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University
Library
7817
WORK S
PROGR ESS
A D MI N I S T R
A
T I ON
3:arry L. nop£ins , Ad.rainistra to r
Co rri ngton Gill ,
Assistant Administra to r
Eoward ] . Myers , Director,
Social Research Division
R E S E ARCH-BU -L-L
ET IN
··-
A SURVEY OF 1022 RELI~F CASES c:iOSED IN
BATRI~WFE COUNTY, 1:,'. 3.1LA.1JD
;✓!ARCH
1935 ,
Series II, No . 10
January 1, 1936
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On Mar ch 21 , 1935 , all r elief cases in Baltimore CouJ1ty ,
Mar yland , a total of 1629 , we r e closed . By the fi r st of
Ap r i lf 256 of thesP case s had been official ly r eopened
and during Ap r i l ti'le case loa d was incr eased to 511 , most
of which we r e appar ently r eopened f rom t he or iginal r eli ef group of Mar ch .
The case lo ad was thu s r educed by
111 8, or ab out 69 pe r cent , f ro m Mar ch t o Ap r i l -- a nducti on i n keeping with a t endency gene ral t hroughou t the
stat e .
Two f ac to r s p ro bably acc ount f or this dr astic r eduction
in the case load , (1)
the un ce r tainty ab out funds a t
that time , and (2 ) the f eeling of the Baltimore County
Wel f a r e Bo a r d t hat the current inc r ease i n emp loyment
opp or tunities in t he county we r e suffi c i en t to insur e
those wi lli ng and ab l e to work against want .
Because of the p ro bl ems gro wing out of the clo sing of
these cases , Mr. Harry Gr Pens t ein , Mar yl and St ate Reli ef
Administ r a t or, r equested that a follo w- up study be made
to as ce r t ai:i how the househol ds invo l ved obtained subsist en ce af t e r being dro~ped f ro m the r e li e f roll s . With
t h i s in mind , 1022 of the clos ed cases we r e s tudi ed , this
numbe r r ep r esent i ng the t ot a l exclusive of t hose cases
which we r e ei ther r e- accepted fo r r e lief or we r e inaccessibl e fo r inve sti gatio n .
The r epor t deal s with ( 1) employment, (2) shifts from
one occupatio nal l e,e l to anothe r, and (3 ) inc ome , cove ring pe r i ods p rio r Rnd subsequent to closi ng in Mar ch .
The fi eli work fo r t:i.e study was done unde r t he supe r vision of Miss Mar y L. Tr ippe ,
lo cal supe r vis or of the
Ur ban Current C:O.a n ~e Su r vey in Baltimo r e .
Mr. Robe rt
Swem , of Miss Tri p:,ot; 1 s staff , was of sp e cial a s s istance
in the study . Mr . John W. !v1i tchell did much of t he work
on the tab l es .
Propa r ed by
W. 0. Brown and lfa r y L. Trippe
tmde r the super vis ion of
Henr y B. Ar thur, As st . Di r ec tor
Division of So cial Resear ch
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SUMMARY
Various measures have been taken
in a number of localities in an effort to cl ear tho r elief roll s of
pe rsons pot entially ab l e to suunort
themselves .
I t is a f ai rly ge~~ r a l
p ractice , of cour se , to r emove from
the r eli ef rolls pe rso ns who are
fo und to be wilfully r efusing p r i vat e empl oyment ; and the acceptance
of p ri vc1te jobs whe n offe r ed is fre quently f acilitated by a poli cy or
guar antee of immediate r e instatemen t
t o the r elie f roll s up on los s of t emp orary jobs .
I n orde r to bring dir ec t pr essur e , not only for the accep tance of job s offe r e d , hut also
for the aggressive sear ch fo r jobs ,
pe r i odi~ r e- exa~inations of t he entire case load have
been
found
desirable in a numbe r of lo cal ities ;
a gr eat deal is done in securi ng employment for worke rs on r e lief , both
by 'lase workers and through publi c
emp loyment offices ;
and in some
p l aces , large numbe r s of cases have
be en a r bit r a r ily r emoved fr om r elief
on the assumption that wo r 1::( e . g . harvesting) was available and that jobs
would be secur ed if t he p ro pe r p r e ssu r e we r e exe r tedl/ .
I n Bal t imore County, Mar y l and ,
( which excludes the ci ty of Ealtimor e ) the total r elief load of 1629
cases was 11 closed fo r r e- examination 11
in Mar ch 1935 .
Provision was made
to assist worke r s to find jobs , and
to take back on t he r e li e f roll s
t hose un.abl e to shift for themse l ves .
That the move was successful in r e~icing the r elief rol ls is ~ppar en t
from the f act that the nUJJbe r of
~ase s in the coru1 ty in the three
follo wing months--Ap ril, May ,
and.
J une-- ave raged only about 500 , including s ome new as we ll as the r eopened cases .
The closing of r e l ief case s in
Baltimore County was mor e in the nat u r e of an organized campaign t o secure employment than of an a r bit r a ry
sweeping order to cut off r e l ie f . The
e ffort was fortunately supported by
a substantial incr ease in employment
opportunities in t he r egio n , which
mi 6 h t very we ll have absorbed many
of the wo r ke r s ,
even if no eff or t
had been made to secur e employmen t
fo r them .
This
r eport upon 1022 case s out
of the 1629 or iginally cl o sed excludes thos e which we r e r eturned t o
the r e lief r oll s .
It was de signed
to di scove r ho w cases which did not
r 0t u rn to r e li e f subsisted during
t he thre e months subsequent to the ir
cl osing .
Duri ng the pe riod covered by this
sur vey , the r e wa s a ste ady monthly
increa se both in the pe r centages of
cases with one or more pe r son s working and of worke rs employed ,
both
for whili:::s and Negro e s . However , for
each month there was a f a irly l a r ge
p er cent of pe r so::1S and ,cases wi thout
empl oymer.t ,
447 worke rs and
145
households , for exampl e , bei ng without wo r k in J une , the last month of
t he survey. The i nc r ease in emp loyment among the gr oup was not nece s-
1)
None of thes e devices is to be
confused with the cl osings of unemp l oyab l e r elie f cases such as occur r ed in so,ne s t ates ,,,..hen r esponsi bility for the car e
of
cases
not
eligible for thi::: Works Pro gr am was
r eturned to the States .
See 5ul l etins C- 19 , Se ri es 1 , No . 11 , and Seri es II, :i:Jo . 5 ,
surveys of cases
r emoved from r e l ief r olls in Ge orgia
for administ r ative r eas ons in May
and. June , 1935 .
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-ii3ari ly a result of t he fact t hat t he
cases were closed . The facts show a
gene r al and s easonal i ncrease in eQployrr.ent oppo rtunities in th e c 0mmun ity to which the wo r kers in t h is
group responded . I t is p r obahle :hat
without clo sing , some of t he wcrk ers
would h ave b ee n less i nc lined to
look fo r wc r k . This assumpt i on , however, is 1inprover..
No r can i t be
a ssum ed , in t he light of the brief
period of t he fol l ow- up and t he seasonal nature of QUCh of t he e~ployment r eceived , that thes e households
will not h av e to r e- apply fo r r elief
late r.
Associated with this increase in
employment was a slight ten dency fo r
wo r ke r s to accept jobs below the
economic level of their usual errploy ment .
In the rra i n , ho weve r , they
either rr.ai ntai ne d the ir old l evels
or obtained no wo r k at al l . Practically none moved up the economi c
ladder . A tendency to shift to lower
occu:pa t ional c l a sses
wa s
norrr,al
unde r t he circumstances .
The p r essure of need naturally fo r c ed some
wo r ker s to accept whatever wo r k was
availa1'le, r ather thP.n to hold out
fo r the tyPe of employment to wh i ch
they were accustomed .
Th ese households , in t he main ,ha d
hi ghe r aver ag e inco~es suhsequent to
closing than d--iri ng t he rr.onths p rior
tn closing--January and
Feb rua r y .
