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Analysis of Work Stoppages 1956 Bulletin No. 1218 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR James P. Mitchell, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner Analysis of Work Stoppages 1956 Bulletin No. 1218 June 1957 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR James P. Mitchell, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. - Price 30 cents Contents Page M ajor issu e s _________________________________________ Economic issu e s and union s e c u r i t y ___________________________________________ Other issu e s ___________________________________________________________ Unions i n v o lv e d ______________________________________________________________________ Industries affected ___________________________________________________________________ Geographic patterns _________________________________________________________________ State e x p e r ie n c e __________________________________________________________________ 2 2 3 3 3 5 5 Trends during the y e a r ______________________________________________________________ Size and duration _____________________________________________________________________ Method of term inating stoppages __________________________________________________ D isposition of i s s u e s ________________________________________________________________ Strikes fro m 1927 to 1956 __________________________________________________________ 6 7 7 8 8 Chart Trends in work stoppages __________________________________________________________ 9 Tables W ork stoppages: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. In the United States, 1 9 2 7 -5 6 ______________________________________________ Involving 1 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore w o rk ers, selected p e r i o d s ___________________ Monthly trends ________________________________________________________________ M ajor issu e s _____________________________________ By industry g r o u p ____________________________________________________________ By S t a t e ________________________________________________________________________ By m etropolitan a r e a ________________________________________________________ By affiliation of unions ______________________________________________________ By number of w orkers ______________________________________________________ By number of establishm ents ______________________________________________ Involving 1 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore w orkers _______________________________________ Duration _______________________________________________________________________ Method of term inating ______________________________________________________ D isposition of issu e s ________________________________________________________ 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 23 23 23 Appendix A - Tables W ork stoppages: A - 1. A - 2. A - 3. By in d u s tr y ________________________________________________________________ By industry group and m ajor i s s u e s ___________________________________ In States having 25 or m ore stoppages, by industry group ________ 24 26 28 Appendix B Scope, m ethods, and definitions __________________________________________________ iii 33 Analysis of Work Stoppages in 1956 with those continuing from 1955, a c counted for 3 3 .1 m illion m a n -d a y s of idleness— slightly le s s than 0 .3 0 percent of the total estim ated working tim e during the y e a r . W orkers directly in volved in work stoppages beginning in 1956 lo s t, on the a v erage, 1 7 .4 working days each (m ore than in any year since 1948), and strikes ending in the year lasted for an average of 1 8 .9 calendar days. (See table 1 .) Sum m ary The number of strikes in 1956, as well as the number of w orkers in volved, was low er than in 1955 and in m ost p o st-W o rld W ar II y e a r s , although strike idleness was higher than in any year since 1952. The decrease in the number of strikes m ay be attributed in part to the existence of lo n g -te rm con tracts negotiated in 1955 in such indus tries as autom obiles, farm equipment, and trucking, and the resultant decline in the volume of collective bargaining activity during 1956. M o reo v e r, labor and m anagem ent were apparently often rela tiv ely close together in their a s s e s s m ent of the econom ic outlook. Both were frequently willing to accept long term contracts, although the question of the p recise duration of the contract was a significant issue in some m ajor s tr ik e s . A number of disputes that began in 1955 continued into 1956. The W e s tinghouse stoppage which began in O cto ber 1955 and idled some 7 0 ,0 0 0 w orkers was settled late in M arch 1956 when the company and the International Union of E lec trica l W orkers (A F L -C IO ) and the United E lec trica l W orkers (in d.) came to an un derstan din g.2 Two widely pub licized disputes— the United Autom obile W o r k e r s 1 con troversy with the Kohler C o. in K oh ler, W i s ., which began in A p ril 1954, and the M iam i hotel d is pute, which began in A p ril 1955, con tinued unsettled throughout the y e a r , although neither dispute appeared s e r i ously to affect the operations of the e m ployers involved during the y e a r . The M iam i hotel dispute was reso lved in January 1957 when a 1 0 -y e a r m a ster agreem ent providing for union recogn i tion and the cessation of picketing was signed by the M iam i Beach Hotel A s sociation and the Hotel and Restaurant W orkers Union. Individual contracts were to be negotiated by the union with v a rio u s m e m b e r h o te ls. In the Kohler Among the m ajor la b o r-m a n a g e ment agreem ents that were negotiated without interruptions to w ork, during the first quarter of the y e a r , were those in the petroleum refining, air craft m anu facturing, W est Coast lu m b e r, and ap parel in d u stries. E a rly in the su m m er, m o st of the m ajor copper mining co m panies which were involved in a lengthy strike during 1955 reached agreem ent on new contract term s with the M ine, M ill and Sm elter W orkers Union (in d .). A lso in contrast to 1955, the Sperry G yroscope Co. negotiated a new a g re e m ent with the International Union of E le c trica l W orkers in October---- 7 months prior to the expiration of its present contract. (The em ployees of this c o m pany Ts plants in the New Y o rk -N o r th eastern New Jersey m etropolitan area were on strike for 33 days in 1 9 5 5 .) In the autumn, the bitu m inous-coal and anthracite industries and the United Mine W orkers (ind. ) agreed on contract te rm s for 1957, and the railroads and their nonoperating em ployees entered into a 3 -y e a r agreem en t. Prepared by Ann James Herlihy and Herbert H. Moede, with the assistance of other members of the staff of the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics, under the direction of Lily Mary David. Loretto R. Nolan was respon sible for the analysis of the individual strike cases on which the statistics are based, and for the final review of the tables. The Bureau wishes to acknowledge the widespread cooperation of employers, unions, the Federal Mediation and Con ciliation Service, and various State agencies in furnishing informa tion needed for this report. The methods followed in preparing work stoppage sta tistics are described in appendix B. This bulletin includes data presented , in Analysis of Work Stoppages During 1956, Monthly Labor Review, May 1957 (pp. 565-571). Preliminary monthly estimates of the level of strike activity for the United States as a whole are issued about 30 days after the end of the month of reference and are available upon re quest. Estimates for the entire year 1957 will be available at the year's end. The 3, 825 work stoppages that began in 1956 directly idled 1 .9 m illion w o rk e rs. These stoppages, together 2 About 6,000 workers (members of the independent United Electrical Workers) involved in a local dispute at the company's Essington, P a ., plant were idle until early August 1956. ( 1) 2 co n tro v e rsy , the union continued to urge the boycott of the com pany’ s products and sought action through the in te rce s sion of the National Labor Relations B oard , M ajor Stoppages Twelve stoppages beginning in 1956 involved at lea st 1 0 ,0 0 0 w orkers each and accounted for tw o-fifths of the y e a r ’ s idled w orkers and alm ost onehalf of the y e a r ’ s idleness (table 2). The lengthy W estinghouse E le c tric Corp. stoppage that had begun in 1955 a c counted for an additional 10 percent of the idleness in 1956. The la rg est stop page of the year in term s of w orkers involved and total idleness was the in dustrywide basic steel strike involving half a m illio n w o rk ers. Another m ajor stoppage in the steel industry resulted fro m a strike of 250 railroad w orkers at U . S. S te e l’ s Tennessee Coal and Iron D ivision in B irm ingh am , A la . , which idled the p la n t’s steelw orkers for over 3 m onths. These two disputes contributed about one-fourth of the w ork e rs involved in all stoppages and tw ofifths of the y e a r ’ s total idlenesso The construction industry a c counted for three of the y e a r ’ s m ajor stop pages. One strike of at lea st 1 0 ,0 0 0 w ork ers occurred in longshoring and in each of the following manufacturing in d u stries: A ir c r a ft, alum inum , g la ss con tain ers, agricultural im p lem en ts, rubber tir e s and tubes, and m eatpacking. While seven of the y e a r ’ s large strikes ended in le s s than a month, average duration of all m a jo r stoppages ending in the year was 5 0 ,0 calendar days. The longest m ajor interruption to work that began in 1956 affected the Republic A viation C orp. plants on Long Island. The strik e , in which three unions were involved, lasted 112 days. The longshore dispute brought into use the em ergency provisions of the Labor Managem ent Relations A ct (T a ft-H a rtle y ) for the first time since 1954. About 6 0 ,0 0 0 m em b e rs of the International L o n gsh orem en ’ s A s s o c ia tion (Ind.) struck on N ovem ber 16 over the term s of a new contract at ports on the Atlantic and Gulf C o a sts, On N o vem ber 22, a week after the strike b e gan, the President created a board of inquiry by executive o r d e r ,4 Two days la te r , the board reported to the P r e s i dent stating that the union’ s demand that the New York shipping com panies nego tiate a single Atlantic and Gulf Coast contract was the m ajor issu e preventing the conclusion of collective bargaining contracts in all p o rts . Other issu e s m entioned were paid holidays and im proved vacations; 8-hour work guaran te e s ; slin g -lo a d (i. e , , amount of cargo handled in one loading operation from dock to ship or vice v ersa ) and gangsize lim ita tio n s; length of contract; and size of wage in c r e a s e s . A 10-d ay te m porary restraining o rd e r, sending the longshorem en back to w ork, was issued by the Federal d istrict court in New Y ork on N ovem ber 24, and 6 days la te r, this tem porary order was extended to the full 8 0-d ay injunction provided by law . The dispute rem ained unsettled at the end of the y e a r ,5 Two em ergency boards were created by executive order in 1956 under the p rovisions of the Railway Labor A c t. H ow ever, the board appointed to in v es tigate the dispute between the B rother hood of Locom otive E ngin eers and the Spokane, P ortland, and Seattle Railway Co. , did not hold h e a rin g s, since a g re e m ent was reached before it convened. The other board was appointed to in v e s tigate the issu e s in dispute between the N ation’ s m a jo r ra ilro a d s and the Broth erhood of R ailroad T rainm en. M ajor Issu es E conom ic Issu es and Union Secu rity . — A s in m o st y ears during the past decade, w ages and supplementary benefits in 1956 were the m ost f r e quent issu e s in work stoppages. D is agreem ent over these m atters caused a lm ost half of the y e a r ’ s s tr ik e s , and nearly th ree-fo u rth s of the total id le n ess (table 4 ). Length of contract also was a significant issue in se ve ra l of 3 Since average duration is based on stoppages ending in the year, this figure includes the Westinghouse stoppage that began in 1955 and ended in March 1956. ^ Board members appointed were Thomas W. Holland, Chairman, Arthur Stark, and Jacob J. Blair. ^ On February 12, 1957, longshoremen in ports from Maine to Virginia quit work again after the 80-day injunction expired. Work continued at South Atlantic and Gulf Coast ports, since new agree ments had been reached earlier at these ports. The stoppage in northern ports ended February 22, 1957. 3 for and the the Lakes Steel C orp. *s plant in D etro it, M ich. , for 2 days during A ugu st. In D ecem b er, a 3 -m a n arbitration board ordered the union to conduct an in v e s tigation and discipline union m em b e rs found guilty of initiating the strike • Issu es pertaining to union o r ganization, com bined with wage and sup plem ental benefit is s u e s , contributed another 15 percent of the y e a r ’ s id le n ess. A 10-day strike called in Sep tem ber by the A m algam ated M eat Cut ters and Butcher W orkm en and the United Packinghouse W orkers at Swift and Co. plants occurred when the unionshop question becam e a stumbling block during contract negotiations. The final settlem ent included in crea sed wages and supplemental b en efits, but no union-shop c la u se . D isagreem ent over seniority provisions of a new contract was an important factor in a 1 0 7 -day stoppage of about 600 w orkers at the Cities S erv ice Oil Co. refinery at E ast C hicago, Ind. , which began in A p r il. Some 4 ,0 0 0 w orkers were idled at W estern E le c tr ic Co. plants in 3 M assachu setts area s over a sim ila r issu e in Septem ber. the m ajor disputes in this group, exam ple, in the July steel strike the United Steelw orkers* stoppage at Alum inum Company of A m e r ic a and Reynolds M etals Co. in A ugu st. Union secu rity or bargaining rights were accountable for about 12 percent of the year *s stoppages. These included the N ovem ber dispute between the International L o n g sh o rem en ’ s A s sociation (In d .) and stevedoring com panies at the E a st and Gulf Coast p o rts. A s pointed out e a r lie r , negotiations in this dispute reached an im passe over the union *s demand for coastwide b a r gaining, opposed by the various shipping a sso c ia tio n s. The union shop and scope of the bargaining unit precipitated a strike of about 600 m em ber s of the C o m m unications W ork ers of A m e r ic a , which began in July and continued into 1957 at the Ohio Consolidated Telephone Co. at P ortsm outh, Ohio, and surrounding c o u n tie s .6 Considerable violence was reported throughout the period of the strik e, causing m ore than one com plete s hut down of ope r at i on s . Other I s s u e s .-:— Job security is s u e s , shop conditions and p o lic ie s , and workload led to about the same num ber of strikes as in 1955 but caused a sm a ller proportion of the year *s id le n e s s . A discharge issue idled m em b e rs of the United Steelw orkers at the G reat Inter union and intraunion d is putes accounted for about 1 out of 12 s tr ik e s. These strikes were rela tiv ely s m a ll, accounting for le s s than 4 p e r cent of the w orkers and only 1 .3 percent of the id le n e ss. Unions Involved The firs t full year of the com bined A m erica n Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial O rganiza tions found its affiliates involved in about 85 percent of all stoppages (table 8 ). This proportion— for the united labor m ovem ent— was about the sam e as that previously re g iste red for A F L and CIO affiliates before the m e r g e r . Ten of the y e a r fs 12 m ajor stoppages involved A F L -C I O a ffilia te s. While m ost of the stoppages in volving the independent or unaffiliated unions were relatively b rie f interrupt ions of work in coal and m etal m ining, there w ere several m ajor strikes by un affiliated unions. The stoppage that closed operations at the T ennessee Coal and Iron D ivision of U . S. Steel began when m em b ers of the then unaffiliated Brotherhood of Locom otive F irem en and Enginemen ceased work in a wage d is pute. The N ovem ber longshore strike was another in this category. In 42 stoppages, involving several thousand w o rk e rs, no union was involved. Industries A ffected The final settlement (late in February 1957) provided for replacing the union shop with a maintenance-of-membership clause and for retaining certain supervisory positions in the bar gaining unit unless the National Labor Relations Board ruled otherwise. Strike activity in m o st industry groups decreased significantly in 1956 whether m easu red in term s of stoppages, str ik e r s , or m a n -d a y s lo s t. The m ost 4 significant exception to this general trend occurred in the prim ary m etal in d u strie s, the only group in which time lo st because ofw ork stoppages exceeded 1 percent of total working tim e . The 3 6 -d a y nationwide steel strike of ap proxim ately half a m illio n w o rk e rs, coupled with the 9 8 - day stoppage at the U . S. Steel C orp. fs T ennessee Coal and Iron D ivision , w ere respon sible for about 90 percent of the 1 2 .7 m illion m a n -d a y s of idleness in this industry group (table 5). Another m ajor stoppage in the p rim ary m etal industries was the 25-d ay strike in the aluminum industry. On August 1, som e 2 7 ,0 0 0 em ployees re p resen ted by the United Steelw orkers struck at various plants of the Alum inum Company of A m e r ic a and the Reynolds M etals Co. Although about half of the Nation*s aluminum production was r e portedly halted, some 1 6 ,0 0 0 m em b e rs of the Alum inum W orkers International Union continued working at both com panies while term s of new contracts with the aluminum w orkers were agreed upon early in the m onth. In the stone, c la y , and g la ss products group, the m a n -d ays of id le n ess w ere the highest record ed for that group since 1945 and 1946. The in c rea se in 1956 resulted la rg e ly from the m onth-long stoppage of approxi m a tely 4 5 ,0 0 0 A m eric a n Flint G la ss W o rk ers em ployed by m em b e rs of the G la ss Container M anufacturers Institute and the National A sso cia tio n of P re s s e d and Blown G la ssw a re . This stoppage and a 56-d a y strike of several thousand brick and clay w ork ers in Ohio and Pennsylvania accounted for a lm ost half the idleness in this industry group. Idleness a lso in creased in the petroleum and coal products group m ainly as the resu lt of severa l rather sm all but lengthy stop pages. These together with a b rie f strike of severa l thousand w ork ers at an Illinois petroleum r e finery w ere la rg e ly responsible for in crea se d idleness in these in d u stries. In the mining in d u stries, the number of w orkers and idleness rose over 1955, but rem ained below m o st other postwar y e a r s . Several disputes over the number of men to be used on a roof-boltin g machine involved large num bers of W est V irginia coal m in e r s . Iron ore m in ers represented by the Steelw orkers were part of the nation wide steel strik e . A stoppage at the New Jersey Zinc C o. at O gdensburg, No J . , which began in August 1955 and lasted a total of 376 d ays, a lso con tributed to the year*s idleness in this group. Despite a decrease in the num ber of strikes in the paper and allied in d u stries, the number of w ork ers idled in c re a sed , resulting in higher idleness than in 1955 and severa l other y ea rs since W orld W ar II. A stoppage of ap proxim ately 1,000 em ployees for 122 days at the M ech a n icv ille , N . Y . , plant of the W est V irginia Pulp and Paper C o . was respon sible for a significant percentage of the industry *s id le n e s s . This stop page, combined with a 6 4 -d a y strike of som e 500 w ork ers at a paperboard m anufacturing plant in Connecticut and a 13-day strike of m ore than 2 ,00 0 w ork e rs at the Sutherland Paper C o. in K alam azoo, M i c h ., accounted for over a quarter of the w ork ers idled and m o re than half of the total idlen ess in this industry group. Although the 112-d a y stoppage at 4 Long Island, N . Y . , plants of the Republic Aviation C orp. kept idleness in the transportation equipment group in 1956 at le v e ls alm o st equal to those of 1955, the number of strik es and w ork ers was m arkedly under 1955. The 1 2 3 ,0 0 0 w ork ers ana 1 .8 m illion m a n -d a y s of idleness in 1956 was the low est record ed for this group in the past 10 y ea rs with the exception of 1 9 5 4 . In the textile and leather prod ucts group s, strike activity fe ll sharply below 1 95 5, gaged both by w ork ers in volved and id le n e s s . Both groups had been affected by large stoppages in 1 9 5 5 , but no m a jo r strik es took place in 195 6. The 1 04-d a y stoppage at the Rock H ill Printing and Finishing C o. in South C a ro lin a , the 72-d a y strike at the New J e rse y and Delaware plants of Congoleum -Nairn I n c ., com bined with the stoppage that began in September 1956 at the B rook lyn , N . Y . , plant of K en tile, I n c ., and continued into 195 7, accounted for a lm ost a third of the w ork ers and m ore than tw o-th irds of the idleness in the te x tile in d u stries. 