .......
63
Vermont . ..... .. .......... . ... . . ...
68
Virginia ...... _....................
214
Washington ..... _.... . .......... ..
214
West Virginia. _...................
292
Wisconsin. _.. _.... •. .. ......... ....
799
Wyoming._ .. _........ _......... _..
41
fi~f~~~::::::::::::::
:·:::::::::::
Maine ........ .. ......... .. ..... . ...
:: i:!;flo.-.-.-.-.·::~:: :::::::::::::
Total . . . . ............. .. .....
North Atlantic._ .. _...... .. .......
South Atlantic._ . _..... . . ....... _.
North Central. ........... .. ..... _.
South Central. ___ ._._ .... .. .... _..
Western ...........................
---
Num- Average
p er
ber.
strike.
1,345
2,098
431
1,565
10,009
2,409
2,435
87
6,496
230
1l98
5
283
6,722
45
51,597
49
34
10,207
34
678
24,985
1,376
101
40
1,239
1,343
248
490
667
879
1,128
3,402
60
3.3
1.0
1.8
-4.l
3.6
3.8
4.6
2. 7
6.5
1. 7
4.6
1.3
1.5
4.5
1.6
5.1
1.8
1.3
4.0
2.6
8.8
6.0
3. 7
2. 7
1.8
2.8
4.2
3.9
7.2
3.1
4.1
3.9
4.3
1.5
Employees thrown
out of work.
Strikers.
Number.
Average
Average
per
Number.
p er
strike.
strike.
63,737
82,008
24,132
64,563
353,436
98,067
74,441
2,517
152,413
14,183
19,128
240
13,675
182,924
4,154
1,422, 778
4,219
2,074
427,720
782
14,685
1,690,414
34,762
3,833
1,372
61,025
31,557
5,071
10,790
32,213
21,410
100,879
99,224
5,527
157
69,934
392
87,901
101
42,407
168
75,962
127
520,827
154
135,784
139
89,105
79
2,984
152
177,062
107
a19,158
175
28,933
60
242
73
31,334
121
257,840
143
4,764
140 bl,674,290
151
5, 277
2,084
80
166
583,931
60
846
191
19, 025
406 2,242,934
94
65,186
101
4,173
62
1,429
136
72,403
34,967
98
6,630
80
159
12,056
151
45,898
24,808
100
345
126,457
126,400
124
7,898
135
173
421
178
198
188
213
167
93
176
a146
265
61
167
171
164
b 164
188
80
227
65
247
539
177
110
65
161
109
105
177
214
116
433
158
i93
36,757
181,407 1
4.9 6,728,048
183 cS, 703,824
c237
20,432
1,832
11,073
1,808
1,612
98,004
6,649
60,413
7,121
9,220
4.8 3,793,379
3.6
340,745
5.5 2,030,034
3.9
321,818
5. 7
242,072
186 b1,943, 184
414,549
186
183 2,690,730
368,112
178
150 a287,249
b242
226
243
204
- --
al78
a Not including 1 strike involving 12 establishments not reported.
Not including 1 strike involving 21 establishments not reported.
cNot including 2 strikes involving 33 establishments not reported.
b
The largest numbers of strikes occurred, as might be expected, in
the most important industrial States of large population. The
greatest number of strikes in any one State occurred in New York,
the number in that State being 10,199. In Pennsylvania there were
4,159 strikes, and in Illinois 3,624.
The number of establishments involved in strike was 51,597 in
New York, 29,176 in Illinois, and 24,985 in Pennsylvania.
In a consideration of strikers and employees thrown out ofwork,
Pennsylvania occupies the first position. The number of strikers
was 1,690,414 in Pennsylvania, 1,422,778 in New York, and 895,593
in Illinois. The number of employees thrown out of work was
2,242,934 in Pennsylvania, 1,674,290 in New York, and 1,207,000 in
Illinois.
•
The average number of establishments per strike was 5.1 in ew
York, 6 in Pennsylvania, and 8.1 in Illinois. The average number
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
20
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
of strikers per strike was 140 in ew York, 406 in P ennsylvania, and
247 in Illinois. The average number of employees thrown out of
work was 164 in New York, 539 in Pennsylvania, and 333 in Il1inois.
The largest number of establishments per strike was in Colorado, the
average in that State being 9.7.
The presentation by geographical divisions shows that a much
larger number of strikes occurred in the North Atlantic and North
Central divisions than in the other divisions, which occupy less important positions industrially. The average number of establishments
involved per strike was the highest in the Wes tern division and much
lower in the South Atlantic and South Central divisions than in the
corresponding Northern divisions. The average number of strikers
per strike was the highest in the North Atlantic and South Atlantic
divisions and the lowest in the Western. The average number of
employees thrown out of work per strike was the highest in the North
Central division and the lowest in the Western.
LOCKOUTS, ESTABLISHMENTS I VOLVED, EMPLOYEES
LOCKED OUT, AND EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT OF
WORK.
In the series of three tables which follow are presented for lockouts
statistics similar to those shown for strikes in the preceding series of
tables.
The first of these tables presents the data by years.
LOCKO U TS, ESTABLISHMEN'l'S INVOLVED, EMPLOYEES LOCKED OUT, AND EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT OF WORK, BY YEARS, 1881 TO 1905.
Year.
~~i!~
ber.
Average
loJ;iut.
Num- Average •Num-
Total. ....... ... . .. ... .... .. . _.. .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6
22
28
42
50
140
67
40
36
64
69
61
70
55
40...
40
32
42
41
60
88
78
154
112
109
1,546
-
9
42
117
354
183
1,509
1,281
180
132
324
546
716
305
875
370
51
171
164
32¥
2,28 ,
451
1,304
3,288
2,316
1,255
18,547
1.5
1.9
4.2
8. 4
3. 7
10.8
19.1
(4.5
3. 7
5.1
7.9
11. 7
4.4
15.9
9.3
1.3
5.3
3.9
7.9
38.0
5.1
16. 7
21.4
20. 7
11.5
12.0
lo~iut.
ber.
- - - - - - - - - - - - 1- - --1- - - - - - --
1881 . .. . ...... ... . . .. . ... ... .. . ... .... . .
1882 ••• - · ..•.. • .. . .•.• · · ··-· · ··· ·· · · - · · .
1883 ... . .. ... . . . ..... . · · ··· · ···- · ·- · · ·· ·
1884 . .. .. . ... . . ... .. . . . .. ... .. .. .. .. . .. .
1885 . . .. .. . .. .... . ..... . . · ·· · ··· ·· ····· ·
1886 • • •••• • ••• •••• • • •• ••• •••• • •••• ••• •• •
1887 .. . ... . .. . . ... ... . .. .... . · · · · · ·· · ·· 1888 • • •• . . .• ••· •• ••• • •· .. •. •· •• •••· ·• • · •
1889 . . .. . . ..... .. ...... . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. .
1890 ..... ... . . ·· · · ·· · · · ... . ....... . ... . .
1891 ..... ...... · - . ...... . . . · - ..... .. . . . .
1 92 . .. ····· · · · · · ·· .. ..... . .... . ... . ... .
1893 .... ... . . .. . . .. . ... ·· · ····· ..... ... .
1894, .... . . . .. ... . . .. .... .. .. . ..... ... . .
1895 .... ... . . . .. ···· · .. ... .. . . . . .. . .. .. .
1896 .... ...... . . . .. .. .... .. ... . ...... -·.
1897 • •••. . ·· · ···- · ·· · · · · · ··· ·· . .. . . .. .. .
189 .... .. . .. .. ... .. ... .. ..... . · ·· ·· ·· ··
1899 .... .. . .. .. .. ......... ·· ··· · ········
1900 ..... .. . ·· · ·· ..... . .... . . · · ·· · · · · ··.
1901 ••••• •••• •• ••• • ••••• • ••••••• •• • •• • ••
1902 ..... . . . .... .. . . . ... .. •.. . . . . ... ... . .
1903 •• ··· ·· ····- ··-·· · · . •••••• • ••• •• • •••
1904 ••••. · · ······· · . ... . ··· ···· .. ... . . . .
1905 ••• · · ········ ·· ·· ·· ·· · ·· ··- · ·· ·· · ···
- - -11 - - - - -
-
1- - - - , - - - - 1 --
um-
Employees
thrown out of
work.
Employees
locked out.
E stablishments.
655
4,131
20,512
18,121
15,424
101,980
57,534
13,787
10,471,
19,233 /
11
0
r
8
12,754
3,675
7,651
11,038
14,698
46,562
16,257
30,304
112,332
44,908
68,474
716,231
Average
lo~iut.
--- ---
- --
-
ber.
109
188
733
431
308
728
859
~ 45
291
301
205
493
186
519
319
655
239
263
358
776
185
389
729
401
628
4,131
20,512
18,121
15,424
101,980
59,630
15, 176
10, 731
21,555
31,014
32,014
21,842
29,619
14,785
7,668
7,763
14,217
14,817
62,653
20,457
31,715
131,779
56,604
80,748
463
825,610
92
109
188
733
431
308
728
890
379
298
337
449
525
312
539
370
l92
243
339
36l
1,044
232
407
856
505
741
534
21
CHAPTER !.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
The total number of lockouts during the period from 1881 to 1905
was 1,546, the number of establishments involved 18,547, the number
of employees locked out 716,231, and the number of employees
thrown out of work 825,610.
The average number of establishments involved per lockout was
12, the average number of employees locked out 463, and the average
number of employees thrown out of work 534.
During the 25-year period, the smallest number of lockouts within
any one •year was 6, in 1881, involving 9 establishments, locking
out 655 employees, and throwing out of work 655 ~mployees. In
1903 there were 154 lockouts, the largest number within any one year,
involving 3,288 establishments, locking out 112,332 employees, and
throwing out of work 131,779 employees.
The average number of establishments per lockout varied from 1.3
in 1896 to 38 in 1900. The average number of employees locked
out per lockout varied from 92 in 1896 to 859 in 1887, and the average
number of employees thrown out of work from 109 in 1881 to 1,044
in 1900.
Similar data by industries are presented in the table which follows :
LOCKOUTS , ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED. EMPLOYEES LOCKED OUT, AND EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT OF WORK, BY INDU STRIES, 1881 TO 1905.
Establishments.
Industry.
Lockouts.
Employees
thrown out of
work.
Empl oyees
locked out.
ge Num- Average
Num- Avera
per
per
ber.
lockout. ber.
lockout.
Number.
1,239
152
2,734
1,141
41,648
246
7,563
2,391
138
38
105
190
622
62
398
342
11
13
4
165
739
337
8
204
52
1
10, 142
12
4
214
1,803
140
458
2
24
1
64
14
61
867
272
921
468
483
317
915
10
75
103
761
319
97
245,762
3,452
3, 717
3,546
51 , 106
7,832
70, 449
20
1,203
103
20,010
2,922
1,066
964
314
929
507
681
326
1, 051
10
80
103
770
325
97
8
3
2
83
25
11
42
47
3
18
7
24
10
45
24
3
3
100
404
40
193
145
72
23
7
138
74
46
325
17
41
189
583
1,359
178
344
406
213
17
710
1,453
368
2,700
50
82
16,657
15,777
14,947
11 , 413
27, 506
1"9, 023
3,901
119
18,232
14,526
18, 005
338
17
41
201
631
1,359
272
585
6,341
217
17
700
1, 453
400
Average
per
lockout.
------ --- --- -----Agricultural implements .... ___._. _____
Automobiles and bicycles. ___ .. _.......
Bakery..... _______ _...... ___ _....... _..
Blacksmithing and horseshoeing . . _...
Boots and shoe'l ....... .. __ .... _... _...
Brass and brass goods ._ ._ ........ _....
Brewing, ...... _. _... _... _.. ..... . .. ...
Brick and tile .. __ ............. . ........
Brooms and brushes .. ___ ..... __ _-_ .....
Building trades __ ·-- ________________ . _.
Car building _. __ ---·_·-_.·-. __ . ________
Carpets ___ . ___ . _. ___ .... _. ______ __ _. ___
Carriages and wagons __ . ____ __ . _.... ..
8t~1~1~1:
~
c~if;~'. ~:::::: : : : : : : : : : : : ~::
Confectionery . . __._. ___ .. _..... ___ . . __ .
Cooperage . ..... __ _.. _..... . . _... __ . . _..
Cotton and woolen goods_ ... _._ .. ____ .
Cotton goods ___.... . .. ................
Cutlery and edge tools ...... __ .. _. _____
Domestic service ... _.... _...... _. _. __ . .
Electric a nd gas apparatus and supplies._ . _.... _.. __ . _. _. __. . .... _.... ___
Electric light and power. __ . ___ ._._. __ .
Flour mill products .. .. ... _.... __ ... _._
Foundry and machine shop ... _. _.. ___ _
Freight handlin~ and teaming . ... .....
Furnishing goo s, men's_ ........... _..
Furniture and upholstering. ...........
Glass .. ..... ..... ....... ............. _. .
Gloves and mittens .. ..... . ........ ·-·.
Hardware . . _....... . .................. _
Harness and saddlery.. _......... .. . ...
Hats and caps ......... .. ·-_·-_ ........
Hosier y and knit goods ......... __.....
Iron and steel ..... . .. _. . . _....... .. ....
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9
4
26
6
67
4
19
7
1
255
11
4
7
75
24
67
2
15
1
26
,g
1,224
1. 4
1.0
132
6. a
2,707
123. 2
1,139
5. 0
39,981
2.0
246
10. 7
7, 372
7. 4
2,341
1. 0
90
39.8 221,064
2,992
1.1
3,682
1.0
3,274
30. 6
24. 0
36, 207
5. 8
7,596
61,302
6. 8
1.0
20
1. 6
1, 131
1.0
103
2. 5
19,788
1.6
2,868
5. 5
1,066
3. 0
1.0
1.5
1. 2
16. 2
3. 6
4. 6
3.1
24.0
1. 3
1.0
5. 8
7. 4
1.0
2,599
50
82
15,675
14,565
14,947
7,493
16,148
1,217
3,826
119
17, 039
14, 526
16,545
136
33
104
190
597
62
388
334
90
w
90
22
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
LOCKOUTS, ESTABLISHM:ENTS INVOLVED, EMPLOYEES LOCKED OUT, AND EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT OF WORK, BY INDUSTRIES, 1881 TO 1905--Concluded.
Establishments.
Industry.
Lockouts.
Num- 'Average
1
ber.
Ironwork, ornamental. ................
Jewelry a nd silverware ................
Laundry work . ........................
Leather ..... . ......... .................
Lime a nd cement ..... ...... : . .........
Lithographing ...... ... ...... ...... .. . .
Lumber and timber products ..........
;~r~t!ti~~~~:: ~::::::: ::::::::::::::•
Musical instruments ...................
i:
E~~ ·iooc1s·_· _- .- .- : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
Planing mill products ....... ......... ..
Pottery .......... . ................ ... ..
Printing and publishing ...... .........
Public works .......... .................
R a ilroad transportation ...............
Ro~e, twine, and bagging........... , ..
Ru ber goods ........ . .................
Shipbuild ng ............. ..............
Silk goods .............. .. .. .. . . ........
Sla ughtering a nd meat packing .. . .....
Smelting and refining .......... . .......
~t~~:sqi:arlu~a~~s~ ~~~~~~~--· •. ·.:: : : : : :
Street railway transportation ...... .. .
Stre:>.ets and sewers ................ .....
Telegr8/h and telephone ...............
Tin an sheet metal goods ...... .. .....
Tobacco: chewing and smoking . . ... ..
Tobacco: cigars and cigarett es . .......
Typewriters, cash registers, and sowing machines .. , .... .. ............. . ..
W a tches and clocks ....... ...... ..... . .
W ater transportation .. ... . . : ... . __...
Wooden goods ......... . .............. .
Woolen goods ... ... ....................
Miscella neous ..........................
loc~~ut.
ber.
37.0
14. 8
4. 4
8. 6
18. 0
22. 8
4. 3
1.0
19.0
1.8
2. 3
1. 0
1.0
3. 9
5. 2
3. 4
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1. 6
2. 3
1. 5
1.8
16. 7
1.7
1.0
1.0
1.0
4. 4
4. 5
2. 5
430
1,587
1,619
7, 512
1,675
2,914
3,454
1,273
2,000
4,259
4,526
774
49
1,308
4,494
4,932
100
90
259
616
2,267
7,954
19, 972
2, 398
21,803
5,925
441
50
67
1,226 ·
1,977
45,678
2
4
5
4
2
5
125
13
27
191
1.0
1. 3
25. 0
3. 3
1.9
7. 6
18,547
12.0
14
1, 546
Numlockout. · ber.
Average
per
lockout.
--- --- ---
37
74
31
138
36
91
26
12
19
11
18
2
2
54
31
394
1
3
3
4
11
23
16
7
901
57
9
1
5
40
9
384
25
Employees
t4rown out of
work.
Num- Average
per
1
5
7
16
2
4
6
12
1
6
8
2
2
14
6
115
1
3
3
4
.7
10
11
4
54
33
9
1
5
9
2
151
--- ---
Total ...... ..... ... ... .. .. .......
Employees
locked out.
430
317
231
470
838
729
576
106
2,000
710
430
1,587
1,619
7,827
1,675
8,836
3, 454
1, 326
2,000
4,260
5,121
774
66
1,594
4,620
5,204
100
404
180
49
50
13
136
989
303
970
616
2,267
8,079
22,555
2,908
24,518
7,044
1,696
60
75
1,558
1,977
47,616
430
317
231
489
838
2,209
576
111
2, 000
710
640
387
33
114
770
45
100
30
323
154
324
808
2, 050
727
454
213
188
60
15
173
989
315
525
746
1,236
255
14,354
4,330
263
187
247
64
1,025
173
525
891
1,264
255
14,463
4,360
263
223
253
64
1,033
174
716,231
463
825,610
534
566
387
25
93
749
43
100
30
86
154
324
795
1,816
600
90
The greatest number of lockouts occurred in the building trades.
In that industry were 255 lockouts, involving 10,142 establish:inents,
locking out 221,064 employees and throwing out of work 245,762
employees.
The manufacture of cigars and cigarettes occupies second place
so far as number of lockouts is concerned, but the second place is
occupied by the manufacture of men's clothing so far as establishments involved are concerned, and by the coal and coke industry so
far as employees locked out and employees thrown out of work are
concerned.
The average number of establishments per lockout varied from
1 to 123.2; the average number of employees locked out from 10 to
2,000, and the average number of employees· thrown out of work from
10 to 6,341.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
•
23
CHAPTER !.-INTRODUCTION A.NJ;) DISCUSSION.
The table by States and geographical divisions follows:
LOCKOUTS, ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED, EMPLOYEES LOCKED OUT, AND EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT OF WORK, BY STATES AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS,
1881 TO 1905.
[See Table XVII, pages 738 to 741, for note.s relating to general lockouts extending into two or more
States.)
Establishments.
State and geographical division.
Lockouts.
Employees
locked out.
Num- Average
Num- Average
per
per
ber.
lockout. ber.
lockout.
--------- ---
Employees
thrown out of
work.
Number.
Average
per ·
lockout.
------
Alabama ...............................
Arizona ...............................
Arkansas. _._ ......................... :
California .. ............. ..... .. ..... __ .
Colorado ............. ..... .............
Connecticut ........... .......... . . .....
Delaware ._ ....... . . ................. ..
District of Columbia ... : ._ ....... ......
:Florida ......... _......................
Georgia ................................
Idaho ..................................
Illinois ... ............................. .
Indiana ..... _................ _.........
11
1. 6
126
7
885
887
127
1
15
1
1.0
15
15
15
2. 8
102
5
14
20
102
20
241
5. 9
7,763
189
41
8,039
196
63
2. 7
3,870
168
4,064
23
177
3. 0
25,382
26,156
68
207
373
385
188
188
188
1
1
1.0
188
252
41
13. 7
84
382
3
127
5.5
9,958
622
11,865
16
88
742
10,192
728
14
109
7. 8
10, 199
729
1
6
6. 0
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
141
4,555
32.3 188,849
1,339 218,285
1,548
4. 4
4,373
4,630
233
83
53
87
1
39
39. 0
732
732
732
732
5. 7
2,788
121
3,328
23
131
145
2,516
Kansas ......... .... ................. . .
5
1. 8
503
5,103
1, 021
9
1,612
31
1. 6
81
2,046
20
102
fi~fs~~~i::: :::::: ::::: :: ::::::::::::::
5. 8
1,286
257
1,596
5
319
29
6,951
Maine ........................ ..... ...
86
7. 8
632
6,968
11
633
2, 061
121
Ma ryland ..............................
62
3. 6
2,606
153
17
Massachusetts .........................
6. 4
40, 113
313
42,298
128
825
330
Michigan ....... ..... ...... ....... _.....
241
5.5
7, 047
160
8,543
44
194
Minnesota ......... __ ..................
4. 7
2,276
155
69
3,682
112
33
2. 6
5,508
Missouri. ..............................
40
103
139
138
5,544
1,164
Montana .......... .. ............ .......
24
3. 4
166
1,695
242
7
2,821
Nebraska._ ........... . ................
12. 9
403
2,921
417
7
90
New Hampshire .......................
6. 4
1,504
215
2,121
7
45
303
New Jersey ...... . . ..... ..... ....... ...
17. 2 . 20,397
21,741
55
946
371
395
New Mexico ...... _.............. ..... .
1.0
200
1
1
200
200
200
684 269,415
New York ......... . ...................
326
6,422
19. 7 222,853
826
1,252
1, 402
North Carolina .... _...................
21
7.0
417
467
3
15
15
North Dakota ..... . . . .................
1. 0
5
3
3
5
3. 5
23,876
25,922
Ohio ...................................
386
217
236
110
Oklahoma ... _...... _.. _........... _. ..
2
27
13. 5
409
205
409
205
20. 3
1,020
255
4
81
1,020
255
70,543
84,374
164
2,276
13. 9
430
514
13,377
Rhode Island .......... _.. . ......... ...
66
8. 3
1,672
13,377
1,672
8
South Carolina ....... _................
6.0
837
18
279
837
279
3
73
South Dakota ......... .... ........... .
2
2
1.0
37
73
37
Tennessee ... ......... ... ... ........... .
1.
3
2,096
75
2,138
76
28
37
132
6. 9
1,821
2,026
Texas ...... ........... ....... ...... ... .
19
107
96
Utah .. ............... . . ..... .. .........
12
4. 0
329
110
345
115
3
8,058
1,615
5
394
78. 8
1,612
8,073
2. 2
4,322
51
192
188
4,408
23
Washington ................... . .......
112
7.0
1,770
111
1,785
112
16
1. 6
4,125
344
West Virginia .............. . . .... ......
12
19
409
4,910
2.8
5,319
152
·5,814
·wisconsin .... .. .. .....................
166
35
99
Wyoming .. .. ......................... .
2
2
1. 0
331
166
331
166
- --· - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Total ............................ 1,546
12. 0 716,231
463 825,610
534
18,547
~~t:~ ~~~~~~~? .- .•.•.•.•.~ ~ :::::::::::::::
~!~~;i,;a~ia:: :~:: :::::::::::::~: :::::
~f:;tiFt.·.·.·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
North Atlantic ...... ........ , ..... ....
South Atlantic ._ ......................
North Central .........................
South Central . ...... . ...... .. .........
Western ............ .... .............. .
--- ------ --- ==-==--772
92
496
87
99
11,267
410
6,007
320
543
14. 6
4. 5
12. 1
3. 7
5. 5
409,178
33,187
245, 461
8,943
19,462
530
361
495
103
197
474,523
36,797
283, 860
9,936
20,494
615
400
572
114
207
The greatest number of lockouts within any one State occurred
in N:' ew York; in that .State were 326 lockouts, 6,422 establishments
involved, 222,853 employees locked out, and 269,415 employees
thrown out of work. In Pennsylvania were 164 lockouts, 2,276
establishments involved, 70,543 employees locked out, and 84,374
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
24
•REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
employees thrown out of work. In Illinois were 141 lockouts, 4,555
establishments involved, 188,849 employees locked out, and 218,285
employees thrown out of work.
A large ptoportion of the lockouts occurred in the North Atlantic
and North Central divisions; in those divisions the average number
of establishments per lockout, the average number of employees
locked out, and the average number of employees thrown out of work
•were all greater than in the Southern and Western divisions. .
PER CENT OF STRIKES, ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED,
STRIKERS, AND EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT OF WORK,
BY INDUSTRIES .AND BY STATES.
The two text tables here given show the number of strikes, estabments involved, strikers, and employees thrown out of work, grouped
by industries, and by States and geographical divisions for the
twenty-five years from 1881 to 1905, inclusive. In addition to
·showing -the actual numbers for each industry and each State and
geographical division, the tables show also the per cent of the total
in .each industry and the per cent in each State and geographical
division.
The following table show these data by industries:
PER CE rT OF STRIKES, ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED, STRIKERS, AND EMPLOYEES
THROWN OUT OF WORK, BY INDUSTIUES, 1881 TO 1905.
Establishments.
Strikes.
Industry.
Strikers.
Employees
thrown out of
work.
Per Num- Per
Per
Per
Num- cent
cent of Number. cent of Number. cent of
ber. tota of
l. ber. total.
total.
total.
--- -
Agricultural implements . . ... . . . ...
0. 24
87
0.05
16, 997 . 0.2,5
22, 942
93
0.26
Agriculture . . .. . .. . .. ... .. ... . . . ... .
.10
131
13, 227
35
13, 065
.19
.15
.07
Automobiles and bicycles ..... . .. . .
.22
79
93
.05
5, 579
.08
9,073
.10
Awnings, tents, and sails ......... .
10
(a)
.03
30
.02
374
. 01
374
Bakery ..... .. ... . .. .. . . . ... ... .. ...
424
1.15
3. 54
29, 811
.44
32, 531
6,423
. 37
Blacksmithing and horseshoeing ...
. 24
2,979
1. 64
7,423
88
. 09
.11
7, 576
Boots and shoes ........ .. ....... . .. 1, 101
3.00
1; 555
.86
1. 32
88, 553
160, 059
1. 84
Brass and brass goods .. . .. .. .. .. ..
119
.32
284
.16
12, 536
.19
13,729
.16
Brewing ........ . . . ... . . ...... . . . . . _
166
. 45
874
. 48
16,651
.25
18,177
. 21
Brick and tile ...... . . . .............
332
.90
1,476
. 81
81,391
1.21
90, 410
1.04
Brooms and brushes ....... . ......
42
.04
1,694
.11
65
.03
2,050
.02
Building trades (b) ...... .. . .. . _____ 9,564 26.02 69,899 38.53
917,905 13. 64 cl, 083, 699 C 12. 45
Canning ·and preserving ... .. .. .. ...
48
.13
113
.06
6,928
.10
9,164
.10
Car building .......... .. .. .. .... . . . .
441
1. 20
614
.34
66,181
.98
89,277
1.03
Carpets ... __ ... . .. . . .. . ... . . ...... . . .
175
. 48
426
.24
37,830
. 56
66,109
. 76
.27
Carriages and wagons ... . .. .. . .....
125
.34
1,420
. 78
20,542
.31
23,351
Clothing, m en's ................... 1,147
8. 82
372,214
5.53
459,059
5.27
3.12 15, 996
Clothing, women's . .. ...... ... . . ...
640
1. 74
4,918
2. 71
215,595
232,154
2. 67
3.20
28.27
Coal and coke ..... . . .... . _... . . .... 3,336
9.08 17, 025
9.39 2,006,353 29.82 2,460,743
Coffins and undertakers' good s ....
15
.04
27
.02
. 01
441
.01
916
Confectionery ....... _.. ... .. . .. ....
17
.05
39
.02
1, 383
.02
2, 820
.03
Cooperage ....... ... ... ... .. . . . _....
323
.88
1,086
.60
25, 652
.38
27,474
.32
Cotton and woolen goo.ds ..........
111
.30
440
.24
.57
64, 928
. 75
38,308
Cotton goods . . .. .. .. .. .... .. .......
665
1.81
832
. 46
166,357
2.47
277, 470
3.19
Cutlery and edge tools . . . . .. .. . . ...
.25
5, 202
8, 402
. 10
93
96
.05
.08
2, 924
Domestic service .. . ..... . . ... ... . ..
I. 61
31, 803
. 47
32, 212
. 37
338
.92
a Less than 0.01 per cent.
•
b Includipg 1 strike involving nearly all industries in New Orleans, the principal industry affected
being building trades.
c Not including 33 establishments not reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
~
25
CHAPTER !.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION .
PER CENT OF STRIKES, ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED , STRIKERS, AND EMPLOYEES
THROWN OUT OF WORK , BY INDUSTRIES, 1881 TO 1905-Concluded.
Strikes.
Establishments.
Strikers.
Employees
thrown out of
work.
Industry.
Per NumPer
Per
Per
Num- cent
of ber. cent of Number. cent of Number. cent of
ber.
total.
total.
total.
tota l.
--- - - ----
Electric and gas apparatus and
supplies . ..... . ...................
Electric light and power ... . .... ...
Flour mill products ....... ..... . . ..
Foundry and machine shop . ........
Freight handling and teaming .. .. .
Furnishing goods, men' s ...... . . .. .
Furniture and upholstering .... . ...
Gas ........ .. . . ..... . .. . .. ......... .
Glass ........ ... ..... . ..... .... : ....
Gloves and mittens ................
Hard ware ............ . .............
Harness and saddlery ...... . . .... ..
Hats and caps .................... . .
Hosiery and k'Dit goods ....... ... ..
Iron and steel. ..... ...... . . . . ... . ..
Ironwork, ornamental. ..... . ......
Jewelry and silverware . ............
Laundry work .....................
Lea ther ........... . ....... . ... .... .
Leather goods .. ......... .. .........
Lime and cement . .... ......... ....
Lithographing ........ .... .... .. ...
Lumber and timber products ......
64
82
42
1,668
916
202
535
48
548
50
279
150
374
206
835
34
77
67
206
21
48
64
269
203
15
227
125
90
62
389
84
1,001
146
378
506
46
77
270
397
155
71
1,057
335
297
446
325
243
29
1, 780
53
6, 364
4, 117
3,880
208, 352
249,545
·21, 919
54,135
5, 593
63, 641
11,363
20,704
8, 126
30, 249
11, 054
250, 125
3,336
6,680
10,893
22,384
1,325
4, 824
2, 773
51,934
12, 725
1,184
66, 181
14,517
15, 738
5, 329
56,939
16,013
44, 424
20, 613
79,134
123,413
5, 327
11,020
46,808
58, 404
106, 078
13,267
122,671
20,877
116,896
60, 748
21 , 642
25, 105
10, 415
231 , 988
4, 302
.09
.06
.06
3.10
3. 71
.33
.80
.08
.95
.17
. 31
.12
. 45·
.16
3. 72
.05
.10
.16
.33
.02
.07
.04
. 77
. 19
.02
.98
.22
.23
.08
.85
.24
.66
.31
1.18
1.83
.08
.16
.70
.87
1. 58
.20
1.82
.31
1.74
.90
.32
.37
.15
3.45
.06
6,768
4, 371
4,723
282,706
275,483
30,297
61,869
5,618
135,431
15,898
37,062
8,784
44,617
28,428
436,647
4,173
8,670
11,201
29,428
1,334
7,573
3,264
70,172
15, 728
1,190
93,658
17,961
20, 338
5, 930
66,709
23, 903
58,471
23,094
91,604
218,303
9,546
18,864
64,064
93,918
129,989
18,069
142,451
40, 073
123,557
70, 682
22, 622
27,114
15, 406
281 , 890
4, 589
. 08
. 05
. 05
3.25
3.16
. 35
. 71
.OG
1. 56
.18
. 4.3
.10
. 51
. 33
5. 02
. 05
. 10
.13
. 34
.01
.09
.04
1
. 18
. 01
1.08
.21
.23,
.07
.19
2.88
.91
.81
1.21
.88
.66
.08
4. 84
.14
.06
.08
.05
2.60
3.12
. 49
.86
.03
. 56
.13
.1 7
.19
.33
.14
. 67
.06
.17
. 27
.19
.04
.05
.09
. 44
.16
.01
.31
. 11
.10
.06
.84
.11
1.65
.09
.29
680
.38
5321
53
.03
.05
86
611
.34
592
.33
988
.54
. 05
88
2.45
4, 450
.27
491
479 ·
.26
976
.54
433
.24
.59
1, 067
40
.02
4.07
7, 381
78
.04
. 11
.10
-~5
. 2
1.08
2.63
39
43
1, 551
187
419
4, 463
.02
.02
.86
.10
.23
2.46
3,614
3,032
17, 231
12,631
33, 056
106, 642
.05
.05
.26
.19
.49
1..59
10,200
3, 874
50,733
14,016
77,940
124, 895
.12
.04
. 58
.16
.90
1. 43
Total. ........................ 36,757 100.00 181, 407 100.00 6, 728, 048 100.00
as, 703, 824
a100.oo
gr1r:!til~~~:::::::::::::::::::::
Musical instruments ...............
Paper ........... .. ..... .. ..... .... .
Paper goods ..... ......... ..... . ....
Planing mill products .......... . ...
Pottery .............. ..............
Printing and publishing ............
Public works ....... . ..... ..........
Railroad, canal, and road building.
Railroad transportation ..... .. ....
Rote, twine, and bagging .. . ... ....
Ru ber goods ...... ............... .
~mr~~~i~~.--·_-_·_·_~ ~:: ::: :::: ::::: ::
Slaughtering and m eat packing ....
Smelting and refining .. .. ... .......
Stone quarrying and cutting .... .. .
Stoves and furnaces .. . .. .. ... ..... .
Street railway transportation ..... .
Streets and sewers .................
Telegr9th and telephone ...........
Tin an sheet metal goods .........
Tobacco: chewing and smoking . ...
Tobacco: cigars and cigarettes . .. ..
Trunks and valises ......... . . ......
Typewriters, cash registers, and
sewing machines ........... . ....
Watches and clocks . ... .. . .... ... ..
Wate r transportation . .............
Wooden goods .................. ...
Woolen goods .......... .... ... .....
Miscellaneous .............. ........
39
36
128
79
396
966
.17
. 22
.11
4. 54
2.49
.55
1. 46
.13
1. 49
.14
. 76
. 41
1.02
. 56
2.27
.09
. 21
.18
. 56
.06
.13
.17
. 73
.55
.04
.62
.34
.24
.17
1.06
.23
2.72
. 40
1.03
1.38
.12
.21
. 73
1.08
.42
111
150
89
4, 722
5,665
885
1,551
52
1,020
241
305
340
600
251
1,219
101
315
482
346
71
82
170
806
283
24
563
208
177
112
1,532
195
2,999
155
- - - - - - - --
a
. 77
. 27
.67
.26
1.05
2.51
.11
.22
. 74
1.08
1. 49
.21
1.64
.46
1. 42
.81
.26
.31
.18
3.24
. 05
Not including 33 establishments not reported .
By far a larger per cent of strikes occurred in the building trades
than in any other industry. Expressed in percentages 26.02 per cent
of the strikes, 38.53 per cent of the establishments involved, 13.64
per cent of the strikers and 12.45 per ce~t of the employees thrown
out of work were in the building trades. In the coal and coke industry there were only 9.08 per cent of the strikes and 9.39 per cent .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
26
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
of the _establishments involved; but there were more than twice as
many strikers and employees thrown out of work as :ih strikes in the
building trades, the percentage of strikers being 29.82 per cent and of
employees thrown out of work 28.27 per cent ot the total number.
So far as the number of strikes is concerned the next industry in importance is the manufacture of cigars and cigarettes, while so far as
establishments involved, strikers, and employees thrown out of work
are· concerned, the manufacture of men's clothing occupies third
place.
The table which follows presents similar data by States and geographical divisions:
PER CENT OF STRIKES, ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED, STRIKERS, AND EMPLOYEES
THROWN OUT _OF WORK, BY STATES AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1881 'l'O 1905.
[See Table V, pages 480 to 485, for notes relating to general strikes extending into two or more States.]
Establishments.
Strikes.
Employees
thrown out of
work.
Strikers.
I
State and geographical division.
Numb er.
Per
cent
of
total.
Number.
- - - -Alabama ................... ... .. . ..
296
Arizona ............................
15
Arkansas ...... . ............... . ....
69
California .................... ... ...
638
378
Colorado ................. . ........ .
CoJJJl ecticu t .. .. . . __ .. ... _.. __ ..... _
930
Delaware ...........................
77
District of Columbia ........ ... .. . .
121
Florida . ..... . .. ............. .......
415
Georgia ............................
263
Idaho ..............................
21
Illinois ............................ . 3,624
Indiana ......................... .. . 1,126
Indian Territory ............ .... ...
13
Iowa ...............................
446
Kansas .............................
175
405
209 ·
'238
Maine ......... . .......... .. ... . . ...
Maryland ..........................
384
Massachusetts ............ . ........ 2, 774..
Michigan ........... ............... .
637
Minnesota .... ..... .. ...... ... . .....
535
32
::::~si~f~i.•. •. •. ~: :: : : : : : : : : : :-: : : : : : : : l,004 ~
Montana ................... . ....... •
132
Nebraska .......... ... . ... ..........
109
Nevada ........................... . .
4
New Hampshire ......... . .. . . : .....
188
New Jersey ................ ..... .... 1,507
New Mexico ........................
29
New York .... ... .. ........ . . . . . .. .. 10,199
North Carolina .....................
28
North D a kota ......................
26
Ohio ....... ... . ... .... ... . .... . . .. .. 2,570
Oklahoma ..................... .....
13
Oregon .......................... ...
77
Pennsylvania ...................... 4,159
Rhode Island ......................
369
South Carolina .....................
38
South Dakota .. ..... ...... . .. . ... ..
22
Tennessee ....... .. ....... ...... ... .
449
Texas .. : ......................... ..
322
Utah ...................... .........
63
Vermont .................... .... ...
68
fg~;~~!!: :::::::::::::::::::::::::
0.80
.04
.19
1. 74
1.03
2.53
.21
.33
1.13
. 72
.06
9.86
3.06
.04
1.21
.48
1.10
.57
.65
1.04
7.55
1. 73
1.46
.09
2. 73
.36
.30
.01
.51
4.10
.08
27. 75
.08
. 07
6.99
.04
.21
U.31
1.00
.10
.06
1.22
.88
.17
.18
737
28
175
3,357
3,663
2,111
279
785
1,360
715
27
29,176
3,533
63
1,706
477
1,345
2,098
431
1,565
10,009
2,409
2,435
87
6,496
230
498
·5
283
6,722
45
51,597
49
34
10,207
34
678
24,985
1,376
101
40
1,239
1,343
248
490
Per
Per
cent Number. cent
of
of
total.
total.
0.41
.02
.10
1.85
2.02
1.16
.15
.43
.75
.39
.02
16.08
1.95
.03
.94
.26
. 74
1.16
. 24
. 86
,5 .52
1.33
1.34
.05
3.58
.13
.27
(b)•
. 16
3. 71
.02
28.44
.03
.02
5.63
.02
.37
13. 77
. 76
.06
.02
.68
. 74
.14
.27
63,038
3,118
10,529
84,747
85,382
60,468
6,632
10,525
87,905
29,976
3,555
895,593
160,847
6,625
70, 241
28,914
63,737
82,008
24,132
64,563
353,436
98,067
74,441
2,517
152,413
14,183
19,128
240
13;675
182,924;
4,154
1,422,778
4,219
2,074
427,720
782
14,685
1,690,414
34,762
3,833
1,372
61,025
31,557
5,071
10,790
a Not including 12 establishments not reported.
b Less than 0.01 per cent.
cNot including 21 establishments not reported.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.94
.05
.16
1.26
1. 27
.!)()
.10
.16
1. 31
.44
.05
13.31
2.39
.10
1.04
.43
.95
1.22
.36
.96
5.25
1.46
1.11
.04
2.26
.-21
.28
(b)
.20
2. 72
.06
21.15
.06
.03
6.36
.01
.22
25.12
.52
. 06
.02
.91
.47
.07
.IG
Number.
80,151
4,324
11,323
102,880
93,435 •
00,310
9,832
11,437
98,673
36,840
4,085
1,207,000
222,496
7,603
79,515
36,991
69,934
87,901
42,407
75,962
520,827
135,784
89,105
2,984
177,062
a 19, 158
28,933
242
31,334
257,840
4,764
cl,674, 290
5,277
2,084
583,931
846
19,025
2; 242, 934
65,186
4,173
1,429
72,403
34,967
6,630
12,056
Per
cent
of
total.
0.92
.05
.13
1.18
1.07
1.11
.11
.13
1.13
.42
.05
13. 87
2.56
.09
. 91
.43
.80
1.01
. 49
.87
5.98
1.56
1.02
.03
2.04
a .22
.33
(b)
.36
2.96
.06
C 19. 24
.06
.02
6. 71
.01
.22
25. 77
. 75
.05
.02
.83
.40
.08
.14
27
CHAPTER !.-INTRODUCTION A.ND DISCUSSION.
PER CENT OF STRIKES, ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED, STRIKERS, AND EMPLOYEES
THROWN OUT OF WORK, BY STATES AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1881 TO
1805-Concluded.
Strikes.
State and geographical division.
Establishrp.ents.
Strikers.
Employees
thrown out of
work.
Per
Per
cent Number. cent
of
of
total.
total.
Number.
Per
cent
of
total.
. 48
.32
1.50
1.47
.08
45,898
24,808
126,457
126,400
7,898
.53
.29
1.45
1.45
.09
Total. ...... ................. . 36,757 100.00 181,407 100.00 6,728,048 '.1.00.00
as, 703,824
al00.00
Virginia ............................
Washington ........................
tr:Jo~!ft~i~ •. ~ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
Wyoming ......... .................
Number.
Per
cent
of
total.
214
214
292
799
41
.58
.58
. 79
2.17
.11
North Atlantic .. .... .. .... . ........ 20,432
South Atlantic ......... ... . ... ..... 1,832
North Central. ..................... 11, 073
South Central. ..... ............. . .. 1,808
Western ......... ........... ...... .. 1,612
55.59
4.98
30.12
4.92
4.39
Number.
------667
879
1,128
3,402
60
98,004
6,649
60,413
7,121
9,220
.37
.48
.62
1.88
.03
32,213
21,410
100,879
99,224
5,527
54.02 3,793,379
3.67
340,745
33.30 2,030,034
3.93
321,818
242,072
5.08
56.38 b4,943, 184
5.07
414,549
30.17 2,690,730
4. 78
368,112
3.60 c287,249
b
56. 79
4. 76
30.92
4.23
c3. 30
a Not including 33 establishments not reported.
Not including 21 establishments not r eported.
c Not including 12 establishments not reported.
b
An
examination of the above table shows that during the twentyfive years a large part of the strikes occurred in a few of the principal
manufacturing States of the largest population. In New York were
27. 7 5 per cent of the strikes, 28.44 per cent of the establishments
involved, 21.15 per cent of the strikers, and 19.24 per cent of the
employees thrown out of work. In Pennsylvania were 11.31 per cent
of the strikes, 13.77 per cent of the establishments involved, 25.12 per
cent of the strikers, an_d 25.77 per cent of the employees thrown out of
work. In Illinois were 9.86 per cent of the strikes, 16.08 per cent of
the establishments involved, 13.31 per cent of the strikers, and 13.87
per cent of the employees thrown out of work. Next in importance
were Massachusetts and Ohio.
In the presentation by geographical divisions it is seen that in the
North Atlantic division were 55 .59 per cent of the strikes, 54.02 per
cent of the establishments involved.., 56.38 per cent of the strikers, and
56.79 per cent of the employees thrown out of work. In the South
Atlantic division were but 4.98 per cent of the strikes, in the South
Central 4.92 per cent", and in the Western 4.39 per cent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
28
R·E P ORT OF THE COM M ISSIO:N'ER QF LABOR.
PER CENT OF LOCKOUTS, ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED,
EMPLOYEES LOCKED OUT, AND EMPLOYEES THROWN
OUT OF WORK, BY INDUSTRIES AND BY STATES.
Tables relating to lockouts, similar to those immediately preceding
relating t o strikes,. follow. The first table presents the data by
industries.
PER CENT OF LOCKOUTS, ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED, EMPLOYEES LOCKED OUT,
AND EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT OF WORK, BY INDU~TRIES, 1881 TO 1905.
Lockouts.
Industry.
Number.
Per
cent
of
total.
Establishm ents.
Number.
Per
cent
of
total.
Employees
locked out.
Number.
Per
cent
of
total.
Employees
thrown out of
work.
Number.
Per
cent
of
tota l.
- ---- - - --- - - ---- Agricultural implem ents ...... ..... .. .
.Automobiles and bicycles ..... ........
Bakery ....... .. ..... .... ..... ...... . . .
B lacksmithing and horseshoeing ... ...
Boots and shoes ........... . .. . .. .. .. . .
B r ass and brass g oods ... . .. . . .... ....
Brewing . . . ... . ..... . .·... . ... .. .... ....
Brick and tile .. . . . ............ ... .....
Brooms and brushes ..................
Building trades . . ..... ................
Car building ....... .... .. ..............
Carpets .... . ...........................
Carriages and wagons ......... .... .. ..
Clothing, men's ....... ............ .. ..
Clot hing, women's . ....................
Coal and coke ...... . . ... ....... ... ... .
Confectionery .. . ................. .. ...
Cooper age .. . ..........................
Cotton and woolen goods .............
Cotton goods ............ . .. ..... ......
Cutlery and edge tools ................
Domestic service .. . ............ .. .....
E lectric and g as apparatu s and supplies . . ............ . ..................
E lectric light and power .. . ..... ... ...
F lour mill products . . ......... .... ....
Foundry and machine shop ..... . .....
Freight handlini and teaming ........
Furnishing goo s, men's ...... .... ....
Furniture and upholstering . . .........
Glass ..................................
Gloves and mittens . .. .... .. .. ... .....
Hardware .. . ..... . . ... .... -. ... ........
Harness and saddlery ..... . .. . .... .. ..
Hats and caps .... . ...... ... .. .........
Ilosiery and knit goods ...............
Iron and steel. ...... .. .. ..............
Ironwork, ornamental. .. ..............
Jewelry and silverware ................
Laundry work .. ...... ..... .. .... .....
Leather ............ ..... ...... .. ......
Lime and cement .. .......... .. .. ......
Lithographing .. . .....................
Lumber and timber products .........
Metallic goods .. . ........ .. . ...... .... .
0
~~::~fe .~~~::::::: :::::::::::::::::
Musical instruments ........ ... ... ....
Paper . .... ............... .. ...........
Paper goods . ..... . ....................
P laning mill products . . , ........ . .....
Pottery . . .. . .. .. ....... : ..............
Printing and publishing ...............
Public works ......... .... ....... ......
Railroad transportation ..... .........
Rope, twine, and bagging . . ..... . .. . ..
R ubber goods .. .. . . ....... .... ........
Shipbuilding .. . ..... ..................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9
4
26
6
67
4
19
7
1
255
11
4
7
75
24
67
2
15
1
26
9
11
.58
.26
1.68
.39
4.33
.26
1.23
.45
.07
16.49
.71
.26
.45
4.85
1.55
4.33
. 13
.97
.07
1.68
.58
. 71
13
4
165
739
337
8
204
52
1
10,142
12
4
214
1,803
140
458
2
24
1
64
14
61
.07
.02
.89
3.98
1.82
.04
1.10
.28
.01
54.68
.06
.02
1.15
9.72
. 75
2. 47
.01
.13
.01
.34
.07
.33
24
.52
8
3
.19
3
. 13
2
3
100
5.37
83
1.62
404
25
. 71
11
40
2. 72
42
193
47
145
3.04
. 19
3
72
18
23
1. 16
45
.
7
7
138
1.55
24
.65
74
10
2.91
46
45
.07
1
37
. 32
74
5
31
. 45
7
138
1.03
16
36
13
.
2
91
.26
4
.39
26
6
12
.78
12
19
.07
1
11
.39
6
18
.52
8
2
.13
2
2
.13
2
54
.91
14
31
.39
6
394
7. 44
115
1
1
.07
.19
3
3
3
.19
3
4
.26
4
11
.45
7
a Less than 0.01 per cent.
.13
.02
.02
.54
2. 18
.22
1.04
.78
.39
.12
.04
. 74
.40
.25
.20
. 40
.17
.74
.19
.49
.14
.06
.10
.06
.10
.01
.01
.29
.17
2.12
.01
.02
.02
.02
.06
1,224
132
2, 707
1, 139
39, 981
246
7, 372
2,341
90
221,064
2,992
3,682
3,274
36,207
7,596
61,302
20
.17
.02
.38
.16
5 .58
.03
1.03
.33
.01
30.87
.42
.51
.46
5.06
1. 06
8.56
(a)
1,131
103
19,788
2,868
1,066
.16
.01
2.76
.40
.15
2,599
50
82
15,675
14,565
14,947
7, 493
16,148
1, 217
3,826
119
17,039
14,526
16,545
430
1,587
1,619
7,512
1, 675
2,914
3,454
1, 273
2, 000
4, 259
4,526
774
49
1,308
4, 494
4,932
.36
.01
.01
2.19
2.03
2.09
1.05
2.25
.17
.53
.02
2.38
2.03
2.31
.06
.22
.23
1.05
.23
.41
.48
.18
.28
.59
.63
.11
.01
.18
.63
. 69
.01
.01
.04
.09
. 32
1()()
90
259
616
2,267
1, 239
152
2,734
1,141
41,648
246
7,563
2,391
90
245,762
3,452
3,717
3,546
51,106
7,832
70,449
20
1,203
103
20,010
2, 922
1, 066
2,700
50
82
16,657
15, 777
14, 947
11, 413
27,506
19,023
3,901
119
18,232
14,526
18,005
430
1,587
1,619
7,827
1, 675
8,836
3,454
1, 326
2,000
4,260
5, 121
774
66
1,594
4,620
5, 204
100
90
970
616
2,267 I
.15
.02
.33
.14
5.04
.03
.92
.29
.01
29. 77
.42
. 45
.43
6.19
.95
8.53
(<£)
.15
.01
2.42
.35
.13
.33
.01
.01
2.02
1.91
1.81
1. 38
3.33
2.30
.47
.01
2.21
1.76
2.18
.05
.19
.20
.95
.20
1.07
.42
.16
.24
..'i2
.62
.09
.01
.19
.56
.63
.01
.01
.12
.08
.28
29
CHAPTER !.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
PER CE~T OF LOCKOUTS, ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED , EMPLOYEES LOCKED OUT,
AND EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT OF WORK, BY INDUSTRIES, 1881 TO 1905- ·
Concluded.