Mo re o"re r, these ave r ag e monthl y incorr. e s exceeded the average rront hly
relief budgetar y all owanc e s
of
Balt i more County .
The average incom e subsequen t to closing i nc reas ed
fo r each success i ve month , i n ke epi ng with th e mont hl y i ncr eas e in
err.ployment .
It appear s , t h en , t hat a rr.ajority
of t he se househo l ds were raising
theQselves succ essfully abcve a relief status .
Fut while i n gen er al
this was t r ue , never theless a s i zable nUI'.lber of cases an d
per sons
were wi thout ei the r ear nings or other
c a sh incorre during each month subsequent to clos i ng . In June , 70 cases
r epo r ted nn i nco~e . Duri ng the sa.rL e
earni ngs
rr.onth , 145 were without
f r om curren t err.ployrr.ent , 57 of t hem
being unerr.ployabl e .
Fur t he rmo r e ,
the aver age month ly income of th e
ases , t hough higher t h an t he
1C22
average rr.onthl y r elief all owanc e , was
ve r y low. I n ver y f ew cases
did
ear n i ngs reach levels cons i st ent wi th
comfo r table living .
Ear nings ~f
ab ') it half of t h e farr ilies
fe ll
sho r t of $11 . per we ek , and
only
about one- fou r t h ros e above $15 , 00 .
1
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SUP.VEY OF 1r22 P.EI,IEF CASES CLOS-SD Ill M.APCH 1 935 , :SALTDlO?_E COUinY, M.ARYLjJm
Ch a r ~cte ri stics of
t h e Pel ief Gr oup
co nt a ir1ed
The c ~.ses studied. 1./
4 842 p ersons , or about 4 . 7 pe r sons
pe r c a se a 3 co mpar Pd
to a meJ.i an
f a mily size of 3 . 7 for the g ener al
:popul a tion of th e coun ty (T :.1.b l e 1)?:./
Seven- hundr ed and eighty of t h e 2e
c a ses wer e wh ites, and 242 , or 24
pe rc en t, wer e Negroe s .
The membe rs
of t hese r eli ef hous eh ol ds a re, wh en
c ompar ed to t h e gener al popul a tion
of the county ,
disp r opor ti ona t ely
young .
Thus , 4 6 po r cent of t h is
group is fif teen y ear s of age or lo s s
wh il e only 32 pe r cen t of th tJ p o-pul a tion of the c o1.u1ty is of t his age
(Table 2) .
Th e r a ti o of ~o rso ns 15
y ea rs of age and ov er wh o e r <.: marri e d
is hi e;he r for t he r oli 8f group t}w.n
for the gonor a l po~ul qti on of t ho
c ounty , 69 pe r c ent c ompar ~d to 61
pe r cen t (Tabl e 3) .
Th o s c ant da t a
ava il able sugges t a p oorer school
at tendanc e r ecord for t he
r elief
1/
Bal t Lno re County , whe r e t he
f amilies of thi s su r vey liv e , is
p olitic a lly , and i n r el ie f admi n i stra tion , disti nct from
Baltimcr e
City, al though econ omic a lly ,
especially in the s outhe r n end of t he
county , domina t ed by it . Tn e r cl L lf
probl em is c onc en t r ated ~ ri mar i l y i n
the r es id cn ti,u and. i :cdt1st r:..a l ar eas
c onti guou s to Balti mo r e City ( s ec
map) . The p robl em of r el i Gf in t h o
f ar ming dis tri ct of t he north is no t
t h~
f arming
s er ious ; moreov e r ,
p opul a tion of th o county is r ola.tiv ely small , comprisi r..g onl:;- 19 , 214 out
of a total of 124 , 565 , or about 15
pe r cent ( accor di ng to the
1 93C
Cen sus) .
The east er n
dist r icts,
wh er e truck f a r mi ng i s irnp ortoo t,
ca ses than
i s true for the gener al
popu l a ti on of the c o1121ty, and al so
i ndicate a hi ghe r iJ.li t e r acy r :3,te
for the group studied.
Da t a
on
occupationnl distribution indic a te
both a ma r ked c oncent r a ti on off~mily ·
heads and of employable per sons in
the lo wer oc cupation al g roups . Thus
51 :per cent of
the employ able heads
of households and 53 per cent
of
th e emr,loy ab l e per sons in the r ewhi le
l i ef group wer e unskilled,
only fiv e po r cent of th o hous ehold
he ads, and f i v e pt:l rc ent of tho employ able re r s ons wer e i n the white
c ell ar cl a ss (Tabl e 4)~/ .
E.>. :::p o? r i eEc ~
Aft er Rdi rif Wa s Withdra wn
Thr oe qu e s tions a r is e with r ef erenc e to t he a djustmen ts of
these
c 2s es subsequent to c lo s i ng. Fir st ,
p r esen t a s~ec i al
typ e of r elief
p robl em, due to t hei r s easonal l abor.
The po/ ul a tio n on the i mmedi a te outski r ts of th e city is natur a lly mo r e
de}>'::'"lden t up on ec on omic c onditions
in 3Rl timbre City it s elf, with the
r osult t hat t he r el ief situa tion is
more s er ious th er e.
~/ All dat a on the gene r al p opul a tion of th e county ar c tak en f rom
the 1930 Census .
~/ In Jun c ,four i ndust ri os a cc ounted fo r 64 pe r cent of t ho 11 l a st usual
in<tu.s try 11 en tri 0s of tho he ads of
these h~u seholds : - agri culture nine
pe r cent ; building 2O;iron ana steel ,
14 ; and dome stic and persona l s er vi ce , 21.
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to what extent did the cases RS
units , and thei r employab le members ,
get wor k? Second, was there a shift
downwar d or upwa r d occupati onally?
Third , to what degr ee was there a
decre as e or inc re as e in the income
of these cases ;:md thei r employab le
pe r s ons?
The an swer to the first question
is cle a r.
Th e re was a sharp r ise ,
subs~quent to closing , in the emr/loy~
ment of both cas Ps And pers ons~I . 1o
r
cases , ther e wa s an increG,s e each
month from J Anuary thr ough June , 25
per cent being employed in J anua r y ,
26 pe r cent in Februa ry , 43 per cent
in Mar ch , 75 pe rcent in Apr il , 84
per cent in May , and 86 p ercent in
June (Table 5) .
In June , only 145 ,
or 14 ~ er cent , of the householis
we r e without a
membe r employedQ./ .
This increas e each month in the percen t age of cases with one or mo r e
persons working is true fo r both
whites and Negr oes ( Table 5) .
Although m2,r ked differences
exist
among families of the v arious sizes ,
a ll f ami ly sizes show an inc rea se
e ach month in the househo l ds with an
employed member .
The
one- p er son
f amily f a red wors e than t he ave r ag e
par tly b ecause tha t f amily is necessarily a one-worke r f amily
(Table
6) !ii .
1../
A"1 employ ed.. case is a case wi th
one or more persons between t he ages
of 16- 64 working .
~/ Fifty- seven households we re unemployable, i. e . ha d no pe r son b et ween 16- 64 working or seeking work .
6/ In JanuRry , only 6 or 9 pe rc ent ,
of the
65 on c- ~ cr so n c a ses in the
study h a d employment , and in Jm1e , in
spite of the stea,dy increa se in the
pe rc en t empl oyed ,
there we re s till
The man thly r ise , Janua ry thr ough
June , in the pe rcent ag e of c a ses with
one or more employed membe rs is
matched by ar.. increase in the perc en t a,g e of the 1652 i ndi vi du.31 vvo rkers employ ed each month , although
in June there was a slight decrease
of 45 pe r s ons , or about 3 p e r cent
(Table 7) , In the case of the Negro
howeve r, the p er centage of individual worke rs employed is l ow,
whi l e
the pe rcent age of c a ses with employed members is high , this being due
to the high av er ag e of employable
pe r sons to each case'JJ . The femal e
..;or ke r s , Negr o and wh ite c ombined ,
h av e a bette r employment r eco r d than
t he male wor ke r s .