5 The lum ber and wood products group recorded its low est idleness in the past decade. Few er than 200 w ork ers on strike for 164 days at a W est Coast lum ber company were responsible for slightly m ore than a fifth of the time lo st in these in d u stries. A 20-percent decrease in strikes and w orkers during the year in the fu r niture and fixtures group accom panied a 15-p ercen t decline in the idleness to ta ls. A 5 6 - day strike at the HeywoodW akefield Co. in G ardner, M a s s ., in volving fewer than 1 ,5 0 0 w o rk ers, was respon sible for m ore idleness than any other dispute in the industry. For the second consecutive y e a r , a sharp decline occurred in strike id le ness in the trade group. The 13-day stoppage of m ore than 7 ,0 0 0 em ployees of the R . H . M acy and Co. stores in the New York City area in A p ril was the la rg est recorded in this industry during 1956. The transportation, com m uni cation, and other public utilities indus tr ie s recorded declines in all m ea su res of strike activity during the y e a r , with w orkers an d m an -d ays of idleness re a ch ing their low est point since 1944. The 9 -d a y idleness of 6 0 ,0 0 0 w ork ers at Atlantic and Gulf Coast ports in N o vem ber accounted for about tw o-fifths of the w orkers and slightly m ore than a fifth of the working time lo st in this group. In the previous y e a r , seven m ajor stoppages were recorded in these in d u stries. In addition to the longshore strik e , four other sm a ller stoppages w ere ended by court injunction or State seizure of the prop erty. These were the Baltim ore tran sit strike in January, the July stoppages at the Kansas City Power and Light C o ., Kansas C ity, M o . , and the Laclede Gas Co. in St. L o u is, M o ., and the Seattle, W a s h ., transit strike in N o v e m b er. Geographic Patterns State E x p erien ce. — In m ore than th ree-fourths of the States, strike id le ness amounted to le s s than one-fourth of 1 percent of total working time (table 6 ). A la b a m a , because of 2 ba sic steel stop pag es, was the only State in which strike idleness equaled 1 per cent of total w ork ing tim e although in 4 other States (Indiana, Pennsylvania, O hio, and W est V irg in ia ), the ratio exceeded o n e-h a lf of 1 p ercen t. In a few States— M is s o u r i, New M ex ico , New H am p sh ire, O regon, Rhode Island, Utah, and Vermont---- strike idleness was noticeably low er in p ro portion to total tim e worked than in any year since 1952, the fir s t year for which ratios of idleness to total tim e worked w ere computed on a State b a s is . Two large stoppages— the na tionwide steel strike and the We sting house strike that continued fro m 1955— contributed heavily to the idleness re-^ corded for Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New Y o rk . M ore than fo u r-fifth s of Pennsylvania and a lm ost th re e-fifth s of Ohio idleness resulted from these two stoppages. These strikes combined with a 1 1 2 -day a ircra ft manufacturing stop page accounted for th re e-fifth s of New York*s id le n e s s . A significant portion of the idleness in Illinois and Indiana also resulted from steel and a few m ajor stoppages, while in Iowa sm a ller strikes in farm equipment, a ircra ft engine a c c e s s o r ie s and m eatpacking were responsible for a lm ost half of that State fs id le n e ss. The July nationwide steel stop page was a significant factor in both Colorado and M aryland, where idleness was m ore than three tim es that in 1955. A local tran sit strike in B altim ore com bined with the steel strike caused m ore than fo u r-fifth s of Maryland* s id le n e ss. Idleness declined sharply as com pared with the previous year in several southern States that had been affected in 1955 by m ajor telephone and railroad s tr ik e s . In A la b a m a , how ever, the highest lev el of idleness since 1952 was reached as a resu lt of strikes in the steel industry, while a 104 -d a y tex tile strike was the principal factor in South Carolina* s total for the y e a r . In North C arolina, m ore than half the w orkers and th ree-fo u rth s of the id le ness resulted from the 65-d a y strike of about 6 ,0 0 0 em ployees at 3 plants of the W estern E lec tric C o. Several m onth-long construction s tr ik e s , the July steel str ik e , the N ovem ber long shore stoppage, and a stoppage of se v eral thousand w ork ers in the chem ical industry brought tim e idle in Texas to its highest point since 1952. 6 Louisiana re g iste re d 42 stop pages involving 2 6 ,0 0 0 w orkers and 4 3 8 ,0 0 0 m an -days of id le n e ss. The idleness resulted la rg e ly fro m the N o vem ber longshore stoppage and a d is pute of 500 ironw orkers in which picket ing idledan additional 9 ,5 0 0 construction w orkers for over a m onth. On the P acific C oast, C ali fornia and Oregon idleness declined from le v e ls reached in 1955 and m ost postwar y e a r s, with tim e lo st in O re gon reaching its low est point since 1943. By con trast, lo st time ro se in W ash ington as two disputes— a 7 6 - day con struction strike and a 121-day petro leum stoppage---- accounted for alm ost half of that S t a te d id le n e ss. M etropolitan A r e a s . —Com pared with 1955, d e crea ses in all m ea su res of strike activity were record ed in onethird of the m etropolitan a reas during the year (table 7); approxim ately a se v enth re g iste re d in cre a ses in the 3 m e a s u res. In New England, the N ovem ber strike at the F irestone T ire and Rubber C o. plants accounted for tw o-th irds and fo u r-fifth s of F a ll R iv e r, M a s s ., worker and idleness fig u r e s , re sp e ctiv ely , while m ore than 80 percent of W aterbury, Conn. , idleness was attributable to a 63-d a y strike at the Chase B ra ss and Copper Co. T h re e -fifth s of the time lo st in New Haven, Conn. , resulted fro m strikes in the rubber products industry and at a paperboard m anufac turing com pany. The Westinghouse stoppages that began in 1955 and ended in 195 6, com bined with the July nationwide steel strik e , contributed m ore than th re efourths of the total idlen ess in P hila delphia, and over 90 percent of the idleness in P ittsburgh. In the New Y o rk -N o rth e a ste rn New J ersey a re a , the W estinghouse stoppage and the R e public A irc ra ft C o. strike accounted for m ore than half the id le n e ss. In the South, a 75-d a y stop page in the transportation equipment in dustry brought strike idlen ess to the highest level in Savannah, G a, , during the period the Bureau has included this area in its fig u r e s. The 9 8-d a y stop page at the T en nessee Coal and Iron D ivision of the U . S. Steel C orp. was respon sible for m ost of the B irm ingh am , A l a . , id le n e ss. Two m ajor stoppages— longshorem en in N ovem ber and con struction w ork ers in M ay— w ere r e sponsible for m ore than nine-tenths of the w orkers idled and tim e lo st during the year in New O rlea n s, L a . Strikes in the interstate trucking and the con struction industries were respon sible for tw o-fifth s of the w orkers idled and m ore than th ree-fo u rth s of the total id le n ess record ed in N a sh v ille , T en n., while in C h arleston, W . V a . , a 4 6-d a y stop page in the chem ical industry contrib uted a lm ost th re e-fifth s of all id le n e ss. A 1 3 7 -day strike at the John D eere and C o. contributed m ore than half the w ork ers idled and over 90 p e r cent of the total strike idleness in the D avenport, Iowa, and Rock Isla n d M olin e, 111., a re a . This strik e , com bined with the F irestone T ire and Rubber C o. strike in N ovem ber and a strike at an a ircra ft engine a c c e s s o r ie s plant in July, idled m ore than half the w ork ers for a lm ost th ree-fo u rth s of the total m a n -d a y s lo st in Des M o in e s, Iowa. In M adison, W i s ., strikes in the m a chine tool and construction industries accounted for tw o-th irds and fo u r-fifth s of the w orkers and idleness to ta ls, re sp e ctiv ely . Stoppages of nationwide scope affected a reas in the Far W est and Southwest. For Phoenix, A r i z . , the nationwide alum inum industry strike and a lo ca l telephone strike of 65 d a y s 1 duration brought the number of w orkers and m an -d ays of idleness to the highest le v e ls record ed in any y e a r . M ore than tw o-th irds of the idleness and half of the w orkers idled in the San F ra n cisco a re a , w ere due to three stoppages---the nationwide steel dispute, an a r e a wide strike of carp e n te rs, and a strike involving severa l m ajor m anufacturers of office m ach in ery. Trends During the Year A s in previous y e a r s , strike activity was grea test in the second and third quarters (A pril through Septem ber). H ow ever, a somewhat higher p rop o r tion of the y e a r ’ s strike activity o c curred during the fir s t quarter of 1956 than during the sam e period of the p re vious y e a r . 7 T h re e -fifth s of the year *s stop p a g e s, accounting for slightly m ore than 70 percent of ail the w orkers and id le n esSjW ere record ed during the second and third quarters of the year (table 3). Eight of the y e a r *s 12 large stoppages occurred during this period and were respon sible for m ore than th ree-fifth s of that period* s total id le n e ss. O ne-fifth of the idleness during the la st quarter of 1956 was due to m ajor stoppages in the farm equipment, tire and tube m anufacturing, and lo n g shoring in d u stries. Size and Duration A s in m ost y ea rs during the past decade, m ore than half of the 1956 strikes involved fewer than a hundred w o rk e rs. In 1 95 6, alm o st half lasted le s s than a w eek. The stoppages idling fewer than a hundred w ork ers accounted for about 4 percent of all w orkers in volved and approxim ately 3 percent of the year * s idleness (table 9 ). L ess than 0 .5 percent of the y e a r *s strikes involved 1 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore w o rk e rs, but these were respon sible for approxi m ately tw o-fifths and th re e-fifth s of all strik e rs and strike id le n e ss, r e sp e c tiv e ly 7 (table 2). A slightly higher proportion of idlen ess in 1956 stoppages occurred in strikes affecting m ore than one estab lishm ent than in 1955 and m o st years since 1 95 0. Slightly m ore than th re e fourths of the 1956 strik es were con fined to a single plant or establishm ent. These stoppages idled tw o-fifths of the w orkers and accounted for alm o st a quarter of the year Js idleness (table 10). The sm all number of strikes affecting 100 or m ore establishm ents idled 28 p e r cent of all strik e rs for 38 percent of all tim e lost in 1956, com pared with a seventh of the 1955 idleness accounted for by stoppages of this m agnitude. Stoppages that continued for le s s than a week involved alm ost a third of the w orkers but only about 4 percent of total m a n -d a y s idle (table 12). Those continuing for a month or longer were proportionately about as num erous as in e a rlie r y ea rs but, as a resu lt of the W estinghouse stoppages and se ve ra l other strikes that involved large num b e rs of w ork ers and w ere re la tiv ely long, they contributsd a higher p rop o r tion of the w ork ers and idleness r e corded in all stoppages ending in 1956 than in any year of the past decade. Stoppages of this duration num bered slightly le s s than a fifth of all strikes but accounted for tw o-fifths of the w ork e rs and fo u r-fifth s of total id le n e ss. A s a resu lt of the strikes that idled large num bers of w orkers for long periods of tim e , the average number of working days lo st per striker (1 7. 4) was higher than in any postwar year except 1948 when the same average was reported , and 1946, when idleness amounted to 2 5 .2 days per str ik e r. H ow ever, average duration of all stop pages (1 8 .9 days), m ea su red by giving each strike equal weight re g a rd le ss of the number of w ork ers involved, was lower than that record ed in m ost e a r lie r postwar y e a r s . Strikes over wages combined with union organization issu e s tended to be the longest— about 38 calendar days in 1956. Strikes over union organiza tion alone ranked second, averaging 25 da y s, while those involving wages and related issu e s were third, lasting an av erage of about 20 d ays. Disputes over in te r- and intraunion m atters (14 days) and other working conditions (about 8 days) were the sh o rtest. An analysis of the duration of strikes by industry group shows that the tendency for m o st strik es to last le s s than a half month was shared by all but a few industry gro u p s. In the mining industry, alm ost th ree-fo u rth s of all the stoppages ending during the year continued for le s s than a w eek, com pared with le s s than half the stop pages in m o st industry group s. Method of Term inating Stoppages 7 Total idleness includes widespread Westinghouse Elec tric Corp. stoppage which began in 1955 and continued into 1956. Government m ediation and con ciliation s e rv ice s helped term inate about 3 out of 10 of the y e a r 1s stoppages (table 13)— proportionately the sam e as 8 m o st years since 1951. T hese str ik e s , how ever, idled three-fifths of all strikers fo r m ore than fo u r-fifth s of the total id le n e ss— significant in cre a ses over the p r e vious y ea r. The proportion of stoppages settled by direct negotiations between representatives of the w orkers and e m ployers was slightly higher in 1956 than the previous y e a r , and involved 30 p e r cent of the w orkers for 10 percent of the total id le n e ss. Situations in which w orkers r e turned to their jobs or w ere replaced by new em ployees without an agreem ent or settlem ent being negotiated accounted for 19 percent of the year*s total, 9 p e r cent of the w o r k e r s, and 7 percent of the id le n e ss. One percent of the year *s strikes ended with the em p loyers discontinuing b u sin e ss. Nongovernment m ediators or agencies either alone or with the aid of governm ental agencies a ssiste d in the final settlem ent of an additional 1 percent of the stoppages, accounting for about 0 .5 percent of the w orkers and id le n e ss. D isposition of Issu es A ll issu e s were se ttle d o r oth er w ise resolved at the term ination of a lm o st 90 percent of the strikes o cc u r ring in 1956, equal to the postwar high recorded in the previous y e a r. M ore than 90 percent of the w orkers and m ore than 95 percen t of the idleness were in volved in these stoppages (table 14). Such situations include those resolved by agreem ent to use the com p a n y 's grievance procedure and those in which the w orkers returned without a fo rm a l agreem en t or settlem en t. A s in 1955, work was resum ed while negotiation of the issu e s was con tinued in approxim ately 6 percent of the yearns str ik e s. Term ination of another 4 percent of the work stoppages was accom plished by agreem ent to r e turn to work while negotiating with the aid of a third party, by submitting the dispute,to arbitration, or referrin g the issu e s to governm ent or other agencies fo r a decision or an em ployee r e p re sentation election. Strikes F r o m 192 7 to 1956 Publication of data on work stoppages in 1956 m arks the thirtieth consecutive year for which the Bureau of Labor Statistics has com piled such sta tistics with relatively uniform p r o c ed u res. Some strike sta tistics fo r the United States were issued as early as 1880 and fro m 1881 to 1905 inform ation on the number of strikes and w orkers involved was collected and published. No F ed eral agency collected nationwide inform ation on stoppages fro m 1906 to 1913 but in 1914 com pilation of data was resum ed on a lim ited b a s is . The Bureau of Labor Statistics collected data on the number of stoppages during 1914-15, and fo r the period f r o m l 9 l 6 -2 6 , it also obtained statistics on the number of w orkers involved in approxim ately tw o-thirds of the known stop pages. Since 1927, the Bureau has com piled c o m prehensive sta tistics on the number of w orkers and idleness involved in all recorded stoppages (of six or m ore w orkers and lasting at le a st a day) known to the Bureau of Labor S ta tistic s. In view of the thirtieth anniversary of this sta tistica l s e r ie s , this section of the article provides a very b rie f review of strike trends fro m 1927 to 1956. M arked econom ic and social changes have occurred over the 3 0 -y e a r period. These y ea rs have spanned both a m ajor depression and a long period of econom ic p ro sp erity , greatly in flu enced by war and international develop m en ts. Productionhas risen by 1 3 4 p e r cent over the period, the labor force by 40 p ercen t, and nonagricultural e m ploym ent by a lm ost 75 percen t. Unions have recorded a fourfold gain in m e m b ersh ip . W ages and other conditions of em ploym ent are now determ ined through collective bargaining in many im p o r tant sectors of the econom y instead of being lim ited as a significant force to a com paratively sm a ll number of in dustries as in the late 1920* s . During this period, strike statistics included stoppages involving fewer than 6 workers or lasting less than a day, which were excluded from data for prior or subsequent periods. TRENDS IN WORK STOPPAGES THOUSANDS UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR B U R E A U OF LA B O R S TA T IS T IC S 10 The concept of secu lar trend as applied to strike sta tistics is of lim ited u se fu ln e ss. An inspection of the chart suggests that, over the whole 3 0 -y e a r p eriod , a lo n g -te rm trend line would show a very m oderate upward slo p e, with strike activity m easu red by the ratio of strike idleness to the total amount of tim e worked in the United Sta tes. Perhaps a m ore useful gen er alization is that strike activity in the postw ar period w as, in a se n se , on a som ewhat higher "p la te a u " than strike activity in the decade before the w a r .9 A ll m ea su res of strike activity in crea sed in 1933 and continued at higher lev e ls through 1937. Idleness in these years averaged about on e-th ird of 1 p e r cent of total tim e worked as contrasted with alm ost one-tenth of 1 percen t fro m 1929 to 1931. In m o st of these y e a r s , m ore than 5 percen t of the w orkers were affected, com pared with le s s than 2 percent in the im m ediately preceding y e a r s . Strike lev els declined in 1938 as the econom y dipped, rose in term s of w orkers and idleness in 1939, and fe ll again in 1940. T y p ica lly , strike idleness has amounted to fro m o n e-fifth to o n e-h alf of 1 percen t of total tim e worked by all w orkers in the United States. A low er ratio was recorded only in the years fro m 1928 to 1931, 1938, 1940, and again fro m 1942 to 1944. Higher ratios were reached only in 1946, 1949, and 1952. P rio r to 1933, work stoppages involved few er than 2 percen t of all w ork e rs em ployed. Since that tim e , they have gen erally idled fro m 5 to 9 percen t of the total number of w ork ers em ployed; these proportions were exceeded only in 1945 and 1946. In 7 y e a r s , since 1933, the proportions were below 5 percent (table 1). L a b o r ’ s attempts to o rg a n ize, gain recognition, and bargain c o lle c tively were reflected in the sharp in c re a se in the proportion of stoppages that centered about these issu e s fro m 1933 to 1941. In each of these years except 1933, such issu e s were the m o st frequent single cause of str ik e s; and fro m 1934 to 1939, about half of all work stoppages, accounting for o n e -h a lf to th ree-fourths of the m an -d ays of id le n e s s , occu rred over questions of union recognition— in som e instances c o m bined with questions of w ages. Inter sp ersed with these attem pts were o c casional sitdown s tr ik e s , notably from 1935 to 1937, and c la s h e s , som etim es fa ta l, on picket lin e s . M ore pronounced than any long te rm trends have been the sh o r t-te r m changes in the lev el of strike activity and shifts in the issu e s involved in la b o rm anagem ent negotiations. The period under review began with econom ic a c tivity at rela tiv ely high le v e ls— soon to be interrupted by the m a jo r d ep res sion that began in 1929. Despite the large volum e of unemploym ent that c h a r a cterized the 1930*8 unionization grew r a p id ly ,10 with G overnm ent policies of encouraging collective bargaining e x p r e sse d in the N o rris-L a G u a rd ia A ct of 1932, the National Industrial R e covery A ct of 1933, and the National Labor Relations A ct of 1935. The period since the 1 9 3 0 ‘ s has experienced full or p ra ctica lly full em ploym ent, dominated by high lev e ls of defense production, by actual h o s tilitie s , or by postwar reco v ery and adjustm ent to a peacetim e econom y. A s these events o cc u rred , econom ic issu e s becam e the single m ost im p o r tant cause of work stoppages. In m o st years since 1940, these issu e s accounted for a m a jo rity of the w orkers and id le ness in all work stop pages, although the total volum e of strike activity has fluctuated. g Expansion and improvement in the Bureau’s sources of information as to the existence of work stoppages has resulted in a substantial increase in the number of strikes for which information is currently obtained. Since most of these added strikes are small and of short duration, they have had relatively little effect on the year-to-year comparability of data on the number of workers and total idleness. Union membership increased from 3 million in 1932 to 7 million in 1937. During the period of the United States* participation in W orld W ar II, strike idleness declined as em phasis on m axim um war production led to la b o rm anagem ent pledges to avoid strikes and lockou ts, although the proportion of w orkers involved actually was slightly higher than it was in the late 1930* s . M an-days lo st in 1942, 1943, and 1944 ranged fro m 0 .0 5 to 0. 