Lockouts .
Industry.
Number.
E stablishments.
P er
Per
cent Num- cent
of
ber.
of
tota l.
total.
Employees
locked out.
Number.
Employees
thrown out of
work.
Per
cent
of
t otal.
Number .
Per
cent
of
rota!.
- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - Silk goods .............................
Slaughtering and m eat packing .......
Smelting and refining . ...... ..........
Stone quarrying and cutting .. .. ......
Stoves and furnaces ... ......... . ......
Street railway transportation ........
Streets and sewers . ...... . . ...... .. . ..
Telegraph and t elephone .... ....... . . .
Tin and sheet m etal goods ...... . .. ...
Tobacco: chewing and smoking .. .....
Tobacco: c:ga rs and ciga rettes ..... : .
Tn>ewriter_s, cash- registers, and sewmg machines ........ .. .. ............
W atches and clocks . .. . ......... . .. . . .
Water trans~ortation·...... ... . ... . ...
Wooden goo s ........ ... . . .. ... . .....
Woolen goods ...... .. ........ ... ......
Miscellaneons . . ........ ... ... : ........
Total . ... .. . .............. .. .....
10
11
4
54
33
9
1
5
9
2
151
. 65
. 71
.26
3.49
2.13
.58
.07
.32
.58
.13
9. 77
23
16
7
901
57
9
1
5
40
9
384
.12
.09
.04
4.86
.31
.05
.01
.03
.22
.05
2.07
7,954
19,972
2,398
21.803
5;925
441
50
67
1,226
1,977
45, 67.S
1.11
2.79
.33
3. 04
.83
.06
.01
.01
.17
."28
6.38
8, 079
22,555
2,908
24, 518
7, 044
1,696
60
75
1,558
1,977
47,616
.98
2. 73
.35
2.97
. 85
.21
.01
.01
.19
.24
5. 77
2
4
5
4
14
25
.13
. 26
.32
.26
. 91
1.62
2
5
125
13
27
191
.01
.03
.67
.07
.14
1.03
525
746
1,236
255
14,354
4, 330
.07
.10
.17
. 04
2.00
.60
525
891
1,264
255
14,463
4, 360
.06
.11
.15
.03
1. 75
.53
1,546 100.00
- ----
18,547 100.00
716,231 100.00 ·1 825, 610
-100.00
The largest number of lockouts occurred in the building trades,
being 16.49 per cent of all lockouts. The second industry in importance in the number of lockouts was the manufacture of cigars and
cigarettes, with 9.77 per cent, and the third in importance was printing
and publishing, with 7.44 per cent. In the building trades were 54.68
per cent of all establishments involved, 30.87 per cent of all employees locked out, and 29.77 per cent of all employees thrown out of
work. Second in importance, so :far as establishments are concerned,
was the manufacture of men's clothing, with 9.72 per cent. Second
in importance to the building trades, so far as employees locked out
and employees thrown out of work are concerned, was coal and
coke, in which industry the employees · locked out ~umbered 8 ..56
per cent of the whole, and the employees thrown out of work 8.53
per cent of the whole.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
30
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
In the following table similar statistics are presented by States and
geographical divisions:
PER CENT OF LOCKO UTS, ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED, EMPLOYEES LOCKED
OUT , AND EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT OF WORK, BY STATES AND GEOGRAPHICAL
DIVISIONS, 1881 TO 1905.
[See Table XVII , pages 738 to 741, for notes relating to general lockouts extending into two or more
States.]
Lockouts.
State and geographical division.
Establishm ents.
Employees
locked out.
Per
Per
Per
Num- cent
of
of Numof Number. cent
ber.
ber. cent
total.
total.
total.
Employees
thrown out
of work.
Per
Num- cent
of
ber.
total.
--- --- - - - --- - - -
Alabama ....... .......................
Arizona ......... ...... .. ...... ..... ...
Arkansas ...................... .. .. ....
California .. ...........................
Colorado ........ ... . . . ........ .. . .. ...
Connecticut ...........................
Delaware ... ........ .......... .. . . .. ...
District of Columbia ..... .......... . ..
Florida ................................
Georgia ............ ...... ......... ....
Idaho . ........ ........................
Illinois ............ : ...................
Indiana .................... . .. ........
Indian Territory .... .. .. ..............
Iowa ..................................
Kansas ................................
K entucky .............. ..... ..........
Louisiana .............. ..... . ....... ..
Maine ................................ .
Ma ryland ........ .. .. ... . .. ... .. . . ... . .
Massachusetts...... . .... ... .......... .
Michigan ............... ... ............
7
1
5
41
23
68
1
3
16
14
1
141
53
1
23
5
20
5
11
17
128
44
m:ii~~t.~~::: :::~ :::::: :: ::: :::::::: ::
33
40
7
7
7
55
1
326
3
3
110
2
4
164
8
3
2
28
19
3
5
23
16
12
35
2
Montana .... . ....... ................ . .
Nebraska ..............................
New Hampshire ..... .... .. .. ... .. .....
New Jersey ... .. .. ............. . ... ... .
New Mexico ...........................
N ew York ............ . ................
North Carolina ........................
North Dakota ................... . .. ...
Ohio ..................................
Oklahoma .. .... . ... .... .......... .....
Oregon ................ , ...............
Pennsylvania ............ .......... ...
Rhode Island ............ : ............
South Carolina ........................
South Dakota ..... .... .. .. . . . ... ......
Tennessee .......... •........... ..... ...
Texas .......... .'......................
Utah ... ... ....... ....... ..............
Vermont ........ .. .... .... .. ..... .. ...
Virginia ... , ...........................
Washington·.... .. .... ...... ... .. ..... .
West Virginia ....... .. ................
Wisconsin ............ .... .... ...... . ..
Wyoming ............................ .
Total. .. .. . ............ .. ...... . .
North Atlantic .. ......... . ...... .... ..
South Atlantic ........................
North Central. .. ... .. . ............. . ..
South Central. ........................
,vestern. - . - -.................... -. .. - -
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0. 45
. 07
.32
2. 65
1. 49
4. 40
.07
. 19
1.03
. 91
. 07
9.12
3. 43
.07
1. 49
.32
1. 29
.32
. 71
1. 10
8.28
2.85
2.13
2.59
. 45
.45
. 45
3. 56
.07
21. 09
.19
.19
7.12
.13
. 26
10. 61
. 52
.19
.13
1. 81
1.-23
.19
.32
1. 49
1.03
. 78
2. 26
. 13
1,546 100. 00
--772
92
496
87
99
a
49. 94
5. 95
32. 08
5. 63
6. 40
11
1
14
241
63
207
1
41
88
109
6
4,555
233
39
131
9
31
29
86
62
825
241
155
103
24
90
45
946
1
6,422
21
3
386
27
81
2,276
66
18
2
37
132
12
394
51
112
19
99
2
0.06
. 01
. 07
1.30
.34
1.12
.01
. 22
. 47
.59
.03
24.56
1. 26
.21
. 71
.05
.17
.16
. 46
.33
4. 45
1.30
.84
. 55
.13
. 48
. 24
5.10
. 01
34. 63
.11
.02
2.08
.15
. 44
12. 27
. 36
.10
.01
.20
. 71
.06
2.12
.27
. 60
.10
.53
.01
18,547 100. 00
11,267
410
6,007
320
543
60. 75
2. 21
32.39
1. 72
2.93
Less than o. 01 per cent.
885
15
102
7,763
3,870
25,382
188
252
9,958
10,192
3,000
188,849
4,373
732
2,788
2,516
1,612
1,286
6,951
2,061
40,113
7,047
2,276
5,508
1,164
2,821
1,504
20,397
200
222,853
1,252
15
23,876
409
1,020
70,543
13,377
837
73
2,096
1,821
329
8,058
4,322
1,770
4,125
5,319
331
0.12
(a)
.01
1.08
. 54
3. 54
.03
.04
1. 39
1. 42
. 42
26.37
. 61
.10
.39
.35
.23
.18
.97
. 29
5. 60
.98
.32
. 77
.16
.39
. 21
2.85
.03
31.11
. 18
(a)
3.33
.06
.14
9.85
1. 87
.12
.01
. 29
.25
.05
1.13
.60
.25
.58
. 74
.05
887
15
102
8,039
4,064
26,156
188
382
11,865
10,199
3,000 .
218,285
4,630
732
3,328
5,103
2,046
1,596
6,968
2,606
42,298
8,543
3,682
5,544
1,695
2,921
2,121
21,741
200
269,415
1,402
15
25,922
409
1,020
84,374
13,377
837
73
2,138
2,026
345
8,073
4,408
1,785
4,910
5,814
331
716,231 100. 00
825,610
57.13
4. 63
34. 27
1. 25
2. 72
474,523
36,797
283;860
9,936
20,494
409,178
33,187
245,461
8,943
19,462
0.11
(a)
.01
.97
. 49
3.17
.o~
.05
1. 44
1. 24
.36
26. 44
.56
.09
.40
. 62
.25
..19
. 84
.32
5.12
l. 04
. 45
. 67
. 21
.35
.26
2. 63
.02
32. 63
.17
(a)
3.14
.05
.12
10. 22
1. 62
.10
.01
. 26
. 25
.04
.98
.53
. 22
. 60
. 70
.04
--100.00
57. 48
4. 46
34.38
1. 20
2. 48
CHAPTER !.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
31
The largest number of lockouts occurred in New York, the second
largest number in Pennsylvania, and the third largest in Illinois. In
New York State were 21.09 per cent of all lockouts, 34.63 per cent of
all establishments involved, 31.11 per cent of all employees locked
out, and 32.63 per cent of all employees thrown out of work by lockouts. In Pennsylvania were 10.60 per c,ent of all lockouts, 12.27 per
cent of all establishments involved, 9.85 per cent of all employees
locked out, and 10.22 per cent of all employees thrown out of work.
In Illinois the number of lockouts was less than in Pennsylvania,
being but 9.12 per cent of the whole, but the number of establishments was 24.56 per cent, the number of employees locked out 26.37
per cent, and the number of employees thrown out of work 26.44 per
cent of the total.
The portion of the table presenting lockouts by geographical divisions shows that 49.94 per cent of the lockouts were in the North
Atlantic division; 5.95 per cent in the South Atlantic, 32.08 per cent
in the North Central, 5.63 per cent in the South Central, and 6.40 per
cent in the Western.
•
STRIKES ORDERED BY LABOR ORGANIZATIONS. .
The tables which follow show the proportion of strikes ordered by
labor organizations and not so ordered, and also compare the results
of the two classes of strikes. In these tables all strikes, lasting one day
or more, which occurred during the twenty-five years from 1881 to
1905 have been tabulated in two classes, so that this comparison
can easily be made. The strikes that are tabulated as not having
been ordered by labor organizations are not necessarily strikes begun
and carried on by employees w}:10 were.not members of an organization.
They include not only this class of strikes, but also strikes carried on
by members of organizations, when these strikes were without the
authority of such organizations. It would have been desirable, but
it was not practicable, to secure sufficiently definite information to
separate ·these last two classes of strikes; therefore, they have been
combined under the single head of "Strikes not Ordered by Labor
Organizations.''
An examination of these tables shows that 68.99 per cent of all
strikes during the twenty-five-year period, 1881 to 1905, were ordered
by labor organizations and 90.34 per cent of all establishments
involved in strikes were included in strikes ordered by labor organizations. Of the strikes ordered by labor organizations the employees
were successful in 49.48 per cent, partly successful in 15.87 per cent,
and failed in 34.65 per cent of the establishments involved, while in
strikes not ordered by labor organizations the employees were successful in 33.86 per cent of all establishments involved, partly successful in 9.83 per cent, and failed in 56.31 per cent. Of all strikers
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
32
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
79.69 per cent were in strikes ordered by labor organizations, and
of all employees thrown out of work 77.45 per cent were in establishments jnvolved in strikes ordered by labor organizations.
The first series of three tables shows the number of strikes and of
establishments involved in strikes ordered by labor organizations and
the number and per cent of strikes and of establishments involved
in strikes not ordered by labor organizations. The first table presents these facts by years, the second by industries, and the third by
States and geographical divisions.
The table by years follows:
STRIKES AND ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED IN STRIKES ORDERED BY LABOR
ORGANIZATIONS AND NOT SO ORDERED, BY YEARS, 1881 TO 1905.
[See Tahle VII, pages 490 and 491, for notes relating to strikes not reported whether ordered or not
ordered.]
Establishments involved in
strikes-
StrikesYear.
Ordered by la- Not ordered by Ordered by la- Not ordered by
bor organiza- labor organi- bor organiza- labor organition.
zation.
tion.
zation.
Number.
Per
cent.
223
220
271
240
357
763
952
616
724
1 -~(j
1:2 4
918
906
847
658
662
596
638
1,115
1,161
2,218
2,474
2,7.54
1,895
1,552
47 .3-5
48.46
56.69
54 .18
55.35
53 .28
66 .34
68. 14
67 .3.5
71.33
74.83
70 .72
69.43
62.83
54:25
64.59
55.29
60.42
62.05
6.5.43
75.85
78.24
78.82
82 .14
74.72
248
234
207
203
288
669
483
288
351
525
432
380
399
501
'l'otal ......... ~ ................ 25,353
68.99
11,391
Number.
Per
cent.
Number.
Per
cent.
Number.
.52.65
51.54
43.31
45.82
44.65
46.72
33.66
31.86
32.65
28.67
25.17
29.28
30.57
37 .17
45.75
35.41
44.71
39.58
37 .95
34.57
24.15
21.76
21.18
17.86
25.28
2,251
1,604
2,338
1,967,
1,663
8,834
5,746
3,064
3,019
8,534
7,379
5,050
4,005
7,271
6,100
•i,913
7,798
3,220
10,439
8,422
10,032
13 ,413
19,334
9,735
7,664
76.88
76.20
84.74
83.10
72.81
87 .87
87.22
87 .44
79.74
90.58
92.00
91.16
87.93
88.72
87 .51
89.97
91.83
84.54
92.24
91.07
91.97
94.14
95.49
95.42
92.43
677
501
421
400
621
1,219
842
440
767
888
642
490
550
924
871
548
n94
589
878
826
876
• 835
914
467
628
23 .12
23.80
15.26
16.90
27 .19
12.13
12. 78
12.56
20.26
9.42
8 .00
8.84
12.07
11.28
12.49
10.03
8.17
15.46
7 .76
8.93
8. 03
5.86
4.51
4.58
7 .57
31.01 163,795
90.34
i1 ,508
9.66
Per
cent.
- - ~- - -- -- -- - - -- 1881 ...... .... ....... .. .. . ......... -- .
1882 .............................. . -- _
1883 .......................... . . ····· ·
1884 ..................................
188,5.... . ................. - - ..... - . - ..
1886 ............ .. ...... ... ...........
1887 ..................................
1888 ......................... . ....... .
1889 ........................... ··· ·· ··
1890 ... ...... ...... . .......... . .......
1891 ................... . ..............
1892 ................. . ............... .
1893 ............ ....... ............. ..
1894 ........... ............. · · · · · · · · · ·
1895 ...... .. ............. ... · · . · · · · · · ·
1896 .... , . . . . ........... ......... · · · · ·
1897 .... .. . . .... ..... .................
1898 .............. . .. ................ .
1899 .... . ...................... .. .....
1900 ....................... ········· ..
1901 .. ............................. . ..
1902 . . ............................... .
1903 .. .... ...... . ...... . ..............
1904 ... ··············· ................
1905 ........... . ........... . .. . ·······
555
363
482
418
682
615
706
688
740
412
525
- - - - - - - - - - - ----
The percentage of strikes ordered by labor organizations varied
from 47.35 per cent in 1881 to 82.14 per cent in 1904. The percentage
of establishments involved in strikes ordered by labor organizations
varied from 72.81 per cent in 1885 to 95.49 per cent in 1903.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
33
CHAPTER !.-INTRODUCTION A..1.: D DISCUSSIO
The table presenting similar figures by indu tries follow
STRIKES A D ESTABLISHME TS I VOLVED I STRIKES ORDERED BY LABOR
ORGA IZATIO SA D OT SO ORDERED, BY I D STRIES, 1 1 TO 1905.
(See Table VI, pages486 to 489, for notes relating to strikes not r ported whether ordered or not ordered. )
Establishments invoked in
strik s-
StrikesIndustry.
Ordered by labor organization.
umber.
Per
cent.
ot ordered by Ordered by lalabor organi- bor organization.
zation.
Number.
Per
cent.
umber.
P'.lr
cent.
Number.
65. 59
40. 46
66. 67
80. 00
98. 6
9. 56
7 . 14
77. 39
97. 94
70. 73
.08
.03
. 36
. 43
. 79
.13
. 64
.19
. 27
. 07
. 92
32
78
31
6
73
43
340
64
1
432
11
1,376
64
200
265
55
217
Per
cent.
- - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - 1 - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 63.22
Agricultural implements ..... .... .. .
55
Agricultu re .... .. ... ........ ........ .
17.14
6
Automobiles and bicycles ..... . .... .
60. 76
48
50. 00
Awnings, tents, and sails .... ...... .
5
92. 45
Bakery ................... ......... . .
392
Blacksmithing and horseshoeing .. . .
94. 32
83
Boots and shoes .................... .
71. 39
7 6
Bra sand brass goods ....... ...... .
66. 95
79
Brewing ............................ .
150 90. 36
58.13
Brick and tile ....... .. ... ..... . .... .
193
76.19
32
Broom and bru hes .............. . .
Building trades ... . ................ . a8,836 a92. 39
22. 92
Canning and preserving .... ...... .. .
11
55. 56
245
2:~~~~l~~.~:::::::::::::::::::::::::
Carriages and wagons ... . ....... ... .
Clothing, men's .. .... .............. .
Clothing, women's ...... ........... .
Coal and coke ............ ..... ..... .
Coffins and undertakers' goods ... . . .
·.::::::::::::::::::::
8~~1~r~~~~:.·.·.
Cotton and woolen goods .......... .
Cotton goods .. ..... ......... . ...... .
Cutlery and edge tools ............. .
Domestic service ...... ........... .. .
Electric and gas apparatus and supplies . ...... . .... . ................. .
Electric light and power .. ......... .
Flour mill products ................ .
Foundry and machine shop ........ .
Freight handling and teaming .... . .
Furnishing goods, men's ... . ...... . .
Furniture and upholstering .... .. .. .
Gas ........................ ........ . .
Glass ....... . ... .................. .. .
Gloves and mittens .. ... ........... .
Hard ware ...... ............. ... ... . .
Harness and saddlery .............. .
Hats and caps ...................... .
Hosiery and knit goods ............ .
Iron and steel. . . .. . .. .............. .
Ironwork, ornamental. ......... .. . .
Jewelry and silverware ............. .
Laundry work ..... ................ .
Leather ........ .................... .
Leather goods ... ................... .
Lime and cement ... .............. . . .
Li thographing . .... ................ .
L umber and timber products . .. ... .
;mr~:~!ie~~~~:: : : : : : : : : :::
62
71
1,035
539
1, 79
8
8
230
1
162
41
216
3S
56
32
1,167
504
146
443
14
292
27
111
131
308
1
31
30
59
46
102
11
19
5S
130
120
7
70
104
35. 43
56. 80
90. 24
84. 22
56. 38
53. 33
47.06
71. 21
16. 22
24. 36
44. 09
63. 91
32
29
31
5
32
5
315
39
16
139
10
72
37
196
113
54
112
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4
101
1
4
4
59. 38
29, 17
5.'3. 28
,54. 00
39. 7
7. 33
82. 35
. 74
38. 08
. 24
Musical instruments ............... .
48
Paper .... ......................... .
43. 5.5
27
Paper goods .. ........ .. .......... .. .
83. 80
326
Planing mill products ... . : ......... .
53. 57
45
Pottery ....... ....... . ............. .
6. 71
Printing and publishing . ........... .
68
21. 23
31
Public work ........ ... . . ........... .
10. 58
40
R ailroad, canal, and road building ..
39. 29
198
R ailroad transportation ....... ... . .
17. 39
8
R ope, twine, and bagging .... .... .. .
27. 27
21
Rubber goods ............. ....... .. .
a Including 1 strike involving nearly a ll industries in
being building trades.
309n-07- 3
7
4
6
1,454
7
9
93
93
503
52
122
68.29
76.19
70. 01
55. 02
72. 28
82. 80
76. 62
68. 66
49. 51
52. 38
39. 58
90. 63
4. 51
59.11
46. 67
30. 97
83. 20
53. 33
36. 78
8:l. 86
39. 24
50. 00
7. 55
5. 68
28. 61
33.05
9. 64
40. 62
31. 71
23. 1
29. 99
44. 98
27. 72
17. 20
70. 83
46. 72
46. 00
60. 22
12. 67
17. 65
91.26
61. 92
11. 76
23. 38
31. 34
50. 49
47. 62
60. 42
9. 37
51. 49
40. 9
53. 33
69.03
16. 80
48. 67
56. 45
16. 20
61
53
62
24
6 350
2'.936
1,215
21!1
56
1,044
54
a68,523
49
414
161
1, 365
15,779
-4, 780
13,757
20
30
860
342
305
44
2, 7 0
5
121
79
4,201
4,797
566
1,447
14
6!!7
218
134
321
523
56
625
90
297
454
230
60
. 19
. 73
. 66
. 83
.0
. 58
. 67
. 76
. 99
. 68
. 95
. 29
. 92
. 33
. 46
. 93
. 41
. 17
. 31
. 27
.11
94. 29
94. 19
66. 47
84. 51
41. 46
96. 47
138
3,171
7
9
226
9
527
52
144
34. 41
59. 54
33. 33
20. 00
1.14
1. 44
21.86
22. 61
2.00
29.27
16. 92
1.97
56. 64
32. 57
62. 21
3. 87
]. 36
2. 81
1 . 73
25. 93
23. 08
20. 81
22. 27
63. 34
54.17
4. 92
23. 42
19. 33
11. 24
11.01
15. 32
36. 05
6. 71
73. 08
31. 67
9. 54
56. 07
5. 59
12. 3
77. 69
4. 73
10. 9
5. 71
5. 1
33. 53
15. 49
58. 54
3. 53
56.15
31. 10
33. 33
49.82
10. 10
25. 42
31. 25
6.14
33. 5
5. 74
75. 48
64. 85
52. 36
73. 58
65.12
34
164
43. 85
353
f . 90
195
66. 67
16
280
50.
282
21
89.
1 7
45
74.
132
35
77
94
93:
1,438
66
66.
129
46. 43
172
94.
2, 27
13. 29
117
24.
78. 77
38
345
35.
187
9. 42
355
47.
323
60. 71
39
26.
14
82. 61
56
34.
72. 73
30
ew Orleans, the principal industry affected
34
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
STRIKES AND ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED IN STRIKES ORDERED BY LABOR
ORGANIZATIONS AND NOT SO ORDERED, BY INDUSTRIES, 1881 TO 190.'i-Concluded.
'
Establishments involved in
strikes-
StrikesIndustry.
Ordered by la - Not ordered by Ordered by la- Not ordered by
bor organiza- labor organi- bor organiza- labor organ:tion.
zation.
zation.
tion.
Number.
Per
cent.
Number.
Per
cent.
Num• ber.
73. 65
94. 53
43.18
89. 80
83.10
79.12
51.13
55. 43
92. 88
37. 50
88. 63
80. 77
161
276
54
50
454
83
100
477
193
76
25
839
15
26. 35
46. 62
5. 47
56. 82
10. 20
16.90
23
24
1,454
150
79
3, 670
58. 97
55. 81
93. 81
80. 21
]8. 85
82. 23
16
19
96
37
340
793
41. 03
44.19
6.19
19. 79
81.15
17. 77
31.01 163, 795
90. 34
17, 508
9. 66
Per
cent.
--- --- -
Shipbuilding .... _. __ __ ______________
173
Silk goods ...... _.... __ .. __ .. __ . _.. __
169
Slaughtering and meat packing_._ ..
115
Smelting and refining .. _. ____ . ______
29
Stone quarrying and cutting .. _____ _
777
Stoves and furnaces __ . ______________
260
Street railway tran sportation. ___ . _
206
Streets and sewers ........... . . ___ ..
127
Telegra ph and telephone ___________ _
145
Tin and sheet metal goods ______ . ___
189
Tobacco: chewing and smoking ....
9
Tobacco: cigars and cigarettes .. _. _ 1,338
Trunks and valises .. __ . _____ . __ _. _. _
38
Typewriters, cash riigisters, and
sewing machines ____ ..... _.... . ...
23
Watches and clocks _________________
17
Water transportation. ______________
58
46
0
o°J1s~ •. ·_ -_ -_ ·_ ~::::::::: : ::::::
64
Miscellaneous_ . _. _...... _.... . .... __
407
64.07
42. 57
74. 19
40. 85
73. 51
77. 61
69. 36
Total ____ _____ ___ ____ _____ _____ 25, 353
; gg!~/o
35. 93
57. 43
25. 81
59.15
26. 49
22. 39
44. 62
77. 78
31. 03
75. 17
71. 70
97
228
40
42
280
75
91
319
180
54
20
442
15
58.97
47. 22
45. 67
58. 23
16.16
42.13
1G
19
69
33
332
559
41.03
52. 78
54. 33
41. 77
83. 84
57. 87
68. 99
11,394
28. 48
30. 64
71. 52
55. 38
22. 22
68. 97
24. 83
28. 30
Numb er.
-
-
450
316
934
38
3,996
408
379
499
240
991
15
6,5~
P er
cent .
- - --- --53. 38
20.88
48.87
44. 57
7.12
62. 50
11. 37
19.23
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -
This table shows that the percentage of strikes ordered by labor
organizations varied from 8.74 per cent in hosiery and knit goods to
94.32 per cent in blacksmithing and horseshoeing. Some of the principal industries show the following percentages of strikes ordered by
labor organizations. Building trades 92.39 per cent, men's clothing
90.24 per cent, coal and coke 56.38 per cent, cotton goods 24.36 per
cent, foundries and machine shops 70.09 per cent, railroad transportation 39.29 per cent.
The percentage of establishments involved in strikes ordered by
labor organizations varied from 18.85 per cent in woolen goods to
98.86· per cent in the bakery industry. The percentage in building
trades was 98.03 per cent, in men's clothing 98.64 per cent, in coal
and coke 81.27 per cent, in cotton goods 36.66 per cent, in foundries
and machine shops 88.99 per cent, and in railroad transportation
47 .64 per cent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
35
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION A D DISCUSSIGN .
•
The table pre enting similar data by States and geographical divisions follow
STRIKES
D EST.A.BLISHME TS I VOLVED IN STRIKES ORDERED BY LABOR
·ORGA IZATIO S AND NOT SO ORDER~D, BY STATES AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1 1 TO 1905.
•
[See Table VIII, })ages 492 to 495, for notes relating to ·strikes not reported whetber ordered -or not
ordered and general strikes extending into two or more States.]
Establishments involv.ed in
strikes-
StrikesState and geographical division.
Ordered by
labor organization.
Number.
Per
cent.
Not ordered by Ordered by
labor organlabor organization.
ization.
Number.
Per
cent.
Num- 1 Per
ber.
cent.
Not ordered by
labor organization.
Number.
Per
cent.
- - -- - - - - - - - - - - 1 - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
Alabama...................... . .. ...
Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.82
. 00
t!~o~~!·.·.·.·::::::::::::::::::::::::
Colorado. . ....... . ..................
g~
7. 20
onneeticut........ ........... ......
Dela~vares...... . ................... .
District of Columbia................
Florida .. ............................
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I daho. . ... .. .... .................. . .
Illinois ....... .............. . ........
Indiana ......... ........... . ........
Indian Territory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
lowa......... ................... ....
Kansas..............................
ti~ts1i~L: ::::::::::::::::::::::::
Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maryland.. ....... ....... .. ... ..... .
M.assachuset ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Michigan........ ...... ... ...........
M,innesota........ .............. .....
~~:~~!f~i.•.·.·.·.::::::::::::::::::::::
2,
149
7
5
38.18
40. 00
124
499
45
28
168
81
2
14
416
2
1
32. 80
53. ti6
58.44
23.14
40. 48
30. 80
9. 52
22.46 27.724
36.94 1 3,014
15. 38
61
41.93
1, 360
21. 14
414
1~~
6. 34
1.56
6. 86
9. 52
9. 20
138
247
1, 686
426
365
113
6
1
1
1
B~i:
i~:g~
::
4
3
6
5
7
9
2
1
211
168
315
1,307
8, 718 .
1,923
2,073
l~~
f~:~~
6,lgi
Montana. . .... ........... . .. ........
93
7
3!.J
29. 55
191
Nebraska...... .............. ........
89
20
18. 35
471
Nevada..... .. . .............. .. . .. ...
4 1
. . . . . .. . . . . ... ..
5
New Ilampshire................... . .
87
4
101
53. 72
167
New Jersey................ .... . ... ..
1
"
626
41. 54
5;904
New Mexico.........................
21
7
27. 59
37
New York.................... .. ..... 8,549
1,650
16.·l . 4 , 947
North Carolina....... .. ... ..... .....
19
9
32. 14
3
North Dakota.......................
9
17
65. 38
17
Ohio .. ............................. .. 1, 601
969
37.70
, 802
Oklahoma...........................
11
2
15. 38
32
Oregon .... .. '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
15
19. 4
662
Pennsylvania ..... . ............... .. 2,152
5
2, 004
48.22 21,451
Rhode Island ................ .... _. .
140
37. 94
229
62. 06
l , 130
South Carolina_.....................
26
68. 42
12
31. 58
89
So.uth Dakota.......... . ............
12
54. 55
10
4.5. 45
27
Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
299
G6. 59
150
33. 41
1, 038
Texas ......... ... . ... .... .. ... ·- · ·· 244
75.78
78
24.22
1,233
tab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
63. 49
23
36. 51
224
Vermont..................... .......
46
67. 65
22
32. 35
467
irginia.............................
132
61. 68
2
38. 32
565
Washington.........................
165
77. 10
49
22. 90
792
West Virginia.......................
150
51. 55
141
4 . 45
13
Wi coo in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
494
61. 9
303
38. 02
2, 9
Wyoming ........ ................ ... _ _
21_ 51. 22 ~ 48. 78 _ _
40_
1
Total .......................... 25 , 353
. 99 11,394
31.01 163, 795
2
0
1~
226
525
64
31
441
93
2
1 452
e5
~::
6. l7
24. 87
22. .94
3.1!5
32. 43
13. 01
7. 41
'1.98
14.69
3. 17
20.28
13. 21
1
2
1, 2
4
0
~
4
8
300
3}~
39
27
1
k~
26. 91
16.38
12. 90
20. 17
l4. 80
2
g:~i
16. 96
5. 42
0 ............... .
1
I
8
1
2
1
1
0
4
6
66. 67
90.34
lHi
818
8
2,650
11
17
1, 405
2
16
3,437
246
12
13
201
110
24
23
102
7
314
457
__
20_1
17, 50
40. 99
12. 17
17. 78
5. 14
22. 45
50. 00
13.77
5.
2. 36
13. 1
17. 88
11. 88
32. 50
16. 22
8.19
9. 68
4. 69
15. 29
9. 90
27. 86
13. 44
33. 33
9.66
========
Atlantic.... .... ........... . .. 14, 110
SouthAtlantic .... .......... ........ 1,12
NorthCentral. ...... . ............... 7,730
SouthCentral. .... .... . ..... ........ 1,233
Western ...... ... ......... ........... 1,152
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
19.40
46. 43
~
I
:r orth
143
13
2
u~
~i
42. 02
35.34
39. 22
33. 12
31. 52
1,
6
7
G9. 07
61.67
G9.83
68.20
71. 4G
6,319
701
3,339
575
400
30. 93
38.33
30.17
31.80
28. 54
88, 685
5,322
54, 90
6,303
8,595
90. 5
80.08
90.86
88.51
93. 22
9,222
1,324
5,519
81
625
9. !12
19.92
9.14
11.49
6. 78
36
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIO ER OF · LABOR .
•
The percentage of stri~es ordered by labor organizations within
each State varied from 34.62 per cent in North Dakota to 100 per
cent in evada. In the latter State, however, there were , but 4
strikes during the period. The percentages of strikes ordered by
labor organizations in some of the principal industrial States were as
follows: New York 83.82 per cent, Pennsylvania 51.78 per cent,
Illinois 77.54 per cent, Ohio 62.30 per cent, and Massachusetts 60.78
per cent.
The percentage of establishments involved in strikes ordered by
labor organizations varied from 50 per cent in North Dakota to 100
per cent in Nevada. The percentages in some of the principal industrial Sta.t es were: New York 94.86 per cent, Pennsylvania 86.19 per
cent, Illinois 95.02 per cent, Ohio 86.23 per cent, and Massachusetts
87 .10 per cent.
•
In the Iorth Atlantic division 69.07 per cent of the strikes were
ordered by labor organizations, in the South Atlantic 61.67 per cent,
in the orth Central 69.83 per cent, in the South Central 68.20 per
cent, and in the Wes tern 71.46 per cent. In the North Atlantic
division 90.58 per cent of the establishments involved were in strikes
ordereu by labor organizations, in the South Atlantic 80.08 per cent,
in the North Central 90.86 per cent, in the South Central 88.51 per
cent, and in the Western 93.22 per cent.
The series of three tables which follows shows by years, industries,
and States and geographical divisions the percentage of establishments in which strikes ordered by labor organizations succeeded, succeeded partly, and failed, and the percentage of establishments in
which strikes not ordered by labor organizati'ons succeeded, succeeded
partly, and failed.
The first table of the ~eries shows these percentages by years:
RESULTS OF STRIKES ORDERED BY LABOR ORGANIZATIONS AND NOT SO
ORDERED, BY YEARS, 1881 TO 1905.
[See Table VII, pages 490 and 491, for notes relating to strikes not reported whether ordered or not
ordered, establ ishments in which strike was pending at the close of some one of the four investigations included in this report, and establishments in which result of strike was not reported.]
Year.
Ordered by labor organization.
Not ordered by labor
organization.
Per cent of establishments in
which strike-
Per cent of establishments in
which strike-
Succeeded. Succeeded
partly.
1881. ............... . ...... ....... .
1882 ........... .. ........... ·······
1883 . ..... ...... ... ... ·············
1384 ••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••·•••
1885 .............................. .
1886 ....... .......... . .. . ... ...... .
1887 .... .. .... . .. ...... . .... ...... .
1888 ..... .... ....... .... .... ..... . .
1889 ........ . . .. ..... ········· · ····
1890 .. .............. .... . .. .. ..... .
1891 .... __ .... _. _.. _.. _.... _.... _. _
1892. _. ..... _.... . . ............. -. .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
64. 99
56.36
64. 07
55. 62
62. 42
33. 46
48. 36
56.17
45. 61
53. 99
38. 46
39. 33
6. 71
9. 54
18. 31
3. 25
10. 58
20. 48
7.19
4.99
21. 37
10.17
8.10
8. 75
Failed.
28.30
34.10
17. 62
41.13
27.00
46. 06
44. 45
38. 84
33. 02
35. 84
53. 44
51. 92
Succeeded. Succeeded
partly.
49,33
44. 71
25. 42
31. 25
27. 05
42. 07
27. 08
25. 00
49. 93
39. 86
36. 76
39.19
7.98
3. 79
3.80
7.00
6. 60
7. 07
7. 24
8.86
9. 26
8. 45
11. 68
8.16
Failed.
42. 69
51. 50
70. 78
61. 75
66. 35
50. 86
65. 68
66. 14
40. 81
51. 69
Sl. 56
52. 65
37
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
R ESULTS OF STRIKES ORDERED BY LABOR ORGA IZATIONS AND NOT SO
ORDERED, BY YEARS , 1881 TO 1905-Concludcd.
YC'ar.
Ordered by labo r organization.
Not ordered by labor
organization.
Per cent of establishments in
which strike-
P er cent of establishments in
w hich strike-
Succeeded. Succeeded
partly.
1893 ..... ... .. ......... ............
18\!4 ........... ........ ............
1895 ...... . ....... - ........ . ... ... ·
1896 .... ······ ·· ·· · ··· ............ .
1897 ....... ...... . . . ........ ..... ..
18\:!8 ........ ... ..... .. .............
1899 ... . .. ....... .. ..... . . . ....... .
1900 ........... ... . . . . .............
1901 .. .. ........... ... .............
1902 ... .. ...... ..... ....... .. ......
1903 .......................... . . . . ·
1904 ...............................
1\105 . . . ........................ . . . .
53. 94
37.35
59. 25
62. 47
59. 67
69. 74
76. 33
48. 06
50. 36
4S. 31
41. 72
35. 75
Total ............... . .......
Failed.
10. 89
13. 67
10. (JS
6. 55
2Y. 51
6.15
35.17
48. 98
30. 70
30.98
14.19
41. 58
21. 95
17.19
23. 72
23. 77
15. 59
11.30
9. 48
29. 99
32. 45
27. 97
34. 51
48. 66
47.12
49. 48
15. 87
34. 65
10. 82
24.11
Succeeded. Succeeded
p artly.
Failed .
65. 3!)
28. 42
6.19
43. 94
27. 21
29. 93
30. 83
33. 96
36. 56
29. 94
30. 59
31. 38
22. 86
25. 48
12.12
43. 94
1).18
63. 61
15. 69
12. 54
7. 64
14.92
7. 03
16. 44
8. 74
15. 43
24. 04
8. '18
13. 22
33.86
9. 83
54. 38
56. 63
58. 40
48. 52
63. 03
52. 97
59. 88
61. 71
65. 74
62. 74
56.31
During the twenty-five year period, 1881 to 1905, the percentage
of establishments in which strikes ordered by labor organizations were
successful either wholly or in part was greatest in 1899, when the
striking employees were reported as wholly successful in 76.33 per
cent and as having gained a part of their demands in 14.19 per cent
of the establishments in which strikes pccurred; in the same year,
the percentage of establishments in which strikes · not ordered by
labor organizations were wholly successful was 36.56 per cent, while
they were partly successful in 14.92 per cent.
The percentage of establishments in which strikes ordered by labor
organizations were successful either wholly or in part was smallest in
1891, when the strikers were wholly successful in 38.46 per cent and
gained a part of their demands in 8.10 per cent of the establishments in
which they struck; in the same year, the percentage of establishments
in which strikes not ordered by labor organizations were wholly successful was 36.76 per cent and in addition a part of_the demands
were gained in 11.68 per cent.
The percentage of establishments in which strikes succeeded either
wholly or in part was greater in stri_kes ordered by labor organizations than in strikes not so ordered, except in two years, 1891 and
1894.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
,.
0
38
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER ·oF LABOR.
The table presenting the results by industries follows:
RESULTS OF STRJKES ORDERED BY LABOR OR GANIZATIONS AND NOT SO
ORDERED, BY IND USTRIES, 1881 'l.'0 1905.
[See Table VI, pages 486 to 489, for notes relating to strikes not reported whether ordered or not
ordered, establishments in which strike was ;pending at the close of some one of the four investigat ions
included in this report, and establishment s m which result of strike was not reported.]
Industry.
Ordered by labor organization.
Not ordered by labor organization.
Per cent of establishments in
which strike-
Per cent of establi shments in
which strike-
Succeeded. Siicceeded
partly.
Agricultural implements .........
Agriculture ........... .. .... .... . .
Automobiles and bicycles ... __ ... I
Awnings, tents, and sail:;, ..... ....
Bakery . _.. _.. _................... 1
Blacksmithing and horseshoeing ·1
Boots and shoes . .................
~~:~:~. ~.~~~~ -~~~~·s·•. •. ~: : : : : : : :
Brick and tile ..... ... ..... .... ...
Brooms and brushes .............
Building trades ....... ...... .. .. .
Canning and preserving ..........
Car building .... .. .... ............
Carpets .. . . . ........... . ..........
Carriages and wagons ............
Clothing, men's.. ... . ............. 1
g~~hi:a· ;;~~~~•.s_ •.•. ·.:::::: :::::: I
Coffins and undertakers' good s ...
Confectionery .... _...............
Cooperage ...... .. . ...............
Cotton and woolen goods ...... ..
Cotton goods . .. ....... ...........
Cutler~_and ~ge tools ...........
Domesc1c service .................
Electric and gas apparat us and
·aiid. po.we~-::::::::::
Ei:fR~eJgiit
Flour mill products ..............
Foundry- and machine shop ... . ..
Freight handling and teaming... .
Furnishing goods, men's ....... ..
Furniture and upholstering ... ...
Gas . ............ . .................
Glass ...................... ..... ..
Gloves and mittens. ..... .........
Hardware ........................
Harness and saddlery ............
Hats and caps .................. . .
Hosiery and knit goods . ..... ....
Iron and steel . .. .................
Ironwork, ornamental ...........
J ewelry and silverware ...........
Laundry work. .. .................
Leather.. .........................
tf:i~h=~J~~~eiit: :::::::::::::~ ::
Lithographing.... .. ..............
Lumber and timber products ....
Metallic goods ... ..... . ...........
~1~~:~~fe .~~~: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
0
Musical inst ruments..............
Paper. ............................
Paper goods .... ......... ..... .. ..
Planing mill products ............
Pottery.. ..................... . . ..
Printing and publishing ..........
Public works ........ ... ...... ... .
R~ilroad, canal, and road buildmg ........................ ..... ..
Railroad transportation ... ... .. .
Rote. twiue, and bagging .. ... .. .
Ru ber goods . ...... .... . ........
a Including 1 strike involving nearly
being building trades.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Failed.
Succeeded . I Succeeded
partly.
25.00
12.50
Failed..
62.50
85.90
70.97
66.67
24. 66
48.84
62.65
78.13
55.56
64.58
54.55
40.04
34.37
61.50
57. 74
50.91
70.51
51.45
56.37
85. 71
44. 44
34.07
56. 12
70. 78
18.03
18.03
47.17
45. 28
48. 39
1.61
25.00
12.50
·61.28
4. 11
87. 26
4. 12
40.00
11.03
23.29
14.15
32.24
32.83
33.81
21.94
48.15
11. 11
a 52.50
al7.59
'20. 41
2.04
22.95
27.29
45.34
9.94
27.99
27.99
76. 23
6.49
67.01
ti.90
20.35
32.11
10.00
35.00
40.00 ·······-· · ··
8. 72
62.56
9.94
7.31
13.86
17.82
]3.64
43.18
1 . 49
16. 65
63. 94
7.55
50.00
62.50
34.61
8.62
· 48.97
62.56
34.93
44.25
40. 74
a 29. 91
77.55
49. 76
44. 72
44.02
17.28
26.09
47.54
55.00
60.00
28. 72
82. 75
68.32
43- 18
64.86
4.0. 00
28.92
16. 45
39.02
24 . 43
69.96
42. 43
7.14
42.58
34.40
211 . 63
46.88
44.36
57.14
23.20
16. 67
18.52
22.03
30. 43
75.00
50.00
23.17
38. 24
25. 64
31. 25
14.89
32.09
31.82
15.58
32.82
11.63
46.58
34.21
2.35
7. 44
10.13
17. 26
12.05
6.36
9.68
14.29
6.97
55.51
14.18
8.12
14. 91
8.93
20.16
16. 67
36.36
66.30
22. 61
1. 67
17. 65
35. 37
22.95
20. 51
12.50
4.61
12.83
16.67
54.55
12.38
55.81
8.10
21.05
57.65
63. 64
73. 42
43. 72
63.52
23. 68
47. 89
78.57
50.45
10.09
61.19
45.00
40. 73
33.93
56.64
66 . 66
45.12
11.67
46.96
23,33
32. 35
41. 46
38. 81
53.85
56.25
80.50
55.08
51. 51
29.87
54.80
32.56
45.32
44. 74
15. 38 ............
13. 79
10.35
60.00 -----------27. 69
10.58
31. 34
8. 64
3.46
84.91
11. 54
8.65
13. l6
18. 42
21.67
5.57
21. 74
17. 39
22.81
7.60
5.26
31.58
5. 19
41. 56
11. 80
18.46
"27.15
10. 79
81.82 ..... ...... .
22.22
11. 11
21.43 -----------24.14
5.17
27. 27
9.09
12.50
33.33
33.33 -----------25.22
17.26
17.05
14. 77
75.00 -----------23.21
8.21
4. 7G
23.81
24. 44
8.89
11.43
11.43
17.02
4. 26
16. 67
16. 67
2. 91
23.25
32.48
6.84
84. 62
75.86
40.00
61. 73
60.02
11.63
79.81
68.. 42
7"2.76
60.87
69.59
63.1'6
53.25
69. 74
62.06
18. 18
66 . 67
78. 57
70.69
63.64
54.17
66.67
57.52
68. 18
25.00
68. 58
71. 43
66.67
77.14
78. 72
66.66
73.84
60.68
17.11
13. 66
50.00
13. 33
· ---------·
10.00
8.56
10. 50
74.33
75. 78
50.00
76. 67
26.67
30.14
23.08
21. 43
65.22
58.03
61. 54
64. 29
~H!
1......
?~.I
75.34
•••••• •..···
·· 1
51.
16 ......
....
30.88
6. 47
15.62
6.25
44. 44 ............
29.17
6.25
36. 36
9.09
50.95
9.01
4. 69
60.94
27. 50
11.00
21. 51
20. 75
16.36
32. 73
23.04
6. 45
44.20
4.35
11.04
32.59
14.29
·---------55.56 -----------63.27
2.66
17.35
26.53
21.06
8.16
5. 77
32.69
10.42
1.39
8.11
lL.83
15.38
14. 28
61.54
88.19
all industries in New Orleans, the principa l industry affected
_39
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION,
RESULTS OF STRIKES ORDERED BY LABOR ORGANIZATIONS AND NOT SO
ORDERED, BY INDUSTRIES, 1881 TO 1905-Concluded.
Industry.
Ordered by labor organization.
Not ordered by labor organization.
Per cent of establishments in
which strike-
Per cent of establishments in
which strike-
Succeeded. Succeeded
partly.
~mr~i~1~~~::::::::::::::::::::::
1
Slaughtering and"meat packing ...
Smelting and refining ..... _______
Stone quarrying and cutting .....
Stoves and furnaces . .............
Street railway transportation ....
Streets and sewers ...............
Telegrf h and telephone .........
Tin an sheet metal goods .......
Tobacco: chewing and smoking_.
Tobacco: cigars and cigarettes __ .
Trunks and valises ..... .. .. ......
Type~riters, c'.1sh registers, and
sew mg machines.. . .............
Watches and cloc,ks ......... . ....
Water t rans~ortat ion ........ . ...
Wooden goo s ..... .. .............
Woolen goods ....................
Miscellaneons .....................
Toto ] ___ ___ ___ ___ _________ __
33. 78
30.06
29.55
10.53
50.63
38. -.,7
45 .12
70.34
27.62
51.16
80.00
49.89
19.05
18. 22
11. 39
4.60
13.16
18. 79
11.27
12.66
13.63
28.87
15.14
Failed.' Succeeded. Succeeded
partly.
48.00
58.55
65,85
76.31
30.58
49. 76
42. 22
16.03
43. 51
33. 70
20.00
44.51
55. 55
34. 78 -----------16.67
12.50
51. 24
31.15
39.33
2.67
20.25
26.58
6().49
13. 22
65.22
70.83
17. 61
58.00
53.17
26.29
49. 48
34.65
-----------5.60
25.40
15.87
30. 43
28.62
42. 59
12.00
49.12
27. 71
26.00
36.69
17.10
43.42
40.00
33.33
7.90
4.00
10.62
20.00
59.01
53.62
51. 85
78.00
44. 71
60.24
59.00
50.52
74. 61
48.68
56.00
31. 50
46.67
12.50
21.05
30. 21
2(). 73
26.47
32. 41
25.00
5.26
16.67
2. 70
12.35
12.23
62.50
73.69
53.12
67.57
61.18
55. 36
33.86
9.83
56. 31
57.88
10.56
17. 76
5.56
10.00
6.17
12.05
15.00
12. 79
Failed.
8.29
In 49 of the 82 industries -the percentage of establishments in
which the strike was wholly successful was greater where the strike
was ordered by labor organizations than where not so ordered. If
those strikes in which the strikers succeeded in winning a part of
their demands be also considered, it will be seen that in all but 20
of the 82 industries the per cent of establishments in which strikes
succeeded either wholly or in part was greater for the strikes ordered
by labor organizations than for those not so ordered.
In strikes ordered by labor organizations the percentage of establishments which succeeded in building trades was 52.50 per cent,
with 17.59 per cent partly successful; in men's clothing 76.23 per
cent successful and 6.49 partly successful; in coal and coke 20.35 per
cent successful and 32.11 partly successful; in cotton goods 13.86 per
cent successful and 17.82 p3irtly successful; and in foundries and
machine shops 39.02 per cent successful and 17 .26 partly ·successful.