Fo r example , in
June , 9) percent of the employable
females we r e worki ng ,
compar ed t o
67 pe rcent of the employ able mal es ,
The Negro male in par ticul ar h ad a
poo r employment re c or d , sinc e in no
45 pe r cen t
month we re more than
(June) emp l oyed (Tabl e 8) .
In Ap ril , only 65 of the 556 p ersons ·.vho h&d been employed a t the
ti me of cl osing we re without wor k ; in
May , t he re were 72 , and in June , 76,
However, the s li cht monthly losses
of this group we r e mo r e than off s et
by the excellent empl oyment r ec ord
of the 109 6 p er sons seeki ng wo r k a t
the time of cl osi ng .
I n Ju.."1 e , f or
on l y 57 pe r cent working. Cases wi th
2 to 4 per sons start v1i th 20 :per cent
in J a"lua r y rtnd have 86 ue rcent in
June wi th one or more n ersons "°or king. Fo r the 5- or- more p erson c ase s
the corresDonding p ercentages a re 32
an. d 8 9 ( T 2. ".> le 6) •
7J. Th e av 2r :;.ge number of wor kers
fo r the Negr o cases is 2 . 3 , compared
to 1. 5 fo r the white ca ses (Table 7) .
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exampl e , 66 pe r cen t of the s~ pe r sons
we r e employed ,
72 pe r cent of the
whi t e s and 50 pe r cent of the Negr oe s
(Tabl e 9) .
How can t his increas e in employment be accounted fo r ? Fo r one t h i ng
empl oyment oppo rtuni ti es increase d. .
About 75 pe rs ons o-otained empl o:.1me!l t
i n a gri cultur e during the
three
months af t e r cl osi ng occur r ed . Extra
agr icultu r al l abor was r equi r ed. in
Mar ch and Ap ril in the
fa r ming
di str ict s of the n or the r n part of
t h e coun t y .
Truck farming in th e
eas t ern area i s r epo rt ed to have
abso r bed extra wo r ke r s du ri ng
the
early spr i ng
and
summe r mon ths .
Cert ain industri al plant s adjac ent
t o the city of Baltimore s~owea inc r eas e s in emp l oy:nent fo r t hi s pe r i od .
For exampl e , a st ee l company
showed an empl oyment inc r ease fo r
each month fr om J anuary thr ou6 h June
adding 58 new wo r ke rs in Ma r ch , 102
in Ap ril, 92 in May , and 1 61 in June .
Fo rty- five of the wo r k ers in thi s
study who we r e s e eki r:.g wo rk a t t he
time the cas e s wer e cl os ed ob t aine d
j obs wi th thi s company. One hundred
and eight;T- six worke rs who s ecur ed
empl oyment sub s equent t o
clo si ng
we r e empl oy ed by fourt een comp2nie s
in the county in ·.vhich ther e had
b een inc r eas e s in empl oymen t f/ .
A
li/
I nvestigators went t o l eading
empl oy ers a..11d obtained thei r monthly
r eco r ds of
empl o;irmen t and
then
i dentified "70 r ker s in the s tud~,r wl10
r eceived joos wi tn th es e va:cious employers .
9 / Thu s , in J c: nu.:i r7 t i·,e index of
em:!)l oymen t fo r Baltimore was 75 . 7 ;
February , 78 . 4 ; Ma r ch , 80 . 2 ; Ar ri l,
83 . 2 ; May , 82 . 6 ; e.nc. J~e , 8G . 8 ; t'.fle
l a st months indicating a sl ight s ri as onal r eci ssi on (1 929- 1931 =. 100) .
l a r ge pe r cen t of the worke rs of thi s
study
uuo
n empl
' a r e de-:Jendent
....
.
- oyment
in Balti more Ci ty; and t he r eco r d s
show a ris e in the empl oymen t index
f or t he months of this study f or the
i ndustrie s of t hat cityff
Fr om the st a..nduo i ~t
of
oupo r t ,.:mi ti e s fo r ' Vo r k ,
the Bal ti mGr e
Coun ty Welfare Boar d s e l ec t ed the
r ight ti Qe for th e reduction of it s
cas e l oad . Some agricul tur al empl oyBuilding , s eament was av2.ilabl e .
s onal i n natur e , p i cked up ;
thi s
industry a l one dur i ng the
thr ee
month pe ri od subs equen t t o
cl osing
absorbed 143 of t he 1096 pe r s ons who
we r e unempl oy ed a t cl osi ng . Empl oymen t gene r a lly inc r eas ed dur ing this
psriod .
Howeve r , t hi s t hr ee- month
pe ri od i s t oo sho rt, and the s eas ona l facto r in empl oyment dur ing the
t ime was much
too impo rt an t , t o
j u stify accepting th e
empl oymen t
r eco r d of the hous eho l ds a s an adequate measu r e of the ir ad j u st ment. No
evi dence is at hand to i ndicate h ow
many 0f th e wo rkers woul d
have
avai l ed thems el ve s of the s ame err~
p l oymen t oppo rtuni t i~ s i f r eli e f had
not been wi thdr awnlQI.
Occupational s h i f ts . Con si der ing
t he p r essur e of n ee d
i nc id en t t o
cl osi ng , one woul d expec t a tendency
The s e indice s a r e t aken from Sur vey
of Currsn t Bus in e ss , Vol u~e 15, August 1935 .
10/ It s houl d be emphasi zed tha t a t
no time were oll ind.iv1d1.:? l wo rl-::e r s
c3.nd h ous eho l ds em~J l oyed .
I r, June ,
fo r exa!:rple , 145 hou s el:o l d s h!3.d. no
emp l o:y-ed. mem7:>e r, a-rid d'.1ri ng tl:.is
month , 44-7 em~loyabl e pe r sons wer e
wltho-c:.t .:ioos . Mo r eo ve r , empl oymen t
is r,.o t an inva Ti ab l e index of we l far e.
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- 4a mong th e workers of the case s t o
t ake wh a t ev e r wo rk was ava ilable , and
v.·h e r eve r n ec e ss a ry acc ept j obs belo w
the i r usual oc cupati ona l l ev el . Th i s
did happen in a-bout 7 pe:;.-c ent of the
cas e s ; and 22 pe rc en t go t no j ob a t
all . The ir u sual occu pa t i onal sta t u s
was maintained by 7] pe r cen t of the
wo r ke rs ( Tabl e 10 ) 1~ 1 • Of th e whit g
colla r wo r ke rs , 10 1Jer cen t expe1·ienced a dr op in status, whil e 50
pe r cent of this gr 0u~ wer e u nab l e t o
ge t wo r k . Of the skill ed wor ke r s,10
re r cent dr opped t o l owe r
l evel s .
wh il e 22 :pe r cent of th e ir !'lumb e r
s ecur ed no employmen t . The heavie st
pe r centage get t ing no wo r k wa s omong
t ho s e with no u s ual occupRt i on , 51
:'.:')e r cen t, t hough t he
whi t e- co l J.ar
wo r ke rs wi th a 50 pe rc en t i.:ne~~l oyment fo ll owed cl os el y (Tab l e 10) . No
Negr oe s wen t above tnei r u sual empl oymen t whil e 7 percen t of both
Nebr oe s and wh it e s suf f e r ed a drop
in sta t u s . However , t he pe r centage
of unempl oymen t a mo::1g v;hi t e s
~1a s
l e s s t han among NefSr oe s, 20 pe :rc e n t
co mpar ed t o 28 (Tab l e 11 ) .
Fe~..ale s
we r e ap~1a r en t l y l e ss ab l e t o hol d
th e i r ovm occupati onally t han wer e
ma l e s .
Sev en ty- four per cen t of t he
ma l e wo r ke rs expe r ienced no change
in statu s a s comvar ed t o 56 pe r cen t
1
11/ Data on occupa t ional shifts a r e
only ava ilable fo r t he J. 096 wor ker s
who we r e s eeking wo r 1c a t t 11e ti me of
cl osi ng .
