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l~ 3 -. 3 : Analyzing 1S81 Earnings Data from the Current Population Survey U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics September 1982 Bulletin 2149 T C°U £CPn £ // ' Ub!ic U b ^ r y Co Analyzing 1981 Earnings Data (from the Current Population U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r R a y m o n d J. D o n o v a n , S e c r e ta r y B u re a u o f L a b o r S t a tis tic s J a n e t L. N o rw o o d , C o m m is s io n e r S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 2 B u lle tin 2 1 4 9 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $3.75 Usual weekly earnings: another look at ietergroup differences and basic trends Recent years o f inflation and recession held real earnings o f wage and salary workers below 1973 levels; the pay gap between black and white full-tim e employees narrowed after 1967, but the wide earnings disparity by sex remains E a r l F. M ellor a n d G eorge D . St a m a s Interest in earnings differences among various popula tion groups— men and women, blacks and whites, young and old— has grown over the years since data on usual weekly earnings were first published in the Review a decade ago. Because of this, the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics has expanded the collection and publication of the demographically oriented data on weekly and hour ly earnings from the Current Population Survey ( c p s ). Previously collected only in May of each year, these data are now obtained monthly from one-fourth of the CPS sample and are published on a quarterly basis.1 Aggregation of the new data into annual averages yields the most reliable measures of the earnings dif ferences among the various population groups. At the same time, the quarterly data, although subject to lower statistical reliability,2 give at least a broad indication of how the earnings of the various demographic groups are affected by cyclical (or short-term) changes in economic conditions. This article focuses first on the annual aver age data for 1981 to re-examine the intergroup dif ferences in earnings among both full- and part-time workers and then looks at some of the quarterly data to see how the earnings of the various groups have been Earl F. Mellor and George D. Stamas are economists in the Division of Labor Force Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Annice Tyler Mee, of the same division, provided statistical assistance. changing over time. Other articles in this issue, by Nan cy F. Rytina and Sylvia Lazos Terry, deal more speci fically with the relationship of pay to race, sex, occupa tional tenure, and work experience. Major differences among full-time workers Of all persons employed as wage and salary workers in 1981, about 72 million usually worked full time— that is, 35 or more hours a week— and 16 million usu ally worked part time. On an annual average basis, the median weekly earnings for full-time workers were $289, but this average masked very wide differences among the various population groups. Disparities in earnings among groups are largely a re flection of differences in the amount, type, and location of work performed. If the number of hours worked by each group were the same, and if each group were equally distributed among the various occupations, in dustries, and geographic areas, the inter-group differ ences in earnings would probably not be very large. But, in reality, there are differences among the various population groups in terms of hours worked— even within the full-time universe—and in terms of the spe cific occupations and industries in which the work is performed. And, in the case of the principal racial and ethnic groups, there are also wide differences in terms of geographic concentration, which are known to have a IS MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1982 o Usual Weekly Earnings further effect on earnings. Other factors, such as differ ences in age, education, job tenure, and the subtle and not so subtle effects of discrimination may also have some impact on a group’s earnings, but it is not the purpose of this article to identify all such factors, and even less to attempt to quantify their effects. Neverthe less, the most obvious are cited when comparing widely different levels of earnings. Men and women. For men working full time, median weekly earnings in 1981 were $347. For women, the median was $224, or 65 percent of that for men. With out searching for all the factors which produce this ra tio— a most difficult task even when carried out through a complex econometric model—it can be pointed out that men worked more hours than women even within the full-time universe3and, more important ly, were generally more concentrated within high-pay occupations in such fields as management and adminis tration, professional and technical work, and the vari ous crafts. Women, on the other hand, tend to be more concentrated in such lower-paying fields as clerical and service jobs. Male-female gaps in earnings prevail even within each occupation, but they are generally smaller than at ag gregate levels. To take an extreme example, the median weekly earnings for women in sales were only 52 per cent of those for men in the same field (table 1). How ever, a further look at this broad occupational group shows women to be largely concentrated in retail sales, where median weekly earnings for all full-time workers were only $197. By contrast, men were more heavily grouped in “other sales,” where the overall weekly me dian was $382. Within each of these two fields, sex earnings ratios were significantly higher than the 52 per cent average for all salesworkers. Specifically, the ratio was 61 percent in retail sales and 66 percent for “other” sales work. Needless to say, this was still far below par ity, and one would have to dig much deeper for the causes of the remaining gap. Unfortunately, it has not been possible to explain all of the male-female disparity in earnings even when more detailed data on the work roles of men and women are available.4 Among some of the personal characteristics which are difficult to quantify but which may have a signifi cant effect on the male-female earnings ratio is the dis continuous work experience of many women. Although this practice has changed considerably in recent years, it Table 1. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by selected demographic characteristics, annual averages, 1981 A g e , m a jo r o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p , a n d y e a r s o f s c h o o l c o m p le te d W h ite A ll ra c e s B la c k H is p a n ic B o th sexes M en W om en B o th sexes M en W om en B o th sexes M en W om en $289 204 163 219 316 302 335 329 317 227 $347 225 173 241 378 346 406 408 386 270 $224 184 150 193 237 242 241 231 227 190 $296 206 164 222 325 310 345 340 326 228 $356 227 174 244 389 354 416 417 396 275 $226 185 151 195 239 245 243 234 231 189 $238 185 148 192 251 248 267 248 243 216 $271 196 150 207 290 280 311 295 281 233 $210 174 145 179 220 223 227 213 198 289 377 407 306 233 352 242 303 238 192 179 347 439 466 366 328 360 298 307 244 238 183 224 316 283 190 220 239 187 237 193 165 148 296 381 410 311 233 356 246 314 241 195 181 356 443 471 372 335 364 304 319 247 245 185 226 315 282 191 219 239 189 237 193 165 148 238 324 347 221 230 309 222 257 217 182 147 316 242 227 256 333 291 334 417 393 443 378 290 259 314 402 363 398 482 459 507 237 180 169 187 249 222 259 325 299 362 325 249 232 268 341 298 342 422 402 445 389 301 268 326 409 372 405 490 471 510 239 182 171 190 251 224 261 326 301 359 251 211 203 217 273 243 283 350 321 416 B o th sexes M en W om en $229 187 $252 197 $192 172 Age Total, 16 years and over .................................. 16 to 24 y e a rs ............................................... 16 to 19 years .......................................... 20 to 24 years .......................................... 25 years and over ........................................ 25 to 34 years .......................................... 35 to 44 years .......................................... 45 to 54 years .......................................... 55 to 64 years .......................................... 65 years and over .................................... - _ 246 _ - _ 282 - - 201 - - - - - - - - - (’ ) - - - 271 352 391 249 286 314 267 258 220 214 154 210 308 303 182 220 239 179 252 386 381 286 280 304 231 261 225 190 191 192 285 271 ( 1) 214 ( 1) 169 ( 1) 229 336 347 240 226 296 199 261 222 173 185 290 241 225 257 317 294 325 396 354 449 220 172 160 177 237 209 246 326 296 384 246 210 199 235 293 264 316 371 340 421 282 232 221 266 349 319 370 414 384 446 201 167 158 185 234 211 258 308 285 (’ ) O c c u p a tio n Total, 16 years and over ................................. Professional and technical workers ............. Managers and administrators, except farm .. Salesworkers................................................. Clerical w orkers............................................. Craft and kindred workers ........................... Operatives, except transport......................... Transport equipment operatives .................. Nonfarm laborers.......................................... Service w orkers............................................. Farmworkers................................................. (’ ) ( 1) 166 n n 147 ( 1) Y e a r s o f s c h o o l c o m p le te d Total, 25 years and over ................................. Less than 4 years of high schoo l.................. 8 years of school or le s s ........................... 1 to 3 years of high school ...................... 4 years of high school or m o re .................... 4 years of high school............................... 1 to 3 years of college ............................. 4 years of college or more ...................... 4 years of colle ge................................. 5 years of college or m ore.................... ' Median not shown where base is less than 50,000. 16 Note : Dashes indicate data not available. used to be customary for women to leave the job mar ket for many years in order to bear and rear their chil dren. This affected not only their accumulation of seniority, but also the advancement of their skills.5 An age-earnings profile of CPS data clearly shows that, for one or a number of reasons, the average week ly earnings of women reach a peak at a younger age' than do the earnings of men. As shown in chart 1, me dian weekly earnings of women show no further rise af ter reaching a peak of about $240 at ages 25 to 34. For men, however, the peak value of about $410 reported for the 35-to-44 and the 45-to-54 age groups was con siderably higher than the median for the 25-to-34 age group. One question raised by the chart is whether the rela tively narrow earnings gap which now exists between younger men and women will widen as these workers age, or whether the disparity exhibited by older workers merely reflects wage and employment patterns by sex that are gradually being eroded. Only time can answer this question, but it should be noted that, over the past 14 years, the overall sex-earnings ratio has not changed much. It was 62 percent in May 1967 and had risen only to 64 percent by the second quarter of 1981. Blacks and Hispanics. The earnings differences among whites, blacks, and Hispanics are shown in table 1 in terms of age, sex, occupation, and education. The tabu lation below summarizes the usual weekly earnings of full-time workers by racial and ethnic origin and major age-sex groups based on annual averages for 1981. White Black_______ Hispanic Level Level Percent Level Percent of white of white earnings earnings Total ............. $296 $238 80 $229 77 Men: 16 to 24 years old . 25 years and over . . 227 389 196 290 86 75 197 282 87 72 Women: 16 to 24 years old . 25 years and over . . 185 239 174 220 94 92 172 201 93 84 As shown above, the overall median weekly earnings of blacks were 80 percent of the overall median for whites, and the median for Hispanics was 77 percent of that for whites. The greatest racial and ethnic differ ences in earnings, both in absolute and relative terms, were among men 25 years and over. Within this group, the medians for blacks and Hispanics were about 75 percent of that for whites. Among women, the racialethnic differences were much smaller. But even among men, the racial-ethnic differences in earnings were significantly smaller when examined by occupation. Whereas the overall black-to-white ratio for Quart 1. Earnings profile of full-time wage and salary workers, by sex and age, 1981 Usual weekly earnings $500 Men 100 0 16 20 to to 19 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 and over AGE men was 76 percent, the ratios for most of the occupa tional groups exceeded 80 percent for men and were much higher for women. (See table 1.) The reason the overall ratios are so much lower, particularly for men, is because of the relatively high concentration of blacks in low-skill, low-pay occupations, which could, in turn, -reflect differences in education or training, or the linger ing effects of discrimination. That the racial-ethnic earn ings gaps are very small among young workers, both male and female, probably reflects the fact that there is, as yet, little difference among these groups in terms of educational attainment, skills, and general experience on the job. Regional differences in earnings, coupled with the un equal geographical distribution of the various racial-eth nic groups, also contribute to the earnings variation among these groups. In the South, which employs more than half of all black men with jobs, but less than a third of all white men, workers of each race earned less than their counterparts in the other regions.6 And, at $237 per week, the earnings of black men in the South were 71 percent of those for white men ($332), a ratio lower than in any other region. Hispanic men as a group earned $252 per week, about 93 percent as much as black men and 71 percent MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1982 © Usual Weekly Earnings as much as white men. A comparison of the earnings of Hispanic men with the earnings of all white men shows a pattern similar to that for blacks— that is, more fa vorable earnings ratios within individual occupational groups than overall. The lower earnings figure for Hispanic men also re flects the fact that a relatively large proportion of them are under 25 years of age. Within age categories, black and Hispanic men earned about the same per week. Men in the major Hispanic ethnic groups— Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans— had roughly similar earn ings. For women, there were generally smaller differences among the median weekly earnings of whites, blacks, and Hispanics. Black teenage women had earnings equal to those of their white counterparts. In the older age groups the black-white earnings ratios were about 90 percent. Differences within specific occupational groups were generally small between white and Hispan ic women. Hispanic women earned about the same as white women in clerical jobs and as managers and ad ministrators working full time. But they earned less than their white counterparts— and still less than black women—in factory operative and service jobs.7 Education. Earnings are closely related to education, as better educated workers generally have access to higher paying jobs. For full-time workers over age 24 (most of whom had completed their education), median usual earnings in 1981 ranged from $242 for those with less than 4 years of high school to $443 for those with 5 years of college or more. (See table 1.) Among the highly educated workers, earnings of women and minority men compared more favorably with those of white men than among the less educated. On the average, women with 4 years of college earned 65 percent as much as men with the same attainment, and those with 5 or more years of college earned 71 percent as much as men at the same level of education. On the other hand, among workers with only a high school education, the median weekly earnings of women were only 61 percent of those of men. Working women with any college education are, on the average, younger than men with the same educational attainment, and so have less work experience in their chosen vocation. This may explain, in part, apparent earnings disparities by educational attainment. Earnings of black men generally hovered around 80 percent those of white men with the same level of edu cation, but blacks with 5 or more years of college earned about 90 percent as much. Relatively fewer black men fit this category, however; 5 percent had 5 or more years of college compared to 12 percent of white men. Several researchers have found that, after standardizing for work experience, returns to education for black men equal or exceed those of white men.8 At higher levels of educational attainment, black men are, on the average, younger than white men with similar education. As can be seen in table 1, younger black men had a more favorable earnings ratio relative to white men their age than did older black men. This is at least part ly because, relative to the white counterparts of each group, younger blacks have received more and better quality schooling than did older blacks. It remains to be seen whether young blacks can carry with them this improvement in relative earning power throughout their lives.9 Table 2. Percent distribution of full-time wage and salary workers, by usual weekly earnings for major industry groups, annual averages, 1981 In d u s tr y g r o u p Total ................................................................... Private se cto r............................................... Goods-producing industries....................... Agriculture............................................. Mining .................................................... Construction........................................... Manufacturing ...................................... Durable goods .................................. Nondurable goods................................ Service-producing industries.................... Transportation and public u tilities......... Trade .................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate . . . Private households................................ Miscellaneous services......................... Public sector ............................................... Federal...................................................... State ........................................................ Local ........................................................ Num ber of w o rk e rs (in th o u s a n d s ) 72,491 59,112 25,813 1,050 1,055 3,658 20,050 12,300 7,750 33,299 5,033 11,593 4,645 369 11,660 13,379 2,929 3,162 7,162 P e r c e n t d is trib u tio n b y w e e k ly e a r n in g s T o ta l Under $150 $150 to $199 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 9.8 10.6 7.1 29.1 1.3 4.0 6.8 4.3 10.9 13.3 2.5 17.7 7.8 70.7 13.9 6.1 2.7 6.5 7.3 14.5 15.4 12.9 26.3 3.7 9.4 13.4 10.6 17.8 17.4 6.8 20.0 19.8 14.6 18.4 10.6 6.2 12.1 11.8 $200 to $249 $250 to $299 $300 to $349 $350 to $399 $400 to $499 $500 or m o re 15.9 16.2 15.6 19.9 7.5 15.9 15.7 15.2 16.6 16.6 11.3 16.7 19.4 10.0 17.8 15.0 10.9 16.3 16.2 12.3 11.8 11.9 9.5 8.8 10.8 12.4 12.8 11.8 11.8 10.2 11.2 13.3 2.4 12.8 14.6 12.1 15.4 15.3 11.2 10.7 11.4 5.2 10.9 11.6 11.8 12.2 11.0 10.2 12.3 9.6 9.6 1.1 10.5 12.9 11.4 12.9 13.6 8.3 7.9 9.1 3.8 10.6 8.7 9.3 10.2 7.9 7.0 10.8 6.2 6.2 0.2 6.5 10.1 12.2 9.0 9.7 13.3 12.8 15.6 3.2 24.5 17.4 15.4 17.7 11.7 10.7 22.9 8.6 8.0 0.8 8.9 15.2 22.2 12.6 13.6 14.7 14.6 16.4 3.0 32.7 22.3 15.2 17.1 12.3 13.1 23.1 10.0 16.0 0.5 11.2 15.3 22.4 15.3 12.5 M e d ia n $289 282 310 189 423 342 306 329 269 261 381 236 261 114 249 313 377 298 297 No te : Small values in the percent distributions are subject to relatively large sampling errors and should be interpreted with caution. Specifically, values of less than 1 percent are subject to rela tive errors of 25 percent or more. Digitized 18 for FRASER Occupation and industry. Workers in managerial or ad ministrative jobs had the highest median weekly earnings ($407) among the major occupational groups. Professional and technical workers were the second highest-paid group. These two groups included all but one of the eight specific occupations with median week ly earnings of $500 or more in 1981: lawyers, sales managers other than retail trade, engineers, economists, stock and bond sales agents, airplane pilots, computer systems analysts, and physicians.10The same two groups included most of the specific occupations with medians between $450 and $499: school administrators, opera tions and systems reseachers and analysts, chemists, and pharmacists. (There also was one blue-collar occu pation-structural metal workers.) Lowest median earnings among the major occupa tional groups were reported for farmworkers, $179, and service workers, $192. The services field included all of the specific occupations with median weekly earnings below $150. It is generally recognized that the most precise data on earnings patterns by industry are those collected not through a household survey such as the CPS, but through a survey of establishments such as the “790” survey conducted monthly by the BLS.11 Nevertheless, data from the CPS are still a valuable complement to the establishment-based earnings data, as the latter cannot generally be crosstabulated with any of the characteris tics of the earners, such as sex and full- or part-time status. The CPS data can be disaggregated by these char acteristics and, at least until 1980, could also be crosstabulated with union membership.12 In 1981, full-time workers in the private sector had median weekly earnings of $282, with respective medi ans of $310 in goods-producing industries and $261 in the service sector. (See table 2.) In the public sector, full-time workers had median weekly earnings of $313, with Federal employees reporting higher average earn ings than employees of State or local governments. From an all-inclusive list of 46 industry groups in the private sector, the six with the highest reported earnings for full-time workers—medians of $400 or more—in cluded four in manufacturing (petroleum and coal prod ucts, motor vehicle and equipment manufacture, aircraft and parts manufacture, and ordnance), mining, and one in the service-producing sector (railroad transportation). These industries typically have higher than average pro portions of professional and technical workers, manag ers and administrators, and craftworkers. They also have above-average proportions of workers who are covered by union agreements and below-average pro portions of women employees. This is clearly illustrated in the following tabulation which, in addition to the median weekly earnings for full-time workers in the six highest- and lowest-paying industries, also shows the percentage of wage and salary workers who were repre sented by a union as of May 1980 and the percentage who are women. Median weekly earnings Percent represented by a union Percent who are women $289 29 39 . . 433 . . 423 . . 422 36 36 82 20 15 7 . . 414 . . 410 50 37 23 22 . . 407 63 15 114 170 1 27 90 79 174 8 55 185 188 24 18 4 61 59 16° All full-time workers. Highest-paying industries: Petroleum and coal p roducts........................... M in in g ................................ Railroad transportation . . Aircraft and parts manufacture ................... Ordnance ........................... Motor vehicle and equipment manufacture . Lowest-paying industries: Private h o u seh o ld s........... . . Apparel manufacture. . . . . . Eating and drinking places ................................ . . Leather and leather products............................. . . Personal services................ . • Agriculture.......................... Low earners and high earners. Medians are probably the most useful measure of earnings one can use for inter group comparison. However, information on the distri bution of earnings within groups— that is, the propor tion of workers at given levels of earnings— show more fully the extent of differences in earnings. For example, while the median earnings of two groups of workers might be about the same, one group could have a larger proportion of very low earners than the other. From the distribution of earnings in table 3, we see that about 7 million full-time wage and salary workers, or 10 percent of the total, were reported as earning un der $150 a week in 1981. About 600,000 of them were earning under $100 a week, or considerably less than they could earn if they received the minimum wage ($3.35 per hour at the time) and worked a 40-hour week. Earnings below $150 a week were most common among youth, women, and minority employees. The ex tent to which these groups were overrepresented among low earners in 1981 can be seen by comparing their share of the full-time work force with their share of the low-earning universe: Workers 16 to 24 years . . . . Women ..................................... Blacks ........................................ H isp a n ics................................... Percent o f full-time workers 19 39 10 5 Percent earning under $150 41 66 17 10 19 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1982 o Usual Weekly Earnings Some occupations and industries have a substantially higher share of low earners than others. About 40 per cent of service workers and 34 percent of farmworkers, compared to about 3 percent of professional and techni cal workers, managers and administrators, and craftworkers were reported as earning under $ 150 for full-time work in 1981. Among the major industry groups, private house holds, agriculture, and trade had the highest proportion of workers reporting less than $150 for full-time work. Mining, transportation and public utilities, and the Fed eral Government had the lowest proportions in this lowearning bracket. At the upper end of the earnings spectrum, 11 mil lion full-time employees reported weekly earnings of $500 or more per week. They constituted about 15 per cent of all full-time workers. An overwhelming majority of the high earners (86 percent) were white males age 25 and over, most of them married. Men with 4 or more years of college— 13 percent of all full-time em ployees—made up 41 percent of the workers with $500 or more in weekly earnings, while women with the same level of education were underrepresented among these high earners. Three occupational groups— professional and technical, managerial and administrative, and craft — accounted for 76 percent of the high earners, but only 43 percent of all full-time workers. Part-tim e workers For the 16 million persons who were reported as usu ally working part time, median weekly earnings were $82 in 1981. This was equivalent to 28 percent of the median for full-time workers, for workweeks that were almost half as long.13 In addition to the shorter workweek, the occupation al distribution and demographic composition of parttime workers figured in their lower earnings. For exam ple, part-time workers include a higher proportion of women and of persons outside the prime earning ages (25 to 54 years). The following tabulation shows the per centages of the part-time and full-time work forces accounted for by various demographic groups in 1981. Table 3. Percent distribution of full-time wage and salary workers, by usual weekly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, annual averages, 1981 C h a r a c te r is tic N um ber of w o rk e rs (in th o u s a n d s ) P e r c e n t d is tr ib u tio n b y w e e k ly e a r n in g s T o ta l U nder $150 $150 to $199 $200 to $249 $250 to $299 $300 to $349 $350 to $399 $400 to $499 $500 or m o re M e d ia n Sex and age Total, 16 years and o v e r .................................... 16 to 24 years .......................................... 25 years and o v e r ...................................... 72,491 13,702 58,789 100.0 100.0 100.0 9.8 21.2 7.1 14.5 26.6 11.7 15.9 21.2 14.7 12.3 11.9 12.5 11.2 7.6 12.0 8.3 4.4 9.2 13.3 4.7 15.2 14.7 2.4 17.6 $289 204 316 Men, 16 years and o v e r.................................. 16 to 24 years ........................................... 25 years and o v e r ...................................... 43,888 7,672 36,216 100.0 100.0 100.0 5.4 10.4 3.1 9.0 22.3 6.2 12.7 21.7 10.7 11.3 13.1 10.9 12.1 9.6 12.6 10.0 6.0 10.9 17.8 7.1 20.0 21.7 3.7 25.5 347 225 378 Women, 16 years and over ........................... 16 to 24 years ........................................... 25 years and o v e r ...................................... 28,603 6,030 22,573 100.0 100.0 100.0 16.4 27.4 13.4 23.0 32.0 20.5 21.0 20.5 21.1 14.0 10.2 15.0 9.7 5.1 10.9 5.6 2.3 6.5 6.3 1.7 7.6 4.1 0.8 4.9 224 184 237 W hite............................................................... M e n ............................................................. W omen........................................................ 63,241 38,874 24,367 100.0 100.0 100.0 9.0 4.8 15.6 14.0 8.4 22.8 15.6 12.1 21.1 12.2 11.0 14.2 11.3 12.1 10.0 8.5 10.2 5.8 13.7 18.2 6.4 15.8 23.1 4.1 296 356 226 B la c k ............................................................... M e n ............................................................. Women........................................................ 7,499 4,023 3,477 100.0 100.0 100.0 16.0 11.2 21.6 19.3 15.1 24.1 18.9 17.9 20.2 13.0 13.4 12.6 10.2 12.1 8.0 6.8 8.5 4.8 9.7 13.5 5.3 6.1 8.4 3.4 238 271 210 Hispanic.......................................................... M e n ............................................................ W omen........................................................ 4,284 2,759 1,525 100.0 100.0 100.0 16.9 11.8 26.1 21.2 17.7 27.5 19.7 19.7 19.7 12.0 12.5 11.3 8.7 10.1 6.0 6.3 7.6 3.9 8.8 11.5 4.0 6.4 9.0 1.5 229 252 192 12,870 7,864 3,601 14,066 10,558 9,440 2,792 3,227 7,305 766 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.5 2.8 13.1 10.2 2.9 13.6 5.5 15.2 29.3 33.6 4.7 5.9 13.4 23.6 7.3 20.5 12.3 19.7 24.1 27.7 9.6 9.2 12.1 24.2 13.4 18.6 17.6 19.3 18.2 19.6 13.0 10.5 9.9 14.8 12.1 12.5 13.7 12.1 9.8 8.1 14.1 11.0 11.3 9.8 13.5 10.3 12.6 10.3 6.8 4.2 10.9 9.1 6.8 6.2 11.4 7.8 9.5 8.2 3.9 3.2 18.4 15.2 11.3 7.4 22.0 11.8 15.8 10.7 4.8 1.6 26.8 36.4 22.2 3.7 17.3 4.8 13.0 4.6 3.2 2.1 377 407 306 233 352 242 303 238 192 179 R a c e , H is p a n ic o rig in , a n d s e x O c c u p a tio n Professional and technical workers................ Managers and administrators, except farm .. Salesworkers................................................. Clerical workers ............................................. Craft and kindred w o rkers.................... Operatives, except transport ........................ Transport equipment operatives.................... Nonfarm laborers .......................................... Service workers ............................................. Farmworkers ................................................. Note : Small values in the percent distributions are subject to relatively large sampling errors and should be interpreted with caution. Specifically, values of less than 1 percent are subject to rela tive errors of 25 percent or more. 20 Part time Full time 69 43 15 39 19 12 W o m e n ................................................... Persons under 25 y e a r s .................... Persons 55 years and older . . . . W h i t e ...................................................... B l a c k ...................................................... H is p a n ic ................................................ 89 9 4 87 10 5 The unique industry composition of the part-time work force also contributed to its lower earnings. Al most nine-tenths of all part-time employment, com pared with about two-thirds of full-time employment, is in the service-producing sector, where pay scales are rel atively low. Women as a group earned slightly more per week than men for part-time work in 1981 ($84 versus $78). However, this is largely because one-half the women but only one-sixth the men in part-time work are age 25 to 54. Within each age group, women earned less than men for part-time work. (See table 4.) The gap was least for workers under 25 years and widest for those age 35 to 44. Median weekly earnings of part-time workers by oc cupation ranged from $32 for private household work and $59 for farm work to $123 for professional and technical jobs. In each occupation, the ratio of median weekly earnings, part time to full time, was lower than the ratio of mean hours between the two groups. (See table 5.) Trends in weekly earnings An examination of the broad earnings trends for the period beginning with May 1967 and ending with the second quarter of 1981 reveals significant gains in con stant dollars (current dollars deflated by the CPl-w) up to 1973 and some erosion thereafter.14 The erosion re flects both the effects of the recession of 1974-75 and of the slowdown that began in 1980, as well as the acceler ation in prices over this period. For 1981 no group shown in table 6 had constant-dollar earnings exceeding their 1973 level. Overall, the median earnings for all full-time workers Table 4. Median weekly earnings of part-time workers, by age and sex, annua! averages, 1981 m e d ia n w e e k ly e a r n in g s Age W o m e n ’s e a r n in g s as a p e rc e n t o f m e n ’s B o th sexes M en W om en Total, 16 years and o v e r ......... $82 $78 $84 108 16 to 19 years .................... 20 to 24 vears .................... 25 to 34 years .................... 35 to 44 years .................... 45 to 54 years .................... 55 to 64 years .................... 65 years and o v e r............... 61 84 103 104 99 91 71 62 86 119 150 119 105 78 59 83 100 101 97 88 65 95 97 84 67 82 84 83 Table 5. Weekly earnings and hours of part-time workers and as a percent of those of full-time workers, by occupation, annual averages, 1981 M e d ia n w e e k ly e a rn in g s O c c u p a tio n g r o u p Total ........................................ Professional and technical workers............................. Managers and administrators, except fa rm ...................... Salesworkers ...................... Clerical workers .................. Craft and kindred workers .. Operatives, except transport. Transport equipment operatives........................ Nonfarm laborers ................ Service workers .................. Private household workers Other service workers .. . Farmworkers ...................... M e a n h o u rs ' P a r t-tim e w o rk e rs A s a p e rc e n t o f fu ll-tim e e a rn in g s P a r t-tim e w o rk e rs A s a p e rc e n t o f fu ll-tim e h o u rs $82 28 >9.0 46 123 33 19.1 45 108 73 88 105 91 27 24 38 30 38 20.7 19.1 19.7 20.1 20.4 46 44 50 48 50 93 70 69 32 73 59 31 29 36 30 37 33 19.1 17.8 18.2 13.5 18.9 16.5 43 44 44 31 46 33 'Hours are for wage and salary workers who usually work part time for non-economic reasons and for wage and salary workers on full-time schedules. were about 4 percent lower in. real terms in 1981 than in 1967. This overall decline, however, was partly a function of changes in the demographic composition of the work force. Most of the gains in employment over the 1967-81 period were made by women and very young workers, whose earnings are generally much low er than those of adult men. Thus, the increase in the youth and female proportions of the work force had a depressing effect on the earnings average for all full time workers. As shown in table 6, the inflation-adjusted earnings of men 25 and over were still 5 percent higher in mid-1981 than in 1967, while those of women 25 and over were 9 percent higher. It was only the earnings of young workers 16 to 24 that were lower in real terms in mid-1981 than in 1967, a phenomenon that has been widely attributed to the very rapid increase in the num ber of youth entering the labor force over this period.15 A more encouraging development was the relatively sizable gain in the earnings of blacks. During 1967-73, black men and women experienced gains in earnings ad justed for inflation about twice as large, in percentage terms, as those of their white counterparts. Moreover, subsequent periods of recession and spiraling prices eroded the gains of black workers much less. After al lowance for inflation, median weekly earnings were 12 percent greater for black men and 24 percent greater for black women in 1981 than in 1967. In contrast, white men had real earnings equal to their 1967 level, while white women had earnings only 4 percent higher than their 1967 level. Thus, there was significant narrowing in the racial earnings gap over this period. The disparity between the earnings of men and wom en also narrowed slightly, but continued to be large. The tabulation below shows the earnings of women 21 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1982 o Usual Weekly Earnings working full time as a percentage of the earnings of men of comparable age for 1967 and 1981. 16 years and over . 16 to 24 years . . 