Of strikes not ordered by labor organizations the percentage of
establishments in which the strike was successful in buildin~ trades
was 50.95 per cent, with 9.01 per cent partly successful; in men's
clothing 23.04 per cent successful and 6.45 per cent partly successful;
in coal and coke 32.59 per cent successful and 11.04 per cent partly
successful; in cotton goods 21.06 per cent successful and 8.16 partly
successful; and in foundries and machine shops 27.69 per cent successful and 10.58 partly successful.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
The table presen ting the results of strikes by StatEs and geograph-=-•
ical divisions follows:
RESULTS OF STRIKES ORDERED BY LABOR ORGANIZATIONS A D OT SO ORDERED,
BY STATES AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1881 TO 1905.
[See Table VIII, pages 492 to 495, for notes relating to strikes not reported whether ordered or not ordered,
general strikes extending into two or more States, establishments in which strike was pending at
the close of some one of the four investigations included in this ,report, and establishments in which
result of strike was not reported.]
Ordered by labo r organization.
State and geographica l division.
Per cent of establishments in
which strikeSucceeded. Succeeded
partly.
Alabama ...... ...................
Arizona . ... ......................
Arkansas ....... ..... .. ...........
California ........................
Colorado ....... ...... ...... ......
Connecticut ........... . ..........
Delaware ....... .... ....... .......
District of Columbia . ............
Florida ...........................
fdeih~i·~·:.·.·.·.·. ~::::::: :: : : : :: : : : : :
Illinois ................. ........ . .
Indiana ..................... ... ..
Indian Territory .................
Iowa .............................
Kansas ............ .. .. ......... ..
fi~fs~~~::::::::::::::
::::::::::
Maine ...................... ... ...
Maryland .. ......................
Massachusetts ............. .... ..
Michigan .. ... ....................
Minnesota ........................
~i::~si~f~i.•.•.•.•. ::: ::: :: :: : : : : : : :: :
Montana .. .......................
Nebraska ...... ..... ........ ..... .
Nevada .............. .............
New Hampshire ..... .... ... ......
New Jersey . .. ..... .. . : ...........
New Mexico ......................
New York ............. .. . ........
North Carolina ............ .......
North Dakota ....................
Ohio ..............................
Oklahoma ................ . .......
Oregon ....... ..... .... . . . ...... . .
Pennsylvania.·...................
Rhode Isla nd ..... . .......... ... .
South Carolina .......... . ........
South Dakota ...... . .............
Tennessee ... ........... . .........
Texas ................ ... .... .. ...
Utah ................... .. ....... .
Vermont ............... .... . .....
Virginia .......... .. .. ........... .
~ri£?~~~i~~~:::: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : :
Wyoming ......... ...............
~
25.98
66.67
33.60
33.35
54.96
41.42
34.42
48.01
31.33
12.75
25.00
53.08
32.41
3.28
33. 70
29.05
46 .97
11 .62
44.23
45.14
39.24
51.20
50.15
11.59
43 .35
49.74
46.29
80.00
39.52
45.03
59. 46
65.99
25.81
58.82
33.33
20 .00
8.46
38.28
65.05
52.27
85.00
26.30
45.88
77.23
72 .59
30.90
36.74
25.16
36 .80
22.50
19 .35
·· ··· ··· ··- ·
14.84
10.68
8.45
15.11
17 .21
28.51
24.56
19 :10
8.33
11.89
26.16
--- -- ------12.30
'34.87
16.39
6.15
11.86
25.71
16.11
17.94
19.09
------ -----14.93
28 .79
11.25
·· ····--·· ··
10. 78
26.11
2.70
10.37
--- --------29.41
26.13
3.33
8.01
25.38
13.98
6.82
--- ---- -- --·
14 .36
16-.23
8.48
20.13
21.02
30.43
20.96
18.62
15.00
I Failed.
I
Not ordered by labo r organization.
Per cent of establishments in
which strikeSucceeded . Succeeded
partly.
Failed.
12.59
25.17
54.67
62.24
7.69
61.54
33.33
30.77
42.86
9.52
51.56
47.62
33 .16
6.31
55 .97
60.53
18.58
30.53
36 .59
50.89
6.67
35.62
43.47
57.71
48.44
3.12
48 .37
48.44
3.23
51.61
23 .48
45.16
11.11
72.11
44.11
16.78
3.23
67.55
13.98
82.79
100.00 ............ ---···· ···
66.67
42.63
9.09
35.03
48.28
12.72
41.43
29.48
57.80
50.00
50.00
96.72
40.00
1.45
54.00
58.55
38.10 -----------36.08
61.90
27.92
9.74
36.64
62.34
6 .21
82.23
9.65
84.l4
7 .76
43.91
21.55
70.69
29 .15
38.67
5.08
56 ,25
9.61
44 .65
30 .00
60 .39
27..37
6.58
30.86
66.05
11. 39
30.76
34.44
54.17
16.67
88.41
16.67
66.66
9.63
41.72
31.55
58.82
30.77
7 .69
21.47
61.54
22.22
3.70
42.46
74.08
20.00 ----------·- ------------ ···· - ----18 .96
12.07
49.70
68.97
26 .53
9.29
28.86
64.l8
12.50 -------- ---37.84
87.50
9.36
23.64
41.47
49.17
9.09
74.19
9.09
81.82
11.77
41.18 -----· - ·····
58.82
10.82
40.54
31.03
58.15
76.67 ·
50.00 ----------··
50.00
6.25
83.53
43.75
50.00
10.79
36 .34
30.23
58.98.
5.29
20.97
21.95
72.76
33.33
8!33
40.91
58.3415.38
15.00
23.08
61.54
18.91
6 .96
59 .35
74.13
24.55
37.89
30 .00
45.45
20.83
20.83
14.29
58.34
4.35
7.28
26.09
69.56
29 .41
8.82
48.08
61.77
48.27
6.90
32.83
44.83
32.27
15.02
53.88
52.71
12.47
44.58
28.23
59.30
35.00
15.00
62.50
50.00
Total ......... .... ..........
49. 48
15.87
34.65
33 .86
9.83
56.31
North Atlantic ...................
South Atlantic ...................
North Central. ...................
South Central ..... ....... . . ..... .
Western ........ . . ........... . .. ..
54 .72
34.46
45.94
29.15
42.01
15 .80
23.19
16.31
12.67
11 .71
29.48
42.35
37 .75
58.18
46.28
32.84
46 .34
34.25
22.89
33.44
9.75
9.52
9.50
11.14
12 .80
57.41
44.14
56.25
65 .97·
53.76
Of the strikes ordered by · labor organizations, the strikes were
wholly successful in 65. 99 per cent of the establishments in which
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTIO
A D DISCUSSION.
41
strikes occurred and partly successful in 10.37 per cent in ew York:
in Pennsylvania, wholly successful in 38.28 per cent and partly successful in 25.38 per cent; in Illinois, wholly successful in 53.08 per
cent and partly successful in 11.89 per cent; in Ohio, wholly successful in 33.33 per cent and partly successful in 26.13 per _c ent;
. and in Massachusetts, wholly _successful in 39.24 per cent and partly
successful in 16.11 per cent.
The strikes not ordered by labor organizations were wholly successful in 41.47 per cent of the establishments and partly successful
in 9.36 per cent in New York; in P ennsylvania, wholly suc~essful
in 30.23 per cent and partly successful in 10.79 per cent; in Illinois,
, wholly successful in 42.63 per cent and partly successful in 9.09 per
cent; in Ohio, wholly successful in 31.03 per cent and partly successful in 10.82 per cent; and in Massachusetts, wholly successful
in 30.00 per cent and partly· successful in 9.61. .
The presentation by geographical divisions shows that in the
North Atlantic division the ordered strikes were wholly successful in
54. 7.2 per cent of the establishments involved and partly successful
in 15.80 per cent; in the South Atlantic, wholly successful in •34.46
per cent and partly successful in 23.19 per cent; in the North Centr~l, wh lly successful in 45.94 per cent and partly successful in
16.31 per cent; .in the South Central, wholly su~cessful in 29.15 per
cent and partly successful in 12.67 per cent; and in the Western
division, wholly successful in 42.01 per cent and partly successful in
11.71.
The strikes not ordered were wholly successful in the North Atlantic
division in 32.84 per cent of the establishments involved and partly
successful in 9.75 per cent; in the South Atlantic, wholly successful
in 46.34 per cent and partly successful in 9.52 per cent; in the orth
Central, wholly successful in 34.25 per cent and partly successful in
9 ..50 per cent; in the South Central, wholly successful in 22.89 per
cent and partly successful in 11.14 per cent; and in the Western
division, wholly successful in 33.44 per cent and ·partly successful in
12.80 per cent. The percentage of wholly successful strikes was
considerably greater in strikes ordered by labor organizations than
in those not so ordered in each of the geographical divisions except
the South Atlantic; the percentage of partly successful strikes was
also greater in the strikes ordered by labor organizations, except in
the Western division.
The three tables which follow present the number and per cent of
strikers and employees thrown out of work in establishments involved
in strikes ordered by labor organizations and not so ordered. The
first of the three tables present these data by years, the second by
industries, and the third by States and geographical divisions.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
The table by years follows:
STRIKERS AND EMPLOYEES TIIROWN OUT OF WORK IN ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED IN STRIKES ORDERED BY LABOR OR GANIZATIONS AND NOT SO ORDERED,
BY YEARS, 1881 to 1905.
[See Table VII, pages 490 and 491, for notes relating to strikes not reported whether ordered or not
ordered.]
Employees thrown out of work
in establishments involved
in strikes-
Stsikers in strike~-
Year.
Ordered by
Not ordered by
labor organiza- labor organization.
tion.
Ordered by
labor organization.
Per
Per
Number. cent.
Num b er. cent.
Number.
I
1881. ... . .............. .... .. ....
1882 . . ...........................
1/383 .......... . .... .... ...... . . ..
1884 ....... . .....................
1885 .............................
1886 .............................
1887 .............. .. .. ···········
1888 .............................
1889 ....... .... .. ... ... .. ....... .
1890 .... . .... .. . ......... .. ......
1891. ......... ... .. ... ... ... ... ..
1892 .............................
1893 ............ ·· ··· · ··· .. ... ...
1894 ... ........ .. ... ... ..........
1895 .............................
1896... : . ..... ... ..... . ....... . ..
1897 .............................
1898 .. .. . .. ... ... ........ . · ··· ·· ·
1899 .............................
1900 ........... .. ... .. .. .. · · · · · · ·
1901. .. . ......... .. .... .. . ... ....
1902 .............................
1903 .............................
1904 .............................
1905 ......................... . ...
61,564
83,708
88,062
75,069
107,481
312,216
194,556
71,599
156, 469
221,177
191,440
127,103
151,500
437,972
209,040
137,040
256,547
127,479
232,811
344,418
336,167
496,175
456, 065
345,328
134,530
Total .... ......... .... .... 5,355,516
60.91
69.26
72.07
63.99
67.78
76.68
71.33
69. 41
76.30
77.43
80.42
77. 74
77.69
86. 73
73.18
74.56
77.14
70.02
75.52
86.18
84.83
89. 70
85.78
91.90
76.29
39,506
37,152
34,136
42,244·
51,103
94,936
78,216
31,555
48,599
64,481
46,602
36,396
43,508
67,017
76,622
46,758
76,023
54,588
75, 456
55,238
60,113
56,968
75,617
30,426
41,807
79.69 1,365,067
Not ordered by
labor organization.
Per
Per
cent. Number. cent.
-----
39.09
30.74
27.93
36.01
32.22
23.32
28.67
30.59
23.70
22.57
19.58
22.26
22.31
13.27
26.82
25.44
22.86
29.98
24.48
13.82
15.17
10.30
14.22
8.10
23.71
72,751 56.17
100,461 64.95
99,511 66.45
88,960 60.49
162,871 67.11
381,056 75.00
279,722 73.67
108,182 73.32
192,526 77.15
264,142 75.10
226,437 77.56
159,326 77.09
200,808 75.52
564,099 85.43
271,547 69.22
174,280 72.27
301,845 73.91
a 172,107 a69 .12
296,694 71.14
406,253 80.44
450,595 82.92
580,598 88.00
549,020 83.69
468,715 90.62
162,767 73. 42
43.83
56,770
35.05
54,210
33.55
50,252
39.51
58,094
32.89
79,834
25. 00
126,988
26.33
99,950
26.68
39,374
22.85
57,033
24.90
87,560
65,502 . 22.44
22.91
47,345
65,106
24.48
96,236
14.57
120, 771
30.78
27. 73
66,865
26.09
06, 546
76,895
30.88
120, 378
28.86
98,813
19.56
92,791
17.08
79,194
12.00
16.31
107,035
48,496
9.38
58,919
26.58
20.31 au, 735, 273 a77 . 45 1,960,957
22.55
a Not including 33 establishments not reported.
The percentage of strikers in strikes ordered by labor organizations
varied from 60.91 per cent in 1881 to 91.90 per cent in 1904. The
percentage of employees thrown out of work -in establishments
involved· in strikes ordered by labor organizations varied from 56.17
per cent in 1881 to 90.62 per cent in 1904. The years 1894 and 1900
to 1904 inclusive show very large percentages of strikers and of
employees thrown out of work in strikes ordered by labor organizations, but during 1905 lower percentages are again shown.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
43
CHAPTER I.-1NTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
The table by industries follows:
STRIKERS AND EMPLOYEES TIIROWN OUT OF WORK I
ESTABLISHMEN'I'S L VOLVED IN STRIKES ORDERED BY LABOR ORGANIZATIONS AND NOT SO ORDERED,
BY INDUSTRIES, 1881 TO 1905.
•
[See Table VI, pages 486 to 489, for notf's relating to strikes not reported whether ordered or not ordered.]
Employees thrown· out of work
in establishments involved in
strikes-
Strikers iu strikesIndustry.
Ordered by la- Not ordered by
bor organiza- labor organization.
tion.
P ei;
Number. cent.
Per
Number. cent.
Ordered by labor organization.
Number.
--- ----
Ag1icullturai imp1ements .... .. .
12,510 73. fiO ,
.Agriculture .....................
3,105 23. 77
Automobiles and bicycles ......
3,671 65. 80
Awnings, tents, and sails.... ...
296 79.14
Bakery ................. _.. _....
28,698 96.27
B~acksmithing and horseshoemg.................. . . ........
7,272 97.97
Boots and shoes ....... .. .. . ....
75,636 &5.41
Brass and brass goods .........
10,126 80. 94
Brewing ......... . ..............
16,398 98. 48
Brick and tile ..................
.55,889 68. 67
Brooms and brushes ...........
1,047 61. 81
Building trades................. a882,298 a96.12
4,160 60.05
Cannin! and preserving ..... .. .
2:~p~t~~~:::::::::::: ::::::::
Carriages and wagons ........ ..
Clotbing, men's.. . .......... . ___
2~
a\h!~:, c~~~~~'.s:::::::::: ::::
Coffins and undertakers' goods.
0
g~~';r~~~~:::.·.·.:: :: : : : : : : : : : : :
Cotton and woolen goods ......
Cotton goods . .... . .............
Cutlery and edge tools .........
Domestic service ..... ......... .
Electric and gas apparatus and
·a:na·p<>~e~::::::::
41,212 _62. 27
18,278 48. 32
17,598 85.67
360,813 96. 94
206,822 95. 93
1,622,602 81.16
298 67.57
1,082 78. 24
20,610 80.34
27,417 71.57
107,416 64. 57
3,074 59.09
29,397 92.43
4,762
Ef~~R~1filit
3,63.5
Flour mill products ....... _... .
3,551
Foundry and machine shop .... 174,840
Freight handling and teaming .. 190,609
Furnishing goods, men'8 ..... ..
13,353
Furniture and upholstering ....
46,883
Gas .............................
2,186
Glass .. . ................ _...... _ 43,462
Gloves and mittens. ............
10,485
Hard ware ....... .. . ..... _. __ ...
9,.'i03
Harness and saddlery ..........
7,608
Hats and caps .. .......... ......
26,964
Hosiery and knit goods ....... .
2,006
Iron and steel. ..... .. ...... . __ . 166,.585
Ironwork, ornamental .........
2,851
Jewelry and silverware .........
6,078
Laundry work..................
10,152
Leather...... ..... ..... _.. _. . . ___
17,158
t:~h:~f~~~e°i:it::::: :::::::: ::
Lithographin~........ ... _. ___ . _
Lumber and timber products ..
Metallic goods ........ .. ........
~l!H~::~Jt~~~:::::::::::::::::
Musical instruments.. ... . .... ..
1,149
2,162
2,689
24,172
9,023
725
25, 731
12,982
14,552
4,212
53,330
13,091
41,913
4,983
74.83
88. 29
91.52
84.01
76.38
60.92
86. 60
39.08
68. 29
92. 27
45. 90
93.63
89. l4
18. 15
66. 60
85. 46
90.99
93.20
76. 65
86. 72
44.82
96.97
46. 57
70. 91
61. 23
38. 92
89.43
92. 46
79.04
93.66
81. 75
94.35
24.17
4, 487
9,960
1,908
78
1,113
26.40
76. 23
34. 20
20.86
3. 73
151
12,917
2,385
253
25,502
647
35,607
2,768
24,969
19,552
2,944
11,401
8,773
376,681
143
301
5,042
10,891
58,941
2,128
2, 406
2.0,3
14.59
! ,CO2
482
329
33,277
58,936
8,566
7,252
3,407
20,179
878
11,201
51
3,285
9,048
83,540
485
602
741
5,226
176
2,662
84
27,728
3,702
459
40,390
1,535
1, 186
1,117
3,609
2,922
·2,511
15,630
19.{)6
1. 52
31.33
3 .19
3.88
39. 95
37. 73
51. 68
14.33
3.06
4.07
18. 84
32. 43
21. 76
19.66
28. 43
35. 43
40. 91
7. 57
25.17
11. 71
8. 48
15. 99
23.62
39.08
13. 40
60. 92
31. 71
7. 73
54.10
6.37
10.86
81. 85
33. 40
14. 54
9. 01
6.80
23.35
13.28
55. 18
3.03
53. 43
29.09
38. 77
6].08
10. 57
7. 54
20. 96
6.34
18. 25
5. 65
75.83
I
Not ordered by
labor organizatiou.
Per
Per
cent. Number. oont.
---- ---
16,858
3, 105
7,152
296
31,219
7,425
135,924
11,230
17,924
61,187
1, 33-3
bl,040, 966
4,955
57,078
31,579
19, 794
446,096
222,208
1,910, 965 768
2,519
22,104
41,204
161, 764
4,786
29, 77@
4,848
3,799
4,3 0
238,771
213,810
19, 430
52,611
2,201
87,319
14,865
20, 7-06
8, 231
3 ,288
8,172
273,863
3,688
7,934
10,437
21,690
1,158
4,412
3,144
29,228
10,911
731
29,093
16,426
18,6.84
4,352
62,882
l!!,871
55, 746
5,495
73.48
23. 47
7 .83
79.14
95.97
6,084
10,122
1,921
78
1,312
26.52
78.53
21.17
20.
4.03
.98.01
4. 92
81. 98
98. 61
67.68
65.02
b00.06
.54.07
63.93
47. 77
84. 77
97. 18
.95. 72
77.88
8.3.84
89.33
80. 45
63. 46
58.30
50. 96
!-l2. 45
l.'il
24,135
2,469
253
29,223
717
42,733
4,209
32,l~
34,530
3,557
12,963
9,946
542,698
148
301
5,370
23,724
11/i, 705
3,616
2,433
1. 99
15.08
18.02
1. 39
32.32
34.98
3. 94
45.93
36.07
52. 23
15. 23
2.82
4. 28
22.12
16.16
10. 67
19.55
36. 54
41. 70
43.04
7.55
71. 3
86. 91
92. 74
84. 53
77.61
64.13
85.04
39.18
64. 47
93. 50
55.87
93. 70
85.81
28. 75
62. 72
88.38
91.51
93.18
73. 71
86.81
58. 26
00.32
41. 70
69. 37
61. 43
31. 09
91. 45
91. 87
73. 39
94. 26
83.13
95.34
23. 79
1,920
572
343
43,700
61,673
10,867
9,258
3,417
48,112
1,033
16,356
553
6,329
20,256
162,784
485
736
764
7,738
176
3,161
120
40,871
4,817
459
64,475
1,535
1,654
1,578
3,827
4,032
2,725
17,599
28.37
13.09
7.26
15. 47
22.39
35. 87
14. 96
60. 82
35. 53
6. 50
44.13
6.30
14.19
71. 25
37. 28
11.62
8. 49
6.82
26. 29
13.19
41. 74
3.6
58.30
30. 63
38. 57
68. 91
8. 55
8.13
26. 61
5. 74
16. 87
4.66
76. 21
Paper........ ... ...... . ... ......
Paper goods ....................
Planing mill products ..........
Pottery.... ... . .... ..... ... _. ___
Printing and publishing .. ... ...
Public works . .. . ...............
a Including 1 strike involving nearly all industries in New Orleans, the princip:1J industry affected
l)eing building trades .
. b Including 1 strike involving nearly all industries iv New Orleans, the. principal 'industry affected
being building trades, and not including 33 establishments not reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
44
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONE-R OF LABOR.
STRIKERS AND EMPLOYEES THROWN OU'!' OF WORK IN ES'J'ABLISHMENTS INVOLVED IN STRIKES ORDERED BY LABOR ORGANIZATIONS AND NOT SO ORDERED,
BY INDUSTRIES, 1881 TO 1905- Concluded.
.
Employees thrown out o[ work
in establishments involved in
strikes-
Strikers in strikes-
Industry.
Ordered by labo r organization.
Not ordered by
labor organization.
Ordered by labor orga nization.
P er
Number. cent.
Per
Number. cent.
Number.
27,473
98,789
1,034
:~~Be~w:;d:~-~
3,855
Sbipbui13ing.. _..... . . . __ . .... . .
36,343
Silk goods .... .. ...... . ... _. .. _.
29,163
Slaughtering and m eat packing.
93,501
Smelting a nd refining ...... . . . .
6,465
Stone quarrying and cutting . . .
98,979
St.o ves and furnaces .. .. .... _...
17,550
Street railway transportation... 113, 120
Streets and sewers._ ..... ____ .. _ 22,510
.Telegraph and t elephone ..... . .
14,581
Tin and sheet meta1 oods .....
21 , 405
Tobacco: chewing an smoking. • 2,422
160,967
~~~~~o~~?~~t!~~- ~i-~~~~~~~~: : 3,968
Typewriters, cash registers,
1,241
W~~h~et~~8
1,466
Water transportation ... .. ... . .
14,018
Wooden goods ..........
10,549
12,183
~~~!rir:i~iiis~ ·.:: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
52,819
~~~~_i~.~:::: ::
8
1:tiie~~~~:::::::::
b
•• •
••
34. 72
80.07
Hl.41
34. 98
77. 6.5
49. 93
88.14
48. 73
80.69
84.06
96. 77
37.05
67.37
85. 26
23.25
69.39
92. 24
51,661
24,590
4:293
7,165
10,460
29, 241
12, 577
6,802
23,692
3,327
3,776
38,238
7,061
3,700
7,993
71,021
334
65.28
19.93
80.59
65.02
22.35
50.07
1]. 86
51.27
19.31
15. 94
3. 23
62. 95
32. 63
14. 74
76. 75
30. 61
7. 76
32,193
186, 713
1,268
6,231
46,752
54.334
111; 916
8,424
116,908
33,413
118, 772
27,780
15,311
23,018
4,457
197,945
4,_247
35.14
85.56
13.28
33.03
72.98
57.85
86.10
46. 62
82.07
83.38
96.13
:l9.30
67. 68
84.89
28. 93
70. 22
92.55
59,411
31,511
8,278
12,633
17,312
39,584
18, 073
9,645
25,543
6,660
4,785
42,902
7,311
4,096
10,949
83,945
342
64.86
14. 44
86. 72
66.97
27.02
42.15
13.90
53.38
17.93
16.62
3.87
60. 70
32.32
15.11
71.07
29. 78
7.45
34 34
48.35
81.39
83.52
36.86
49.53
2,373
1,566
3,206
2,082
20,873
53,823
65. 66
51.65
18. 61
16. 48
63. 14
50. 47
6,498
2,258
45,734
10,672
31,288
61, 747
63. 71
58.29
90.16
76.14
40.14
49. 44
3,702
1,616
4,992
3,344
46,652
63, 148
36.29
41. 71
9.84
23.86
59.86
50..56
20. 31 a6, 735,273 a77.45 1,960,957
22.55
--------
Total ........ . •.. ..... .. ... 5,355,516
Per
Number. cent.
-------
----Ra"Jroad, canal, and road _build'.ing......... . . ... ...... ...... ...
Railroad transportation .......
Per
cent.
Not ordered by
labor organization.
79. 69 1,365, 067
a Not including 33 establi shments n ot reported.
In the building tra,des 96.12 per cent of the strikers and 96.06 per
cent of the ~mployees thrown out of work were in ordered strikes._
In the manufacture of men's clothing 96.94 per cent of the strikers
and 97 .18 per cent of the employees thrown out of work were in
ordered strikes. In coal and coke the percentages were 81.16 and
77 .88 per cent, respectively; in cotton goods, 64.57 and 58.30 per
cent; in foundries and machine shops, 84.01 and 84.53 per cent; m
railroad transportation, _80.07 and 85.56 per cent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
45
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
The table by States and geographical divisions_follows:
STRIKERS AND EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT OF WORK IN ESTABLISHME TS INVOLVED I STRI KES ORDERED BY LABOR ORG'ANIZATIO SA D NOT SO ORDERED,
13Y STATES AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1881 TO 190i.
[See Table VIII, pages 492 to 495, for notes relating to strikes not reported whether ordered or not ordered
and gcnernl strikes extending into two or more States.]
Employees thrown out of work
in establishments involved
in strikes-
Strikers in strikes-
.
Ordered by
Not ordered by
labor organiza- labor organization.
tion.
State and geographical
division.
Per
Number. cent.
Per
Number. cent.
0 rdered by labor organization.
Number.
Per
cent.
- - - - - --
Alabama .......................
Arizona .............. ... .......
Arkansas .......................
California .................·.....
_C olorado ........ ....... ........
Connecticut ....................
Delaware .......................
District of Columbia ...........
Florida ............... ...... ....
Georgia . . ......................
Idaho . . ........................
Illinois .........................
Indiana ........... . ............
Indian Territory ...............
Iowa ............. . .............
l{ansas ............. . ..... ..... .
Kentucky ........ ....... .......
Louisiana ......................
Maine ................ . ....... ..
Maryland ............ .. ........
Massachusetts .................
Michigan .......................
Minnesota ......................
~1::~si~r~i .•.•.•.•. ~ ~ ~::::::::::::::
Montana .......................
N ebraska ..... . ........ . ... . ....
Nevada ........... . .............
New Hampshire ........ .. ......
New Jersey ................. . ...
N e w Mexico ....................
N ew York ......................
North Carolina .................
North Dakota ..................
Ohio ............................
Oklahoma ......................
Or gon .........................
Pennsylvania .......... '. .......
Rhode Island ........... .. . ... .
South Carolina ......... .... ....
South Dakota ..................
T ennessee ..................... .
Texas ..........................
Utah ...........................
Vennont ............... .. ......
Virginia ........................
Washington ................. ...
West Virginia ........ ...... ....
Wisconsin .... . .................
Wyoming ........ ... . ..........
53,353
525
7,844
72,251
68,388
36,013
4,006
9,197
51,090
20,725
2,777
783,412
125,876
6,150
48,877
24,780
51,607
69,962
15,370
51,384
282,412
46,539
49,992
1,923
129,753
10,677
13,468
240
6,939
119,873
3,159
1,239,926
::!,506
162
351,541
412
13,217
1,294,9 3
19,097
2,576
747
47,645
26,061
:3,656
\:J,334
21,920
15,789
67,117
66,909
2,356
Tota l. ..... . ......... . .... 5,355,516
----
North Atlantic ................. 3,023,947
South Atlantic ..... . ........... 231,521
North Central .. ... ..... ... ..... 1,642,056
South antral. ....... . ......... 264,957
Western ... . ..... ... .... ...... .. 193!035
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
84. 64
67,172 83.81
9,685 15. 36
16. 84
660 15. 26
• 2,593 83.16
74. 50
2,685 25. 50
8,072 71. 29
85.25
5. 59
12,496 14. 75
,057
74, 22 80. 08
80.10
16,994 19. 90
59. 56
24,455 40. 44
56,090 58.24
5,142 52. 30
60. 40
2,626 39. 60
1,328' 12. 62
87. 38
10,0&3 88.16
56,624 57. 39
58.12
36,815 41.88
25,356 68.83
69.14
9,251 30.86
78.12
778 21. 88
3,307 80. 95
112,181 12. 53 1,053,942 87. 32
87. 47
34,971 21. 74
164,136 73. 77
78. 26
7.17
7,063 92. 90
92.83
475
54,209 68.17
69. 58
21,364 30. 42
31,865 86.14
4,134 14. 30
85. 70
12, 130 19. 03
56,339 80. 56
80. 97
75,296 85. 66
12,046 14. 69
85. 31
'25,964 61.23
8,762 36. 31
63. 69
13,139 20. 36
59,633 78. 56
79. 64
394,225 75. 69
71,024 20.10
79. 90
58,744 43.26
51,528 52. 54
47. 46
58,554 65. 77
24,415 32. 81
67.19
5!)4 23. 60
2,015 67. 53
76. 40
152,009 85. 5
22,660 14. 7
85.13
a12, 1 5 a63. 60
75. 28
3,506 24. 72
22,297 77.06
70. 41
5,600 29. 59
100. 00 ---------- ------242 100. 00
11,757 37. 52
50. 74
6,726 49.26
161,800 62. 75
63,051 34. 47
65. 53
3,769 79.11
995 23. 95
76. 05
87.15
182,852 12. 85 bl, 454,638 b86. 88
3,719 70. 48
713 16. 90
83.10
8.25
1,912 92.19
172
7. 81
471,490 80. 74
82.19
76,179 17. 81
474 56.03
52. 69
370 47. 31
17,219 90. 51
90. 00
1,468 10. 00
76. 94
3 ,136 23. 06 1,631,279 72. 97
35,107 53. 95
15,665 45. 06
54. 94
2,765 66. 26
67. 21
1,257 32. 79
784 54.86
625 45. 55
54. 45
55,092
70. 09
21.
93
78. 07
13,380
29,007 82. 96
5,496 17. 42
82. 58
4,193
63. 24
1,415 27. 90
72.10
10,308 85. 50
86. 51
1,456 13. 49
29,704
64.
72
10,293 31. 95
68.05
17,757 71. 58
5,621 26.25
73. 75
1,633
64.
58
33.
43
66. 57
33,707
85,216 67. 46
32,274 32. 54
67. 46
3,227 40. 86
42. 63
3~171 57. 37
Not ordered by
labor organization.
Per
Number. cent.
---- -
--
12,979
16. 19
3,664
4. 74
3,251
?8. 71
14,823
14. 41
1 ,613
40,220
4,690
1,354
42,049
11,484
778
lfi3,058
58,360
540
25,306
5,126
13,595
12,605
16,443
16,274
126,602
77,040
30,472
969
25,053
6,973
6,036
19. 92
41. 76
47. 70
11. 84
42. 61
31.17
19. 05
12. 68
26. 23
7.10
31. 83
13. 86
19. 44
14. 34
38. 77
21. 44
24. 31
56. 74
34. 23
32. 47
14.15
36. 40
22. 94
------- ···
19,577
96,040
!)95
219,652
1,558
1,912
112,441
372
1,806
604,330
30,019
1,40
645
17,311
5,960
2,437
1,748
16,194
7,051
44,769
4,671
20. 31 cl:i, 735,273 c77. 45 1,960,957
762,137
109,129
387,903
56,861
49,037
20.13 b3, 781,228 b76. 61 I, 154,631
32.04
19.11
17. 67
20. 26
274,659 66. 27
2,153,418 80.04
300,530 81.64
a225,438 a78. 48
a Not in luding 12 estahlisbments not reported.
bNot including 21 establishments not reported.
c Not including 33 establishments not reported.
37.25
20.89
13.12
29. 52
91. 75
19. 26
43. 97
9. 49
27. 03
46.05
33. 74
45.14
23. 91
17. 04
36. 76
14. 50
35. 28
28. 42
35. 42
32. 54
59.14
41.104
79. 69 1,365,067
79.87
67. 96
80.89
82. 33
79. 74
------62. 48
139,780
537,153
67,582
61,811
I
22. 55
..
23. 39
33. 73
19. 96
18. 36
21. 52
46
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
In New York 87.15 per cent of the strikers and 86.88 per centof
the employees thrown out of work were in strikes ordered by labor
-0rganjzations; in Pennsylvania the percentages were 76.94 and
72.97 per cent, respectively; in Illinois, 7.47 and 87.32 per cent; in
Ohio, 82.19 and 80.74 per cent; in Massachusetts, 79.90 and 75.69
per oont.
In the North Atlantic di"vision 79.87 per cent of the strikers and
76.61 per cent of the employees thrown out of work were in strikes
ordered by labor organizations; in the South Atlantic division the
percentages were 67. 96 and 66:27 per cent, respectively; in the
North Central, 80.89 and 80.04 per oent; in the South Central, 82.33
-and 81.64 per cent; and in the Western 79.74 and 78.48 per cent.
DURATIO
OF STRIKES, EST.A.BL! HME TS CLOSED, AND
-TIME CLOSED.
· The following three tables show the average duration of strikes
per e tablishment, the per cent of establishments in which strikes
occwrir.ed which were closed by strikes, and the .a verage days closed
per establishment. The first table of the series presents these data
by yearn, the second by industries, and the third by States and
gMgraphical divi ions. The table by years follows;
DURATION OF .STRIKES, NUMBER AND PER .CENT OF ESTABLISHMENT.S CLOSED,
AND AVERAGE DAYS CLOSED, BY YEARS, 1 l TO 1905.
[See Tab.le IV, pages 478 and 479; for notes relating to establishments closed permanently, e tabl'isbroents in which strike was p end ing at the close of some one of the four investigations included in th'is
report, and establishment in which duration or time cl(?sed was not reported.)
Year.
1881_. _··- .............................. .
1882_ .............. .... ................ · 1883 .................................... .
1884_ ........... ...... ........ _. ... ___ . __.
Establish- Average
ments in
clays <!luwhich
rati0n per
strike
e tabli hoccurred.
ment.
Establishmen ts closed
by strike.
Number.
Ave.rage
Per cent
days closed
of establish- per estabmen-ts in
lishment.
wl.Jich strike
occurred.
'1886_ ................................... .
1887 _ .. ·- ............................... .
1888 ... ·- ................................'
1889 ... ·- ............................... .
1890 .......... ... ........ ·- ... _......... .
1891 ... ········· ........................ .
1892 .............................. .. .... .
1893 ............. ··-· ··· ··· ............. .
1894 ............ ·- ....... -- · ··-· ...... .. .
1895 ................ .. . .... ............. .
1896_ ......... __ ·_....................... .
1897 ............... ... . ... - ............. .
1898 .................... . ............... .
1899 ................ ... .......... ....... .
1900 .................. ·-··· ........... ·-.
1901 ................... ... ... .. . ... ..... .
1902 ......................... .. ......... .
1903 ...................... ... ... ······· ..
1904 . ..... .............................. .
1905 .................... . ............. - . .
2 928
2; 105
2,759
2,367
2,284
10,053
·6 '589
3;506
2,786
9,424
8,116
5,540
. 4, 555
8,196
o6,973
5,462
8,492
3,809
11,317
9,248
10,908
14,248
20,248
10, 202
8,292
12. 7
21.9
20.6
30.4
30.0
23.3
20 .9
20.3
26.2
24.2
34.9
23.4
20.6
32.4
20.5
22.0
27.4
22.5
15.2
23.1
29.2
25 .4
29.1
35./j
23 .1
1,636
1, 137
1, 754
1,532
1,636
5,857
3,792
1,874
2.,343
5,301
4,598
3,634
2,990
5,729
5,984
4, 570
7,091
2, 941
7,669
5,181
5,455
7,991
11,435
5, 437
3,776
55.87
M.Ol
63.57
64.72
71.63
58.26
57.55
53.45
61.89
56.25
56.65
65.60
65.64
69.90
85 .82
83.67
83. 50
77.21
67.77
56.02
50.0l
56.09
56.47
53.29
45.54
12.1
24.9
24.2
32.0
29.9
21.4
17.8
21.2
29.8
16.4
19.1 ·
14.9
16. 9
36.9
16.9
.20.7
24.7
18.4
15.2
15.1
16.6
22.9
21.0
22. 7
14.2
Total ........ ............. .. ..... .
181,407
25.4
111,343
61.38
20.1
!1.'885_ ... --........... -........ :....... ...
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTIO
AND DISCUS ION.
,
47-
The presentation of strike by year hows that the average duration per establi hment for the 25 years from 1 1 to 1905 was 25.4
da s. During the e years the average duration of strikes varied from
12. 7 days in 1 1 to 35.5 days in 1904. Of all establi hments involved
in strikes during these year 61.3 per cent were closed, and the
average number of days closed per esta.blishment was 20.1. The
• per · cent of establishments in which strikes occurred which were
(?losed by strikes varied from 45.54 per cent in 1905 to 85.82 per
cent in 1895. The average days closed per establishment varied
from 12.1 in 1881 to 36.9 in 1894.
•
The table presenting these data by industries follows:
Dl RATION OF STRIKES, NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ESTABLISHMENTS
A -n AVERAGE DAYS CLOSED, BY I DUSTRIES, 1 1 TO 1905.
LOSED,
[See Table III,pages 472 to 477,for notes relating to establishments closed permanently, establishments
in which strike was pending at the close of some one of the four investigatiohs included in this report,
and establishments in which duration or time clo ed was not reported.]
Establish- Average
days dument in
ration per
which
strike·
e tablishment.
occurred.
Indu try.
Agricultural implements .............. .
Agriculture ............................ .
Automobiles and bicycle .............. .
Awnings, tents, and sails .............. .
Bakery ................................ .
Blacksmithing and horseshoeing ...... .
Boots and shoes ....................... .
Brass and brass goods ................. .
Brewing ............................... .
Brick and tile .......................... .
Brooms and brushes ................... .
Building trades (a) ............ ..... ... .
Cannin[ and preserving .......... .... . .
93
131
93
30
6,423
2,979
1,555
284
8:~p~i~~-~~.·.·.
~ ::::: ::::::::::: :: :::::::
Carriages and wagons ................. .
Clothing, men's ........................ .
g~~h~a'
c~~:.~:~~ ~: :: :: :::::::::: :::::i
Coffins and undertakers' goods ........ ·
Confectionery .......................... .
Cooperage ............................. .
Cotton and woolen goods .............. .
Cotton goods ..................... : .... .
Cutlery and edge tools ................. .
Domestic service ....................... .
Electric and gas apparatus and supplies.
Electric light and power ............... .
Flour mill products .................... .
Foundry and machine shop ........... .
Freight handling and teaming ......... .
Furnishing goods, men's .............. .
4i;t:~::Z7:""::-::• • • •
Hardware ............................. .
Harness and saddlery ................. .
Hats and caps ......................... .
Hosiery and knit goods ................ .
Iron and steel ......................... .
Ironwork, ornamental ... ....... .... . . .
Jewelry and silverware ................ .
f:~~~z -~~-r.~::::::::::::::::::::::::::
ff~~h=~8~~!sent _-_-:::::::::::::::::::::
a Inc
being b
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
874
1,476
65
69,899
ll3
614
426
1,420
15,996
4,91
17,025
27
39
1,086
440
832
96
2,924
111
150
89
4,722
5,665
1,551
52
1,020
241
305
340
600
251
1,219
101
315
482
346
2 .4
4.6
16.6
17.5
11. 8
8.0
24. 7
24.1
26.8
31.5
15.4
22.9
13. 7
3 .4
32.6
25.
15.0
12. 7
50.9
32.5
28.9
22.3
48.3
27.9
30.8
23.5
23.1
26.2
22.3
40.8
15.2
18.3
Establi hments closed
by strike.
Avera.g;e
Per cent
1
·umuer . . of!~~ \~h- per e tabwhich strike lishment.
occurred.
JiY~
23
62
25
7
2,169
1,095
590
45
290
1,125
28
43,851
26
84
187
13
13,255
4,190,
16,465
7
16
11
240
327
29
1,864
29
27
28
1,362
3,691
25.
707
580
4 .4
10
519
.o
54.6
41. 8
35. 7
1 .2
14. 2
36.1
37.5
29.4
143
102
169
235
86
737
26
147
404
152
30
39
24. 73
47.33
26.
23.33
33. 77
36. 76
37.94
15.85
33.18
76.22
43.08
62. 73
23.01
13. 6
43.90
57. 25
82.86
85. 20
::i½
I
41.03
74.68 1
54.55
39.30
30.21
63. 75
26.13
18.00
31. 46
2 . 84
65.15
79. 9
37.40
1().23
50.
59.34
33.44
49. 71
39.17
34.26
60.46
25. 74
46.67
83. 82
43. 93
42.25
47.56
25. 7
4.6
10.6
13.6
4. 7
3.1
25.0
19. 8
12.4
24.6
11.6
14.5
18. 8
11. 2
23.1
12.8
11. 4
10.3
45.0
71. 6
20.6
19.0
56.8
40.0
16.4
7.3
10.4
7.5
27.5
21. 7
6.5
14.3
23.6
4.3
47.6
55.9
74.4
27.0
9.0
16. 9
39.5
32. 7
22.2
31.2
34. 3
7.8
13. 2
30. 7
37.5
6. 7
12. 9
82
industries in New Orleans, tbe principal industry aiiected
71
48
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
DURA'rION OF STRIKES, NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ESTABLIS~MENTS CLOSED,
AND AVERAGE DAYS CLOSED, BY INDUS'I'RIES, 1881 TO 1905-Concluded.
Establish- Average
ments in
days duwhich
ration per
strike
establishoccurred.
ment.
Industry.
Lithographing ...... . . ..... . .. . .........
Lumber and timber products ... .. ......
Metallic goods .. ...... ......... .........
St~1 h::::~i~:::::::::::::::: ::::
0
i;i~~
Paper .... . ............ ..................
Paper goods ...... . .... .................
Planing mill products ....... ... .........
Pottery ........................... ... ...
Printing and publishing ................
Public works ........ ... ... ......... ... .
Railroad, canal, and roa d building .... .
Railroad transportation . . . .. ..... .. ....
~~~te; w
~-~~~~~~
Shipbuil~ ing ... . ...... ..................
Silk goods ...................... ...... ..
Sla ughtering and meat packing ........
Sm !ting and refining . ... ...............
ii;a.:~~
.- .-.-. •. ~: ::::::::
~~~e:sqi:J:r;;}~la~~:. ~~~~~~~.-.-.-. •. ~::::::
Street r a ilway transportation ... .... ...
Streets and sewers .. ... ..... . ...........
Telegraph and telephone . . .. ..... ......
Tin and sheet metal goods ...... ..... . ..
Tobacco: chewing and smoking ..... .. ..
Tobacco: cigars and cigarettes ..........
Trunks and valises ................... . .
Typewriters, cash r egisters, and sewing
machines ........................ .....
Watches and clocks .. ...................
,v ater transNortation ............ ..... .
Wooden goo s ............. . ... ... ......
Woolen goods . ..... .. . . ..... .. .........
Miscellaneous ........ .. .. ......... . .. . ..
Total ...................... . ......
Establishments closed
by strike.
Numbe r.
Average
days
Per cent
closed
of establish- per
estabments in
which strike lishment.
occurred.
170
806
283
24
5Q3
208
177
112
1,532
195
2, 999
155
532
680
53
86
611
592
988
88
4,450
491
479
976
433
1,067
40
7,381
78
46.8
24.4
36.5
20.3
83. 2
25.9
23.2
14.8
27.5
66.5
23.1
6.9
13.5
8.6
18.2
21.5
30.5
29.5
11. 3
34.2
36.2
36.2
11.0
23.4
18.0
26.4
11.0
27. 7
30.8
17
622
96
12
476
101
110
33
729
100
427
86
293
147
27
30
198
391
96
55
2,512
204
302
625
77
472
16
3,431
39
10.00
77.17
33.92
50.00
84.55
48.56
62.15
29.46
47.58
51.28
14.24
55.48
55.08
21. 62
50.94
34.88
32.41
66.05
9. 72
62.50
56.45
41.55
63.05
64.04
17. 78
44. 24
40.00
46.48
50.00
9.4
26 .1
30. 7
12. 3
47. 7
15. 9
21. 7
16. 7
15.6
103.4
6.8
6.2
14.5
9.4
20.5
17.5
28.2
29.5
7.3
31. 4
28.5
37.0
3. 7
18.5
8.5
13.8
16.6
27 .6
30.2
39
43
1, 551
187
419
4,463
24.5
48.4
31.2
2'2. 7
18. 3
15. 7
7
9
1,434
66
)55
1,101
17.95
20.93
92.46
35.29
36.99
24.67
25. 0
21. 6
30.3
22 .5
21. 7
16.2
25 . 4
111,343 1
61. 38 1
20.1
181,407
I
The above table shows that the average duration of strikes per
establishment varied from 4.6 days in agriculture to 83.2 days in
ore mmmg. Industries showing high averages are pottery, 66.5
days; gloves and_ mittens, 54.6 days; coal and coke, 50.9 days.
An interesting column in this table is the one showing the per cent
of establishments involved which were closed by· strike. The percentages varied from 9. 72 per cent in slaughtering and meat packing
to 96. 71 per cent in coal and coke. Industries showing a low percentage of establishments closed are lithographing 10 per cent and
car building 13.68 per cent. Industries showing a high percentage
of establishments closed are water transportation 92.46 per cent,
women's clothing 85.20 per cent, ore mining 84.55 per cent, laundry
work 83.82 per cent, and ·men'-s clothing 82.86 per cent. The
average days closed varied from 3.1 in blacksmithing and horseshoeing to 103.4 in the manufacture of pottery.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHAPTER !.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
49
The table showing similar data by States and geographical divisions
follows:
DURATION OF STRIKES, NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ESTABLISHMENTS CLOSED,
AND AVERAGE DAYS CLOSED, BY STATES AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1881 TO
1905.
[See Table V, p ages 480 to 485, for notes relating to general strikes extending into two or more States,
establishments closed permanently, establishments ln which strike was pending at the close of some
one of the four investigations included in this report, and establishments in which duration or time
closed was not reported.]
Establishments closed
by strike.
Establish- Average
ments in days d'llrawhich
tion per
strike
establishoccurred.
ment.
State and geographical division.
Alabama .... : ........ . ........ . ... . ... . .
Arizona ...... . ................. . ....... .
Arkansas ........... . ... .... .. ......... .
California .... ...................... .... .
Colorado ............................... .
Connecticut . ... .............. . .. : ...... .
Dela ware ....... .... ................... .
District of Columbia ........... .. ..... . .
Florida ... . .... ... ... .......... .. ..... . .
Georgia ... : ....... ... . .. ...... . . .. .... . .
Idaho ..... ..... ... ..................... .
Illinois . . . ............. . .. .............. .
Indiana ................................ .
Indian Territory .. ....... .. ............ .
Iowa .. ........ .. ................ . ...... .
Kansas ....... ......... ... ....... . ..... .
737
28
175
3,357
3,663
2,111
279
785
1,360
715
27
29,176
3,533
63
1,706
477
fi~fs1~~:: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Maine .................................. .
Maryland .............................. .
Massachusetts ......................... .
Michigan ............................... .
Minnesota ...... . ...................... .
~~::~s~~f~.i: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
Montana ............................... .
Nebraska .............................. .
Nevada ........... ............... . ..... .
New Hampshire ....... ...... .......... .
New Jersey .... . ....................... .
New Mexico ... . ........................ .
New York ........... .. ................ .
North Carolina ........................ .
North D akota ...... ... ................ .
Ohio ...... . . . .. ................ .. ...... .
Oklahoma ... ........................... .
Oregon ..... .. .. . . ....... . .... . ......... .
Pennsylva,nia ........ ... ............... .
Rhode Island ... . .... ...... ... ......... .
South Carolina .. ............ .... . ... ... .
South D akota ............ . ......... . .. .
T ennessee . ...... ... ...... . ............. .
Texas ........... ......... ..... ......... .
Utah ... ... ............................. .
Vermont . ...... . ...... .. . : ....... ..... . .
Virginia ................................ .
Washington ........................... .
:r:;o!!ff~~:::::
:: :::: ::: ::: ::::::::::
Wyoming ..... ........ ...... . . ......... .
1,345
2,098
431
1,565
10,009
2,409
2,435
87
6,496
230
498
5
283
6,722
45
51,597
49
34
10,207
34
678
24, 985
1, 376
101
40
1, 239
1, 343
248
490
667
879
1, 128
3,402
60
Number.
43. 6
24.1
55.9
44. 8
32.9
24. 2
44. 8
34. 2
37. 2
24. 8
46. 4
23.0
28.5
159. 8
32.5
56.9
36.6
14. 7
24. 3
34.5
22. 6
26. 2
25.9
36.5
28.1
34.9
44. 6
175. 5
25. 6
19. 4
31. 7
15. 5
24. 8
16. 9
28.9
31.5
28. 4
37. 8
36.9
21. 0
47. 6
39.1
28. 4
13. 6
50.6
30. 3
46. 3
38. 0
23. 2
41.5
458
15
124
1,441,
1,483
815
166
155
1,105
357
20
19,848
2,426
34
1,334
303
660
1,458
187
0
773
5,166
1,326
1,384
41
3,804
111
372
5
147
4,269
21
32,654
17
17
6,025
5
457
16, 446
405
45
27
543
529
197
249
215
581
953
2,141
29
Average
Per ·c ent of days closed
per est abestabli shlishment. ·
ments in
which strike
occurred.