15 of 1 percen t of all time worked and w orkers idled 11 amounted to 2 . 8 percent of total e m ploym ent in 1942 and about 7 percent in 1943 and 1944. A significant p r o portion of the w orkers involved and idleness in 1943 was due to se v e ra l large strikes in bitu m in ou s-coal m ining. Strike idleness in the fir s t 3 months of 1945 rem ained at relatively low le v e ls , but it in crea sed somewhat after V -E Day. Then in late 1945 and 1946, strike activity, m easu red in term s of w orkers involved and m an -d ays of id le n e ss, in creased sharply as w orkers attempted to maintain their weekly earn ings in the face of the postwar decline in hours of w o r k .11 Stoppages in 1945 affected about 1 worker out of every 8 em ployed in this country. In 1946, strike activity reached its a ll-tim e high as m easu red in term s of w orkers involved or m an -d ays id le . In th a ty e a r, 4 .6 m illion w orkers ( l 4 .5 p e r cen to f all those employed) were directly involved for a total of 116 m illion m a n days (1 .4 3 percent of all time worked). Stoppages, a number lasting m ore than 50 calendar days, occu rred during the fir s t year after V -J Day in many m ajor industries such as s te e l, rubber, auto m obile (the 113-d a y strike at G eneral M o to rs ), b itu m in o u s-co a lm in in g , p etro leum refining, Northw est lu m b er, plate g la s s , m eatpacking, com m unications equipment, and fa rm equipment. These strikes provided the background for the passage in 1947 of the T a ft-H a rtle y A c t, including its provision for G ov ernm ent intervention in national e m e r 12 gency disputes. F r o m 1947 to 1956, the num ber of w orkers involved in strikes ranged fro m 1 .5 m illion to 3 .5 m illion a year and generally rem ained below 2 .7 m illio n . M an -d ays of idleness fluctuated between 2 2 .6 m illion and 5 9 .1 m illion a year ( 0 .2 to 0. 6 of 1 percent of total tim e worked) but w ere below 3 5 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 in m o st y e a r s . In 1951, with Korean h o s tilities and wage c o n tro ls, and again fro m 1953 to 195 6, total idleness in strikes declined somewhat com pared with other postwar y e a r s . more 11 Of the 42 stoppages in 1945 that involved 10,000 or workers, 23 began after hostilities had ended in August. The emergency dispute provisions wei-e invoked 13 times from 1947 through 1956----- 7 times in 1948, and once each in 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, and 1956. 12 T A B L E 1 .— Work stoppages in the United S tates, 1 9 2 7 -5 6 1 W ork stoppages Year Number 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 _______ ___ „ __ __ __ __ ------------------------__ ___ _ _ .............._ _ ____ ________ _ 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 __ _______ 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 __ __ _____ __ __ ____ _ __ _________ __________ . __ __ __ _ -------_____ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _______ . .. __ __ __ _ __ __ __ ___ _ __ __ __ __ _____ 1952 1953 1954 1955 __ 1956 1957 1958 1959 _____ _ __ _____ _ ____________ __ -------.................... ....... ........ ------------------------------__ ___ _____ 1960 __ ___ _ ____ . Average duration (calendar d a y s)3 W orkers in volved2 Number (thousands) 707 604 2 6 .5 27. 6 921 2 2 .6 637 810 2 2 .3 1 8 .8 841 1 ,6 9 5 1 ,8 5 6 2 ,0 1 4 2 ,1 7 2 1 6 .9 1 9 .5 2 3 .8 2 3 .3 4 , 740 2 ,7 7 2 2 ,6 1 3 2 ,5 0 8 4 ,2 8 8 2 0 .3 2 3 .6 2 3 .4 2 0 .9 1 8 .3 2 ,9 6 8 3 ,7 5 2 4 , 956 4 , 750 4 ,9 8 5 1 1 .7 5 .0 5 .6 9 .9 2 4 .2 3 , 693 3 ,4 1 9 3 ,6 0 6 4 , 843 4 , 737 2 5 .6 2 ,1 7 0 2 1 .8 1,960 19.6 2 2 .5 330 314 289 183 342 Percent of total employed 1 .4 1 .3 1.2 .8 1.6 M an-days idle during year Number (thousands) 2 6 ,2 0 0 1 2 ,6 0 0 5 ,3 5 0 3 ,3 2 0 6,890 Percent of estim ated working time of all workers 0. 37 . 17 .0 7 .0 5 . 11 . 23 . 36 .3 8 .2 9 1.8 1 0 ,5 0 0 6 .3 7 .2 5 .2 3. 1 16,900 19,600 1 ,8 6 0 7 .2 688 2 .8 1, 170 577 2 ,3 6 0 4. 7 2 .3 8 .4 2 8 ,4 0 0 9 ,1 5 0 1 7 ,8 0 0 6 , 700 2 3 ,0 0 0 . 43 . 15 .2 8 . 10 . 32 324 1 ,1 7 0 1 ,4 7 0 1,120 789 1 5 ,5 0 0 1 3 ,9 0 0 .21 P er worker involved 79. 5 4 0 .2 18. 5 18. 1 20 .2 3 2 .4 1 4 .4 1 3 .4 13. 8 17. 6 1 5 .3 1 3 .3 1 5 .2 11.6 9 .8 840 2 .8 1,980 2 , 120 6 .9 7 .0 3 ,4 7 0 4 ,6 0 0 12.2 4 , 180 1 3 ,5 0 0 8 ,7 2 0 3 8 ,0 0 0 14. 5 116,000 .0 5 . 15 .0 9 .4 7 1 .4 3 6. 5 5 .5 9 .0 6 .9 5. 5 3 4 ,6 0 0 3 4 ,1 0 0 5 0 ,5 0 0 3 8 ,8 0 0 2 2 ,9 0 0 .4 1 .3 7 .5 9 . 44 .2 3 1 5 .9 1 7 .4 1 6 .7 16 . 1 1 0 .3 . 57 .2 6 11.8 .2 6 14. 7 10. 7 .2 9 1 7 .4 19.2 3 ,0 3 0 2 ,4 1 0 1 7 .4 2,2 20 19 .6 5, 117 5 ,0 9 1 3 ,4 6 8 4 ,3 2 0 3 ,5 4 0 2 ,4 0 0 1 ,5 3 0 2 , 650 8 .8 20„ 3 2 2 .5 1 8 .5 6.2 5 9 ,1 0 0 2 8 ,3 0 0 2 2 ,6 0 0 2 8 ,2 0 0 3, 825 1 8 .9 1,900 4. 3 33, 100 5 .6 3 .7 .21 5 .0 6 .8 4. 1 11.0 2 5 .2 16. 7 1 The number of stoppages and workers relate to those beginning in the year; average duration to those ending in the year. M an-days of idleness include all stoppages in effect. Available information for earlier periods appear in BLS Bull. 1016, Handbook of Labor Statistics, table E -2 . F or a discussion of the procedures involved in the collection and compilation of work stoppage statistics, see BLS Bull. 1168, Techniques of Preparing M ajor BLS Statistical S e rie s, Chapter 12. 2 In this and subsequent tables, workers are counted m ore than once in these figures if they were involved in m ore than 1 stoppage during the year. 3 Figures are sim ple averages; each stoppage is given equal weight regardless of its siz e . 13 T ABLE 2 . — Work stoppages involving 10, 000 or more w orkers, selected periods Stoppages involving 10, 000 or more workers W orkers involved Period Percent of total for period Number 1935-39 average ____________ ______ 1947-49 average __ ________________ 1945 ______________________ _________ 1946 _________________________________ 1947 _________________________________ 1948 __________________________________ 1949 __________________________________ 1950 _________________________________ 1951 _________________________________ 1952 __________________________________ 1953 __ ______________________________ 1954 _________________________________ 1955 ______________________ ____ 1956 ________ _______________________ Number (thousands) 0 .4 . 5 .9 .6 .4 .6 . 5 . 5 .4 .7 . 5 . 5 .6 .3 11 18 42 31 15 20 18 22 19 35 28 18 26 12 M an-days idle Percent of total for period 365 1, 270 1 ,3 5 0 2, 920 1, 030 870 1, 920 738 457 1, 690 650 437 1,2 1 0 758 Number (thousands)1 3 2 .4 53. 4 38. 9 6 3 .6 47. 5 44. 5 63. 2 30. 7 20. 6 47. 8 27. 1 28. 5 45. 6 3 9 .9 5, 290 2 3 ,8 0 0 1 9 ,3 0 0 6 6 ,4 0 0 17,7 0 0 18,9 0 0 3 4 ,9 0 0 2 1 ,7 0 0 5, 680 3 6 ,9 0 0 7, 270 7, 520 1 2 ,3 0 0 19,600 Percent of total for period 31. 2 5 9 .9 50. 7 57. 2 51. 2 55. 3 69. 0 56. 0 24. 8 6 2 .6 25. 7 33. 3 4 3 .4 59. 1 Includes idleness in any stoppages beginning in earlier years. TABLE 3 . — Monthly trends in work stoppages, 1955-56 Number of stoppages W orkers involved in stoppages In effect during month Month Beginning in month In effect during month Beginning in month (thousands) 229 255 310 352 432 506 464 496 453 431 242 150 322 347 435 497 616 734 718 740 717 654 451 303 260 2 70 264 382 478 3 72 377 398 336 332 242 114 357 390 394 516 648 576 570 625 541 524 403 240 Man-da ys idle during month Percent of estimated working time of all workers Number (thousands) Percent of total employed Number (thousands) 49 92 164 211 177 487 637 236 234 214 84 61 69 122 212 308 324 593 776 384 381 292 201 178 0. 17 . 30 . 51 . 74 . 77 1 .3 9 1 .8 2 .8 9 . 88 . 67 .4 6 .4 0 386 610 1 ,6 8 0 2, 730 2, 820 3, 380 3, 320 3 ,0 6 0 2 , 770 2 ,4 7 0 2, 630 2 ,3 4 0 0. 04 . 07 . 18 . 31 . 32 . 36 .3 9 . 31 . 30 .2 7 .2 9 .2 5 88 82 69 141 202 115 591 137 156 133 158 29 192 196 193 199 287 230 669 699 209 178 204 53 . 44 .4 5 .4 4 .4 6 . 65 . 52 1. 52 1. 56 .4 6 .4 0 .4 5 . 12 2, 150 2 ,2 7 0 2 ,0 2 0 1, 540 2 ,9 1 0 2 , 010 1 2 ,5 0 0 2 ,9 6 0 1, 630 1, 180 1 ,4 6 0 472 .2 4 .2 5 .2 1 . 17 . 30 .2 1 1. 35 .2 9 . 19 . 11 . 15 .0 5 1955 January -------------------------------------------February ----------------------------------------M a r c h ---------------------------------------------A p r i l ------------------------------------------------May -------------------------------------------------J u n e --------------------------------------------------July ........................................................ August ----------------------------------------- ----S e p te m b e r---------------------------------------O c t o b e r -------------------------------------------November ---------------------------------------December ---------------------------------------1956 January -------------------------------------------February ----------------------------------------M a r c h ----------------------------------------------A pril -----------------------------------------------M a y ---------------------------------------------------J u n e --------------------------------------------------July .................................. - .............. A u g u s t----------------------------------------------September ---------------------------------------October -------------------------------------------N o v e m b e r ---------------------------------------December ------------------------------------— . 14 TABLE 4 . — M ajor issues involved in work stoppages, 1956 Stoppages beginning in 1956 W orkers involved M ajor issues Number A il issues 1 ,9 0 0 ,0 0 0 1,821 47. 6 1 ,0 9 4 10 45 28. 6 .3 1 .2 258 23 391 Number 1 Percent of to ta l1 3 3 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0 1 ,2 7 0 , 000 66. 8 2 4 ,3 0 0 , 000 73. 5 9 2 4 ,0 0 0 600 7, 680 48. 6 (2) .4 1 9 ,3 0 0 ,0 0 0 6 6 0 ,0 0 0 6 6 ,6 0 0 58. 2 2. 0 .2 6. 7 1 0 5 ,0 0 0 5. 5 2 ,2 1 0 ,0 0 0 6. 7 .6 1 0 .2 9, 120 2 2 4 ,0 0 0 .5 11. 8 4 1 ,8 0 0 2, 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 . 1 6. 3 329 8. 6 8 1 ,2 0 0 4. 3 5, 070, 000 15. 3 202 5. 3 2 1 ,2 0 0 1. 1 4 9 4 ,0 0 0 1. 5 W ages, hours, and supplementary benefits ------------- ---------------------------------------- Recognition, w ages, and/or hours ---------------------------------------------------Strengthening bargaining position, w ages, an d/or hours ------------------------Closed or union shop, wages, a n d /or hours -------------------------------------- Percent of to ta l1 100. 0 3, 825 Union organization, w ages, hours, and supplementary benefits ------------------ Num ber1 100. 0 --------------------------------------------------- Wage increase -------------------------------------Wage decrease -------------------------------------Wage in crease, hour decrease ---------Wage in crease, pension and/or social insurance benefits ----------------Pension an d /or social insurance benefits --------------------------------------------------------------------O ther3 - - ---------- Percent of to ta l1 M an-clays idle duriiig 1956 (all st oppages) 100. 0 32 .8 6, 020 .3 3 ,7 3 0 ,0 0 0 11. 3 95 2. 5 5 4 ,0 0 0 2. 8 8 4 1 ,0 0 0 2. 5 ------------------------------------ 445 1 1 .6 102 ,0 0 0 5. 4 1 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0 3. 3 Recognition -------------------------------------------Strengthening bargaining position ----Closed or union s h o p ---------------------------Discrim ination -------------------------------------Othe r ------------------------------------------------------- 301 42 77 13 12 7 .9 1. 1 2. 0 .3 .3 2 2 ,7 0 0 6 6 ,6 0 0 1 1 ,3 0 0 480 1 ,3 7 0 1 .2 3. 5 .6 (2) 4 2 0 ,0 0 0 4 9 4 ,0 0 0 149 ,0 0 0 6 ,0 6 0 2 9 ,8 0 0 1 .3 1. 5 .5 (2) . 1 Other working conditions-------------------------- 862 22. 5 3 7 5 ,0 0 0 19. 7 2 ,1 6 0 ,0 0 0 6. 5 Job security ------------------------------------------Shop conditions and policies -------------Workload -----------------------------------------------Othe r ------------------ ----------------- ------------------ 416 387 55 4 1 0 .9 10. 1 1 .4 . 1 1 8 4,000 1 4 9 ,0 0 0 3 8 ,3 0 0 4, 190 9. 7 7. 8 2. 0 .2 1 ,2 7 0 ,0 0 0 5 6 2 ,0 0 0 1 9 9 ,0 0 0 1 2 4 ,000 3 .9 1. 7 .6 .4 Union organization -1 ------------ 317 8. 3 6 7 ,6 0 0 3. 6 4 2 3 ,0 0 0 1. 3 Sympathy -----------------------------------------------Union riv a lry 4 -------------------------------------Jurisdiction3 ----------------------------------------Union administration 6 ------------------------- 68 27 214 8 1. 8 .7 5. 6 .2 25, 2, 37, 2, 1. . 2. . 179, 000 2 3 ,2 0 0 2 1 2 ,0 0 0 8, 760 .5 . 1 .6 (2) 51 1 .3 2 2 ,8 0 0 . 1 Interunion or intraunion m atters Not reported ----------------------------------------------- 600 330 100 550 4, 630 3 1 0 1 .2 1 In this and subsequent tables the sum of the individual item s m ay not equal the totals for the group, b e cause the individual figures have been rounded. a L ess than 0 .0 5 percent. 3 Issues such as retroactivity, holidays, vacations, job classification, piece rates, incentive standards, or other related m atters unaccompanied by proposals to effect general changes in wage rates are included in this category. Slightly m ore than a third of the stoppages in this group occurred over piece rates or incentive standards. 4 Includes disputes between unions of different affiliation such as those between unions affiliated with the A F L -C IO and nonaffiliates. 5 Includes disputes between unions of the sam e affiliation. Some jurisdictional stoppages are sm all, b rie f, and local in scope and frequently are not reported either by cooperating agencies or by newspapers; hence, these figures do not include all such stoppages that m ay have occurred during the year. 4 Includes disputes within a union over the administration of union affairs or regulations. 15 TABLE 5 . — Work stoppages oy industry group, 19 26 Stoppages beginning in 1956 M an-days idle during 1956 (all stoppages) Industry group Numb e r A ll industries W orkers involved Number Percent of estimated working time of all workers -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 3, 825 1 ,9 0 0 ,0 0 0 3 3 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0 0 .2 9 M ANUFACTURING ------------------------------ 1 1 ,9 8 6 1 ,3 6 0 ,0 0 0 27, 100, 000 0. 63 Prim ary m etal industries -----------------------------------------------Fabricated m etal products (except ordnance, m achinery, and transportation equipment) ------------Ordnance and a cce ssorie s ------------------------------------------ -— E lectrical m achinery, equipment, and supplies -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Machinery (except e le c tr ic a l)------------------------------------------Transportation equipment ----------------------------------------------Lumber and wood products (except furniture) ------------Furniture and fixtures ------------------------------------------------------Stone, clay, and glass products ------------------------------------Textile m ill products -------------------------------------------------------Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and sim ilar m aterials ---------------------------Leather and leather products ----------------------------------------Food and kindred products -------------------------------------- -------Tobacco manufactures ----------------------------------------------------Paper and allied products -----------------------------------------------Printing, publishing, and allied industries -----------------Chem icals and allied products ---------------------------------------Products of petroleum and coal ------------------------------------Rubber products -----------------------------------------------------------------P rofessional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks -------------------------------------------M iscellaneous manufacturing industries --------------------- - 238 5 7 3 ,0 0 0 1 2 ,7 0 0 ,0 0 0 3. 81 229 15 87, 700 1 1 ,2 0 0 1 ,4 2 0 ,0 0 0 9 0 ,7 0 0 . 50 .2 7 106 211 145 47 96 113 70 6 2 ,7 0 0 1 1 3 ,000 1 2 3 ,0 0 0 4 ,9 2 0 2 1 ,1 0 0 76,4 0 0 1 8 ,2 0 0 3 ,0 5 0 ,0 0 0 3 ,6 3 0 ,0 0 0 1 ,8 0 0 ,0 0 0 8 2 ,4 0 0 2 4 5 ,0 0 0 9 9 4 ,0 0 0 4 2 6 ,0 0 0 .9 9 . 83 .4 0 . 04 .2 6 . 69 . 16 129 54 160 4 51 31 92 19 55 1 3 ,8 0 0 8 ,9 4 0 7 1 ,3 0 0 790 1 5 ,2 0 0 5 ,9 0 0 37, 500 8 ,4 5 0 8 1 ,3 0 0 1 7 3 ,000 7 4 ,0 0 0 5 1 3 ,0 0 0 2 0 ,6 0 0 2 3 3 ,0 0 0 105 ,0 0 0 3 9 9 ,0 0 0 174, 000 580 ,0 0 0 .0 6 . 08 . 13 .0 8 . 16 . 05 . 19 .2 7 . 83 33 89 7 ,0 3 0 1 6 ,2 0 0 134,000 2 9 5 ,0 0 0 . 16 .2 3 ------------ 1 1 ,8 5 6 5 4 4 ,0 0 0 6, 0 2 0 ,0 0 0 .0 9 Agriculture, fo re stry , and fishing -------------------------------Mining ------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------Construction ------------------------------------------------------------------- — Trade ---------------------------------------------- ------ ------ ----------------------Finance, insurance, and real estate ----------------------------Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ------------------------------------------------------Services— personal, b u sin ess, and other ----------- ------Government— adm inistration, protection, and sanitation3 ----------------------------------------------------------------- 6 321 784 336 15 2 ,0 3 0 2 3 1 ,0 0 0 3 7, 100 840 1 0 ,4 0 0 1 ,3 2 0 ,0 0 0 2 ,6 8 0 ,0 0 0 5 5 8 ,0 0 0 3 8 ,4 0 0 (a) . 65 . 35 . 02 (a) 243 126 130 ,0 0 0 1 0 ,7 0 0 1, 170 ,0 0 0 2 2 7 ,0 0 0 . 11 (2) 27 3 ,4 6 0 11,1 0 0 NONMANUFACTURING — 1 2 9 ,0 0 0 (2) 1 This figure is less than the sum of the figures below because a few stoppages extending into 2 or m ore industry groups have been counted in this column in each industry group affected; w orkers involved and m an-days idle were divided among the respective groups. 2 Not available. 3 Municipally operated utilities are included in "transportation, communication, and other public u t ilit ie s ." 