25 years and over 1967 (May) 1981 (Second quarter) 61.9 76.8 60.5 64.2 80.4 62.6 More recently, over the 2-year period ended with the fourth quarter of 1981, median weekly earnings of full time workers rose by 19.1 percent, while consumer prices rose by 23.1 percent. This resulted in a 3.3-percent decline in constant-dollar earnings, most of which occurred during 1980. For most of the major groups, the changes between the fourth quarters of 1980 and 1981 were not statistically significant. The fact that there was no further erosion of real earnings over this period reflects a slowdown in the increase in the CPI-W (from 12.6 to 9.4 percent annually) rather than an ac celeration in current-dollar earnings. Although the recession which began in the latter part of 1981 had a negative impact on the number of full time workers, it did not have a noticeable effect on the average weekly earnings of this group. This reflects con tractual and other factors working against reducing wage increases (for example, cost-of-living adjustments). Also, during a production cutback, workers with the least seniority on the job are generally laid off- first, and this may result in a smaller but higher-tenured and higher-paid workforce. A look at hourly earnings Of all wage and salary workers, about three-fifths, or a little under 52 million, were paid by the hour in 1981. The data on the hourly earnings of these workers, when crossed with their demographic characteristics, provide some additional insight on the earnings distribution, particularly in terms of those who are at the lower end. Workers paid by the hour are highly concentrated in lower skilled occupations. Those most likely to be paid hourly rates in 1981 were factory operatives and non farm laborers; the least likely were professional and technical workers and managers and administrators. In terms of industries, hourly wage workers accounted for more than two-thirds of construction, manufacturing, and trade employees, but for only one-fourth of those in finance, insurance, and real estate. Within the hourly earnings universe— which, to a certain extent, tends to group workers according to skills and education— the inter-group differences in earnings are not as large relatively as they are for all wage and salary workers. For example, as shown in ta ble 7, the median hourly earnings for black men were $5.93 in 1981. This was 87 percent of the median for white men paid by the hour, compared with a 76 per 22 cent ratio of the weekly medians for the two groups. The median hourly earnings of black women ($4.27) were only slightly lower than those of white women ($4.36). Men had much higher hourly earnings than women at every age. And, as in the case of weekly earnings, women reached a peak in hourly earnings at an earlier age than did men. According to the cross-sectional data for 1981, women reached a peak in median hourly earn ings at ages 25 to 34, whereas the median for men con tinued to rise through the 35-to-44 age group and remained about the same for men age 45 to 54. In terms of distribution, about 6.8 million workers paid by the hour, or 13 percent, made $10 or more in 1981. An overwhelming majority of them, 80 percent, Table 6. Median w eekly earnings o f wage and salary w o rkers w ho usually w o rk full time, by selected characteristics, 1967, 1973, and 1981 M e d ia n w e e k ly e a r n in g s In d e x o f c o n s ta n t d o lla rs ( M a y 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 .0 ) C h a r a c te r is tic 1967 (M a y ) 1973 (M a y ) 1981 (S e c o n d q u a r te r ) 1973 (M a y ) Both sexes, 16 years and over ................ 16 to 24 years ...................................... 25 years and over ............................... $109 84 115 $159 119 170 $285 202 312 110.1 107.1 111.3 96.3 89.3 100.0 Men, 16 years and over ...................... 16 to 24 years ................................. 25 years and o v e r............................. 125 97 131 188 136 203 344 225 374 113.6 106.2 116.8 101.6 85.6 105.3 Women, 16 years and o v e r .................. 16 to 24 years ................................. 25 years and o v e r............................. 78 74 79 116 103 121 221 181 234 112.8 105.4 115.2 105.1 90.5 108.9 W hite...................................................... M e n ................................................... Women ............................................. 113 130 79 162 193 117 293 353 223 108.0 112.3 111.4 95.6 100.0 103.8 Black and other races' ......................... M e n ................................................... Women ............................................. 79 90 63 129 149 107 238 274 210 124.1 125.6 128.6 111.4 112.2 123.8 Men, 16 years and over: Never married .................................. Married, spouse present .................. Other marital status ......................... 95 131 113 134 200 171 238 377 344 106.3 115.3 114.2 92.6 106.1 112.4 Women, 16 years and over: Never married ................................. Married, spouse present .................. Other marital status ........................ 79 79 75 114 117 115 206 226 225 108.9 111.4 116.0 96.2 105.1 110.7 145 212 368 110.3 93.8 164 113 91 131 - 238 163 130 195 132 169 138 107 96 409 301 230 347 243 299 236 189 179 109.8 108.8 107.7 112.2 - 92.1 98.2 93.4 97.7 93.5 100.0 113.8 1981 (S e c o n d q u a r te r ) S ex and age Race M a rita l s ta tu s O c c u p a tio n Professional and technical workers . . . Managers and administrators, except fa rm ................................................... Salesworkers........................................ Clerical w o rkers.................................... Craft and kindred w orkers.................... Operatives, except transport2 ............. Transport equipment operatives2 ......... Nonfarm labo rers.................................. Service w o rk e rs.................................... Farmworkers ........................................ - 93 70 58 - 111.8 115.7 125.9 1Data for blacks (exclusive of other races) are not available prior to 1978. 2 Data not available prior to 1972. Table 7 . Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by selected demographic characteristics, annual averages, 1981 Total Age and years of school completed Both sexes Men White Women Both sexes $4.35 3.75 3.39 4.17 4.74 4.98 4.84 4.63 4.45 3.76 $5.30 4.06 3.48 4.75 6.25 6.36 6.51 6.35 5.99 4.03 Men Black Women Both sexes $4.36 3.76 3.39 4.19 4.77 4.99 4.85 4.68 4.49 3.79 $5.01 3.88 3.39 4.24 5.43 5.56 5.64 5.32 5.26 3.53 Men Hispanic Women Both sexes Men Women Age Total, 16 years and over ................................. 16 to 24 y e a rs ............................................... 16 to 19 years .......................................... 20 to 24 years .......................................... 25 years and over ........................................ 25 to 34 years ........................................... 35 to 44 years .......................................... 45 to 54 years .......................................... 55 to 64 years .......................................... 65 years and over .................................... $5.27 4.04 3.47 4.68 6.13 6.24 6.38 6.18 5.88 3.98 $6.72 4.41 3.61 5.25 7.92 7.53 8.49 8.65 8.05 4.35 $6.84 4.44 3.64 5.31 8.14 7.69 8.77 8.96 8.26 4.41 $5.93 4.11 3.40 4.58 6.64 6.50 6.98 6.77 6.67 3.75 $4.27 3.70 3.38 3.93 4.51 4.81 4.63 4.35 4.09 3.41 $4.90 4.08 _ _ 5.35 - _ $5.45 4.34 _ _ 6.38 _ _ - - _ _ - - $4.15 3.80 _ _ 4.37 _ _ _ _ -A- . Years of school completed Total, 25 years and over .................................. Less than 4 years of high schoo l.................. 8 years of school or le s s ........................... 1 to 3 years of high school ...................... 4 years of high school or more .................... 4 years of high school............................... 1 to 3 years of college ............................. 4 years of college or more ...................... 4 years of colle ge................................. 5 years of college or m ore.................... 6.13 5.30 5.06 5.50 6.47 6.19 6.91 7.21 6.93 7.92 7.92 6.77 6.09 7.40 8.45 8.43 8.60 8.22 8.09 8.53 4.74 4.05 3.88 4.18 5.03 4.71 5.49 6.36 5.97 7.40 6.25 5.43 5.17 5.79 6.53 6.28 6.96 7.22 6.95 7.88 1 Median not shown where base is less than 50,000. 8.14 7.00 6.29 7.65 8.62 8.61 8.78 8.31 8.21 8.51 N ote : were white men. Only 12 percent of the high wage earn ers were women, 8 percent were black, and 5 percent were Hispanic. At the low end of the earnings scale, about 1.4 mil lion of the workers paid an hourly wage earned less than $3 an hour in 1981, when the prevailing minimum wage under the Fair Labor Standards Act was $3.35. Of course, the Act exempts certain types of workers from the minimum wage provisions and permits a lower minimum for others.16 About half of the workers who 4.77 4.10 3.92 4.24 5.02 4.71 5.47 6.29 5.92 7.28 5.43 4.71 4.44 4.90 6.03 5.65 6.69 7.03 6.86 7.95 6.64 5.65 5.19 6.16 7.27 7.05 7.74 7.56 7.58 4.51 3.86 3.63 3.98 5.03 4.71 5.70 6.46 6.22 5.35 4.82 4.53 5.44 6.32 6.07 7.09 6.55 6.36 ( ') V) ( 1) 6.38 5.45 5.19 6.59 7.77 7.54 8.48 7.05 C) (’ ) 4.15 3.80 3.73 3.92 4.60 4.46 4.73 (’ ) ( 1) ( 1) Dashes indicate data not available. earned less than the prevailing minimum were employed in retail trade— two-thirds of them in eating and drink ing places, where exemptions from the minimum are very prevalent. One-tenth worked in private households. Workers who reported that they earned less than the minimum wage were predominently young (57 percent were under 25 years of age), and female. Among both whites and blacks, about 7 percent of the hourly em ployees reported earnings below the prevailing mini mum. □ FOOTNOTES ' Quarterly data on weekly earnings from the CPS have been available since early 1979 and are published in a press release entitled “Weekly Earnings of Workers and Their Families.” The release is available free of charge from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Before 1979, roughly comparable data on weekly earnings by demo graphic group were collected each May from 1967 to 1978, except for 1968. The data were published in press releases and occasional articles in the Monthly Labor Review. The first such article was Paul O. Flaim and Nicholas I. Peters, “Usual weekly earnings of American work ers,” Monthly Labor Review, March 1972, pp. 28-38. The most recent was Janice N. Hedges and Earl F. Mellor, “Weekly and hourly earn ings of U.S. workers, 1967-78,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1979, pp. 31-41. The switch from annual to more frequent collection of earnings data in the CPS was made after two methodological tests indicated it was feasible to collect these data more often and that they would meet BLS standards of statistical reliability. The most important test was conducted in January 1977, when information on the earnings of about 4,000 workers was obtained directly from them or from mem bers of their households and was then compared with information from their respective employers. Median hourly earnings for workers paid at hourly rates were $3.53 on the basis of the household reports and $3.64 on the basis of the employer reports— a difference of 11 cents or 3 percent. Median weekly earnings (excluding tips or com missions) were $170.24 on the basis of the household reports and $179.50 on the basis of the employer reports, for a difference of $9.26 or 5 percent. See Larry Carstensen and Henry Woltman, “Comparing Earnings Data From the CPS and Employer Records,” Proceedings of the Social Statistics Section, 1979 (Washington, American Statistical Association, 1979), pp. 168-74. 2For detailed information with regard to the reliability and other technical aspects of the quarterly earnings data from the CPS, see Earl F. Mellor, Technical Description o f the Quarterly Data on Weekly Earnings From the Current Population Survey, Bulletin 2113 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982). 3During 1981, women on full-time schedules worked an average of 39.5 hours per week, compared to 43.1 hours for men. 4The usual method for measuring intragroup wage differences is to estimate wage equations for each group through regression techniques which adjust for productivity-related personal characteristics. For ex ample, see Burton G. Malkiel and Judith A. Malkiel, “Male-female pay differentials in professional employment,” American Economic Re view, September 1973, pp. 693-705. This analysis rests in part on the foundation of human capital theo ry, which views schooling and training as investments increasing worker productivity and so future earnings. This theory is presented by Gary Becker in Human Capital (New York, Columbia University Press, 1964) and by Jacob Mincer in Schooling, Experience, and Earn ings (New York, Columbia University Press, 1974), probably the two names most associated with the theory. In addition to variables mea 23 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1982 o Usual weekly earnings suring human capital accumulation, wage equations typically include other variables thought to have a role in the wage determining pro cess. Estimates of coefficients in wage equations, including any residu al difference in earnings levels that remain after controlling for levels of the determining variables, are sensitive to the variables included in the equation as well as relevant variables that have been left out. The difference in earnings that remains may be due to discrimination but could also be due to variables not considered. There are economists who view the science’s understanding of wage determination as seriously incomplete, and who question the relevance of human capital theory and wage regressions. For examples, see Les ter C. Thurow, Generating Inequality (New York, Basic Books, Inc., 1975); and Michael J. Piore, “The importance of human capital theo ry to labor economics: a dissenting view,” Industrial Relations Re search Association's 26th Annual Winter Proceedings. 5The discontinuous work experience of many women may depress their earnings, in at least two ways. First, for periods when a woman does not have a job she is not accumulating work experience. Second, her skills accumulated in previous periods may depreciate. Women’s fewer years of employment overall and at their current job lead to less on-the-job training. In addition, as suggested by Steven H. Sandell and David Shapiro, receipt of on-the-job training may in crease with preferences for future labor force attachment and women may underestimate their future attachment and so underinvest in training. See “Work expectations, human capital accumulation, and the wages of young women,” Journal of Human Resources, Summer 1980, pp. 335-53. Mary Corcoran and Greg J. Duncan observed more likely and fre quent interruption of work experience among women with the Panel Study on Income Dynamics. They found years of training completed on the current job explained 11 percent of the difference in earnings of white men and women while other work history explained 28 per cent. After controlling for the levels of a long list of personal charac teristics their technique left more than half of the wage differential unexplained. Results of their analysis suggest continuity of work expe rience had limited impact on earnings, implying that the impact of human capital depreciation during labor force withdrawal on earnings is minimal if it exists at all. See “Work history, labor force attach ment and earnings differences between the races and the sexes,” The Journal o f Human Resources, Winter 1979, pp. 3-20. This evidence conflicts with that of Jacob Mincer and Solomon Polochek. See “Fgmily investments in human capital: Earnings of women,” Journal o f Political Economy, Vol. 82, no. 2, part 2, March/April 1974, pp. S76-S108. Bureau of Labor Statistics data from the CPS show that in January 1978, the average length of time at the current job (job tenure) was 4.5 years for men and 2.6 years for women. See Edward S. Sekscenski, “Job tenure declines as work force changes,” Monthly La bor Review, December 1979, pp. 48-50, reprinted with additional data as Special Labor Force Report No. 235. 6The South includes the South Atlantic (Delaware, the District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Caroli na, Virginia, and West Virginia), the East South Central (Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee), and the West South Central (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas) divisions. Using CPS data from May 1978, George D. Stamas estimated hourly earnings in the South 10 percent lower for blacks, and 4 percent lower for whites, compared to workers with similar characteristics in the rest of the country. See “The puzzling lag in southern earnings,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1981, pp. 27-36. 7Some comparisons of earnings by occupation could not be made because there were not enough minority women in some occupations to provide reliable estimates of their median earnings. This was the case for black women employed as transport equipment operatives and farmworkers, and for Hispanic women employed as salesworkers, Digitized 24 for FRASER craftworkers, transport equipment operatives, nonfarm laborers, and farmworkers. s For an analysis of recent differences in the earnings of black men and white men, see Daniel E. Taylor, “Education, on-the-job training, and the black-white pay gap,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1981, pp. 28-34. Corcoran and Duncan used a more precise measure of on-thejob training and work experience and found returns for blacks and whites to be similar. See Corcoran and Duncan, “Work history.” "James P. Smith and Finis Welch espouse this view in their “vin tage” cohort improvement hypothesis. See “Race differences in earn ings: a survey and new evidence,” in Peter Mieszkowski and Mahlon Straszheim, eds., Current Issues in Urban Economics (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979), pp. 40-73. An alternative hypothesis is that this pattern of race-earnings ratios by age represents the life cycle and that as cohorts age, earnings of black men will fall relative to those of white men. 10There are additional occupations in this Bureau of the Census list of 428 for which the data indicate that earnings may be at least as high as those listed. However, the estimated number of full-time wage and salary workers in these jobs was less than the 50,000 required to provide reasonably reliable estimates of median earnings. Examples are physicists and astronomers, geologists, judges, and air traffic con trollers. 11The Current Employment Statistics Survey, also known as the “establishment” survey or the “790” survey (collected via BLS Form 790) is conducted monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to gather information on employment and earnings for detailed industries. Data from this survey are published in Employment and Earnings. 12 Employment and earnings data on workers by union status are published in Earnings and Other Characteristics o f Organized Workers, May 1980, Bulletin 2105 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1981). "Comparisons of weekly hours in 1981 represent mean hours re ported by workers at work in the reference weeks: 41.7 hours for those at work full time and 19.0 hours for those at work part time who usually work part time. 14 Data from the quarterly series are not strictly comparable to those collected in May of prior years. See Earl F. Mellor, Technical Description. The earnings data are not seasonally adjusted, and only second quarter data from the quarterly series may be used in any comparisons with earlier figures. The extent of seasonal fluctuations cannot be accurately determined, and adjustments cannot be made until the data have been collected for at least 5 years. Hence, the quarterly series should not be used at this time to track quarter-toquarter changes. 