62.14
53. 57
70.86
42.93
40. 49
38. 61
59.50
19. 75
81. 25
49. 93
74. 07
68. 03
68. 67
53. 97
78.19
63. 52
49. 07
69. 49
43. 39
49. 39
51. 61
55.04
56. 84
47.13
58. 56
48. 26
74. 70
100. 00
51. 94
63. 51
46. 67
63. 29
34. 69
50.00
59. 03
14. 71
67. 40
6.'i 82
29. 43
44. 55
67.50
43. 83
39. 39
79.-44
50. 82
32. 23
66.10
84. 49
62. 93
48. 33
41. 3
9.2
34:5
12. 9
31.2
16. 6
19. 8
17. 6
34. 4
17. 3
36. 9
. 19. l
27. 4
95.1
30.1
47. 7
39. 5
5. 4
24. 2
27.9
16. 5
19. 8
11. 6
36. 4
24. 3
24.1
33.1
175. 5
13. 8
17.1
41. 4
11. 9
7. 3
9. 3
26. 9
4. 8
17. 9
32.5
19. 9
6. 8
41. 7
41. 5
13. 2
10. 4
13.1
14. 0
13. 0
36. 4
15. 8
10. 3
1- - - ---1--- - - ··- - - - - l · - - -- -:- - - - -
Total ....... ............... ... ... .
181,407
25. 4
North Atlantic ....... . ... . . ........... .
South Atlantic .......... ... ............ .
North Central ...... .. ................. .
South Centrai . . . . ........ . . ..... ... .. .. .
Western ....... ........ ... . ........... . .
98,004
6,64q
60,413
7,121
9,220
22.9
• 34. 4
25.9
31. 3
37. 9
309n-07-4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I
111,343
60,338
3,786
39,007
3,852
4,360
61. 38 1
20.1
61. 57
56.94
64. 57
54.09
47. 29
18. 4
29.1
21. 6
23. 7
20.1
I
50
REPORT OF '1'HE C©MMISSI0NER OF LABOR.
The presentation by States shows that the average duration of
strikes was 13.6 days in Utah and 175.5 days in Nevada. The percentage of establjshments closed was 14.71 per cent in Oklahoma
and 100, per cent in Nevada. The a1ve-rage- days cl0sed were 4.8 in
Oklahoma and 175.5 in Nevada. Considering the States in which
the larg st number of strikes occurred, the- average d'l.J.Tation per
establishment was 15.5 days :in. New York, 37 .8 in Pennsyltvania,
and 23 in Illinois. The percentage of establishments closed was
63.29 per cent in New York, 65.82 per cent in Pennsylvania, and
6S..0'3 per cent in Illinois. The average days closed were 11.9 in
New York,. 32.5 in PennsylvaB.ia, and 19.1 in Illinois. That part of
the table pres.e nting the facts by geographical divisions shows that
the average duration of strikes was greatest in the Western division
and least in the North Atlantic division. The percentage of establishments closed was highest in the North Central division and l0we~t
in the Western division. The average days closed were highest m
the South Atlantic division and lowest in the Western division~
DURA1'IO
OF LOCKOUTS, ESTABLISHMENTS CLOSED,
A D TIME CLOSED.
The succeeding three tables present the average duration of lock.outs per establishment, the number and per cent of establishments
involved which were closed, and the aveFage days closed per estab.lishment. The first of the series of three tables presents these data.
by years, as follows:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHAPTER I.-IN'J'RODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
51
:DURATION OF LOCKOUTS, NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ESTABLISHMENTS CLOSED,
AND AVERAGE DAYS CLOSED, "BY YEARS, 1881 TO 1905.
[See Table XVI, pages 736 and 737, for notes relating to establishments closed permanently, establishments in which lockout was pending at the close of so.me one of the four investigations included in
this report, and establishments in which duration or time closed was not reported.]
Year.
Establish- Average
ments in days durawhich lock- tion per
out
establishment.
occurred.
1881 .................................... .
1882 ............. .... ..... . ...... . .. .... .
1883 ••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1884 .................................... .
1885 ...................... .. ..... . ...... .
1886 •••••• •• ••••••••• •• ••••••••••••••••••
1887 ••• ••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••
1888 ••• •••••••••••••• · ••• • ••••••• ••••••••
1889 ....... . .... . ............... ... : . ... .
1890 ••• ••••••••••••••• ••• ••••••••••••••••
1891 ..................... ..... . .. ....... .
1892 •.. ·•·•• •••·• • • . •.. ••. · •• ·•··• •••· · ..
·189'3 ...... ·······•· ............. . . . ...... .
1894 •• • •• •• ••• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••
1895 ......................... . .... · ..... .
1896 ........................ · ...... .... . .
1897 ••• • •••••••• •••• ••••• ••••••••• •••••••
1898 •.. ·•· •· •.•••.• ••.. .•. ·•·••••·•·•• · ••
1899 ••••.••••• ·••·••• ·••••• •• •••• ••• •••••
1900 .•.... ·••••••••••· .••.• •. ·•·•· •·•••••
1901 ••• ••••••••••• •••• •• •• •••••••••• •••••
1902 ••• ••••••••••••••• •••• •••••• ••• ••••• •
1903 ............... -..... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
1904 ... ........ .... ............... ... ... .
• 1905 ..... ........ ... .. ...... ..... .. ..... .
9
42
117
'354
183
1,509
1,281
180
132
'324
546
716
305
875
370
51
171
164
323
2,281
451
1,304
3,288
2,316
1,255
Total ............................ .
18,547
32. 2
105.0
56. 8
41. 4
28.0
32.2
49.8
74. 9
57. 5
73.9
37.8
72.0
34. 7
39. 7
32. 3
65.1
38. 6
48. 8
37. 5
265.1
27.0
158. 9
53. 5
69.1
41. 7
84. 6,
Establishments closed
• by lockout.
Number.
Average
Per cent days closed
of establish- per est abments in
lishment.
which lockout occurred.
99
78
207
360
479
125
535
333
21
136
105
99
2,096
330
461
1,963
1,829
928
33.33
b9. 52
58.12
37. 85
79. 23
67.93
83. 84
55. 00
59. 09
63.89
65. 93
66. 90
40. 98
61.14
90. 0()
41.18
79. 53
64. 02
30. 65
91. 89
73.17
35.35
59. 70
78. 97
73. 94
50. 7
56. 7
72. 5
41. 8
24. 2
23. 5
44. 9
13. 4
53. 5
37.8
21.1
29.1
30.1
47.2
30. 9
49. 9
30. 7
28. 7
26.0
95.8
10. 4
25.0
27.0
21. 3
33.0
12,658
68. 25
40. 4
3
25
68
134
145
1,025
1,074
The average duration of all lockouts per establishment during the
twenty-five-year period, 1881 to 1905, was 84.6 days, the percentage
of establishments involved which were closed was 68.25 per cent, and
the average days closed per establishment were 40.4.
The average duration per establishment varied from 27 days in
1901 to 265.1 days ~n moo·, the percentage of establishments closed
from 30.65 per cent in 1899 to 91.89 per cent in 1900, and the average
days closed from 10.4 days in 1901 to 95.8 days in 1900.
The second table of the series presents the data_by industries.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
52
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
DURATION OF LOCKOUTS, NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ESTABJ,ISHMEN'.l'S CLOSED,
AND A VERA GE DAYS CLOSED, BY INDUSTRIES , 1881 TO 1905.
[See Table XV, pages 732 to 735, for notes relating to establishments closed permanently, establishments
in which lockout was pending at the close of some one of the four investigations included in this report,
and establishments in which duration or time closed was not reported.]
Industry.
Agricultuml implements ........... .... .
Automobiles and bicycles . ............. .
Bakery ................................ .
Blacksmithing and horseshoeing ...... .
Boots and shoes ....................... .
Brass and brass goods ................. .
Brewing ............................... .
Brick and tile ........ .................. .
Brooms and b rushes ................... .
Building trades ........................ .
Car building ........ ...... ............ . .
Carpets .. ... .......... ............. .... .
Carriages and wagons ............. .... .
gt;~l~l~if~~'.~::::::::::::::::::::::
,
g~~~cr~~~~?.· .·::::::::::::::::::: ::::::
Co'tton and woolen goods .............. .
Cotton goods ....... .... .... ..... ..... . .
Cutlery and edge tools .. ............... .
Domestic service ....................... .
Electric and gas apparatus and supplies.
Electric light and power ............... .
Flour mW products .................... .
Foundry and ma.chine shop .......... .. .
Freigb t handling and teaming .. , ...... .
Furnishing goods, men's . . ............. .
Furniture and upholstering ........... .
Glass .................................. .
Gloves and mittens .................... .
Hardware .. . ... ........... . ... .... .... . .
Harness and saddlery ................. .
Hats and caps ......................... .
:i:£osiery and knit goods ................ .
Iron and steel. .... : .............. ...... .
Ironwork, ornamental ........... ..... .
Jewelry and silverware ................ .
Laundry work ..... ... . .... . ........... .
Leather ........... ..................... .
Lime and cement ....... ............... .
Lithographing .......... .......... ..... .
Lumber and timber products ........ .. .
Metallic goods .............. ... ... ..... .
Millinery goods ........................ .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Establish- Avera.ge
ments in days durawhich
tion per
lockout
estahlishoccurred.
ment.
13
4
16.5
739
337
8
204
52
1
10,142
12
4
214
1,803
140
458
2
24
1
64
14
61
24
3
3
100
404
40
193
145
72
23
7
138
74
46
37
74
31
138
36
91
26
12
19
Establishments closed
by lockout.
Average
Per cent of days closed
establish- per estabNumber.
ments in
lishment.
which lockout occurred.
25 .8
3
109.3 ··· ···· ··23 ·
14.3
253.0
31
23.7
2-55
79.5
3
74.0
80
22
34.2
9.0
1
105 .3
7,352
32.1
4
88.8
l
37.4
208
1,556
33.8
94
42 .4
20.0
438
16.5 -·- ···-···-·
36.8
11
1
30.0
39 .3
54
11
18.4
41
20.6
16
30.8
4. 0 -----------10.0
2
53.8
50
39.1
?83
28.6
5
G7.5
95
87.6
130
71
120.3
14
68.1
1
43.9
36.2
93
56.7
71
47.4
32
21.0 ... ........ ...
2
35.1
14
28.8
82.2
68
47.3
36
1
32.9
24
26.7
4.
42.8
19
29.0
23.08
4.3
4.19
75.67
37.50
39.22
42 .31
100. 00
72.49
33.33
25.00
97.20
86.30
67 .14
!-J5.G3
21.7
23 .3
86.0
2.3
19.0
9.0
49.3
5.5
109.0
28.8
32.5
40.0
16.8
--------·-----·---------13 .94
16.0
··--·····-··-·
45.83
. . . . . . . . . . . .1 • •
100.00
84.38
78.57
67.21
66.67
39.8
30.0
29.1
- 11.1
7.0
34.l
50.00
70.05
12.50
49 .22
89.66
98.61
60 . 87
14.29
67.39
95.95
69.57
33.6
21.0
17.0
35.0
86.3
73.2
68.5
42.0
36.0
37.2
42.2
45.16
49.28
100.00
1.10
92.31
33.33
100.00
27.4
31.5
47.3
14.0
21.1
12.8
29.0
------------- ---- -------66.67
14.0
--------------------- 11.5
--- 2. 70
CHAPT,ER !.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
DURATION OF LOCKOUTS, NUMBER AND PER CE NT OF ESTABLISHMENTS CLOSED,
AND AV ERA GE DAYS CLOS E D, BY IND USTRIE S, 1881 TO 1905-Concluded.
Industry.
Mining, ore ..... . . ... . .. ..... . . . .... . : . .
Musical instrument s ....................
Paper .... .. .. .. . .......... . ... ... ...... .
P aper· goods .. ... . ... ...................
Planing mill products._ ................
Potte ry . . . ... . .. .. ......................
Printing and publishing . . .. .. _........ .
Public works __ ... _... . . ... ..... . .......
R a ilroad transportation .... .. . .. . .. . ...
Rope, twine, and bagging . .. .... . . .....
:h~;~~~~ri:~::: ::::::::::: :: :::::: : ::::
Silk goods . . . _..... ... . .................
Slaughtering and m eat packing . ..... . ..
Smelting and refining .... ... ............
Stone quarrying and cutting ... •..... . . .
Stoves and furnaces .... _..... ... .......
Street r a ilway tra n sporta tion ..........
Streets and sewers_ .... . . . ..... .... ... . .
'l.'elegr1h and t eleph one . ... . ... ..... ...
TiIJ. an sheet metal goods . . . ... ... . ....
Tobacco : chewing and smoking._ . ......
Tobacco: cigars and cigarettes ...... . .. .
Typewriters, cash registers, and sewing
machines .......... ... .. .... ..... ......
W atches and clocks ................. .. . .
Water transportation . .. . . ... ... ..... . .
W oodcn goods .. __ .............. . .......
W oolen goods ...... . . ... . ... _...........
Mi,;;cellaneous _.-. . ................. . .. .. .
Total ...... : ............. . . .... ...
Establishments closed
by lockout.
Establish- Average
Average
ments in days duraP er cent of days closed
which
tion per
establishper
estabestabli sh- Number .
locko ut
ments in
lishment.
occurred.
mcnt.
which lockout occurred.
11
18
2
2
54
31
394
1
3
3
4
11
23
16
7
901
57
9
1
5
40
9
384
109 .3
75.8
25.5
6.0
45.9
172 . 0
25.6
53. 0
8.0
18.3
34.3
2
5
125
13
27
191
18,547
14
2
2
11
18
205
1
100. 00
77 . 78
100. 00
100.00
20.37
58 .06
52 .03
100.00
105.9
82.4
25.5
6.0
9.5
169.3
6.1
36. 0
16. 7
15.9
30. 7
53 . 6
46.8
11.0
8.0
13 . 4
61.9
21.7
45. 7
3
3
23
7
7
654
43
1
1
1
3
8
233
75.00
27.27
100.00
43. 75
,100.00
72.59
75 . 44
11 . 11
100.00
20.00
7. 50
88.89
60.68
3.''i.7
32.3
13 . 8
5. 7
30. 7
25.G
45 •. 8
1.0
91.0
71. 8
7. 7
97.5
34.2
34.3
1
3
123
1
24
34
98.40
7.69
88.89
17. 80
1'.!,658
G8.2,5
11
-- -. ---- ---- ---- ---- --- --- -- ·- ·· ·· ·-· 1
33.33
2..'i.O
n.1
I
84.fi
I
8. 0
5.0
30. 7
17,.0_
30.5
50.00
1.0
118. 7
60 . 00
7.6
7. 0
32.6
17.6
I
40.4
In the building trades- the industry in which lockouts were of
most frequent occurrence- the average days of duration per establishment was -105.3, the percentage of establishments closed was
72.49 per cent, and the average days closed .per establishment 49.3.
In men's clothing the average duration was 33.8 days, the per cent
closed 86.30, and ·the average days closed 32.5. The third of this
series of table~· relating to lockouts presents the facts by States and
geographical divisions.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
54
.REPORT OF THE . COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
DURATION OF LOCKOUTS, NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ESTABLISHMENTS CLOSED,
AND AVERAGE DAYS CLOSED, ,BY STATES AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1881
TO 1905.
[See Table XVII, pages 738 to 741, for notf\s relating. to general lockouts ext end,ing into two or more
States, establishments closed permanently, establishments in which lockout was pending at the
close of some one of the four investigations included in this report, and establishments in which
duration or time closed was not reported.]
•
Establishments closed
by lockout.
Establish- Average
ments in days duration per
which
lockout
establishment.
occurred
State and geographical divi8ion.
Alabama ............... _. __ . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arizona ................ .'................
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
California .. _........... _..... ...........
Colorado .. ............................. ,
C.onnecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dela.ware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fl.orida...... . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .....
Georgia............. .. ..................
Idaho................. . ....... . .........
Illinois................... .... ....... ....
Indiana.. .. . .. . . .. .. .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . .. .
Indian Territory ........................ :
Iowa ................... . . _.......... . . . .
Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
l
14
241
63
207
l
41
88
109
6
4,555
233
39
131
9
ti~?~~~r: ::::::: :::::: ::: ::::: ::: ::::::
~i
Maine................... ... .............
Maryland ... ........ .. . .... .... . ... .... .
Massachusetts .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . .
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Montana ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nebra.ska ............. ·. . ................
86
62
825
241
155
103
24
90
~:: ~~~~~~~i.~c.•. •.•. ~:: : :::::::::::::::::
New Mexico. . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . .. .. . .. ..
:~;ti;c~~oiina: .• .• .·::::::::::::::::::::::
North Dakota ................. .... ......
Ohio............ . .... ............. .. ... .
Oklahoma .......... .. .... . .... . ........
Oregon... ... ............................
Pennsylvania...........................
Rhode Island............. .. .... ..... .. .
South Carolina.........................
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Texas ............. . ....... . .·. .... ... . ... .
Utah ... . .................. :. ............
Vermont................................
Vlrginia.................................
Washington................ .. ..........
~r:Jo~!ft~i~.·.·.·.·.·.·.:
::::::: ::: :::::::::
Wyoming............. . ................ .
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Atlantic.........................
South Atlantic.... . ................... ..
North Central. . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Central...........................
Western_ . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . .. .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0 ~~
6
'
4
1
~~
3
386
27
81
2,276
66
18
2
37
132
12
394
.51
112
ii2
Number.
Average
Per cent of days
closed
establish- per estabments in
lishment.
which lockout occurred
4
32. 9
36.36
3.0 ------------ ------------·4
28.57
85. 4
122
139. 6
50.62
39
23.1
61. 90
45. 4
136
65. 70
1
59.0
100.00
92.68
38
10.1
78
47.8
88.64
20. 2
55.05
60
199. 0
6
100. 00
150.2
4,065
89. 24
148
63. 52
39.8
49 . .0 -- -- .... ii9. .. ,. ... ,. . . .....
35. 7
90.84
107. 2
8
88.89
11
35. 48
59.8
20. 7
6
20.6i
85.4
62
72.09
57
20.6
91. 94
5,5. 52
458
55.6
35.6
163
67.63
37. 9
53
34.19
42.8
71
68. 93
41. 2
23
9,5. 83
48. 8
78
86.67
24. 0
42
93.33
76. 2
824
87.10
45.0
1
100. 00
73.0
3,295
51. 31
39. 2
15
71. 43
13.0 ·•••·•···· ... - ·········-·--·
169
82.0
4'.:. 78
83.1 ••••••••• ••• ·····-----····
64. 4
81
100. 00
1,719
50.8
75. 53
81.-9
23
34.85
114. 4 ----- ------- ········-·····2
50. 5
100. 00
70. 7
13
35.14
56. 9
87
65. 91
8.3
8
66.67
12. 2
375
95.18
27. 7
19
37. 25
36. 7
98
87.50
18
8~. l
94. 74
25. 6
57
57. 58
25.0
2
100. 00
, -- - - - · - - - - - - - - - - -,--
10. 5
.... -. - .. -...
10. 3
8.9
14. 6
40.3
59.0
9.6
33. 4
20.6
199. 0
64. 8
23.1
-·-·····--··
18. 8
15. 8
87.0
7.0.
77.0
12.0
28.2
12. 0
22.5
49.1
29.0
37.1
22.3
25.0
20.0
28.1
15.9
•••••• ••••••
60.5
--·······-- ·
14. 9
36.6
44. 3
••••••••••••
50.5
56. 2
16.3
7.1
6.3
20.6
30. 4
93.9
10.1
25. 0
18_,547
84. 6
12,658
68. 25
40. 4
11,267
410
6, 007
320
543
64.8
•34. 5
126.1
57.1
85.8
6,934
286
4,933
125
380
61. 54
69. 76
82.12
39.06
69.98
29. 4
2,5. 4
58. 8
25.6
19. 7
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION AND tHSCUSSION.
55
The average duration of lockouts per establishment in the States
in which lockouts were of most frequent occurrence was 73.0 days' in
New York, 50.8 days in Pennsylvania, and 150.2 days in Illinois.
The percentage of establishments in which lockouts occurred which
were closed was 51.31 per cent in New York, 75.53 per cent in
Pennsylvania, and 89.24 per cent in Illinois. The average number
of days closed per establishment was 28.1 in New York, 36.6 in Pennsylvania, and 64.8 in Illinois.
In the presentation by geographical divisions, it is seen that the
average duration was 126.1 days in the North Central and 34.5 days
in the South .Atlantic division. The percentage of establishments
closed was 82.12 per cent in the North Central and 39.06 per cent
in the South Central division. The average number of days closed
was 58.8 in the North Central and 19.7 in the Western division.
CAUSES OF STRIKES.
In the four tables which follow, certain data relating to strikes have
been tabulated according to the causes for which undertaken. The
classification into 14 causes is explained on pages 112 to 114. These
four tables show statistics for strikes due solely to each of the 14 causes
and also for strikes in which each of the 14 causes was only a partial
or contributing cause. Strikes resulting from two or more causes
·have been counted under each of those causes combined with various
causes-thus, for example, strikes for increase of wages and reduction of hours have been included in the cause "for increase of wages
combined with various causes" and also in the cause "for reduction
of hours combined with various causes," as such strikes were due in
part to both of these causes.
The first table shows the number and per cent of strikes due to
each cause during each year from 1881 to 1905. The second table
shows similar data for establishments involved in strikes, and the
third table similar data for strikers. The fourth table of the series
is a summary for the· entire period from 1881 to 1905. This series of
tables renders easy a comparison of the relative importance of each
of the 14 causes considered both separately and combined with
various causes during each year of the period from 1881 to 1905. The
tables are presented in order, and the discussio·n follows the tables.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
56
REPQRT QF THE COMMISSIONER OF L,ABOR . .
NUMBER AND PER CENT OF STRIKES DUE WHOLLY OR PARTLY TO EACH OF THE
14 CAUSES, BY YEARS, 1881 TO 1905.
[For explanation of this table see text statement, page 55. The totals entered in the box headings
are taken from Table X, where each strike was counted but once.]
1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890
(Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total
~trikes -~trikes .~trilces strikes strikes strikes strikes strikes strikes strikes
471.) 454.) 471,J. ) 443.) 645.) 1,432.) 1,4-36.) 906.) 1,(175.) 1,li3!J.)
Cause or object.
---------- ---242
217
131
597
483
235 _322
577
247
288
•.
.
F or mcrease
of .wages .... - -{Number
Per cent._
61.15 M:.41 45.40 29.57 37.52 41. 69 33.64 25. 94 29. 91, 31.48
124
7!
11
16
16
30
41
46
115
25
For increase of wages com-{Number ..
bined wit'h various causes. Per cent .. 5.31 2.42 3.35 3. 61 4.65 8.66 4.94 4. 53 4.28 6. 27
170
157
117
220
187
67
118
159
181
49
t·
f
{Number
•.
•
t
d
Agams re uc 10n o wages Per cent._ 10.40 14. 76 24.69 35.44 26.36 8.17 11. 07 20.64 20.4-7 9. 87
Agains~ reduct\on of w~ges}Number ..
15
12
19
14
15
23
18
6
8
8
combmed with various Per cent._ 1.70 1. 32 1. 67 2. 71 2. 33 1. 33 . 97 1.66 2. 14 . 98
causes ....................
14
138
5
6
113
52
169
14
12
50
..
. ofh ours ..... {Number
F or re d uc t 10n
Per cent._
2.97 2.64 1.05 1. 35 2.17 9.64 7. 87 5. 52 4.84 9. 22
47
105
22
16
3
7
6
12
5
59
For reduction of hours com-} Number ..
bined with various causes. Per cent . . 2. 55 1. 10 .63 1. 58 . 93 7.33 3. 27 2. 43 1.49 3. 22
1
1
2
16
5
10
5
3
7
fh
Number ..
. t.
A gams
mcrease o ours.· tPer cent. _
. 22 . 21 . 68 . 31 1. 12 . 35 1.10 . 47 . 38
Agains~ increa~e of h<:>Urs}Number ..
7
2
1 ......
1
4 . .....
2
3
combmed with _v arious Per cent._ . 21
.42 . 23 -- ---- .49 . 28 ------ .19 . 16
causes ....................
36
48
125
27
224
124
136
30
27
236
Concerning recognition of{Number ..
union and union rules .... Per cent .. 5.73 5.95 7. 53 6. 77 7.44 8.73 15.60 13.69 12. 65 12.88
Concerning recognition of!
10
12
6
40
41
25
union and union rules Number ..
5
4
19
50
~~~~~~~~ __ ~-i~~-. ~-~~i-~~~ Per cent •• 1.06 .88 2.09 2. 71 .93 2.79 2.86 2.10 2. 33 2. 73
52
113
119
22
17
92
75
33
28
136
Concerning employment of{Number ..
certain persons (a) ....... Per cent .. 7. 01 6.17 4.60 3.84 8.06 7. 89 8.29 10.15 6. 98 7. 42
Concer~ng employment ojNumber
22
11
4
5
3
4
3
13
10
16
certam persons (a) com••
bined with various causes. J'er cent.· .64 .88 .84 1. 13 . 47 1.54 . 77 1. 43 . 93 . 87
Concerning emp lo yee s}Number ---- -- -----1
1 .. -...
3
2
1
2
10
working: out of regular Per cent::
- . 21 . 23 ------ . 21 .14 .11 . 19 . 55
occupation ..... .........
Concerning c m p l o y e e sl
working out of regula
umber ..
···--- ----·- ....... ------ .111 . 283 .051
occupation combine Per cent ..
with various causes ......
1
1
1
3
6
18
7
6
7
3
Concerning overtime work{Number ..
and pay . .. ............... Per cent .. . 21 .66 . 21 . 23 . 47 .42 1. 25 . 77 . 56 . 38
Concerning overt_ime w~rk}Number ..
1
5
4
1
5
4
1 . - -.. - ·····• and_ pay combmed with Per cent. _
. 22 . 21 ------ ------ . 35 . 28 . 55 .09 . 22
various causes ...........
4
6
7
7
22
6
Concerning method and{Number ..
28
8
12
20
time of payment. . . . . . . . . Per cent .. .85 1. 32 1.26 1. 58 1.09 1. 54 1. 95 .88 1.12 1.09
Coi:cerning method and}Number
1
2
4
12
1
3
2
4
10
10
time of payment com••
bined with various causes. Per cent.· .21 . 22 .42 .90 . 47 . 84 . 70 . 22 . 37 . 55
Concerning Sa_turday part{Number .. ........ --·-·- ------ ........ -----2
5
3
6
$
holiday .................. Per cent ..
. 14 . 56 . 55 . 2·8 . 33
Con~rning Sat~rday p~rt{Number
1
4
1
3
holi_day combmed with Per cent · ·
. 21 .11 .09 . 22
vanous causes. . . . . . . . . . .
••
3
9
Concerning docking, fines,{Number .. . ......
4
15
3
2
3
8
17
and charges .............. Per cent ..
.66 .63 . 90 . 47 . 63 1.04 . 88 .19 . 93
Concerning docking, ~nes.}Number
1
2
4
1
1 ... - - 1
. 16 . 14 . 07 ----·- . 37 .05
~ifh v~~fi~:sca;s:1.~ ~~~ Per cent::
25
Concerning working con-{Number ..
18
47
31
41
6
18
20
39
42
ditions and rules (a)_ ... .. Per cent .. 1.27 3.96 4.18 4.06 3.88 3.28 2. 86 3.42 3. 63 2. 29
Concerning working con-}N
b
7
6
2
1
19
13
3
1G
8
3
ditions and rules (a) com- um er - bined with various causes. Per cent.· 1.27 .44 .21 .68 1.09 1. 33 . 21 .88 1. 21 . 87
In sympathy with strikers}Numl>er
16
26
67
34
181
2
3
6
65
2
:~~;~re~~~~~~~~~~~-~~:: Per cent:: .42 . 66 .42 1. 36 2.48 1. 82 4. 67 3.75 6.05 9. 87
In sympathy with strikers]
and employees locked out, Number ..
4
2
1
1
15 ...... ....... --·--- -----3
else:Yhere, combined with Per cent . . .42 . 22 . 21 . 68 . 62 1.05 ...... ------ ------ ·····various causes ...........
Other causes (not above{Number ..
15
25
31
46
59
21
22
30
48
93
specified)................. Per cent .. 3.18 4.63 4.60 6. 77 3.88 2. 16 3.34 5.08 5.49 5. 07
Othe~ causes combined ~itb}Number
11
12
8
11
vanous above- spemfied Per cent· · .422 .442 . 211 .683 . 473 . 77 . 639 1. 32 . 74 .60
causes....................
••
J
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
a
Not involving union rules.
57
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
NUMBER AND PER CENT OF STRIKES DUE WHOLLY OR PARTLY TO EACH OF TIIE
14 CAUSES, BY YEARS, 1881 TO 1905.
[For explanation of this table se:1 t ext statem ent, paga 55. The tota ls entered in the box h eadings
are taken from Table X, where each strike was counted but once.]
I
,r
1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905.
(Tot a l ( Tot a l ('l'Ot a l (Total, (Total (Tota l ( Tot a l (Tota l ( Tota l ( Tot a l ( Total ( Tot a l ( Tot a l ( Tot a l ( Tot a l
Total.
(Tot a l
strfkes str ikes strikes stri'kes strikes str ikes strikes strikes strikes strikes strikes str ikes strikes stt·ikes s trikes sti·ikes
1.717. ) 1,298. ) 1,305.) 1,349. ) 1,215.) 1,026. ) 1,(178.) 1,056.) 1,79'i. ) 1,7i9. ) 2,921.) ,1, 162. ) 3,494. ) 2,Wt.) 2,U77.) 36.7Si.)
--
_,_L_
- -
---- - -
-- - -
-- -- ---
275
384
412
510
586
849 1, 039 1,103
378 - 316
698
458
386
535
583
26.67 29.12 24.21 30.54 41.98 26. 80 85.81 86.86 88. 84 82. 94 29.04 32.86 81. 57 23.19 28.07
70
67
52
208
261
125
294
73
89
83
387
53
484
199 .177
7. 28 5.16 4.06 8. 85 5. 76 8.09 6. 77 8.48 11. 57 14. 67 10.05 12.24 13. 85 8. 63 8. 52
221
102
151
207
326
160
101
185
196
127
117
121
350
175
103
10. 77 11.68 24.98 25.95 18.19 19.10 19.20 15.15 5.62 5. 78 4.34 8. 70 3.46 7. 59 4.96
7
17
18
12
6
13
8
3
13
20
8
18
10
8
9
,99 1. 89 1.58 .96 .66 . 29 1.11 . 57 . 45 . 89 . 27 . 41 . 26 • 78 . 48
14
87
71
52
26
21
54
104
13
205
20
171
221
80
85
4.95 5. 47 8. 98 1. 56 1. 15 1. 27 1. 86 2.46 3,01 4. 89 7. 01 5. 41 6. 88 8. 47 5.01
179
72
32
184
43
23
41
20
130
36
36
227
106
87
299
4.19 3.31 1. 76 1. 48 2. 96 3.12 3.3-1 3.88 7. 23 10.06 6. 29 7. 18 8.56 4.59 4.19
4
7
17
5
6
5
15
12
13
5
14
8
19
10
9
. 87 1.00 1. 30 . 59 . 33 .68 .46 . 47 . 33 . 28 .41 . 28 . 40 . 82 .48
2 . .....
2
1 ......
4 ... .. .
1
3
2
4
3
4
2
8
,06 . 23 . 28 . 15 .08 - .. -. - . 19 .19 .. . .. . . 22 . .... . . 18 .11 . 35 .10
166
351
150
273
641
225
818
140
179
812
168
748
245 • 198
799
14. 27 15.25 18. 72 12.45 12.35 21. 93 12.99 15. 72 19. 53 15.35 27.98 25.27 23.24 32.42 80.86
11,851
32. 24
3, 117
8.4 8
4, 067
11.06
308
. 84
1, 79 7
4.8 9
1, 79 7
4.8 9
199
. 54
56
. 15
6, 92 6
18. 8 4
103
149
40
215
40
48
294
22
97
150
50
97
53
53
35
3.09 8. 08 3. 07 1. 63 4.1 2 5.17 3. 25 4.55 5.40 5. 79 5.10 6.80 8.41 6.50 4.67
1, 65 8
4.5 1
77
124
168
167
81
224
71
100
254
143
88
146
95
208
60
9. 78 7. 32 7. 66 4.45 7. 24 7. 89 6.59 7.29 6.90 9.44 7.66 6. 58 7. 27 6.20 7. 03
26
31
13
21
13
38
12
15
47
8
8
49
10
26
16
1. 22 . 92 . 61 . 74 1.07 1. 27 1. 39 . 76 1. 73 1.46 1. 30 1. 49 1.40 1.18 . 77
2, 69 3
7. 3 3
42 4
1. l 5
6
15
.49 1. 46
14
. 82
12
. 92
11
.84
13
.96
1
.06
1
.08
3
. 23
1 ......
. 07 . .....
17
11
. 99 . 85
3
2
.17 . la
22
22
1. 28 1. 69
12
5
. 70 . 89
5
6
.29 .46
7
3
.41 . 23
19
14
1.11 1.08
2
2
• 12 .15
42
39
2.27 8. 24
12
5
. 70 . 89
16
1. 23
7
1
.10
10
.95
16
.89
1 ......
.09 .......
·· · -··
8
.74
------
15
31
27
32
52
33
.84 1.06 1.01 1.49 1.43 1.30
31 5
. 86
2
.11
2
. 07
3
.10
3
.09
3
.09
1
.04
2
.10
7
10
19
7
9
7
17
16
11
14
12
. 91 . 68 . 65 . 66 . 56 1.07 . 81 . 88 .49 .69 . 67
39
5 .. ....
34
5
14
16
5
25
42
33
. 41 .49 -- --- - .47 . 78 2.19 1. 16 1. 04 1. 20 .69 1. 20
24
14
24
11
13
10
5
9
18
7
15
. 74 1. 27 1. 67 .95 . 78 1. 35 . 82 . 22 . 43 . 22 . 53
14
17
4
8
11
12
2
9
11
10
10
. 91 . 88 1.02 .38 . 78 . 67 . 58 . 82 . 29 . 35 .10
2
5
1 ...... -· · ··5
6
5
3
8
9
.08 .... .. . . . .. . . .19 . 28 . 17 . 21 . 25 . 26 . 22 • 24
10
1
16
21
1 .. . ...
12
3
9
19
35
• OE
.10 -- ---- .28 . 50 .90 . 41 .60 1.00 .43 1. 01
17
7
17
11
15
18
33
20
13
20
20
1.40 1. 27 I. 86 .161 1.00 1. 85 • 68 . 35 .43 . 80 ,96
4
7
6
7
4
7
2
8
6
6
5
.41 .58 . 37 .19 .45 . 89 . 24 . 22 .11 . 26 . 29
51
73
41
55
81
20
65
42
27
17
30
2. 22 1.66 2. 78 1. 89 2.34 2.30 1.88 2. 56 1. 86 3.16 2.46
19
21
18
16
10
5
20
18
7
20
2
.58 .19 .98 .47 1.00 1.12 . 55 .66 . 57 . 78 . 91
2.51
275
. 75
56
82
26
27
81
7
85
68
.66 1.45 1. 52 2. si 2. 56 2.35 3.68 2.70
1,34 6
3.66
1
. ........
.03 .. . ...
31
.08
82
110
116
126
77
81
116
61
58
57
70
64
50
86
80
5.01 5. 89 6. 13 4.74 4.12 5. 56 5.66 5.49 4.28 4.55 3. 97 3.67 3.61 4. 77 3.95
14
26
17
26
19
39
7
7
12
8
4
12
5
6
8
. 47 . 39 . 4.6 .30 . 99 . 68 1.11 . 76 . 89 . 96 .89 .60 1. 12 1.13 . 67
1, 624
4.42
272
, 74
12
.89
1
. 54 . 07
19
9
1.46 . 67
11
11
. 84 . 82
3 ......
. 23 -- ---4 .. . ...
. 31 .. . .. .
12
8
. 61
2
• 15
24
• 89
3
. 22
28
1.84 2. 08
11
13
1.00 . 82
118
59
198
116
11.53 8.94 4.52 8. 75
--····
....... .
7
.58
6
.58
8
. 74
. . ..... .........
·---- ...... -····· .........
. . . . .. ....... .......
..... ........ ......
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 ...... -----.09 . ........ ·-····
1
.03
2
.06
23 8
.6 5
252
. 69
342
. 93
19 6
.5 3
82
• 22
150
. 41
308
.84
80
• 22
922
58
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
NUMBER AND PERCENT OF ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED IN STRIKES DUE WHOLLY
OR PARTLY TO EACH OF THE 14 CAUSES, BY YEARS, 1881 TO 1905.
[For explanation of this table see text statement, page 55. The totals entered in the box headings
are taken from Table X, where each establi-shment was counted but once.]
1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890.
(Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Tota,Z (Total (Total (Totnl
estab- estab- estab- est.ab- .l%tab- tJBtab- estab- utah- estab- establish- lishliBh- lish- li-shlishlish- lishlishl:ishments ments nien:ts ments merits ments ments ments men.ts ments
Cause or object.
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
-
~
volved volved vo lved volved volved vo lved rolved volved voli,ed volved
2,928.) 2,1/)p.) 2,759.) 2,.'167.) "'2,2m. ) to,IJ53.) 6,5S9.) 3,f,()6.) 3,71:16.) 9,424.)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---'1- - -'I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
For .increase o,f wages
jNumbeT. - 1,630 1,618 1,678
821 1,101 2,747 1,899 '.!,; 489 1,433 3,418
'
•
• - - • • • Per cent .. o5. 67 76. 86 60. 82 34,. 69 48. 20 27 . 33'28. 82 4-z. 47 37. 85 36. 27
For increase of wages com- Number..
287
113j 504
698j 331 1,848 1,25.9
242
663 1,434
bined with various causes Per cent.. 9. 80 5. 37 18. 27 29. 49 14. 49 18. 3819. 11 6. 90 17. 5115. 22
A • st d t·
f
{Number..
112
187
350
4101 433
321
401
292
601
590
garn re uc ion° wages. Per cent.. 3. 83 8. 88 12. 69 17. 32 18. 96 3. 19 6. 09 8. 33 15. 87 6. 26
0
.A~~!i~;J1u~~1~ ~:rf~:}Number..
82
12 . 40
31
82
281
188
19
36
19
causes __ ... _. _____________ Per cent.. 2. 80 . o7 1. 45 1. 31 3. 59 2. 80 2. 86 . 64 . 95 . 20
F
d . t·
fh
~ :rumber..
62
45
5
256
154 3,425 1,124
289
383 1,973
orrc uc iono ours ••••• Percent .. 2.12 2.14 .1810.82 6.7434.0717.06 8.2410.1220.94
For reduction of hours com- Number..
835
13 • 309
576
144 1,817
773
669
399 1,195
bined with various causes Per cent .. 28. 62 . 62 11. 20 24. 83 6. 30 18. 07 11. 73 19. 08 10. 64 12. 68
Against increase of hours {Number· - · · · • · 1
1
3
2
123
8
39
5
7
•• Per cent..
. 0o . 0-1 . 13 . 09 1. 22 . 12 1. 11 . 18 . 07
.Against increase of hours}N be
1
32
60
12
3
1
::~~~~<~-- ~~~--~~~i-~~~ P~ceni:: • 03
1.16 .
1.
2\3 :::~:: . 32 . 03
Concerning recognition of{Number..
27
36
80
30
67
308
616
233
254
610
union and union rules .... Per cent.. . 92 1. 71 2. 90 1. 27 2. 93 3. 06 9. 80 6. 66 6. 71 6. 47
Concerning recognition ofl
union and union rules Number..
104
4
147
124
130
361
481
398
478
353
g~:~~~~~- _~~~~ - _~~~i-~~~ Per cent •• 3. 55 • 19 5. 83 o. 24 6. 69 S. 69 7. 30 11. 3&12. 63 3. 76
Concerning employment of{Number..
36
30
38
17
54
118
168
95
84
172
certain persons(a) ...... . - Per cent.. 1. 23 1. 43 1. 38 . 72 2. 36 1.17 2. 65 2. 71 2. 22 1. 83
Concerning employment of}
certain persons(a) com- Number - 5
81
4
8
3
57
11
28
13
16
bined with various causes Per cent.. • 17 3. 86 . 14 . 34 . 13 . 67 . 17 . 80 . 34 . 17
Con ce rni ng employees}
,
working out of regular Number •• -·········-3
1......
::l
2
1
2
34
occupation_. __ _. _. ____ . __ Per cent..
• 11 . 04
. 03 . 03 . 03 . 06 . 36
Concerning employees)
working out of regular Number..
4
3
1
occ1_1pation combined with Per cent..
. 11 . 08 . 01
vanous causes_ .. _. _.....
Concerning overtime work{Number..
2
3
1
8
5
11
18
66
6
7
and pay ...... - ........... Per cent._ . 07 . 14 . 04 . 34 . 22 . U
. 27 1. 88 . 16 . 07
Concerning overtime work}
and pay combined with Number··
2
3
26
27
18
1
77
various causes. ____ __. __ . Per cent. • 10 . 11
. 26 . 41 . 61 . 08 . 82
Concerning method and{Number. .
4
6
6
7
7
29
395
14
23
27
time of payment. ...... . _ Per cent.. . 14 . 29 . 22 . 30 . 31 . 29 5. 99 . 40 . 61 . 29
Concerning method and}
23
21
time of p ayment com- Number··
1
1
48
12
4
117
107
3
bined with various causes Per cent.. • 03 . 05 1. 74 . 51 . 18 1. 16 1. 62 • 09 . 61 . 22
Concerning Saturday part{Number..
5
6
6
3
holiday ...... .... . ........ Per cent..
. 05 . 1281 . 17 .08 . 06
Concerning Saturday part}N be
holi_day combined with P~eni::
16
13
80
38
vanous causes ._ ...... __ .
• 24 • 37 2. 11 • 40
Concerning docking, fines,{Number..
3
3
4
4
10
17
8
2
21
andcharges, ... .......... Perrent..
.H .11 .17 .18 . 10 .26 .23 .05 .22
Concerning docking, fines,}
and charges combined Number..
1
2
1......
4
1
with various causes .. .... _ Per cent.·
• 04 • 02 • 02 --- -- - • 11 • 01
Concerning working condi-{Number..
6
3"2
21
18
60
464
76
34
115
93
tiorni-and rules(a) ........ Per cent .. . 20 1. 62 . 76 . 76 2. 63 4. 62 1. 15 . 97 3. 04 . 99
Concerning
tions ,and working
roles(a) condi-l
com- ~umber..
733
.5
1
4
7
382
3
484
13
83
bined with various causes l er cent. - 2o. 03 . 24 . 04 . 17 . 31 3. 80 . 0o 13. 80 . 34 . 88
In sympathy with strikers N b
and employees locked out, um er· ;,
3
2
25
27
1181 278
121
88
752
elsewhere. __________ _____ _ Per cent .. • o, . 14 . 07 1. 06 1. 18 1. 17 4. 22 3. 45 2. 32 7. 98
In sympathy with strikers)
15
8
2 266
16
1901_.... .
, and employees locked out, Number..
else_where, combined with Per cent_. . 61 . 38 . 07 11. 24 • . 70 1. 89 _... _........ _. ........ .
sL:::: Ji
oi::;
: : i s e(n·o·t·. aiiove{Number..
specified) ... _... _........ _ Per cen-c..
. 51 1. 00
Othe~ ca uses combined ~ith}Number
;:~~~~~ __ ~~~~~-~ _s~~~ 1~~~ Per cent::
2
2
1
• 07
• 10
• 04
0
8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
15
21
27
33
27
. 98 1. 39 1. 18
4
• 17 I
. 3~
411
. 41 I1
J8 1. fg1
1
a Not involv ing union rules.
56
. So
49
61
126
1. 40 1. 61 1. 34
27
. 77 • 2f .
{i
59
CHAPTER !.-INTRODUCTION A.ND DISCUSSION.
NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ESTA'BLISHMENTS INVOLVED IN STRIKES DUE WHOLLY
OR PARTLY TO EACH OF THE ~4 CAUSES, BY YEARS, 1881 TO 1905.
For explanation of this table see text statement, page 55. The totals entered in the box heading~
are taken from Table X, where each estabiishment was counted but once.]
1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905.
Total.
(Total (Total (Total ( Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total
estab- estab- estab- estab- estab- estab- estab- estab- estab- es t ab- estab- estab- estab- estab- establishlishlish,- Lish- Ush- lish,.
l,shlishliBhlishlishlishlish,lishlishments ments ments ments ments 1nents ments 1nents ments ments men.ts ments ments ments men.ts
(Total
establishments
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~~ed
volved vo1ved volved vo lved volved volved vo lved volved vol ved vo lved vo lved volved volved volved volved (181,4<J7.)
8,116. ) 5,541).) 4,555.) 8,196. ) 6,973.) 5,46'2.) 8,492.) ,1,809.) 11.317) 9,248.) 10,908) .14,248) 20,24H) 10,2112) 8,292.)
•
2,778 1,167 1, 324 2,841 2,040 1,218 3,854 1,104 3,296 2,215 3, 073 4,585 7 126 2,996 2, 908 60, 359
84. -23 21. 06-29. 07 34. 66 29. ·2 6 22. 30 45. 38 28. 98 2-9. 12123. 95 28. 17 32. lB 36. 19 29. 37 35. 07 .:IB. 27
1, 952
475
392
663 1,494 1,613 2,100
747 5,880 3,976 2,502 4,317 6,692 2,347 2, 171 44, 700
24. 05 8. 57 8. 61 8. 09 21. 43 29. 53 24. 73 19. 61 5L 96142. 99 22. 94 30. 30 33. 05 23. 01 26. 18 24.64
330
527
662 1, 125
947/ 688
482
409
333
156
166
136
173
522
183 10,536
.6. 81
4. 07 9. 5114. 63 13. 73 13. 68112. 60 5. 68 to. 74 2. 94 I. 69 1. 62 . 96 • 86 5. 12 2. 21
2,884
57
34
41
240
32
753
.35
49
39
7
13
54
41
660
39
I. 59
. 70 . 61 . 90 2. 93 . 46 13. 79 . 41 1. 29 . 34 . 08 . 12 . 38 . 20 6. 47 . 47
1,030
589
568
227
1301 369
586
194
292 ·991 1,972
774 1 114
324
871 17, 747
9.78
12. 6910. 6312. 47 2. 77 1. 86 6. 76 6. 90 5. 09 2. 68 10. 72 18. 08 5. 4.3 5. 50 3. 1810. 50
1,2881 568
183 1,366 1,837
735 1, 968
589 3,964 3,222 1,790 2,437 4, 550 1,089 1, 405 33,721
15. 87 ,10. 25 4. 02 16. 67 26. 8413. 4:6 23. i 7 15. 4-6 85. 03 34. 84 16. 4117. 10 22. 47 10. 67 16. 94 18.59
817
~
~
~
~
m
1
9
5
M
u n
~
« 1u w
.45
. 65 1. 35 . '69 . 39 1. 84 . 13 . 11 . 13 . 13 . 51 . 11 . 06 . 22 1. 60 . 12
6
22
3
6
1 ... _..
2
2. _....
4 ......
25
25
630
29
1, 123
.07 .40 .07 .07 .01-. ____ .02 .05·-··-· . .04. _____ ,18 .12 6.18 .35
.62
465 1, 474
767
207
186
474 1, 111
754
575
717 1, 771 1,275 3,458 1,981 1,138 18,614
5. 73 2-6. 6116. S4 2. 58 2. 67 8. 68 13. 08 19. 80 6. 08 7. 7 6 16. 24 8. 95 17. 08 19. 42 13 .. 72 10. 26
691
341
286
175 1,061 1, 016
558
178 1,531 1,684 1, 144 2,467 3,671 1,920
697
20,0CO
11. 02
75
100
151
191
232 1,298
278
149
151
. 88 2. 63 1. 33 2. 07 2. 13 9. 11 1. 37 I. 46 1. 82
20
14
62
40
77
161
112
97
19
. 24 . 37 . 65 . 43 . 71 1. 13 . 56 . 95 . 23
4,139
2. 28
1,037
. 67
.8. 61 6. 16 6. 28 2. 14 16. 22 18. 60 6. 67 4. 67 13. 63 (18. 2110. 49 17. 8118. 13 18. 82 8. 41
195
109
104
79
105
110
2. 4-0 1. 97 2. 28 . . 96 1. 51 2. 01
22
27
8
19
120
13
. 27 . 49 . 18 . 23 1. 72 • 24
~
~
~
~
fil
. 26
. 68
25
. 66
13
. 16
25
. 36
. 73
8
. 09
17
. 16
IB
. 19
89
. 82
U
. 33
M
. 34
. 82
. 69
559
. 31
1
.01
8
.14
7
.15
1 . __ . . .
.OL _____
1
.02
0 . _. _..... ___
.07.------··---
4
.04
3
.03
99
.&9
35
.17
16
.16
2
.02
191
.11
7
192
32
9
24
17
24
31
. . 18 1.70 .35 .08 .17 .08 .24 .37
59
262
950
292
217
474
117
154
1. oo 2. 32 10. 27 2. 68 1. 52 2. 34 1. 15 1. 86
15
14
39
33
7
16
5
11
. 39 . 12 . 42 . 30 . 05 . 08 . 05 . l3
HJ
45
411
151
24
94
17
2
. 26 . 40 4. 44 1. 88 . 17 . 46 . 17 . 02
2
.5
8
6
55
25
43
13
. 05 . 0-i . 09 . 06 . 39 . 12 . 42 . 1-6
61 1,330
311
370
653
883
391
275
1,6011.76 3.36 3.39 4.58 4.36 3.~ 3.32
20
24
41
39
11
24
22
23
. 53 . 21 . 44 • 36 . 08 . 12 . 22 . 28
2
42
359
28
90
35
29
8
. 05 . 37 3. 88 . 26 . 63 . 17 . 28 . 10
61
90
46
75
158
159
149
53
1. 60 .. 80 . 50 . -69 I. 11 . 79 1. 46 . 64
5
H6
71
76
1~
631
97
72
. 13 1. 29 . 77 . 70 1. 02 3. 12 . 96 . 87
574
.32
3,605
1. 99
953
. .63
2, 170
lJ.. 20
266
. 15
4,774
2.63
449
. 25
72-5
• 40
3 089
1. 70
4,537
2. 60
17
28
17
19
14
7
9
.21 .61 .37 .23 .20 .13 .11
39
21
16
11
13
826. _____
. 48 . 38 . 35 . 13 . 19 15. 12 . ___ . _
105
37
78
14
10
33
18
1. 29 . 67 1. 71 . 17 . 14 . 60 . 21
82
80
38
105
397
151
226
1. 01 1. 44 . 83 1. 28 6. '69 2. 76 2. 66
12
51
17 . ____ .