12/ Mon thly income is t he ne t inco"'e
fr om a.1 1 s our ce s--r el i ef , ea r n i ngs,
and mi s cell anie s .
:B'or t he s e cas e s
subs equen t t o cl osi ng ,
ear nings
p r actical l y cons i titu t ed thA sourc ~
of income .
13/ The mon thly al l owa:1ce
cited
is
p r ovi de s only fo r food . Rent
pai d onl y i n evic ti on cas e s . Cl ot h i ng
i s suppl ied only when ab s olute l y e sThe s cant
info r mation
s ent i al .
avai l able in1 i cat e s t hat the ave r age amount given fo r the s e i t ems no t
included in the allowa nc e i s very
of the f emal e s ; 5 perc ent of the
the i r usual
mal e s dropp ed bel ow
s t a t u s , c ompar ed to 14 pe r c ent of
the f e;nal e wor k ers .
Twen ty per cent
of t he mal e s obt a i ned no work , while
the pe r cent age of f ema l es unabl e to
g et ern1Jl oy1.ient was muc h hi gher -30 ~e r cent ( Table 12) .
I ncome . The be st measu r e of h ow
adequat ely t he s e ca s e s mai n tai ne d
r emoval
t hems elve s subs equent to
fr om the r eli ef r olls i s t he ir mon t hly i ncomel 2 / .
Generally, the cas e s had hi ghe r
income s subs equen t t o cl osing than
they had ~ri or t o cl os ing . Thu s , i n
J am:a r J' , Febr uary , and Mar ch , t he
a ve r age ( me di an) mont hly i ncoCTe s,
i nc l ud ing r eli ef, we r e $23 . 10 , $22 . 70
and $20 . 50 , re s pec t i vel y , whe r eas in
AJ)ril , Eay aml J u...11e ,
the
inco mes
we r e $29 . 60 ,
$36 . 70 , and ~40 . 30 ,
ind ica t ing , a s we l l , a ris e during
each mon t h sub s equen t t o cl osing .
Ho r eov er , fo r a J.l mon t h s subs equent
t0 cl os ing , t he a ver age income was
highe r t hc..n t he ave ~age budge t a ry
a ll owance of the r el i ef a 5 encyl 3/ .
smal l . The
a ll owance f er
fo od
p r act i ce,ll;;r c onstitut e s t he ent i r e
pnoun t u r ovi ded . The amount a llo wed
f or a given mont h in a giv en ca s e
include s any a mount
ear ned by a
nembe r of the ca s e . For exampl e , if
a cas e we r e ent i tl ed to $30 f or a
g iven 1J1ont h ,ou t a memb er of the case
earn ed $15 , t he r eli ef abency woul d
deduct t h i s $15 fr om t h e t otal a l l ow0nce , ac t uall y g iving onl y $15 t o
t he ca s e .
Tbe a v er age e"l lowance used h er e
i s an esti mat e
of
the
ave;_·e .:;e
amo1 1.n t wh i ch woul d ha ve been 21lowed.
fo r the cas es of th is su rvey had
The e s timat e
t hey been on relief .
is b2.s ed upo:1 ti1e ave r age s ize
of
the s e cas e s .
Digitized by
Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
«o and
m
over
$20-39
~
D
$1-19
No Income
CASES
200
400
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
CHART 1. DISTRIBUTION OF MONTHLY INCOME OF 1022 CLOSED RELIE~
CASES WHICH SUCCESSFULLY MAINTAINED A NON-RELIEF
STATUS AFTER MARCH 1935
Digitized by
Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
7817
- 5-
Thu s , t h e avG r as e monthly r eliof ~illowance f or AJ?ril , Mri,y rmd Ju..'1e , was
$25 . 10 , es contra sted with monthl y
i nc omes of $29. 60 , $36 . 70 aDd$4C. 30.
Th e monthly i ncome
of t h e Nec;r o
h ousehol ds , subsequen t t o cl os i ng ,
h owever, wa s l ess excep t f or June ,
t han the avera~ e monthl y budge t ar y
a llowi:lllce . Fo r Ap r i l , Uay and J une ,
Negro f amili e s aver aged inc omes of
only $1 7. 50 , $23 . 50 , and $26 . 70 (Table
13 ) .
Th e pr op or tion of ca ses in inc ome
l evel s ab ove $40 inc r ea se f or e2ch
month sub sequen t to cl osing , whi l e
t h e r e is a c or r esp ondi ng dec r ea se
for i nc ome gr offr, s bel ow $4C.
The
mon t hly dec r e~s e i s sligh t fo r the
$20- $39 gr oup , bu t mo r e def i nite fo r
t he lower group , $1- $19 . Ca ses wi t h
n o inc ome dec r ea se fr om 121 in Ap ri l
to 56 in J une ( Ch a r t 1) .
Expressed
in pe r centag8s , in Ap r il , 37 pe r cent
of the households ha~ i ncomes of $40
or mo r e ; i n May , 46 pe r ce!l t; and in
J une , 50· percent; whil e cn,s ,, s with
n o c a sh income dec r ease d fr om 12
pe r cent in .Ap ri l t o 6 p ercen t i!l
J une (Tab l e 14) .
The inc r eases in monthly inc omes ,
sub sequen t to cl os ing , Y:ere ma int a ined when s ize of c a.se i s c ons i de r ed.
Thus , the income fo r the
65 one- pe rson f amilies wo..s $Hl. 10 i n
Ap r il , $11 . 30 in May aI1d $12. 10 in
J une .
The c or r e s:r on.di ng E:IDoun ts by
months f or the 465
t wo- to- fourper son househo l ds wer e $25 . 20 , $32 . 00
and $39 . 10 ; and for the 492 f :imilies
wi th five-or- more pe r s ons , $34 . 40 ,
$45 . 10 , and $49 . 30. Mo r eov s r, f or
a.11 of the !:, e f amily sizes and for
each month e:wep t f or the f ive-o rmore p erson f arr.i l y in Ap ri l ,
the
ave r 3.ge income was grea ter than the
estima ted relief a llowance( T2ble 15 ) .
Ther e a r e c e r t a in
signifi cant
di f ferences i n the mon t hly income s
of t he v ar ious t nJ es of c a ses . Thus
a s p r evious l y in Qic a ted , whit e cases
ha d higher incomes than Negro cas e s .
Th e 926 case s with mal e he a ds bad
bette r i ncome s ,
sub sequen t
to
clo s i ng , than di d t h e 96 cases wi t h
fe mal e hea ds .
I n Anr i l , May
and
Jun e , t he ave r at,:e (m~di an) i ncome s
of t h e c a se s with mal e he ads we re
$29 . 90 , $38 . 10 , and $42 . 20 , a s c ompa r ed t o $15 . 5('- , $17 . 30 9.Ild
$34 . 30
for c as es with f ema le h ea ds .
For
eac h month the bu dge t ~r y a llowance
wa s l ess than the income of t h e
c ~ses with ma l e heads , but for n o
month di d c a ses with femal e he a ds
have an ave r a.g e i nc ome i n exces s of
t he curlg eta ry all owe.nc e.
Fo r bo t h
t ype s of c a ses , t he pe r centag e wi th
no
i ncome
dec l ined
fo r
eac h
suc ceeding
mon th
sub sequen t
to
cl osing , whi l e the pe r cent ag e with a
monthly inco me of $4C or more incr eased. liowev er, the p er cen t age of
cases wi t h
f emal e h eads
whose
i ncomes wG r G i n t hi s category never
exceeded 3 p er cP.n t (Jun e) wh il e it
r eached 52 p er cen t in t h os/ ca s e s
wi t h ma l e he ads (Table 1 6) 14 •
Na tur a lly , the 438 cas es wi t h on e
or more membe r s employed a t time of
c l os ing ha d somevfr18.t hi ghe r i nc omes
than did tho se wi t h no memb er err~
ployed a t t i me of clo s i ng.
