Full text of 2006 : Text File, USDL - 07-0013
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Technical information: (202) 691-6378 USDL 07-0113
http://www.bls.gov/cps/
For release: 10:00 A.M. EST
Media contact: 691-5902 Thursday, January 25, 2007
UNION MEMBERS IN 2006
In 2006, 12.0 percent of employed wage and salary workers were union
members, down from 12.5 percent a year earlier, the U.S. Department of
Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The number of persons
belonging to a union fell by 326,000 in 2006 to 15.4 million. The union
membership rate has steadily declined from 20.1 percent in 1983, the first
year for which comparable union data are available. Some highlights from
the 2006 data are:
--Workers in the public sector had a union membership rate nearly
five times that of private sector employees.
--Education, training, and library occupations had the highest
unionization rate among all occupations, at 37 percent.
--The unionization rate was higher for men than for women.
--Black workers were more likely to be union members than were white,
Asian, or Hispanic workers.
Membership by Industry and Occupation
The union membership rate for government workers (36.2 percent) was
substantially higher than for private industry workers (7.4 percent).
Within the public sector, local government workers had the highest union
membership rate, 41.9 percent. This group includes several heavily union-
ized occupations, such as teachers, police officers, and fire fighters.
Among major private industries, transportation and utilities had the
highest union membership rate, at 23.2 percent, followed by construction
(13.0 percent). Within the information industry, telecommunications had
a 20.7 percent union membership rate. Financial activities had the lowest
unionization rate in 2006--1.9 percent. (See table 3.)
Among occupational groups, education, training, and library occupations
(37.3 percent) and protective service occupations (34.7 percent) had the
highest unionization rates in 2006. Transportation and material moving
occupations (18.5 percent), construction and extraction occupations (17.6
percent), installation, maintenance, and repair occupations (15.8 percent),
community and social services occupations (15.6 percent), and production
occupations (15.5 percent) also had higher-than-average rates. Sales and
related occupations (3.1 percent) and farming, fishing, and forestry occu-
pations (3.5 percent) had the lowest unionization rates. (See table 3.)
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Demographic Characteristics of Union Members
In 2006, the union membership rate was higher for men (13.0 percent)
than for women (10.9 percent). (See table 1.) The gap between their rates
has narrowed considerably since 1983, when the rate for men was about 10 per-
centage points higher than the rate for women. This narrowing occurred be-
cause the union membership rate for men declined more rapidly than the rate
for women over the period.
Black workers were more likely to be union members (14.5 percent) than
were whites (11.7 percent), Asians (10.4 percent), or Hispanics (9.8 per-
cent). Among age groups, union membership rates were highest among workers
45 to 64 years old (16.0 percent) and were lowest among those ages 16 to 24
(4.4 percent). Full-time workers were more than twice as likely as part-
time workers to be union members, 13.1 and 6.3 percent, respectively. (See
table 1.)
Union Representation of Nonmembers
About 1.5 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union
on their main job in 2006, while not being union members themselves. (See
table 1.) Slightly more than half of these workers were employed in govern-
ment. (See table 3.)
Earnings
In 2006, full-time wage and salary workers who were union members had
median usual weekly earnings of $833, compared with a median of $642 for
wage and salary workers who were not represented by unions. (See table 2.)
The difference reflects a variety of influences in addition to coverage by
a collective bargaining agreement, including variations in the distributions
of union members and nonunion employees by occupation, industry, firm size,
or geographic region. (For a discussion of the problem of differentiating
between the influence of unionization status and the influence of other
worker characteristics on employee earnings, see "Measuring union-nonunion
earnings differences," Monthly Labor Review, June 1990.)
Union Membership by State
In 2006, 29 states and the District of Columbia had union membership
rates below that of the U.S. average, 12.0 percent, while 20 states had
higher rates and 1 state posted the same rate. All states in the East
North Central, Middle Atlantic, and Pacific divisions reported union
membership rates at or above the national average, and all states in the
East South Central and West South Central divisions had rates below it.
Union membership rates were down in 30 states and the District of Columbia,
up in 17 states, and unchanged in 3 states from 2005. (See table 5.)
Among the five states reporting union membership rates below 5.0 percent
in 2006, North Carolina and South Carolina continued to post the lowest
rates (3.3 percent each). The next lowest rates were recorded in Virginia
(4.0 percent), Georgia (4.4 percent), and Texas (4.9 percent). Four states
had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2006--Hawaii (24.7 percent),
New York (24.4 percent), Alaska (22.2 percent), and New Jersey (20.1 percent).