16 T ABL E 6 . — W ork stoppages by State, 1956 Stoppages beginning in 1956 M an-days idle during 1956 (all stoppages) State Percent of estimated working time of ail workers 1 Number W orkers involved 1 a3 , 825 1 ,9 0 0 ,0 0 0 3 3 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0 0 .2 9 Alabama — A r i z o n a ---Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware — 101 12 23 217 33 68 16 6 3 ,3 0 0 7, 700 5, 740 9 2 ,7 0 0 1 5 ,1 0 0 2 8 ,7 0 0 4 ,9 1 0 1 ,4 9 0 , 000 1 2 1 ,0 0 0 1 0 8 ,0 0 0 1 ,2 2 0 ,0 0 0 297, 000 5 3 4 ,0 0 0 7 6 ,0 0 0 1 .0 0 .2 5 . 16 . 13 . 32 .2 6 .2 2 D istrict of Columbia Florida -------------------G e o r g i a --------------------Idaho ------------------------Illinois ---------------------In d ia n a ---------------------I o w a -------------------------- 8 68 40 11 215 136 56 2 ,2 7 0 1 1 ,7 0 0 1 2 ,7 0 0 2, 550 1 2 2 ,0 0 0 1 1 0 ,0 0 0 2 1 ,0 0 0 9, 310 2 0 5 ,0 0 0 193 ,0 0 0 3 0 ,5 0 0 1 ,7 5 0 ,0 0 0 2 ,0 9 0 ,0 0 0 3 0 2 ,0 0 0 . 01 .0 9 .0 9 . 10 .2 2 . 65 .2 2 Kansas ----------K e n t u c k y ------L o u isia n a ------Maine -----------Maryland — — M assachusetts M i c h i g a n ------- 27 109 42 16 29 170 210 3 ,9 1 0 2 5 ,8 0 0 2 6 ,4 0 0 1 ,4 9 0 4 1 ,6 0 0 5 5 ,0 0 0 9 8 ,8 0 0 25 , 300 2 3 9 ,0 0 0 4 3 8 ,0 0 0 1 1,900 8 9 6 ,0 0 0 8 3 1 ,0 0 0 1 ,1 9 0 ,0 0 0 . 02 . 18 .2 7 . 02 .4 8 .2 0 . 22 M in n e s o ta -------M ississip p i — M issou ri ---------Montana ---------Nebraska --------Nevada -----------New Hampshire 43 20 117 18 24 13 10 3 0 ,2 0 0 6 ,4 3 0 3 9 ,4 0 0 1 ,3 1 0 5 ,4 1 0 3 ,2 3 0 420 6 0 0 ,0 0 0 28, 800 4 4 4 ,0 0 0 2 1 ,4 0 0 4 3 ,5 0 0 1 4 ,3 0 0 3, 800 . 32 . 04 . 15 .0 6 . 06 . 08 . 01 New Jersey — New M exico — New Y o r k -------North Carolina North Dakota O h i o ---------------O k la h om a-------- 190 16 423 22 6 357 42 6 8 ,2 0 0 2 ,9 1 0 1 6 0 ,000 1 0 ,2 0 0 150 2 9 1 ,0 0 0 1 0 ,6 0 0 1 ,2 7 0 ,0 0 0 1 7 ,9 0 0 2 ,9 8 0 ,0 0 0 2 9 3 ,0 0 0 2 ,2 0 0 4 , 7 2 0 ,0 0 0 1 5 4 ,000 .2 9 . 05 .2 2 . 12 . 01 . 66 . 13 Oregon ----------Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee ---Texas -------------- 27 520 27 12 6 111 76 6, 780 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 4 ,2 9 0 5 ,4 3 0 920 3 2 ,8 0 0 4 3 ,9 0 0 6 7 ,4 0 0 7 ,2 8 0 ,0 0 0 3 3 ,1 0 0 1 5 3 ,0 0 0 6 ,3 9 0 427, 000 8 7 2 ,0 0 0 .0 6 . 87 . 05 . 13 . 03 .2 3 . 17 U t a h -------------V e r m o n t ------V ir g in ia -------Washington — W est Virginia W is c o n s i n ---W y o m i n g ------ 24 8 49 48 191 62 5 1 2 ,8 0 0 1, 330 1 2 ,6 0 0 1 1 ,1 0 0 6 8 ,4 0 0 2 8 ,4 0 0 100 9 0 ,8 0 0 9, 190 1 3 1 ,000 197, 000 5 8 9 ,0 0 0 537, 000 890 .2 0 . 04 . 06 . 12 . 54 .21 . 01 United States Number 1 Percent of United States total as carried in form er y e a rs, available in Monthly Labor Review, May 1957 (p. 570). a The sum of the figures in this column exceeds 3 ,8 2 5 because the stoppages extending across State lines have been counted in each State affected; w orkers involved and m an-days idle were divided among the States. 17 TABLE 7 . — W ork stoppages by metropolitan area, 1956 1 Metropolitan area Stoppages beginning in M an-days idle 1956 * during 1956a W orkers (all stoppages) Number involved Akron, O h i o ---------------------Albany-SchenectadyTroy, N. Y. -------------------Albuquerque, N. M e x . ----Allentown-Bethlehem* Easton, Pa. —----- ------------ 29 2 1 ,3 0 0 1 9 5 ,0 0 0 25 7 9 , 100 510 7 0 ,0 0 0 2 , 350 36 2 6 ,7 0 0 5 7 3 ,0 0 0 Atlanta, Ga. — ----------------B altim ore, Md. ----------------Baton Rouge, L a .-------------Bay City, M i c h . ---------------Beaum ont-Port Arthur, T e x . ---------------------------------- 20 23 10 6 8 ,4 8 0 3 7 ,8 0 0 1 ,3 6 0 1, 790 1 0 3 ,0 0 0 8 8 0 ,0 0 0 1 0 ,8 0 0 3 3 ,1 0 0 9 7 ,4 8 0 3 4 2 ,0 0 0 B illings, Mont. ----------------Birm ingham , A la . -----------Boston, M a s s . -----------------Bridgeport, C o n n .-----------Buffalo, N. Y . -------------------- 6 46 55 11 53 260 2 5 ,2 0 0 2 1 ,1 0 0 3 ,1 1 0 4 2 ,9 0 0 7, 710 1 ,0 8 0 ,0 0 0 2 1 4 ,0 0 0 128, 000 1 ,0 5 0 ,0 0 0 Canton, O h i o -------------- -----Cedar Rapids, Iowa --------Charleston, S. C . ----------Charleston, W . Va. --------Charlotte, N. C. -------------- 16 8 6 12 7 1 9 ,1 0 0 660 1 ,3 5 0 3, 010 470 3 7 3 ,0 0 0 2 ,4 4 0 8, 570 4 9 ,9 0 0 4 ,0 8 0 Chattanooga, Tenn. --------Chicago, I I I . ---------------------Cincinnati, O h io ---------------Cleveland, O h i o --------------Columbus, Ohio --------------- 20 86 32 44 13 5, 120 1 1 0 ,0 0 0 1 0 ,9 0 0 6 8 ,2 0 0 4 , 590 3 2 ,2 0 0 2 ,4 6 0 , 000 6 1 ,0 0 0 1 ,0 1 0 ,0 0 0 149 ,0 0 0 Corpus C h risti, T e x . -----D allas, T e x . ---------------------Davenport, Iowa-Rock Is land-M oline, III. --------Dayton, Ohio -------------------- 7 9 4, 020 2 ,6 2 0 3 9 ,4 0 0 2 5, 100 8 13 6 ,2 6 0 2 , 830 3 5 4 ,0 0 0 2 2 ,7 0 0 Decatur, I I I . ---------------------Denver, Colo. -----------------Des M oines, Iowa ----------Detroit, M i c h . ---------- --------Duluth, Minn. -Superior, W is. — ...................... 13 21 21 111 4 ,3 0 0 5, 730 8 ,5 8 0 6 4 ,8 0 0 1 5 ,9 0 0 6 4 ,3 0 0 2 1 2 ,0 0 0 7 1 9 ,0 0 0 12 7, 000 1 3 9 ,0 0 0 E rie , P a . ---------------------------E vansville, I n d . ---------------F all R iver, M a s s . ----------F lint, M i c h . ---------------------F ort Smith, A r k . -------------- 13 8 13 7 5 1, 150 7 ,4 3 0 2 , 730 1 ,9 1 0 420 1 2 ,6 0 0 8 7 ,4 0 0 3 3 ,4 0 0 3 ,9 0 0 1 2 ,1 0 0 F ort Wayne, Ind. ------------Galveston, T e x . ---------------Grand Rapids, M i c h .-------Ham ilton- Middletown, O h io ---------------------------------- 6 5 7 7 ,2 4 0 3, 860 1 ,6 5 0 2 6, 300 2 4 ,1 0 0 5 4 ,6 0 0 5 1 ,1 7 0 6 .4 0 0 8 14 16 7 ,8 2 0 6, 600 8, 110 1 7 2 ,0 0 0 4 7 ,0 0 0 1 4 2 ,0 0 0 24 8 ,6 6 0 1 5 1 ,0 0 0 H arrisburg, Pa. ------- -------Hartford, C o n n .--------------Houston, T e x . ------------—— Huntington, W . Va. Ashland, Ky. ------------------ See footnotes at end of table. Metropolitan area Stoppages beginning in M an-days idle 1956* during 1956* W orkers (all stoppages) Number involved Indianapolis, I n d . ---------Jackson, M i c h . -------------Jackson, M is s . -------------Jacksonville, F la. --------Johnstown, P a . -------------- 15 9 6 11 14 8 ,6 5 0 2 ,2 3 0 1 ,0 0 0 2, 760 1 9 ,3 0 0 12 2 ,0 0 0 1 1,400 4, 520 4 7 ,6 0 0 4 8 0 ,0 0 0 Kalamazoo, M ic h .---------Kansas City, M o .-----------Kenosha, W is. --------------King s ton-NewburghPoughkeepsie, N. Y . — 7 39 5 4 ,4 9 0 1 4 ,4 0 0 300 3 2 ,0 0 0 2 0 1 ,0 0 0 2 ,2 0 0 14 3 ,3 3 0 115,000 K noxville, T e n n .------------Lancaster, P a . --------------Lawrence, M a s s .----------Little Rock-North Little Rock, A r k . ------- 25 7 7 9, 580 670 3, 780 6 6 ,4 0 0 1 2 ,1 0 0 9 4 ,1 0 0 6 480 7, 150 L ora in -E ly ria , O h io-----Los A n geles-L ong Beach, C a l i f .--------------L ouisville, K y . ------ -------Low ell, M a s s . --------------- 18 1 8,000 3 0 3 ,0 0 0 84 31 6 3 9 ,3 0 0 5, 550 350 5 1 8 ,0 0 0 61, 700 2, 600 M adison, W i s . --------------M em phis, T e n n .------------M iam i, F l a . ....................... Milwaukee, W i s . ------------M inneapolis-St. Paul, M i n n . ----------------------------- 6 22 22 22 3, 5, 3, 9, 630 600 520 780 10 8 ,0 0 0 6 7 ,8 0 0 128 ,0 0 0 1 9 5 ,0 0 0 26 6 ,8 7 0 6 7 ,0 0 0 M obile, A l a . ------------------M uncie, I n d .------ ------------N ashville, Tenn. ----------New Bedford, M a s s .-----New Haven, C o n n .--------- 13 7 16 15 14 9 ,5 9 0 7, 610 4, 810 1 ,3 8 0 3, 110 3 3 ,7 0 0 2 7 ,3 0 0 119,000 2 6 ,3 0 0 6 3 ,0 0 0 New Orleans, L a . ---------New Y ork -N o rth eastern New Jersey — N orfolk- Portsmouth, V a . --------------------------------- 22 2 2 ,9 0 0 4 0 9 ,0 0 0 419 124,000 2 ,2 8 0 ,0 0 0 12 2 ,3 8 0 3 1 ,4 0 0 Ogden, U t a h -------------------Oklahoma City, Okla. — Omaha, N e b r .----------------P eoria, I I I . --------------------Philadelphia, P a . ---------- 5 5 13 11 118 1 ,2 6 0 1,5 2 0 4 ,4 0 0 2 1 ,4 0 0 6 4 ,5 0 0 7, 720 37, 500 2 9 ,2 0 0 9 2 ,7 0 0 1 ,7 3 0 ,0 0 0 Phoenix, A r i z . ---------------Pittsburgh, P a . ---------- — Pittsfield, M a s s . ---------Portland, M a i n e ----------Portland, O r e g . ------------- 6 118 6 5 17 3 ,8 9 0 1 1 2 ,0 0 0 1 ,0 6 0 730 5 ,4 3 0 1 0 2 ,000 3, 0 7 0 ,0 0 0 1 ,2 8 0 1 ,4 7 0 3 7 ,2 0 0 Providence, R. I . ---------Reading, P a . -----------------Richmond, V a . ---------------R ochester, N. Y. ---------Rockford, I I I . ----------------- 23 16 6 11 5 2, 370 3 ,5 2 0 640 1 ,9 6 0 440 2 3 ,0 0 0 3 5 ,6 0 0 7 ,3 1 0 17,600 1 ,3 0 0 Sacramento, C a l i f . ------St. Louis, M o. -E a s t St. Louis, I I I . -------------Salt Lake City, U tah -----San Bernardino, C alif.— 9 960 10,0 0 0 80 10 12 4 1 ,4 0 0 2 ,8 3 0 1 ,1 1 0 3 1 8 ,0 0 0 2 1 ,2 0 0 14,5 0 0 18 TABLE 7 .— W ork stoppages by metropolitan area, 1956 1 - Continued Metropolitan area San Diego, Calif. ---------San F ran cisco Oakland, Calif. ----------San Jose, Calif. ------------Scranton, Pa. ----------------- Seattle, W ash. --------------Spokane, Wash. -------------Springfield, 111. ------------Springfield-Holyoke, M a ss. ----------------------------- Springfield, M o. ------------Stam ford-Norw alk, Conn. ----------------------------Syracuse, N. Y. ----------Tacom a, W ash. ------------- Stoppages beginningin M an-days idle 1956^ during 1956 2 W orkers (all stoppages) Number involved 14 3, 610 4 9 ,9 0 0 85 10 15 3 8 ,0 0 0 3 ,2 2 0 3, 110 4 7 2 ,0 0 0 5 8 ,2 0 0 2 2 ,2 0 0 14 5 12 4, 090 3 ,4 4 0 6 7 ,0 0 0 1,6 6 0 4 2 ,3 0 0 20 9 ,4 5 0 19 9 ,0 0 0 1 , 000 5 410 1 1 ,7 0 0 6 7 5 220 4, 640 200 2 ,2 6 0 5 9 ,1 0 0 1 ,2 2 0 Metropolitan area T am pa-St. Petersburg, F la. ----- ----------------------Terre Haute, Ind. --------Toledo, Ohio ----------------Trenton, N. J . ------- ------ Stoppages beginning in M an-days idle 1956* during 1956 2 Number W orkers (all stoppages) involved 14 7 20 12 1, 730 1 ,3 3 0 6, 700 7, 300 7, 600 1 5 ,0 0 0 9 1 ,0 0 0 1 72,000 T ulsa, O k l a .-----------------U tica-R om e, N. Y . -----Washington, D. C .--------Waterbury, C o n n .--------Wheeling, W. V a .Steubenville, O h i o ----- 17 8 9 9 5 ,9 1 0 1,030 2, 320 8 ,0 6 0 7 1 ,5 0 0 5, 810 10,7 0 0 2 2 4 ,0 0 0 39 2 8 ,6 0 0 4 7 0 ,0 0 0 W ilk e s-B a rre Hazleton, P a . ------------Wilmington, D e l . ---------W orcester, M a s s . ------York, Pa. ---------------------Youngstown, Ohio --------- 30 16 19 15 80 2, 630 5 ,2 6 0 5, 770 1 ,7 4 0 8 5 ,6 0 0 4 8 ,4 0 0 7 6 ,7 0 0 9 4 ,2 0 0 2 7 , 800 1 ,5 9 0 ,0 0 0 1 The table includes data for each of the metropolitan areas that had 5 or m ore stoppages in 1956. Beginning with 1952, data were tabulated separately for 182 metropolitan a rea s; in 1955 the number was increased to 205. Information prior to 1952 was confined to city boundaries. The m etropolitan areas are principally those on the lists of Standard Metropolitan A reas compiled by the Bureau of the Budget as of January 28, 1949, and June 5, 1950. A few areas were added, including some that had been in the strike series in earlier y ea rs. (Lists of these m etro politan areas are available upon request from the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics. ) Some metropolitan areas include counties in m ore than 1 State, and hence, an area total m ay equal or exceed the total for the State in which the m ajor city is located. The Washington, D. C. metropolitan area , which includes the District of Columbia and adjacent counties in Maryland and Virginia, exceeds slightly the 1956 totals for the District of Columbia as shown in table 6, work stoppages by State. Idleness in the Chicago m etropolitan area , which includes Cook, Du Page, Kane, Lake and W ill Counties, III., and Lake County, Ind. , exceeds the Illinois total. 2 Intermetropolitan area stoppages are counted separately in each area affected with the w orkers involved and m an-days idle allocated to the respective area s. TABLE 8 . — W ork stoppages by affiliation of unions involved, 1956 Stoppages beginning in 1956 Affiliation Number Percent of total W orkers involved Number Percent of total M an-days idle during 1956 (all stoppages) Number Percent of total --------------------------------------------------------------------- 3, 825 100 . 0 1 ,9 0 0 ,0 0 0 100 . 0 3 3 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0 100. 0 A F L - C I O ....................................... - ............................ Unaffiliated u n io n s -----------------------------------------------Sin gle-firm u n io n s -----------------------------------------------Different affiliations -------------------------------------------No union in v o lv e d --------------------------------- ---------------Not re p o r te d ----------------------------------------------------------- 3 ,2 4 2 485 19 29 42 8 84. 8 12. 7 .5 .8 1. 1 .2 1 ,6 7 0 ,0 0 0 2 1 9 ,0 0 0 9 ,4 5 0 3, 110 3 ,2 8 0 2 70 87. 7 11. 5 .5 .2 .2 (*) 2 6 ,4 0 0 ,0 0 0 2 ,9 6 0 ,0 0 0 1 1 4 ,0 0 0 1 3 ,6 2 0 ,0 0 0 2 6 , 100 9 ,8 3 0 79. 7 8 .9 .3 1 0 .9 . 1 (2) Total 1 Includes 1956 idleness resulting from the prolonged stoppage of m em bers of the International Union of E le c trical W orkers and the United E lectrica l W orkers (Ind.), beginning in October 1955 at the Westinghouse E lectric Corp. 2 Less than 0 .0 5 percent. 19 T ABL E 9 . — W ork stoppages by number of workers involved, 1956 M an-day idle during 1956 (all stoppages) Stoppages beginning in 1956 Percent of total Number of workers Number W orkers involved Numb e r Percent of total Number Percent of total --------------------------------------------------------- 3, 825 100. 0 1 ,9 0 0 ,0 0 0 100. 0 3 3 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0 100. 0 6 and under 20 ---------------------------------------------------20 and under 100 ------------------------------------------------100 and under 250 -----------------------------------------------2 50 and under 500 -----------------------------------------------500 and under 1,0 0 0 ------------------------------------------1 ,0 0 0 and under 5 ,0 0 0 ---------------------------------------5 ,0 0 0 and under 1 0 ,0 0 0 ------------------------------------10, 000 and over --------------------------------------------------- 680 1 ,3 3 8 798 468 254 260 15 12 17. 8 35. 0 2 0 .9 12. 2 6 .6 6. 8 .4 .3 8, 000 6 5 ,7 0 0 1 2 8,000 1 5 8 ,0 0 0 172 ,0 0 0 5 2 2 ,0 0 0 9 0 ,4 0 0 758 ,0 0 0 0. 4 3. 5 6. 7 8. 3 9. 1 2 7 .4 4. 8 3 9 .9 127, 000 9 4 5 ,0 0 0 1 ,4 2 0 ,0 0 0 1 ,8 5 0 ,0 0 0 1 ,9 6 0 ,0 0 0 5 ,6 5 0 ,0 0 0 1 ,5 9 0 ,0 0 0 1 9 ,6 0 0 ,0 0 0 0 .4 2 .9 4 .3 5. 6 5 .9 17.1 4. 8 59. 1 A ll workers TABLE 1 0 .— W ork stoppages by number of establishments involved, 1956 Stoppages beginning in 1956 Number of establishments involved 1 Number W orkers involved Man-days idle during 1956 (all stoppages) Percent of total Number Percent of total Number Percent of total ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 3, 825 100. 0 1 , 900,0 00 100. 0 3 3 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0 1 0 0.0 1 e s ta b lis h m e n t ----------------------------------------------------2 to 5 establishments -------------------------------------------6 to 10 establishments ----------------------------------------11 establishments or m ore --------------------------------11 to 49 e sta b lish m e n ts---------------------------------50 to 99 establishments ----------------------------------100 establishments or m ore -------------------------Exact number not known2 -----------------------------Not reported ----------------------------------------------------------- 2 ,9 7 5 421 158 259 174 16 18 51 12 77. 8 1 1 .0 4. 1 6. 8 4. 5 .4 . 5 1 .3 .3 7 6 5 ,0 0 0 1 9 8 ,0 0 0 7 1 ,8 0 0 8 6 6 ,0 0 0 1 6 6 ,0 0 0 2 1 ,6 0 0 5 4 0 ,0 0 0 1 3 8 ,0 0 0 1 ,6 7 0 4 0 .2 10. 4 3. 8 45. 5 8. 7 1. 1 28. 4 7. 3 . 1 7 ,6 0 0 ,0 0 0 3 ,9 6 0 ,0 0 0 8 8 5 ,0 0 0 2 0 ,6 0 0 ,0 0 0 5 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 2 2 2 ,0 0 0 1 2 ,6 0 0 ,0 0 0 2 ,3 4 0 ,0 0 0 1 9 ,2 0 0 23. 0 1 1.9 2. 7 6 2 .4 16. 6 . 7 38. 0 7. 1 . 1 Total 1 An establishment is defined as a single physical location where business is conducted or where services or industrial operations are perform ed; for exam ple, a factory, m ill, store, m ine, or farm . A stoppage m ay involve 1, 2, or m ore establishments of a single employer or it m ay involve different em ployers. 2 Information available indicates m ore than 11 establishments involved in each of these stoppages. 20 T A B L E 1 1 .— Work stoppages beginning in 1956 involving 1 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore workers Beginning date February 2\J Approximate duration Establishm ent(s) and location Union(s) involved (calendar days ) 1 112 Republic Aviation Corp. , 4 plants— Long Island, N. Y . area Int* 1 A s s 1 n of M achinists; Int*1 Bro . of E lectrical W ork ers; and Int' 1 Union of Operating Engineers 2 Approximate number of workers involved 2 12,000 5 M ajor term s of settlem ent 3 M achinists: 7-cent hourly wage increases effective in June 1956, and again on April 1, 1957; a 3d week of vaca tion after 12 years* seniority; improved com pany-paidhealth and welfare benefits; 2 d ay s’ notice required prior to an indefinite layoff or 2 days * pay in lieu of notice. E lectrica l W ork ers: 12centhourly wage in creases e f fective im m ediately and again on April 1, 1957; supplemental benefit increases sim ilar to the LAM settlem ent. Operating Engineers: Wage increases of 6 cents e ffe c tive im m ediately and 7 cents in 1957; supplemental benefits sim ilar to the LAM agreem ent. April 28 98 Tennessee Coal and Iron Division, U .S . Steel Corp. , Birm ingham , A la . B ro . of L ocom o tive Firem en and Enginemen, (Ind . ) 4 21,0 0 0 A 3-year contract with hour ly wage increases of 1 1 cents effective im m ediately and 9 . 1 cents in the 2d and 3d years of the contract; a c o s t-o fliving escalator clause; p r e m ium pay for Sunday work and liberalized holiday pay; jury duty pay; liberalized insurance agreem ent; and Supplementary Unemployment Benefits. May 1 27 Construction industry, Northeastern Ohio (including Cleveland area) Building Trades Unions 4 0 ,0 0 0 T w o-year agreem ents---m ajority of unions received hourly wage increases of 1 l x/ z cents retroactive to May 1, 1956, and I 6y 2 cents on May 1, 1957. Sheet-m etal workers received, in addition, a l x/ z cent an hour employer con tribution to a vacation fund effective May 1, 1957. B rick layers received a 15-cen t hourly wage increase plus Z l/ z cents an hour contribu tion to welfare fund re tro a c tive to May 1, 1956, and I 6y 2 -cents hourly wage in crease effective May 1, 1957. May 1 71 Construction industry, New Orleans area, Louisiana Int11 A ss 1 n of Bridge, Struc tural and Orna mental' Iron W orkers 1 0 ,0 0 0 A 2 -y e a r contract provid ing for hourly wage increases of 10 cents retroactive to May 1, 1956, and again on November 1, 1956, and May 1, 1957; and change in area coveredby travel time agreem ent. See footnotes at end of table. 21 T ABL E 1 1 .— Work stoppages beginning in 1956 involving 1 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore workers - Continued ’B e g i n n i n g date Approximate Approximate number of duration Establishm ent(s) and location Union(s) involved 2 (calendar workers d ay s)1 involved 2 5 0 0 ,0 0 0 A 3 -ye ar contract provid ing for hourly wage rate in creases averaging 1 0 l/ z cents effective on the contract date and 9. 