Als o ,
t he ~e c a ses ~ith one or mo re per sons
wo r 1-:ine when closing occurr ed ha d a
better aver ag e monthl y i nc ome subs equen t to c lo s i ng t han d.i d t he 877
c a ses
wi t h
one or more
p er s ons
14 / These cases a r e , of c ou r se ,
smaJ.l e r than the othe r s . At t he same
time , howev e r, t hey a r e l ess a dequat ely
equi pp ed
for ea r ning
a
livelihood.
Digitized by
Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
7817
- 6-
emrloyed in June , the l as t month of
the survey . These i:1co,,1es were , fo -r
Aoril , $42 . i3C' , . an d $3L l C; for !,f!,y ,
$50 . 10 and $42 . l C' ; 211d fo r June ,
$51 . 60 and $46. 20 (Ta bl es 17 and 18) .
This is a,ccording t o exoec t a ti on., The
438 cas Ps with one or·· mere "De r s ons
worki ng a t closing h r1.d en Rdv antage
9.t the outs e t .
Po ssi bly , too , t h e
f :3.ct of their he.wing eml)lo:·ment Rt
c losing r eflected ari ab ility t o ge t
on not p os sessed by the other c e s es .
The more or le s s ch Eer f ul outl ook
desc rib ~d fo r the cas es of t his
survey is ·!nodifi ed by c er t a in f acts .
Fo r one t:ti ng , a r a ther h i gh "9e rcent
of these c a ses either h a d no income
a t all , or a ve r y low income du r ing
the months aft ar closin 6 • In April ,
38 pe rcen t of t he c 2s e s
h~d l ess
than $20 mo n t hly income ; in lvby , 30
per cent ; and i n Jun e , 26 pe r cen t
(Tabl e 14) .
Furthermore , a r el a tively l a rg e
no
p erc en t of these c ases ha d
e ar ning s and we re dep enden t s ol ely
u pon other sources of i nc ome clu r ing
the mo nths subsequen t t o closings .
In Ap r il , there wer e 251 such c a ses ,
OT 24
pe rc en t of the tot a l ; i n l'lay
166 , or 16 percent of ti:1e total ; end
in J1.me 1 145 , er .:: 114 p erc en t of t he
tot al (Tab le 1 9) .!dl . As an ex3~f l e
of the diffi culti es of c a ses with out
ill
- -- - - - - - ·- - -
The da t a of t h is sur v 1;;:. seern to
i ndic a te tha t
othe r
so~r c~s of
inccme wer e r el c.1 ti vel:r unir;,por tan t .
Thu s , in .Ap riJ_ Md MCJy , l '::i 8 , anrl. in
June , 207 of thGSe c ,,s es de r ived
income fro m so urc l~ S ott2 r
thaJ1
ea rnings . The av erag es ( med.i Em) for
--these c a ses were $12. C') , $C. ?C ,,nd
$9 . 9') , resp Pctiv ,3 ly , f or .Ar:ir il , I,1a;yand June.
Pos sibly t h ese mi s c el0
ea r ninGs , t Le 145 in t his condit i on
i n Ju:1e m~· be t a.1<en.
Sev enty of
t hi s 1~5 i nsist ed t hat t hey were
tot n.ll~r V!i thou t i nc ome . The aver ag e
i ncome for the group a s a whole in
Ari ril we.s $8 . 60 ; in M2.y , $9 . 20 ; and
in J lL'1e , $2 . 30.
The income of the
Negr oes fo r ea ch month
was ev en
lowe r (Table 18) .
Fifty- seven of
these c a ses h a d n o em:9loyab l e -person
between 16- 64 , though there v;ere
ac t u a lly i n this group p er s ons bel ow
16 and ov er 64 , who were working a t
va rious ti rr,es pr io r to June .
Fina lly , neither
the
aver af:e
re l ief allowance nor the aver age
i ncome f or t h es e c ases pr ovides for
mere t han
a miniil)urn su bisi tence
standard of livingl 6f. I n Ap r i l, ov er
fifty (5 0)
pe r cent
of
the
hou s eholds of this study were li v ing
on le s s t han $10 a we ek , 2.nd in Jun e
the month of th e hi ghe st
av er ag8
i ncor:'e , only
a
sli gh tly small er
p ro portio n we re fo r ced t o live a t
thi s l evel .
In .Apr il ,
about 15
pe r cent of the househo l ds h ad an
i nc o~ e of $15 pe r week or ffi Or e , increa si11g to 20 p er cent . of the t ot a l
in Ju.'1e .
Considering the
l a r ge
~ver&ge s i Le of the s e ca ses , i t i s
obv io us t ha t even those c a ses with
the hi 0 h e .:; t i nc omes ha d no mor e t han
enm.:.gh f or t he i r minimum needs .
- -- - -- -- - J. an eous sour ce s we:r-e -wtu a l ly
mor e
imp cr tan t t h en the sched,11 es reveal ,
s ince there wa s so ~e ~eni8ncy fo r
the cL.ent to ev a.de or un der st at e on
this i tern.
Un doubtedly , h owev er,
c ase s without ear r.ings f a red much
1?:or " e tha.n v1h en t h1:y ·ne re on relief .
Js./ As pr eviou s ly sta t ed. , t h e r elief
a llo w~ic e here cited p rovide s only
:for food .
Digitized by
Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
781 7
- 7-
Table 1
Dist r ibutio~ cf Eouseho lds i".l the Gene r al Por,ul Gt ion illld i n
?.elief Closings , by Size Gr oups
1
TO'.L'JJ.,
One per s on
'lwo per sons
Thr ee
t1
ti
Fou r
II
Five
11
Six
11
Seven
11
Ei ght
11
Nb.e
lj: en or more per s ons
1, 022
65
1 6C
1 53
152
1 36
1 25
81
59
41
50
100
5
20
21
19
14
9
5
3
2
2
127' 194
1, 231
5,452
5 , 6) 4
5 , 251
3 , 757
2 , 521
1 , 400
873
497
548
Median
a/
~/
?..el ief Closi!lgs 1;_/
\Uffibe r
I
Pe r cen t
:;.~e r al Ponul a +ior_ §)
' :fo.mbe r
Pe r cent
Size of
ehol ds
- - Hous
-
1 -)::)
6
16
15
15
13
12
8
6
4
5
4. 4
3. 7
U. S. Census , 193C , Vol . VI , ~- 585 .
Mar ch 1 935
Table 2
Distributi on of P er s ons in the Gen~r al Population and i n
Cl esed Relief Ca ses , by J.ge Gr oup s
P..dief Cases Qi
I
~Ju..'Il"b er
Pe r cen t
I
I
1 or)
4 , 842
2 , 239
46
713
15
I
1 , 069
22
636
13
4
1 85
Gene r al Fonul ~tion ~/
i.ium
b er
Per c . :m t
II
r ~I
I'104
..., , oo~
l fJ C'
1
1
j 39 , 6872 .
:52
I 1 9 , 69 C
16
I
37 , 423
3f'
I 21 , 018
17
5
6 , 7CJ 9
I
l\ge Gr oups
I
-4.1 1 .Liges
Under 1 6 years
11
16 - 24
11
25 - 44
ti
..J:5 - 64
65 yea rs and ove r
Unknow;i
§/
Q/
c;:___/
*
38
I
*
U. S. Census , 1 93G, Vol. III, P:1r t. 1 , p . 1 J 52 .
lviar ch 1 935 .
Fi:ft eon- ;ye3.r - old group 2s tima ted.
Less th::w.vi onE"-- :ial f of one pe r ccn t .