15 For several summaries of research on the subject of generational crowding see Proceedings o f the Social Statistics Section, 1979 (Wash ington, American Statistical Association, 1979), pp. 37-56. In a separate paper, James P. Smith and Finis Welch reported that the difference in lifetime earnings between the smallest and the largest cohort entering the labor market since 1940 may be 4 percent for high school graduates and 10 percent for college graduates, with most of the impact on employment and earnings occurring during the early stages of work careers. See “No Time to be Young: The Economic Prospects for Large Cohorts in the United States,” Population and De velopment Review, March 1981, pp. 71-83. 16 Examples of such workers are those in small retail and service es tablishments, persons employed as outside salesworkers, many agricultural workers, part-time workers attending school full time, and employees who earn tips. Tips also can be credited up to 40 per cent of the minimum wage. The Fair Labor Standards Act and its coverage is outlined in Minimum Wage and Maximum Hours Under the Fair Labor Standards Act, An Economic Effects Study Submitted to Congress, 1981 (U.S. Department of Labor, Employment Standards Administration, 1981). Earnings of men and women: a look at specific occupations Occupations in which women workers dominate tend to rank lower in terms o f earnings; men dominate higher paid occupations N a n c y F. R y t i n a As a result of growing concern over the persistence of earnings differences between men and women, policy makers, researchers, and others have become increasing ly interested in obtaining earnings data by sex at the finest level of occupational detail possible. Wide-ranging information of this nature can generally be collected only through a household survey such as the Current Population Survey ( cps ). Until 1978, reliable estimates of earnings from the CPS could generally be presented only for aggregated groupings of occupations because of the limited number of sample observations in many oc cupations. However, changes in the collection of the cps earnings data since 1979 have made it possible to con struct annual average estimates to examine the earnings for a much larger number of detailed occupations.1 This report presents 1981 annual average data on the number of men and women working full time in each occupation and on their usual weekly earnings. Earn ings data are shown only where wage and salary em ployment is at least 50,000, because estimates of earnings derived from a smaller base are considered too unreliable to publish. For the most part, this allows earnings comparisons at the Census Bureau’s “threedigit” level of classification of occupations.2 However, Nancy F. Rytina is a demographer in the Division of Labor Force Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Francis W. Horvath of the same division was responsible for the development of the tables, and Muriel K. Nelson, also of that division, assisted in the preparation of the data. for occupational groupings which did not contain any three-digit occupation with a sufficiently large employ ment base, the data are shown for the two-digit occupa tions, the next higher level of aggregation. The use of two- as well as three-digit occupations increases the number of occupations among which earnings can be compared and also makes possible some comparisons between men and women that would otherwise have had to be ignored because there were either too few men or too few women employed in the occupation. For example, there are almost no male registered nurses (a three-digit occupational category), but the earnings of the sexes can be compared in the two-digit category— nurses, dieticians, and therapists— because the number of male workers exceeded 50,000 in the larger grouping. The data in table 1 show the employment and medi an earnings for 250 two- and three-digit occupations. These accounted for about 95 percent of the total full time wage and salary work force in 1981. There are more occupations where men’s earnings are shown than is the case for women (192 for men versus 129 for women). This occurs because the number of women working full time is lower than that of men and they are more concentrated in fewer occupations. The 91 occupations for which both men’s and wom en’s earnings are shown are predominantly white collar, the field which employed the majority of full-time working men and women in 1981. Forty of these occu pations are professional or managerial, and 24 are sales or clerical. In contrast, just 2 of the 91 occupations are 25 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, April 1982 o Occupational Earnings o f Men and Women Table 1. Median weekly earnings of wage and salary workers employed full time in occupations with tota! employment of 50,000 or more, by sex,1 1981 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] T o ta l, b o th s e x e s M en W om en O c c u p a tio n T o ta l e m p lo y e d W e e k ly e a r n in g s T o ta l e m p lo y e d W e e k ly e a r n in g s T o ta l e m p lo y e d W e e k ly e a r n in g s R a tio fe m a le / m a le e a r n in g s tim e s 1 00 P e rc e n t fe m a le w o rk e rs Total2 .............................................................................................................. 72,491 $289 43,888 $347 28,603 $224 64.7 39.5 Professional, technical, and kindred w o rkers............................................................ Accountants............................................................................................................ Architects................................................................................................................ Computer specialists.............................................................................................. Computer programmers..................................................................................... Computer systems analysts.............................................................................. Engineers................................................................................................................ Aeronautical and astronautical engineers.......................................................... Chemical engineers............................................................................................ Civil engineers..................................................................................................... Electrical and electronic engineers ................................................................... Industrial engineers............................................................................................ Mechanical engineers ....................................................................................... Engineers, n.e.c.................................................................................................... 12,870 960 60 583 345 199 1,459 83 64 186 368 222 239 226 377 379 428 454 422 519 540 614 575 505 549 530 540 527 7,358 579 57 429 247 149 1,392 81 59 182 355 194 233 219 439 433 432 488 447 546 547 619 583 507 555 549 547 530 5,512 381 3 154 98 50 68 1 5 4 13 28 6 7 316 308 — 355 329 420 371 — — — — — — — 71.8 71.2 — 72.8 73.6 76.9 67.8 ' — 42.8 39.7 5.0 26.4 28.4 25.1 4.7 1.2 7.8 2.1 3.5 12.6 2.5 3.1 Foresters and conservationists.............................................................................. Lawyers and judges .............................................................................................. Law yers.............................................................................................................. Librarians, archivists, and curators ........................................................................ Librarians ............................................................................................................ Life and physical scientists..................................................................................... Biological scientists ............................................................................................ Chemists ............................................................................................................ Operations and systems researchers and analysts ............................................. Personnel and labor relations workers ................................................................. 60 299 279 146 136 277 53 132 212 419 331 550 546 323 320 474 423 467 485 402 53 237 219 25 20 219 33 104 160 215 341 579 574 — — 512 — 492 515 514 Physicians, dentists, and related practitioners ...................................................... Pharmacists ....................................................................................................... Physicians, medical and osteopathic................................................................. Nurses, dieticians, and therapists .......................................................................... Registered nurse s.............................................................................................. Therapists........................................................................................................... Health technologists and technicians ................................................................... Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians ............................................. Radiologic technologists and technicians.......................................................... Health technologists, n.e.c................................................................................... 314 98 189 1,168 924 199 511 232 82 155 468 463 501 327 332 305 287 295 290 268 242 74 148 106 39 65 161 55 31 72 Religious workers ................................................................................................... Clergy ................................................................................................................ Social scientists ..................................................................................................... Economists......................................................................................................... Psychologists ..................................................................................................... Social and recreation workers .............................................................................. Social workers .................................................................................................. Recreation w o rke rs............................................................................................ Teachers, college and university, .......................................................................... Teachers, except college and university ............................................................... Adult education teachers ................................................................................... Elementary schoolteachers .............................................................................. Prekindergarten and kindergarten teachers ...................................................... Secondary schoolteachers................................................................................. Teachers, except college and university, n.e.c................................................... 268 231 238 133 77 454 357 97 438 2,624 54 1,244 143 1,115 69 284 284 461 536 394 295 309 226 444 333 394 322 262 351 312 Engineering and science technicians.................................... ................................. Chemical technicians.......................................................................................... Drafters .............................................................................................................. Electrical and electronic engineering technicians ............................................. Surveyors............................................................................................................ Engineering and science technicians, n.e.c......................................................... Technicians, except health, engineering, science ................................................. Airplane p ilo ts ..................................................................................................... Radio operators ................................................................................................ Vocational and educational counselors................................................................. 1,056 106 319 259 80 224 172 53 56 156 Writers, artists, and entertainers............................................................................ Athletes and kindred w o rkers............................................................................ Designers........................................................................................................... Editors and reporters.......................................................................................... Painters and sculptors....................................................................................... Photographers .................................................................................................. Public relations men and publicity writers.......................................................... Writers, artists, and entertainers, n.e.c................................................................ Research workers, not specified............................................................................ Managers and administrators, except f a r m ............................................................... Bank officers and financial managers ................................................................... Buyers, wholesale and retail trade ........................................................................ See footnotes at end of table. Digitized for 26FRASER — — — — — 7 62 60 121 115 58 19 28 52 204 _ — 410 407 319 318 363 — — 422 330 70.7 71.0 — — 70.9 — — 82.0 64.3 11.7 20.7 21.5 82.9 84.6 20.9 35.8 21.2 24.5 48.7 495 471 561 344 — 335 324 324 — 317 73 25 41 1,062 885 134 350 177 52 83 401 — — 326 331 293 273 286 268 240 80.9 — — 94.7 — 87.5 84.2 88.1 — 75.7 23.2 25.5 21.7 90.9 95.8 67.3 68.5 76.3 63.4 53.5 244 220 158 98 38 185 141 44 310 864 38 221 4 571 29 286 285 522 580 — 339 358 — 485 384 — 379 — 387 — 25 10 81 36 40 269 216 52 128 1,760 15 1,022 138 545 40 — — — 391 — — 273 286 186 389 311 — 311 264 321 — — 74.9 — — 80.4 79.9 — 80.3 80.9 — 82.2 — 82.9 — 9.3 4.3 34.0 27.1 51.9 59.3 60.5 53.6 29.2 67.1 27.8 82,2 96.5 48.9 58.0 348 352 343 387 310 344 375 530 233 388 868 76 259 235 80 174 128 53 23 77 371 384 364 397 311 383 437 530 — 451 188 29 60 25 0 50 43 0 33 79 279 — 277 — — 277 — — — 336 75.3 — 76.2 — — 72.2 — — — 74.5 17.8 27.4 18.8 9.7 .0 22.3 25.0 .0 58.9 50.6 791 59 176 158 100 52 100 66 157 350 254 421 351 297 309 402 363 362 525 44 134 86 55 47 56 42 96 387 — 448 382 329 — 465 — 437 266 15 42 72 45 6 44 23 61 302 — — 324 — — — — 307 78.2 — — 85.0 — ~ — — 70.3 33.6 25.4 23.9 45.6 45.0 11.5 44.0 34.8 38.9 7,864 658 139 407 411 316 5,630 417 73 466 514 400 2,235 240 66 283 310 250 60.8 60.2 62.3 28.4 36.5 47.5 Table 1. Continued— Median weekly earnings of wage and salary workers employed full time in occupations with total employment of 50,000 or more, by sex,1 1981 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] T o ta l, b o th s e x e s M en W om en O c c u p a tio n T o ta l e m p lo y e d W e e k ly e a r n in g s T o ta l e m p lo y e d W e e k ly e a r n in g s Credit and collection managers ............................................................................ Health administrators ............................................................................................ Inspectors, except construction, public administration.......................................... Managers and superintendents, building ............................................................... Office managers, n.e.c............................................................................................. Officials and administrators; public administration, n.e.c......................................... Officials of lodges, societies, and unions............................................................... Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e.c....................................................................... Restaurant, cafeteria, and bar managers ............................................................ Sales managers and department heads, retail trade .......................................... Sales managers, except retail tra d e ..................................................................... School administrators, college .............................................................................. School administrators, elementary and secondary............................................... Managers and administrators, n.e.c......................................................................... 60 200 104 96 444 443 106 260 393 330 353 129 262 3,713 351 431 380 278 313 441 429 390 275 300 540 491 475 431 36 102 93 46 140 324 79 182 227 204 307 88 176 2,984 545 388 — 423 484 501 453 312 380 566 552 520 481 24 98 10 50 304 120 27 78 166 126 46 41 85 729 285 223 216 — — 363 281 Salesworkers.............................................................................................................. Advertising agents and salesworkers ................................................................... Insurance agents, brokers, and underwriters........................................................ Real estate agents and b ro k e rs ............................................................................ Stock and bond sales agents................................................................................. Sales representatives, manufacturing industries................................................... Sales representatives, wholesale tra d e ................................................................. Salesclerks, retail tra d e .......................................................................................... Salesworkers except clerks, retail t ra d e ............................................................... Salesworkers, services and construction............................................................... 3,601 100 399 218 123 369 768 1,032 379 169 306 334 341 326 535 434 396 178 288 332 2,412 50 285 100 101 310 686 410 334 112 366 418 402 390 589 473 407 229 305 397 1,189 50 115 118 21 59 82 622 44 56 190 258 270 277 — 306 303 154 — 235 52.0 61.7 67.1 70.9 — 64.7 74.3 67.4 Clerical and kindred w o rke rs..................................................................................... Bank tellers ........................................................................................................... Billing c le rk s ........................................................................................................... Bookkeepers ......................................................................................................... Cashiers ................................................................................................................ Clerical supervisors, n.e.c........................................................................................ Collectors, billing and accounting .......................................................................... Counter clerks, except fo o d ................................................................................... Dispatchers and starters, vehicle .......................................................................... Estimators and investigators, n.e.c.......................................................................... 14,066 464 123 1,290 712 227 76 252 106 477 233 189 216 227 168 331 233 201 327 319 3,032 28 19 121 106 71 26 59 65 219 328 220 188 209 222 166 291 215 195 — 256 67.0 — 320 180 460 — 240 385 394 11,034 436 105 1,169 606 156 50 192 41 258 Expediters and production controllers................................................................... File clerks .............................................................................................................. Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators ............................................... Library attendants and assistants.......................................................................... Mail carriers, post office ....................................................................................... Mail handlers, except post office .......................................................................... Messengers and office helpers.............................................................................. Office machine operators ..................................................................................... Computer and peripheral equipment operators ............................................... Keypunch operators ......................................................................................... 248 230 183 61 222 138 60 844 506 212 328 192 270 203 406 222 198 238 260 223 148 37 75 9 196 70 47 227 185 11 366 — 356 — 408 245 — 324 342 — 100 192 107 52 26 67 13 616 320 201 275 189 230 197 202 — 223 232 222 Payroll and timekeeping c lerks.............................................................................. Postal clerks............................................................................................................ Receptionists ......................................................................................................... Secretaries.............................................................................................................. Secretaries, legal .............................................................................................. Secretaries, medical ......................................................................................... Secretaries, n.e.c................................................................................................. Shipping and receiving c le rk s ................................................................................. Statistical clerks ..................................................................................................... Stenographers ....................................................................................................... 203 256 458 3,199 159 71 2,969 480 333 55 247 400 200 230 260 218 229 247 242 275 40 172 9 21 1 0 20 376 71 7 163 84 449 3,178 158 71 2,949 104 261 48 237 382 199 229 260 218 228 205 227 — Stock clerks and storekeepers.............................................................................. Teacher aides, except school m onitors................................................................. Telephone operators.............................................................................................. Ticket, station, and express agents........................................................................ T ypists..................................................................................................................... Miscellaneous clerical w orkers.............................................................................. Not specified clerical workers .............................................................................. 461 168 261 132 801 997 336 264 167 240 407 213 233 227 305 6 20 78 29 184 70 156 163 241 54 772 813 267 217 166 239 370 211 222 217 — 88.3 — 68.3 74.6 Craft and kindred w orkers......................................................................................... B a k e rs ................................................................................................................ Brickmasons and stonemasons ....................................................................... Bulldozer operators............................................................................................ Carpenters......................................................................................................... Compositors and typesetters ............................................................................ Crane, derrick, and hoist operators................................................................... Decorators and window dressers ..................................................................... Electricians......................................................................................................... Electric power line and cable installers and repairers...................................... Excavating, grading, road machine operators; except bulldozer...................... Blue-collar work supervisors, n.e.c...................................................................... Inspectors, n.e.c................................................................................................... 10,558 76 87 90 699 142 136 66 591 122 269 1,772 131 352 234 401 327 325 274 402 210 419 409 337 394 370 9,963 56 87 90 689 98 136 22 581 121 268 1,587 119 595 20 0 1 10 44 0 43 10 1 2 186 12 239 — — — — — — — — — — 262 66.5 — — — — — — — — — — 64.2 _ — — 407 — — — — — 263 326 — 304 — — 419 — 325 292 360 264 401 329 326 311 402 — 420 410 337 409 383 T o ta l e m p lo y e d W e e k ly e a r n in g s R a tio fe m a le / m a le e a r n in g s tim e s 1 0 0 _ _ 357 — 226 277 337 65.5 — — 65.5 69.6 — 62.9 71.6 57.0 — — 69.9 58.5 — — — 59.1 P e rc e n t fe m a le w o rk e rs 40.0 49.0 9.6 52.1 68.5 27.1 25.5 30.0 42.2 38.2 13.0 31.8 32.4 19.6 33.0 50.0 28.8 54.1 17.1 16.0 10.7 60.3 11.6 33.1 81.3 — 65.0 78.4 94.0 85.4 90.6 85.1 68.7 65.8 76.2 38.7 54.1 75.2 — 64.7 — — 82.3 — 68.8 67.8 — 40.3 83.5 58.5 85.2 11.7 48.5 21.7 73.0 63.2 94.8 — 80.3 32.8 98.0 99.3 99.4 100.0 99.3 21.7 78.4 87.3 — — 69.4 92.0 63.4 — 93.9 — — — — — 78.2 69.7 — 71.6 — 33.8 97.0 92.3 40.9 96.4 81.5 79.5 5.6 26.3 .0 1.1 1.4 31.0 .0 65.2 1.7 .8 .7 10.5 9.2 See footnotes at end of table. 27 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1982 © Occupational Earnings o f Men and Women Table 1. Continued — Median weekly earnings of wage and salary workers employed full time in occupations with total employment of 50,000 or more, by sex,1 1981 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] Total, both sexes IVIen Women Occupation Total employed Weekly earnings Total employed Weekly earnings Total employed Job and die setters, metal ................................................................................ Machinists............................................................................................................ 95 532 358 356 92 512 360 360 4 19 Mechanics and repairers....................................................................................... Air conditioning, heating and refrigeration mechanics ...................................... Aircraft mechanics.............................................................................................. Automobile body repairers................................................................................. Automobile mechanics....................................................................................... Data processing machine repairers................................................................... Heavy equipment mechanics, including d ie s e l................................................. Household appliance, accessory installers and mechanics ............................. Office machine repairers ................................................................................... Radio and television repairers............................................................................ Railroad and car shop mechanics..................................................................... Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers .......................................................... 2,888 166 121 137 813 95 958 96 71 83 57 193 326 335 427 295 285 395 346 309 327 336 405 323 2,827 166 116 136 808 88 942 90 66 80 56 187 328 335 429 294 286 401 348 315 331 344 405 325 Millwrights .............................................................................................................. Molders, metal ....................................................................................................... Painters, construction and maintenance ............................................................... Plumbers and pipe fitte rs ....................................................................................... Printing press operators......................................................................................... Roofers and slaters................................................................................................ Sheetmetal workers and tinsmiths ........................................................................ Stationary engineers.............................................................................................. Structural metal craftworkers................................................................................ Telephone installers and repairers ....................................................................... Telephone line installers and repairers ................................................................. Tool and die m a ke rs.............................................................................................. 105 52 258 377 156 78 140 180 77 316 75 164 443 253 271 404 320 267 381 375 455 412 387 433 105 42 248 376 139 77 135 178 77 284 71 159 Operatives, except tran sport..................................................................................... Assemblers ........................................................................................................... Bottling and canning operatives ............................................................................ Checkers, examiners, and inspectors; manufacturing.......................................... Clothing ironers and pressers .............................................................................. Cutting operatives, n.e.c........................................................................................... Drillers, earth ......................................................................................................... Filers, polishers, sanders, and buffers................................................................... Furnace tenders, smelters, and pourers .............................................................. Garage workers and gas station attendants ........................................................ 9,440 1,088 51 782 87 259 51 111 62 217 242 236 279 265 164 226 393 223 374 179 Laundry and dry cleaning operatives, n.e.c............................................................. Meat cutters and butchers, except manufacturing ............................................... Meat cutters and butchers, manufacturing............................................................ Mine operatives, n.e.c.............................................................................................. Mixing operatives .................................................................................................. Packers and wrappers, except meat and produce............................................... Painters, manufactured articles ............................................................................ Photographic process w o rkers.............................................................................. Precision machine operatives................................................................................ Drill press operatives......................................................................................... Grinding machine operatives.............................................................................. Lathe and milling machine operatives ............................................................... Precision machine operatives, n.e.c..................................................................... 126 150 88 265 79 493 146 69 339 56 129 100 54 Punch and stamping press operatives................................................................... Sawyers.................................................................................................................. Sewers and stitchers.............................................................................................. Shoemaking machine operatives .......................................................................... Furnace tenders and stokers, except m eta l.......................................................... Textile operatives .................................................................................................. Spinners, twisters, and winders.......................................................................... Textile operatives, n.e.c....................................................................................... Welders and flame cutters..................................................................................... Winding operatives, n.e.c......................................................................................... Machine operatives, miscellaneous specified........................................................ Machine ooeratives, not specified.......................................................................... Miscellaneous operatives....................................................................................... Not specified operatives ....................................................................................... Weekly earnings Ratio female / male earnings times 100 Percent female workers 4.2 3.6 — — 60 1 5 1 6 7 16 5 4 4 1 6 275 — — — — — — — — — — 83.9 — — — — — — — •— — — — — 443 — 275 404 329 266 385 375 455 417 384 436 0 10 10 0 17 1 5 3 0 32 4 5 — — — — — — — — — — — _ — — — — — — — — — — — — 5,775 515 31 358 20 180 50 73 60 204 298 297 — 348 — 252 393 246 376 181 3,664 573 20 423 67 79 0 38 2 12 $187 205 — 219 153 185 — — — 62.9 69.0 — 63.1 — 73.3 — — — — — 38.8 52.7 39.2 54.1 77.0 30.5 .0 34.2 3.2 5.5 166 316 251 413 283 204 269 230 301 267 312 322 258 38 141 62 260 77 190 124 33 296 44 115 95 43 — 325 287 413 287 226 282 — 317 — 325 327 — 88 10 26 5 3 303 22 36 42 12 14 5 11 151 — — — — 193 — — — — — — — — — — — — 85.4 — — — — — — — 69.8 6.7 29.5 1.9 3.8 61.5 15.1 52.2 12.4 21.4 10.9 5.0 20.4 105 118 734 71 82 261 83 123 678 56 1,261 328 724 150 292 204 157 154 342 200 207 194 334 237 273 251 232 271 72 107 24 20 81 101 26 54 643 31 908 241 480 101 316 208 — — 342 229 — 219 338 — 309 281 262 311 33 10 710 52 1 161 57 69 35 25 353 87 244 48 — — 156 147 — 186 189 180 — — — — — — — 31.4 8.5 96.7 73.2 1.2 61.7 68.7 56.1 5.2 44.6 28.0 26.5 33.7 32.0 Transport equipment operatives................................................................................ Bus drivers.............................................................................................................. Delivery and route workers ................................................................................... Forklift and tow motor operatives ........................................................................ Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs.............................................................................. Truckdrivers............................................................................................................ 2,792 173 446 373 112 1,560 303 298 274 284 240 314 2,656 124 421 352 104 1,528 307 331 280 284 246 315 Nonfarm labo rers....................................................................................................... Carpenters’ helpers .............................................................................................. Construction laborers, except carpenters' h e lp e rs ............................................... 3,227 50 654 238 223 250 2,893 50 642 244 223 252 See footnotes at end of table. 28 81.3 — 82.1 — — 206 202 185 — 66.8 71.9 70.5 — 136 48 25 21 8 32 237 — — — 77.2 — — — — — — 335 0 11 193 — 79.3 — — — — 2.1 .6 4.1 .7 .7 7.4 1.7 5.2 5.6 4.8 1.8 3.1 .0 19.2 3.9 .0 10.9 1.3 3.6 1.7 .0 10.1 5.3 3.0 4.9 27.7 5.6 5.6 7.1 2.1 10.4 .0 1.7 Table 1. Continued — Median weekly earnings of wage and salary workers em ployed full tim e in occupations with total em ploym ent of 50,000 or more, by sex,1 1981 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] T o ta l, b o th s e x e s W e e k ly e a r n in g s R a tio fe m a le / m a le e a r n in g s tim e s 1 0 0 78.0 W om en M en O c c u p a tio n T o ta l e m p lo y e d W e e k ly e a r n in g s T o ta l e m p lo y e d W e e k ly e a r n in g s T o ta l e m p lo y e d Freight and material handlers................................................................................ Garbage collectors ................................................................................................ Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farm ..................................................... Timber cutting and logging workers ..................................................................... Stock handlers....................................................................................................... Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners ............................................................ Warehouse laborers, n.e.c....................................................................................... Miscellaneous laborers .......................................................................................... Not specified labo rers........................................................................................... 641 62 349 55 522 124 267 168 241 259 189 200 246 212 220 267 297 245 579 60 332 55 372 103 253 155 215 266 189 202 246 228 220 270 308 246 62 2 16 0 149 21 15 12 26 207 — — Farmworkers .............................................................................................................. Farm laborers, wage workers .............................................................................. Service workers, except private household............................................................... Cleaning service workers....................................................................................... Lodging quarters cleaners, except private ........................................................ Building interior cleaners, n.e.c............................................................................ Janitors and sextons ......................................................................................... Food service workers ............................................................................................ Bartenders ......................................................................................................... Waiters' assistants ............................................................................................ Cooks, except private household ..................................................................... Dishwashers....................................................................................................... Food counter and fountain w orkers................................................................... W aiters................................................................................................................ Food service workers, n.e.c., except private household.................................... 729 701 6,990 1,651 99 559 993 1,987 170 70 764 105 107 532 239 176 174 196 200 142 184 219 162 195 143 171 135 141 150 165 641 614 3,475 1,106 5 253 848 770 94 57 375 73 15 79 76 180 178 238 222 88 86 3,515 544 94 306 145 1,216 76 13 389 32 91 453 163 146 146 170 168 141 168 188 148 179 81.1 82.3 71.3 75.6 79.2 83.6 79.7 84.4 148 73.4 140 144 160 72.0 90.0 Health service workers .......................................................................................... Dental assistants................................................................................................ Health aides, except nursing.............................................................................. Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants............................................................ Practical nurses ................................................................................................ Personal service workers....................................................................................... Attendants, recreation and amusement............................................................ Child-care workers, except private household ................................................. Hairdressers and cosmetologists ..................................................................... Housekeepers, except private household.......................................................... 1,415 97 220 832 263 624 88 83 191 96 188 183 209 172 227 191 182 151 179 219 178 3 38 130 6 207 49 11 29 32 1,237 95 182 701 256 417 39 72 163 64 185 182 201 167 227 179 Protective service w orkers..................................................................................... Firefighters ......................................................................................................... G uards................................................................................................................ Police and detectives......................................................................................... Sheriffs and bailiffs ............................................................................................ Private household workers ....................................................................................... Child-care workers, private household............................................................... Maids and servants, private household ............................................................ 1,313 218 500 508 70 315 148 110 315 362 232 363 324 107 80 126 1,214 216 436 481 66 17 4 9 'Excludes any earnings from self-employment. 2Data for “ total” refer to all full-time workers, including those in occupations not shown. in the crafts category, largely because men made up the overwhelming majority (95 percent) of all full-time craftworkers. Ranking occupations To illustrate the occupational earnings differences be tween men and women, the occupations in table 1 were ranked from high to low on the basis of male earnings, female earnings, the ratio of women’s to men’s earnings, and the percentage of female workers in each occupa tion. (See tables 2 to 5.) For each criterion the top 20 occupations are ranked. The rankings by male and fe male earnings are approximate because the earnings in very closely ranked occupations are often not statistical ly different.3 In addition, the occupations appearing in the female earnings ranking contain more two-digit oc cupations than the male earnings ranking because wom — 213 225 186 212 144 202 136 — 200 178 216 — — 203 — 224 — — — — 322 364 236 368 325 — — — 100 3 64 27 4 298 144 101 — — — 185 — — — — — — — — 81.2 — — — — — — — P e rc e n t fe m a le w o rk e rs 9.7 3.2 4.6 .0 28.5 16.9 5.6 7.1 10.8 12.1 12.3 50.3 32.9 94.9 54.7 14.6 61.2 44.7 18.6 50.9 30.5 85.0 85.1 68.2 85.4 145 172 205 — — 82.2 — 80.0 — — — — 87.4 97.9 82.7 84.3 97.3 66.8 44.3 86.7 85.3 66.7 226 70.3 7.6 1.4 12.8 5.3 5.7 94.6 97.3 91.8 — — 214 — — 104 79 124 — 90.7 — — — — Note : Not elsewhere classified is abbreviated n.e.c. Dashes indicate earnings not shown where base is less than 50,000. en are concentrated in fewer occupations, and in many occupations their number is less than 50,000. Of course, the ranking by the sex-earnings ratio includes just those occupations in which both men’s and women’s earnings are reported in table 1. Lastly, the occupations ranked by the percent of females employed are based on all oc cupations in table 1. Male earnings ranks. Not surprisingly, the most highly paid occupations for men are from the professional and managerial groups. (See table 2.) Nineteen of the 20 are in one of these groupings. The only exception is “stock and bonds, sales agents,” which is classified in the sales category. Within the professional group, engineering specialties clearly stand out in the ranking, accounting for 7 of the top 20 occupations. The median usual weekly earnings 29 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1982 © Occupational Earnings of Men and Women T a b le 2 . O c c u p a t io n s w i t h h ig h e s t m e d ia n w e e k ly e a r n in g s f o r m e n e m p lo y e d f u ll t im e in w a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k , 1 1 ©S1 a n n u a l a v e r a g e s Table 3. O ccupations w ith highest median weekly earnings fo r wom en em ployed full tim e in wage and salary w o rk,1 1931 annual averages Male earnings Occupational title2 Female earnings Aerospace and astronautical engineers ............................................... Stock and bond sales agents ............................................................... Chemical engineers .............................................................................. Economists ............................................................................................ Lawyers.................................................................................................. Sales managers, except retail tra d e ...................................................... Physicians, medical and osteopathic...................................................... Electrical and electronics engineers...................................................... School administrators, college and university ...................................... Industrial engineers................................................................................. $619 589 583 580 574 566 561 555 552 549 Operations and systems researchers and analysts ............................... Computer systems analysts..................................................................... Law yers..................................................................................................... Physicians, dentists, and related practitioners ........................................ Social scientists ....................................................................................... Teachers, college and university ............................................................ Postal clerks.............................................................................................. Engineers.................................................................................................. Ticket, station, and express agents.......................................................... School administrators, elementary and secondary................................. $422 420 407 401 391 389 382 371 370 363 Mechanical engineers............................................................................ Computer systems analysts ................................................................. Health administrators ............................................................................ Engineers, not elsewhere classified ..................................................... Airplane pilots ....................................................................................... School administrators, elementary and secondary............................... Operations and systems researchers and analysts ............................. Bank officers and financial m anagers................................................... Personnel and labor relations workers ................................................. Civil engineers ....................................................................................... 547 546 545 530 530 520 515 514 514 507 Occupational title2 'Excludes any earnings from self-employment. Occupations listed are those in which male employment was 50,000 or more in 1981. of men in those specialties ranged from $619 for aero space and astronautical engineers to $507 for civil engi neers. The high ranking of engineers occurs partly because the data are restricted to wage and salary workers and exclude some of the most highly paid workers in occupations where self-employment is quite common, for example, lawyers and physicians. None theless, although restricted only to the wage and salary portion, the median usual weekly earnings of lawyers ($574) and physicians ($561) were in the upper half of the ranking. The top 20 also included a number of technical and administrative occupations. Among the former are econ omists, airplane pilots, and two very high growth occu pations, computer systems analysts, and operations and systems researchers and analysts. Among the latter oc cupations are school administrators at the college, sec ondary, and elementary levels; health administrators; and bank officers and financial managers. Female earnings ranks. Much like the situation for men, the most highly paid occupations for women are in the professional and managerial categories. (See table 3.) The median usual weekly earnings in the top 20 occupa tions for women ranged from a high of $422 for opera tions and systems researchers and analysts to $318 for librarians. Many of the occupations appearing in the fe male ranking are the same or similar to those which ap pear in the male ranking. Among these (in addition to operations and systems researchers and analysts) are lawyers, engineers, physicians, dentists and related prac titioners, social scientists, health administrators, elemen tary and secondary school administrators, computer systems analysts, and personnel and labor relations 30 Life and physical scientists........................................................................ Health administrators .............................................................................. Public administration officials and administrators, not elsewhere classified Vocational and educational counselors................................................... Registered nurses..................................................................................... Personnel and labor relations workers ................................................... Computer programmers .......................................................................... Editors and reporters................................................................................ Secondary schoolteachers........................................................................ Librarians.................................................................................................. 357 357 337 336 331 330 329 324 321 318 ’ Excludes any earnings from self-employment. Occupations listed are those in which female employment was 50,000 or more in 1981. workers. This suggests that the most highly paid occu pations for women are about the same as those for men. However, the earnings of women in these occupations do not approach the earnings of men. The $422 median usual weekly earnings of female operations and systems researchers and analysts, for example, would place just above the pay of electricians for men, an occupation which is well below the top 20 on the male ranking. The pay for women librarians is just above that of men working as precision machine operatives, a classification which is in the bottom third of the male earnings rank ing. Table 4. O ccupations o f full-tim e wage and salary w orkers w ith highest ratios o f w om en’s to men’s median w eekly earnings,1 1981 annual averages O c c u p a tio n a l title 2 R a tio f e m a le /m a le e a r n in g s tim e s 1 0 0 Postal clerks................................................................................... Cashiers ....................................................................................... Guards and watchmen ................................................................. Food service workers, not elsewhere classified, excluding private household ..................................................................... Ticket, station, and express agents............................................... Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians ......................... Therapists ..................................................................................... Packers and wrappers, except meat and produce...................... Editors and reporters..................................................................... 93.9 92.0 90.7 Bartenders..................................................................................... Mechanics and repairers............................................................... Janitors and sextons..................................................................... Secondary schoolteachers............................................................ Mail handlers, except post office ................................................. Farm laborers, wage workers ...................................................... Elementary schoolteachers .......................................................... Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants ...................................... Textile operatives, not elsewhere classified................................. Operations and systems researchers and analysts .................... Counter clerks, except fo o d .......................................................... 84.4 83.9 83.6 82.9 82.3 82.3 82.2 82.2 82.1 82.0 81.3 90.0 88.3 88.1 87.5 85.4 85.0 'Excludes any earnings from self-employment. Occupations listed are those in which both male and female employment was 50,000 or more in 1981. Occupations which do not appear in the top male earnings rankings but appear in the top female rankings highlight other aspects of variation between men’s and women’s occupational earnings. Public sector employ ment is typical of several of the occupations which rank high in terms of female earnings. These include postal clerks, public administration officials and administrators (not elsewhere classified), vocational and educational counselors, and secondary schoolteachers. Elementary and secondary school administrators is the only public sector occupation which also appears in the top 20 oc cupations in terms of men’s earnings. Postal clerks ranked well below the top 20 for men. And as indicated in table 4, some of the highly paid public sector occupa tions for women are characterized by relatively high ra tios of women’s to men’s earnings. Among postal clerks, women’s earnings averaged almost 94 percent of men’s. And a sex-earnings ratio of more than 80 per cent is reported for secondary schoolteachers. This sug gests that while the public sector may not offer the most highly paid employment, it may well afford wom en more equal opportunities than are found elsewhere. Another characteristic of occupations ranking high in terms of female earnings is that they typically do not rank among those with the largest percentages of female workers. (See table 5.) The occupation of registered nurse, for example, is the only one which had both a high percentage of female workers (96 percent) and also ranked among the most highly paid occupations for women. (Compare table 3 with table 5.) Most of the oc cupations in which 90 percent of the workers or more are women are in the clerical category. By contrast, the very highly paid occupations, professional and manage rial, are male-dominated. Women’s earnings, much like men’s, are highest in these occupations. □ 1See Earl F. Mellor, Technical Description o f the Quarterly Data on Weekly Earnings from the Current Population Survey, Bulletin 2113, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 1982. 2The Census Bureau classifies occupations on the basis of one-, two-, and three-digit groupings. The one-digit classification is the least detailed and consists of the major occupation groups, for example, professional, technical, and kindred workers; managers and adminis trators, except farm; and salesworkers. The three-digit classification is the most detailed. It includes specific occupations such as account- ants, architects, aerospace and astronautical engineers, and civil engi neers, all of whom come under the one-digit professional grouping. The two-digit classification is more detailed than the one-digit scheme and contains a number of broad occupations such as engineers and secretaries, under which are found such three-digit occupations as aerospace and astronautical engineers, or civil engineers, and legal secretaries, medical secretaries, and so forth. ' The magnitude of the standard errors on occupational earnings ranged from roughly $10 to $30 at the .10 significance level. T a b le 5 . O c c u p a t io n s w ith h ig h e s t p e r c e n t a g e o f fe m a le w o r k e r s in f u l l - t i m e w a g e a n d s a l a r y w o r k , 1 1 9 8 1 a n n u a l a v e ra g e s Occupational title2 Percent female Secretaries, m edical.............................................................................. Secretaries, legal ................................................................................ Secretaries, not elsewhere classified ................................................... Receptionists ......................................................................................... Dental assistants ................................................................................... Practical nurses ..................................................................................... Child-care workers, private household ................................................. Teachers aides, except school m onitors............................................... Sewers and stitchers ............................................................................ Prekindergarten and kindergarten teachers.......................................... 100.0 99.4 99.3 98.0 97.9 97.3 97.3 97.0 96.7 96.5 Typists..................................................................................................... Registered nurses ................................................................................. Lodging quarters cleaners, except private household........................... Keypunch operators .............................................................................. Bank tellers ............................................................................................ Telephone operators.............................................................................. Maids and servants, private household................................................. Bookkeepers .......................................................................................... Stenographers....................................................................................... Child-care workers, except private household...................................... 96.4 95.8 94.9 94.8 94.0 92.3 91.8 90.6 87.3 86.7 'Excludes self-employed workers. Occupations listed are those in which female employment was 50,000 or more in 1981. 31 Appendix This report contains, in addition to the two articles from the April issue of the Monthly Labor Review, the following material: Explanatory note--'--- ---- ------- — 1982 Page ------------- ------ ----- ---------- --------- A - 2 Supplementary tables: Percent distribution of usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by age and sex, 198 1 annual averages----------A - 9 A-2„ Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers; by region of residence, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 1981 annual averages------------------------------------------------------- A - 9 A-3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by years of school completed, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 1981 annual averages--------------------------------------- — — -A-9 A-4. Percent distribution of usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by major occupation group and sex, 1981 annual averages-------------------------------------------------- ---- A-10 A~5. Median usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers, by number of hours usually worked per week and sex, 1981 annual averages-------------------------------------------------- — ----------- --- A-10 A - 6 . Percent distribution of usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers, by age and sex, 198 1 annual averages------------------ A -ll A - 7 . Percent distribution of usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers, by major occupation group and sex, 1981 annual a verges-------------------------------------- ------ - “-------------"-A-ll - A-1. A-1 E x p l a n a t o r y S \3 ® t@ Collection of the data. The Current Population Survey is conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census for a scientifically selected sample covering every State and the District of Columbia. In 1981, the monthly sample consisted of about 60,000 households eligible for interview. Data on usual weekly earnings are provided from responses to the question "How much does ... USUALLY earn per week at this job before deductions? Include any overtime pay commissions, or tips usually received." earnings are derived from two questions: job?" If yes, "How much does ... "Is ... Data on hourly paid by the hour on this earn per hour?" Questions refer to the sole or principal job of the respondent. The term "usual"is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of "usual," interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Reliability of the data. Estimates from the CPS are subject to two types of error— sampling and nonsampling „ Sampling errors are variations in the data which occur by chance because a sample, rather than the whole of the population, is surveyed. The standard error is an estimate of such potential variation. The chances are about 68 out of 100 that an estimate from the survey differs from a figure that would be obtained from a complete census by less than 1 standard error. The chances are about 90 out of 100 that it would be less than 1.64 times the standard error. All statements of comparison in the two articles in this Special Labor Force Report are significant at the 90-percent level. example of the standard error is as follows: Median weekly earnings of black full-time workers were estimated at $238 in 1981. with this estimate was $1.42. The standard error associated Hence, the 90 percent confidence interval ranges from $238 minus $2.33 to $238 plus $2.33, or from about $236 to $240. Tables 1 and 2 show approximations of the standard errors of estimated numbers and An A-2 percentages. The values should be interpreted as an indication of the order of magnitude of the standard error rather than a precise standard error for any specific item. Nonsampling errors occur in complete censuses as well as sample surveys. Examples of nonsampling errors include inability to obtain information about all cases* definitional difficulties, inability or unwillingness on the part of respondents to provide correct information, and errors in processing. The full extent of nonsampling error cannot be detected. Differences between the CPS earninos series for May and the quarterly series. Although data from the new series (primarily those for the second quarter— April, May, and June) and the May data from the previous series can be used to track broad trends in the earnings of workers over time, certain differences in collection procedures, processing methods, and in the definition of wage and salary workers should be noted. For example, the quarterly series is based on a monthly collection of information from one-fourth the CPS sample, cumulated to provide quarterly and annual averages, whereas the May series was based on a collection from the full sample. The reliability of the quarterly series is almost as high, and that of the annual average series is much higher, than the reliability of the May series. Another difference is that the new series imputes the earnings of nonrespondents in order to minimise any nonsampling bias resulting from differences in response rate's among groups with vastly different earnings. The allocation procedure used to impute missing earnings information is similar to that used in processing other CPS data and the decennial census. (See ’’Computer Method to Process Missing Income and Work Experience Information in the Current Population Survey,’5 by Emmett F. Spiers and Joseph J. Knott, the American Statistical Association, Proceedings of the Social Statistics Section, The May series was not adjusted for nonresponses. 1969.) This change represents a substantial improvement since earnings questions tend to have higher nonresponse A-3 rates than other questions in the CPS, running about 20 percent for weekly earnings and 15 percent for hourly earnings in the May series, and about 17 percent for weekly earnings and 14 percent for hourly earnings in the first two years of the quarterly series. Still another change is that the new earnings series, in contrast to the May series, excludes from the universe those self-employed workers who are classified as wage and salary employees because their business is incorporated. Seasonal factors also affect the comparability of the two series. May is not an ideal proxy for the second quarter, largely because many students enter low-paying, summer jobs in June. Special tabulations showed that second quarter e a r n in g s in 1979 w ere s l i g h t l y lo w er th an t h o s e f o r May a lo n e b e c a u se o f a drop in June e a r n in g s „ For these reasons, caution should be exercised in comparing relative changes in the earnings of demographic groups. For additional technical information relating to comparability of the two series and on sampling and nonsampling errors, see Earl F. Mellor, Technical Description of the Quarterly Data on U'eeklv Earnings From the Current Population Survey, BLS Bulletin 2113, 1982. Comparison between CPS and establishment data from the Current Employment Statistics Survey CCES). The Bureau of Labor Statistics has collected information on weekly earnings from establishments through the CES for many years. The results, which are published for major industry groups and for individual industries, differ from those based on the household data because of differences in definition, coverage, and computation. The household data represent the usual weekly earnings of all wage and salary workers who usually work full time, and are expressed as medians. data The establishment, or payroll, represent the earnings in a given week of all (full- and part-time) production workers in mining and manufacturing, construction workers in the construction industry, and nonsupervisory workers in other industries of the A-4 private nonagricultural economy. Earnings are expressed as means. difference is in the handling of workers with two or more jobs. Another Each job is 'counted separately in the establishment data, but only the primary job is counted in the household data. Because of these differences, data from the two surveys differ. of differences varies by industry. The extent For some of the major industry groups and some of the more detailed groups for which comparisons can be made, the differences are small. They are under 5 percent in mining, manufacturing, and in the transportation and public utilities group — groups in which definitions and coverage of the two surveys are more similar than for other groups. The differences are greatest in trade, services, and construction (15 percent or more). For example, the establishment data, which cover 18.1 million workers in trade (1981 annual averages) show mean earnings of $190, while the CPS data, with a universe of 11.6 million workers, show an earnings median of $236. The Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes other establishment-based data. The Employment Cost Index (ECI) measures quarterly changes in the rate of total employee compensation. Information on both wages and salaries and on employer costs for employee benefits are collected for a full range of occupations in the private nonfarm sector. The index is composed of 2 components* a "straight-time,? average hourly earnings component, and a benefit cost component. The former includes some items not picked up in the usual weekly earnings series (such as production bonuses), and excludes other pay that may be included in the household data (such as overtime pay and shift premiums received regularly). Some of these items, however, are included in the benefits component. While the ECI covers a wide range of industries and occupations, there are other BLS establishment surveys more narrow in scope. The Industry Wage Surveys provide data for occupations selected to represent the full range of activities performed by workers in specific industries. Area Wage Surveys provide detailed data for occupations common to a wide variety of industries in individual metropolitan areas. The National Survey of Professional, Administrative, A-5 Technical, and Clerical Pay (PATC) covers selected occupations, by levels of duties and responsibilities. The PATC survey is used to compare the compensation of employees in specific jobs in private industry with those in the Federal Government. Definitions of terms Employed persons. The universe of employed persons comprises (a) a l l those who during the survey reference week did any work at all as paid employees, worked in their own business, profession, or farm, or worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the family; and (b) all those who were not working but who had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent because of illness, bad weather, vacation, laboi— management dispute, or personal reasons, whether or not they were paid by their employers for the time off, or whether or not they were seeking other jobs. Each employed person is counted only once. Those who held more than one job are counted in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours during the survey reference week. Wage and salary workers. Wage and salary workers are employed persons who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in both the private and public sectors but excludes self-employed persons. Full-time workers. Full-time workers usually work 35 hours or more per week at their principal job. Part-time workers. Part-time workers are those who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their principal job. A-6 Usual weekly earnings. Data on usual weekly earnings are provided from responses to the question "How much does ... before deductions? received." USUALLY earn per week at this job Include any overtime pay, commissions? or tips usually The response is for the worker's sole or principal job. "usually" is as perceived by the respondent. The term If the respondent asks for a definition of "usually?" interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past A or 5 months. The usual weekly, earnings of families is determined by aggregating the usual weekly earnings of all family members 16 years and older who were employed as wage and salary workers during the survey reference week. Hourly earnings. Data on hourly earnings, as obtained in the CPS? relate only to employed wage and salary workers who are reported as being paid by the hour at their principal job. (Those for whom yes is entered in item 25B of the questionnaire.) The amount of earnings is determined by the response to item 25C, "How much does ... earn per hour?" Change in constant dollars. The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to convert current dollars to constant dollars. Survey, reference week. The survey reference week is the calendar week? Sunday through Saturday? which includes the 12th of the month. Hi spani c origin. This term refers to persons who are of Mexican? Puerto Rican? Cuban, Central or South American? or other Hispanic origin or descent. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race? hence? they are included among the numbers for both whites and blacks. A-7 Table 1. Standard errors of estimates of annual average levels, by selected characteristics (Num bers in thousands) Men Botfesexefc Estimated level Part-tim e workers Total or fu ll-tim e w orkers All races or white Black Part-tim e w orkers ! Total o r fu ll-tim e w orkers All races W hite Black Women Total, full- or part-tim e workers All races Black or white 1 0 ..................................... 5 0 ..................................... 7 5 ..................................... 10 0..................................... 1 5 0 ..................................... 3 6 7 8 10 3 7 8 9 11 3 7 8 9 11 3 6 7 8 10 3 7 8 9 11 3 7 8 9 11 3 7 8 9 11 3 6 7 8 10 3 6 7 8 10 2 0 0 ..................................... 2 5 0 ..................................... 3 0 0 ..................................... 5 0 0 ..................................... 7 5 0 ..................................... 12 13 14 18 22 13 15 16 21 25 13 15 16 20 25 12 13 14 18 22 13 15 16 21 25 13 15 16 21 25 13 14 16 20 24 12 13 14 18 22 12 13 14 18 22 1.000..................................... 1.500..................................... 2,0 00..................................... 2,5 00..................................... 3 ,0 00..................................... 26 32 37 41 45 29 36 41 46 50 28 34 39 42 46 26 32 36 41 44 29 35 41 45 50 29 35 41 45 49 27 32 35 37 38 26 32 36 41 44 25 30 34 37 40 5,000..................................... 7,500..................................... 10,000..................................... 15,000..................................... 20,000..................................... 57 70 80 97 110 64 78 89 107 121 54 58 55 57 68 78 92 103 63 75 85 98 107 62 75 84 96 104 35 — — — — 57 69 78 93 105 46 25,000..................................... 30,000..................................... 40,000..................................... 50,000..................................... 75,000..................................... 100,000..................................... 122 131 147 160 179 186 132 141 154 162 164 138 — 112 118 126 — — — 107 106 93 _ _ — — — — — 112 114 108 _ — — — - — — _ — — NOTE: Dashes indicate the standard error is not a p plicab le because the num ber of w orkers having the indicate d ch a ra cte ristic is less than _ — — — — _ 114 121 130 — — — — — — — — — th a t liste d in the estim a ted level colum n, Table 2. Standard errors of estimated percentages— annual averages Estim ated percentages ease ot esumaiea percenxage (thousands) 0.5 or 99.5 1 or 99 2 or 98 3 or 97 5 or 95 10 or 90 15 or 85 20 or 80 25 or 75 30 or 70 50 50 75 100 150 200 ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... 0.93 .76 .65 .53 .46 1.31 1.07 .92 .75 .65 1.84 1.50 1.30 1.06 .92 2.24 1.83 1.58 1.29 1.12 2.86 2.34 2.02 1.65 1.43 3.94 3.21 2.78 2.27 1.97 4.69 3.83 3.31 2.71 2.34 5.25 4.29 3.71 3.03 2.62 5.68 4.64 4.02 3.28 2 84 6.01 4.91 4.25 3.47 3.01 6.56 5.36 4.64 3.79 3.28 250 300 500 750 1,000 ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .41 .38 .29 24 .58 .53 .41 .34 .29 .82 .75 .58 .47 .41 1.00 .91 .71 .58 .50 1.28 1.17 .90 .74 .64 1.76 1.61 1.24 1.02 .88 2.10 1.91 1.48 1.21 1.05 2.35 2.14 1.66 1.36 1.17 2.54 2.32 1.80 1.47 1.27 2.69 2.45 1.90 1.55 1.34 2.93 2.68 2.07 1.69 1.47 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 5,000 ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .17 .15 .13 .12 .09 .24 .18 .17 .13 .34 .29 .26 .24 .18 .41 .35 .32 .29 .22 .52 .45 .40 .37 .29 .72 .62 .56 .51 .39 .86 .74 .66 .60 .47 .96 .83 .74 .68 .52 1.04 90 .80 .73 .57 1.10 .95 .85 .78 .60 1.20 1.04 .93 .85 .66 7,500 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .08 .07 .05 .05 .04 .11 .09 .08 .07 .06 .15 .13 .11 .09 .08 .18 .16 .13 .11 .10 .23 .20 .17 .14 .13 .32 28 .23 .20 18 .38 .33 .27 .23 .21 .43 .37 .30 .26 .23 .46 .40 .33 .28 .25 49 .43 .35 .30 .27 .54 .46 .38 .33 .29 30,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... 