1 cents in the 2d and 3d years of the contract; a semiannual c o st-o f-liv in g e s calator clause; changes in supplementary benefits effe c tive at various dates during contract period; prem ium pay for Sunday work; liberalized prem ium pay for holiday work; supplemental unemployment benefit plan; pay for jury duty; a 7th paid holiday; and improved health, welfare and pension benefits; also; a r e vised union shop provision. United B ro. of Carpenters and Joiners 13,0 0 0 A 3 -y e a r contract provid ing for hourly wage increases of 12.l/ z cents retroactive to July 7, 1956, 5 cents effective June 15, 1957, and I 2 .l/ z cents on June 15, 1958; on the latter date an additional 2 l/ z cents an hour to be used by the union at its discretion for supple menting its health or pension plans or to increase wage rates; a 10-cen t hourly e m ployer contribution to a va cation fund beginning on Jan uary 1, 1957; and a 10-cent hourly contribution to a pen sion fund effective June 15, 1957. Aluminum Company of A m erica and Reynolds M etals Co. , 13 States United S teel workers 2 7 ,0 0 0 A 3 -y e a r contract provid ing for hourly wage increases averaging 1 1 .8 3 cents retro active to August 1, 1956, 10.66 cents— A lcoa , and 11.66 cents— Reynolds, effective Au gust 1, 1957, and 9 .6 6 cents effective August 1, 1958; p ro portional increases in incen tive pay; a semiannual c o stof-livin g escalator clause; changes in supplemental bene fits effective at various con tract dates; increased pay for work on holidays; higher shift differentials; a 7th paid holi day; and a supplemental un employment benefit plan. M em bers of G lass Con tainer M anufacturer' s Institute; National A s s o ciation of P re sse d and Blown G lassw are; and som e independent com panies, 16 States A m erican Flint G lass W orkers Union 4 7 ,0 0 0 O ne-year contract provid ing for 6 - percent wage in crease and pay for jury duty. Swift and C o. , 26 States Am algamated Me ate utters and United Packinghouse W orkers 2 5 ,0 0 0 A 3 -y e a r contract provid ing for hourly wage increases of 10 cents effective September 2 4 , 1956, and 7y2 cents on Sep tember 1, 1957 and 1958; r e duction of area wage differen tials; elimination of w om en1s wage differential; a c o s t-o fliving escalator clause; lib eralized sick pay benefits; and a separation pay plan. Steel industry, nationwide United S teel workers 12 Construction industry, San F rancisco area, California August 1 625 September 1 728 July 1 5 36 July 7 September 2() 10 See footnotes at end of table. M ajor term s of settlem ent3 22 T ABL E 1 1 .— Work stoppages beginning in 1956 involving 1 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore workers - Continued Beginning date October 2 November 1 November 16 Approximate Approximate duration Establishm ent(s) and location Union(s) involved 2 number of M ajor terms of settlem ent3 (calendar workers d a y s)1 involved 2 Caterpillar Tractor Co. , E ast P eoria, 111. United Autom o bile W orkers 19,000 Agreem ent to review and discuss certain grievances. 18 Firestone T ire and Rubber C o . , 7 States: Calif. , Ind. , Iowa, M a ss. , Ohio, Pa. , and Tenn. United Rubber W orkers 21,000 A 2y2-yea r contract p ro viding funeral leave and sup plementary pay for workers during A rm ed F orces reserve training sessions and lib e r alizing seniority p rovisions, the incentive system , vaca tion p rovisions, methods of computing weekly overtime pay, and pay provisions dur ing treatment of on -the-job injuries. (8) Longshoring industry, Port of New York and other East and Gulf Coast ports Int'l Longshore m en ’ s A ss ’ n. (In d .) 6 0 ,0 0 0 (8 ) 3 1 Includes nonworkdays, such as Saturdays, Sundays, and established holidays. 2 The unions listed are those directly involved in the dispute. The number of workers involved m ay include m em bers of other unions or nonunion workers idled by the dispute in the same establishm ent. "W orkers involved" is the maximum number made idle for one shift or longer in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. (in those instances in which idleness fluctuates during the strike, the actual number of workers idle on varying dates is used in computing the m an-days of id le n e ss.) This figure does not m easure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose employees are made idle as a result of m aterial or service shortages. 3 The monthly Current Wage Developments reports of the Bureau som etim es describe the wage settlements in greater detail than they are presented h ere. 4 Until July 1, plant workers were idled by dispute of the Firem en and Enginemen. On that date plant w ork ers, represented by the United Steelw orkers, also struck upon the expiration of their contract. 5 On July 2 7, the United Steelworkers and 12 m ajor steel producers signed a memorandum of agreement in corporating the provisions of a 3 -y e a r contract. W orkers began returning to work as soon as individual contracts were signed, and by August 5 all of the m ajor steel producers had signed new agreem ents. 8 Aluminum Company of A m erica reached agreement on August 9, and Reynolds M etals Co. on August 25. * Glass Container M anufacturers' Institute reached agreement on September 9, National Association of P ressed and Blown Glassw are on September 28. 8 W orkers at all ports returned to their jobs on November 24 after a United States D istrict Court issued a 10-day restraining order under provisions of the Labor Management Relations (Taft-H artley) A ct. Settlements were reached at Southern and Gulf Coast Ports before the 80-day injunction expired. On February 12, 1957, after this injunction expired, som e 3 5 ,0 0 0 longshoremen in Atlantic ports from Maine to Virginia left their jobs again. Final settlem ent was reached on February 2 2. 23 T ABL E 1 2 .— Duration of work stoppages ending in 1 9 5 6 1 W orkers involved Stoppages Duration (calendar days) Number Percent of total Number Percent of total M an-days idle Number _______ 3 ,8 2 1 100.0 1 ,9 3 0 ,0 0 0 10 0 . 0 3 7 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 1 d a y ------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- __ __ 2 to 3 days ________ _________________ _______ ____ _ 4 days and less than 1 w e e k __________________________ 1 week and less than x/ z month (7 to 14 days) ------l/ z month and less than 1 month (15 to 2 9 days) ____ 1 month and less than 2 months (30 to 59 days) ____ 2 months and less than 3 months (60 to 89 d a y s )___ 3 months and over (90 days and over) _____________ 534 610 561 796 622 405 161 132 14 .0 16. 0 14. 7 1 49,000 2 0 9 ,0 0 0 2 1 8 ,0 0 0 7. 7 10 . 8 1 49,000 4 5 0 ,0 0 0 74 5 ,0 0 0 1 ,9 5 0 ,0 0 0 3 ,4 6 0 ,0 0 0 1 4 ,9 0 0 ,0 0 0 2 ,6 1 0 ,0 0 0 1 3 ,3 0 0 ,0 0 0 A ll p e r io d s ____________________________________ 2 0 .8 291,000 16. 3 2 8 2 ,0 0 0 5 8 1 ,0 0 0 5 5 ,8 0 0 146,000 10.6 4 .2 3. 5 11 .3 15. 1 14. 6 30. 1 2 .9 7. 6 Percent of total 100.0 0. 4 1.2 2.0 5 .2 9 .2 3 9 -6 6 .9 35. 5 1 The totals in this table and in tables 13 and 14 differ from those in the preceding tables, because these 3 tables relate to stoppages ending during the year, including any 1955 idleness in these strik es. TABLE 1 3 .— Method of terminating work stoppages ending in 1 9 5 6 1 Stoppages Method of termination Number A ll m e th o d s-------------------------------------------------------------------Agreem ent of parties reached D ir e c tly ------------------------------------------------------------- -------With assistance of government agencies _______ With assistance of nongovernment m ediators or agencies _______ _______ ____________________ With combined assistance of government agencies and nongovernment mediators or agencies _______________________________________ Terminated without form al se ttle m e n t_____________ Em ployers discontinued business - ________________ Not reported __________________________________________ W orkers involved Percent of total Number Percent of total M an-days idle Number Percent of total 3 ,8 2 1 100.0 1 ,9 3 0 ,0 0 0 100.0 3 7 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 100.0 1 ,8 0 9 1 ,1 7 9 47. 3 30. 9 5 7 2 ,0 0 0 1 ,1 8 0 ,0 0 0 29. 6 61.1 3 ,8 7 0 ,0 0 0 3 0 ,7 0 0 ,0 0 0 1 0 .3 81. 7 29 .8 4 ,2 1 0 .2 2 4 ,8 0 0 .1 10 .3 18. 6 1. 1 1. 1 5, 630 1 64,000 3 ,0 2 0 2 ,7 5 0 .3 120,000 .3 8. 5 .2 2 ,5 5 0 ,0 0 0 2 5 3 ,0 0 0 4 7 ,5 0 0 6. 8 709 42 43 .1 .7 .1 1 See footnote 1, table 12. TABLE 1 4 .— Disposition of issu es in work stoppages ending in 1956 1 W orkers involved Stoppages Disposition of issues A ll issues __ _____________________________ ___________ Man-daysi idle Number Percent of total Number Percent of total 3 ,821 100 . 0 1 ,9 3 0 ,0 0 0 100.0 3 7 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 100.0 3 ,3 9 0 88 . 7 1 ,7 9 0 ,0 0 0 9 2 .9 3 6 ,6 0 0 ,0 0 0 97. 5 224 5 .9 8 4 ,5 0 0 4 .4 4 4 2 ,0 0 0 1.2 11 .3 7 3 ,7 0 0 2 0 4 ,0 0 0 1 6 7 ,0 0 0 4 7 ,5 0 0 .2 2 .2 1.8 1. 1 5, 750 3 1 ,5 0 0 1 3 ,1 0 0 2 ,7 5 0 .3 84 69 43 Number Percent of total Issues settled or disposed of at termination of Some or all issu es to be adjusted after resumption of work By direct negotiation between employer (s) and union _____________________________________ — By negotiation with the aid of government agencies ______ _________________-_______________ By arb itration ___________________ ________________ By other means 3 ________________ __ -------------------Not re p o rte d ----------- ---------------------------------------------- 1.6 .7 .1 .5 .4 .1 1 See footnote 1, table 12. 2 Includes (a) those strikes in which a settlem ent was reached on the issu es prior to return to work, (b) those in which the parties agreed to utilize the com pany's grievance procedure, and (c) any strikes in which the workers returned without form al agreement or settlem ent. 3 Includes cases referred to the National or State labor relations boards or other agencies for administrative action or employee elections, rather than factfinding, mediation or conciliation; and interunion or intraunion d is putes for which specific union procedures for adjudication have been developed. 24 Appendix A TABLE A - 1 .— Work stoppages by industry, 1956 Industry A ll industries Prim ary metal industries Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling m ills Iron and steel foundries ________ Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals __________ Secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals and alloys Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals ________ Nonferrous foundries __________ Miscellaneous primary metal industries ______________ Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipm ent)_______ Tin cans and other tinware ___ Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware ____________ Heating apparatus (except electric) and plumbers' su p p lie s________________________ Fabricated structural metal products _______________________ Metal stamping, coating, and engraving______________________ Lighting fixtur e s _______________ Fabricated wire products _____ Miscellaneous fabricated metal products _______________ Stoppages beginning Man-days idle in 1956 during 1956 1Workers (all stoppages) l Number involved 13,8 25 1 ,9 0 0 ,0 0 0 3 3 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0 Manufacturing - Continued 1 1,986 1 ,3 6 0 ,0 0 0 2 7 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0 573,000 12 ,7 0 0 ,0 0 0 Lumber and wood products (except furniture) .. . . . . Logging camps and logging contractors _____________ Sawmill s and planing m ill s Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural wood products ... .... Wooden containers Miscellaneous wood products ____ 1 1 E lectrical machinery, equipment, and supplies ______________________ E lectrical generating, transm ission, distribution, and industrial apparatus______ E lectrical appliances __________ Insulated wire and cable _______ E lectrical equipment for motor vehicles, aircraft, and rail way locomotives and cars ___ E lectric la m p s __________________ Communication equipment and related products _________ Miscellaneous electrical products _______________________ Transportation equipment , Motor vehicles and m otorvehicle equipment ______ Aircraft and parts Ship and boat building and repairing ______________ Railroad equipment _________ M otorcycles, bicycles, and parts ________________________ See footnote at end of table. 238 107 55 48 7,00 0 2 0 ,000 1 1 ,3 0 0 ,0 0 0 292,00 0 5 11,300 224,00 0 5 770 4 ,4 0 0 18 22 24 ,1 0 0 3 ’ 530 359,000 34,700 30 25 ,900 47 1,00 0 229 5 20 Ordnance and accessories _______ Ammunition, except for small arm s ___________________ Tanks and tank components ___ Sighting and fire-control equipment _____________________ Small arm s am m unition________ Ordnance and accessories not elsewhere classified _____ Machinery (except electrical) ___ Engines and tu rb in e s___________ Agricultural machinery and tractors ___________________ Construction and mining machinery and e q u ip m e n t___ Metalworking m ach in ery_______ Special-industry machinery (except metalworking m ach in ery)_____________________ General industrial machinery and equipm ent_________________ Office and store machines and devices ____________________ Service-industry and household machines ______________________ Miscellaneous machinery parts ___________________________ Industry 7 ,3 0 0 1 ,4 2 0 ,0 0 0 7,9 7 0 8 6 ,100 26 11,900 380,000 91 37,400 517,000 47 10 8 13,200 2 ,6 0 0 4 ,0 4 0 166,000 4 9 ,900 8 2 ,1 0 0 28 9 ,4 0 0 126,000 15 11,200 90 ,700 8 2 5,9 60 1,380 58,000 10,800 1 3 1,000 2 ,8 3 0 1,000 2 0 ,9 0 0 1 80 80 106 62 ,700 3 ,0 5 0 ,0 0 0 48 7 5 26 ,400 1,840 2 ,0 6 0 1 ,7 9 0 ,0 0 0 167,000 18,400 8 27 1 8 7 ,7 0 0 1,9 50 4 , 510 - 2 26 ,1 0 0 35,700 306,000 670,00 0 11 1,720 66,500 211 9 113,000 5,9 90 3 ,6 3 0 ,0 0 0 1 ,1 7 0 ,0 0 0 9 27 ,7 0 0 4 7 6,00 0 22 24 14,100 5,4 40 24 1,00 0 152,000 20 2 ,8 9 0 59,800 59 15,600 283,00 0 12 14,400 231,00 0 25 14,000 774,00 0 32 13,400 243,00 0 145 123,Q00 1 ,8 0 0 ,0 0 0 87 21 7 3 ,800 23 ,1 0 0 495,00 0 1 ,0 4 0 ,0 0 0 20 15 16,200 8 ,7 3 0 188,000 64 ,400 2 940 14,000 Stoppages beginning Man-days idle in 1956 Workers Number (all stoppages) involved 47 4 ,9 2 0 8 2 ,4 0 0 2 14 190 2,3 7 0 780 4 2 ,7 0 0 20 7 4 1,800 460 100 3 3 ,700 3, 520 1,780 Furniture and fixtures Household furniture Office furniture . ....... Public-building and pro fessional furniture Partitions, shelving, lock ers, and office and store fixtures Window and door screens, shades, and Venetian b lin d s____ Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures 1 96 75 8 21, 100 11,300 6,7 7 0 245,00 0 152,000 2 4 ,4 0 0 2 220 6 ,4 7 0 8 2, 530 58,100 3 210 4 ,8 4 0 1 20 110 Stone, clay, and glass p r o d u c ts_____ Flat glass _ . ... ... Glass and glassw are, p ressed or blown _ Glass products made of purchased glass Cement, hydraulic Structural clay products __________ Pottery and related products ____ Concrete, gypsum, and Diaster products Cut-stone and stone p rod u cts____ A brasive, asbestos, and miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products . ........... 113 2 76 ,400 510 9 9 4,00 0 4 0 ,6 0 0 10 4 8 ,6 0 0 391,000 2 14 27 12 270 5 ,2 60 9,0 2 0 7,6 40 10,100 6 8 ,4 0 0 217,00 0 123,000 31 3 2 ,7 9 0 270 76 ,4 0 0 13,800 12 2 ,0 6 0 53 ,500 Textile m ill products Yarn and thread m ills (cotton, wool, silk, and synthetic fiber) _ Broad-woven fabric m ills (cotton, wool, silk, and synthetic fiber) ________________ Narrow fabrics and other sm allw ares m ills (cotton, wool, silk, and synthetic fib er) Knitting m ills Dyeing and finishing textiles (except knit goods) __ Carpets, rugs, and other floor coverings Hats (except cloth and m illinery) Miscellaneous textile g o o d s ______ 70 18,200 42 6,00 0 5 270 2 ,5 2 0 16 4,6 7 0 64 ,6 0 0 4 14 480 1, 110 10,900 18,'000 13 5, 110 147,000 8 5, 100 171,000 1 9 110 1,380 420 11,500 129 13,800 173,000 8 2, 320 15,900 Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and sim ilar m aterials M en's, youths*, and boys' suits, coats, and o v e rc o a ts_____ M en's, youths', and boys* furnishings, work clothing, and allied garments W om en's and m is s e s ' outerwear _____ W om en's, m is s e s ', children's, and infants' under g a r m e n t s ____ ___ _ __ Milliner v Children's and infants' outerwear _ Miscellaneous apparel and accessories Miscellaneous fabricated textile products . . Leather and leather p rod u cts________ Leather: Tanned, curried, and finished Boot and shoe cut stock and findings _ __ Footwear (except rubber) Luggage ................................ Handbags and small leather goods Miscellaneous leather g o o d s _____ 19 4 , 510 71 ,6 0 0 44 3, 180 2 3 ,7 0 0 15 8 940 810 8 ,7 0 0 31,600 13 380 3, 740 10 1,020 11,800 12 650 6,0 5 0 54 8 ,9 4 0 74 ,000 8 870 11,100 2 35 4 240 7, 150 490 1,620 50 ,700 6^830 3 2 100 90 1 590 2,2 5 0 25 TABLE A - l . — Work stoppages by industry, 1956 - Continued Stoppages beginning Man-days idle in 1956 during 1956 Workers (all stoppages) Number involved Tobacco m an ufactures__ Paper and allied products _______ Pulp, paper, and paperboard m ills . Paper coating and glazing Paper bags . Paperboard containers and boxes . Pulp goods and miscellaneous converted paper p rodu cts____ Printing, publishing, and allied in d u strie s________ Newspapers ---------------------------Periodicals __________________ B o o k s _________________________ Commercial printing Lithographing . Service industries for the printing t r a d e _____________ 160 46 2 71,300 41 ,700 130 513,000 293,000 320 16 9 30 4, 870 2, 360 6 ,6 90 2 4 ,400 8, 380 48 ,1 0 0 3 42 350 12,700 2, 240 115,000 12 2, 600 2 1 ,300 4 4 790 790 20 ,600 20, 600 51 15,200 233,000 21 3 5 9, 820 180 1, 360 184,000 330 14, 300 15 1,900 17, 300 7 1,940 16, 700 31 13 1 2 10 4 5, 900 3, 760 600 260 940 310 105,000 89,600 2, 040 3 ,5 60 7 ,9 40 1,560 1 30 720 Chemicals and allied products ______ Industrial inorganic chemicals — Industrial organic c h e m ic a ls ____ Drugs and m e d ic in es_____________ Soap and glycerin, cleaning and polishing preparations, and sulfonated oils and assistants Paints, varnishes, lacquers, japans, and enamels; in organic color pigments, whiting, and wood fillers __ Gum and wood c h e m ic a ls ___ Fertilizers . Vegetable and animal oils and f a t s _________________ Miscellaneous chemicals, in cluding industrial chemical products and preparations__ 92 15 30 4 37,500 8,410 19,400 3, 810 399,000 84, 800 187,000 46 ,7 0 0 3 650 5, 080 ] ‘ rofessional, scientific, ana controlling instruments; photo graphic and optical goods; watches and clocks - Continued Photographic equipment and supplies _________________________ Watches, clocks, clockworkoperated devices, and parts ___ industries Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware . Toys and sporting and athletic goods __________________ Pens, pencils, and other office and artists1 materials _________ Costume jewelry, costume novelties, buttons, and miscellaneous notions (ex cept precious metal) Fabricated plastics products not elsewhere classified ___ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ____________________ Man-days idle during 1956 (all stoppages) Nonmanufacturing 440 10 1,610 4, 290 80 25,900 12 1,630 29,000 13 1,500 15, 600 Products of petroleum and coal _ Petroleum refining __________ Coke and byproducts Paving and roofing materials . Miscellaneous products of petroleum and coal _________ 19 9 3 4 8, 450 5, 270 2, 340 390 174,000 9 0 ,4 0 0 56,100 2, 940 3 450 24,600 Rubber products . Tires and inner tubes — Rubber industries, not elsewhere classified __ 55 41 81,300 75,400 580,000 513,000 14 5, 850 66 ,9 0 0 33 7, 030 134,000 4 510 46,500 10 4, 590 39,900 4 430 22,700 8 2 490 30 5, 080 1,7 70 6, 600 89 16,200 295, 000 3 410 2, 940 20 5, 890 62, 500 4 420 3, 740 370 1,460 4, 040 127,000 27 5, 080 97, 800 1 1,856 544,000 6, 020,000 6 4 2 2,0 30 1,850 170 10,400 7, 010 3, 390 321 16 18 266 129,000 33, 600 6, 790 84,800 1 ,3 2 0 ,0 0 0 812,000 56 ,300 377,000 1 23 80 3, 820 580 74 ,8 0 0 784 695 231,000 218,000 2 ,6 8 0 ,0 0 0 2 ,6 0 0 ,0 0 0 80 9 12,900 360 7 7 ,600 4, 530 336 187 149 37,100 16,600 20,500 558, 000 344,000 214,000 15 3 12 840 450 390 38, 400 28,600 9, 810 243 14 130,000 7, 200 1 ,1 7 0 ,0 0 0 47 ,2 0 0 19 11,000 112, 000 13 73 20 37 3 19 18 28 3, 970 8, 200 8, 680 67,500 1, 580 9, 680 10,900 1, 170 51,500 138,000 89,600 428,000 74,200 166,000 49 ,5 0 0 15, 700 126 10,700 227,000 17 21 920 1,280 118, 000 17,500 2 27 80 4, 410 780 30 ,700 19 10 1,290 570 24,000 3, 790 5 5 20 110 640 1,420 860 1, 500 29 ,700 27 3, 460 11,100 1 Building_______________________ Highways, streets, bridges, docks, etc. ________________ Miscellaneous ________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate ______________ Insurance _____________ Real estate Government— administration, protection, and sanitation3 ___ 11,400 300 27 Metal _______________________ A nthracite__________________ Bituminous coal ____________ Crude petroleum and natural gas production___ Nonmetallic and quarrying Services— personal, business and other _______________________ Hotels and other lodging places _______________________ Laundries ____________________ Cleaning, dyeing, and pressing ____________________ Business services ___________ Automobile repair services and garages ________________ Amusement and recreation __ Medical and other health s e r v ic e s _____________________ Educational services ________ Miscellaneous ________________ 680 1 i fish in g _______ Agriculture F ish in g _____ Transportation, communication, and other public u tilitie s_______ R a ilro a d s______________________ Streetcar and bus transporta tion (city and suburban)____ Intercity motorbus transportation_______________ Motortruck transportation___ Taxicabs ______________________ Water transportation_________ A ir transportation ____________ Communication _______________ Heat, light, and power _______ Miscellaneous _________________ 4 8 j Wholesale . R e ta il_____ 6 1 8 Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photo graphic and optical goods; watches and clocks _______________ Laboratory; scientific, and engineering instruments (except surgical, medical, and dental)______________________ Mechanical measuring and controlling instruments _______ Optical instruments and lenses . Surgical, medical, and dental instruments and supplies ____ Opthalmic goods _______________ Stoppages beginning in 1956 Workers Number involved Manufacturing - Continued Manufacturing - Continued Food and kindred products__ Meat products _____________ Dairy products . Canning and preserving fruits, vegetables, and sea f o o d s ___ G rain-m ill p rodu cts___________ Bakery products ________________ Confectionery and related products Beverage industries _______ Miscellaneous food preparations and kindred products __________________ Industry 1 This figure is less than the sum of the figures below because a few stoppages extending into 2 or more industry groups have been counted in each industry group affected; workers involved and man-days idle were divided among the respective groups. 