Hawaii and New York have recorded the highest union membership rates among all
states for 10 of the past 11 years.
- 3 -
The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.3 million)
and New York (2.0 million). Just under half (7.5 million) of the 15.4
million union members in the U.S. lived in six states (California, 2.3
million; New York, 2.0 million; Illinois, 0.9 million; Michigan, 0.8
million; New Jersey, 0.8 million; and Pennsylvania, 0.7 million), though
these states accounted for about one-third of wage and salary employment
nationally.
State union membership levels depend on both the employment level and
union membership rate. Texas (with the second largest number of employed
wage and salary workers) had less than one-quarter as many union members as
New York (the third largest), despite having over 1.6 million more wage and
salary employees. Similarly, Florida (with the fourth largest employment
level) and Minnesota (the twenty-first) had virtually the same number of
union members, even though Florida�s wage and salary employment level was
three times that of Minnesota.
- 4 -
Technical Note
The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current Population
Survey (CPS), which provides the basic information on the labor force,
employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically
selected national sample of about 60,000 households. The union membership
and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample
and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are
excluded.
Union membership data for 2006 are not strictly comparable with data
for 2005 and earlier years because of the introduction in January 2006 of
revised population controls used in the CPS. The effect of the revised
population controls on the union membership estimates is unknown. However,
the effect of the new controls on the monthly CPS estimates was to decrease
the December 2005 employment level by 123,000 and the unemployment level by
8,000. The updated controls had little or no effect on unemployment rates
and other ratios. For additional information, see "Adjustments to Household
Survey Population Estimates in January 2006" in the February 2005 issue of
Employment and Earnings, available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/
cps/cps06adj.pdf.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200, TDD message referral
phone number: 1-800-877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling
error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there
is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population
values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies de-
pending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured
by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance,
or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no
more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of
sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level
of confidence.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error
can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of
the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the
sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct infor-
mation, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and in-
formation on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings.
- 5 -
Definitions
The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly
below.
Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee
association similar to a union.
Represented by unions. Data refer to union members, as well as workers
who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an
employee association contract.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other
deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually
received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Prior to
1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since
January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for
them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly,
annually, other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period.
Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly
equivalent. The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the
respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to
define the term as more than half of the weeks worked during the past 4 or
5 months.
Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings
distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and
the other having earnings below the median. The estimating procedure places
each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals
which are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is estimated
through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies.
Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, salaries, com-
missions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes
employees in both the private and public sectors, but, for the purposes
of the union membership and earnings series, excludes all self-employed
persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week
at their sole or principal job.
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per
week at their sole or principal job.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who identified them-
selves in the enumeration process as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino.
Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any
race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics
(Numbers in thousands)
2005 2006
Members of Represented Members of Represented
unions (1) by unions (2) unions (1) by unions (2)
Characteristic Total Total
em- em-
ployed Percent Percent ployed Percent Percent
Total of Total of Total of Total of
em- em- em- em-
ployed ployed ployed ployed
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over................... 125,889 15,685 12.5 17,223 13.7 128,237 15,359 12.0 16,860 13.1
16 to 24 years........................... 19,283 878 4.6 1,019 5.3 19,538 857 4.4 978 5.0
25 years and over........................ 106,606 14,808 13.9 16,204 15.2 108,699 14,502 13.3 15,883 14.6
25 to 34 years......................... 28,450 3,044 10.7 3,368 11.8 28,805 2,899 10.1 3,195 11.1
35 to 44 years......................... 30,654 4,211 13.7 4,579 14.9 30,526 3,997 13.1 4,356 14.3
45 to 54 years......................... 28,714 4,731 16.5 5,158 18.0 29,401 4,710 16.0 5,131 17.5
55 to 64 years......................... 15,158 2,496 16.5 2,732 18.0 16,095 2,568 16.0 2,832 17.6
65 years and over...................... 3,631 325 8.9 366 10.1 3,872 328 8.5 370 9.5
Men, 16 years and over................... 65,466 8,870 13.5 9,597 14.7 66,811 8,657 13.0 9,360 14.0
16 to 24 years......................... 9,860 523 5.3 603 6.1 10,130 543 5.4 608 6.0
25 years and over...................... 55,606 8,347 15.0 8,994 16.2 56,682 8,114 14.3 8,752 15.4
25 to 34 years....................... 15,559 1,754 11.3 1,915 12.3 15,677 1,650 10.5 1,793 11.4
35 to 44 years....................... 16,196 2,422 15.0 2,582 15.9 16,159 2,309 14.3 2,488 15.4
45 to 54 years....................... 14,421 2,658 18.4 2,849 19.8 14,867 2,617 17.6 2,807 18.9
55 to 64 years....................... 7,606 1,346 17.7 1,458 19.2 7,990 1,370 17.1 1,474 18.4
65 years and over.................... 1,824 167 9.1 190 10.4 1,989 167 8.4 190 9.6
Women, 16 years and over................. 60,423 6,815 11.3 7,626 12.6 61,426 6,702 10.9 7,501 12.2
16 to 24 years......................... 9,423 354 3.8 417 4.4 9,408 315 3.3 370 3.9
25 years and over...................... 51,000 6,461 12.7 7,210 14.1 52,018 6,388 12.3 7,131 13.7
25 to 34 years....................... 12,891 1,290 10.0 1,454 11.3 13,127 1,249 9.5 1,401 10.7
35 to 44 years....................... 14,457 1,790 12.4 1,997 13.8 14,368 1,687 11.7 1,867 13.0
45 to 54 years....................... 14,293 2,073 14.5 2,309 16.2 14,534 2,093 14.4 2,325 16.0
55 to 64 years....................... 7,552 1,150 15.2 1,274 16.9 8,106 1,198 14.8 1,358 16.8
65 years and over.................... 1,806 158 8.8 176 9.8 1,883 160 8.5 180 9.5
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY, AND SEX
White, 16 years and over.................. 102,967 12,520 12.2 13,755 13.4 104,668 12,259 11.7 13,424 12.8
Men..................................... 54,462 7,275 13.4 7,858 14.4 55,459 7,115 12.8 7,668 13.8
Women................................... 48,505 5,245 10.8 5,897 12.2 49,209 5,144 10.5 5,756 11.7
Black or African American, 16 years and
over..................................... 14,459 2,178 15.1 2,391 16.5 14,878 2,163 14.5 2,391 16.1
Men..................................... 6,603 1,062 16.1 1,166 17.7 6,788 1,056 15.6 1,158 17.1
Women................................... 7,857 1,115 14.2 1,225 15.6 8,090 1,107 13.7 1,233 15.2
Asian, 16 years and over.................. 5,479 614 11.2 666 12.2 5,703 592 10.4 657 11.5
Men..................................... 2,881 314 10.9 337 11.7 3,015 286 9.5 316 10.5
Women................................... 2,598 299 11.5 329 12.7 2,688 306 11.4 340 12.7
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and
over..................................... 17,191 1,793 10.4 1,981 11.5 18,121 1,770 9.8 1,935 10.7
Men..................................... 10,324 1,093 10.6 1,185 11.5 10,842 1,064 9.8 1,144 10.6
Women................................... 6,866 700 10.2 796 11.6 7,279 706 9.7 791 10.9
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS (3)
Full-time workers......................... 103,560 14,207 13.7 15,551 15.0 106,106 13,938 13.1 15,244 14.4