1 . .. _..... ___
. la . 92 . 37 . . . . . . . 01 ... · - .. _....
290
45
16 .. _...
1
1 ......
3.57 . 81 .35 ______ .01 .02 ......
19
42
12
22
36
16
26
. 23 . 76 . 26 . 27 . 52 . 29 . 31
2
65
2
3
8
10
33
. 02 1. 17 . 04 . 04 • 11 . 18 . 39
180
89
33
37
965j
30
45
2. 22 L 61 . 72 . 4b 13. 84· . oo . 63
222
10
42 1,114
92
2
97
2. 74 . 18 . 92 lit 59 1. 32 . 04 1. H:
5~
370
272 1,593
6. 65 6. -68 .6. 9719. 44
9
. 13
18
. 33
17
. .20
. 71
30
. 7~
89
135
432
6~
294
183
323
. 79 I. 46 3. 96 4. 49 1. 45 1. 79 3. 90
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
b
6,361
&• .61
1 .. - - . .. .. -- .
. _. _... __ ...
521
. 29
89
194
186
423
305
328
1:,9
.79 2.10 1.71 2.97 1.61322 L56
38
34
232
187
565
197
96
. 31 . 87 2. 13 I. 31 2. 79 1. 93 1.16
3,391
1.87
1 ,922
1 06
6. · -·-· ···--·
. 1-6 .. - . - ...... .
104
177
138
160
303
62
114
223
1.2s 3.19 .3.03 l.95 4.35 1.14 1.34 6.86
70
19
9
31
107
18
25
95
. 86 .-34 . 20 . 38 1. 53 . 33 . 29 2. 4-9
8
Less than 0.01 per cent.
1
. 01
16
. 11
(b)
60
R_E_PORT _O F T:S:E COMMISSIONER OF -LABOR.
NUMBER AND PER CENT OF STRIKERS IN S'l.'RIKES DUE WHOLLY OR PARTLY TO
EACH OF THE 14 CAUSES, BY YEARS, 1881 TO 1905.
J
[For explanation of this table see text statement, page 55. The tables entered in the box headings are taken from Table X, where each striker was counted but once.]
1881.
Cause or object.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
(Total
s~~ff:;.s strikers
S;.ft:i!s S;.?f::.s s}~ff:;s s:.ri::.s s~;_ffC:s s};_f/C:,~s s~~fC:s
- - - - -- - -- - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - ---
11J1,IJ70.) 120,8(j(}, ) 12'2,198.) 117,31-1. ) 158,584.) 4117,152.) 272,776.) 108,218.) 205,(168.)
64,260
. umber
For .mcrease of wages .... •{ Per
cent .. .. 63. 58
For i~crease. of w~ges}Number .. 8,506
1
~~:~~~~~- ~~~~~- ~~~ -~~~ Per cent •• 8.42
Against
reduction offNumber .. 9,464
wages .................. l Per cent .. 9. 36
Against
red~ction . of}Number .. 2,897
wa&es combmed with Per cent .. 2. 87
various causes .........
• re d uct·ion° f h ours.·· {Number
•• 4, 959
For
P er cent ..
,l. 91
For reduction of h<?urs}Number
8, 472
1
~~:~;~~~ _ ~~~~ _ ~~~ -~~~ Per cent: : 8.38
fNumber
. t·mcrease ofhours "'\Per
Agams
cent..._ -------
Agains~ incre3:se of h<?urs}Number ..
. combmed with various Per cent ..
causes .. . ... . ...... . ....
Concerning recognition of{Number ..
union and union rules.. . Per cent . .
Concerning recognition of\
union and union rules Number ..
~~:~~~~- ~~~~~- ~-~~i-~~~J Per cent • •
Concerning employment{Number ..
of certain persons (a) .. . Per cent ..
Concerning employmentl
of certain persons (a) Number ..
~~:~~~~~- ~~~~~- ~-~~i-~~~j Per cent ••
77,667
64.26
4,671
3.86
23,095
19.11
1, 846
1. 53
2,578
2. 13
262
. 22
300
. 25
52,857
43 . 26
18,569
15.20
32,847
26. 88
522
.43
263
. 22
14,211
11. 63
37
.03
102 •••••••
383
.10 -- ----. 31
2,623 3,672 9,375
2.60 3.04 7. 67
43, 435
37.02
10,835
9.24
42,953
36. 61
1,122
.96
8,466
7. 22
8,905
7.59
151
.13
132
.11
877
. 75
63,368 100,941
39.96 24.79
24,409 103, 124
15.39 25.33
36,763 17, 776
23.18 4.37
16, 413 8,929
10.35 2. 19
8, 663 76,178
5. 46 18. 71
8,326 91,614
5. 25 22.50
64 20,832
. 04 5. 12
....... 9,445
------- 2.32
3,718 16,268
2.3-i 4.00
87, 444
32.06
23,142
8.48
37,043
13.58
8,149
2. 99
16,584
6.08
15,537
5. 70
325
.12
3,394
1. 24
27,709
10.16
33,915
32.86
6, 417
6. 22
20,430
19. 79
1,243
1. 20
3, 820
3.70
4,355
4. 22
445
.43
........
9,584
3. 51
80,679
39.34
11,547
5. 63
73,927
36.05
2,204
1. Q7
4,857
2. 37
3,289
1. 60
296
.14
775
------- .38
6,236 13,562
6.04 6. 61
1, 008
1.00
132
. 11
3,780
3.09
1, 972
1. 68
5,336 22,399
3.36 5.50
4,176
4.05
9,095
4.44
4,188
4.14
2, 689
2.22
2,666
2.18
1, 791
1. 53
5,641 15, 273 21,616 10,013
3.56 3. 75 7.92 _9 . 70
6,404
3.12
609
.60
2,227
1. 84
238
.19
496
.42
95
.06
2,37,t
. 58
2,720
1.00
2,836
2. 75
948
.46
.......
21
.02
125
.11
-------
66
. 02
1, 045
. 38
8
. 01
55
.03
62
.06
162
.08
280
. 27
1,197
1. 16
2,752
2. 67
501
. 24
80
.04
3,004
1. 46
47
.05
399
. 19
340
589
. 12
. 57
431
122
.16
. 12
1,307
955
. 48
. 93
38 .... . . .
. 01 -- ----3,839 1,477
1. 41 1. 43
84
.04
150
.07
33
.02
646
. 32
2,90
1. 42
Concerning
employees}Number
workin~ out of regular Per cent:: --- ---occupation .............
Concerning
employees)
working out of regular Number ..
occupation
combined Per cent . .
with various causes .....
110
Concerning overtime work{Number ..
and pay ...... . ......... Per cent ..
. 11
Concerning over~ime W<?rk}Number
and_ pay combmed with Per cent::
various causes ....... . .
151
Concerning method and{Number ..
.15
time of payment.. . ..... Per cent ..
Concerning method and)
time of payment com- Number ..
24
~!~~~s __ ~~~~~. _. ~-~~i-~~~ Per cent •• . 02
Concerning Saturday part{Number .. -- ----holiday .... .. . .......... Per cent ..
Conc~rning Sat~rday p~trt}Number
holl_day combmed with Per cent ..
various causes. . . . . . . . .
••
Concerning docking, fines,{Number ..
and charges .... . .. . .... Per cent ..
Concerning docking, tip.es,) Number
a1;d cha!ges combmedf Per cent::
with various causes .. . .
224
Concerning working con-{N umber ..
ditions and rules (a) ... . Per cent . .
. 22
Concerning working con-1
ditions and rules (a) Number .. 3, 6.'i6
~~:~~~~~- ~~~~- ~-~~i-~~~ Per cent •• 3.62
In sympathy with strik-}Number
529
ers and employees locked Per cent::
. 52
out, elsewhere ........ .
In sym~athy with strik-i
ersan employees locked Number .. 1,050
out,elsewhere, combined Per cent .. 1.04
with various ca uses ....
Other causes (not above{Number .. 1,150
specified).... . ......... Per cent .. 1. 14
Oth_er caus~s combined}Number ..
510
wit~ various above- Per cent._
. 50
specified causes .........
a Not involving union rules.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
374
. 31
42
.03
652
. 54
25
. 02
6,270
5.13
319
. 26
640
442
. 36
. 53
---- --- ···----
529
. 45
26
.02
482
.41
165
.10
1,610 1,660
.40
. 61
1,306
403
. 32
. 15
1,665 11,827
. 41 4. 34
727
. 62
72
.05
9,792
2.40
. ...... ...... ..
295
. 07
:::::::1:::::::
341
. 28
175
. 14
423
. 36
1,870
1. 55
3,192
2.61
82
. 07
154
. 13
6,931
2. 54
1,477
1. 26
237
. 1~
30
. 02
6,529
4.12
1, 224
.30
450
.11
5,966
1.47
12
. 01
405
. 35
2,641
1. 67
3,375
.83
80
.03
4,390
4.25
827
.40
200
. 16
510
.43
4,447 26, 983 19,720
2.80 6.63 7. 23
6,326
6. 13
1,364
. 67
1,299
1.07
19
. 02
~ .31~
1,277
1.06
1,240
1.03
1,130
. 92
6
3,603
!t 07
96
.08
(b) •
b
532
. 34
8,500
2.09
2,972 6,883
1.87 1.69
1,563 10,430
• . 99 2. 56
........ .. . ..... ------5,360
1. 96
5,235
1.92
Less than 0.01 per cent.
3,384 .3, 161
3.28 1. 54
421
2,481
. 21
2. 40
61
CHAPT·ER I.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
NUMBER AND PER CENT OF STRIKERS IN STRIKES DUE WHOLLY OR PARTLY TO
EACH OF THE 14 CAUSES, BY YEARS, 1881 TO 1905-Continued.
[For explanation of this table see t ext statement, page 55. The totals entered in the box headings
are taken fr om Table X, where each striker was counted but once.]
1890.
Cause or object.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
s~;':tf;/s s~'::Jf:/s si;!!f;,!s s};.ft;/s s:::ic:/s si;.?i<;.!s s};.fi<;,~s s};.fi<;,~s s~;.?i<;.z.s
285,9()().) 245,(J42.) 16-1,499. ) 195,008. ) 505,(149. ) 285,742.) 18.1,813.) 3.'3'2,570.) 182,0(Ji.)
- - - - - - - - - --- - -- - - - - - - - - - - --
128, 632 118, 531 32, 292 44,851 226,832 120,813 47, 131 188,062 56,460
For increase of wages..
4-1.99 48.37 19.75 23.00 44.91 42.28 25.64 56.55 31.01
For increase of wages}
be
combined with various Num r • • 32,515 31,807 14, 320 24,284 15,065 33,117 30, 968 ~.9:~ 25,161
13.82
causes .. ________________ Per cent •• 11.37 12.98 8.76 12.45 2. 98 11. 59 16.85
Against
reduction
of{Number .. 25,393 16, 719 22,422 45, 286 125,280 57,492 45,017 50,387 34,609
wages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Per cent .. 8.88 6. 82 13. 71 23.22 24.81 20.12 24.49 15.15 19.01
Against
reduction
of}
b
838 3, 505 1, 012 3,767 4, 112 2,658 10, 355 2,957 6,875
wages combined with Num er··
.29 1.43
. 62 1.93
. 89 3.78
. 81
.93 5.63
various causes ..... , . . . P er cent· •
38,758
116 15,529 7,319 1,558 7,270 3,748 2,641 3, 437
•
f
h
{Number
F or re d uc t 10n o ours •.. Per cen.t.••_ 13. 56 20,
8.21 9.50 3. 75
. 31 2. 54 2.04
. 79 1.89
For re~uctio~ of h<;iurs}Number . _ 22,504 20,809 13,305 5,995 23 , 399 41 , 320 10,397 43,010 17, 005
c_o mbmed with vanous Per cent._ 7. 8 7 8.49 8.H 3. 07 4.63 H.46 5.66 12.93 9.34
causes ................. .
410
99
178 • 781 1, 127 1,112 1,012
574
88
• t·mcrease o fh ours. {Number
••
A gams
Per cent ..
.06
. 32
. 69
.12
. 57
.20
.20
. 05
. 05
Agains~ incre9:se of h<;iurs}N umber ..
127
748
241
172
98
447
57
corn billed with vanous Per cent._
.04
. 31
.06
. 07
. 23
.03
. 03
causes .............. . ..
Concerning recognition of{N umber .. 12,562 12,390 34,796 19,634 7,243 8,502 19,554 10,982 16, 643
union and union rules. . . Per cent .. 4.39 5.06 21. 28 10. 07 1.43 2. 98 10.64 3.30 9.H
Concerning recognition of)
union and union rules Number .. 8,623 12,192
6 17,759 6, 174 26,367 20,335 11 ,834 12,369
9.11 1. 22 9.23 11.06 3. 56 6. 79
~~~b;~~~. ~i~~- ~-~~i-~~~ Per cent •• 3.02 4.98
Concerning employment~um ber .. 19, 404 13, 198 8, 446
6,258 10, 067 7,881 5,601 6,920
of certain persons (a) ... Per cent .. 6.79 5.39 5.17 1~.82~ 1. 24 3. 52 4.29 1.68 3.80
Concerning employment)
of certain persons (a) Number .. 4, 876 2,083 5,134
649 1, 061 9,264 1, 679 2,486 2,585
. 33
. 91
. 75 1.42
. 21 3. 24
~~~~;~~~- ~'.~~- ~~~i-~~~ P_er cent •• 1.71 . 85 3. H
Conceri:iing
employees}Number ..
262
532
357
622 1,290
619 1,576
248
873
workin~ out of regular Per cent._
. 12
. 1
. 29
. 22
.11
.38
. 07
. 17
. 70
occupation .. ...........
Concerning
employees )
working out of regular Number ..
76
12
8
910
800 -···· ··
10
75 •••••••
(b)
occupation
combined Per cent .. (b)
. 24 .......
.04
. 56
. 01
. 01 ------with vario us causes . .. .
· 200
Concerning overtime work{Number ..
316
207 1, 490 2,375 1,879 1,539 1,492
156
and pay ....... . ........ Per cent ..
.14:
. 61 1. 45
.10
. 96
.07
. 52
.08
. 30
Concerning overl:ime W<?rk}NumbPr. ..
44 1,059
3,
030
468
394
528
40
------a,nd_ pay combmed with Per cent._
1~_6J&
. 16
. 22
1. 66
.H
. 03
.64
. 01
various causes ........
Concerning method and{Numbor .. 1, 371 2,340 2,767 11 , 757
908 1, 021 3,341 1, 998 1, 910
time of payment ...... . Per cent ..
.48
.36 1. 82
. 95 1. 69 6.03
. 60 1.06
. 18
Concerning method and)
time of payment com- Number .. 3,001 3,761 3,586 2,912 5,356 8,223 3,550 9,423 1,820
~~~s. -~~~~~- __ ~~~i-~~~ Per cent •• 1.05 1. 53 2.19 1.49 1.06 2.88 1. 93 2. 83 1.00
152
102
382
634
12 .. . .... -·----Concerning Saturday part{Numbor . .
74 • ••••• •
holiday ................. Per cent ..
. 04 ·------ (b) -·-··-- .. . .....
. 22
. 23
.08
.04
Con~rning Sat11:rday p~t.rt}Numbcr
224
842 2,123
420 · ·····- 3,615
103 ----·-5
}!oh_day combmod with Per cent: :
. 29
. 23 ------- 1. 99
.H
.05 - --··· · (b)
. 87
various causes . ........
293 2,466 3, 951 1,575 4,080 1, 546
Concerning docking, fines,{Numbor .. 2,129 1,984 1,391
and charges ............ Per cent ..
.15
. 85
. 49 1.38
. 74
. 81
.86 1.23
. 85
Concerning docking, fi?es, Number
32
225
266
18
493 1,417 1, 015
33 1, 654
a~d charges combmed Per cent ::
.12
.02
. 05
. 17
. 01 1.01
. 77
. 31
. 01
with var10us causes.....
Concerning working con- Number .. 3, 746 4, 356 3,006 1 , 423 2,396 17,556 2, 954 2,832 5,236
ditions and rules (a) . . .. Per cent .. 1. 31 1.78 1.84
. 47 6.H 1. 61
. 73
.sol 2.88
Concerning working con332
263
ditions p,nd rules (a) Number .. 4,565 1, 054
848 18,595 2,812
56 4,780
. 16
. 43
. 03 1. 441 .18
combined with various Per cent .. 1.60
.43 3.68
. 98
causes . ... . . ....... . ....
In sympathy with strik-}N . b
633
739 1, 040 1, 464
ersandemployeeslocked um er·· 7,086 5,999 10,264 8,489 83 , 332
. 31
.80
. 22
.40
out, elsewhere ..... .. .. . Per cent.· 2.48 2.45 6.28 4.36 16.50
In sym~athy with strik-l
81
ers an employees locked Number .. ----·-- -- -- --- ------- ........ -- ---·· ........ .......
.04
out,elsewhere,combined Per cent ..
. ........ --·-·· ·
with various causes ... .
Other causes (not above}Number .. 6,104 7, 102 4, 442 10, 612 10,159 6, 989 7,562 5,717 16,688
srac1fied) ............... Per cent .. 2.14 2.90 2. 72 5.44 2.01 2.45 4. 111 1. 72 1 9.17
Ot _er cau~s combined}Number .. 2,051 2,863 2,200 1,776
906 2,659 1, 750 5,516 , 4,550
wit~ vanous above- Per cent
. 18
. 93
. 91
. 72 1.17 - 1. 36
. 95 1. 661 2. 60
specified causes. . . . . . . . . •
••
·--{~~~~L
a Not involving union rules.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.Jg1:::::::
i. li
---- ---
b Less
than 0.01 per cent.
62
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF •LABOR.
NUMBER AND PER CENT OF STRIKERS IN STRIKES DUE WHOLLY OR PARTLY TO
EACH OF THE 14 CAUSES, BY:_ YEARS, 1881 TO 1905-Concluded.
[For explanation of this t able see t ext statement, page 55. The totals entered in the boJC headinga
are taken from Table X, where each striker was counted but once.]
1899.
Cause or object.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
('l'otal
s~;.?t;;.~ s~;.ff~s 39(),280.)
strike1's s~;.?f:/:s s~;!!f';;s
553,14-3.)
31J8,'267.)
399,656. )
--- ---
1904.
1905.
s~;~:<;;s s~;~t:/:s
531,682. ) 375,'754. ) 176,337.)
--- --- --- ---
Total.
s~~f!~,
6,728,048.)
120,797 65,530 82,171 115,758 140, 432
61, 691
57,646
2, 212,195
78,198 210,382 66,986 250,958 147, 701
25.37 5.2.64 16.90 %.37
27. 78
77,198
30,329
1,331, 158
10,637 14,168 12,587 16,907
15,307
63, 364
7,074
856,947
Against
reduction . of}Number
902 3,844
5,516 1,231
1,945
wa&'es combined with Per cent: : 1. 79
. 23
. 69
. 37
. 31
vanous causes ..........
12,374 10,556 56, 478 21,004 45,597
• ofh ours.••• {Number
••
F or re d uc t 10n
Per cent .. 4.01 2.64 14. 26 3.80
8.58
For re~uctiOJ:1: of h<:>Urs}Number. 46,777 54,159 39,167 208,086 112,054
1
~~~~~~~ _~i_t_~ _~~ .~~~ Per cent. : 15.17 13.55 9.88 37.62 21. 08
982
136 19, 740
872 1,644
• t mcrease
·
••
A gams
ofh ours . {Number
Per cent ..
5,688
1,168
99,698
5,828
11,295
6.41
38~_8J~
19,578
18, 158
850,694
14, 344
334
65,883
600
22,164
30,249
610, 088
•
••
F or mcrease
o f wages ..•.. {Number
Per cent ..
For increase of w~gesiNumber
combined with vanous Per cent::
causes .............. •.... J
A~~~!~ ... ·r•e·~~~~~~~.... ~~{~~~::
!t9.19 16.40 20.74 20.93
8.46
3.55
3.18
3.06
J ••••••• ••••• •
~~~~;~~~. ~:~. ~-~~i.~~~
Per cent ••
In sympathl with strikers}Number
and emp oyees locked Per cent··
out, elsewh ere . . . . . . . . . .
••
In sympathy with strikersl
and employees locked Number ..
O(?t, else~here, combinedj Per cent ..
with various causes. . . . .
Other causes (not above{Number ..
s~ecified) .............. .. Per cent ..
Ot _e r caus?s combmed}Number ..
with_ vanous above- Per cent ..
specified causes .........
2.. 88
16.42
20.54
16.86
1.51
1.56
5.21
32.69
17. 20
4.01
.66
10. 30
32.88
19.79
12. 74
1. 48
12.64
. 02
. 26
. 41
423
446 ------.08
.11 .......
21,362 24,514 86,176 54,921
6.9& 6.18 21. 75 9.93
3. 82
562
3,962
.11
1. 05
65,713 100,807
12. 36 26.83
32,550 179,366 35,531 196,054
88,247
70,031
18.64
11,181
6.34,
795,727
14,990 15,614 21,605 33,097
6.98
20,367
3.88
10,864
12,421
287,883
6, 715 16,350
12,729
42,261
1,045
139,767
1,820 12,192
.46
2. 20
3,744
1,222
. 33
1,353
.77
29,112
19
502
1,101
. 21
245
. 07
204
.12
4,220
669
.13
6,848
635
2,435
22,857
2,640
2,087
74,957
623
69,025
• . 28
Agains~ increa_se of h(?urs}Number ..
combmed with var10us Per cent ..
causes ..................
Concerning recognition of{Number ..
union and union rules.. . Per cent ..
Concerning recognition of)
union and union n1lf's Number ..
~~:S~~~~~. ~i.t~. ~~~i.~~~ Per cant ••
Concerning employment of{N umber ..
certain persons (a) ...... Per cent ..
Concerning employment)
of certain persons (a) Number ..
~~~~;~~~. ~i-t~. ~~~i.~~~ Per cent ••
Concer~ing
employces}Number ..
working: out of regular Per cent ..
occupat10n ..............
Concerning
employees)
working out of regular Number ..
occupation
combined Per cent ..
with various causes.....
Concerning overtime work{Number ..
and pay ....... ........ . . Per cent ..
Concerning ove.r~ime W<?rk}Number ..
and_ pay combmed with Per cent ..
various causes ........ . .
Concerning method and{Number ..
time of payment ........ Per cent ..
Concerning m ethod and!
time of pa.yment com- Number ..
bined
with
various Per cent ..
causes ..................
Concerning Saturday part{Number ..
holiday ...
Per cent ..
Con~rning. Sat~rday p~rt}Number
holt_day combmed with Per cent··
var10us causes. . . . . . . . . .
••
Concerning docking, fines,{Number ..
and charges ............. Per cent . .
Concerning docking, fi_nes,}Number
!r~th ;~~i1;i: cii:~1~~~ Per cent::
Concerning working con- /Number ..
ditions and rules (a) .... \Per cent ..
Concerning working con-)
ditions and rules (a) Number ..
26.41
10.56 44.8S
4.86
3.91
6, 911 11, 396
2. 24
2.86
693
. 22
389
.10
..........
34
. 01
8.97 35.44
6. 46
1.69
(b)
715
2.96
.09
3. 71
16.60
2.39
. 70
2.89
11.25
.19
.34
17.15
7.04
. 59
.98
.33
9.07
11.83
4.28
2.08
.43
.06
1, 073 1,806
. So
.4-5
4,205 18, 199
7,790
1.36
4.65
1. 97
695
.13
7,672
2,526
5,515
8,382
2.12
580
.10
1,916
1,053
. 28
. 35
4,023 147, 007 10,679
1,101
10,683
1,411
. 38
58
.03
235,668
896
496
640
282
.16
3,166
6, 154
62,916
2,270
42,228
354
171,404
3,710
112, 705
. 82
1. 38
1. 31 36.78
514
482
. 18
2. 69
•. 17
. 12
11,148
5, 117
180
. 05
9,570
6,474
3,109
2,447
3.62
1. 28
1. 39
. 20
1.29
.36
2. 01
. 17
. 70
. 16
.09
.17
5,875
14,785
5,220
1,087
2,230
723 12, 531
581
2.41
1.06
2.78
1.39
1.38
1.18
1. 80
.34
1.11
1.03
3.50
. 09
. 94
. 18
2.27
.11
7, 741
3,820
4,366
8, 491
7,025
1.32
501
.13
3,138
.84
6,569
1. 75
3,777
6,935
1,824
.46
2,436
. 44
32, 122
4, 443
1,354
101,664
7, 180
8,385 19,708 12, 103
16,659
7,150
1. 90
8,852
259,316
152 ........... ..... ......
.03 ····-·-· ............
18,420
2.10
. 78
6,175 141,585
2.00 35. 48
2.61
1. 23
.96
1.74
. 62
1.10
.20
1. 64
2.10
4.97
2.19
---- --- -------
110
340
2.33
.03
. 06
.42
6. 04
3.13
1.18
1. 29
.20
2.10
. 77
5.02
;63
2. 56
1.68
1.61
3.86
. 27
9,3701 11,895 22,554 13,309
2.41
18,209
10, 029
4,396
194,057
12, 643
6, 763
1,581
106,161
3. 04
2. 98
5.69
1, 899
S,829
4, 674 28,519
. 62
a Not involving union rules.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.96
1.18
5.16
b
3.42
~.38
2.67
1. 80
2.49
Less than 0.01 per cent.
. 90
2. 88
1.68
•
63
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION .
SUMMARY OF STRIKES FOR THE TJNl:TE D STATES DUE WHOLLY OR PARTLY TO
EACH OF THE 14.CAUSES, 1881 TO 1905.
[This table shows statistics for strikes due solely to each of the 14 causes enumerated on page 112, and
also for strikes in which each of the 14 causes was only a partial or contributing cause. A strike due
to severa,I causes (each of which was a partial or contributing cause) has been entered under each of
the causes involved, and ))ecause of this repetition no total can be made from the figures shown in this
table. The totals entered in the box headings are taken from Table XI, where each strike was counted
but once.]
Establishments Number of establishments
involved.
in which strike-
Strikes.
Cause or object.
Per cent
cent
Num- Per
Suc.ceedtotal Num- of total Succeedber. of
ed.
ed partly. Failed.
(36,757). ber. (181,407).
--- --- ---- ---- ----
For increase of wages ______________ . ___ 11,851
For increase of wages combined with
various causes _____ _______ .... _. ____ . 3,117
Against redaction of wages_ . ________ . _ 4,067
.Against reducti:on of wages combined
with various causes ____ . __ . ___ ... __ ..
308
For reduction of hours ______ .. _. _____ . 1,797
For reduction of hours combined with
various causes_. _____ . _______________ 1,797
Against increase of hours._ . .. _. _______
199
Against increase of hours combined
with various causes. ___ .. _.... ____ .. _
56
Concerning recognition of union and
union rules_ , _.. ___ .. __ . . __ __ . . __ . ___ 6,926
Concerning recognition of union and
union rules combined with various
causes. _.. ___________ _______ _____ ____ 1,658
Concerning employment of certain persons (h) _. _____________ . _____ . _. __ . __ . 2,693
Concerning employment of certain persons (h) combined wit1::l various causes
424
Concerning employees working out of
regular occupation __ _. __ . _. ___ . ____ ._
315
Concerning employees working out of
regul a r occupation combined with
various causes _____ .. __ _.... _.... ___ .
27
Concerning overtime work and 9ay __ . .
238
Concerning overtime work an pay
com bincd with various causes. ___ . __
252
Concerning method and time of payment _________________ ____ __________ ___
342
Concerning method and time of payment combined with various causes._
196
Concerning Saturday part holiday_ .. _.
82
Concerning Saturday part holiday
combined '\\-ith various causes. __ _. __
150
Concerning docking, fines, and cbargcs_
308
Concerning docking, fines, aud charges
combined with various causes ______ .
80
Concerning working conditions an<l
mies (h) _. __: ______ ___________________
922
Concerning working conditions and
rules(h) combined with various causes
275
In sympathy with strikers and employees locked out, elsewh ere __ ._._._ 1,346
In sympathy with strikers 1md emloyees locked out, elsewhere, com31
~ ined with various causes ___ s ___ . ___
Other causes (not above specified) __ ... 1,624
Other causes combined with various
above-specified causes _______ ._. _____
272
32. 24 60,359
33.27
a30,142
a 11,277
8. 48 44,700
11.06 10,536
24.64
b 20,947
b
4. 89 17,747
2,884
1. 59
9. 78
4.89 33,721
.54
817
18.59
.45
. 84
5.81
C
3,669
11,251
C 1,337
d
1,944
8,775
d
e17,653
409
179
1,745
e 7,394
105
--0<18,922
b
12,491
51 492
C
d
761
6,790
e 8,673
303
1,123
.62
691
69
363
18.84 18,614
10.26
f 10,307
1305
f 7,966
4. 51 20,000
11.02
.15
7,730
v4,916
g7,350
7.33
4,139
2.28
1,027
68
3,044
1.15
1,037
.57
301
191
545
.86
559
.31
• 280
12
267
.07
. 65
191
574
.11
. 32
63
291
114
43
14
240
.69
3,605
1.99
2,174
787
644
.93
953
.53
3n
31
545
. 53
.22
2, 170
266
1. 20
.15
1,202
116
590
4
369
146
.41
4,774
449
2.6.3
.25
i 2,487
218
i 1, 118
.84
g
i:
38
l ,l63
193
. 22
725
.40
160
431
134
2. 51
3,089
1. 70
1,286
123
1,680
. 75
4,537
2. 50
2,316
9&3
1,268
3.66
6,361
3. 51
il,315
1177
i 4,866
4. 42
.08
521
3,391
. 29
1. 87
g
58
2,058
29
V220
g
. 74
1,922
1.06
844
503
434
1, 109
575
a Not including 11 establishments in which strike was pending at the close of some one of the four
investigations included in this report and 7 establishments not reported.
•
b Not including 11 establishments in which strike was pending at the close of some one of the four
investigations included in this report.
c Not including 38 establishments in which strike was pending at the close of some one of tho four
investigations included in this report.
d Not including 437 establishments in which strike was pending at the close of some one of the four
investigations included in this report.
e Not including l establishment in which strike was pending at the close of some-one of the four investigations included in this report.
/Not including 36 establishments in which strike was pending at the close of some one of the four
investigations included in this report.
g Not including 4 establishments in which strike was pending at the close of some one of the four
investigations included in this report.
h Not involving union rules .
i Not including 6 establishments in which strike was pending at the close of some one of the four
investigations included in this report.
. j Not including 3 establishments not reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
64
REP(:}RT OF THE COMMISSIO,NER OF LAB-OR.
SUMMARY OF STRIKES FOR THE UNITED STATES DUE WHOLLY OR P<\.RTLY TO
EACH OF THE 14 CAUSES, 1881 TO 1905-Concluded.
Per cent of
establishments in
which strikeCause or object.
Employees thrown
out of work.
Strikers.
Percent of NumSue- Sueceed- ceedFailed. ' Nurntotal
ber.
ed. pa ed
(6,728,048) . ber.
rtly.
Per cent of
total
(aS,703,824).
--- ---
For increase of wages ... . ... __ . . __ ..... b49. 95
For increase of wages combined with
various causes ..... . __............... c46. 87
Against reduction of wages ..... . ...... d34. 95
Against reduction of wages combined
with various causes .................. 67. 40
For reduction of hours . .. ...... . . . _... e50. 69
F or reduction of hours combined with
various causes ..... .... .............. /52. 35
Against increase of hours ... ... _._._ ... 50.06
Against increase of hours combined
with various ca uses . .... ... .. .... .... 61. 53
Concerning recognition of union and
union rules .... _... __________________ g55_ 48
Concerning recognition of union and
union rules combined with various
ca uses ... _.... ________ . _________ . ____ i38. 66
Concerning employment of certain persons (i 1........ .... ............ ... ... 24. 81
Concerning employment of certain persons(i) combined with various ca uses 29.03
Concerning employees working out of
regular occupation .............. .. ... 50.09
Concerning employees working out of
regular occupation combined with
various causes ....................... 32. 98
Concerning overtime work and pay .... 50. 70
Concerning overtime work and pay
combined with various causes ..... _. 60. 31
Concerning m ethod and time of payment. _____ ______ __ __ __________ _______ 39. 56
Concerning m ethod and time of p aym ent combined with various causes. 55.39
Concerning Saturday part holiday .... 43. 61
Concerning Saturday part holiday
combined with various canses . ... ... 152.16
Concerning docking, fin es, and charges. 48.55
Concerning docking, fines, and cha rges
combined with various causes ..... __ 22.07
Concerning working conditions and
rules (i) ...................... .. .. ... . 41. 63
Concerning working conditions and
rules(i)combined with various causes 51. 05
In sympathy with strikers and employees locked out elsewhere ....... . 11120.68
In sympathy with striker s and employees locked out, elsewhere, combined with various ca uses ..... .... _. 11.13
Other causes (not specified above) .... i60. 76
Other causes combined with various
above-specified causes .. . ..... ... __ .. 43. 91
bl8. t\9 b31. 36 2,212,195
32.88 2,940,804
33. 79
c25.18 b27. 95 1,331,158
d.i2. 74 d52.31 856,947
19. 79 1,598,199
12. 74 1,158,485
18.36
13.31
6. 21
elO. 08 e39. 23
26.39
99,698
389,876
/21.93 /25. 72
12. 85 37.09
850,694
65,883
32.32
22,164
gl. 64 g42. 88
6.15
610,088
i24. 58 i36. 76
795,727
1. 48
5. 79
134,744
514,496
1.55
5.91
12.64 1,004,135
.98
82,808
11. 54
.95
.33
28,686
.33
9.07 h743,523
8.54
11.83
896,814
10. 30
1. 64
73.55
287,883
4.28 k402,339
4. 62
18.42
52.55
139, 767
2.08
163,268
1.88
2.15
47. 76
29,112
.43
36,556
. 42
59. 69
7. 49
7.33
41. 81
4, 220
22,857
.06
.34
6,079
30,639
.07
.35
21. 83
17.86
74,957
1.11
101,918
1.17
3.25
57.19
69,025
1.03
80,918
. 93
27. 00
1. 50
17.01
54. 89
235,668
6, 154
3. 50
.09
251,995
7,622
2.90
.09
123. 45 !24.39
8. 46 42.99
62,916
42,228
.94
.63
69,2_44
61,952
.80
. 71
59. 45
18. 48
171,404
2.ii5
177. 740
2.04
3.98
54. 39
112,705
1. ~
150,769
1. 73
21. 00
27.95
101,664
1.51
131,990
1. 52
m'.?. 79 m76.53
259,316
3.85
373,968
4.30
i 6. 50 i32. 74
5.57
83.30
18,420
194,057
.27
2.88
21,079
233,584
.24
2. 68
26.17
29. 92
106,161
1. 58
144,844
1. 66
a Not including 33 establishments not reported.
b Not including 11 e.,tablishments in which strike w as p ending at the close of some one of the four
investigations included in this report and 7 establishments not reported.
cNot including 11 establishments in which strike was p ending at the close of some one of the four
investigations included in this report.
•
d Not including iS8 establishments in which strike was p ending at the close of some one of the four
inve!ltigations included in this report.
e Not including 437 est a blishments in which strike was pending a t the close of some one of the four
investigations included in this report.
/Not including 1 establishment in which strike was pending at the close of some one of the four
investigations included in this report.
u Not including 36 establishments in which strike was p ending at the cloi,e of some one of the four
investigations included in this report.
h Not including 21 establi shments not reported.
iNot including 4 establishments in which Rtrike w a s p ending at the close of some one of the four
investigations included in this report.
; Not involving union rules.
k Not including 12 establishments not reported.
I Not including 6 establishments in which strike was pending at the close of some one of the four
investigations included in this report.
111 Not including 3 establishments not reported.
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CHAPTER !.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
• 65
In the first table of the series the total number of strikes in each
year is shown in the box heading. ' Opposite each cause is shown the
number of strikes arising from that cause, and the percentage whjch
that number is of the total for the year as shown in the box heading.
In the year 1881 the predominant cause of strikes as measured by
the number of strikes was for increase of wages. This cause alone
produced 61.15 per cent of the 471 strikes that occurred in that year;
in combination with other causes it produced 5.31 per cent of all
strikes in that year. The second cause in importance was against a
reduction of wages. This as a sole cause produced 10.40 per cent of
all strikes in that year. Strikes concerning the recognition of union
and union rule~ as a sole cause constituted 5.73 per cent of all strikes
in that year, and alone and in combination with other causes, 6.79 per
cent of all strikes in that year.
In t)le year 1905, the last year of the period covered by the table, a
material cnange is seen in the relative importance of certain causes.
In that year. the leading cause was concerning the recognition of union
and union rules. The 641 strikes for that cause alone constituted
30.86 per cent of the 2,077 strikes in that year; while alone and in
combination with other causes it led to 35.53 per cent of all strikes in
that year. The second cause in importance in the year 1905 was for
increase of wages; 28.07 per cent of all strikes in that year were due
to that cause alone, and 36.59 per cent of all strikes in that year were
due to that cause alone and combined with other causes.
A comparison of the relative importance each year of some of the
causes is especially interesting. The percentage of strili:es for increase
of wages alone was 61.15 per cent in 1881, 54.41 per cent in 1882,
45.40 ·p er cent in 1883, 29.57 per cent in 1884, etc. The percentage
:fluctuated from year to year, but the general tendency was downward.
The percentage of strikes against a reduction of wages solely shows
a tendency to decrease. The percentage of strikes due to recognition
of ~nion and union rules alone was 5.73 per cent in 1881 and :fluctuated from year to year, but generally increased until the highest
point,· 32.42 per cent, was reached in 1904. That cause in combination with other causes also showed a decided increase during the
twenty-five years from 1881 to 1905.
309n-07-5
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66
JtE!P:0:R'T tOF TH'.E COM:MJ;SSIONER OF LAiHQR.
StTikes :for .a reduction of h0nr.s varied in importance througho.ut
the period; the years when they \ver-e relatively the most friequent
w.er.e 18:86, 1887., and 18~0, while .as a .sole .and contributing cause
they were quite .important in the years 189.9 to 1:903.
The percentage of strikes con.cerilillll.g the employment of :certain
persons, not involving union TUles, .did not v:ary 1nateri.al1y throughout
the period. Strikes b.ecause ,of employees working out -0f :regula.r
occupation were of r.are -occurrence in. the eaTlier years of the period,
but bec.a me s@mething of .a factor in the later years.
The diffrerenc-e in the percentage tC•f sympathetic strikes is -very
noticeable_ In 1891, 11.53 _per cent of .all strikes w-ere sympathetic,
and for a few years before .a nd :after il.8.91 they :fr.equentiy -o ccuu.ed.
Between 18'9 5 and 1898 there Wter.e f-ew for this cattse. In 1904,
however, they cop.stituted 3.68 per cent ,of .all strikes ilil tthe year.
The second table of the series .sh@ws the number amd per cent .of
establishments involved in .s trikes du.e wholly or in part to each -0f
the fourteen causes during each yeaTfr.om 18:81 to 1905. When measured by the munher of est-abaishments imv.o1ved, the most important
cause ;C>f strikes w:as :for inc!'ease .of w.ages, In eve.ry year exeept
four 2, .gr.eater nu.mb:er was -d.il'e to th.at icRU.se than to .any other. The
pe:r-centage -of s:trikes dlll.e to that cause varied from ~ 1 ./06 per .cent i:ra, ..
18'92 to 76.86 per cent in 1882, varying decidedly from year to year
but showing ;3, :generai downward tendency during ,the period. A
comparison of strikes undertaken for increase ,of wages combined
with various ca~ses .s howed a decided tendency to increase during the
twenty-nve years oove:r.ed by the investigation. . The strikes agairn;t .a
reducti<i>lil of w.ages when m-easur.ed by<0Satahlishments inv,olv-ed showed
a tendency to decrease. The per ·c ent of es,eablishmelilts involved, due
to dispn:t es concerning the r.e-cognition of union and union rules,
increased materially du.ring the period covered.
The third . table of the series shows. the number al\l:d per cent of
strikers in strikes due wholly-or partly to each of the 14 causes and
thefr combinations in each .of th.e years :from 1881 to 1905.
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CHAPTER !.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION. •
67
So far as the number of strikers was concerned the rriost important
cause of strike was for increase of wages. The percentage o:f strikers
· in strikes due wholly to that cause was 63.58 per cent in 1881, 64.26
per cent in 1882, 43.26 per cent in 1883, etc. The per cent varied
materially from year to year, but generally tended to decrease during
the twenty-five years from 1881 to 1905.
The percentage of strikers in strikes due to a demand for increase
of wages, combined with other causes, increased materially d-q.ring the
period covered by the investigation. The percentage of strikers i:ri
strikes due wholly to disputes concerning recognition of union and
union rules was 2.60 per cent in 1881, the first year of the period
covered in the investigation, and 17.15 per cent in 1905. The per
cent varied materially from year to year yet showed a decided increase during the twenty-five years from 1881 to 1905. The percentage of strikers in strikes due to disputes concerning recognition
of union and union rules combined with -other causes also showed a
decided increase during the period ·c overed by the investigation.
The fourth table of the series is a summary of the period from 1881
to 1905 .
.A. study of that table shows that during the twenty-five years
more strikes were undertaken for increase of wages than for any
other cause. This alone led to 11,851 strikes, or 32.24 per cent of
all strikes, while combined with other causes it led to 3,117 strikes,
making 14,968 strikes, or 40. 72 per cent of all strikes, attributable in
whole or in part to demands for increase of wages.
Disputes concerning the recognition of union and union rules produced 6,926 strikes, or 18.84 per cent of all strikes, while that cause
combined with other causes produced 1,658 strikes, making a total of
8,584 strikes, or 23.35 per cent of all strikes, due in whole or in part
to disputes concerning recognition of union and union rules.
Nearly three times as many strikes were caused by demands for
increase of wages as were ·c aused by reduction of wages on the part
of the employer. Strikes against increase of hours were few in number
as compared with strikes for reduction of hours. Sympathetic strikes
numbered less than 4 per cent of all strikes. The question of working
conditions and rules, not involving unionism, entered into a little more
than 3 per cent of all strikes.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
68
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
One-third of" all establishments involved in strikes were involved in
strikes solely for increase of wages, and if strikes for increase of wages
in combination with other causes be included, nearly 58 per cent of
all establishments were involved in strikes due wholly or in part to
demands for increase of wages. Measured by establishments involved,
demands for reduction of hours alone and combined with other causes
were second in importance among the causes, and disputes concerning
recognition of union and union rules were third.
In practically one-half of all establishments involved, strikes for
increase of wages succeeded, and in nearly 19 per cent of all establishments involved strikes for the same cause succeeded partly, while
they failed in a little more than 31 per cent of the establishments.
Strikes concerning recognition of union and union rules succeeded
in 55 per cent of all establishments "involved.
•
When the question of reduction of wages was alone at issue strikes
failed more often than they succeeded. The same was true when the
disputes were concerning the employment of certain persons, both
alone and combined with other causes; concerning method. and time
of payment; concerning Saturday part holiday; concerning working conditions and rules; and in sympathetic strikes, both alone and
combined with other causes.
When measured by the number of strikers and by the number of
.employees thrown out of work, disputes concerning wages, hours, and
recognition of union and union rules were, in the order named, the
most important causes of strikes.
CAUSES OF LOCKOUTS.
In the series of four tables which follows, certain data re~ating to
lockouts have been tabulated according to the causes for which undertaken. The 14 causes and their combinations correspond to those
shown for strikes in the preceding tables. The wording of the causes
has been changed only so far as was necessary to make them applicable to lockouts.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHAPTER !.-INTRODUCT ION AND DISCUSSION.
69
The first table shows the number of lockouts due to each cause
during each year from 1881 to 1905; the second table shows similar
data for establishments involved in lockouts; and the third table
similar data for employees locked out. These three tables show numbers only. No percentages, as in the similar tables for strikes, were
computed for the reason that owing to the comparatively small
number of lockouts no particular difficulty will be found in comparing
the figures without percentages.
The fourth table of the series is a summary of lockouts for the
period from 1881 to 1905 and shows both numbers and percentages.
The tables follow:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
•
70
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
NUMBER OF LOCKOUTS DUE WHOLLY OR PARTLY TO EACH OF THE 14 CAUSES,
BY YEARS, 1881 TO 1905.
[This table shows statistics for lockouts due solely to each of the 14 causes enumerated on pages 112 and
113, and also for lockouts in which each of the 14 causes was only a partial or contributing cause. A
lockout due to several causes (each of which was a partial or contributing cause) has been entered
under each of the causes involved, and ·b ecause of this repetition no total for the year can be made from
the figures shown in this table. The totals entered in the box p.eadings are taken from Table XIX,
where each lockout was counted but once.)
1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886." 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890.
<[;;;:_i <'f':itl <fg;t} <[:jr:_l <foo/;:_l <[:;;:_z <fo~t;:_l <r:::z <[:;:_z )~~t.f:_l
Cause or object.
outs
outs
6.)
22.)
outs
28. )
outs
42.)
outs
00.)
outs
140.)
________________,___ - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
•
oiits
outs
outs
outs
(j/,)
40.)
36.)
&!.)
- - - - -- - - - - - -
42
Against demand for increase of wages ..
4
11
5
3
.5
Against demand for increase of wages
2
2
combined with various causes ............ .. ... . ...... .
1
1
1
3
3
To enforce reduction of wages... . . . . . .
1
2
13
21
14
15
13
9
8
5
'l'o enforce reduction of wages combined with various causes ........ ... . .. .. .
2 . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
1
2
1
Against demand fo r reduction of hours.
1
3 . . . . . . . . ....
11 . . ... . ........... .
Against demand fo r reduction of hours
combined with various causes . .. .. . . . . .. . . ....... ...... . .... . ........... . .... .
1 ... ... . . . .. .
To enforce increase of hours.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2
1
6
3
2
To enforce increase of hours combined
with various causes . ... .......... . ........ .
Concerning recognition of union and
union rules and employers' organiza45
31
tion .... .. .............. .. .......... . .
13
19
11
29
9
1
Concerning recognition of union and
union rules and employers' organization aombined with various causes ..... .. . .
3
Concerning employment of certain
persons (a) . .. ..... .............. . .. . ..... .. .......... .
3
3
Concerning employment of certain
persons (a) combined with various
1 . . ......... .
causes .... .. . ....... . ....................................... .
Concerning employees working out of
regular occupation ................. . . .. .. . . . .. ... .. ............................... .. .
1 .. .. . .
Concerning employees working out of
regula r occupation combined with
various causes ............. .... ........................ ..... ... . . . ................... . . ........ . .
1 ......
1 ......
1
Concerning overtime work and pay... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . .
Concerning overtime work and pay
•
combined with variouscauses ... .. ..... ... ........ ............... .. . ...... .. .. ..... ... .... ... .. .
:m~!~::.::~:::.::.:.::::.::.;:~~·
I.
1
1 •••••• •••• •• •••••• •• •••• ••• ••• •••••• •• ••••
2
ment combined with various causes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1 ................. .
ConcerningSaturday pa rtholiday .... . ······ 1······ .. ... . ,...... ......
3
1 ...... .. ... .
-1
Concerning Sa turday part holiday
•
1
c;~~~n:~ao~~;,r~~~!,c!iJe:ha~ges : :::::: :::::: :::::: :::::: :::::: :::::: •••• i. :: :::: :::::: ·· ··i·
Concerning docking, fines, and charges
combined with various causes .................. . . ................ .. .. .. ....... . ........... ..... .
Concerning working conditions and
rules (a) ............. . ..... ...... . ....... . .
3 . ...... . ... .
Concerning working conditions and
rules (a) combined with various
causes ..... . ... ............... . .. . . .. ... . . . ............. .. ....... . .
In sympathy with lockout and against
strike, elsewhere ...... . ... ...... ... ..... ..... .... ... .... .... .
7
In sympathy with lockout and against
I
strike, elsewhere, combined with
varipus causes.... . .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 ....... ... ........ .
Other causes (not above specified) ..... ... ... 1... ...
1
3
3
1
3
3
3
5
Other cause~ combined with various
above-specified causes .. ... .. ............. . .. ... .. . . ....... . .................................... .
1
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
J
a
Not involving union rules.
71
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION .A.ND DISCUSSION.
NUMBER OF LOCKOUTS D UE WHOLLY OR PARTLY TO EACH OF THE 14 CAUSES,
BY YEARS, 1 1 TO 1905.
[This t able shows statistics for lockouts due solely to each of the 14 causes enlllilnated on pages 112 and
113, and also for lockouts in which each of ths 14 causes was only a partial or contributing cause. A
lockout due to several causes (each of which was a partial or contributing cause) has been entered
under each of the causes involved, and because of this repetition no total for tho year can be made from
the figures shown in this table. The tota ls entered in the box headings are taken from Table XIX,
where each lockout was counted but once.]
1891. 1892. 1 93. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 189 . 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. Total.
(Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total
lock- lock- lock- lock- lock- lock- lock- loc1f.. lock- loek- lock- lock- lock- lock- lockout.s
outs
outs
outs
outs
outs
outs
outs
outs
outs
outs
outs
outs
outs
outs
69.)
61.)
70.)
55.)
40.)
40.)
3'2.)
42.)
41.)
60.)
&'l.)
713.)
154. ) 112.)
109.)
4
6
8
4
9
2
6
1
12
4
2
7
19
1 ........... .
6
3
!l
2
2
3
5
2
4
5
7
12
8
12
185
2
7
4
3
7
1
15
5
5
4
3
4
63
199
1
9
1
5
11
(j
1
4
21
64
4
8
1
9
4
2
1
3
34
37
2
1
5
1 ........... .
2
2
2
5
10
4
2
1
1 . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . ..
2
3 ...... ... ...
2 ......
1 ..... .
2
1
·-·--- -----33
22
35
H
16
18
17
21
23
37
43
2
3
2 ... ........ . ..... .... .. .
2
(Total
lockouts
1,546.)
5
55
669
9
7
70
3
2
30
31
7u
57
6
18
2
4
5
1 ····· · .... . .
1 ..... .
1 .............. ...... .. . ............... .. .. . ............... . .................. .
5
2 ........... .
3
6
1 ........... .
2
9
1 ............................. .
1 ...... ...... ......
1 . .. .. .
2
5
2
1 ........ . ........................... ... .. .
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .
1 .............. . .... . ......... .
3
4
- 3
2
4
2
2 ••••••
2
2
4
1 . .... .
1 . ......... . ...... .
2
2
55
2
14
6
8
5
73
10
10
9
91
4
3
3
1G
2
2 • •• ••• ••••••
3
5
1
3 . -- •..
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
2
1 ..... .
5
2
1 ..... .
4
7
72
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF -LABOR.
NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED IN LOCKOUTS DUE WHOLLY OR PARTLY
TO EACH OF THE 14 CAUSES, BY YEARS, -1881 TO 1905.
[This table shows statistics for lockouts due solely to.each of the 14 causes enumerated on pages 112 and
113, and also for lockouts in which each of the 14 causes was only a partial or contributing cause. A
lockout due to several causes (each of which was a partial or contributing cause) has been entered
under each of the causes involved, and because of this repetition no total for the year can be made from
the figures shown in this table. The totals ent ered in the box headings a re taken from Table XIX,
where each establishment was counted but once.]
1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890.
(Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total
estab- estab- estab- estab- estab- estab- estab- estab- estab- estab-
Cause or object.
lish-
lish-
lish-
li sh-
lish-
lish-
lishr
lish-
lish-
lish-
ments ments m ents ments ments ments ments ments ments ments
~
~
fu
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
00~00~00~~~00~00~00~00~00~~~
9.)
- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -1-- -
42.)
11'7.)
354.)
183.)
1,&J9.) 1.281.)
180.)
1,12.)
324.)
--- --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
16
Against demand for increase of wages . .
8
29
94
45
21
2,11
26
Against demand for increase of wages
combine'1. with various causes....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
2
13
9
3
3
To enforce reduction of wages.........
1
2
37
114
29
46
40
6
55
25
'fo enforce reduction of wages combined with various causes ................ .
2 ...... ...... ...... ......
1
8
16
Against demand for reduction of hours.
1
3 . . . .. . . .....
5
36 ...... ······ ..... :
Against demand for reduction of hours
combined with various causes ....... . _............ _.. .... _. . ..... _ .. ......... .
1 ........... .
To enforce increase of hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 ......
2
1
10
130
11 ........ ... .
To enforce increase of hours combined
1
1
1• • • • • •
• • • • •• - •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• •- • • • • • •- - • • • • • • • •
c~!~il;:rfJi~li~~~f;s~t°fa~~if
tion............ . . . ...................
1
16
57
11
21
778
251
143
16
160
Concerning recognition of union and
union rules and employers' organization combined with various causes ..... .. .
713
9•
Concerning employment of certain
persons (a) ........... ... . ... _. .... .... _. .. . _......... .
Concerning employment of certain
persons (a) combined with various
causes ...................................... . . .... .......... .
1 ........... .
Concerning employees working out of
regular occupation ..... ... .. . .. . . .... ... . ......................................... .. .
1 ..... .
Concerning employees working out of
regular occupation combined with
various causes ............................... ...... ... . . . .... .. ......... ..... ................... .
1 ......
1 ......
1
Concerning overtime work and pay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Concerning overtime work and pay
combined with various oauses ............ ........ ........ ..... ......... . .................... : . . .
j
Concerning method and time of payment...... . . . . ... . .. . .. . . . .. . .... ... .
4
1 ...... ... ............... . ................ .
2
Concerning method and time of payment combined with various causes . .. ........... .. .............. .
1 ....... .. ........ .
Concerning Saturday part holiday .............. ....... ............ .
11 . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Concerning Saturday part holiday
combined with various causes ........... .. .. . .. ... .. ... ......... . ........... ..... .............. .
1 ...... ......
1
Concerning docking, fines, and charges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Concerning docking, fines, and charges
combined with various causes . ..... .............................. . ..... .... ................... . .
Concerning working conditions and
rules (a) ....... ............. .. .. . . ........ .
173 " 1
393
Concerning working conditions and
rules (a) combined with various
' causes ................................. _...... _............. _ ... : ..
16
In sympathy with lockout and against
strike, elsewhere ......... . ....... .'.......... ... .... ,. . . . . . . . . .
27
21
15
10
80
In sympathy with lockout and against
strike, elsewhere, combined with various causes.......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 ................. .
Other causes (not above specified)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
141 21
3 1 1
67
3
3
5
O
~\e;v~~s~e~1fi~d~~~~~. ~-i~~. ~-~~-~~~ ... .. ... . ........ . ....... . ... . . ............................. .
1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
a Not involving union rules.
73
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS INVOL¥ED IN LOCKOUTS DUE WHOLLY OR PARTLY
TO EACH OF THE 14 CAUSES, BY YEARS, 1881 TO 1905.
[This table shows statistics for lockouts due solely to each of the 14 causes enumerated on -pages 112 and
113, and also for lockouts in whfch each of the 14 causes was only a partial or contributmgcause. A
lockout due to several causes (P..ach of which was a partial or contributing cause) has been entered
under each of the causes involved, and because of this repetition no total for the year can be made from
the figures shown in this table. The totals entered in the box headings are taken from Table XIX,
where each establishment was counted but once.]
1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. Total.
(Total (To tal (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total
(Total
estab· estab• estab- esta-b- estab- estab• estab• estab- estab• estab• estab- estab• estab- estab- estab- establishlish• lish•
lishlishlish• lish•
lishlishlish•
lish·
lish- lishlishlishli-sh•
ments ments ments ments inents ments inents m ents ments me11ts ments ments ments ments ments ments
inin·
inin•
ininin•
in·
in•
in•
in•
in•
in•
inininvo lved volved volved volved volved volved volved volved vo lved vo lved volved volved volved volved vo lved volved
546.)
716.)
305.)
l:J75.) 370.)
51.)
171.)
164.) :n.'J.) 2,281.; 151.) 1,304. ) 3,288.) 2,.'116.) 1,255.) 18,547.) .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --1 - - - t - --i - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
88
30
38
59
8
5
30
12
7
6
172
28
33
10
24
10
2
62
24
2
6
8
15
241
74
20
10
144
4
1 ·-····
6
10
44
--- --- ------ -- ----
5
5 -·····
------ -----307
11
266
328
1 •• • i2·
---- -10
------
18
100
45
12
30
226
255
75
1, 345
------
44
4
32
12
77
1
236
28
135
11
7
384
647
1,064
1
2
------ -----13
1
36
1
21
22
19
1
23
135
241
44
23
2
91
1
17
82
2
1
9
295
260
------ ------
28
48
2
22
-----------
2
--- -- -
------ ------
......
66
231 2,122
------ -----167 1, 017 1, 018
563
303
8,345
83
217
20
1,417
2
49
23
11
4
21
1
245
2 ··•·•• •••••. •••• •• •• .• ••
5 .................................... ······ ..... .
4 ······ ............... . .. ····•• ........ •• •.
1 ... .. .
1 ... ... . .... .
••••• • : :: :: : : ::::: : :: :: : : :: : : : : : : :: : : :: : : : : :: :: : : : : :: : :: : : : : :: :: : : ::: : : : :: : : : : : : : :: : ••• 40 ••••••• 44
3 ... .. .... . . .
::::::
::: :::
::::::
::::::
:·:: : : :
::::::: :::::
::::::
1 ................. .
9
i. :::::: ::::::
80
7 ................... . ......... .
4 . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .
1 ..... .
8
9
::::::: :::: :
1 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
. . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . .
2
••• 42 • • • ••• •
• • ••
··················:::::r :::::::::::::::: :::::: ... . ...... ............. .... ....... .
34
2
2
2
9 ........... .
42
29
12 ..... .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22
52
14
123
20
10
29
844
2
704
59
5
6
73
472
44
1, 843
700
2,869
109
74
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES LOCKED OUT IN LOCKOUTS DUE WHOLLY OR PARTLY TO
EACH OF THE 14 CAUSES, BY YEARS, 1881 TO 1905.
[This table shows statistics for lockouts due solely to each of the 14 causes enumerated on pages 112 and
113, and also for lockouts in which each of the 14 causes was only a partial or contributing cause. A
lockout due to several causes (each of which was a partial or contributing cause) has been entered
under each of the causes involved, and because of this r epetitioa no tota l for the year can be made from
the figures shown in this table. The totals entered in ~he box headings are taken from Table XIX,
where each employee locked out was counted but once.]
1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890.
(Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total (Total
ememem,emememememememploy- ploy- ploy- plo11- ploy- ploy- ploy- ploy- ploy- ploy-
Cause or object.
ees
ees
ees
ees
ees
ees
ees
ees
ees
ees
locked locked locked locked locked locked locked locked locked locked
out
out
out
out
out
out
out
out
out
out
655.) 4,131.) eo,512.) 18,121.) 15,424.) 101,980) m,5::J4.) 13,787.) 10,411.) 19,233.)
- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -1--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Against demand for increase of wages.
200
968
361 2,989 3, 195 26,972 3, 599
522
Against demand for increase of wages
combined with variouscauses....... ...... ...... ......
t
380 855
148 3,536
To enforce reduction of wages.........
150
60 4, 12610, 244 4, 10510, 154 3,156
153
To enforce reduction of wages combined with variou!l causes. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ..
129 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ..
14 907
Against demand for reduction of hours.
150
254 . . . . . . . . . . . .
981 3, 746 ...... ·.·....
Aga inst demand for r eduction of hours
combined with various causes ............ . ... ... . ...... . .............. ....... .
26
To enforce increase of hours........... . .. . . .
7 ......
44
31516,242 3,177
76
To enforce increase of hours combined
with various causes ......... ...... . ..... . . , 19 ............ . . ......... ... ...... ....
Concerning recognition of union and
union rules and employers' organization .............. . ............ . .. .
20 2, 64214, 001
377 3, 598 30, 418 12, 497 7,815
Concerning recognition of union and
2,050 4,943
1,530
27
2,916 1,489
1,462 . . ... .
......
50
........... .
........... .
.. .... .... ..
536 5,?21
~fo~~~~t~~i
110 ..... .
27
5 . .... ... . .. . 30,243
10 1,530
Concerning employment of certain persons (a). ....... .. .......... .......... . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .
265
550 1,957
477 ......
24 ......
Concerning employment of certain per- •
sons (a) combined with various
causes............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
380 ............ 3,500 ..... . ..... .
Concerning employees working out of
regular occupation ................................................................. .
80 ......
•
Concerning employees working out of
'
r egular occupation combined with
various causes ............. .................. ........ . ... .................. .......... ........... .
33 . . . . . .
35......
62
Concerning overtime work and pay.... . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . ..
Concerning overtime work and pay
combined with various causes ...... .................. . .................. ...... ........... ...... .
Concerning method and time of payment...... ... ....................... .
135
9 .. . ......... . ............................ .
96
Concerning method and time of pay,
ment combined with various causes.. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
335
14 . ..... ... ... ..... .
229 1, 493 . . . . . . . . . . . .
250
Concerning Saturday part holiday:. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
Concerning Saturday part holiday
combined with various causes ............................................ . ..................... .
70 . . . . . . . . . . . .
225
Concerning docking, fines, and charges. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Concerning docking, fines, and charges
combined with variouscauses ...... ................................... .......... ............... .
Concerning working conditions and
62
40
rules (a) ................................... .
902
169 8,375
103 ....... . ... .
8
Concerning working conditions and
rules (a) combined with • various
causes ........... ....... . ......... . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
520......
907 1,462 ..... .
In sympathy with lockout and against
strike, elsewhere ........... .................... .. ....... ..... 1, 472 2,929 1,859 ...... 1,819 5,818
In sympathy with lockout and against
strike, elsewhere, combined with various causes ................ .... ..... .. . . .. ..................... . ....... . 30,095 ................. .
Other causes (not above specified)..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,984 3,205
659
70
846
743
54 1,044
Other causes combined with various
above-specified causes .......... . .... .... .... ...................................... ... ...... .. .. .
0
!ftR1~l;fg~s ffi~;_ ......
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
a Not involving union rules.
75
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION .
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES LOCKED OUT IN LOCKOUTS DUE WHOLLY OR PARTLY TO
EACH OF THE 14 CAUSES, BY YEARS, 1881 TO 1905.
[This table shows statistics for lockouts due solely to each of the 14 causes enumerated on pages 112 and
113, and a-lso for lockouts in which each of the 14 causes was only a partial or contributmg cause. A
lockout due to several causes (each of which was a partial or contributin,g cause) has been entered
under each of thecau.ses involved, and because of thi:3 repetition no total for the year can be made
from the figures shown in this tabie. The totals entered in the box: headings are taken from
Table XIX, where each employee locked out was counted but once.]
1,428 2,655
721 1,086 5,524
358
1,14ti
37
194 4,042
562
27 ····· ·
418 7,279
361
41 . . ......... . 1,210
367 1,044 1,089 1,634
1, 125
190
1,041 1,420. .....
l,014
1,060
4
225 . . . . . .
117
63
387 6,294
154
9
500
836
45 ................. .
748 1,573
9 .. . . . . . . . .. .
56
40 . . . . . .
359 2,216
20 . . . . . .
41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65-5
63 . . . . . . . . . . . .
400 . . . . . .
30 . . . . . .
260 . . . . . . . . . . . .
676
536 1,358 ·2, 242 4,329
655 1,209 2,008 6,107
219
72
10
561
520
32 . . . . . .
322 2,925
423
290
5, 949
14,262
20
33
8,268
21,703
9 ·___ ........ .
1,013
384 3, 787 1,511
54
12 . . . . . .
500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
75, 714
905
212 20,600
42747,142 101,412
647
l 69
6
7,168 9, 36..-'> 8, 700 10,.540 6, 1:63 2, 2TT 3,175 1,839 2,136 38,283 7,354 5,241 30,986 ll, 938 9,272 231,562
1,371
ea
501
42
55
rn1
9
20
66
36
9 ..... .
20 1,027 3,417 i, 666 1,468
42 ....................... .
37 ............... . .. . .......................... --585 ·····- ......... . ........ .. ............... .
383
46,124
71
163
6,733
56 ................. .
6
3,979
55 1,442 1,566
53 ·· ··-· ..... .
590 .......................... .. ............................... .
748
154 .. .. .. · ··-··
285
43 ........... .
349
2,439
225 ...... ..... .... . ............. .
37..... . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12 ..... .
815
366
420
39 .......... -- -- ...... -- .. . ................... . ...................................... .
692
203
682
4l8
20... .. .
225
105
10
203
3,652
20 1,000 1,540 7,3G4 4,520 2,521 9, 92313, 158 12,494 1,252
70,275
400
30
25
103
290
134 ...... •..... .
66 ............ ······
1, 1.',l
88
982
55
265 .....
32()
39
774
4
40
73
744
1-0 ................. .
35 · ····- .............................. ····· ............ .
590 ..... . ................. . ........... . .. ... .
... . .. ... .. . ......
22 ... ............. ............. .
20 ..... .
13,868
... _.. ............ _....................... __ .... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,095
280 9,959
775 8,890
622 . . . . . .
409
1Q7 1,551
523
704 7,849 54, 82214, 970 4,486 114, 732
~!< ......
260...... ...... . .. ...
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
800 ...... 1,210 ..... .
90
22
339
\J5
151
3,006
76
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
SUMMARY OF LOCKO UTS FOR THE UNITED STATES DUE WHOLLY OR PARTLY.TO
EACH OF THE 14 CAUSES, 1881 TO 1905.
[This table shows statistics for lockouts due solely to each of the 14 causes enumerated on pages 112 and
113, and also for lockouts in which each of the 14 causes was only a partial or contributing cause. A
lockout due to several causes (each of which was a partial or contributing cause) has been entered
under each of the causes involved, and because of this repetition no total can be made from the figures shown in this table. The totals entered in the box headings are taken from Table XX, where
each lockout was counted but once.]
Lockouts.
Cause or object.
Establishments
involved.
Per
Per
Num- cent of Num- cent of
total
ber.
total
ber.
(1,546).
Number of establishments in which ·
lockoutSuccee"ded.
(18,547).
Succeeded
partly.
Failed.
- - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - 11.97
Against demand for increase of wages .....
185
Against demand for increase of wages
4.08
combined with various causes .......... .
63
12.87
To enforce reduction of wages ............ .
199
To enforce reduction of wages combined
1. 36
with various causes ................ ..... .
21
4.14
Against demand for reduction of hours ... .
64
Against demand for reduction of hours
2. 20
combined with various causes .......... .
34
2.39
To enforce increase of hours .... .......... .
37
'l'o enforce increase of hours combined
.32
with various causes . .......... . ....... .. .
5
Concerning recognition of union and union
43.27
rules and employers' organization ...... .
669
Concerning recognition of union and union
rules and employers' organization com. 4. 53
bined with various causes ....... ....... .
70
Concerning employment of certain per1. 94
sons ( c) ................................. .
30
Concernmg employment of certain per.32
sons ( c) combined with various causes ...
5
Concerning employees working out of
.32
regular occupation ...................... .
Concerning employees working out of
regular occupation combined with
various causes ..... __ . . .... __ ... .. ....... . . .. __ .........
5
. 32
Concerning overtime work and pay...... .
Concermng overtime work and pay com.19
bined with various causes ... .. ......... .
3
. 39
6
Concerning method and time of payment ..
Concerning method and time of payment
.13
combined with various causes .......... .
2
.58
Concerning Saturday part holiday ...... . .
9
Concerning Saturday part holiday com.13
bined with various causes .............. .
2
. 32
Concerning docking, fines, and charges ... .
5
Concerning docking, fines , and charges
combined with various ca uses ......... . .
.06
Concerning working conditions and
rules ( c) .... . .... _......... __ .. .. ....... .
3. 56
55
CO'llcerning working conditions and
rules ( c) combined with various causes ..
14
. 91
In sympathy with lockout and against
4. 72
strike, elsewhere ...... . _..... _.......... .
73
In sympathy with lockout and against
strike, elsewhere, combined with various
1
.06
causes .................................. .
5.89
Other causes (not above specified) .... . .. .
91
Other causes combined with various above16
1.03
specified causes ..... _....... . ..... ...... .
1,345
7.25
508
310
527
647
1,064
3. 49
5. 74
331
a292
76
a482
240
a289
135
241
. 73
1.30
34
173
5
16
96
52
295
26Q
1. 59
1. 40
84
209
157
54
51
28
. 15
8,345
44.99
b 5,798
b349
b 2,051
1,417
7.64
321
• 162
934
49
. 26
9
.05
8
. 04
26 ........ .
46 ........ .
2
3
1 ........ .
7 ....... - .
... ..... .. ................................ .
44
. 24
1 .........
43
4
9
.02
.05
3
1
6 .........
3
2
80
. 01
. 43
2 ................. .
5
75
9
8
.04
.05
1
5
7 ........ .
2
2
704
3.80
44
73
.39
30
1,843
9. 94
700
2,869
109
.01
63
597
1,378
165
300
3. 77
15. 47
1,635
375
700
859
. 59
33
·25
51
38
a Not including 1 establishment in which lockout was pending at the close of some one of the four
investigations included in this report.
b Not including 147 establishments in which lockout was pending at the close of some one of the four
investigation s included in this report.
c Not involving union rules.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION .
SUMMARY OF LOCKOUTS FOR T HE UNITED STATES DUE WHOLLY OR PARTLY TO
EACH OF THE 14 CAUSES, 1881 TO 1905-Concluded.
Per cent of establishments in which
lockout-
Employees
locked out.
Employees
thrown out
of work.
Cause or object.
Percent
of total
(.825,610).
Sue
Succeeded ceeded Failed.
• partly.
Number.
Against demand for increase of wages ... .. 37. 77 23. 05
39.18
Against demand for increase of wages
combined with various causes ........... 51.16 11. 75
37. 09
To enforce reduction of wages . .. ..... . .... a27. 47 a45. 34 a 27. 19
To enforce reduction of wages combined
withvariouscauses .. . . .. .. .. .. .. ........ 25.19
3. 70
71.11
Against demand for reduction of hours.... 71. 78
6. 64
21. 58
Against demand for reduction of hours
combined with various causes ........... 28. 47 53. 22
18. 31
To enforce increase.of hours ........ . . ..... 80. 38 . . . . . . . 19. 62
To enforce increase of hours combined
with various causes ............ .. ........ 92. 86 . .. . . . .
7.14
Concerning recognition of union and union
rules and employers' organization . . .... . b70. 72 b 4. 26 b 25. 02
Concerning recognition of union and union
rules and employers' organization combined with various causes . . .. ... . . ... . .. 22. 65 11.43
65.92
Concerning employment of certain persons ( c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93. 88 . . . . . . .
6. 12
Concerning employment of certain p ersons ( c) combined with various causes .. . 88. 89 11.11 ........
Concerning employees working out of
regular occupation..... . ................. 87. 50 . . . . . . . 12. 50
Concerning employees working out of
regular occupation combined with
various causes.............. . . . ..........
. ............. .
Concerningovertimeworkandpay . . ...... 2.27 ....... 97.73
Concerning overtime work and pay combined with various causes.. . ............ 75. 00 25. 00 . . . . . . . .
Concerning method and time of paymen_t.. 66. 67 . . . . . . . 33. 33
Concerning method and time of payment
combined with various causes . .. . ....... 100. 00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Concerning Saturday part holiday.. . ..... 6. 25 . . . . . . . 93. 75
Concerning Saturday part holiday combined with various causes .. ... . ..... . .. . 12. 50 87. 50
Concerning docking, fines, and charges .... 55. 56 22. 22
22. 22
Concerning docking, fines, and charges
combined with various causes.. .. .. .. ...
. ...... 100. 00
Concerning working conditions and
rules(c) .................... . ............. 6.25
8.95
84.80
Concerning working conditions and
rules ( c) combined with various causes .. 41.10
6. 85
52. 05
In sympathy w ith lockout and against
strike, elsewhere ........' .... .... . ........ 74. 77
8. 95
16. 28
In sympath y with lockout and against
strike, elsewhere, combined with various
causes ......... ............... . .... .. ...... .. .. . .... . . . 100. 00
Other causes (not above specified) ........ 56. 99 13. 07
29. 94
Othercausescombined with va rious above46. 79
specified causes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30. 27 22. 94
75,714
10. 57
83,420
10.10
20,600
101,412
2. 88
14. 16
21,236
111,261
2. 57
13. 48
5,949
14, 262
l. 99
.83
6,694
14,919
1. 81
8,268
21,703
1.15
3. 03
9,229
22,371
1.12
2. 71
.81
1,013
.14
1,519
.18
231,562
32. 33
301,948
36. 57
46,124
6.44
48,699
5.90
6, 733
. 94
7, 783
. 94
3,979
.56
3,979
.48
748
. 10
948
. 11
.......... . ........................ .
1,210
.17
1,225
.15
744
285
. . 10
. 04
744
298
. 09
. 04
349
2,439
. 05
. 34
349
2,708
. 04
. 33
815
366
.11
. 05
815
405
.10
. 05
39
. 01
39
13,868
1.94
14,666
3,652
. 51
4,790
. 58
70,275
9. 81
75,276
9.12
30,095
114,732
4. 20
16. 02
30,095
124,293
3. 65
15. 05
3,006
. 42
3,208
. 39
(d)
1.78
a Not including 1 establishment in which lockout was p ending at the close of some one of the four
investigations included in this report.
b Not including 147 establishment s in which lockout was pending at the close of some one of the four
investigations included in thts report.
c Not involving union rules .
d Less than 0.01 per cent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
•
78
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
The first table of the series shows that a much greater number of
lockouts arose from disputes concerning recognition of union and
union rules and employers' organization than from any other one
cause. A greater number of lockouts were undertaken for that cause
than for .any other in eighteen of the twenty-five years from 1881 to
1905, and. not only was the actual number generally increasing during those years but the proportion of lockouts from this cause was also
increasing.
The second cause in importance, so far as number of lockouts was
concerned, was to enforce reduction of wages. A greater number of
lockouts were undertaken for that cause than for any other one in five
of the twenty-five years from 1881 to 1905. That cause appears to
be of decreasing importance when measured by the number of
lockouts.
Considering the number of establishments involved, as shown in the
second table of the series, the largest number was due to lockouts from
disputes concerning recognition of union and union rules and employers,. organization. A greater number of establishments were involved
in lockouts due to that cause than to any other one cause in sixtee.n
of the twenty-five years included in this report.
Another important cause when considered in connection with the
number of establishments involved was in sympathy with lockout and
against strike, elsewhere.
The third t~ble, relating to the employees locked out, shows that in
thirteen of the twenty-five years included in the report the largest
number of employees were locked out by reason of disputes concerning recognition of union·and union rules and employers' organization.
- Comparatively large numbers of employees were locked out by reason
of loc~outs to enforce reduction of wages, and against demand for
increase of wages, also by, reason of sympathetic lockouts.
The cause of the greatest number of lockouts, as shown in the fourth
table of the series, which is a summary of the twenty-five years from
1881 to 1905, was disputes concerning the recognition of union and
union rules and employers' organization. This cause alone accounted
for 669 lockouts, or 43.27 per cent of the total of 1,546 lockouts that
occurred in the twenty-five-year period from 1881 to 1905. Alone
and combined with other causes it accounted for 47.80 per cent of all
l_ockouts. The lockouts to enforce reduction of wages numbered 199
and those against demands for increase of wages 185.
Practically one-half of all establishments involved in lockouts were
so involved because of disputes concerning recognition of union and
union rules and employers' organization either as a whole or partial
cause. Lockouts for this cause succeeded in 70. 72 per cent of the
establ~shments involved and partly succeeded in 4.26 per cent of the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
_79 ,
establishments. Where this cause was combined with other causes_,
' however, lockouts were failures in about two-thirds of the establishments involved.
•
Lockouts against demand for increase of wages, both alone .a nd
combined · with various causes, succeeded in whoie or in part more
often than they failed. Sympathetic lockouts were successful in
nearly three-fourths of the establishments involved. Lockouts
because of disputes concerning the employment of certain persons
were even more generally successful.
About one-third of ·aH employees locked out and of all employees
thrown out of work were included in lockouts'due to disputes concerning recognition of union .and union rules and employers' organization.
Lockouts due to disputes concerning wages were next in importance
when measu.red by the number of ,employees locked out or thrown out
of work.
RESULTS OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS.
:T he foUowin,g tables present the results of both strikes and lockouts, .
the first -0f the th:riee tables presenting these data by yearf;l, the second
by industries 1 and the third by States and geographical divisions.
·A strike in an establishment was r.eported as successful, when the
employees succeeded in enforcing full compliance with all of their
demands; partly successful, when they succeeded in enfor.cing compliance with a part of their demands -o r partial compliance with some
orr all of their demands ·; and failed, when they .did not succeed in
enforcing even partial compliance with any of their demands.
A lockout in an establishment w,as reported as successful, when tlie
employer succeeded in enforcing full compliance with · all of his
demands; partly successful, when he succeeded in enforcing .compliance with a part of his demands or partial compliance with SO'!Ile or
all of his demands; and failed, when he did not succeed in enforcing
even partial compliance with any of his demands.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
80
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
The table presenting the results of strikes and lockouts by years
follows:
RESULTS OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS, BY YEARS, 1881 TO 1905.
[See Tables IV, pages 478 and 479, and XVI, pages 736 and 737, for notes relating to ·establishments in
which strike or lockout was pending at the close of some one of the four investigations included in
this report, and establishments in which r esult of strike or lockout was not reported.]
Strikes.
Year.
j
- - - - - -- ~ -- - - ! -
1881. .................................
1882.. . . ..... . ..... ... ... ... ..... . ... .
1883 ....... .. ............ . ... . ........
1884..................................
1885.... ... .. ... .. ............... ... . .
1886.. ..... .. .. .. .....................
1887.... ............. ...... ...........
1888 . . ............... .. ...............
1889..................................
1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1891..................................
1892...... . ... .. ................. . ....
1893....... . .... . ...... . ........... . ..
1894..................................
1895........................ . .........
1896 . ............ .. ...................
1897 ....•.......•..... .... . ....... .. ...
1898. .. ...... .........................
1899 ..................................
1900. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1901. .................................
1902 . ... ... ... . .. ............. .. ......
1903 ..................................
1904.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1!)05..................................
Lockouts.
Per cent of estabPer cent of estabTotal
lishments in which
Total
li shments in which
estabstrikeestablockoutlish- , - - - - - - - -, lishm_ents
Suem_ents
Sucvd1~ed c~ic;d ceeded Failed. vdl~-ed c!eic;d ceeded Failed.
•
•
• partly.
•
• partly.
-
2,928
2,105
2,759
2,367
2,284
10,053
6,589
3,506
3, 786
9, 424
8,116
5,540
4,555
8,196
6,973
5,462
8,492
3,809
11,317
9,248
10,908
14, 248
20,248
10,202
8,292
Total.. ......... ............ . .. 181,407
----
61.37
53. 59
58.17
51. 50
52. 80
34. 51
45. 64
52.22
46. 49
52. 65
37. 88
39. 31
50. 86
38. 09
55. 24
59.19
57.31
ij4, 21
73.24
46. 43
48.77
47.31
40.87
35. 28
40.17
7.00
8. 17
16. 09
3; 89
9. 50
18:85
7. 19
5.48
18. 91
10. 01
8. 29
8. 70
10. 32
13. 50
9. 94
7.47
28.12
6. 38
14.25
20. 62
17.13
22.85
23.40
15. 28
11. 45
~~
31.63
38. 24
25. 74
44. 61
37. 70
46. 64
47. 17
42.30
34. 60
37. 34
53. 83
51. 99
38. 82
48. 41
34. 82
33.34
14.57
29. 41
12.51
32. 95
34.10
29.84
35.73
49. 44
48. 38
9
42
117
354
183
1,509
1,281
180
132
324
546
716
305
875
370
51
171
164
323
2,281
451
1, 304
3,288
2,316
1,255
36. 78
18,547
88.S,9
11.11
64. 29 . . . . . . . .
56. 41 . . . . . . . .
27. 97
. 28
38. 25
3. 28
21. 18
13.11
34. 19
1. 25
74.44
3.89
40. 91
25. 76
65. 7 4
5. 56
63. 92
14. 29
69. 13
25. 28
41. 90
18. 31
11. 31
2. 40
13. 24
. 27
80.39
1.96
60.82
3.51
63. 41
. 61
18.01
.62
94. 30
. 31
37.03
42.13
78 .22
4.06
81.39
5.17
55. 91
23. 06
31. 60
32. 64
35. 71
43. 59
71. 75
58. 47
65. 71
64. 56
21.67
33. 33
28. 70
21. 79
5. 59
39. 79
86. 29
86. 49
17.65
35.67
• 35. 98
81 .' 37
5. 39
20.84
17.72
13. 44
21. 03
35. 76
-5'7.2Clrlo.71 ~
·During the twenty-five-year period from 1881 to 1905 the employees
won their demands in 47.94 per cent of the 181,407 establishments
involved in strikes; they won their demands in part in 15.28 per cent
of the. establishments, and they failed entirely in 36. Z8 per cent.
In 57.20 per cent of the 18,547 establishments involved in lockouts the
employers succeeded in forcing compliance with their demands; in
10. 71 per cent 'there was partial compliance, and in 32.09 per cent of
the establishments the employers failed.
The percentage of establishments involved in strikes in which the
em.p loyees were either wholly or partly successful varied greatly from
year to year, reaching as high as 73.24 per cent successful and 14.25
per cent partly successful in 1899 and falling as low as 34.51 per cent
successful and 18.85 per cent partly successful in 1886, and 37.88
per cent successful and 8.29 per cent partly successful in 1891. In
1905, the last year of the investigation, the employees succeeded in
enforcing their demands in 40.17 per cent of the establishments
involved in strikes, succeeded partly in 11.45 per cent, and failed in
48.38 per cent. In 1905 the employers succeeded in enforcing their
demands in 31.60 per cent of the establishmehts involved in lockouts,
succeeded partly in 32.64 per cent, and failed in 35. 76 per cent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
81
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION . .
T he second table of this series presents results of strikes and,
lockouts by industries :
RESULTS OF STRIKEt? AND LOCKOUTS, BY INDUSTRIES, 1881 TO 1905.
[See T ables III, pages 472 to 477, and XV, p ages 732 to 735, for notes relating to establishments in
which strike or lockout was pending at the close of some one of the four investiga tions includ d in
this report, and establishments in which result of strike or lockout was not reported.]
Strikes.
Industry.
Lockouts.
P er cent of estabTotal
Tota l
lishments in which
estabestablockoutlishlishments
ments
SueSueinSueSue- ceeded
inFailed. volved.
Failed
volved. ceeded. pceeded
ceeded. partly
.
a rtly .
Per cent of establi sbments in which
strike-
--- --- --- --- --- ---
Agricultural implem ents ........ __ __
93
Agriculture .. ____ . .... __ ._. ________ ._
131
Automobiles and bicycles._ ... . _....
93
Awnings, tents, and sails ....... _. _.
30
B akery ........ ___ ._. __ . _____________ 6,423
Blacksmithing and horseshoeing .... 2,979
Boots and shoes ..... _._ ... _._._ ... _. 1,555
Brass and brass goods .. •. : _. _.......
284
Brewing . . ....... __ .. _... __ .. ___ . ____
874
Brick and tile ....... . _____ . _. ....... 1,476
Brooms and brushes .... _....... _...
65
Building trades ....... _.. _... _..... _ a69,899
Canning and preserving ..... _.......
113
Car building._ . .. _.. _.. ___ ._ ... .. .. . _
614
Carpets_ ...... _..... _. . _.. __ . __ . _. . __
426
Carriages and wagons .... ____ ... _... 1,420
Clothing, men's ...... _. __ .... _.... _.. 15,996
4,918
g~oa\h~~~ c~~~~~•-s_. _-_-_ •___ :: : : : : : : : : : : : 17,025
Coflins and undertakers' goods .....
27
Confectionery .......... ........... ..
39
Cooperage ... .. _. _.. _.. __________ . ___ 1,0 6
Cotton and woolen goods ... _.... ...
440
Cotton goods .. _. __ .. __ .. _. .. ........
832
Cutlery and edge tools ........ __ .. __
96
Domestic service ........ __. _____ .... 2,924
Electric and gas apparatus a nd supplies ....................... . .......
111
Electric light and power ........ ....
150
Flour mill products .................
89
:Foundry and machine shop. _....... 4,722
Freight handlin~ and teaming._._._ 5,665
Furnishing goo s, men's._ .. ... _... _
885
Furniture and upholstering. __ . .... _ 1,551
Gas ..... . ... .... .. ... .. ........ .... . .
52
Glass ....... ... ................ . ..... 1,020
Gloves and mittens .. _.. _....... ___ .
241
Hard ware ...... ___ .. _.... ____ . ___ . _.
305
Harness and saddlery .. _. . ___ .......
340
Hats and caps ............ __ .. _.. _...
600
Hosiery and knit goods ............ _
251
Iron and steel. ........... ___ . ." .. _.. _ 1,219
Ironwork, ornamental __ .. __ . .. ... _.
101
Jewelry and silverware .. _. __ ._ .. __ ..
315
Laundry work ... _.... .. ___ .........
482
Leather ...... _.... _. __ . _. __ .. . _____ _
346
16. 13
63. 44
92. 31
20. 43
13
22.90
54.20 ........ -------22.90
2.15
56.99
40.86
75.00
4
26. 67
10 .00
63.33 -------- -------34.50
61.44
4.06
40.00
165
99.46
4.06
9.20
86.74
739
51.96
337
39.17
10.03
38.01
66.20
87.50
14.44
19.36
8
32.49
32.15
35.36
69 .12
204
17 .35
50.20
55.77
32.45
52
10.77
43.08
46.15
1 100.00
a52.47 a17.42 a30.11 10,142
66.23
3.54
53.10 ------- - -------43.36
12
91.67
24.43
21.99
53.58
17 .13
52.82
75.00
30 .05
4
27 .53
44 .30
214
6.54
28.17
9.60
18.00
75.51
6.49
1,803
40.71
66.37
6.83
26.80
140
10.26
28.00
49.48
458
22.52
62.96 ---- --- - -------7 .41
29.63
50.00
2
43.59 -------- 56.41
79.17
7 .46
29.83
24
62. 71
1 ---- -- -76.82
13.64
9.54
11 .69
64
65.62
69.88
18.43
9.37
53 .rn
71.43
14
37 .50
45.90
Gl
66.01
18.09
15 .90
1. 80
8.00
8.99
37 .76
HL52
25.49
11.53
75. 34
5.32
9.61
40.36
13.46
15 39
6.52
35.81
51.87
33.19
10 .49
23.61
46.02
7.96
13.67
44.00
11. 16
27. 09
25. 12
15. 60
23. 76
14. 85
34. 92
18. 73
62. 45
21. 99
16. 76
28. 33
2. 82
67. 60
71
tf!\h~!~~~ent :::::::: ::::::::::::
40. 24
14. 64
82
Lithographin~ ... __ .. _.. __ . _.. _... _.
34.12
23. 53
170
Lumber and timber products .. _.. _.
19. 73
806
30. 89
Metallic goods .... ... . .... ___ . ___ ._._
18. 73
283
22. 97
Millinery goods .. _. __ ._._ . . _........ .
45. 83
8. 34
24
Mining, ore ....... __ .... __ . _____ . _..
6. 39
19. 01
563
12. 02
Musical instruments . ....... ..... _. .
31. 25
208
Paper ......... _... . _.. _. ___ . __ . _____
29. 94
14. 69
177
Paper goods . . _.......... _.. ... _.....
112
14. 29
41. 07
11. 88
Planing mill products ...... _........ 1,532
31. 85
Pottery ....... .. _. . ... _._ .. _.. ____ ..
42. 57
13. 33
195
Printing and publishing .. _.......... 2,999
7. 75
45. 01
Public works .... . _..... __ . _... __.. _.
32. 90
10. 32
155
23. 31
8. 27
Railroad canal and road buildin g -532
ainc'.uding 1 strike involving nearly all industries in New
being building trades.
_
309n-07-6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
34.24
26.00
21.35
--------
7. 6
--------
25. 00
------ -- ---------- -- -46.06
-------12.76
-- ----- -
------- -
·····-·-
-------4.47
-------.33
93.46
10.49
------ -85.37
--------
........
--------------4.69
------- --- -----
------13.9 4
.5 4
48.0 7
12.50
30.88
44.2 3
------29.3(}
--- --- 25. 00
79.9 l
59.29
4.3 7
-- -- -- --
50. 00
20. 83
100. 00
29.69
28.5 7
54.1 0
50. 00
50.00 ------ -63.96
24
66.00
3 100 .00 -------- -- -----69.66
3 100 .00 ----··-· --- ---4.5. 72
78.00
1.00
21.00
100
14. 5
12.1 J
404
73.02
62.98
20 .00
77.50 . 2.50
19.34
40
5.70
24. 81
69.43
193
50.03
71.15 ----- --- -------- --- -- - - - --- --- 56.00 -------44.0 0
57 .67
145
54.17 -------45.8 3
72
14.94
21.74
13. 04
23
65.22
65.90
14.29
7
46.02
85. 71 ---- ---.72
43.48
138
55.80
42.33
1. 35
4. 05
94. 60
61. 75
74
2. 22
13. 33
46
84. 45
59. 28
_______
.,
61. 39
37 100. 00 -------46. 35
74 100. 00 -- ------ --- --- -31
77. 42
19. 35
3. 2
15. 56
. 72
13. 7
138
85. 51
54. 91
29. 58 ------- - -------- ------- - -------45. 12
11. 11
88. 8g
36
3. 30
96. 70
42. 35
91
26
73. 08 -------- --·26:s·
49. 38
58. 30
12 100. 00 -------- -------45. 83
19 100. 00 -------- -------36. S
11
63. 64 -------74. 60
56. 73
18 100. 00 -------- -------55. 37
2 100. 00 --- ----- -------50. 00
50. 00
44. 64
2
40. 74
57. 41
1. 85
56. 27
54
61. 29
3. 23
44.10
31
35. 48
. 26
37. 79
GL 95
47. 24
394
56. 78
1 100. 00 -------- -------68. 42 -------- -------- -- ------ -- -- ---Orleans,the principal industry affected
82
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
RESULTS OF STRIKES A D LOCKOUTS, .BY IPDUSTRIES, 1881 TO 1905-Concluded.
Lockouts.
Strikes.
Industry.
Total
establ.iShments
Percent of establishments in which
strike-
Total
estabUshments
Per -cent of establishments in which
lockout-
SueSueSue- ceeded
ininSue- ceeded
Failed.
Failed. volved.
ceeded. partly.
volved. ceeded. partly.
- -- - - - - - - - - - - -
Railroad transportation ............
Ro~e, twine, .and bagg:ng .. __ .......
Ru ber goods_ . .....................
- -- -- --------------- ---- ----- ------------ -
680
.53
86
611
592
988
88
4,450
491
479
976
433
1, 067
40
7,381
78
22.24
30.19
18. 60
32. 90
29. 39
30. 26
'1.1.36
50. 47
37. 07
41.13
53. 89
22. 92
50. 61
55. 00
50. 80
21. 79
11.19
66. 57
3 100. 00 . ..
11. 32
58. 49
3 100. 00
25. 00
12. 79
68. 61
4
75. 00
18. 18
81.82
16. 20
50. 90
11
13. 04
14. 36
56. 25
82. 61
4. 35
23
4. 66 • 65. 08
50. 00
43. 75
6. 25
16
14. 29
14. 29
71. 42
11. 36
77.28
7
31. 41
5. 55
17. 51
32. 02
63. 04
901
31. 5
11.40
68. 42
51. 53
57
66. 67
.33.33
13.15
45. 72
9
13. 22
32. 89
1 100. 00 ---·-· ·· · . . .. .....
57. 41
5
60. 00 ---- --- ·
4.0. 00
19. 67
34. 77
47. 50
27. 50
25. 00
14. 62
40
2. 50
42. 50
11. 11 -------.88. 89
9
.52.08
6.17
43. 03
42. 45
5. 47
384
24. 36
53. 85 ........ ----- --- - . .
......
39
43
1, 551
187
419
4,463
25. 64
18. 61
49. !lO
37. 43
25. 30
55. 50
10. 26
9. 30
30. 24
2. 68
15.03
13. 04
64.10
72. 09
19. 86
59. 89
59. 67
31. 46
2
5
125
13
27
191
'fotal. .... ......... ........ .... 181,407
47. 94
15. 28
36. 78
18,547
~tt~i~i~~~---·. ·.~ ~:: :: :::::: ::~::::::
Slaughtering and meat packing .....
Smelting and refini? ...............
Stone quarrying an cutting .... .. ..
Stoves and furnaces ....... ... .......
Street railway transportation . ... ...
Streets and sewers ..................
Telegraph and telephone ............
Tin and :sheet metal goods ....... ...
Tobacco: chewing and smoki.ng......
Tobacco: cigars and cigarettes ......
T-runks and val:ses ......... .. .... . ..
Typewriters, cash registers, and sewing machines ......................
Watches and clocks .... . ............
Water transportation ..... ... . ......
Wooden goods ... _..................
Woolen goods ........ .. .............
Miscellaneous ......... ............ ..
--- -------- ----
--- -------
-
50. 00 - - .........
80. 00
16. 00 ..................
92. 31 ...... -- ... - ...
1. 48
11. 11
2. 27
52. 88
-
.50. 00
'20. 00
84. 00
7. 69
7. 41
18. 85
57. 20
10. 71
32.09
In some of the important industries most affected by labor disturbances the results were as follows: In the strikes in the building
trades the employees succeeded in enforcing their demands in 52.47 per
oont of the establishments involv d, succeeded partly in 17.42 per
cent, and failed.in 30.11 per cent. In .coal and coke the employees
succeeded in 22.52 per cent of the establishments involved, succeeded
partly in ,28 per cent, and failed in 49.48 per cent. In the manufae. ture of men's clothing the employees succeeded in 75.51 per cent of
the establishments involved; succeeded p.a rtly in 6.49 per cent, .a nd
failed in 18 per cent.
In lockouts in the building trades the result was favorable to the
employers in 66.23 per cent of the establishments involved, partially so
in 4.47 per cent, and again.st them in 29 .30 per cent. I n coal and coke
the employers succeeded in 10.26 per cent of the stablishments
involved, succeeded partly in 5.37 per cent, and failed in 4.37 per
eent. In men's clothing the employers succeeded in 9.60 per oent of
the establishments involved, sucooeded partly in 10.49 per cent, .and
failed in 79,91 per cent. ·The third table of this series shows the
results of _strikes and lockouts by States and geographical divisions~
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
83
CRAFTER I.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
RESULTS OF STRIKES AND LC>CKOUTS, BY S'.rATES AND GEOGR.A.PHIC.A.L DTVISIONS,
1881 TO 1905.
[See Tables V, pages480 to 485, and XVII, pages 738 to 741, for notes relating to general strikes or lock"◊nts extending into two or more States, establit>hmeBts in which strike or lockout was pen<ling at
the close of .some one of the four investigations included in this re-port, and establishments in
which result of st~ik13 or loeko:ut was not r,eported.]
.Strikes.
Sta.te and geographical .division.
Lockouts .
Per cent of estabfo,hments Jn which
-Rtrike~
Per cent of estabTotal
Total
lishments in Which
estabestablockoutlL<sh:lishments
ments
SucSucin inSueSacvol ved. ceeded. ceeded Failed. volved. ceeded. ceeded Failed.
partly.
partly.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ! -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Alabama ...................... .. ....
737
Arizona ..... . .. .... •···-·············
28
T75
.A.Tkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.alifornla..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.,357
Oolorado............................ 3,663
Connecticut ... ·-··· · ················ 2,111
r>elaware............................
279
District of Columbia .... . .. ... : .....
785
Florida .............................. 1,360
Georgia.............................
715
Ida.ho ...................... ...... _..
27
Illinois .............................. 29,176
Indiana............................. 3,.533
Lndian'l'erritory_...................
63
I:owa................................ 1,706
Kansas..............................
477
25.82
39.29
35. 88
33. 34
53. 45
39.96
37. 63
48. 15
44.58
12. 91
~fJ.77
52.56
31. 98
4.76
34. 98
30. 25
ii~~~:L:::::::::::::::::~::::::: ~::~ tui
38. 08
Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
431
Maryland ........... __ .. ·-.......... 1,565
Massachusetts ...................... 10,009
Michigan......... ... ....... ....... .. 2,409
Minnesota ..... ... . ... ....... .. ..... . 2,435
~t::~s~t~i
.•.·.·.·.~ ~:~::::::::::::::::::
Montana ........ _ ...................
6,4g~
North Carolina ..... -.•-·····-·······
North D akota ..... ........ ...... . ...
Ohio ..... ... _ .......... .. ............
Oklahoma.. . .... ........ ............
Ore_gon ..... .... ---···················
230
498
5
283
6 7
' ~~
51,597
49
34
10,207
34
678
Sellth D.a-kota .. · -· · - ················
T ennessee ....... . ................. ..
T.exa-s ............................ ~..
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vermont ...... ......... .. . ..........
Virginia....... ....... . .... .. . .......
Washington...... ......... ... ... ....
40
l,2Z9
1,343
248
4.90
667
879
Nebraska.. .. .......... ...... ... .....
Nevada..............................
NewHampshire ... ... ...............
~!:ii:!rlo:.-.-::::::::::::::::::::::
NewYork ...........................
44. 0.3
38. 05
46. 29
-47. n
~Ji
40.52
18.-03
28.57
13. 53
10. 43
9.:08
12.99
13. 98
27 . .52
20.19
17. 50
7. .69
11.75
2-4. il.8
1.59
rn. 09
30. 25
1
.56.:J.5
32.14
50. 59
56. 23
37."47
47.05
48. 39
24. 33
35.23
69. 59
•fil.54
35.69
43. 84
93.65
54. 93
39. 50
lO. 75
22. 30
15. 27
15. 60
l'.7. 90
33. 67
-46. 68
;38.11
34. 37
~:1~ ::~
51. 17
1tt~
25.22
44. 98
10. 84
80.'00 ··· ·- ···
28.27
14.13
2
~:ii
Total. .........................
k~~~
60
45.46
27.27
····-··· ....... .
........
64. 29
2. 49 . -48. 55
6. 35
23. 81
9.66
27.54
. ....... ...... . .
97. 56
... i21·· 51.14
1. 83
46. 79
....... .
33.33
15.26
30.92
4. 72
21. 03
........... .... .
........
56. 35
11.11 ....... .
3
HU
6. 98
43. 02
........
EO. 65
23. 27
42. 91
41. 49
24. 48
5.16
34. 84
~i ~~.