2 Idleness in 1956 resulting from stoppages that began in the preceding year. 3 Stoppages involving municipally operated utilities are included in "transportation, communication and other public u tilities." 26 TABLE A - 2 . — Work stoppages by industry Total S .I .C . Code (Group or Division) Industry group Beginning in 1956 Number Workers involved Union organization, Wages, hours, and supplementary benefits Wages, hours, and supplementary benefits Man-days idle, 1956 (a ll stoppages) Beginning in 1956 Workers involved Number Man-days idle, 1956 (all stoppages) Beginning in 1956 Number Workers involved Man-days idle, 1956 (all stoppages) Total A ll industries _______________________ 13 ,8 25 1 ,9 0 0 ,0 0 0 33,100, 000 1,821 1, 270,000 24,300, 000 329 81 ,200 5 ,0 7 0 ,0 0 0 Mfg. All manufacturing industries ______ 1 1, 986 1 ,3 6 0 ,0 0 0 2 7 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0 1,049 987, 000 20, 300,000 187 68, 900 4 ,6 4 0 ,0 0 0 19 20 21 22 Ordnance and accessories ______ Food and kindred products Tobacco m anufactures__________ Textile mill products ________ 15 160 4 70 11,200 71 ,300 790 18, 200 90 ,7 0 0 513,000 20 ,600 426,00 0 5 66 3 39 1 21 1 3 1,4 10 2 6 ,200 150 340 4 4 ,000 195,000 6, 150 1,2 80 23 24 Apparel,2 etc. ______________ _ Lumber and wood products (except furniture) ______________ Furniture and fix tu r e s ---------------- 129 13, 800 173,000 47 96 4, 920 21 ,100 82, 400 245,000 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Paper and allied p r o d u c ts______ Printing, publishing, and allied industries ________________ Chemicals and allied products__ Products of petroleum and coal _____________________________ Rubber products _________________ Leather and leather products ___ Stone, clay, and glass products ________________________ 2, 480 870 920 23,800 25,300 25 5, 780 147,000 4 330 11,600 13 62 4, 820 28, 600 6 0 ,000 305, 000 5 5 250 320 1,6 90 5, 260 19 55 54 8, 450 81,300 8, 940 174, 000 580,000 74, 000 13 33 27 4, 050 48, 600 3, 670 118, 000 463, 000 23 ,0 0 0 6 7 6 ,400 62, 800 789,000 5 550 63,800 530,000 12,200, 000 1,100, 000 60 ,2 0 0 71,300 2,110, 000 10 27 28 4, 180 5, 240 14,200 191,000 189, 000 1,2 80,0 00 113 1 - 60 380 - - 620 8, 780 994, 000 60 573,000 1 2 ,7 0 0 ,0 0 0 1,4 20,0 00 8 7 ,700 3 ,6 30,0 00 113,000 133 125 127 62, 700 3 ,0 50,0 00 68 37,700 512,000 6 3, 710 2 ,3 60,0 00 123,000 7, 030 1,8 00,0 00 134,000 66 16 57,000 1, 790 1,350, 000 73, 600 12 7 4, 840 1, 350 85, 700 17, 300 16,200 295, 000 37 7, 630 117,000 18 3, 240 130,000 1 1,856 544,000 6,0 2 0 ,0 0 0 790 284,000 4,0 7 0 ,0 0 0 144 12, 300 427,00 0 6 321 784 2, 030 129,000 231,000 10,400 1,3 20,0 00 2 ,6 80,0 00 4 65 365 1, 890 4 0 ,2 0 0 166,000 9, 610 946,00 0 2 ,2 50,0 00 - - 3 22 300 3, 840 46, 800 36,500 243 336 130,000 37,100 1,1 70,0 00 558, 000 118 155 37, 700 28, 300 473,00 0 290, 000 22 66 3, 190 3, 240 1 1 1 ,000 199,000 15 840 38, 400 8 570 37,200 4 50 410 126 10,700 227, 000 61 6, 980 56 ,2 0 0 21 1, 150 29 ,500 27 3, 460 11,100 14 2, 420 5, 050 6 530 4, 200 This figure is less than the sum of the figures below because a few stoppages, each affecting more than 1 industry group in each industry group affected. Workers involved and man-days idle were allocated to the respective groups. Includes other finished products made from fabrics and similar m aterials. Idleness in 1956 resulting from stoppages that began in the preceding year. Excludes ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment. Includes professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks. Stoppages involving municipally operated utilities are included in "transportation, communication, and other public u tilitie s." have been 106 89 Nonmfg. A ll nonmanufacturing in d u strie s___ Agriculture, forestry, and fish in g ___________________________ M in ing____________________________ Construction______________________ 1 counted 2 3 4 5 6 170 10 12 105,000 399,000 145 33 J 5 30, 100 194, 000 233,000 Transportation equipment ______ Instruments, etc. 5 ______________ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries _____________________ I 114,000 2, 840 15, 500 5, 900 37, 500 37 38 39 E 6, 330 25 59 15, 200 238 229 211 F&G H 47 51 Primary metal industries ______ Fabricated metal products 4 ____ Machinery (except electrical) __ Electrical machinery, equip ment, and supplies ------------------- B C 36 ,700 166, 000 14,500 359,000 31 92 33 34 35 36 A 5, 480 21,300 640 11, 000 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities ______ Trade _____________________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate ____________________________ Services— personal, business, and other _______________________ Government— administration, protection, and sanitation6 ___ ' - 27 group and major issu es, 1956 Other working conditions Union organization Beginning in 1956 Number Workers involved Man-days idle, 1956 (all stoppages) Beginning in 1956 Number Workers involved Interunion or intraunion matters Man-days idle, 1956 (all stoppages) Beginning in 1956 Number Workers involved Not reported Man-days idle, 1956 (all stoppages) Beginning in 1956 Number S .I .C . Code Workers involved Man-days idle, 1956 (all stoppages) (Group or Division) 445 102,000 1,1 00,0 00 862 375, 000 2 ,1 60,0 00 317 67, 600 423,00 0 51 4, 630 22, 800 Total 198 23,200 352,000 479 268, 000 1,7 50,0 00 49 8, 310 65, 400 25 2, 850 16,300 Mfg. 20 3, 480 48, 200 9 40 4, 350 18, 600 10,000 91 ,7 0 0 9 1, 100 11,700 4 710 940 19 20 7 720 27,000 19 5, 610 34,700 2 590 4, 280 ’ 40 2, 100 24 ,500 23 4, 390 24 ,900 5 310 3, 440 9 6 7 560 450 2, 830 7, 770 6 13 650 2,9 00 25 ,700 8, 670 _ _ _ _ 4 1,210 7, 240 1 1 40 4 110 3, 150 14 6, 450 6 0 ,800 3 2, 490 10,000 6 5 340 300 2, 270 4, 720 4 19 160 8, 160 40 ,6 0 0 83,400 3 340 - 880 - 70 400 7, 100 5 22 13 4, 340 32,700 3, 010 55, 900 116,000 30,800 - - 2 220 2, 100 . „ - - 4 920 3 3 3 - _ 1 " - 22 490 3, 580 23 _ _ 70 2, 730 24 25 40 26 _ 140 _ 420 140 - 2 - - 500 2, 300 27 28 29 30 31 15 1,670 75,300 29 11,200 65 ,0 0 0 3 70 570 1 150 440 32 15 25 13 2, 060 1, 510 4, 680 45 ,8 0 0 25,100 45,200 78 48 41 36, 500 20,300 22,500 235,000 95, 400 179,000 1 3 1 30 450 850 1,0 40 4, 820 10,700 1 1 1 240 20 30 480 570 370 33 34 35 9 1,910 5, 720 21 19,300 171,000 1 10 30 1 80 230 36 7 1 420 1,670 5, 710 11,700 57 6 60 ,100 2, 090 359,000 26,900 1 3 40 130 260 4, 410 2 - 390 4, 170 37 38 14 330 9, 620 12 4, 530 35,600 8 480 3, 770 - - - 39 247 7 9 ,200 747,000 383 108, 000 410,000 268 59,300 358,000 26 1,7 90 6, 490 1 11 88 70 680 7, 620 730 10,400 59,800 1 221 75 60 74,600 12,400 60 247, 000 76,600 12 228 12, 600 41,100 67, 600 256,000 9 6 690 150 2, 840 1,050 A B C 28 84 67,800 1,990 498, 000 44,000 54 20 16,000 2,9 50 6 6 ,900 15,400 16 8 4, 530 550 21,800 8, 810 5 3 770 130 1,020 800 E F&G 1 10 90 1 100 190 1 110 550 - - - 31 890 133,000 7 1, 230 3, 520 3 400 3, 520 3 50 780 I 3 150 990 4 360 880 - - J _ ' Nonmfg. H 28 TABLE A - 3 . — Work stoppages in State s'having 25 or more stoppages by industry group, 1956 1 Alabam a State and industry group Colorado California Stoppages beginning Man-days idle in 1956 Workers Number (all stoppages) involved Stoppages beginning ’ Man-days idle in 1956 during 1956 Workers Number 2 (all stoppages) involved Stoppages beginning Man-days idle in 1956 Workers Numbe r 2 (all stoppages) involved A ll industries _________________________________ 101 63, 300 1,490, 000 217 92,700i 1,220,000 33 15,100 297,000 Manufacturing _____________________________ 57 36,900 1, 220, 000 98 53,900 763,000 13 11, 500 265, 000 Primary metal industries____________________ Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)__ Ordnance and accessories ____________________ Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies _____________________________________ Machinery (except electrical)________________ Transportation equipment___________________ _ Lumber and wood products (except furniture) ____________________________________ Furniture and fixtures ________________________ Stone, clay, and glass products______________ Textile mill products_________________________ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar m aterials________ Leather and leather products ________________ Food and kindred products____________________ Tobacco manufactures _______________________ Paper and allied products____________________ Printing, publishing, and allied industries___ Chemicals and allied products________________ Products of petroleum and coal ______________ Rubber products ______________________________ Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks __________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_____ 30 29,500 1, 150, 000 13 12,700 276, 000 1 8,480 225,000 5 - 860 - 11, 300 - 12 2 2,220 1, 3b0 29,300 10, 500 . _ - - - 1 3 1 80 350 560 230 7,480 3, 300 3 7 13 790 4, 510 12,200 8, 600 136,000 113,000 1 1 2 260 250 70 520 13,000 560 _ 1 4 * . 10 560 - _ 180 3, 380 - 2 4 4 1 170 570 4, 820 3 10 18, 200 12, 200 25,500 150 1 1 - 90 300 - 2, 360 9,400 - 1 5 200 570 980 2, 150 6 1 12 550 70 4, 180 4, 030 770 31, 200 . 4 _ 1,960 _ 13,700 1 2 3 1 " 2, 300 140 910 820 " 900 170 130 800 " 1 3 6 1 7 50 260 1,460 20 7,930 160 3, 190 12,500 60 81,400 _ 1 - _ 20 _ 290 - - - - - _ . 1 . 20 . 1, 660 . 1 80 380 1 - 100 - 580 - Nonmanufacturing __________________________ 44 26,400 274,000 119 38, 800 452, 000 20 3, 590 32,000 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ___________ Mining_________________________________________ Construction __________________________________ Trade __________________________________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate_________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities _________________________ Services— personal, business, and o t h e r ___ _ Government— administration, protection, and sanitation ______________________________ _ 26 10 5 - . 12,400 12,500 290 - _ 211, 000 40, 200 1, 550 - 3 2 55 27 4 1, 700 280 25,800 3, 390 300 6, 920 26, 200 179,000 77, 000 8,450 _ 11 3 - _ 1, 670 1, 370 - _ 9, 180 5,620 4 - 1, 130 - 21,500 - 13 15 6, 090 1, 320 125, 000 29,100 4 2 530 10 17,100 170 1 10 60 - - - - - - 6, 1, 5, 23, Connecticut 3 - _ Georgia Florida A ll in d u s t r ie s _____________________________________ 68 28, 700 534,000 68 11,700 205, 000 40 12,700 193, 000 M a n u fa c tu r in g _________________________________ 37 26,100 511,000 19 3, 210 51, 200 19 8,450 126,000 P r im a r y m e t a l in d u s tr ie s _______________________ F a b r ic a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , and tr a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t)__ O r d n a n c e and a c c e s s o r i e s ______________________ E l e c t r i c a l m a c h in e r y , eq u ip m en t, and s u p p lie s __________________________________________ M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) __________________ T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u ip m e n t _______________________ L u m b e r and w o o d p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t fu r n it u r e ) ________________________________________ F u r n it u r e and fix t u r e s __________________________ S to n e , c la y , and g la s s p r o d u c t s ________________ T e x t ile m il l p r o d u c t s ____________________________ A p p a r e l and o t h e r f in is h e d p r o d u c ts m a d e f r o m f a b r i c s and s im il a r m a t e r i a l s _________ L e a t h e r and le a t h e r p r o d u c ts __________________ F o o d and k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ______________________ T o b a c c o m a n u fa c t u r e s __________________________ P a p e r and a llie d p r o d u c t s _______________________ P r in t in g , p u b lis h in g , and a llie d in d u s t r ie s __ C h e m ic a ls and a ll ie d p r o d u c t s _________________ P r o d u c t s o f p e t r o le u m and c o a l ________________ R u b b e r p r o d u c t s __________________________________ P r o f e s s i o n a l , s c ie n t ifi c , and c o n t r o llin g in s t r u m e n t s ; p h o t o g r a p h ic and o p tic a l g o o d s ; w a tc h e s and c lo c k s ____________________ M is c e ll a n e o u s m a n u fa ctu rin g i n d u s t r i e s ______ 6 3, 870 144,000 - - - 3 3, 360 54,500 8 7, 170 99,700 2 120 1, 370 1 2 8 - 220 11,400 - 2, 610 123,000 - . 1 1 50 1, 170 2, 200 38,600 2 3,400 47,000 3 3 170 700 7, 000 1, 570 1 1 2 - 150 70 80 - 1, 330 70 1, 400 - _ 1 3 - _ 100 100 - 6, 300 3, 010 - N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g ____________________________ A g r i c u lt u r e , f o r e s t r y , and fis h in g ____________ M in in g _____________________________________________ C o n s t r u c t io n ______________________________________ T r a d e ______________________________________________ F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s t a t e __________ T r a n s p o r t a t io n , c o m m u n ic a tio n , and o t h e r p u b lic u t ilit ie s ___________________________ S e r v i c e s — p e r s o n a l , b u s in e s s , and o th e r ___ G o v e r n m e n t — a d m in is tr a tio n , p r o t e c t io n , and s a n it a t io n 4 _________________________________ 180 _ - - - 3 50 1, 670 5 220 7, 300 3 2 760 540 3, 570 28, 000 3 1 3 390 280 830 1, 170 470 2, 910 3 1, 200 7, 740 1 130 260 1 720 10, 000 2 520 31 2, 530 3 - - - - - - 230 : " 1 30 - - - - 90,400 1 40 40 23,000 49 8,480 154,000 30 - - - 21 4,250 67,200 - . - _ - 1, 280 _ _ _ - - - 14 3 1 1, 770 50 10 14,500 3 2, 780 60 27 6 4, 880 240 - 20, 800 2, 330 - 1 9 2 - 700 1,460 320 - 24,500 10, 300 8, 820 8 3 410 100 4, 370 920 11 2 2, 710 40 14,600 3 112,000 6 2 1,470 100 16,100 6, 870 2 200 420 2 590 2, 390 1 200 600 . See footnotes at end of table. 60' 1 29 TABLE A - 3 . — Work stoppages in States having 25 or more stoppages by industry group, 1956 1 - Continued Illinois State and industry group Iowa Indiana Stoppages beginning Man-days idle in 956 Workers Number 2 (all stoppages) involved Stoppages beginning Man-days idle Stoppages beginning Man-days idle in 1956 in 1956 Workers Workers Number 2 (all stoppages) Number 2 (all stoppages) involved involved All industries __________________________________ 215 122, 000 1, 750, 000 136 110, 000 2, 090, 000 56 21, 000 302,000 Manufacturing ______________________________ 113 109,000 1, 570, 000 77 103,000 2,0 30,0 00 26 17,400 269,000 678,000 9 55,400 1,430, 000 1 90 7, 140 102, 000 9, 000 10 1 4, 540 80 70, 200 400 2 - 360 - 18, 000 - 170,000 138,000 31, 300 _ 4 1 _ 1, 140 2,200 _ 89,600 46, 200 Primary metal industries ____________________ Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)__ Ordnance and accessories ____________________ Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies ______________________________________ Machinery (except electrical)_________________ Transportation equipment _____________________ Lumber and wood products (except furniture) _____________________________________ Furniture and fixtures _________________________ Stone, clay, and glass products _______________ Textile mill products__________________________ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar m aterials_________ Leather and leather products ____ ±____________ Food and kindred products ____________________ Tobacco manufactures _________________________ Paper and allied products_____________________ Printing, publishing, and allied industries ___ Chemicals and allied products_________________ Products of petroleum and coal _______________ Rubber products _______________________________ Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks ___________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries______ Nonmanufacturing ___ ____________________ ___ Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ____________ Mining __________________________________________ Construction ___________________________________ Trade __________________________________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate___________ Transportation, communication, and other public u tilities_________________________ Services— personal, business, and other _____ Government— administration, protection, and sanitation4 _______________________________ 14 31, 200 10 1 4, 770 2, 250 8 18 8 4, 590 32, 100 4, 460 45,400 462,000 47,200 6 7 10 10, 800 6, 560 7,920 7 3 6 2 500 230 8, 680 70 7, 700 4, 720 35, 900 450 _ 5 10 - _ 960 8, 710 - _ 15,100 67, 600 - _ 1 2 - _ 30 290 - _ 200 10, 100 - 3 2 14 250 670 10, 600 770 3, 740 101,000 2 4 90 880 480 7, 350 . 11 _ 10,300 _ 60, 800 1 10 5 ~ 60 3, 240 4, 470 1,220 37,900 23,000 2 1 3 6 430 40 970 5, 720 2, 740 560 57,700 35, 800 _ 1 1 2 _ 600 70 2, 350 _ 2, 040 630 34,600 2 4 420 350 420 6,460 1 2 300 40 6, 600 180 - - - 103 12, 700 179,000 59 7, 030 58, 900 30 3, 600 32,900 9 51 22 970 8, 610 1, 140 4, 050 108,000 45, 500 13 21 12 2,430 2,470 370 3,470 15, 200 7, 820 2 18 7 60 2,990 250 1, 490 26, 500 4, 140 13 5 1, 710 200 20, 000 1, 150 11 2 1, 740 20 32, 200 260 2 - 270 - 520 - 60 160 - - - 1 30 250 3 3 3 Kansas 3 Kentucky Louisiana All industries__________________________________ 27 3, 910 25, 300 109 25,800 239,000 42 26,400 438, 000 Manufacturing ______________________________ 8 1, 750 9, 020 24 10, 100 172,000 9 1, 380 8, 920 - - - 1 3, 870 104,000 2 130 1, 360 2 170 680 6 3, 690 37,800 2 370 3, 290 4 1, 330 8, 040 3 490 7, 180 “ - - . - - - 730 2,490 10, 700 100 - 500 - 1 30 150 450 1 - : 1 4 3 : : : 2 200 1, 460 _ 2 _ 580 _ 2, 320 : : 34 25, 000 430, 000 Primary metal industries_____________________ Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)___ Ordnance and accessories _____________________ Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies _______________________________________ Machinery (except electrical)_________________ Transportation equipment_____________________ Lumber and wood products (except furniture) _____________________________________ Furniture and fixtures ________________________ Stone, clay, and glass products _______________ Textile mill products__________________________ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar m aterials_________ Leather and leather products _________________ Food and kindred products____________________ Tobacco manufactures ________________________ Paper and allied products _____________________ Printing, publishing, and allied industries ___ Chemicals and allied products________________ Products of petroleum and coal _______________ Rubber products _______________________________ Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks ___________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries______ Nonmanufacturing __________________________ Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ____________ Mining _________________________________________ Construction ___________________________________ Trade __________________________________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate_________ _ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities_________________________ Services— personal, business, and other ____ Government— administration, protection, and sanitation4 _______________________________ See footnotes at end of table. 