Digitized by
Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
7817
- 8-
Tabl e 3
Marit al St a tus of Perso ns 15 Year s of .Age and Over in the
Gene r al Popul a tion and i n Closed Rel ief Cas es
Tot al
8 7 , 1 78
27 , 191
53 , 5 05
5 , 840
578
64
Single
M;u-ried
Widowed
Divo r ced
Unknown
a/
b/
~/
*
Relief Cas esS!..1
Nu mbe r
Pe r cent
Gener al Popul a tio~/
Humber
Pe r cen t
Mar ital Sta tus
1 00
31
61
7
1
2 ! 6 03
634
1, 800
160
9
1 00
25
69
6
<;J
*
-
*
-
U. S. Census 1 930 , Vol . III, Pa r t 1, p . 1 055 .
Mar ch 1 935 .
I nc l udes 80 pe r s ons " separ a te~ 1
Less than one- hal f of one per cen t.
Table 4
Clo se d Rel ief Ca ses Cont a i ni ng Employ abl e Member s
Ma r ch 1 935 , Cl a ssified by Occupational Group s 9:./
Occupat io nal Grou:p
Reli ef Cases "'2../
Numbe r
Pe r cert
.All Occupation s
Whit e colla r
Skilled
Semi- skilled
Unski ll ed
I nexpe r ienced
365
~/
b/
c/
§:__/
9:./
45
275
153
489
3
I
Em:r2l o;yabl e Persons
Number
Pe rc en t
I
1, 652
84
31 8
350
87 6
1 00
5
28
16
51
*
I''
24
I
5:j
1 00
5
19
22
53
1
!
Current occupations of employ ed pe rsons and u sual occupa tions of
unempl oyed pe r s ons .
e ccupa tion of head of unit .
Per s ons 16- 64 y ea r s of age who are work ing or seeking work.
Exc l u d@s 57 househol cls wi t l1 no enp loyabl e membe r s .
Digitized by
Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
..
7817
- 9-
T'lble 5
Relief Ca ses Closed in Ma r ch 1935 , Cl a s2ified by Race and By
Cases Having Employed Persons
J ar..uary thru June 1935
--
Numbe r
Mcnth
Pe:cc-en-t-
'I
.AJ.l
P.aces
I
White
.All I
Pac es ii
Hegro
I
White
Negro
I
'
-
I
.Ail Closed Ca ses .
1, 022
780
242
1 0(
100
Ca ses Hav in 6 Employed Petsons
I 173
I
84
25
22
I 188
77
26
24
I
324
114
43
42
579
75
74
192
I 648
83
208
84
664
213
85
86
35
32
47
79
86
88
M,qy
June
I
I
I
257
265
438
771
856
877
100
I
i
J anuar y
Feb r u ar y
Ma r ch
Ji.pr il
I
i,
I
I
11
----
•I
-
Tabl e 6
Reli ef Ca ses Cl osed in Ma r ch 1935 , Cl a s s ified ~y Si ze of Cas e
and By Ca.ses Having Employ ed Pe r s ons
J anuar y thru J une , 1935
================================~
--==-=-==============-====-=-=--=---=-=-=-==---=-=-========
Number
P ercent
Mo n th
'j
All Closed Ca ses l, C22
· 5 or
i
65
465
I
j
J anuar y
Feb r uar y
M!:tr ch
Ap r i l
May
J une
1
5 or
:J
~- 4
mor e
All I One
2- 4
more 1 .All Jjone
Tyues Pe r s on 1P_e:rsonsFPe~r
s ons jTyp~],Pe~s on Pe r s ons I,Pe r sons
I
257:1
2651
438 1
7711
856 1
i3 77
6
9
11
34
34
37
I
I
l
!l JO
ii l OO
I
;,
158
159
244
391
438
438
I
I 25
. 26
I 43
75
84
86
i
I 9
14
17
Ii 52
II 52
ii 57
II 100
l CO
I
Ca ses Having Employed Persons
93
I 97
I 183
346
I
I 384
I 4 1)2
I
!
32
32
5C
79
2('
21
39
74
83
89
89
86
!l
--------·'--~----~1---~---~I___Ji.____l __ _ _
~! _ _ _
Digitized by
Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
7817
- lCTable 7
Relief Cases Closed in !.f9.rch 1935 Containing Frr.ployabl e Per sons ,
Cl c.ssified cy Race and by Enployment St atus
January thru June 1935
===============-=-===-~-=-=:;::====-==-==-===== =========-=
Workers l~- 64
Years of Ag e
_
Cases Having
Aver age Numbe r of
Tuployable Persons Workers p er l CO Cases
th
Mon
i~;es White Negr;-; ~ ~ ~_tel_negro
Total , March 1935 l, ~52 1,137
515
9h5
I 74~
:~_~es
222
171
Whi~!_Negro_
153
232
135
127
1cn
137
149
13G
103
117
2( 4
135
130
135
Numbe r Emoloy8d at Non- Relief Johs
January
February
Mar ch
Ap ril
U.ay
June
321
3~5()
551;
l , OF5
1 , 25n
l , 2C- 5
234
24()
324
8( 5
959
9( F,
87
9(',
232
21'.'i C
291
299
257
2Fi5
438
771
85F,
877
173
188
324
579
G4S
h64
124
125
12h
137
14h
137
84
77
114
192
2C'8
213
IDnu lo;yed as Percent nf Total
January
February
March
April
May
June
19%
20
34
64
7£
73
21~I
21
28
71
84
80
17%
17
45
5('
57
58
27%
28
45
8r
8'J
91
23%
25
44
78
87
89
38%
35
51
87
94
96
_J __ ,
/
Table 8
Employable Per sons~ in Relief Cases Closed in Mar ch 1935
Class i f ied by Sex and Race and by :Employment S ta.tus
Janua r y t hru June 1935
t!;:;
M a
Month
1 e
} ·-.~....-~-e-s-..,,--Wh-i_t_e_ _-r--N
- eg_r_o_ '
Total , Mar ch 1935
1, 228
January
Febrc1ary
Mar ch
April
May
June
213
218
384
729
857
824
Jan1.1.ary
Fehr uary
March
Ap ril
May
17%
18
31
59
7n
J'me
F-7
F e m a 1
es~!fWhite
e
71-
887
341
; 424
250
Nurr..ber of Empl oyed Persons
lFi'J
44
118
F, 7
173
45
112
249
75
135
172
!
5J/'.i
33Fi
133
i 2('9
i 250
71J
148
393
'772
381
152
234
Empl~yed as Percent of Total
Ii
I
1J%
20
28
67
80
7i::,
13%
13
40
39
43
45
25%
2~%
27
2F
41
79
93
90
3('
I
I
84
l OC
94
§:./ Between 1 ~ and ~4 year s of age .
Digitized by
Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
174
43
45
97
127
143
147
- 11Table 9
Tuployed and Unemp loyed Persons i n Closed Relief Cases , March 1935 ,
Classified by th e Total Employed Subsequent to Closing , by Race
Persons Tolployed At Cl osi ng
All
Races
Whit e
Negro
Month
March
Number
Percent
55F,
100
April
May
June
491
484
480
I
BB%
87
8 fJ
White
I
SB%
I
74%
70
F.8
3'J
I
39
52{o
7C
66
l
I
!I
-
i'
I
I
I
i
Ap ril
May
June
All
Races
!
1, 0'.)F,
232
814
I
!
100
100
l CO
i
I
Numb er of Persons
Fmp i o;y:ea:
i'
I
I
31 9
481;
172
574
322
1132
766
637
I
322
158
584
725
i,
i
Per cent of Mar ch Gr('IU]2 En12lo;yed _
324
100
I
Persons Unemp loyed at Clos ing
, 0%
78
72
Uegro
282
100
88
129
141
31%
46
50
Table 1n
Persons Unemp loyed at Time of Clos i ng , Mar ch 1935, Cl ass i f ied by Usual
Occupation and by Occupational Status Subsequent to Closing
Cccupa 1ona1 S ta tus , April - June 1 935
I
Usual
')ccupat ion
I
Number of Per sons
All Occupati ons
White c ollar
Skilled
Semi-skilled
Un sk illed
Percent Distribution
All 0ccupations
Whi te collar
Skilled
S erni-skill ed
Unskilled
Total
No
Change
A't.ove Usual
nccupation
Belo w Usual
Occupat ion
No
Work
1 049§:./
'
38
193
277
541
739
15
132
163
429
5
74
4
19
51
231
19
42
6C
11('
1orftl
100
1'10
l ')0
100
71
40
7
lC
10
18
22
50
22
22
21
I
,;g
59
79
3
2
-
*
-
II
1
-
*
!