:i: 6~:5~
50. 00
86
62
'825
241
155
19. 35
33. 82
34. 03
60. 00
····io3· ··:ii."1.5· ···s:14· ···49.-5i
21.43
50. 00
33.-0.l
21. 87
9.29
2.38
14. 71
24.01
3. 13
7.97
60.61
25.10
44. 56
71. 77
70. 41
30. 66
37. 88
6.06
13.16
16. 92
9. 68
19. 39
19.11
28.10
33. 33
61. 74
38. 52
18. 55
10. 20
50. 23
34. 02
inI
:J~
64.73
10.32
~U~
~~Jg
ii:~l ~ui
26.67
15.00
58.33
2 2
' ~~
18
2
37
132
12
394
51
112
i~2
~8J5 ..............
sdi ~gJg. .
100. 00
50.00
72. 22
90. 15
100. 00
90. 36
54. 90
77. 68
····· -··
50.00
19. 45
8. 33
.. .. y..
·9. 85
. . . . . . . . . ...... .
9. 64 ....... .
3. 92
41. 18
13. 39
8. 93
~t:~~ ··ii.ii.
50.00 ..... ...
~ni
50.00
lfil,407~ ~I~ 18,54757.ZO lo.71 S2.09
North Atlantic .. ........ ..... . ...... 98,004
South Atlantic ...... ..... ·-· ...... ··- 6,649
North Central. ...................... 60,413.
South Central. .. ....................., 7,l.21
W ester::i ............................. 9,220
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
27.27
100.00
35. 71
48. 96
69. 84
62.80
100.00
2. 44
46.59
51. 38
fi6.'67
53.82
7-4. 25
100.00
43. 65
88. 89
·2s.26
24
33.33
4.17
62.50
44.18
90
98. 89 . . . . . . . .
1. 11
20.00 ......................... .. .... .
57.60
45
95.56
4.44
94
~ 1Z6: .~ ... '.·.~~. -··~~·. ~
24.95
6,422
49.80
10.95
<)9.25
76.19
21 rno. 00 ···-· ··· .. ... .. .
35. 29
3 100. 00 .. .... ......... .
42. 98
386
58.81
5.96
25.23
75. 00
27
96. 30 . . . . . . . .
3. 70
82.74
81 100.00 ···-·· ·· ..... . . .
2
~h~~Yi!~~L:::::::::::::::::::~:
U~i
f~:g:
tt:
~5:~g
South Carolina......................
101
50. 00
7. 00
43. 00
;r:Jo~~rt~i.~
•. ~::~::::::::::::::::::
Wyoming...........................
11
1
14
241
63
207
1
41
88
109
·6
4,555
233
39
131
9
52. 60
36.84
44. 87
.28. 42
41. 43
15.22
20. 44
15. 68
12. 50
11. 78
32.18
42. 72
39. 45
.59.08
46. 79
11,267
•UO
6,007
320
543
57.83
41. 32
54. 76
79.62
65. 74
9. 43
L46
14. 30
·9. 72
4. 79
32. 74
51. 22
30. 94
iO. 6.6
29. 47
...
84
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
In New York the employees succeeded in enforcing their demands
in 64. 73 per cent of the establishments involved in strikes, succeeded
partly in 10.32 per cent, and failed in 24.95 per cent. The employers
succeeded in enforcing their demands in 49.80 per cent of the establishments involved in lockouts, succeeded partly in 10.95 per cent,
and failed in 39.25 per cent. In Pennsylvania the employees succeeded in 37 .03 per cent of the establishments involved in strikes,
succeeded partly in 23.27 per cent, and failed in 39.70 per cent. The
employers succeeded in 83.29 per cent of the establishments involved
in lockouts, succeeded partly in 0.31 per cent, and failed in 16.40 per
cent. In Illinois the employees were successful in 52.56 per cent of
the establishments involved in strikes, partly successful in 11. 7 5 per
cent, and failed in 35.69 per cent. The employers were successful in
53.82 per cent of the establishments involved in lockouts, partly successful in 15.26 per cent, and failed in 30.92 per cent.
In the second part of the table, relating to geographical divisions,
it is seen that the employees were successful in the largest percentage
of establishments involved in strikes in the North Atlantic division and
failed in the largest percentage in the South Central division, while in
lockouts the employers were successful in the largest ·percentage of
establishments in the South Central division and failed in the largest
percentage in the South Atlantic division.
SETTLEMENT BY JOINT AGREEMENT AND BY ARBITRATION.
,
In recent years there has been an increasing disposition on the part
of employers to unite in associations or organizations to promote their
mutual interests, so that a labor organization in entering a strike or
lockout often has to meet the opposition not only of the individual
employer but of an entire association of employers. Where such a_n
association of employers exists strikes and lockouts are sometimes
settled by the joint agreement of officials of the organizations on poth
sides rather than by the action of the employers and employees
directly involved.
Another form of settlement of strikes and lockouts sometimes
resorted to is that of arbitration, wherein the parties submit their
dispute to the decision of a disinterested third party. The facts
relating to these two methods of settling !strikes and lockouts were
secured in the present investigation for °the years 1901 to 1905.
These facts are set forth in Tables I, II, XIII, and XIV, and are
here summarized in a series of three tables.
The first table shows by years the number of strikes and lockouts-which occurred in the United States during the years 1901 to 1905,
the number settled by joint agreement, and the number settled by
arbitration:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
85
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
N UMB ER OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS SETTLED BY JOINT AGREEMENT AND BY
ARBITRATION, BY YEARS, 1901 TO 1905.
St rikes .
Year.
Number
settled
Number. by joint
agreement.
Lockouts.
Number Number
Number
settled
settled Number. by
joint settled
by arbiarbiagree- by
tration.
tration.
m ent.
1901. ..... . ........... .... .. ....... ...... . .
1902 . .. ................... .. . ........... .. .
1903 ...... . ... ..... ...... ...... ........... .
1904 ........... . . . ...... .. .... ... . . .... .. . .
1905 ....... ..... .. .... ........ . ........ . . . .
2,924
3,162
3,494
2,307
2, 077
149
204
246
130
74
49
58
66
23
27
88
78
154
112
109
10
Total ......... .. ... .. .. ...... ...... .
13,964
803
223
541
66
11
18
17
10
2
1
3
2
3
11
Of the 13,964 strikes which occurred during the years 1901 to 1905,
a total of 803 strikes, or 5. 7 5 per cent of all strikes, were settled by
joint agreement between organizations on both sides, and a total of
223 strikes, or 1.60 per cent of the entire number, were settled by
arbitration.
Of the 541 lockouts in the five-year period, 66, or 12.20 per cent,
were settled by joint agreement between organizations on both sides,
and ·11, or 2.03 per cent, were settled by arbitration:
Computing percentages from the figures of the table, it is seen that
the percentage of strikes settled by joint agreement was 5.10 per
cent in 1901, 6.45 per cent in 1902: 7.04 per cent in 1903, 5.64 per
cent in 1904, and 3.56 per cent in 1905'. The percentage of lockouts
settled by joint agreement was 11.36 per cen.t in 1901, 14.10 per cent
in 1902, 11.69 per cent in 1903, 15.18 per cent in 1904, and 9.17 per
cent in 1905.
The second table of this series shows by industries the number of
strikes and lockouts that occurred in the United States during the
years 1901 to 1905, the number settled by joint agreement, and the.
number settled by arbitration:
NUMBER OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS SETTLED BY JOINT AGREEMENT AND BY
ARBITRATION, BY IND USTRIES , 1901 'L'O Hl05.
Strikes.
Industry.
Lockouts.
Number Number
Number Numbe r
settled
settled
settled
settled
Number. Ly joint by arb i- Number. by joint by arbi~:~t
tration.
~:~t
tration.
- - - - - - - -- - - - - - 1- - - - - - -- - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - -
Agricultural implements ................ .
Agriculture .... .. . ........ .. ....... . ..... .
Automobiles and bicycles .. ........ . . . .. .
Awnings, tents, and sails ............... .
B akery ... . .. . ...... ... . . . ............... .
Blacksmithing and horseshoeing ........ .
Boots and shoes .... .. .. ......... .. .. .. .. .
Brass and brass goods ..... ... .......... .
Brewing ......... : ....................... .
Brick and tile . ..... ... o........ . ..... .. . .
Brooms and brushes ................. . ... •
Building trades ........ .......... .. ..... .
Canning and preserving ...... ..... .... .. .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
34
10
20
1 ..........
5 . ..... ............. .
2 ............... ... . . · · ··· ........ .. .. .. .
1 ...... . . . . ................... .. ........ .
4
3
13
1 ......... .
180
8
1
2 .. .. ... .. .......... .
30
5
W
8
1
236
5
1
2 ................... .
47
3
3
3
1 ... .. .... .
11
78
6
3 ......... .. ........ .
131
1 ... .. ... . .... . . . . . . .
17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
397
58
160
43
4
5,076
1 ... . .. ..... ........... .... ........... .. .
18
86
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
NUMBER OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS SETTLED BY JOINT AGREEMEN1' AND BY
ARBITRATION, IlY INDUSTRIES, 19Jl TO 1905-Concluded.
Lockouts.
Strikes.
Industry.
Car building ............................. .
Carpets ................... ... ..... . ... .. .
Carriages and wagons ..... ... .......... . .
Clothing, men's ......................... .
Clothing, women's ............. .. ....... .
Coal and coke ......... ...... ..... ....... .
Coffins and undertakers' goods ......... .
Confectionery ..... . . . .. ...... . ... . ... .. . .
Cooperage . ... ................... ... .. . .. .
Cotton and woolen goods ......... . ..... .
Cotton goods ............................ .
Cutlery and edge tools ..... . . ... . ....... .
Domestic service ... ................ . .... .
Electric and gas apparatus and supplies ..
Electric light and power ................ .
Flour mill products ..... . .. .. .......... . .
Foundry and machine shop .... . . ... . ... .
Freight handling and teaming . ... ...... .
Furnishing goods, men's ....... ......... .
Furniture and upholstering ............. .
Gas ...................................... .
Glass ... ...... . ... .. ..... ... ......... .. .. .
Gloves and mittens .... ................. .
Hardware .......................... ~ .... .
Harness and saddlery ... ... ............. .
Hats and caps .. . .................... . .. .
Hosiery and knit goods ................. .
I ron and steel. ...... .. ....... .. .... . ... . .
Ironwork, ornamental ....... ....... . ... .
Jewelry and silverware . ........ . . .. ..... .
Laundry work . .. .. ..................... .
Leather .... . .... : ......... ... ........ .. . .
l'f:;;_~h!~N~~~erii:::::::::::::::::::::::::
Lithographing .. . . ................. .. ... .
Lumber and timber products ........... .
Metallic goods ... . ....................... .
M[~~~:~-~~eo_
~~~::.·.·.·.·.·.: :: :::::: ::::: :::::
Musical instruments .................... .
Paper .................. .... .... , ....... . .
Paper goods ....... ..... . ......... . ...... .
Planing mill products ....... . ....... ... . .
Pottery .................. ............... .
~X1~~ni::1:S~.~~~~~i~~:: .·.·.·.·.:::::::::::
Railroad, canal, and road building ... ... .
Railroad .transportati~n .......... . .... . .
• Rope, twme, and bagging ............... .
Rubber goods ........... ..... .. . ...... .. .
.J
~tn~~
1
s~~~--.-.~.·. -_: :::: :: : : : : : : :::::::: :: :
Slaughtering and meat packing .. . ... ... .
Smelting and refining .......... ... .. . ... .
Stone quarrying and cutting .. . .... .. ... .
Stoves and furnaces .. . ..... .. ........... .
Street railway transportation .......... .
Street s and sewers .......... •...... . ..... .
Telegraph and t elephone ..... ..... . ..... .
Tin and sheet metal goods .. .. . . ........ .
Tobacco: chewing and smoking ......... .
Tobacco: cigars and cigarettes .... . ..... .
Trunks and valises ..... . . ...... ....... .. .
Typewriters, cash registers, and sewing
machines .... ... .. .... . ................ .
W atches and clocks .................... . .
Water transportation ............... .. .. .
Wooden goods ........ . .... .......... .. . .
Woolen goods ...... . ... ............. . .. . .
Miscellaneous ......... ................. . .
Total ............ ... ............ ... .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Number Number
Number Number
settled
settled
ettled
settled Number. by
joint
Number. by joint by
arb,i.arbiagree- by
agree- tration.
tration.
ment .
ment.
251
39
64
281
339
823
12
5
84
16
165
14
137
42
56
18
830
341
34
143
21
172
26
18
6
33
11
8
1
2
1 .. .... ... .
1
1 ........ . ..... . .............. .
7 .... ......... . ..... .
2
2
2
2
1
5
63
100
140
55
182
16
34
w
55
10
28
31
88
100
47 . . . .. .. ......... . .. .
11
6 ........ . .
1
6
4
2
2
3
3
4
6
2·
1 ......... . .. ········ .. ..... . . .
3
1 .... . .... .
2 ••••••••••
1 .. ... .... .
2 .. . ·· ·· · · .. ........ .
1
2 ...•.. .• ... · ·· ··· ·· ·
1 .............. ' .... ..... ... . ........... .
3 . .... .....
4
1 ......... .
2 .. . ... ... .
1 . .... ... ........... .
3
1
7 .. . ...... . ....... .. .
5
85
31
69
28
140
26
278
41
130
101
15
4 ... .. ... ........... .
1
11
4
8
1
81
31
216
100
90
182
228
122
5
307
14
2
1
4
1
27
14
4
2 ........... ................. ........... .
2
1 . . .......... . ...... .
4
1
4
4
3
2
19
119
110
1 ... .. .... .
2
2
5
1
25
1
1
11
5
1
1
1
4
3
6
25
4 .. . ...... .
5
2
4
1 ..... .. .. .
29
2 ... . .. .. . .
1 ....... .... ........ .
22
14
58
35
115
422
19
6
13,964
803
223
1
4
2
2 ........ ..
4
Ji::::(/:
541
I
66
11
1
87
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION "AND DISCUSSION.
Of the strikes settled by joint agreement) 397, or practically onehalf, were in the building trades, 111 were in the coal and coke
industry, 33 in freight handling and teaming, 25 in stone quarrying
and cutting, 25 in toba-c-co (cigars and cigarettes). In several industries no strikes were thus settled.
Of the 223 strikes settled by arbitration, 58 were in the building
traqes, 29 in coal and cokeJ 11 in freight handling and teaming, and
10 in boots and shoes. In 32 of the 82 industries no strike was
settled by arbitration.
The next table shows, by States and geographical divisions, the
number of strikes ·and lockouts that -0ccurred in the United States
during the years 1901 to 1905, ~he number settled by joint agreement,
and the number settled by arbitration.
NUMBER OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS SE"TTLED BY JOIN'!' AGREEMENT AND BY
ARBITRATION, BY STATES AND GEOGRAPIIICAL DIVISIONS, 1901 TO 1905.
Strikes.
State and geographical division.
Lockouts.
Number Number
Number Number
settled
settled
settled
settled
umber. by joint by arbi- Number. by joint by arbi- .
:~:~ tmtlon.
1;!f
tration.
:n,~
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - -1 - - - -1- - - - - - - - - - - -
Alabama ................................ .
Arizona ....... ........... .. .... ......... .
Arkansas ................................ _
California................................ .
Colorado ............. ... . .. ....... .. . ... .
Connecticut ........... .. ................ .
Delaware ........................ . ....... .
District of Columbia .................... .
Florida ............................ . ..... .
Geo11gia .................................. .
Idaho ........................... . . ....... .
.IUinois ................................. :.
Indiana ....... ... . ............ .... ....... .
Ln<lian Tonltory ........................ .
Jowa ........ ....... ... . ................. .
Karn as ...... . ... ... ... ... .. .... ..... ... . .
Kentucky ... .. .. ... ........ . .... . . ...... .
Loui siana ............................... .
Maine . . ................. .. .. . ............ .
Maryland .......................... _..... .
MU'!lsach usetts ...... ... ......... . ........ .
~i;!i:s~~~~ ~ ~ ::: :::::~:: :: :::::: ::::::::::
~::~i~f~i.•.•.•. ~ ~::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Montana . ........ ............ . . ... . ..... .
Nebraska ................................ .
Ncevada .. . .... ................. ~......... .
w Hampshire ......................... .
New Jersey . ............... . . . . ....... . . ~.
New Mexico ..... ......... .. ......... .... .
New York . ............... ....... . ....... .
North Carolina . . ..... ... ..... . .... ... ... .
N<>rth Dakota .............. , ............ .
Ohio ..................................... .
Oklahoma ... ............. .............. . .
Oregon ..................... . ............ .
P-ennsylvania ........... . ......... ... . ... .
Rhode I sland .... ......... ............... .
South Carolina ... ... .... .. . .... ... . ..... .
South Dakota .......................... . .
Tennessee .................. .... ......... .
Texas .......... ... ....................... .
Utah .................................... .
Vermont ................................ .
Virginia ........................ .... .. ... .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
86
12
38
297
16a
344
32
59
184
n
8
984
574
6
95
74
182
145
66
142
1,069
293
152
22
598
89
32
3
60
702
12
3
4
24
11
10
1
14
16
1
113
87
4 ................... .
1 ............................. .
3 ................ . ··lll
2 ...... ... .
10
14
11
4 ......... .
9
1
w
.... ...... . ......... . . ...... ... .... ... . .
1
1 ......... .
1
8
1 ... .. ..... .
.3
3 ................... .
26
30
---------- ------------------ ..........
1
13
3
1
7
51
22
7
5
2
2
62
2
1
1
41
7
3
46
37
l
9
2
7
5
3
4
5
2
1
1 . ·- .... ·-.
4 .......... --------- 31
3
2
22
5
1
1 .. ·., .... . .
8
20 ................... .
5
1
2 ... ·- .. ·- .. ·- . ... ·-.
3
1 ......... .
1
1 .......... ......... ... .... ... .
8
3,739
2 ····· .. ...... ·- ·· . . .
31
11 .. . ·--- .. .
110
106
12
2
19
4 .... .. -84 ........ i3. . ......
.999
11 ····· ····· ..........
2
49
1i
4~
1,313
170
9
1
3
1
1
2
16
11
3
................... .
w. ........ 3. . .. - ..... i
1!
4
.213
178
30
36
99
2@
5
7
6
1
8
3
1
·········· ..••...••.
···•·,--·6· ::::::::::
... .... .... ·········
..... .......... ·- .. .
12 ................... .
6
1
4
4 . ........ .
10
88
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
NUMBER OF STRIKE S AND LOCKOUTS SETTLED BY JOINT AGREEMENT AND·
BY ARBJTRATION , BY STA 'rES AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1901 TO 1905Concluded.
Strikes .
State and geographical division.
[f?~~&~··: :
~~~l~~r
Number. by joint
• agreement.
Lockouts .
Number
~~~~~{ Number
settle1 Number. by joint settle~
by a_rb1agree- btryaat_
1robn1-.
tration.
ment.
l!! -,!
;f!
Ji :
Total ............................... ~ ~ ~ ~ - - 6-6 ,- - 11
North Atlantic................... . . . . . .. .
South Atlantic ..... . ... .. .... ....... .. . ..
North Central..... ....... ..... . .. ........
South Central.... ... ... . ........ . .. . .....
Western.......... . ..... .. .. ... . ..........
7, 499
736
4,052
881
796
321
45
'343
50
44
86
5
90
14
28
240
33
184
40
44
35
2
21
1
7
6
Of the 803 strikes settled by joint agree:rp.ent between organizations
on' both sides, 113 were in Illinois, 106 in New York, 87 in Indiana,
• 84 in Ohio, 74 in Pennsylvania, 62 in New Jersey, and 51 in Massachusetts. The percentage of all strikes thus settled in each of these
States was as follows: Illinois,·11.48 per cent; ewYork,2.83 percent;
Indiana, 15.16 per cent; Ohio, 8.41 per cent; Pennsylvania, 5.64 per
cent; New Jersey, 8.83 per cent; and Massachusetts, 4.77 per cent.
Of the 223 strikes settled by arbitration, 41 were in Massachusetts, 30
in Indiana, 26 in Illinois, 13 in Ohio, an~ 12 each in New York and
Pennsylvania.
Eleven lockouts were settled by joint agreement in r ew York and
in New Jersey, 6 in Pennsylvania, and 5 in Indiana and in Michigan.
Three · lockouts were settled by arbitration in ew York, 2 in Massachusetts and in Illinois, and 1 each in Connecticut, Indiana, Michigan;
and Ohio.
SEX OF STRIKERS.
The following tables show, by sex, the number of pe;sons employed
immediately preceding strikes in establishments involved in strikes,
and also the number and per cent of employees striking. The three
tables which relate to strikes and the three which follow, relating to
lockouts, cover the years from 1887 to 1905 only, for the reason that
the first investigation of strikes and lockouts conducted by the Bureau,
covering the years from 1881 to 1886, did not include an inquiry as to
the sex of strikers or employees locked out. Data for strikes are tabulated under years in the first table, under industries in the second, and
under States and geographical divisions in the third.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
89
CHAPTER !.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
The table by years follows:
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES OF EACH SEX BEFORE STRIKE IN ESTABLISHMENTS IN
WHICH STRIKES OCCURRED, AND NUMBER AND PER CE T OF EMPLOYEES OF
EACII SEX STRIKING, BY YEARS, 1887 TO 1905.
Male.
Year.
1887 .... ....... .. .... ..... ······ .....
1888 •. • ·•·•·•·• · .... ··· ···· · .. .... . ..
1889 ................. · ·· ···· ·· · ······
1890 •••••• •••••• ••••• •• ••••••• •••••·.
1891. .... ...... ....... ... ... ........ .
1892 . ...... .... .. ...... . .......... ...
1893 .................................
1894.................................
1895 .................................
1896 ....... ..... ... . . ....... ... .... ..
1897 ...................... . . . ........
1898 ....... ... ... .. ................ ..
1899. ·•••••·••••·•••· ...•..... ·······
ll:/00 .................................
1901 ................................
1902 .. ..... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. . . .....
1903 ...... ... ........................
1904 .. : .............. ... . ............
1905 ........ ··· ··· ..... ... ........ . . .
Employees
before
strike.
Per cent
of employ es
striking.
Strikers.
255,623
95,250
190,750
261,882
235,506
154,263
187,038
b 462,390
d 258,040
167,589
306,254
!161,233
b 284,868
382,742
372,781
527,852
482,741
339,133
165,375
530,415
306,791
404,157
542,173
443,596
468,912
469,909
a 933,198
C 456,936
316,629
482,290
e 315,173
a 713,794
842,225
971,765
1,113,384
1,218,600
788,200
464,545
Total ......... . ... .. .......... gll, 782,692
Female.
1h
5,291,310
48.19
31. 05
47.20
48.30
53. 09
32. 90
39. 80
b 41:1. 55
d 56. 47
52. 93
63.50
f 51.16
b 39. 91
45. 44
38.36
47. 41
39. 61
43.03
35. 60
I
h
53,503
34,943
44,495
59,362
44,630
46,487
51,747
a98,540
C 90 1 576
63,874
68,872
e 59,399
a93,057
73,081
95,856
150,342
149,594
84,296
89,593
44. 91 gl,452,247
17,153
7,968
14,318
24,018
9,536
9,236
7,970
b42,637
d 27,615
16,224
26,316
32. 06
22. 80
32.18
40. 46
21.37
19. 87
15. 40
b 43. 27
d30. 49
25. 40
38. 21
f 34. 24
b 24. 99
23.14
24. 51
16. 82
32. 72
43. 44
12. 24
120,337
b
h
23,259
16,914
23,499
25,291
48,941
36,621
10,962
408,815
I
h
28.15
a Not including 1 establishment not reported.
b Not including 1 establishment in which number employed before strike was not reported.
c Not including 5 establishments not reported.
Not including 5 establishments in which number employed before strike was not reported.
e Not including 33 establishments not reported.
f Not including 33 establishments in which number employed before strike was not reported.
g Not including 40 establishments not reported.
h Not including 40 establishments in which number employed before strike was not reported.
d
Considering all strikes in the United States during the nineteenyear period -from 1887 to 1905, the above table shows that of the
11,782,692 male employees in the establishments involved im mediately
preceding strikes, 44.91 per cent struck, while of the 1,452,247 female
employees before the strike but 28.15 per cent struck. In 1905, the
last year covered by the investigation, 35.60 per cent of the male
employees and 12.24 per cent of· the female employees in establishments involved struck. In every one of the nineteen years included
in the table the percentage of male employees striking was greater
than th\t of female employees striking, except in 1904, when 43.03
per cent of the males and 43.44 per cent of the females struck.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
90
REPORT OF THE COM.MISSIO 1rER OF LABOE,.
The table presenting these data by industries follows;
NUMB.ER OF EMPLOYEES OF EACH SEX BEFORE STRIKE IN ESTA.:BLIHHME TS 1N
WHICH STRIKES OCCURRED, A D NUMBER AND .PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES -OF
EACH SEX STRIKING, BY INDUSTRIES, 1887 TO 1905.
Male.
Industry.
Em1>loyees
before
stri.ke.
Female.
Percent
Strikers.
ofem-
ployees
triking.
Employees
before
strike.
Strikers.
Per cent
ofeml)loyees
striking.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - i - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - _ _ _ _ , __ _ _ _ , _ _ _ _ _ ,
.Agricultural implements ___ -.. _.. __
48,477
Agriculture .. __ .. .. ____ . __ ._ ..... __ .
Hi,397
Automobiles and b icycles. ____ ._--,
28,797
Awnings, tents, and sails ____ .. ___ _
1,217
Bakery ______ -- _.. _-· ____ - - -.. _. --- 35,890
Blacksmithing and horsesboeing __ _
1 ,540
Boots and shoes __ ._ ... _____ ._._. __ .
200,899
.:Brass and brass goods ___ ._._ .. ___ _
35,632
'.Brewing __ .. _. __ ........ _. ___ .,_ ._. _
47,729
86,473
Brick and tile _. __ . -....... -... -- -- .
Brooms and brushes_ . _.. _... . _. __ _
2,281
J3uilding trades __ . ... _. . __ .. _. - -.. - . al,428,545
Canning and preserving _____ .. _.. __
9,346
Car building_. __ ._. ______ . __ .. . _. __ _
369,804
Carpets ______ __ ..... _... - _____ ... __ .
59,185
arriages and wagons. ____________ .
31,769
~othing, men's..... __._. ____ ._. ___ _
337,112
160,564
Clothing, women's._._-------·-----·
Coal and icoke _____ ... ___ . _.. .... _.. 2,337,307
Coffins and undertakers' goods_ .. _.
2,859
Confectionery ___ . _.... __ _. _. _. __ . __
1,541
Cooperage_. __ _._ ... ___ -- _-·-. -- . ___ _
31,512
Cotton and woolen goods ___ ·- ____ _
64,198
Cotton goods .. .. _._.···- - . -.. _. ___ _
256,428
Cu tlory .and edge tools .... ___ . ___ . _
11,336
Domestic service __ ...... __........ .
38,585
Electric .and gas .apparatus and
supplies __ ....... _... _.. _._ ... __ ..
27,195
Electric light and power ____ . _. ___ ..
25,087
Flour mill products ... __ .. ___ ··-. __
9,591
Foundry and machine shop_ . __ .. __
917, 714
Freight hand1ing and teaming. ___ .
309,087
Furnishing goods, men's. ____ ... _._
19,855
Furniture
and upholstering _______ __
86,024
Gas
________________________________
10,989
Glass .... ____ _..... ____ -- __ . -- ... -- .
169,£90
Gloves and mittens _.. ... ... __ . ___ ..
n,466
Hardware ___ --- -- · · ______ . ___ . __ . __
78,400
Harness and saddlery ____ _____ . _. _.
11,544
Hats and caps. ______ .. _____ __ .. ___ _
51,745
Hosiery and lrnit goods __ . __ ... _. _.
23,832
Iron and steel. _____ ... ____________ .
690, 6 1
lronwoTk, ornamenta l _. __ .. _.. ___ _
6,185
Jewelry and silverware ___ . ___ .. ___ _
15,836
Laundry work ______ . ___ . ___ --· -. __ _
3,926
Leather_. __ .. __ __ ____ ._._. ___ _... __ _
. 53,377
tr!:~~cf~~!8erii:::::::
:~: :~:::::::
Lithographin~---. ___ . __ . _____ . _. _..
4,279
13,498
11,403
64,793
42,645
363
109,2il.6
28,065
24,590
5,106
87,406
26,897
C 137, 6
29,362
151,139
891,789
6,074
14,224
c256,940
63,011
10,198
11,450
5,372
337
23,842
5,839
52,967
9,688
12,3 9
62,157
1,302
b 820,129
4,692
54,05
19,066
16,432
275,222
139,593
1,772,649
•391
456
14,684
19,393
76,21
3,446
26,883
5,663
4,117
3,682
180,130
193,849
10,080
29,750
5,068
54,904 ,
3,064
13,617
6,433
24,187
3, 1
172,
3,3
6,3
3,
'19 7
1:2
4.
2,5
21.04
69.83
18.65
27.69
66.43
31. 49
26.36
27.19
25.96
71.8
57.08
b 57. 41
50.20
14.62
32.21
51. 72
81.64
86.94
75.84
13.68
29.59
46.60
.30. 21
29. 72
30.40
69.67
20.82
16-41
38. 39
19.63
62. 72•
50. 77
34.5
46.12
32.36
26 .72
17.37 .
55. 73
46. 74
13.21
25.03
53.94
40.16
84. 21
36 . .91
29.10
32.12
22. 7
55.37
23.32
73.~
57.39
29.24
46 .68
32.30
51. 70
44. 73
d25. 73
53.10
45.14
11.46
31.33
27.00
d17.02
51.86
2,992
2,452
660
'87
3,954
700
1,435
57
22
1,555
23.40
58.52
8.64
25.29
39.33
91, 19
'2,361
1,104
745
230
a2,9 8
5,895
1,479
52,383
600
179,429
81,146
15,213
56
82
225
15
bl, 183
1,871
100
8,331
51
77,259
50,399
16. fi'l
2.37
7.43
30.20
:6.52
b39. 59
31. 74
6.76
1-5.90
8. 50
43.0.6
62.11
3,718
8,'612
1,401
876
1
3,835
43
5,504
.924
893
40.87
15,136
73,200
24.38
27 . 59
4,210
29.56
530
11.14
196
718
20
10,741
731
20.14
6.57
2.51
19.00
24.13
732
2,925
614
3,817
7,139
223
200
8.18
20.02
7,60
36.04
21.10
15.29
9.69
103
7,349
119
80
2. 77
'85.33
.8.49
-9.13
9
.'23
Lum ber and timber products _____ _
35,8
Metallic goods ... __ __. _____ . __ . ____ _
476
9,9
8.65
Millinery goods ___ ... ____ . ____ . ___ ..
2
84.6
91.-56
Mining, ore _____ .. . __ ._ .. _____ ... _..
'62,67il
Musical instruments____ . ___ . __ .. __ _
296
8,206
19.59
58
Paper .. ___ . __ ._ .. _. _____ ._. ___ . __ . __
'5,768
:1.1,479
4,211
73.01
Paper goods __ ._ ... __ . ___ . __ .. __ .. _.
5,214
1,649
3,220
61. 76
Planing mill products ___ .. _____ ·--45,191
73
478
15.27
Pottery ______ . ___ _......... ______ . __ _
8,410
12,030
3,252
38.67
Printing and publishing ______ . __ .. _
C 39, 747
d 35,434
d 3,454
d 8.69
Public works __ ... __ . __ .......... __ _
15,590
2
Railroad, canal, and road building_
68,227
Railroad transportation_ . _. _. _... _
102,184
4,104
166
4.04
Rope, twine, and bagging ___ . _____ _
6,743
1,903
2,393
35.49
Rubber goods __________ ._. ________ .
3,840
11,229
2,587
23.04
Shipbuilding __ . __________ ---······-_
C68
d43, 728
32,676
70, 741
21,473
30.35
Silk goods_. ___ - ----. - --- - . ······- ..
a Not including 38 establishments not reported.
b Not including 38 establishments in which number employed before strike was not reported.
cNot including 1 establishment not reported.
d Not including 1 establishment in which number employed before strike was not reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
91
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES OF EACH SEX BEFORE STRIKE IN ESTABLISHMENTS IN
WHICH STRIKES OCCURRED, AND NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES OF
• EACH SEX STRIKING, BY INDUSTRIES, 1887 TO 1905--Concluded.
Male.
Industry.
Em-
~~fu~~s
Strikers.
strike.
Slaughtering and meat packing ....
Smelting and refining ...... .. ......
Stone quarrying and cutting .......
Stoves and furnaces ....... .... .....
Street railway transportation ......
Streets and sewers .................
Telegr1;I'h and telephone ...........
Tin an sheet m etal goods .........
Tobacco: chewing and smoking ....
Tobacco : cigars and cigarettes .....
Trunks and valises .................
Typewriters, cash registers, and
sewing machines ..... .. ...........
Watches and clocks ................
Water trans~ortation ..............
Wooden goo s . ... ..................
;_i~g!ff!J~ii:.-.~::::: :: : ::: : : : : :: : : :
Female.
Percent
ofemployees
striking.
436,658
23,842
170,101
54,020
127,655
84,904
42,968
44,316
9,892
169,227
4,732
67,867
12,522
109,455
12,754
65, 72r
56,374
13,828
19,534
3,607
123,541
3,341
15.54
52.52
64.35
23.61
51.49
66.40
32.18
44.08
36.46
73.00
70.60
33,120
13,239
69,583
16,814
89,543
238,943
3,569
1,540
15,055
9,998
16,758
74,593
10. 78
11.63
21.64
59.46
18. 72
31.22
5,291,310
b 44. 91
'l'otal. ... . .................... an, 782,692
b
Employees
before
strike.
Strikers.
Per cent
ofemployees
striking.
2,812
8.91
31,577
------····--·-·····-- ---------72
----------- ---------211 ----------- ······----
77
1
9,411
4,334
9,571
90,368
365
2
2.60
·······g44" ···--io:03
2,072
4,647
41,045
93
47.81
48.55
45.42
• 25.48
4,837 "
.83.
40
275
4.04
6,805
277 ·······---- . ..... ..... .
473
903
52.3
71,798
12,976
18.07
90,402
12,988
14.37
al,452, 247
b
408,815
b 28.15
a Not including 40 establishments not reported.
b
ot including 40 establishments in which number employed before strike was not reported.
In the industries in which large numbers of employees of both sexes
are found the table shows that in a majority of industries a larger per
cent of the males than .of the females in the establishments involved
went on strike. In the manufacture of men's clothing 81.64 per cent
of the male employees and 43.06 per .cent of the female employ es
struck. In the manufacture of women's clothing 86.94 per cent of the
male employees and 62.11 per cent of the female employees st.ruck.
In cotton goods 29 .72 per cent of the male employees and 27.59 per
cent of the female employees struck. In the manufacture of cigars
and cigarettes 73 per cent of the male employees and 45.42 per cent
of the female employees struck. In hosiery and knit goods 13.21
per cent of the male employees and 15.29 per cent of the female
employees struck. The presentation of these data by States and
geographical divisions follows :
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
92
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES OF EACH SEX BEFORE STRIKE IN ESTABLISHMEN'.]'S IN
WHICH STRIKES OCCURRED, AND NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES OF
EACH SEX STRIKING, BY STATES AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, ~887 TO 1905. .
[See Table V, pages 480 to 485, for notes relating to g~neral strikes extending into two or more States.]
Male.
State and geographical division.
Em-
p~~~~s
Strikers.
Rtrike.
Alabama ..... .. .. ...... . ...........
Arizona ............................
Arkansas ..... . .. ...................
California ........ .. ....... .. .. . .. ..
Colorado .. . .... ............. : ......
Connecticut ........................
Delaware ...........................
Di strict of Columbia ...............
Florida .. ...........................
Georgia ....... ...... ... . . ..........
Idaho ............... •............. .
Jllinoi s .... ............. .. ......... .
Indiana ........ ................ .. ..
Indian Territory ...................
Iowa ....... ................. . ... . ..
Kansas .............................
E i~fs~~!~::::: :: :::::::::::::::: :::
Maine ....... .......... ... ....... ...
Ma ryland ..........................
Massachusetts .....................
Michigan ... ...... ... ... ... ... . .....
Minnesota .... ....... . ... . ..........
~:::~sit~i_•.·_·_ ·. ~::::::::::::::::::::
Montana ....... ....................
Nebraska .................. . .... .. ..
Nevada .... ...................... . ..
New Hampshire .. . .......... .......
New Jersey .........................
New Mexico ..... , ........ . ..... . ...
New York ..........................
North Carolina .....................
North Dakota ......................
Ohio ............................... .
Okla homa ..........................
0 regon .............................
Pennsylvania ......................
Rhode Island ......................
South Carolina .....................
South Dakota ...... .... .. ..........
Tennessee ......................... .
Texas ..............•.. . ........... . .
Utah ..... ........ . .................
Vermont ...........................
Virginia ...... .......... .... ... .....
Washington ..... .. .................
~r:Jo~!t~i.~ •. :::::::::::::::: ::: : :
Wyoming.. ... ...... .. .. .... ... . ... .
107,709
6,721
17,469
a205,028
115,845
188,572
40,455
8,478
94,219
55,883
4,313
2,194,068
322,917
9,041
73,337
a87,586
109,119
89,730
54,345
129,207
700,203
1.59,641
121,899
3,586
218,734
c25, 064
31, 501
243
34,992
370,540
8,350
e 1,885,281
8,996
766
765,920
1,108
22,538
2,719,978
93,663
5,728
1, 580
112,38.5
78,202
16,298
16,272
70,620
31,920
146,070
208,436
8,136
Total. ....................... )lll, 782,692
h
Employees
before
strike.
Strikers.
Per cent
of employees
striking.
61,362
3,018
10,268
b 72,664
73,522
43,930
4,440
4,847
74,238
24,284
3,554
685,866
143,487
6,625
53,150
b 26,521
58,054
63,191
18,358
43,460
233,930
71,728
64,044
2,274
114,119
d 13,108
18,207
240
8,757
136,205
3,539
/989,228
3,963
195
344,241
766
13,513
1,450,522
24,565
2,391
1,272
58,853
23,582
4,663
10,1&7
24,669
18,845
93,317
80,597
4,951
444
56.97
25
5. 63
44. 90
3 -·········58. 78
39
3 ······1:69
b 35. 44
all,219
b 46.17
b5,180
1,137
60.51
63. 47
1,879
23.30
55,203
7,067
12.80
2,143
28. 23
10.98
605
41 ----· -····· --- ------57.17
78. 79
14,960
7,489
50.06
43. 46
9,595
3,856
40.19
82. 40
33.33
3
1
31. 26
154,945
33,735
21. 77
44. 43
6,972
2,255
32.34
73. 28 ----------- ----·------ ---------·
72. 47
3,636
1,155
31. 77
b88
b30. 28
a 1,522
b5. 78
53. 20
4,702
2,001
42. 56
70. 42
9,191
1,980
21. 54
33. 78
17,623
3,306
18. 76
33. 64
17,448
4,756
27. 26
33. 41
346,903
81,023
23.36
44. 93
7,038
2,419
34.37
52. 54
2,694
22. 46
605
63. 41
203
46
22. 66
52.17
13,788
3,478
25. 22
c230
d 52. 30
d 134
d 58. 26
57.80
1,011
168
16. 62
98. 77 ------·-···
········-25.03
26,459 ·····s;4os"
12. 88
36. 76
102,352
29,637
28.96
42.38 ----------e 363,007 •"ji45; 247. ···no:oi
f 52. 47
612
44.05
146
23.86
25. 46
5
······---44. 94
43 ,014 •--·io; iiis •
23. 70
69.13
48
33.33
16
59. !!6
1,173
587
50.04
53.33
159,254
41,346
25.96
26. 23
48,809
7,280
14. 92
41. 74
736
398
54.08
80.51
12
3
25. 00
52.37
2"dl
1,501
14. 66
30.16
2,261
1,153
51. 00
28. 61
303
281
92. 74
62. 60
1, 468
501
34.13
34. 93
6,368
1,372
21. 55
747
59.04
394
52. 74
2,066
711
34. 41
63.89
38. 67
8,617
3,410
39.57
60.85 --------- -- ----·------ ----------
5,291,310
h
North Atlantic ........ .. .... .. ..... e 6,063,846 f 2,915,682
South Atlantic .....................
559,656
275,609
North Central. .... ..... ..... . .. . . . . a 4,186,385 b 1,603,427
South Central ..... . .. ...... . .......
528,349
284,975
i 444,456
'vVestern ............................
1211,617
a Not
b Not
c Not
Female.
Per cent
of employees
striking.
44. 91 gl ,452,247
h
408,815
h
48. 08 el,121 , 078
49. 25
.53, 969
b 38. 30
a 243,254
53.94
18,389
i47. 61
i 15,557
f
318,815
19,333
b57,509
5,444
j 7,714
/28. 44
35. 82
b 23. 64
29. 60
i 49. 59
f
including 1 establishment not reported.
including 1 est abli shment in which number employed befo re strike was not reported.
including 12 establishmPnts not reported.
d Not including 12 establishments in which number employed before strike was not reported.
e Not including 26 establishments not reported.
/Not including 26 establi shments in which number employed before strike was not reported.
u Not including 40 establishments not reported.
h Not including 40 establi shments in which number employed before st rike was not reported.
i Not including 13 establishments not reported.
J Not including 13 establishments in which num be r employed before strike was not reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
28.15
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
93
In the States where the largest number of labor disturbances
occurred the percentage of male employees striking was greater than
-that of the female employees. In New York 52.47 per cent of the
males employed in establishments involved and 40.01 per cent of
the females struck; in Pennsylvania, 53-.33 per cent of the males and
25.96 per cent of the females; in Illinois, 31.26 per cent of the males
and 21. 77 per cent of the females.
The portion of the table by geographical divisions shows that in
the Western division 47.61 per cent of the males employed in establishments involved struck and 49.59 per cent of the females. In
each of the other geographical divisions the percentage of males who
struc~ was much larger than that of the females.
SEX OF EMPLOYEES LOCKED OUT.
The three tables following present data for lockouts similar to that
·presented for strikes in the series of three tables preceding. These
three tables, like the three immediately preceding, cover the years
from 1887 to 1905 only. The first of the tables is a compilation by
years, the second by industries, and the third by States and geographical divisions. The table for years follows:
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES OF EACH SEX BEFORE LOCKOUT IN ESTABLISHMENTS
IN WHICH LOCKOUTS OCCURRED, AND UMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES
OF EACH SEX LOCKED OUT, BY YEARS, 1887 TO 1905.
Ma le.
Year.
1887 ........ . . -- . .. .. . .......... . ....
1888 . .. ........ ····· . ... - · ..... .. . ...
1889 ... ............. -·-·. ···· · · . .. .. .
1890 . .... . ..... .... .. -- ..............
1891. ... . .............. .. ..... . .. . ...
1892 ... _............. ... . . ... . . _. _. _.
1893 .............. .. ... .... . .. .... ...
1894 ............ _. .. .. ..... .. .. ... . ..
1895 . .. ...... ... ....... .... ......... .
1896 ...... _.... . .............•. . : ... . .
1897 .......... .. ......... . ...........
1898 . .. . . ...... ... . . .. -·· - .. .........
1899 .... ... ... .. .. - -... - - · .. · ....... 1900. ······· .. ... - .... . · . . ......... . ·
1901. .. . . .................... .. . .....
1902 ....... . ... . . ....... ······· .. . _-1903 . .. ········ · · .. . ..... ..... .......
1904 ..... . ........ ..... .... . ...... . ..
1905 ....... . .. · · ··· .......... .. .. . .. .
Total .......... ......... ......
Employees
before
lockout.
Employees
locked
out.
Female.
Percen t
of employees
locked
out.
Employees
before
lockout.
Employees
locked
out.
Per cent
of employees
locked
out.
70,108
18,087
9,846
21,252
29,140
37,859
28,494
33,178
13,430
9,086
7,814
16,350
17,545
78,118
24,132
26,772
133,718
66,134
93,812
54,G70
10,720
7,798
13,489
12,573
28,792
11,478
24,149
8,432
3,432
7,035
9,479
13,702
42,674
14,083
20,649
106,641
42,170
67,593
77.98
59 .27
79.20
63.47
43.15
76 .06
40.28
72 .79
62.78
37.77
90.03
57.98
78.10
54.63
58 .36
77.13
79 .75
63.76
72.05
4,081
3,251
3,614
7,109
13,928
1,843
4,907
5,178
5,151
1,651
907
2,499
1, ltl7
6,089
2,758
10,749
17,780
6,071
2,626
2,864
3,067
2,673
5,744
1,543
1,258
1,538
4,399
4,322
243
616
1,559
996
3,888
2,174
9, 655
5,691
2,738
881
70 .18
94.34
73.96
80.80
11.08
68.26
31.34
84.96
83 .91
14. 72
67.92
62.38
85 .35
63 .85
78.83
89 .82
32.01
45 . 10
33.55
734,875 1
499,559
67.98
101,359
55,849,
55.10
Considering the lockouts in the United States during the nineteenyear period from 1887 to 1905, 67.98 per cent of the male employees
and 55.10 per cent of the female employees in establishments involved
in lockouts were locked out. In 1905, the last year of the period
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REPORT OF THE ,.O0MM.ISSJ;0 ER OF LA.13O:R.
t;n:lV<esnigaitsii, 72.05 per oent o:f 'them.rule employees in .e~ablishu:ne:m.ts
..loc'l\louts ·were !l o6ked .Qut, while -3i.55 per .o nt of the
,O:Jved
females wer.e loeked ,OU t. 1n rune 011,t of ,t h e mneiiie6n y,emrs ;presented
ifue "!Jl>ffi' cen:t of female :emp=lo;Yees lock d out wa-s ·g;.reater iJhan he 1Jer
cerrt of male employees. The talif e sh@wi.ng t hese 1<ilata foT J.ockou ts
by induslbrietJ tro:llows:
m
m
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES OF EACH SEX BEFORE LOCKOUT I r ESTABLISHMENTS
r WHICH L0CK0UTS OC URRED, A: D 'N MB.ER AND PE'R ·CE T OF E'M'PLOYEES
OF EAUH SEX LOCKED OUT, BY INDUSTRIES, 18 7 TO 1905.
'Female.
'Male.
Industry.
Employees
before
lockout.
Agricultural implements. .. ........
Automobiles and bicycles ..... .....
Bakery ... .. . ........ .... ... ....... .
Blaokmnithing and hol'Seshoeing...
Boots and shoes. . ....... ... .. .... . .
fuass and b.rass.gooda.. . . . . . . . . . . .
Brewing............................
B.rick.i1nd tiJe......................
Brooms and brushes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building trades ........ .. .. ........
Carbuilfilng......... ... . . .... ......
Carpets.............................
Carriages and wagons .. ........ ....
19,503
294
90
263,575
5,097
J.,553
1l, 882
oal and coke . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Confectionery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
g~i~t ~~:~,·s·::'.::::::::::::::
Employees
locked
out.
Per cent
•Of
em-
ployees
locked
out.
31.16
6.89
7'4.44
94. 68
66.35
10. 48
37. 79
77. 21
100. 00
81. 85
33. 20
88.99
83. 36
71, 99
63
359
132
1,957
l,J.22
15,0 6
.22
7,371
227
90
215,737
1,692
1,382
3,236
1
~: ~
57,877
7
90.16
84. 35
1,152
,1,917
2,629
1,185
22,737
210
~:~
~:11
EmJJlo?,Tees
before
lockout.
Employe{}S
locked
out.
Per cent
of em-
p loyees
locked
out.
............... ..... ..... . . . .. . .
.......... . . ···· -· ·· ··· ....... .
89.85
735
818
··--10;394· ···-·1;034· ..... i/1:iif
............................... .
. 20
506
.......... .......... ... . ....... .
. .... .......................... .
81. 74
300
367
.... . .. . ...... . ..... .. ... .. .... .
88.-36
2,300
2,603
27. 14
38
140
2
t~!
~l~
foJ~
80. 39 .... . . .. ....... . . . -· ....... -· .. .
22. 1
13
57
11. 11
·~c>ole;.; goods·.·.·.· ::::::: ........ ~~~ ......... ~~~ ..... ~~-.~~ . ::::::::::: :::::::: :: : ::::: :: :::
ggrri~a:id
·64.49
5,744
·8,907
fJ8.52
6,407
9,350
Oottongoods .. ... . .................
Cutlery and edge tools ... ..........
Domestic service ...... ... . ....... . .
Electric and gas aJ:IParatUB and
sqpplies ............ ..... .. . . . . . . .
Electric light and ·power...... . . . . .
Flour mill produots... ... ..........
Foundry and machine shop........
F.reight hand.ling and teaming.....
Furnishing goods, men's .. . . .......
:Flu.vniture and uphol11tering........
Gla-ss ...............................
loves and mittens................
Hardware..........................
HOJ.ID.ess and -Baddlery. _. . . . . . . . . . . .
Hats and ca.ps.......................
Eiosiery !tnd :knit goods. . . . . . . . . . ...
lton·and11te.e1 ....... . . - ............
omvork, ornamental . . . . . . . . . . . .
J.e..welry and silverware..............
Laund ry work. ..... .. .. ...........
Lca.t1ler ............. .... --· . . . . . . . . . .
Lime and cement ... .. . ·-··-- ..........
Lithographing ...... . ........ ..... .
Lumbcrand'timberproduots ... ...
M.e.tnd.lic goods.......................
2,358
065
2,126
814
4,079
249
130
23,204
.26, 410
657
20, 7!l6
21,11-74
10,230
2,S09
307 .