2 250 300 _ - _ - _ - 1 1 2 1 2 600 10 520 6, 430 2 270 560 85 15,700 66,700 no 1, 710 . : : : 19 2, 170 16,300 ' “ 18 ~ 1, 930 _ 15,600 " 1 240 - 660 - - - " - 45 20 15 12,500 2,470 590 45, 300 12,500 6, 450 17 9 11, 600 1, 310 360, 000 7, 170 3 2 80 20 2, 340 90 5 3 12,000 no 62, 200 450 - - - - - 30 TABLE A - 3 .— Work stoppages in States having 25 or more stoppages by industry group, 1956 1 - Continued M a ry la n d State and in d u s try g rou p A ll in d u s t r ie s ______________________________________ M a n u fa ctu rin g M a n u fa ctu rin g P r im a r y m e t a l in d u s tr ie s _______________________ F a b r ic a t e d m e ta l p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , and t r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t)__ O r d n a n c e and a c c e s s o r i e s ____ _____ ____ _ E l e c t r i c a l m a c h in e r y , e q u ip m en t, and s u p p lie s _ __ _ _ _ ________________________ M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) ................... T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u ip m en t ____ ___ L u m b e r and w o o d p r o d u c ts (e x ce p t fu r n it u r e ) ______ ______________ ____________ F u r n it u r e and fix t u r e s __________________________ S to n e , c la y , and g la s s p r o d u c ts _______________ T e x t ile m il l p r o d u c t s ____________________________ A p p a r e l and o th e r fin is h e d p r o d u c ts m a d e f r o m f a b r i c s and s im ila r m a t e r i a l s _________ L e a t h e r and le a t h e r p r o d u c ts __________________ F o o d and k in d r e d p r o d u c t s __________ _________ T o b a c c o m a n u fa c t u r e s __________________________ P a p e r and a llie d p r o d u c t s _______________________ P r in t in g , p u b lis h in g , and a llie d i n d u s t r i e s __ C h e m ic a ls and a llie d p r o d u c t s _______________ _ P r o d u c t s o f p e t r o le u m and c o a l ______________ R u b b e r p r o d u c t s _________________________________ P r o f e s s i o n a l, s c ie n t ifi c , and c o n t r o llin g in s t r u m e n t s ; p h o t o g r a p h ic and o p tic a l g o o d s ; w a tc h e s and c lo c k s ____________________ M is c e ll a n e o u s m a n u fa ctu rin g i n d u s t r i e s ______ M a n -d a y s id le d u rin g 1956 (a ll stop p a ges) 41 , 600 8 9 6 ,0 0 0 170 55, 000 831, 000 210 9 8 , 800 3 2 ,5 0 0 7 8 8 ,0 0 0 112 4 5 ,5 0 0 768, 000 149 7 9 ,6 0 0 9 0 6 , 000 3 2 7 ,7 0 0 7 1 2 ,0 0 0 3 4 , 100 8 9 ,5 0 0 22 21 , 800 4 0 2 , 000 - - - 8 - 1, 300 _ 31, 300 _ 19 _ 1, 840 _ 30, 200 _ - - 3 9 ,4 0 0 - 5 9 6 5, 430 2, 420 8 ,9 9 0 2 3 5 ,0 0 0 58, 800 110, 000 5 21 32 1, 060 4 ,9 9 0 2 1 , 900 1 4 ,2 0 0 6 7 ,9 0 0 1 1 2 ,0 0 0 1 2 2 - 300 120 170 - 1, 200 1, 790 1, 650 - 1 8 2 8 60 2, 020 240 2, 260 840 53, 100 1, 270 3 4 ,3 0 0 4 2 5 1 310 250 3, 180 100 7 ,4 1 0 7, 390 6 4 ,7 0 0 400 1 1 5 1 1 30 130 700 1, 000 2, 360 90 380 6, 120 2 1 ,0 0 0 4 , 360 17 19 7 3 1 2 8 1, 960 2, 770 1, 360 360 80 180 10, 800 4 2 , 100 19, 600 12, 200 _ 5, 600 150 2, 330 5 4 ,3 0 0 1 1 10 _ 4 4 2 13 310 30 1, 170 _ 2 ,9 1 0 250 180 1 9 ,2 0 0 620 30 6, 200 _ 2 6 ,7 0 0 3 9 ,1 0 0 3, 020 700 8 2 ,3 0 0 3 3 1, 190, 000 3 - - - - - - 2 4 210 1, 000 1 2 ,2 0 0 5, 710 3 no 13 9, 100 1 0 8 ,0 0 0 59 9 ,4 5 0 62, 700 62 1 9 ,2 0 0 2 86, 000 . 1 4 3 - _ 20 180 70 - . 100 2, 120 750 - 23 13 - 5, 860 640 - 20, 500 20 , 200 - _ 5 28 19 2 _ 8, 660 9, 020 480 no _ 1 7 9 ,0 0 0 83, 700 1 2 ,3 0 0 480 5 - 8, 830 - 1 0 5 ,0 0 0 - 18 5 2, 770 170 20, 600 1 ,4 8 0 7 2 840 50 “ ' " ' ' " M in n e s o ta _________________ S to p p a g e s begin n in g in 1956 W ork ers N um ber 2 in v o lv e d 17 A g r i c u lt u r e , f o r e s t r y , and fis h in g M in in g -----------------------------------------------------------------------___ .. ._ .............. ............. C o n s t r u c t io n T r a d e __ _. .... ... ... . . . . F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s ta te . . . . T r a n s p o r t a t io n , c o m m u n ic a tio n , and o th e r p u b lic u t ilit ie s ....... . ._ _ S e r v i c e s — p e r s o n a l, b u s in e s s , and o th e r ____ G o v e r n m e n t— a d m in is tr a tio n , p r o t e c t io n , and s a n it a t io n 4 _____________ _________________ A ll i n d u s t r i e s ________________ M ic h ig a n S top p a g es b e g in n in g M a n -d a y s id le 1956 d u rin g 1956 W ork ers N um ber 2 (a ll s to p p a g e s ) in v o lv e d 29 P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s __ ____ F a b r ic a t e d m e ta l p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , and t r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ) __ O rd n a n c e and a c c e s s o r i e s .... E l e c t r i c a l m a c h in e r y , e q u ip m en t, and s u p p lie s M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) ........ T ra n s p o r t a t io n eq u ip m en t L u m b e r and w o o d p r o d u c t s (e x ce p t f u r n i t u r e ) ______ _________________________________ F u r n it u r e and fix t u r e s . . . . . . S to n e , c la y , and g la s s p r o d u c ts T e x t ile m il l p r o d u c ts A p p a r e l and o th e r fin is h e d p r o d u c ts m a d e f r o m f a b r i c s and s im il a r m a t e r ia ls L e a t h e r and le a t h e r p r o d u c ts ___________________ F o o d and k in d r e d p r o d u c t s . .. .. .. ................. T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s P a p e r and a llie d p r o d u c ts ________________________ P r in t in g , p u b lis h in g , and a llie d in d u s tr ie s ___ C h e m ic a ls and a ll ie d p r o d u c t s __________________ P r o d u c t s o f p e t r o le u m and c o a l ________________ R u b b e r p r o d u c t s _____ __________________________ P r o f e s s i o n a l, s c ie n t ifi c , and c o n t r o llin g in s t r u m e n t s ; p h o t o g r a p h ic and o p tic a l g o o d s ; w a tc h e s and c lo c k s .. M is c e ll a n e o u s m a n u fa ctu rin g i n d u s t r i e s _______ N o n m a n u fa ctu rin g ... . . . . . . M a s sa ch u s e tts S to p p a g e s b egin n in g M a n -d a y s id le in 1956 W ork ers N u m b er (a ll s to p p a g e s ) in v o lv e d 3 3 9 ,6 0 0 2, 370 3 10, 800 250 " N ew M is s o u r i Jersey 43 30, 200 600, 000 117 3 9 ,4 0 0 4 4 4 ,0 0 0 190 68, 200 1, 270, 000 21 11, 100 161, 000 56 2 5 ,2 0 0 321, 000 123 4 8 ,3 0 0 1, 010, 000 1 3, 130 7 7 ,4 0 0 4 3, 660 111, 000 11 8, 500 115, 000 6 1 950 1, 000 2 5 ,9 0 0 1, 000 8 1 2, 220 70 9, 520 1, 360 17 - 4 ,6 8 0 - 32, 100 - 1 2 910 140 - 6, 330 1, 960 - 3 5 5 67 0 1, 330 4 , 520 2 2 ,1 0 0 20, 700 2 9 ,2 0 0 6 12 4 1 ,6 2 0 4 ,5 1 0 3, 030 1 2 1 1 40 220 240 150 1, 5, 3, 1, 180 310 850 530 2 1 1 280 300 220 5, 060 23, 600 3, 720 1 5 4 7 20 590 4, 090 3, 600 240 4 , 570 1 7 ,5 0 0 104, 000 680 - 2 5 ,2 0 0 10, 900 - 1 6 3 3 2 5 1 - 390 1, 560 6, 130 410 620 1, 730 100 - 780 6, 320 59, 300 3, 340 1, 890 4 , 190 770 - 7 3 9 3 2 16 1 1 480 290 4 , 950 520 140 6 ,9 6 0 20 2, 300 6, 840 5, 840 21, 000 1, 670 880 4 3 ,0 0 0 410 7, 170 - 10 - 490 - 1 4 20 950 1, 500 1 6 ,3 0 0 4 11 340 1 ,6 9 0 4, 790 20, 200 N o n m a n u fa ctu rin g ____________________________ 23 1 9 ,1 0 0 4 3 9 ,0 0 0 62 1 4 ,2 0 0 123, 000 68 1 9 ,9 0 0 2 6 8 ,0 0 0 A g r i c u lt u r e , f o r e s t r y , and fis h in g ____________ M in in g _____________________________________________ C o n s t r u c t io n ______________________________________ T r a d e --------------------------------------------------------F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s t a t e __________ T r a n s p o r t a t io n , c o m m u n ic a tio n , and o th e r p u b lic u t i l i t i e s _____ ____________________ S e r v i c e s — p e r s o n a l, b u s in e s s , and o th e r ____ G o v e r n m e n t— a d m in is tr a tio n , p r o t e c t io n , and s a n it a t io n 4 _________________________________ - - - - - - - - 363, 000 4 2 ,3 0 0 17, 500 60 2 33 10 1 15, 200 2 ,4 3 0 660 10 15 - 350 6 ,4 1 0 760 - 4, 380 5 7 ,0 0 0 20, 300 - 21 15 - 4 2 600 260 1 5 ,8 0 0 570 7 4 5 ,4 3 0 150 3 7 ,5 0 0 2, 750 23 2 1, 150 1, 600 2 3 - 1 1 6 - ' ' S e e fo o tn o te s at end o f ta b le . 3, 630 - 3 3 790 8, 980 1, 530 - 3 3 3 4 9 0 , 000 107, 000 2 4 ,1 0 0 7 7 ,9 0 0 81, 000 2 6 ,0 0 0 - 4 7, 760 4 60 81, 800 1, 010 2 390 390 31 T A B L E A -3 .» — W o rk s to p p a g e s in S tates h a vin g 25 o r m o r e s to p p a g e s by in d u s try g ro u p , 1956 1 - C on tin u ed Oklahoma Ohio New York S to p p a g e s beg in n in g M a n -d a y s id le S toppagesi beginning ’ M a n -d a y s id le 1956 in 1956 d u rin g 1.956 d u rin g 1956 W ork ers W ork ers (a ll s to p p a g e s ) (a ll s to p p a g e s ) N u m b er N um ber in v o lv e d in v o lv e d State and in d u s try group 2 2 S top p a g es b eg in n in g M a n -d a y s id le in 1956 d u rin g 1956 W ork ers N u m b er (a ll s to p p a g e s ) in v o lv e d 2 29 1 , 000 4, 720, 000 42 1 0 ,6 0 0 1 5 4 ,0 0 0 22 8 , 000 4, 000, 000 16 5, 320 98, 800 52 1 2 2 ,0 0 0 2 ,1 9 0 ,0 0 0 2 310 6, 630 1 2 2 ,0 0 0 5 0 ,5 0 0 38 3 21, 500 820 2 5 4 ,0 0 0 2, 040 1 - 140 - 6, 300 - 28 9 , 000 141, 000 8 8 7 ,0 0 0 11 35 11 7, 070 16, 600 10, 300 93, 600 2 2 650 490 3 25, 600 340 500 300 100 2 10 25 - 120 7, 850 1 6 ,8 0 0 - 380 60, 200 3 4 6 ,0 0 0 20, 300 2 - 920 - 2 5 ,8 0 0 - 3, 550 770 5, 740 350 1, 510 120 4, 500 200 - 1 9 ,3 0 0 10, 500 2 4 ,5 0 0 1 4 ,0 0 0 8 9 ,0 0 0 370 35, 100 4 , 600 - 1 2 7 3 3 11 2 10 20 430 1, 910 680 2, 970 3, 080 500 1 2 ,8 0 0 20 2, 840 1 2 ,8 0 0 9, 160 48 , 800 2 2 ,8 0 0 9, 040 1 3 7 ,0 0 0 6 1 1 ,4 1 0 1, 320 4, 770 7, 930 4 22 430 2, 000 2 1 ,4 0 0 16, 900 3 9 190 2, 840 8, 990 2 7 ,0 0 0 1 90 440 N o n m a n u fa ctu rin g _____________________________ 169 5 4 ,3 0 0 3 3 9 ,0 0 0 124 63, 100 726, 000 26 5, 290 55, 200 A g r i c u lt u r e , f o r e s t r y , and fis h in g _____________ M in in g ______________________________________________ C o n s t r u c t io n _______________________________________ T r a d e _____ ________________________________________ F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s t a t e ___________ T r a n s p o r t a t io n , c o m m u n ic a tio n , and o t h e r p u b lic u t ilit ie s ____________________________ S e r v ic e s — p e r s o n a l , b u s in e s s , and o th e r _____ G o v e r n m e n t— a d m in is tr a tio n , p r o t e c t io n , and s a n ita tio n 4 __________________________________ 1 46 53 3 970 9 ,4 1 0 13, 300 30 13, 600 7 5 ,6 0 0 1 1 9 ,0 0 0 1, 090 15 60 14 - 2, 430 51, 000 850 - 4, 360 550, 000 2 2 ,6 0 0 - 1 18 3 1 80 4, 600 40 10 580 40 , 200 760 90 37 27 26, 600 3, 840 1 0 2 ,0 0 0 26, 900 29 6 8, 560 280 1 4 7 ,0 0 0 1, 760 3 - 570 - 13, 600 - 2 200 620 1 10 60 " _ 27 6, 780 6 7 ,4 0 0 520 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 7, 280, 000 27 4 ,2 9 0 33, 100 10 2, 620 4 6 ,7 0 0 310 2 4 7 ,0 0 0 6, 780, 000 16 3, 100 20, 100 2 1, 260 2 5 ,2 0 0 46 160, 000 3, 580, 000 . - - - - - 41 2 1 4 ,6 0 0 1, 870 2 6 9 ,0 0 0 16, 000 2 - 180 - 2, 840 - - - - 21 35 18 9, 050 11, 400 17, 100 3 1, 150, 000 3 1 ,2 3 0 , 000 117, 000 1 1 - 790 40 - 4, 720 40 - 3 - 600 - 6, 510 - 4 16 21 10 290 1, 590 10,200 1, 460 2, 400 18, 600 1 6 1 ,0 0 0 5, 710 1 8 20 1, 770 290 8, 820 1 1 - 600 90 - - 27 4 21 2 8 6 4 2 2 3, 620 420 3, 770 160 2, 350 670 290 280 2, 350 27, 700 2, 780 28, 200 6, 170 1 6 ,5 0 0 6, 780 4, 790 890 31, 500 1 1 1 90 4, 200 9 ,4 5 0 - 200 30 1, 210 670 1, 490 1 10 80 270 1, 080 11 12 2, 990 2, 500 21, 600 81, 600 - - - 2 _ __ 17 4, 160 2 0 ,7 0 0 211 53, 600 5 0 9 ,0 0 0 11 1, 190 13, 100 A g r ic u lt u r e , f o r e s t r y , and f i s h i n g __________ M in in g ___________ ___ ______________________________ C o n s t r u c t io n ______________________________________ T r a d e ______________________________________________ F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s t a t e __________ T r a n s p o r t a t io n , c o m m u n ic a tio n , and o th e r p u b lic u t ilit ie s __________________________ S e r v ic e s — p e r s o n a l , b u s in e s s , and o t h e r ____ G o v e r n m e n t— a d m in is tr a tio n , p r o t e c t io n , and s a n ita tio n 4 _____________ __________________ - 1 ,2 6 0 3, 210 7 ,4 6 0 2 4 250 2 ,2 7 0 61 60 42 - - - 2 290 25, 400 10, 500 2, 390 320 950 1 2 5 ,0 0 0 1 9 2 ,0 0 0 7 0 ,5 0 0 26, 100 5 4 - 920 100 - 8, 360 3 ,4 3 0 - 6 1, 550 90 7 ,9 5 0 800 29 16 13, 700 980 78, 500 16, 400 2 170 - 1, 280 - 1 10 30 A ll i n d u s t r i e s ______________________________________ 423 160, 000 2, 98 0 , 000 357 ________________________________ 254 1 0 5 ,0 0 0 2 ,6 4 0 ,0 0 0 234 P r im a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s ________________________ F a b r ic a t e d m e ta l p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , and t r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u ip m e n t ) __ O r d n a n c e and a c c e s s o r i e s _ ........... . E le c t r i c a l m a c h in e r y , e q u ip m e n t, and s u p p lie s M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) __________________ T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u ip m e n t ________________________ L u m b e r and w o o d p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t fu r n it u r e ) ________________________________________ F u r n itu r e and fix t u r e s ..... . _ Stone* c la y , and g la s s p r o d u c t s _________________ T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c t s .... . A p p a r e l and o th e r f in is h e d p r o d u c t s m a d e f r o m f a b r ic s and s im il a r m a t e r i a l s __________ L e a t h e r and le a t h e r p r o d u c t s _______________ F o o d and k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ______________________ T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s _________________________ P a p e r and a llie d p r o d u c ts __ __________________ P r in t in g , p u b lis h in g , and a ll ie d in d u s t r ie s ___ C h e m ic a ls and a ll ie d p r o d u c t s ......... P r o d u c t s o f p e t r o le u m and c o a l ________________ R u b b er p ro d u cts _________________________________ P r o f e s s i o n a l, s c ie n t if i c , and c o n t r o llin g in s t r u m e n t s ; p h o t o g r a p h ic and o p tic a l g o o d s ; w a tc h e s and c l o c k s _____________________ M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa ctu rin g i n d u s t r i e s _______ 14 3 4 ,2 0 0 7 7 9 ,0 0 0 31 4 7, 380 3, 780 22 13 18 7, 980 5, 000 17, 400 2 18 8 17 260 4, 390 2, 810 2, 910 1, 25, 21, 86, 42 10 15 1 6 4 6 1 - M a n u fa ctu rin g 3 3 Oregon A ll in d u s t r ie s ____________________________________ M a n u fa c tu r in g ______ _________________________ P r im a r y m e t a l in d u s t r ie s ________________________ F a b r ic a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , and t r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t)____ O r d n a n c e and a c c e s s o r i e s ____________________ E le c t r i c a l m a c h in e r y , e q u ip m en t, and s u p p lie s _________________________________________ M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) ___________________ T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u ip m e n t ________________________ L u m b e r and w o o d p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t f u r n i t u r e ) _________________________________________ F u r n it u r e and fix t u r e s _________________________ S to n e , c la y , and g la s s p r o d u c ts ______________ T e x t ile m il l p r o d u c t s ____________________________ A p p a r e l and o t h e r f in is h e d p r o d u c t s m ad e f r o m f a b r i c s an d s im il a r m a t e r ia l s ____ L e a t h e r and le a t h e r p r o d u c ts __________________ F o o d and k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ______________________ T o b a c c o m a n u fa c t u r e s __________________________ ___________________ P a p e r and a llie d p r o d u c t s P r in t in g , p u b lis h in g , and a ll ie d i n d u s t r i e s __ C h e m ic a ls and a ll ie d p r o d u c t s _________________ P r o d u c t s o f p e t r o le u m and c o a l __ _____________ R u b b er p rod u cts _______________________ ______ P r o f e s s i o n a l, s c ie n t ifi c , and c o n t r o llin g in s tr u m e n ts ; p h o t o g r a p h ic and o p tic a l g o o d s ; w a tc h e s and c l o c k s __________________ M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa ctu rin g i n d u s t r i e s ______ N o n m a n u fa ctu rin g _____________________ S ee fo o t n o t e s at end o f ta b le . 3 4 " 3 3 1 9 0 ,0 0 0 3 5 6 3 ,0 0 0 3 Pennsylvania 3 ' 3 21, 300 Rhode Island - 32 TABLE A - 3 .— Work stoppages in States having 25 or more stoppages by industry group, 1956 1 - Continued State and industry group T en n essee S top p a ges b e g in n in g M a n -d a y s id le in 1956 W ork ers (a ll s to p p a g e s ) in v o lv e d V ir g in ia T exas S to p p a g e s b e g in n in g S topp age! s b e g in n in g M a n -d a y s idle M a n -d a y s id le in 1956 in 1956 d u rin g 1956 W ork ers W ork ers N um ber 2 N um (ablle rs to p p a g e s ) N u m b e r 2 (a ll s to p p a g e s ) in v o lv e d in v o lv e d All industries__________________________________ 111 32, 800 4 2 7 ,0 0 0 76 4 3 ,9 0 0 8 7 2 ,0 0 0 49 1 2 ,6 0 0 1 3 1 ,0 0 0 Manufacturing______________________________ 47 22, 100 2 7 4 ,0 0 0 22 1 8 ,0 0 0 378, 000 18 7, 210 8 2 ,4 0 0 10 10, 700 7 6 ,3 0 0 5 9, 560 1 4 9 ,0 0 0 - - - 3 960 2 7 ,0 0 0 2 390 6, 840 2 640 8, 600 5 3 1 790 810 520 22, 200 4 , 350 5, 720 4 2 940 650 1 9 ,9 0 0 1 9 ,5 0 0 - - - - - - 1 3 5 1 50 850 760 70 950 2, 580 4 2 ,5 0 0 6, 050 _ 1 1 - _ 80 320 - _ 5, 040 12, 000 - 1 2 1 3 350 no 20 4 10 5, 250 190 30 5, 740 2 2 4 240 1, 190 1, 280 1, 680 1 6 ,8 0 0 11, 300 2 390 Primary metal industries_____________________ _ Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)___ Ordnance and accessories ________________ T___ Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies_______________________________________ Machinery (except electrical)_________________ Transportation equipment______________________ Lumber and wood products (except furniture) _____________________________________ Furniture and fixtures _________________________ Stone, clay, and glass products_______________ Textile mill products__________________________ Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar m aterials_________ Leather and leather products _________________ Food and kindred products____________________ Tobacco manufactures _________________________ Paper and allied products_____________________ Printing, publishing, and allied industries ___ Chemicals and allied products________________ Products of petroleum and coal _______________ Rubber products _______________________________ Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks ___________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries______ Nonmanufacturing __________________________ Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ____________ Mining__________________________________________ Construction ___________________________________ Trade __________________________________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate__________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities_________________________ Services— personal, business, and o th e r ____ Government— administration, protection, and sanitation4 _______________________________ 3 850 48 , 200 2 - - - - 3 210 1 ,4 6 0 - - : - 4 ,9 2 0 116, 000 4 - - - 150 150 4, 320 400 3 4 ,0 0 0 23, 200 1 780 - - 20 1, 350 1 140 270 : 2 1 2 140 220 3, 130 830 2, 860 4 8 , 500 - 1 - 350 - 3, 800 " - - - 1 550 3, 320 64 1 0 ,7 0 0 1 5 3 ,0 0 0 54 2 5 , 800 4 9 3 , 000 31 5 ,4 2 0 4 8 ,8 0 0 7 35 9 970 6, 130 800 2, 810 113, 000 3, 560 : 39 8 1 7 ,4 0 0 570 4 5 4 ,0 0 0 5, 170 7 16 3 1 ,2 8 0 1, 260 110 8 4 1 ,9 4 0 810 2 9 ,4 0 0 3, 810 7 - 7, 820 - 33, 800 - 5 2, 770 - 2 3 ,8 0 0 1 10 200 - - - - - - 3 1 " 1 6, 700 11, 600 6, 750 W is c o n s in W e s t V irg iin ia W a s h in g to n 3 A l l i n d u s t r i e s ______________________________________ 48 11, 100 1 9 7 ,0 0 0 191 6 8 ,4 0 0 5 8 9 ,0 0 0 62 2 8 ,4 0 0 5 3 7 ,0 0 0 M a n u fa c tu r in g __________________________________ 21 4, 520 8 6 ,5 0 0 43 2 6 ,2 0 0 4 0 6 , 000 34 20, 900 4 4 4 ,0 0 0 P r im a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ________________________ F a b r ic a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , and t r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ) __ O r d n a n c e and a c c e s s o r i e s _______________________ E le c t r i c a l m a c h in e r y , eq u ip m en t, and s u p p lie s ___________________________________________ M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) ___________________ T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u ip m e n t ________________________ L u m b e r and w o o d p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t fu r n it u r e ) _________________________________________ F u r n it u r e and fix t u r e s ___________________________ S to n e , c la y , and g la s s p r o d u c ts ________________ T e x t ile m il l p r o d u c t s _____________________________ A p p a r e l and o t h e r fin is h e d p r o d u c ts m a d e f r o m f a b r i c s and s im il a r m a t e r i a l s __________ L e a t h e r and le a t h e r p r o d u c t s ___________________ F o o d and k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ______________________ T o b a c c o m a n u fa c t u r e s ___________________________ P a p e r and a ll ie d p r o d u c t s ________________________ P r in t in g , p u b lis h in g , and a llie d in d u s tr ie s ___ C h e m ic a l s and a llie d p r o d u c t s __________________ P r o d u c t s o f p e t r o le u m and c o a l ________________ R u b b e r p r o d u c t s ___________________________________ P r o f e s s i o n a l , s c ie n t ifi c , and c o n t r o llin g in s t r u m e n t s ; p h o t o g r a p h ic and o p t ic a l g o o d s ; w a tc h e s and c l o c k s _____________________ M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u s tr ie s _____ 5 2, 300 3 8 ,2 0 0 3 3 ,4 4 0 75, 100 1 10 20 1 150 3, 550 10 5, 600 70, 300 1 20 3 139, 000 . 