* Less than one- ha lf of one pe r cent .
9:./ The totals of tables l C, 11 and 12 exclude those wo r ke r s with no
usual occupat ion . There we re 47 of those wo r ker s , 39 whi tes and
8 Negroes , 19 males and 28 femal es . Twenty- t hr ee of t he 47 got
employment, 1 a s a cler k , 4 as semi- skilled workers a nd 18 as un skilled workers .
Digitized by
Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
-
--
7817
7'Jl 7
-12Ta.ble 11
Persons Une~loyed at Cl osing , Cl qssifi ed by Usua l Occupati on and by
Cccupa tional Sta tus , Sub se quent to Cl osi ng , by P..ace
===========-==·====-~=-==·
·=====-=:-=-=·---====-.:=======:..:==.::==
Occupa ti onal St?. tus, Ap ril- June 1935
~ - - - -- - ---- - - - - -- - - Humbe r of Pe rs ons
I
? e rc ent Dis t ributi on
:
Above. ~iowT·- ·- r ---- , A-b-ovel Bel ow -- -·
I No Usual Usual I Wo
I no
Usual Usua l
No
1Total Change 0cc . 0cc . Work
T0tal J~~1an_g_e-+-_O_c_c_.-f-_Occ . Wo r k
Usual
Occupati on
Whit e
All Occupa ti ons
Whit e collar
Skilled
Semi-skill ed
Unskilled
Lab or ers
Servants
774a !
35
181 !
220
560
15
129
! 132
338 i 284
234 i 202
104 !
82
I
I
5
55
3
13
39
100§:.1
154
17
39
46
52
32
20
3
2
2
100
100
100
100
100
100
j
Negro
All Occupati ons
Whit e collar
Skill ed
Semi-skil l ed
Unskill ed
Labo r e rs
Se rvants
I
72
43
71
60
84
86
79
7
1
8
7
18
1
1
2
20
49
22
21
15
14
19
I
I
179
27~
I
12
57 j
203 i
111
92
3
.
I
31
145
84
61
19
1
6
12
77
2
3
- I
14
58
I
I
l OOa/ I
100
100
100
100
7
65
33
50
21
25
54
71
-
-L-=~~--~~--=:---=-~=~-=g_
=
-=-i__-=-_6_7}=_.__ =
28
67
25
25
29
24
34
l_--_- '- _-:.___
Table 12
Perso ns Unem:910:r ed at Cl osing , Cl a ssi f i ed. t:r Usual Occupati on and by
Occupational Sta tus , Subs equen t t o Cl osi ng , by Sex
--
-- ---
--
--
··- ---·-
·· - -
-- ---
--- - - - -- -- - - -
t
Occupatio nal Sta tus, Ap ril - June 1935
- - ---- --- -- --- ---- -- - - -·r- - - ·
N~unb e r of Pe r sons
Perc ent Distribution
Ab ove 3~1 0'v~r- - - ·-- i ·- -TAb o~~e l ow
No
I No Usual Usual No
No I Usu.all Usual
Wo r k
Tot a l !Chance 0cc . 0cc .:_ Wo rk
Total _Change 0cc . 0c c .
Usual
Occupati on
t:
!---
~
1
8259:./
21
191
205
408
342
66 I
All Occupations
Whit e c oll a r
Skill ed
Semi-s killed
Unskill ed
Lc:.borers
Se rvan ts
I
615
12
131
139
5
333
2
283
50
2
42
4
18
20
3
163
5
42
43
73
59
14
10~/
100
100
100
100
100
100
74
57
69
68
82
83
76
1
1
*
5
19
9
10
3
20
24
-22
21
18
17
21
I
I
Female
I
All Occupati ons
Whit e coll a r
Skilled
Semi-skill ed
Unskill ed
Lab or ers
I
Servan ts
_J_
I
2249:./! 124
17
2
72
133
3
1 30
3
1
24
96
3
93
32
1
31
I
I
I
'L_ _ - __
68
14
17
37
100
100
100
100
100
100
56
18
50
33
72
100
72 __ L
_
14
50
43
- I
- I
Digitized by
Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
30
82
24
28
28
7817
-13Table 13
Monthly I ncome of Closed Relief Cas e s , Cl a ssifi ed by Race ,
and the Ave r age Amount of Relief Al lo,:ance
January t h ru June, 1S35
-_-_--::_-_-_-_-_-_-:.._-_-_--::_-_--::_-_-_-_-_-_--::.._-_- _-_-_-_--- -:_-_-:_-_-_
- _-_-_-- - - - ~ -- I
Mon t hly I ncome
(median)
Month
Janua ry
Februa ry
Mar ch
Ap ril
May
J une
- ~
White
All Races
Negr o
II
$19.10
18 . 50
14 . 70
17 . 50
23 . 50
26 . 70
$24 . 30
24 . 00
23 . 10
33 . 60
4() . 50
45 . 00
$23 . 10
22 . 70
20 . 50
29 . 60
36 . 70
40 . 30
--
I Average
A_rnoun t
of Relief
j All owcmce
$23 . 00
23 . 00
23 . 00
25 .10
25 . 10
25 . 10
I
- -- - --
Tabl e 14
Monthly I ncome of Cl os ed Reli ef Ca s e s, Cl a ssifi ed by Race
J anuary thru J une , 19 35
a _l _+-_·_o_n_e_i: _$_1_- _1_9
_M
_o_n_t_h_+--_T_o_t_
j
$20- 39 -i-$40- 69
i
$70- 99
_kr$~~~e
j'e r cen t Di stribut ion of 1, 022 C@..§_~ s
January
February
Mar ch
April
May
J une
100
100
100
100
100
100
16
29
38
18
34
39
12
7
5
44
33
13
12
26
24
7
6
23
25
24
. 20
24
2
3
3
9
28
12
29
14
1
1
2
4
6
7
Pe r cent ~i s t ri buti on of 780 Whi t e Cas e s
January
Feb r uary
Mar ch
April
May
Jun e
100
100
100
100
100
100
J anuary
Februa ry
Mar ch
April
100
May
J une
100
100
100
100
100
2
34
20
3
13
40
7
14
3
43
36
2
11
26
22
25
11
15
29
24
7
18
16
16
31
24
5
Pe rcent Dist r ibution of 242 Eee$r o Case s
16
17
7
12
14
8
7
27
35
35
47
52
42
38
35
!
I
i
~
I
'33
32
23
23
24
24
I:
23
2
2
2
4
5
22
9
12
12
I
I
1
'
.
10
16
1
"
G
2
5
7
8
1
*
1
1
2
3
-====·==--===-===
=~-======~====~=-=_L_==-=::!:=======-=--=·-* Le ss than one- hal f of one pe r cent .
Digitized by
Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
781 7
-14-
Tao l e 15
Monthl y I n c ome~ / of Cl o sed Re li e f Ca s e s a nd Av e r a 6 e Pe li e f Al l owa n ce
Subs e quen t t o Cl o si ng, by Si z e of Ca s e
- - ~- --- - - - - - -- Ap ril
Siz e of Ca s e
I
I n -:3 ome
·- 1-$~~
1
On e -oe r s on
2 - 4 pe r s on s
5 o r mor e pe rs on s
25 . 20
34 . 40
j
All or:ance
-
-
_J __ _
I -
-
J u ne
~ Al- 1- o-~~- -
I n com~ ~ nc om_e _a_n_c e_ _ _
$ 8 . 30
$11. 30
32 . 00
4 5 . 10
18 . 40
39 . 10
!