13, 2"54
4fil
14, 822
1, 1:10
1., 625
190
6, 507
400
10,265
2,522
2, 706
2,549
50
82
12,744
14, 2 8
412
6,682
11,300
1,217
782
M:osical instmmnents..
Fu.per. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pa.pr goods........................ _
Planing mill products..............
Pottery... .... .....................
Printing and publishing ...... .... ..
P.ublic -wo.rks.. . . . . . . . . ... . ... . . . . . . . .
Railroad transportation. .... ......
RoJ)e, :twine, ·and bagging..........
Rub bro: goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slti-pbuilding......... . ........ ·-··....
Silk goods.... .. ....................
Slaughtering and ·meat paaking....
Smelting and refining......... .... .
,76(1
!111
3,469
2,590
15,671
lQO
·371 •
985
766
2,197
3,279
19,800
3,099
no
10, 62
451 ,
8,223
430
1,553
110
5,857
400
2,914
2,473
WO
42
264
402
230
93 .. 93
87.12
32.26
62. 49
155
50
20. 08
2
63. 07 ............................ ... .
•54. 92
17.39
23
54.10
8
41. 21
62. 71
1,041
429
32.13
383
52.62
1,923
5.30
102
11. !JO
B,.920
.166
33. 87
12
7..23
3 .76
l2
80. 19
5,284
84.27
4,<l53
100. 00
100. 00
794
.794
57.42
126
37. 72 . ·- ·-·· ·- ···· .................... .
95. 57
13 .. 39
34
• 254
57.•89
69.:59
50
730
90. 01
13 .................. ·-.
100. 00
28.39 ··-· ··--asf :: :::: :::: : ::: :::::::
98.06 ,___ _ _ , .. ..... . . .... ....... .
23. O
15
65
36. ·59
·-· •···~;2a9 • •••• ·iiJ:os· .. ·- .. ~'.~ . .... .~'.~ .. ... ~~~ ~
::: :::::~: ••• •••4;aoo·
~~~%~g~~~.·.·.·.·.·::::::
10.•!12
5
48
7 . ~6
4,521
5, 762
. . . . ..... ....
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
764
858
2,3 5
3,889
J.00
'90 •
168 •
516
.2,070
3,257
2,562
2,39
100. 00
10
10
100. 00
11 .................... .
57.14
1 .. ................... .
24.,73
86. 75
799
921
92. 08
14.17
584
4,120
24.82
100. QO ............... ··- · ............ .... .
·2 .. .................. .
·24: 26
,7 95
91
1,145
17. 06
·66.-67
100
150
67. 36
94..22 ... - · ...................... . ... .
97. 12
• 3,679
3,788
99. 3"3
62..28
710
1,140
12. 94
77. 38 .. .... . .. . ... .. ........ ... .. ... .
95
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTW:N AND DISCUSSION.
NUM BER 0-F EMPLOYEES O!F EACH SEX BEFORE LOCKOUT IN ESTABLISHMENT£
'IN WHICH L0CKOUTS OCCURRED, A D NUMBER AND PER CENT OF 'EMPLOYEES
-OF EACH SEX LOCKED -OUT, BY INDUSTRIES, 1887 TO 1905--Concluded.
Female.
Ma le.
Industry.
Stone .quarrying and cutting .......
Stoves and furnaces ................
Stree.t r ailwa-y transportation ......
Streets and .sewers ............. ....
Telegraph and telephone ...........
Tin .and sh~et metal goods .........
Tob.acco: chewing and smoking ... .
Tobacco: cigars and cigarettes . . ..
Typewriters, -cash registers, aind
sewing machines .................
W.atdhes and clocks ...... . . . ...... .
Water transportation ... ... ........
Employees
before
lockout.
Em-
Y~~~~s
out.
Per cent
of employees
l@cked
out.
21,308
2,834
525
Ml.scellaneous ................ . . .. ..
674
1,334
1,463
1,447
7,785
4,496
1,()3l:l
255
7,013
2,938
77.89
45. 43
71. 02
17.62
1:JO. 08
65.35
Total .........................
734,875
499,559
67.98
fv.g~fe~l~ l~ ·_ -_ -. •. ~::::::::::::::::
0
50
67
1,226
1,474
10,447
606
Pi;
Employees
.locked
out.
57
8L04
63
20 -----·--·-50. 40
15. 80 ------- --- - --- ------ -83.33 ----------- ---- --·---48. 55
10 -------·--55.70
200 ... ..• •503 .
77. 25
1,10
77.24
4,732
7,033
26,294
5,623
2, 7!1G
60
138
2,201
1,908
13,526
434
Emoyees
eforc
lockout.
3
291
14
----------5,1.)65
Per cent
of emloyees
ocked
out
¥
so. 4
----------
----- ------ ----- -----------•• •··45:40
67.i8
------------- ------25. 77
75
--------__ ________ ., -- --------
1,041
5,420
• 7-59
101,359
55,849
--- -------
'90.86
72. 49
55.10
In the industries in which a ~ompax.a tively large number of both.
males and females are employed, the per cent of females locked out was
in many cases equal to, or greater than, that of the males. Sueh
industries are boots and shoes, women's clothing, hats and caps, and
woolen goods. In the manufacture of men's clothing 78.15 per cent
of the male employees and 42.62 per cent of the female employees in
the est.abiishments involved were lo~ked otit. The presentation by
States.and geographical divisions follows :
NUMBER -OJi' EMPL-OYEES OF EACH SEX BEFORE LOCKOUT IN ESTABLIBHMENTS
lN WHICH LOCKO TS OCCURRED, A D NUMBER AND PER CENT OF E'.MPL-OYEES
OF EACH SEX LOCKED OUT, BY STATES AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1887 TO
1905.
ISee Table XVII, pages 738 to 741, for notes relating to genual lockouts extending into two or more
States.]
Female.
Male.
State and geographical division.
Alabama ....... ·- .... ... . .. .. ... . .
Arizona ..... .................. .... .
&!"itt~~~·.·.·.-.-::
:: ::: :::::: :~::: ::::
Colorado ... . ............... .. •... . . .
Connreticut . . . ....... __ ........... .
Delaware ..... . ... ............. .... .
Dist1ict of Columbia .............. .
Florida .............. _...... .. ..... .
Georgia ............... .. .......... .
Idaho ......... . .. ........ ..... ... . .
I llinois ............ ............ .... .
Indiana . ......... ....... . . ........ .
Indian 'l'erritory .................. .
I owa . . ..... . ..... .... ............. .
Kansas ............. .. . ... ........ . .
fi~:~~!::::::::::: :::::::::::::::
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Em_ployees
before
lockout.
1,107
23
136
·6,949
4,882
16,395
188
444
10,635
6,428
3,000
229,595
9,141
1,000
2,977
4,844
2,577
2,021
Em-
~~~k:S
ou:t,
847
15
102
4,553
3,836
13, 561
188
252
8,597
5,128
3,000
160,488
3,937
732
2,277
2,326
1,296
1,286
Per cent
ofemploy-ees
locked
out.
76. 51
65 ..22
75. 00
65.52
78.57
82. 71
100. 00
56. 76
80.84
79. 78
Employees
locked
<mt.
4
653
131
4, 67
lfo~fr:J
out.
67. 99
.25.95
89.3.8
7 . .. . . ............... .
1, 864
1,361
73. 02
3,178
3, 136
98. 68
100. 00
69 . 90
43.07
73.20
76.49
48.02
50.29
63.63
444
~4
4.,350
Per een.t
ofem-
10, 229
472
6,964
56
68.08
11.86
252
163
64. 68
413
mo
46. 00
63 ........... ········· ·
96
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF L ABOR.
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES OF EACH SEX BEFORE LOCKOUT IN ESTABLISHMENTS
IN WHICH LOCKOUTS OCCURRED, AND NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES
OF EACH SEX LOCKED OUT, BY STATES AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1887 TO
1905-Concluded.
Male.
State and geographical division.
Malne ... . ..........................
Maryland .. .... . ...................
Massachusetts .....................
~~~ils:i ~ ~::: :::::::::::::::::::::
Missouri .. .............. . . .. ...... ..
Montana ...........................
Nebraska ..........................
New Hampshire . .. .............. . ..
New Jersey .........................
rew Mexico .... ....................
New York ..... .....................
North Carolina .....................
North Dakota ......................
Ohio .. ... ........ . ................ . .
Oklahoma ..........................
~~~t~~iv~ia:. •.•.•.•.• _-::::::::::::::::
Rhode Island ......................
South Carolina .....................
South Dakota ........... . ..........
Tennessee ..........................
Texas ...... . . ......................
Utah .............................. .
Vermont .. ................ . ........
Virginia ..... .......... . ............
~r:£?fil~~~~ ~:::::::::::::::::::::
Wyoming . .........................
Employees
before
lockout .
4,453
2,224
36,397
8,153
5,543
8,094
1,470
2,891
2,498
19,308
200
181,634
1,586
10
23,362
560
615
90,138
8,109
1,632
73
3,604
2,421
345
8,153
3,4.05
2,239
1,342
11, 743
331
Female.
Percent
of emloyees
~ocked
out.
Em-
y~~k~8J
out.
3,676
1,447
21,019
4,173
2,091
2,635
939
2,518
1,284
14,519
200
134,357
777
5
14,385
4.07
600
51,884
7,887
770
73
1,931
1,756
329
8, 058
2,890
1,760
590
3,847
331
Employee~
before
l ockout.
Percent
of em-
Employees
l ocked
out.
Y~?;::
out.
82. 55
75
15. 4.6
~85
65.06
250
100. 00
250
57. 75
4,766
44.53
10,704
51.18
276
110
39. 86
37. 72
270
129
47. 78
32.55
1,433
36. 85
528
63.88 . - . --- - ---. ----··----- --- ··· ····
87.10
82.11
369
303
37.54 ·
220
51.40
586
75.20
83.65
4,104
3,433
100. 00 .......... .. . ......... --- --- ---73.97
43,161
40.07
17,294
48.99
37.25
1,275
475
2 ----------- --· · ······
50.00
61.57
78.62
2,549
2,004
72.68
2
2
100.00
97. 56
100. 00 ·
4ZO
4ZO
57. 56
37. 72
1,926
5,106
5,490
97.26
100. 00
5,4£0
47.18
16. 71
~01
67
100.00 ----- -- ---- --------- -- --- -···· -·
53.58
76.92
130
100
16
13
72. 53
81.25
95.36 ----------- --- ---- --- - ---------98. 83 ···-·----·· -- --· ------ ----- ----1,426
84. 88
98.62
1,446
78. 61
25. 00
40
10
1.89
53
1
43. 96
16.57
32. 76
658
109
100. 00 -- ------ --- --·--- ---- - -------- ·-
Total. . ............. .. . . ......
734,875
499,559
67.97
101,359
55,849
North Atlantic .....................
South Atlantic . ... . ................
North Central. .....................
South Central. .....................
Western ............................
367,085
27,884
306,426
13,426
20,054
256,245
20,639
198, 755
8, 357
15,563
69.81
74.02
64. 86
62.24
77. 61
74,503
8,474
16,923
215
1,244
37,554
6,716
10,556
115
908
I
I
55.10
50. 41
79.25
62.38
53.49
72.99
In the States where lockouts are of most freque·n t occurrence the
percentages of male and female employees locked· out are as follows:
In ew York, in those establishments involved in lockouts, 73.97 per
cent of male employees and 40 .07 per cent of female employees were
locked out; in Pennsylvaina, •57 .57 per cent of the males and 37 .72
per cent of the females; in Illinois, 69.90 per cent of the males and
68.08 per cent of the females. In the South Atlantic division, 74.02
per cent of the male employees and 79.25 per cent of the female
employees in establishments involved in lockouts were locked out.
In each of the other geographical divisions the per cent of males
exceeded the per cent of females.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
97
CHAPTER I.-INTROJ?UCTION AND DISCUSSION.
SEX OF EMPLOYEES THROW
OUT OF WORK.
In the next series of three tables the sex of the employees thrown out
of work by labor disturbances in establishments in which disturbances occurred is .s hown for both strikes and lockoi.its by years, by
industries, and by States and geographical divisions. These tables
cover the entire twenty-five years from 1881 to 1905. The table
showing these data by years follows:
SEX OF EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT OF WORK IN ESTABLISHMENTS IN WHICH
STRI KES AND LOCKOUTS OCCURRED , BY YEARS, 1881 TO 1905.
Employees thrown out of work by strike.
Per cent of
each sex.
Number.
Year.
Male.
1881 _. ___ .. _. ___ _ 121,857
142,535
1882._ -- _-------.
131,283
1883 ___ --------· 1884 _____________
130,559
1885. ______ ______
213,013
1 6 •.. _·----- --437,777
1887_. ___..... ___
348,420
1888 __ ·- _----- -- _ 135,156
1889._ ---- - --- -- _ 225,804
1890 ______ ···- - -318,613
1891. ____ _- - . _...
283,681
193,376
1892 ... _·-·····- 247,471
1893 ____ --·-· ··-·
1894. ____ . __ . _·-.
595,300
1895 . ___ . _. _. __ . _ 331,827
1896. __ ..... __ . _.
210,001
363,000
1 97 ....... .. _. _.
1898 .. . _.. _.... -· a213,604
1899 . ___ .. __ . -·· .
372,942
478, 791
1900 __ __ ·-·- -····
1901 __ . _... _.... _ 508,083
617,241
1902 •.. _--- · -··-·
1903 ... __ .. _-- . _.
588,785
471,942
1904 ____ ··· · ··--1905 __ _.. _.. _.. __
201,782
Female.
7,664
12,136
18,480
16,495
29,692
70,267
31,256
12,548
23,755
33,331
15,258
13,295
18,443
65,125
60,576
31,169
45,391
a35,398
44,130
26,275
35,303
42,551
67,270
45,269
19,904
Employees thrown out of work by
lockout.
Total.
Male.
i J:1;.
Number.
Male-
I J;
Fe1-e_ Total. Male. male.
5.92
545
129,521 94-08
110
655
154,671 92.15
7.85
3,875
256
4,131
149, 763 87.66 12.34 15,093
5,419 20,512
147, 054 88. 78 11.22 14,302
3,819 18, 121
242,705 87. 77 12.23 12,920
2,504 15,424
508,044 86.17 13.83 64,263 37,717 101,980
379,676 91. 77
8.23 56,507
3, 123 59,630
147,704 91.50
8.50 12,070
3,106 15,176
249,559 90.48
9.52
7,931
2,800 10,731
351,944 90.53
9.47 15,626
5,929 21,555
298,939 94.90
5. 10 18, 339 12,675 31,014
6. 43 30,741
1,273 32,014
206,671 93 . 57
6.94 18,555
3,287 21,842
265,914 93.06
660,425 90.14
9.86 25, 158
4,461 29,619
9,916
4,869 14, 785
392,403 84.56 15.44
7,668
241,170 87.08 12-92
6,897
771
672
7,091 ;
7,763
408,391 88.89 11.11
a249,002 a85_ 78 al4.22 12,632
1,585 14,217
1,008 14,817
417,072 89-42 10.58 13,809
4,281 62,653
5. 20 58,372
505,066 94.80
2,292 20,457
6. 50 18,165
543,386 93 . 50
9,661 31,715
659,792 93 . 55
6.45 22,054
656,055 89_ 75 10.25 117,196 14,583 131, 779
8. 75 53,195
3,409 56,604
517,211 91.25
1,034 80,748
221,686 91.02
8.98 79, 714
Total.. _._ a7,882,843 a820,981 as, 703, 824 a90.57
a 9. 43
Per cent of
each sex.
j694, 966 130,644 825, 610
---83. 21
93.80
73.58
78.93
83. 77
63.02
94. 76
79.53
73. 91
72.49
59.13
96-02
84.95
84.94
67.07
89.95
91.34
88-85
93-20
93.17
88.80
69.54
88.93
93.98
98. 72
~ . 18
16. 79
6. 2026.42
21.0T
16.23:
36.985.24
20. 41"
26.09,
27.51
40.87
3.9~
15.05
15. 0632.93
10.05
8.66
11.15
6.80
6. 83'
11.20
30:46-
11.07
6.02
1.28
15. 82
a Not including 33 establishments not reported.
Considering the totals for the twenty-five-year period from 1881 to
1905, 90.57 per cent of the employees thrown out of work by strikes
were males and 9.43 per cent were females. Of the employees thrown
, out of work by lockouts 84.18 per cent were males and 15.82 per cent
were females. In 1905, the last year covered by the investigation,
91.02 per cent of the employees thrown out of work by strikes were
males and 8.98 were females, while of the employees thrown out of
work by lockouts 98.72 per cent were males and 1.28 per cent were
females . The table showing the data by industries follows.
309B-07-7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
98
REPORT OF THE COMMIS;SIONER OF LABOR.
OUT OF WORK IN ESTA.RLISHME TS IN WHICH
SEX OF EMPLOYEES THROW
STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS OCCURRED, BY INDUSTRIES, 1881 TO 1905.
Employees thrown out of work
by lockout.
Employees thrown. out of work by
strike.
Per cent of
each sex.
Nu:mber.
Industry.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Per cent of
each sex.
Number.
FeFe- Male. Fe- Total. M
· Male. male.
ale. male.
male.
I
------
Agricultural imple22,112
22,942
ments ...... .. . .....
830
13,227
1,525
Agriculture ...........
11,702
Auto::noblles and bi57
9,016
9,073
cycles ....... ..... -- ·
Awnings, tents, and
374
22
sails ............... .
352
Bakery ...............
30,723 • 1,808
32,531
Blacksmithing and
horseshoeing .......
7,576 ..........
7, 576
42,126
160,059
Boots and shoes ..... .
117,933
13,729
336
Brass and brass goods
13,393
18, 177
110
Brewing ___ ---·._.-· ..
18,067
89,915
90,410
495
Brick and tile .... ....
2,050
70
Brooms and brushes ..
1,980
Building trades.. ..... aI,082,037 al, 662 aI ,083, 69!)
Canning and preserv9,164
2,653
6,511
ing ........ ·- ········
Ca,r building_. _.......
89,167
89,277
110
66,109
29,007
Carpets .... -· .........
37,102
182
Carriages and wagons.
23,351
23,169
Clothing, men's. . - · ...
301,676 157,383
459,059
157, Ill
232, L54
75, 043
Clothing, women's.-·_
2,460,743
Coal and coke-... -··-· 2,460,743
Collins and undertakers' goods .. ........
916 --------9-16
1,637
1,183
2 820
Confectionery .... -· ..
Cooperage ... . _. ......
27,471
21; 4'T4
3
Cotton and woolen.
goods .... --· ...... __
34,545
30, 383
64,928
Cotton goods . .. _.....
135,435 142,035
277, 4.70
2!)6
Cutlery and edge tools
8,4.02
8,106
Domestic service .. __ .
32,21.2
4,423
27,789
Electric and gas apparatos an.d supEfe~i:ic· • ii"ihi-••imci •
6,028
740
4,371
4,527
------- -196
96.38
88. 47
3. 62
11.53
99. 37
.63
94.12
94.44
5.88
5.56
1,239 . .......
1,239 100.00 .- . . ... .
----- -- ------- ------- -------
152 100.00
100.00 ·····-- 1,141 ------- 1,141
73.68 26.32 28,232 13,416 41,648
2. 45
246
97.55
246 -- ----. 61 7 562
99.39
1 7, 563
!)9.45
.55 2,391 -- ----- 2,391
3. 41
96.59
90 .......
90
a99.85 a .15 245,452
310 245,762
100.00 ------67. 79 32. 21
100.00 .......
99.99
.01
100.00 ...... .
100.00 .. . ....
-·~~J .... ~~~
28.95
.12 3,452
3,452
43.88 1,392 2,325 3,717 1~: ~ I •• 62.-55
2.
. 78 3, 44.-4
102 3,546 97. 12
65. 72 34. 28 27,234 23,872 51,106 53.29 46. 71
67.68 32. 32 4,194 3,638 7,832 53.55 46. 45
100.00 ~- . . - . - 70, 449 .... --- 70,449 100.00 ------71. 05
99.88
56.12
99.22
100. 00. _...... ........ -- ···· · -41.95 58. 05
13
7
.01 1,203 -- --- -99.99
53.21
48. 8-1
!)6.48
86.27
-------- --- -- -- ----20 35.00 65.00
1,203 100.00 .......
46. 79
51.19
3.52
13. 73
25
103
78
9,946 10,06! 20,010
2,438
434 2,922
836
230 1,066
89.07
10.93
2,650
4, 371 100.00
4,723 95. 85
------4.15
6,768
···· ·- ·
------- . - -. -- ---- --- ----------------1,998
736 2,734 73.08 26.92
152 -------
50
50 .. . ....
82 .......
2,700
24.27
49. 71
I
75. 73
50.2!)
14. 5
85.
42 21.5
78. 151
9 .151
1.85
50 100.00, .. .....
82 100.001•• ··· ·-
Ffo~~1i p~octlicis:::
Foundry andmachin.e
.48 16,653
281,349
1,357
4 16,657 99. 9
282, 706 99.52
.02
shop •••. ·--·········
Freight handling- and
I
teaming. __ _. __ __ - ·_
275, 388
95
.03 15,777 ... ... 15,777 100.00 .......
275,483 9!).97
Furnishing go o d s ,
I
men's .... . : .. .. .. ...
12, 120
30,297 40.00 00. 00
851 14, 096 14,947
18,177
5. 691 94. 31
Furniture and upholstcring..............
co, 673 1,196 61,869 9 . 07 1.93 11,413 ------- 11. 413 100.00 ... ....
Gas ...................
5,618
5,618 100.00
-------- -- --Glass .. .... ... ........
129,608
5,823
4.30 25, 694 1, 12 27,506 93. 41
135,431 95. 70
6.59
Gl,wes and mittens ...
6,504
15,898 40.91 59.09 10,217 8,806 19, ()?..3
4.6.29
9,394
Hardware ...... ......
35, 746
1,316
3.55 3,8i7
37,062 96.45
74 3,901
1. 90
Harness andsaddlery.
2.44
8,570
8,784 97.56
119 -- --- -214
119 100. 00 ...... .
1 27. 55
Ilats and caps ........
35,022
44,617 78.49 21.51 13,209 5, 023 18,232 72 . 451
9,595
Hosiery- and knit
goods . ..............
9,5 7
28,428 33.72' 66. 28 5,490 9,036 14,526 37. 79 62 . 21
18,841
1,272
.29 17,9&1
435,375
436,647 99. 71 ,
. 12
Iron and steel.-· . . --·
21 1 ,005 gg._ 88
Ironwork, ornamen4,173 ------- -t 1. -· .. -· .. . . .......
4,173 100.00 . . . ....
430 --- -- -430 100.00 -- ----J°ewelry and silverware . . . .... ........ .
7,495
1,175
34 1,587 97.86
8,670 86.45 13. 55 1,553
2.14
Laundry work. . ......
3,421
11,201 30.54 69. 46
189 1,430 1, 619 11. 67
.33
7,780
Leather.___ .. .... -· ... .
28, 92
29,428 98.18
536
1. 82 7,827 ------- 7,827 100.00 -- ----1,334 93.55
86
6.45 --- --- - --- ---- ------- ------- -- ----Leather £oods ........ - 1,248
Lime an cement .....
7,573 --·-----7,573 100.00 -- --- -- 1,675 -- ---- - 1,675 100.00 ----- -Lithographing. .. . ....
2.09
3,156
3,264 96.69
108
3.31 8,651
.185 8,836 97. 91
Lumber and timber
products....... .....
70, 143
70,172 99.96
29
.04 3,454 ---- -·- 3,454 100.00 -- ----Metallic goods ........
15,198
15,728 96. 63
1.13
3.37 1,311
15 1,326 98.87
530
274
Millinery goods .. .....
1, 190 23.03 76. 97 ------- 2,000 2,000 -- ----- 100.00
916
Mining, ore ... ........
93,658 ----- -- -4,260 100.00 -- --- -93,658 100.00 ------- 4,260
. 16
144
.80 5,113
Musical instruments..
17, 17
5,121 99.84
17,961 99.20
1.29
Paper ....... .... .....
15,731
774. 98. 71
20,338 77.35 22. 65
764
4, 607
10
a I nclud ing 1 strike involving nearly all industri es in New Orleans, the principal industry affected
being building trades, but not including 33 establishments not reported .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
iti51
.. ····s
99
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
SEX OF EMPLOYEES THROWN O UT OF WORK I
ESTABLISHME TS IN WHICH
STRIKES A D LOCKOUTS OCCURRED, BY I DUSTRIES, 1881 TO 1905-Concluded.
Employees thrown out of work by
. strike.
Male.
Paper goods ..........
Planing mill products.
Pottery...............
Printing and publishing..................
Public works ...... . ..
Railroad, canal, and
road building .......
Ra41road transportation ................
Rope, twine, and bagging ................
Rubber goods ........
Shipbuilding. .. ..... ..
Silk goods ............
SlaughteTing
and
meat packing .......
Smelting and r e ~ .
Stone q ua.rrying an
cutting .... .. . ......
Stoves and furnaces...
Street railway transportation ...........
Streets and sewers ....
Telegraph and telephone ...............
Tin and sheet metal
goodi. ...............
Tobacco: chewing and
smoking ..... .......
Tobacco : cigars and
cigarettes ......... .
Trunks and valises ...
Typewriters, cash registers, and sewing
machines ....... . ...
Watches and clocks ..
Water transportation
Wooden goods........
W oolcn goods ........
Miscellaneous ..... _...
Per cent of
each sex.
Number.
Industry.
Female.
Employees thrown out of work
by lockout.
Total.
Per cent of
each s x.
Number.
Fe- M
Fe- Total. Male. FeMale. male.
male.
~male.
I
2,464
66, 089
19, 124
3,466
620
4,779
5, 930
66,709
23,903
41. 55
99.07
80.01
58.45
.93
19.99
20
46
1,594 .......
3,597 1, 023
66 30.30
1,594 100.00
4,620 77.86
··22:i4
50,313
23,094
..........
8,158
58,471 86.05
23,094 100.00
13.95
4,524
5,204
6.93
13.07
91,-604
·-·---···
91,604
218,136
167
218,303
4, 365
5,181
11,037
7,827
64,064 . . - ... ·-.
46,224
47,694
-
9,546
18 864
64,064
93,918
680
69. 70
100 100.00 --·····
100 ·····-•••·•••
100.00 -······ ........ ······- --·---- ---·· ·· ·····-·
99.92
.08
45. 73 54.27
5 . 51 41.49
100.00 ----···
49.22 50. 78
901·······
345
625
516
100
2, 267 ... ....
3, 8251 4, 254
90 100.00
--·----
970 35.57 64.43
616 83. 77 16.23
2, 267 100.00 .........
8,079 47.34 52.66
142, 451 ..........
40,052
21
4.12
930 22,555 95.88
2,908 100.00 .. ......
2:::1· ... -~;
24,518 99. 77
.2.1
142,451 100.00 -- ---- 40,073 99.95
.05 7,0441······· 7,044 100.00 ........
123,553
4
70,682 .........
123,557 100.00 (a)
70,682 100.00 ........
126, 357
18,069
3,632
129, 9 9 97.21
18, 069 100.00
2. 79 21,625
···-···
1,.696 .......
60 .......
1,696 100.00
60 100.00
751 100.00
··. .......
·-···
21,272
1,350
22,622
94.03
5.97
75 ..... ..
24,997
2, 117
27,114
92.19
7.81
1,558 .........
1,558 100.00 .... . ..
7,437
7, 969
15,406
48.27
51.73
1, 474
1, 977
74.56
25.44
186,221
4,422
95,669
167
281 , 890
4, 5 9
66.06
96.36
33.94 30, 300 17,316 47,616 63.63
3.64 ------- --···-- -----·- . . ·-
36.37
9,537
3,128
50,729
12, 948
44,227
105,252
663
746
4
1, 068
10,200
3, 874
50,733
14, 016
77,940
124,895
93.50
80. 74
99.99
92.38
50. 71
84.27
6.50
19.26
.01
7.62
43.20
15. 73
525 100.00
891 85.97
1,264 99.68
255 100.00
6,386 14,463 55.85
772 4,300 82.29
........
84.18
15.82
33,713
19,643
Total .......... . b7,882, 843 b820, 981 b8 , 703,824 b 90. 57
503
-- - ..... ...
525
766
1, 260
255
8, 077
3,588
-·····125
4
----- --
- -- -
b9. 43 694,966 130,644 825,610
14.03
. 32
44. 15
17. 71
a Less than 0.01 per cent.
b ot including 33 estn blishments not r('ported.
In the industries where the largest numbers of employees ~ere
thrown out of work by strikes most of the employees thrown out
were males. But in such industries as coal and coke, building trades,
iron and steel, railroad transportation, and street railway transportation very few females are employed. In 11 of the 82 industries
more than half of the employees thrown out of w()rk by strikes were
females. These industries were confectionery; cotton goods; men's
furnishing goods; gloves and mittens; hosiery and knit goods; laundry work; millinery goods; paper goods; rope, twine, and bagging;
silk goods, and tobacco (chewing and smoking). For the percentages in each industry, both for strikes and lockouts, the reader is •
referred to the table. The corresponding data, by States and geographical divisions, are given in the following table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
SEX OF EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT OF WORK IN ESTABLISHMENTS IN WHICH
STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS OCCURRED, BY STA'l'ES AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS,
1 1 TO 1905.
[See 'l'ables V, pages 480 to 485, and XVII, pages 738 to 741, for notes relating to genera l strikes or
lockouts extending into two or more States.]
.
..
Employees thrown out of work by
strike.
Percent of
each sex.
Number.
Sta f~a~d~Jl;?!~~phMale.
Female.
Employees thrown out of work by
lockout.
Total.
Per cent of
each sex.
Number.
Fe- Ma le. F e- Total. Male. FeMa le. male.
male.
male.
- -- - - - - -
- - ---
-------
80, 068
80,151 99. 90
0.10
887 -- - -·· ·
887 100. 00
Alabama ........... ..
83
4, 324 100. 00 . . .....
4, 324 -········
15 .......
15 100. 00 --·····
Arizona ..............
13
11, 323 99. 89
102 ------102 100. 00 . ....... .
Arkansas .. .. .... .....
11, 310
.11
102,880 94. 34
97,058
5. 66 7, 326
713 8, 039 91.13
8.87
5,822
California .. ........ . ..
1. 24 4,030
. 84
92,276
1,159
93,435 98. 76
34 4, 064 99.16
Colorado .............
75,456
20,854
96,310 78. 35 21. 65 19, 306 6,850 26, 156 73. 1 26.19
Connecticut .... .. .. ..
9,832 84. 87 15. 13
188
188 100. 00 ----···
8,344
1,488
Delaware .. ...........
12
11, 425
11, 437 99-90
.10
382 ------382 100. 00 ------·
District of olumbia ..
4. 76 15. 24
15,204
98,673 84. 59 15. 41 10, 057 1 808 11, 65
83,469
F'lorida .... ...........
31,043
5,797
36, 840 84. 26 15. 74 6, 109 4, 090 10, 199 59. £0 40.10
Georgia ..... .... .... ..
4, 084
1
4, 085 99. 98
.02 3 000 ------- 3 000 100. 00 ..........
Idaho ................
44,506 1,207, 000 96. 31
3. 24
Illinois ......... ... . . . 1,162,494
3. 691211, 202 7,0 3 218, 2 5 96. 76
222,496 9 . 21
218,503
1.79 4,574
56 4,630 98. 79
1. 21
3,993
Indfana . ........ ..... .
7,603 100. 00 ··•···.
732 100. 00 ------·
7,603
India n Territory .....
732
77,715
79,515 97. 74 • 2. 26 3, 165
1, 00
4. 90
Iowa .... ............ ..
163 3, 328 95.10
36,827
164
36; 991 99. 56
. 44 4,690
413 5,103 91. 91
Kansas ......... . .... .
8. 09
2,118
Kentucky ... ..........
67,816
69,934 96. 97
3. 03 2, 043
3 2,046 99. 85
.15
85,152
2,749
87,901 96. 87
Louisian a ..... ...... ..
3. 13 1,596 ···---- 1,596 100. 00
30,874
42,407 72. 80 27. 20 5, 820 1, 148 6, 968 83. 52 16. 48
Maine ...... .. .. ... .. . .
11,533
70,217
75,962 92. 44
251 2,606 20. 37
5,745
Maryla nd ...... .......
7. 56 2, 355
9. 63
Massachusetts .. . .....
368, 048 152,779
520,827 70. 67 29. 33 33, 448 8, 50 42,298 79.08 20. 92
131,551
4,233
135, 784 96. 88
334
Michigan .... ........ .
3.12 8, 209
,543 96. 09
3.91
Minne ota ........ . ...
88,427
678
89,105 99. 24
. 76 3,545
137 3,682 96. 28
3. 72
2, 822
162
2, 9 4 94. 57
5. 43 •••·••• --- ---..........
Mississippi.. ••.• •. ••. -1
Missour1. .............
171, 673
5,389
177, 062 96. 96
3.04 5,005
539 5,544 so. 28
9. 72
a 138
a 19, 158 aw. 28 a . 72 1,695
Montana ............ . . a 19, 020
1,695 100.00
-------
N ~~~~~~~:: : : : : : : : : : : : I
28,763
242
170
----- -- --
!hi. 41
242 100. 00
28,933
. 59
2, 618
····303
2,921
New Harup hire ... .. . 1
18,966
12 368
31,334 60. 53 39. 47 1, 714
407 2, 121
New J ersey ...... .....
197, 173
60,667
257, 40 76. 47 23. 53 17, 475 4,266 21,741
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . .
4, 764
4,764 100. 00 •••••••
200
200
New York .. . ...... .. . bl , 375,929 -b- 2!is;aili bl ,674,290 b 2. 18 b 17. 82195, 657 ·,;a;ii5s 269,415
North Carolina..... . .
5,081
196
5,277 96. 29
3. 71
827
575 1,402
North Da kota. . . . . . . .
2,070
14
2,084 99. 33
15
15
. 67
Ohio.......... ... .. ...
564,674
19, 257
583,931 96. 70
3. 30 22, 082 3, 40 25,922
16
Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . . .
830
846 98. 11
2
1. 89
407
409
Oregon ........ ..... ..
18,280
745
19, 025 96. 08
3.92
420 1, 020
600
P ennsylvania . .... .... 2,137, 882 105, 052 2,242,934 95. 32
4. 68 77, 112 7, 262 4, 374
Rhode I sland .........
44, 480
20, 706
65,186 68. 24 31. 76 7, 7 5,490 13, 377
South Carolina .... .. .
3, 774
4, 173 90. 44
399
9. 56
770
67
837
South Dakota .. ......
1, 423
6
1,429 99. 58
. 42
73
Tennessee .......... ..
604
71, 799
72,403 99.17
. 83 2 o~I----ioo 2,138
Texas ............... ..
33, 814
1,153
34,967 96. 70
3. 30 2, 010
16 2, 026
2 1
Utah ..... . ... ... . .. ..
6,349
4. 24
6,630 95. 76
345 .. .... .
345
Vermont ........... ...
11, 340
716
12, 056 94. 06
5. 94 8,073 .. ..... 8, 07:i
Virginia ...... .. . . ....
42, 475
3, 423
45, 898 92. 54
7. 46 2,9 2 1, 426 4, 408
Washington ... . .... . .
24, 3,'34
474
24,808 98. 09
1. 91 1, 775
10 1, 785
W ei:,t Virginia ........
124,910
1,547
126,457 9. 78
1. 22 4, 789
121 4,910
Wisconsin ........ . .. . .
117,994
8,406
126,400 93. 35
6. 65 5,705
109 5,814
Wyoming . .. . .........
7,898 --------7,898 100. 00 ...... . .
331 . .......
331
Total. .. ... ... .. c7,882,843
North Atlantic .. . . .. . b4, 260, 148
South Atlantic.......
380,738
North Central. . .. . .. . 2, 602, 114
South Central........
361, 214
Western . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a 278, 629
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C 820, 981
c8, 703,824
C 90.
57
C
9. 43 1694, 966 130, 644 825,610
1
b 683, 036 b4, 943, 184 b 86. 18 b 13. 82 366, 492 108, 031 474,523
33,811
414,549 91. 84
8. 161 28,459
, 338 36, 797
88, 616 2, 690,730 96. 71
3. 29 270,883 12, 977 283, 860
6, 98
368, 112 98. 13
121 9, 936
1. 871 9,815
a 8, 620 a 287,249 a97. oo a 3. 00 19, 317 1, 177 20, 494
aNot including 12 establishments not reported .
b Not including 21 establishments not r eported .
c Not including 33 establishments not r p orted.
89. 63
10.37
80. 1 19.19
80. 38 19. 62
100. 00 ------72. 62 27. 38
58. 99 41. 01
100. 00 ------85. 19 14. 81
99. 51
. 49
58. 82 41. 18
91. 39
8. 61
58. 96 41. 04
92.00
8. 00
100. 00 ---· -··
4. 68
95. 32
99. 21
. 79
100. 00 ----·-·
100. 00 ------67. 65 32. 35
99. 44
. 56
2. 46
97. 54
98.13
1.87
100. 00 . ......
84.18
15. 82
77. 23
77. 34
!15. 43
9 78
94. 26
22. 77
22. 66
4. 57
1. 22
5. 74
CHAPTER I.-INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION.
101
STRIKES BY SEMIMONTHLY PERIODS.
A table has been prepared showing the number of strikes that
began in each half month during the years 1901 to 1905.
N U MB ER OF STRIKES FOR THE U NI T ED STATES BEGUN D UR IN G E ACH HALF
MONTH , 1901 to 1905.
Total st rikes.
H alf month.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
N umber.
- --
Per cent
begun
du ring
each half
month .
--- ---
J an uary 1 to 15 . ... .. ..........
January 16 to 31. .. . ..... ... . . .
F ebrua r y 1 t o 15 ... ..... .. . . ...
F ebrua ry 16 t o 28 .... ... ... ....
Ma rch 1 to 15 ..... ......... . ...
Ma rch 16 to 31. . . .. . ...... . ....
Ap ril 1 to 15 . .. . . . ...... . . .. ...
April 16 to 30 ......... . .... . ...
May 1 to 15 . .. . . . . ... . . . .......
May 16 t o 31. ... . .. ..... . . ... ..
June 1 to 15 .... .... . ..... . .....
June 16 to 30 . . .... . .. .. . . ... ...
July 1 to 15 .. . .. ... . .... ... ....
J uly 16 t o 31. . . . ... . ...... . ....
Augu st 1 t o 15 .... . . . . .. . . . ....
Aug ust 16 to 31. .. . . ... ..... ...
Sep t ember 1. to 15 ..... .... .. ...
September 16 to 30 .... .. .. . ... .
Oct ober 1 to 15 .
Oct ober 16 to 31 . : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
November 1 t o 15 .... ....·.... . .
N ovember 16 t o 30 . .. .... . .. ...
December 1 t o 15 .. . . ... . . .. . . . .
December 16 to 31. . . . ... . .... . .
101
75
89
56
107
74
247
117
299
177
165
109
]84
143
179
135
111
76
109
75
99
77
71
49
99
92
103
89
133
102
264
138
382
164
203
132
178
130
170
93
141
90
112
67
107
48
75
50
107
84
97
82
179
156
419
177
485
154
197
116
179
105
129
87
142
95
• 116
75
105
67
88
53
97
69
115
58
107
95
• 245
102
245
108
126
77
124
81
97
70
104
64
73
59
64
48
52
27
62
40
72
55
99
76
167
66
245
72
111
68
101
65
132
88
105
74
67
75
79
45
67
46
466
360
476
340
625
503
1,342
600
1,656
675
802
502
766
524
707
473
603
399
477
351
454
285
353
225
Total ... . . . ....... . .. . . . .
2,924
3,162
3,494
2,307
2,077
13,964
3. 34
2. 58
3. 41
2. 43
4.48
3.60
9. 61
4.30
11.86
4. 83
5. 74
3. 59
5. 49
3. 75
5. 06
3.39
4. 32
2. 86
3. 42
2. 51
3. 25
2.04
2.53
1. 61
----
100. 00
From this table it is seen that more strikes occurred each year
except 1904 ii.1 the first half of May than in any other half month;
in 1904 the same number began during the first half of May as during the first half of April. During the five years 1,656, or 11.86
. per · cent of all strikes_, began in the first half of May. The next
highest period of ·frequency was the first half of April, which half
month was the second highest in each of the five years except in 1904
when it was equal to the _first half of May. In this period, within
the five years there occurred 1,342, or 9.61 per cent of all strikes.
The third highest period of frequency varied in the sever~l years,
but for the entire five years it was the first half of June, there being
in that period 802 strikes, or 5.74 per cent of the total number of
strikes. As a rule more strikes occurred in the first half of each
month than in the second half. In only one month in the five
•
years was there an exception t ? this rule.
STRIKES A D LOCKOUTS OF LESS THAN O E DAY 'S
DURATION.
In the present investigation covering the years 1901 to 1905 data
were collected for strikes and lockouts of less than one day's duration.
These fractional-day strikes and lockouts are not included in any of
the general tables nor in any of the text tables previously sho-wn
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
102
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
in this report. The principal facts that Qould be obtained r lating
to these brief labor disturbances are here prnsented. No disturbances are included unless there was an actual, well~defined cess.atiori.
of work for the express purpose of enforcing a demand. The period
of cess3;tion of work ranged from a few minutes to several hours. It .
is probable that this presentation f-0r fractional-day strikes and lockouts· is not complete, as, owing to the comparative insignificance of
such disturbances, some of them may ru1v.e escaped notice and the
memory of the persons consulted.
Data for 641 strikes lasting less than one day were obtained for the
nv,e years from 1901 to 1905. The reports relating to the fractionalday strikes show the f.ollowjng facts:
Number of strikes ..... ..... ~ ... _ ... ~....................................
Number 0f .s trikesOrdered. by labor organizatioms ................. . _. ....... ... . .... ......
Not or.d ered by labor organizations .............. " .............
r
• • • • • • _.
'641
'3%
246
E tablishmentsClosed ...... _... _. _..... _.. _.... .... _...... .. ... _·................... _ .
Not ciosed. __ .. _... _. _. _............... _........ _.................... _
32-6
464
'Total .. _.. ...... .................. .. .. .............. ... ......... _. .
790
Establishm_ents in which strikeSuccee.ded ... _............... __ .............. _.............. ___ . _. . . .
.Succeooed pa:rtly ..................... _. ___ . _. _.. _... __ .. _.... _..... _. _
Failed ..... _......... _._ ... _..... _._ ... _................. _............
Strikes settfod by., 0i1'lt ag,1100ment .... _ . ......... _....... _.. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ar'.bitr.a:tion ..... _. _..... _.. _.. _....... _.. _.. _ .. .............. .... _. . .
551
42
197
-G
l
Employees before .strikeMalc _... _........... .. _........ _......... _... _. _._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 7-94
F ema1e . . ... _. _................ _. _......... _.. _......... _. _. . . . . . . . . . 12, 197
Total ...................... _........... _. _..... _........ ... ... _. . . . 82, 991
Strik,eTsMa.le_ .. _ ... _ . _ ............ _............ _... _.......... _... _.. _: . .. ·_. _ 20 995
Female ._ .. ___ . _... _......... _........ _..... _. _... _. _.............. _. 1, 17-5
Tota;l _... . ... _... __ . _. _................. _ ........... _. _. . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 170
Employees t11Town out of work.Male. _..... _............ _.................. _... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 924
F emale .......... _. _... _............ . ..... _.... _... ..... ... ... _. . . . . . 2, 081
T@tal. _... _... _.... _... _... _ .... _. _... _..... . .............. _. . . . . . . 27, 005
Employees after strike (not including 3 e t.ab1i hments not reported)Male .. ....... _ . _... _........ .......... _..... _.... _....... _.. _. . . . . . . . 70, 440
Female .... __ ... _....... _..... _ ... __ ... _..... _.................... __ . 11, 831
Total. __ .......... .. . _.... . _.. _ ...... _.... _...... __ ....... ___ ....... _ .82, 271
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
103
CHAPTER I.-IMTRODUCTION A~D DISCUSSION.
Of the 641 fra~tional-day strikes which occurred during the years
1901 to 1905, 32'4, or 50.55 per cent, were in the bujlding trades, 33, or
5.15 per cent, in telegraph and telephone construction and operation,
28, , or 4.37 per cent, in freight handling and teaming, 17, or 2.65 per
cent, jn q.omestic and personal service, and l6, or 2~50 per cent, in
street railway transportation. In no industry other than the 5 just
enumerated were more than 14 fractional-day strikes reported for the
five years from 1901 to 1905.
In the following table are presented certain facts under each of the
causes for which fractional-day strikes were undertaken:
0
~
•
SUMMARY OF STRIKES LASTING LESS THAN ONE DAY FOR THE UNITED STATES, BY
•
CA USES, 1901 TO 1905.
[This table shows statistics for strikes due solely to each of the 14 causes enumerated on page 112, and
also for strikes in which each of the 14 causes was only a partial or contributing cause. A strike
due to several causes (each of which was a partial or contributing cause) has been entered under
each of the causes involved, and because of this repetition no total can be made from the figures
shown in this table.]
Establishments in which
strike-
Cause.
Strikes.
Employee
n
Strikers.
throw
Sueout of
Sue- ceeded
Failed. Total.
work.
ceeded. partly.
--- --- - -- - - -
For increase of wages . ........... ........ .
For increase of wages combined with various causes .............................
.Against reduction of wages ...............
For reduction of hours ....................
Forreductionofhourscombined with various causes ............. .. . .. .... ..... ..
Against increase of hours .................
Concerning recognition of union and union
rules ....................................
Concerning recognition of union and union
rules combined with various causes .....
Concerning employment of certain perso-ns(a) ............. ............ .. .... ...
Concerning employment of certain persons(a) combined with various causes ..
Concerning employees working out of
regular occupation .... _... .... ..... . ....
Concerning overtime work and pay .......
Concerning overtime work and pay combined with various causes ...... ... .....
Concerning method and time of payment.
Concerning method and time of payment
combined with various causes ..........
Concerning Saturday part holiday ........
Concerning Saturday part holiday combined with various causes ..............
Concerning dockin~, fines, and charges ...
Concerning working condit ions and
rules (a) ......... ..... ........ ......... . .
Concerning working conditions and
rules(a) combined with various causes ..
In sympathy with strikers and employees
locked out, elsewhere .. ... ..............
Other causes (not above specified) .......
Otl'ler causes combined with various
above specified.causes ................ .. .
158
21
16
17
10
3
268
66
236
4,779
6,552
(l
38
18
1,68 5
19
1,635
4 2
547
4
25
3
1,331
55
1,27 3
55
265 --------
33
298
8,709
9,685
10
585
585
61
2,940
3, 733
156
14
20
12
10 -------12 •
2
2
3
19
8
5
-------- --------
8
7
--------
3
61
32
1
28
50 7
1,579
(l
1
2
3
6
260
2618
14
lO
9
5
3
1
2
3
15
9
291
413
31 4
41 4
3
2
2
1 -------2
1 - - - - - -- -
3
3
77
62.
77
12 4
2
2
1
1 ---- ---2
-------- -------1 --- ----- -------4 --- ----- --------
2
2
125
125
1
4
6
167
187
933
1
4
42
42
6
1
26
32
876
2
------- - --------
2
2
29
29
12
36
10 ---- ----
--------
2
11
12
36
205
759
20 5
782
2 -- -- - . --
1
3
89
89
14
3
5
25
a Not involving union rules.
The above presentation by causes shows that of the 641 fractionalday strikes, 268, or 41.81 per cent, were concerning recognition of
1
union and union rules, and that 158, or 24.65 per cent, were for
increase of wages.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
104
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR.
The fractional-day strikes were successful in an unusually large
per cent of the establishments involved. Of the 790 establishments
involved, the strike was successful in 551, or 69.75 per cent, and
partly successful in 42, or 5.32 per cent.
~
For the five years, 1901 to 1905, data were reported for six lockouts lasting less than one day. The facts shown are as follows:
Nun1ber of lockouts .... . .. ... ...... .......... . .. . ...... . .. . .. ........ ..... .. .
Number of lockou tsOrdered by employers' organizations.......................................
Not ordered by employers' organizat ions .. . . . ....... . . . .. .. . . ..... ..... ....
1
5.
EstablishmentsClosed........ . ........ ........ ...... .... ....... . . .. . ... .. ...............
Not closed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
6
Total.......... . ......................................................
9
Establishments in which lockoutsSucceeded.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Failed.. ... .... .. ...... ..... . .. ....... .... . .... ... .. . ... .......... .. ... ..
Employees b efore lockout, male.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employees locked out, mal~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employees thrown out of work, male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employees after lockout, male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
2
431
381
411
427
6
Data relating to these lockouts are presented by causes in the
following table:
SUMMARY OF LOCKOUTS LASTING LE SS THAN ONE DAY FOR THE UNITED STATES ,.
BY CAUSES, 1901 TO 1905.
Establishments in which
strike-
Cause.
Against demand for increase of wages .. . .
Concerning recognition of union and union
rules and employer s' organization .....
In sympathy with lockout and against
strike, elsewhere .... . ..................
Strikes.
2
3
1
Employees:
Strikers. thrown
SueSue- ceeded Failed. Total.
out of
ceeded. partly.
work.
- -- - - - -- --- - 5 -- -- --- - ---- --- 5
60
90
-- ------
1
3
51
51
-------- -- ------
1
1
270
270'
2
This report does not show the wage loss of employees, the loss of
employers, or the amount of assistance given to employees in strikes
and lockouts. The figures that can be obtained for these items are
not entirely satisfactory, as was stated in_the l~st preceding report
on strikes and lockouts. For this reason and because of the amount
of time that would be required to obtain such figures they are omitted
from this report.
Figures concerning days of work lost are nearly as difficult to
obtain and when obtained are also unsatisfactory; hence they are
omitted.
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