1 . 200 . 1 ,2 0 0 5 3 480 1, 740 3 8 5 ,5 0 0 10, 100 2 3 ,4 0 0 2 10 2 590 5 ,4 3 0 860 13, 700 21 6 , 000 9, 360 3 2 2 700 240 360 4 , 220 3, 140 5, 660 1 10 100 1 0 ,4 0 0 3, 330 82, 900 1 1 - 120 210 - 1, 960 6, 300 - _ 5 _ 230 _ 3, 570 1 1 2 10 330 90 10 980 1, 950 1 1 3 150 200 1, 120 2, 100 3, 320 6, 730 1 20 230 3 370 1 2 ,7 0 0 1 260 2, 890 . 1 ' _ 330 _ 2 6 ,7 0 0 " 3 - 1 ,2 5 0 - 30, 000 - " ~ * _ 4 _ 9, 570 _ 1 9 ,8 0 0 N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g _____________________________ A g r i c u lt u r e , f o r e s t r y , and fis h in g _____________ M in in g ______________________________________________ C o n s t r u c t io n _______________________________________ T r a d e _____________ ___________________________________ F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s t a t e ___________ T r a n s p o r t a t io n , c o m m u n ic a tio n , and o t h e r p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ____________________________ S e r v i c e s — p e r s o n a l, b u s in e s s , and o th e r ____ _ G o v e r n m e n t— a d m in is tr a tio n , p r o t e c t io n , and s a n ita tio n 4____________________________________ . _ _ . . . 1 10 60 2 2 ,4 0 0 9, 600 1 5 1, 670 660 11, 700 10, 800 27 6, 570 111, 000 148 4 2 ,3 0 0 1 8 3 ,0 0 0 28 7, 570 93, 300 1 10 6 “ 50 2, 380 940 - 190 75, 100 16, 200 - 116 17 7 1 3 8 ,9 0 0 2, 790 220 20 1 5 9 ,0 0 0 1 5 ,4 0 0 3 6, 060 50 1 21 1 - 1, 110 3, 630 30 - 30, 200 38, 000 80 - 8 2 3, 160 40 1 9 ,0 0 0 180 4 3 100 50 1, 370 880 4 - 2, 520 - 2 2 ,1 0 0 - - - - 1 150 750 1 290 2 ,9 0 0 1 In the industry groups for which no data are presented the Bureau did not record any stoppages during 1956. 2 In some States the total number of stoppages shown as well as the total number of manufacturing or nonmanufacturing stoppages may be less than the sum of the figures below because a few stoppages extending into 2 or more industry groups have been counted in each industry group af fected; workers involved and man-days idle were divided among the respective groups. 3 Includes idleness in 1956 resulting from stoppages that began in the preceding year. 4 Stoppages involving municipally operated utilities are included in transportation, communication, and other public utilities. 33 Appendix B: Scope, Methods, and Definitions13 W o r k S toppage S ta tis tics T h e B u r e a u 's s ta t is tic s in clu d e a ll w o r k s to p p a g e s o c c u r r i n g in the c o n t i n e n t a l U n i t e d S t a t e s , k n o w n to the B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s a n d it s c o o p e r a t i n g a g e n c i e s , i n v o l v i n g a s m a n y as s i x w o r k e r s a n d l a s t i n g the e q u i v a l e n t o f a fu ll day o r sh ift o r lo n g e r . W o r k s t o p p a g e s a r e m e a s u r e d in t e r m s o f the n u m b er o f s to p p a g e s , w o r k e r s in v o lv e d , and m a n -d a y s o f id le n e s s . D efin ition s S trik e o r L o c k o u t . — A strik e is d efin ed as a t e m p o r a r y stop p a ge o f w o r k b y a g r o u p o f e m p l o y e e s to e x p r e s s a g riev a n ce o r e n fo rce a dem and. A lo c k o u t is a t e m p o r a r y w ith h old in g of w o rk fr o m a group o f e m p lo y e e s by an e m p l o y e r ( o r a g r o u p o f e m p l o y e r s ) i n o r d e r to i n d u c e th e e m p l o y e e s to a c c e p t the e m p l o y e r ' s t e r m s . B e c a u s e o f the c o m p l e x i t i e s i n v o l v e d in m o s t l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t d i s p u t e s , the B u r e a u m a k e s n o e f f o r t to d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r the s t o p p a g e s a r e i n i t i a t e d b y the w o r k e r s o r th e e m p l o y e r s . T h e t e r m s " s t r i k e " and "w d r k s to p p a g e " a r e u s e d in t e r c h a n g e a b l y in th is r e p o r t . W o r k e r s and I d le n e s s . — F i g u r e s o n " w o r k e r s i n v o l v e d " an d " m a n - d a y s i d l e " in c lu d e all w o r k e r s m a d e id le f o r o n e s h i f t o r l o n g e r in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d in a s t o p p a g e . They do not m e a s u r e s e c o n d a r y id le n e s s — th a t i s , th e e f f e c t s o f a s t o p p a g e o n o th e r e s ta b lis h m e n ts o r in d u s trie s w h ose e m p l o y e e s m a y b e m a d e id le as a r e s u lt of m a teria l o r s e r v ic e sh orta g es. T h e total n u m b e r of w o r k e r s i n v o l v e d in s t r i k e s in a g i v e n y e a r i n c l u d e s w o r k e r s c o u n t e d m o r e than o n c e i f t h e y w e r e i n v o l v e d in m o r e th a n o n e s t o p p a g e d u r i n g th a t y e a r . ( T h u s , in 1 9 4 9 , 3 6 5 , 0 0 0 to 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 c o a l m i n e r s 13 More detailed information on methods of calculation, sources, and classification is available in BLS Bull. 1168, Tech niques of Preparing Major BLS Statistical Series, December 1954 (p. 106). s tr u c k on 3 d iffe r e n t o c c a s i o n s ; they c o m p r i s e d 1 , 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 o f th e y e a r ' s t o t a l of 3 ,0 3 0 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s .) In s o m e p r o l o n g e d s t o p p a g e s ^ i t i s n e c e s s a r y to e s t i m a t e in p a r t th e t o t a l m a n - d a y s o f i d l e n e s s i f th e e x a c t n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s id le e a ch day is not known. W h en ev er p o s s ib le , sig n ifica n t c h a n g e s in th e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s i d l e a r e s e c u r e d f r o m th e p a r t i e s f o r u s e in c o m p u t in g m a n - d a y s o f i d l e n e s s . I d l e n e s s as P e r c e n t o f T o t a l W o r k i n g T i m e . — In c o m p u t i n g th e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s i n v o l v e d in s t r i k e s a s a p e r c e n t o f total e m p lo y m e n t and i d l e n e s s as a p e r c e n t o f to ta l w o r k i n g t i m e , the f o l l o w i n g f i g u r e s f o r t o t a l e m p l o y m en t have been used: F r o m 1 9 2 7 to 1 9 5 0 , a l l e m p l o y e e s e x c e p t t h o s e in o c c u p a t i o n s a n d p r o f e s s i o n s in w h ic h l i t t l e , i f a n y , u n ion o r g a n i z a t i o n e x i s t e d o r in w h i c h s t o p p a g e s r a r e l y , if e v e r , o c c u r r e d . In m o s t i n d u s t r ie s , a ll w a g e and s a l a r y w o r k e r s w e r e i n c l u d e d e x c e p t t h o s e in e x e c u t iv e , m a n a g e r ia l , o r h igh s u p e r v is o r y p o s itio n s , o r th ose p e r fo r m in g p r o f e s s i o n a l w o r k th e n a t u r e o f w h i c h m a k e s union o r g a n iz a t io n o r g ro u p a c tion u n lik e ly . T he fig u r e e x c lu d e d a ll s e lf-e m p lo y e d p e rso n s; d om estic w o rk e r s ; w o r k e r s on fa r m s em p lo y in g fe w e r th a n s i x p e r s o n s ; a l l F e d e r a l a n d S ta te g o v e r n m e n t e m p l o y e e s ; and o f f i c i a l s , b o t h e l e c t e d a n d a p p o i n t e d , in l o c a l govern m en ts. B e g i n n i n g i n 1 9 5 1 , the B u r e a u ' s e s tim a te s o f total n o n a g r ic u ltu r a l e m p loy m en t, e x clu s iv e o f gov ern m en t, have b een u sed . A ctu a lly , id le n e ss com p u ted o n the b a s i s o f n o n a g r i c u l t u r a l e m p l o y m en t (e x c lu s iv e o f g ov ern m en t) u su a lly d i f f e r s b y l e s s th a n o n e - t e n t h o f a p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t f r o m th a t o b t a i n e d b y the f o r m e r m e t h o d , w h i l e th e p e r c e n t a g e o f w o r k e r s id le ( c o m p a r e d w ith tota l e m p l o y m e n t ) d i f f e r s b y n o m o r e th a n 0 .5 and 0 . 6 o f a p o in t. F o r ex a m p le , the p e r c e n t a g e o f w o r k e r s i d l e d u r i n g 1950 c o m p u t e d o n the s a m e b a s e a s th e f i g u r e s f o r e a r l i e r y e a r s w a s 6. 9, a n d the p e r c e n t o f i d l e n e s s w a s 0 . 4 4 , c o m p a r e d with 6 .3 and 0 . 4 0 , r e s p e c t i v e l y , c o m p u t e d o n the n e w b a s e . 34 ’ ’E s t i m a t e d w o r k i n g t i m e " is c o m p u t e d b y m u l t i p l y i n g the a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d d u r i n g the y e a r b y th e n u m b e r o f d a y s t y p i c a l l y w o r k e d b y m o s t e m p l o y e e s . In th e c o m p u ta tio n s , S a tu rd a y s (w hen c u s t o m a r i l y n ot w o r k e d ), S u ndays, and e sta b lis h e d h o l i d a y s a s p r o v i d e d in m o s t u n i o n c o n tra cts are ex clu d ed . T he sa m e p r o c e d u r e has been u s e d in p r e p a r i n g th e e s t i m a t e s o f i d l e n e s s b y S t a t e . A l t h o u g h the n u m b e r o f h olid a y s v a r ie s so m e w h a t f r o m one p a rt o f the c o u n t r y to a n o t h e r , a n d t h e r e a r e o t h e r m i n o r d i f f e r e n c e s in the a m o u n t o f w o r k i n g t i m e f r o m a r e a to a r e a , c o r r e c t i o n fo r su ch d if fe r e n c e s w ou ld n o t a p p r e c i a b l y a f f e c t th e p e r c e n t a g e s o f id le n e s s p r e s e n te d by S tate. F or ex a m p l e , i f i d l e n e s s c o m p u t e d o n th e a s s u m p tio n o f 6 h o lid a y s an n u a lly a m o u n te d to 2 p e r c e n t o f t o t a l w o r k i n g t i m e , i t w o u l d a m o u n t to o n l y 2 . 0 2 p e r c e n t o f w ork in g tim e if a llo w a n ce w e r e m ade f o r 8 h o l i d a y s ; i f i d l e n e s s w a s l e s s th a n 1 p e r c e n t o f t o t a l w o r k i n g t i m e the i d l e n e s s r a t i o s w o u l d n o t b e c h a n g e d at a l l w i t h i n the m a r g i n o r r o u n d i n g w h e t h e r there w e re 6 o r 8 h olid a y s. D u r a t io n . — A lth ou gh o n ly w o r k d a y s a r e u s e d in c o m p u t i n g m a n - d a y s o f total i d l e n e s s , d u ra tion is e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s o f c a l e n d a r d a y s , in c lu d in g nonw orkdays. State D a t a . — S to p p a g e s o c c u r r i n g in m o r e th a n o n e S t a t e a r e l i s t e d s e p a r a t e l y in e a c h S ta te a f f e c t e d . T h e w o r k e r s and m a n -d a y s o f id le n e s s a re a l l o c a t e d a m o n g e a c h o f th e a f f e c t e d S t a t e s . 14 M etrop olita n A r e a D ata. — B e gin n in g w ith 1952, data w e r e ta b u la te d s e p a r a t e l y f o r 182 m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s . In 1 9 5 5 , th e n u m b e r o f t h e s e a r e a s w a s i n c r e a s e d to 2 0 5 . (in form a tion p r io r to 1952 w a s c o n f i n e d to c i t y b o u n d a r i e s . ) T he m etrop olita n a re a b ou n d a ries c o n f o r m to the S t a n d a r d M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a d e f i n i t i o n s i s s u e d b y the B u r e a u o f the B u d g e t as o f J a n u a r y 2 9 , 1 9 4 9 , w i t h subsequent re v isio n s. In a d d i t i o n to The same procedure is followed in allocating data on stoppages occurring in more than 1 industry group, industry, or metropolitan area. th ese a r e a s , a few com m u n itie s in c l u d e d i n th e s t r i k e s e r i e s in p r e v i o u s y e a rs have b een reta in ed . Som e m e tro p o lita n a rea s in c l u d e c o u n t i e s in m o r e th an o n e S t a t e , a n d , h e n c e , s t a t i s t i c s f o r an a r e a m a y o c c a s i o n a l l y e q u a l o r e x c e e d th e t o t a l f o r the S ta te in w h i c h the m a j o r c i t y i s l o c a t e d ( e . g . , the n u m b e r o f s t r i k e s r e c o r d e d in the N e w Y o r k - N o r t h e a s t e r n N ew J e r s e y m e tr o p o lita n a r e a , w h ich in clu d e s g rea ter New Y ork a n d the s u r r o u n d in g a r e a s as w e ll as 8 co u n t ie s in N o r t h e a s t e r n N ew J e r s e y , e x c e e d e d the s t r i k e s r e c o r d e d f o r N e w Y o r k S ta te in 1953 an d 1 9 5 5 ; w h i l e i d l e n e s s i n the C h ica g o a r e a w h ich in clu d e s 5 cou n tie s in I l l i n o i s a n d 1 in I n d i a n a e x c e e d s i d l e n e s s in I l l i n o i s in 1 9 5 6 ) . U n ions I n v o lv e d . — T h is in c lu d e s the u n i o n ( s ) d i r e c t l y p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n the d i s p u t e , a l t h o u g h the c o u n t o f w o r k e r s i n c lu d e s a ll w ho a r e m a d e id le f o r o n e s h ift o r l o n g e r in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d in the d i s p u t e , i n c l u d i n g m e m b e r s o f o th e r u nion s and n on u n ion w o r k e r s . S o u r c e o f In form a tion O c c u r r e n c e o f S trik es . — I n fo r m a t i o n a s to a c t u a l o r p r o b a b l e e x i s t e n ce o f w o r k stop p a g es is c o l l e c t e d f r o m a num ber of so u rce s. C lip p in g s on la b or d isp u tes are ob ta in ed f r o m a co m p re h e n siv e c o v e r a g e o f d a ily and w e e k l y n e w s p a p e r s t h r o u g h o u t the c o u n t r y . I n f o r m a t i o n is r e c e i v e d d a i l y f r o m the F e d e r a l M e d i a t i o n a n d C o n c i l i a t i o n S e rv ice . O ther s o u r c e s o f in form a tion i n c l u d e S ta te b o a r d s o f m e d i a t i o n a n d a r b it r a t io n , r e s e a r c h d iv i s io n s o f State la b o r departm ent o ffice s, and l o c a l o f f i c e s o f State e m p l o y m e n t s e c u r i t y a g e n c i e s , p r o v i d e d t h r o u g h the B u r e a u o f E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i t y o f th e U . S . D epartm ent of L a b o r. Som e e m p loyer a s s o c i a t i o n s , c o m p a n i e s , and u n ion s a ls o f u r n i s h th e B u r e a u w i t h w o r k s t o p p a g e i n fo r m a t io n on a r e g u la r c o o p e r a t i v e b a s is . R e s p o n d e n t s to Q u e s t i o n n a i r e . — A q u e s t i o n n a i r e , a p p r o v e d b y th e B u r e a u o f the B u d g e t , i s m a i l e d to the p a r t i e s r e p o r t e d a s i n v o l v e d in w o r k s t o p p a g e s to o b t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n o n th e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s in v o lv e d , d u ra tion , m a j o r i s s u e s , l o c a t i o n (S ta t e an d m e t r o p o l i tan a r e a s ) , m e t h o d o f s e t t l e m e n t , a n d o th e r p ertin en t in fo rm a tio n . 35 L im it a t io n s o f D a t a . — A lth ou g h th e B u r e a u s e e k s to o b t a i n c o m p l e t e coverage, i . e . , a " c e n s u s " o f a ll s tr ik e s in v olv in g s ix o r m o r e w o r k e r s and la s tin g a fu ll sh ift o r m o r e , in f o r m a t i o n is u n d o u b te d ly m i s s i n g on s o m e o f th e s m a l l e r s t r i k e s . P r e s u m a b ly , a d d ition o f th e se m i s s in g s tr ik e s w o u l d n o t s u b s t a n t i a l l y a f f e c t th e f i g u r e s f o r n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s and m a n -d a y s o f id le n e s s . In i t s e f f o r t s to i m p r o v e th e c o m p l e t e n e s s o f the c o u n t o f s t o p p a g e s , th e B u r e a u h a s s o u g h t to d e v e l o p n e w s o u r c e s o f i n f o r m a t i o n a s to the p r o b able e x is t e n c e o f s u ch s to p p a g e s . O v e r th e y e a r s , t h e s e s o u r c e s h a v e p r o b a b l y i n c r e a s e d th e n u m b e r o f s t r i k e s r e c o r d e d , b u t h a v e h a d l i t t l e e f f e c t o n the n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s o r total id l e n e s s . F o r e x a m p l e , in 1943 the B u r e a u s e t u p a c o o p e r a t i v e a r r a n g e m e n t w i t h the S o lid F u e ls A d m in is tra tio n w h ich r e s u lte d in r e p o r t s on s e v e r a l h u n d r e d s tr ik e s in v olv in g c o a l m in e r s not r e corded from oth er sources. These strik e s accou n ted fo r about 5 p e r c e n t o f a l l s t r i k e s in th a t y e a r . W h e n th is a g e n cy w ent out o f e x is t e n c e , c o o p e r a tiv e a r r a n g e m e n ts f o r obtain in g r e p o r t s o n w o r k s t o p p a g e s w e r e m a d e with a n u m b e r o f c o a l a s s o c i a t i o n s and s e v e r a l h u n d r e d c o m p a n i e s in a r e a s n o t s e r v e d by a sso cia tio n s. B eg in n in g in m i d - 1950, a n ew source o f strik e " le a d s " was added th rou g h a c o o p e r a t i v e a r r a n g e m e n t with th e B u r e a u o f E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i t y o f the U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r b y w h i c h l o c a l o f f i c e s o f State e m p l o y m e n t s e c u r ity a g e n c ie s su p p ly m o n th ly r e p o r t s o n w o r k s t o p p a g e s c o m i n g to t h e i r a t ten tion . It is e s t i m a t e d th a t t h i s i n c r e a s e d the n u m b e r o f s t r i k e s r e p o r t e d i n 1950 b y a b o u t 5 p e r c e n t a n d i n 1951 a n d 1952 b y a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10 p e r c e n t . S in ce m o s t o f th ese stoppages w e re s m a l l, they in c r e a s e d the n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s in v o l v e d and m a n - d a y s o f i d l e n e s s b y l e s s th a n 2 p e r c e n t in 1 9 5 0 a n d b y l e s s th a n 3 p e r c e n t in 1951 a n d 1 9 5 2 . T e s t s o f the e f f e c t o f t h is a d d e d so u rce of in form a tion have not b een m a d e s in c e 1952. A s n ew l o c a l a g e n c ie s h a v in g k n o w l e d g e o f th e e x i s t e n c e o f w o r k s t o p pages are e sta b lish ed , or ch anges are m a d e in t h e i r c o l l e c t i o n m e t h o d s , e v e r y e f f o r t is m a d e to e s t a b l i s h c o o p e r a t i v e a r r a n g e m e n t s w ith t h e m . ^ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1957 0 — 430027
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