I
s, :·~~
I $!392 .. 11 o0
18 . 40
39 . 10
j
I
I
Q/
- - - ----
.fay
- -·- 1- ill ow-
$ 8 • 30
18 . 41)
39 . 1 0
4 9 . 30
I
I
- - -- - -- - ---
-
!
-===-=--.:::-- ' --- -_-_-_---"---_- _-_-:.._- _--:_-L-_-::...::-::::-_-_- ···-
- - ··
Med ian
Tab l e 1 6
Mon t hly I n c ome of Cl os ed P e l ie f Ca s e s, Su b s 8ou e n t t o Cl o~ i ng , Cl a s si f i e d
b y Sex of Head , and t he Av er a 6 e Hon t hl :, Relie f All owanc e
7
Ave rage
Mon tt
Re li e f
I
,--r-- -.-i- - -7-- --1-_
P e rc e n t of c a s e s with :
1
o- I-n-co- ~-e - - - -,----
With
Allo w-
1
Al l
I Hal e
T~rpe s l Head
a n ce
Ap r i l
Ma y
J une
I
I nc ome of
Reli e f Ca s e s
( med i an)
I
I
I
Wi t h
1!
·-
I Fer.1ale i Al l
I
Eead
-i-i-·'i Wit h
i Type s
1! 1fal e
IEead
Jf_
rri th
Wi t h .....,I_ _
Femal e
Al l I a l e
Head
T:..rpe s i Head
I
I
I
Wit h . F e mal
Head
I
$25 . 10 !$28 . 30 $29 . 90 I $15 . 50
1
25 . 10 ! 36 . 30 I 38 . 10 ! 1 7 . 3')
25 . 10 1 39 . 80 1 42 . 20 I 24 . 30
========- -~
__i_
I-
- $~0- o-r- mo r e
__
16
10
15
10
9
8
17
13
12
36
46
50
38
49
52
2
2
3
~1- ___~~-~·~~-~-=-'l__:~----'-~·==-~~-~~~-~~~~~--=~-=- =--
Digitized by
Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
7817
-15-
Table 17
Monthly Income of Clos e d Cas e s With Pe rsons Empl0ye d a.~d TTith No Pe rs ons Emp loyed
at Ti me of Cl osing Clas sifi ed by Race, and .b.vera ge !font h ly Re lief Allo w2nce
Janua r y t h ru Jur1e , 1 935
---11 th
'on
-~All_l_-
----4
Januaryj
$23 . 00
I $26 . 60
23 . 00
I. 28 .50
F eb ruar· .
~;~~~
May
J,une
----
,AI nco"meof Rel i ef ·
Perc ent of Cas e s - With :._ ---- 1
I vle :agfe I
Cas e s - - lfo Tnc ome·- - - - ! . - -$40 or mo r e
i Re i e
I
- 1
·- i 71T..-f- --- 7 - --- ~ r - 1
-- , -- Allowance '_Rac e s '. i"ihi te I _Negro _+Jl.ace s !i '\Yhi t el- Negro ; Race s
_Whit ~ Negro
:I ~t~g
,·
1
~~ : ~g
1
$28 ~::1e ;2:~:: One~:; M~re1:;rson:4~nrplcy::<j 31%I 20%
I
:I•
30 . 20!'
:, !~:;g!
1
23 . 30
5
~~ : ~g
; l
50 . l C j 54 . 50! 34 . 70
51. 60 I 55 . 50! 39 . 00
25 .10
25 .10
I
,1
2
1
11
!i
6
5
1
27
34
'
19
~
~
;;
:~
~~
3
1
0
62
64
68
69
45
49
2
!I
i
I
January I $23Jl0
23 . 00
Fe brua rY1
March
j
23 . 00
April
25 .10
1 25 .10
May
Jun e
25 .10
!
J
/
'
1\
1$20 . 60
1 8 . 60
j 14. 30
I 21.70
l 28 .1 0
~-33 . 10
i
_Q~.~
v!_~t~JJ.9-J.~.r...s _on _ ~~-1 oy~~
I
lj $21. 501 $17. 50
!i 19. 70 15 . 70
8 . 90
15 . 70
1 31. 20! 1 8 . 50
1
1; 3 7. 03_ 20 . 00
ij
15 . 901
!1 23 . 901
'
I
17% :
8
i
8
18
1:
11
11
9
;i
i!
16%
9
3
17
10
7
i
:
1
.
1
I
!
185&
1 6%
17%
8
8
8
23
3
4
23
25
29
14
;34
/ 39
14 _~-~0 ___l_46
1%
9
1
13
17
21
===:..====
*Les s than one - hal f of one Je r cen t .
Ta ble 18
Mont h ly I ncome of Maren Cl o s e d Ca s e s Wi L i Pe r :::0:1.s Emp l oyed and :Ji th No P e rs ons
Empl oyed Duri n g Jun e , Cla ssifi ed b:-r Rt:.ce , and the Ave r age Honth l ~r Re li e f All owanc e
J anukr ;/ t ::iru Ju:ie , J. ? 35
Month
Negro
January
Februa ry
March
Ap ril
May
Jun e
9:./
1 8 . 20
31 .10
4 2 .10
46 . 20
$1 2 .10
1 2 . 50
15 . 00
6 . 70
6 . 70
Ii
l
- ·- ·-
Med ian
Digitized by
Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
781 7
-16-
Tab l e 1 9
Mon t hl y Ear nings of Cl os 8d Rel ief Ca s es, Sub sequen t t o
Cl osi ng , Cl a s s if ied by Race
·- c--=========:=;::;:=====
----I
- -,- - - i - - - -======-;
I .
$70 or
1
Med i an
Total No ne! $1-9 $10- 1 9 j$20- 291 $30- 39 : $40- 49 l$50- 591$60- 691
-·-------1---._
. mor_e__ _ _
I
Mon th
100
100
100
Ap ril
May
J une
9
24
I 16
! 14
I
12
12
8
7
] _('
I
100
100
100
100
April
May
I 100
J une I 100
I
26 I 6
16 I 6
15 I 5
21
14
12
12
10
11
9
8
10
10
12
13
5
7
7
6
8
g
13
19
20
$23 . 90
34 . 10
38 . 00
15
22
23
27 . 80
39 . 90
47 . 90
5
15 . 00
20 . 90
Case
Per c ent Di s t r ib~ti on of 780 Wni
- - t -e- ---s
I
Ap ril
May
June
1
Per cen t Dist ri buti o~ of 1, 022 Case s
I
19
15
13
9
I
:
9
l
I
'
12
9
9
10
9
10
10
13
14
1
·
6
7
7
9
8
i 7
_F _e r ~_::::_n_~_ ~_2:_:>_~_2:bu_t_i_
o:-i_._o_f__2_
4_
2_N_Te-"g"---r o Cas e s
8
I
21
12
20
17
15
6
7
15
10
i
7
10
10
I
4
6
5
6
I
7
l~_l_
6 __ _: _ 1_1_____,__,____2_5_. ~-0- _
)
Digitized by
Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
AND
NTY, MARYL
U
O
C
E
R
O
IM
S, BALT
E.
ELIEF CASE
R
D
E
S
O
L
C
SQUARE M IL
2
2
0
R
1
E
P
F
O
R
E
N
B
IO
M
T
U
, BY N
DISTRIBU
MARCH 1935
·:..=..//....::.
. ·....: ..
.
CECIL
·•
2
0
?:1
:r:
HARFORD
CARROLL
~
m
(f )0
-l <a .
m ;= ;:
;;o ;;;;·
ID
2 Q.
Co2 '<
<
m
;;o
(./')
~
HOWARD
2
0
~
MONTGOME
RY
~
S
QU EE N AN NE
mo
~(./')
-l lO
m 3·
;;o QI
-
2-
LEGEND
2 3
CASES
NUMBER OF
M IL E .
PER SQUARE
c o::::r
<
m
;;o
(./' )
~
I
LE SS THAN
□
I TO 4
~
4 TO 7
7 TO 10
m
■
GES
PRINCE GEOR
CA RO LI NE
TA LB OT
Digitized by
Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