04 .03 .02 .02 .05 .04 .03 .03 .08 .06 .05 .04 .09 .07 .06 .05 .12 .09 .07 .06 .16 .12 .10 .09 .19 .15 .12 .10 .21 .17 .14 .12 .23 .18 .15 .13 .25 .19 .16 .13 .27 .21 .17 .15 .2 1 .2 1 NOTE: For part-tim e w orkers, w om en, and fam ilies m a intained by women, m u ltip ly the above values by 0.89. For H ispanics: M u ltip ly by 1.43 fo r both sexes; by 1.21 fo r men, all fam ilies, husband-w ife fam ilies, . and fa m ilie s m aintained by men; and by 1.04 for w om en and fam ilies m a intained by women. T a b le A -1. P e rc e n t d is trib u tio n of u s u al w e e k ly e a rn in g s o f fu ll-tim e w a g e and s a la ry w o rk e rs , by a g e and sex, 1981 a n n u a l a ve rag e s Age and sex BOTH SEXES Total. 16 years and over............ 16 to 24 years..................... 16 to 19 years.................. 20 to 24 years.................. 25 years and over................. 25 to 34 years. .'................ 35 to 44 years.................. 45 to 54 years.................. 55 to 64 years.................. MEN Total, 16 years and over............ 16 to 24 years..................... 16 to 19 years.................. 25 35 45 55 Total, to to to to 34 44 54 64 years.................. years.................. years.................. years.................. WOMEN 16 years and over............ 16 to 19 years.................. 25 years and over................. 25 to 34 years.................. 65 years and over............... Number of workers (in thou sands) Percent distribution by weekly earnings Medi an I $400 I $500 to I or $499 I more Total Under $100 $100 to $149 $150 to $199 $200 to $249 $250 to $299 $300 to $349 $350 to $399 72,491 13,702 2,825 10,877 58,789 22,602 15,147 12,063 8,106 87 1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0 .9 1.6 3.5 1 .1 .7 .6 .5 .7 1. 0 7. 1 8.9 19.7 37.4 15. 1 6.3 5.9 5.8 6.5 7.2 17.8 14.5 26.6 33.0 25.0 11.7 12.3 10.9 11.2 12.0 16.2 15.9 21.2 15.4 22.7 14.7 16.1 13.2 14. 1 14.5 15.9 12.3 11.9 4.5 13.8 12.5 14.5 11.6 10.8 11.3 9. 1 11.2 7.6 2.8 8.8 12.0 13.5 11.2 10.9 11.4 7.6 8.3 4.4 1.5 5. 1 9.2 9.8 9.4 8.6 8.6 43,888 7,672 1,644 6,028 36,216 13,819 9,337 7,429 5,10 1 530 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .5 1.0 2.3 .6 .4 .3 .2 .3 .4 6.4 5.0 15.5 32.6 10.8 12.7 21.7 18. 1 22.7 11.3 13. 1 5.8 15.1 12. 1 9.6 3.6 11.2 10.0 6.0 2.2 7.0 2.9 2.0 2.3 3.3 13.8 9.0 22.3 32.2 19.7 6.2 7.6 5. 1 4.7 6 .1 12.5 I I 14.7 2.4 .7 I 2.8 17.6 13.0 I 21.0 I 21.2 I 19.1 j I I 17.8 I 21.7 7. 1 I 3.7 2. 1 I 1.1 4.4 12.5 8.9 9.7 10.5 13.8 13.2 9.6 9.2 10.0 8.4 14.5 11.2 11.5 12.3 11.6 10.9 10.1 10.2 7 7 18.9 21.5 21.1 19.8 10.6 28,603 6,030 1, 180 4,850 22,573 8,783 5,8 10 4,634 3,005 341 100.0 1.5 2.3 5.3 1.6 1.3 1. 0 .8 1.4 2. 1 8.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10 0.0 100.0 100.0 Note : Detail may not add to totals because of rounding. Small values in percent distributions are subject to relatively large sampling errors and should be used with caution. Specifically, values of less than 1.0 percent are subject 13.3 4.7 1.3 5.6 15.2 14.5 16.4 15.9 15.0 I I I I j I I 6.3 I j .1 I 14.8 23.0 21.0 14.0 9.7 5.6 44.2 34.0 11.6 2.5 1.6 .5 12. 1 10.5 12.0 13.4 13.9 24.0 20.5 19.6 20.2 21.7 22.0 21.9 21.1 21.8 20 . 1 21.1 21.2 19.0 15.0 16.5 14.8 10.9 11.9 11.1 6.5 6.9 7.6 7.5 13.5 10.0 9.8 5.4 5 l7 4.6 j 6.9 | 4. 1 I $289 204 163 219 316 302 335 329 317 227 347 225 173 24 1 13.5 30.6 31.1 27.4 17.7 346 406 408 386 270 4. 1 224 .3 150 4.9 4.4 5.6 237 242 4.9 3.2 227 190 to relative errors of 25 percent or more. In addition, all percentages derived from bases of less than 500,000 are subject to relatively large errors, Table A-2. M edian usual w eekly earnings of full-tim e w age and salary w orkers, by region of residence, sex, race, 'and H ispanic origin, 1081 annual averages Median weekly earnings Region of residence All races Both sexes Men Whi te Women Both sexes Men H spani c Black Women Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men IWomen I__ Total........................................... $289 Mor-thea st..................................... 290 New England................................. 279 Middle Atlantic............................. 294 North Central................................. 304 East North Central.......................... 312 West North Central.......................... 286 South......................................... 259 South Atlantic.............................. 253 East South Central.......................... 248 West South Central.......................... 276 West.......................................... 319 Mountai n .................................... 305 Paci fi c ..................................... 325 $347 342 329 346 367 373 343 316 307 308 334 385 367 392 $224 226 222 228 228 232 2 19 207 207 194 215 248 230 256 $296 295 28 1 30 1 306 314 2S8 272 267 263 284 324 309 331 $356 347 331 355 369 376 351 332 327 326 343 392 372 400 $226 226 222 229 227 231 220 212 212 199 219 249 231 258 $238 249 244 249 283 288 252 213 213 193 231 290 255 295 $27 1 283 27 1 285 334 341 299 237 234 218 267 331 ( 1) $335 $210 223 2 16 224 335 240 206 187 188 173 197 250 (1) $254 $229 225 226 224 247 245 264 215 21 1 ( 1) $216 238 254 235 $252 245 ( 1) $245 30 1 295 ( 1) $233 242 ( 1) $237 263 2 98 254 I I$ 192 I 195 I ( 1) I$195 I 199 I 198 l (D I$ 176 I 173 I (D I$ 178 1 205 1 197 I 207 1 Median not shown where the base is less than 50,000. Table A-3. M edian usual w eekly earnings of full-tim e w age and salary w orkers, by years of school com pleted, sex, race, and H ispanic origin, 1981 annual averages Median weekly earnings All races Years of school completed Total Les s 1 4 yc 4 1 4 Both sexes Men $289 228 220 233 304 263 304 403 370 440 $347 266 247 279 372 330 367 466 440 503 Women Both sexes $224 175 167 180 235 210 240 314 289 358 1 Median not shown where the base is less than 50,000. Whi te A-9 $296 233 224 240 3 11 269 3 11 407 378 44 1 Men $356 274 253 288 380 537 375 473 447 507 Hi spani c Black Women Both sexes $226 177 168 181 236 212 24 1 314 289 354 $238 203 200 206 252 227 266 342 3 13 412 Men $27 1 23 1 222 238 294 265 309 390 349 443 Women Both sexes $210 169 159 173 224 198 253 315 287 379 $229 198 191 216 264 239 284 358 329 419 Men Women $252 2 18 2 10 233 315 284 342 408 377 445 $ 192 163 155 179 217 198 235 298 277 (1) T a b le A-4. P e rc e n t d is trib u tio n of usual w e e k ly e a rn in g s of fu ll-tim e w a g e and s a la ry w o rk e rs, by m a jo r o c c u p a tio n grou p and sex, 1981 a n n u a l a verag es Number j Percent of I workers| (in | Under j$100 thou- |Total I$100 | to sands) j $149 Major occupation group and sex I BOTH SEXES Total............................... Professional and technical workers. Managers and administrators, except farm | Sales workers........... .......... Clerical workers.................. Craft and kindred workers......... Operatives, except transport...... Transport equipment operatives.... Monfarm laborers.................. Service workers................... Farm workers...................... I 72,491| 12,870| 7,864| 3,60 1| 14,0661 10,558| 9,440 | 2,7 92 | 3,227 | 7,305 | 766 | 100.01 100.0| 100.01 100.01 100.0| 100.01 100.01 100.01 100.01 100.01 100.01 MEN Total............................... 43,888 | 100.01 Professional and technical workers. 7,358| 100.0| Managers and administrators, except farm | 5,630 | 100.0| Sales workers..................... 2,4121 100.01 Clerical workers.................. 3,0321 100.01 Craft and kindred workers......... 9,9631 100.01 Operatives, except transport...... 5,775j 100.01 Transport equipment operatives.... 2,656| 100.01 Nonfarm laborers................ . 2,8931 100.0| Service workers................... 3,4921 100.0| 677 | 100.01 Farm workers...................... WOMEN Total............................... 28,6031 100.01 Professional and technical workers. 5,5121 100.0| Managers and administrators, except farm | 2,235 I 100.01 Sales workers..................... 1, 189| 100.01 11,0341 100.01 Clerical workers........... ....... Craft and kindred workers......... 595 I 100.01 3,6641 100.01 Operatives, except transport...... Transport equipment operatives.... 136 I 100.01 335 | 100.01 Nonfarm laborers........ .......... 3,813| 100.01 Service workers................... 90 | 100.01 Farm workers...................... _______ l Note: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding. Small values in percent distributions are subject to relatively large sampling errors and should be used with caution. Specifically, values of less than 1.0 percent distribution by weekly earnings Median 1$150 j to I$199 1 r I 0.9 | .5 | .4 | .7 I .4 I .2 I .4 | .4 I 1.0 | 4.2 I 6.6 j 8.9 | 2.0 | 2.4 I 12.3j 9.8 I 2.7 I 13.21 5. 11 14.31 25.11 26.9| I$200 | to |$249 I r $250 |$300 to j to $299 j$349 $350 to $399 15.9 9.6 9.2 12. 1 24.2 13.4 18.6 17.6 19.3 18.2 19.6 12.31 13.0| 10.5| 9.9| 14.8| 12. 1| 12.51 13.7| 12.1| 9.8 | 8. 1i 11.2 14. 1 11.0 11.3 9.8 13.5 10.3 12.6 10.3 6.8 4.2 8.3 10.9 9. 1 6.8 6.2 11.4 7.8 9.5 8.2 3.9 3.2 13.3 18.4 15.2 11.3 7.4 22.0 11.8 15.8 10.7 4.8 1.6 14.7 26.8 36.4 22.2 3.7 17.3 4.8 13.0 4.6 3.2 2. 1 $289 377 407 306 233 352 242 303 238 192 179 .5 | 5.0| 9.0| .4 I 1.1| 2.9 | 1 . 1 | 2.6 | .31 .31 4.0 | 8.5| •4| 4.8 I 10.2 ( •2| 2.2 I 6.5 | .31 6 .1| 13.0 i •2| 4.8| 12.0| .9 | 13.0| 19.0| 1.2| 15.7| 18.6 1 5.7| 25.5| 27.4| 12.7 6.0 5.7 11.4 14.2 12.9 17.2 17.3 19.2 18.8 20.8 11.3| 8.8 | 8.0| 9.8 j 13.2j 12.0| 13.8| 13.6| 12.4| 13.2| 8.5| 12.1 11.2 10.4 13.4 12.7 13.7 13.5 12.6 10.5 11.0 4.6 10.0 9.9 9.4 8.2 12.3 11.6 11.2 9.7 8.7 6.8 3.5 17.8 20.8 16.8 14.3 20.2 22.8 17.6 16.2 11.4 8.7 1.6 21.7 39.0 45.8 30.2 12.0 18. 1 7.4 13.4 5.0 6.2 2.4 347 439 466 366 328 360 298 307 244 238 183 14.0| 18.6| 16.7| 10.0| 15.31 14.9| 10.6 1 15.2| 9. 11 6.7 | 5.2| ...1 9.7 18.0 12.5 7 .1 9.0 10.6 5.4 11.1 8.7 3.0 1.0 5.6 12.2 8.5 4.0 4.5 8.0 2.5 4.2 4.3 1.3 1.4 6.3 15.3 11.1 5.2 3.9 9.2 2.6 8.4 4.2 1.2 1.4 4. 1 10.5 12.6 5.8 1.4 3.2 .7 5.6 .9 .5 .2 224 516 283 190 220 239 187 237 193 165 148 1.5| .6 1 •9| 1.7 | .4 | .41 "7 4.11 1.2| 6.9 | 13.4| 14.8| 3. 1| 5.5 | 29.1| 11.1j 10.9| 24.41 10.51 25.9| 33.6| 37.5| 23.0| 21.0 7.2 | 14.4 14.21 17.9 23.4| 13.7 27.31 27.0 21.7| 21.0 32.51 20.7 17.91 23. 1 26.0| 19.9 29.1| 17.6 29.51 10.41 _____1 are subject to relative errors of 25 percent or more. In addition, all percen tages derived from bases of less than 500,000 are subject to relatively large errors. Median weekly earnings Hours usually worked $500 or more 14.5| 4.7| 5.9 I 13.4| 23.6| 7.3| 20.51 12.3| 19.7 1 24.1| 27.7| Table A»5. IMIedlan usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers, by number of hours usually worked per week and sex, 1981 annual averages _______________ _ Total $400 to $499 I---------Both ! sexes ___________ I_________ I ........................ .......... ! $248 .......... i 82 .......... I 53 .......... I 69 .......... j 98 .......... I 135 .......... | 289 .......... | 2 19 .......... j 296 .......... j 279 .......... i 374 .......... j 348 .......... j 398 .......... ! 398 i A -1 0 Men Women $325 78 54 65 95 137 347 30 1 349 334 403 382 42 1 42 1 $ 188 84 53 70 100 134 224 199 229 224 285 27 1 313 280 | I I I i i | T a b le A -6. P e rc e n t d is trib u tio n of usu al w e e k ly e a rn in g s of p a rt-tim e w a g e and s a la ry w o rke rs , by a g e and sex, 1981 a n n u a l a ve rag e s --------------------------------------------- r -----1Number 1 of Major occupation group workers and sex (in thou Total sands) Percent distribution by weekly earnings Medi an Under $50 $50 to $59 $6 0 to $74 $75 to $99 17.7 17.7 17.0 18.8 17.7 16.3 17.4 18. 1 18.8 20 . 1 15.8 13.6 10.8 18.0 17.3 17.3 17.7 13.4 16.5 14.7 6.3 3.8 2.0 6.6 8.2 3.4 9.3 9.3 8.3 3.5 7.5 4.1 1.5 8. 1 10.1 11.4 11.6 10.6 9. 1 4. 1 3.7 1.5 .5 3. 1 5.3 6.7 6 .1 5. 1 4.0 2.0 4.7 1.4 .3 3. 1 7 .1 8.5 8.5 6.3 6. 1 2.4 $82 68 61 84 96 103 1C4 99 91 71 3.6 1.7 .5 3.8 6.7 8.9 11.5 5.8 6.5 2.4 6.7 1.7 .2 4.5 14.9 16.3 26.9 26.5 16.8 3.3 78 68 62 86 104 1 19 150 119 105 73 67 $100 to $124 $125 to $149 $150 to $199 $200 to $249 $250 cr more BOTH SEXES 16 to 24 years.......................... 16 to 19 years........................ 20 to 24 yesrs........................ 25 35 45 55 65 to 34 to 44 to 54 to 64 years years........................ years........................ years........................ years........................ and over.................... MEN Total, 16 years and over................. 16 to 24 years.......................... 16 to 19 years........................ 20 to 24 years........................ 25 years and over....................... 25 to 34 years........................ 35 to 44 years........................ 55 to 64 years........................ 16,025 6,86 1 4,165 2,696 9 , 164 2,997 2,099 1,603 1,369 1,095 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 21.7 28.9 55.4 18.9 16.3 14.9 13.5 13.3 17.0 29. 1 8.2 10.6 12.3 7.9 5.3 6.5 6.8 6.7 9.0 14.4 18.4 20.2 15.6 11.4 10.5 9.4 11.5 13.5 15.3 4,956 3,079 1,995 1, 084 1,877 631 225 189 284 548 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 23.7 28.9 34.3 19.0 15.5 12.7 11.6 12.0 12.5 22.3 8.5 10.1 11.2 8.0 6.0 4.3 4.8 4.4 5.6 9.2 15.0 18. 1 20.3 14. 1 9.8 8.2 5.4 7.7 9.3 14.6 17.7 18.7 18.7 18.8 16 .0 12.8 9.5 15.0 18.6 21.4 13.9 13.4 11.1 17'.7 14.6 14.6 9.9 13.5 14.7 16.7 4.9 5.4 2.0 6 .1 7.3 9.9 8.5 6.4 6.7 4.4 6 .0 3.9 1.7 8.0 9.3 12.0 11.9 8.8 9. 1 11,069 3,732 2,170 1,612 7,287 2,366 1,874 1,4 14 1, 085 548 100.0 100.0 10 0.0 100.0 10 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 20.8 29.0 36.6 18.8 16.5 15.6 13.S 15.6 18. 1 35.4 8 .1 10.9 13.2 7.9 6.6 5.5 6.5 7.2 7.0 8.8 14.2 18.6 20.2 16.5 11.9 17.7 16.8 15.4 18.8 18. 1 17.3 18.4 18.5 18.9 18.8 13.8 10 6 18.2 13.0 18.7 18.6 19.1 17.0 12.6 4.2 4.2 WOMEN 16 to 24 years.......................... 25 35 45 55 65 to 34 to 44 to 54 to 64 years years........................ years........................ years........................ years........................ and over..................... Note : D e tail m ay n o t add to to ta ls beca use o f ro u n d in g . S m all v a lu e s in p e rc e n t d is trib u tio n s are s u b je c t to re la tiv e ly large s a m p lin g erro rs and sh o u ld be used w ith c a u tio n . S p e c ific a lly , value s o f less th a n 1.0 p e rc e n t 11.1 9.9 12. C 14.6 16.1 7.0 8.0 9.4 9.7 8.8 2.5 __ 11.2 11.6 10.8 9. 1 2.8 1.3 1 .1 2 6 2.2 6. 1 5.4 5.0 3.3 1.6 _____ 6.5 6.4 4. 1 3.2 1.5 100 10 1 97 88 65 L__ are s u b je c t to re la tiv e erro rs o f 25 p e rc e n t o r m ore. In a d d itio n , a ll perc e n ta g e s derived fro m bases o f le s s th a n 500,000 are s u b je c t to re la tiv e ly large errors. Table A-7. Percent distribution of usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers, by major occupation group and sex, 1981 annual averages Major occupation group and sex BOTH SEXES Total......................... ............ Professional and technical workers..... Managers and administrators, except farm Craft and kindred workers.............. Operatives, except transport........... Transport equipment operatives......... Nonfarm laborers........................ Service workers......................... Farm workers............................ MEN Total..................................... Managers and administrators, except farm Sales workers........................... Clerical workers........................ Craft and kindred workers.............. Operatives, except transport........... Nonfarm laborers.............. ......... Farm workers............................ WOMEN Total..................................... Managers and administrators, except farm Sales workers........................... Clerical workers........................ Craft and kindred workers.............. Operatives, except transport........... Transport equipment operatives......... Service workers......................... Farm workers............................ Number Percent distribution by weekly earnings of workers I Cin IUnder $50 $60 $75 $100 $125 $150 $200 thou Total l $50 to to to to to to to sands) $74 $99 $124 $149 $199 $249 $59 I 16,025 1,948 370 1,655 3,S83 525 778 402 1,039 5,208 2 17 I 100.01 100.oi 100.0] 100.01 100 .0 i 100.01 100.01 100.0| 100.0| 100 .0 j 100.01 21.7 13.2 14.1 21.6 16.2 12.4 17.0 15.7 29.4 29.4 41.9 8.2 4.6 5.8 11.1 7.3 6.8 6.8 6 .0 9.7 9.7 8.2 14.4 7.9 8.0 17.7 10.7 16.5 15.8 14. 1 15.8 14.9 11.0 12.9 12.3 14.5 16.5 16.0 20.3 15.8 19.9 20.6 18.3 17.3 16.5 18.2 17.8 19.9 14.0 13.0 14.4 12.7 6.3 8.0 8.7 4.0 8.0 6 .1 8.8 8.6 4.4 5. 1 1.5 4,956 5 16 125 383 4S9 4 18 357 25 1 884 1,376 157 i 100.0| 100.01 100.0! 100.01 100.0] 100.01 100.0] 100.01 100.Oj 100.0| 100.0| 23.7 15.9 12.7 24.8 19.2 12.4 21.6 17.6 30.5 27.4 43.9 8.5 5.0 7.2 7.2 6.9 6.7 8.6 6.6 9.5 11.5 6.9 15.0 6.5 7.8 15.3 13.3 10.0 14.0 14.3 14.0 20.0 15.7 17.7 13.0 14.8 16.3 20.4 15.5 20 . 1 20.9 18.2 18.4 16. 1 13.9 15. 1 16.7 17.8 15. 1 16.0 14.4 11.3 12.6 4.9 5.2 8.2 3.9 5.9 6.0 5. 1 5.2 3.9 11.7 1.5 i 11,069 100.01 1,432 100.0 j 245 100.oi 1,272 100.0] 3,394 100.0] 108 100.Oj 42 1 100.01 151 100.01 155 100.01 3,832 100.01 59 100.01 ___ 1 20.8 12.2 14.7 20.7 15.8 12.0 13.1 13.0 21.9 30. 1 36.4 8. 1 4.5 5 .1 12.3 7.3 7.3 5.3 5.0 10.9 9. 1 11.6 14.2 8.5 3. 1 18.8 14.4 14.9 12.0 8.9 17 . 1 15.2 16.9 17.7 9 .9 17.4 21.0 20.3 17.0 19.6 20.2 18.7 16.9 17.5 16.6 13.7 15.4 16.0 18.6 25.0 24.6 18.4 15.3 15.1 15.3 8.9 4.0 8.3 6.2 11.9 14.4 6 9 5. 1 1.6 N o t e :D e tail m ay n o t add to to ta ls b e ca use o f ro u n d in g . S m all v a lu e s in p e rc e n t d is trib u tio n s are s u b je c t to re la tiv e ly large s a m p lin g erro rs and s h o u ld be used w ith c a u tio n . S p e c ific a lly , v alue s o f less th a n 1.0 p e rc e n t 7.5 14. 1 15.2 8.6 11.8 8. 1 11.0 5. 1 4.6 1.4 Medi an $250 or more 3 7 9.8 8.1 1.8 17.4 7.8 6 .1 3.4 5.8 2.9 1.6 .9 12.2 3. 1 5.7 2.9 1.5 .6 3.6 6.0 8.9 12.6 3.7 5.6 11.9 6.9 8.0 4.0 5.3 2.8 6.7 23.8 12. 1 7.0 5.1 14.8 5.3 8.9 3. 1 1.3 11 11.0 8 .1 1.2 3.7 4.2 3. 1 4.9 3.5 1.7 .2 15. 1 5.8 1.7 2.7 1.9 1.2 .9 16.0 16.6 4.5 9.0 11.4 9.2 14.5 5. 1 .7 6.6 3.9 1 '? $82 123 108 73 S3 105 91 93 70 69 59 73 115 110 78 81 107 81 88 70 67 58 84 127 107 73 89 97 99 103 74 70 61 are s u b je c t to re la tiv e erro rs o f 25 p e rc e n t o r m ore. In a d d itio n , all per c e n ta g e s derived fro m bases o f less th a n 500,000 are s u b je c t to re la tiv e ly large errors. A-11 ☆ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1982 0 - 5 2 2 - 0 3 2 (6879) Eeenomfe Projections t© 1990 Here are the latest Bureau of Labor Statistics projections of the United States economy to 1990. These projections are part of the ongoing program of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for study of alternative patterns of economic growth. Topics covered include: © New Economic Projections Through 1990— An Overview © The U.S. Economy Through 1990— An Update Q The Outlook for Industry Output and Employment Through 1990 © Occupational Employ ment Growth Through 1990 o The 1995 Labor Force: A First Look Please send copies of Econom ic Projections to 1990, Bulletin 2121, GPO Stock No. 029-001-02695-1, at $6.00 per copy.** O rder Form The following BLS regional offices will expedite orders: 2nd Floor 555 Griffin Square Bldg. 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