Part-time workers......................... 22,052 1,441 6.5 1,630 7.4 21,863 1,382 6.3 1,573 7.2
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals
because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2006, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Estimates for
the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for
all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are
classified by ethnicity as well as race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded
are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics
2005 2006
Characteristic Members Repre Members Repre-
of sented Non- of sented Non-
Total unions by union Total unions by union
(1) unions (1) unions
(2) (2)
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over................... $651 $801 $795 $622 $671 $833 $827 $642
16 to 24 years........................... 397 502 502 392 409 526 523 404
25 years and over........................ 696 820 815 669 718 850 845 691
25 to 34 years......................... 610 735 729 595 621 773 766 606
35 to 44 years......................... 731 844 837 708 748 853 849 728
45 to 54 years......................... 748 854 851 722 773 888 884 750
55 to 64 years......................... 742 852 851 716 765 882 883 741
65 years and over...................... 569 679 683 551 583 675 667 573
Men, 16 years and over................... 722 857 855 692 743 887 885 717
16 to 24 years......................... 409 513 511 403 418 526 521 413
25 years and over...................... 771 876 876 749 797 904 902 771
25 to 34 years....................... 644 763 760 624 661 831 822 640
35 to 44 years....................... 822 921 918 800 836 918 914 816
45 to 54 years....................... 853 911 912 831 897 936 939 883
55 to 64 years....................... 855 888 895 840 902 928 930 893
65 years and over.................... 644 758 768 625 658 650 653 659
Women, 16 years and over................. 585 731 726 559 600 758 753 579
16 to 24 years......................... 381 484 487 377 395 527 529 391
25 years and over...................... 612 743 738 593 627 768 763 607
25 to 34 years....................... 573 693 682 548 583 727 716 565
35 to 44 years....................... 621 740 735 603 645 759 755 626
45 to 54 years....................... 644 760 758 619 659 807 798 628
55 to 64 years....................... 639 795 785 610 658 819 822 627
65 years and over.................... 492 610 599 480 510 690 678 495
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO
ETHNICITY, AND SEX
White, 16 years and over.................. 672 830 824 641 690 859 854 659
Men..................................... 743 884 884 714 761 909 907 735
Women................................... 596 749 743 576 609 777 772 588
Black or African American, 16 years and
over..................................... 520 656 653 500 554 707 694 520
Men..................................... 559 689 682 523 591 745 734 557
Women................................... 499 632 630 478 519 665 656 502
Asian, 16 years and over.................. 753 809 805 744 784 834 840 774
Men..................................... 825 819 817 827 882 838 852 888
Women................................... 665 789 785 643 699 828 824 681
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and
over..................................... 471 673 661 449 486 686 681 469
Men..................................... 489 713 704 473 505 732 724 490
Women................................... 429 609 606 414 440 607 614 420
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2006, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Estimates for
the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for
all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are
classified by ethnicity as well as race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded
are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry
(Numbers in thousands)
2005 2006
Members of Represented Members of Represented
unions (1) by unions (2) unions (1) by unions (2)
Occupation and industry Total Total
em- em-
ployed Percent Percent ployed Percent Percent
Total of Total of Total of Total of
em- em- em- em-
ployed ployed ployed ployed
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related
occupations................................ 42,226 5,639 13.4 6,385 15.1 43,105 5,522 12.8 6,288 14.6
Management, business, and financial
operations occupations................. 15,955 793 5.0 939 5.9 16,471 802 4.9 964 5.9
Management occupations.............. 10,921 485 4.4 585 5.4 11,260 478 4.2 595 5.3
Business and financial operations
occupations........................ 5,034 308 6.1 354 7.0 5,210 324 6.2 369 7.1
Professional and related occupations.... 26,271 4,845 18.4 5,447 20.7 26,635 4,721 17.7 5,324 20.0
Computer and mathematical
occupations........................ 3,067 142 4.6 172 5.6 3,069 133 4.3 172 5.6
Architecture and engineering
occupations........................ 2,593 221 8.5 259 10.0 2,669 197 7.4 236 8.9
Life, physical, and social science
occupations........................ 1,305 125 9.6 140 10.7 1,315 130 9.9 155 11.8
Community and social services
occupations........................ 2,100 346 16.5 376 17.9 2,099 327 15.6 356 17.0
Legal occupations................... 1,261 71 5.6 83 6.6 1,282 68 5.3 73 5.7
Education, training, and library
occupations........................ 7,813 3,006 38.5 3,354 42.9 7,888 2,942 37.3 3,287 41.7
Arts, design, entertainment, sports,
and media occupations.............. 1,957 152 7.8 171 8.8 1,930 124 6.4 140 7.2
Healthcare practitioner and
technical occupations.............. 6,175 782 12.7 892 14.4 6,383 800 12.5 904 14.2
Service occupations......................... 21,074 2,446 11.6 2,659 12.6 21,569 2,460 11.4 2,658 12.3
Healthcare support occupations.......... 2,971 286 9.6 317 10.7 2,999 312 10.4 340 11.3
Protective service occupations.......... 2,843 1,051 37.0 1,109 39.0 2,919 1,012 34.7 1,067 36.6
Food preparation and serving related
occupations............................ 7,361 316 4.3 362 4.9 7,478 321 4.3 353 4.7
Building and grounds cleaning and
maintenance occupations................ 4,525 504 11.1 553 12.2 4,703 507 10.8 561 11.9
Personal care and service occupations... 3,373 288 8.5 317 9.4 3,471 307 8.9 337 9.7
Sales and office occupations................ 32,541 2,385 7.3 2,671 8.2 32,986 2,319 7.0 2,573 7.8
Sales and related occupations........... 13,630 451 3.3 519 3.8 13,883 430 3.1 489 3.5
Office and administrative support
occupations............................ 18,911 1,934 10.2 2,152 11.4 19,103 1,889 9.9 2,084 10.9
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance occupations.................... 12,907 2,129 16.5 2,238 17.3 13,366 2,138 16.0 2,248 16.8
Farming, fishing, and forestry
occupations............................ 898 35 3.9 38 4.3 880 31 3.5 33 3.7
Construction and extraction
occupations............................ 7,296 1,283 17.6 1,348 18.5 7,617 1,337 17.6 1,396 18.3
Installation, maintenance, and repair
occupations............................ 4,713 811 17.2 851 18.1 4,870 771 15.8 820 16.8
Production, transportation, and material
moving occupations......................... 17,142 3,086 18.0 3,271 19.1 17,211 2,920 17.0 3,094 18.0
Production occupations.................. 9,007 1,539 17.1 1,617 17.9 8,964 1,392 15.5 1,468 16.4
Transportation and material moving
occupations............................ 8,135 1,547 19.0 1,655 20.3 8,247 1,528 18.5 1,626 19.7
INDUSTRY
Private sector.............................. 105,508 8,255 7.8 8,962 8.5 107,846 7,981 7.4 8,688 8.1
Agriculture and related industries........ 1,021 28 2.7 30 3.0 1,059 25 2.3 27 2.6
Nonagricultural industries................ 104,487 8,227 7.9 8,931 8.5 106,786 7,957 7.5 8,660 8.1
Mining................................. 600 48 8.0 57 9.5 632 48 7.5 56 8.8
Construction........................... 8,053 1,057 13.1 1,111 13.8 8,444 1,097 13.0 1,146 13.6
Manufacturing.......................... 15,518 2,017 13.0 2,127 13.7 15,643 1,827 11.7 1,949 12.5
Durable goods...................... 9,845 1,310 13.3 1,382 14.0 10,072 1,190 11.8 1,263 12.5
Nondurable goods................... 5,673 707 12.5 746 13.1 5,571 637 11.4 686 12.3
Wholesale and retail trade............. 18,989 1,021 5.4 1,122 5.9 19,245 957 5.0 1,023 5.3
Wholesale trade.................... 4,017 236 5.9 259 6.4 4,100 201 4.9 215 5.2
Retail trade....................... 14,973 785 5.2 864 5.8 15,145 756 5.0 808 5.3
Transportation and utilities........... 5,212 1,252 24.0 1,309 25.1 5,299 1,227 23.2 1,287 24.3
Transportation and warehousing..... 4,379 1,024 23.4 1,071 24.4 4,459 991 22.2 1,042 23.4
Utilities.......................... 833 228 27.4 239 28.6 840 237 28.2 245 29.1
Information (3)........................ 2,934 398 13.6 422 14.4 3,105 372 12.0 404 13.0
Publishing, except Internet........ 765 68 8.8 74 9.7 833 58 7.0 63 7.5
Motion pictures and sound
recording......................... 277 42 15.0 43 15.5 296 30 10.3 32 10.6
Broadcasting, except Internet...... 534 46 8.6 48 9.0 522 31 5.9 40 7.6
Telecommunications................. 1,096 234 21.4 248 22.6 1,183 245 20.7 261 22.1
Financial activities................... 8,619 195 2.3 238 2.8 8,841 168 1.9 206 2.3
Finance and insurance.............. 6,304 102 1.6 132 2.1 6,503 92 1.4 123 1.9
Finance....................... 4,114 59 1.4 77 1.9 4,308 52 1.2 73 1.7
Insurance..................... 2,190 44 2.0 54 2.5 2,195 40 1.8 50 2.3
Real estate and rental and
leasing........................... 2,315 92 4.0 107 4.6 2,338 77 3.3 82 3.5
Professional and business services..... 10,951 292 2.7 341 3.1 11,398 274 2.4 329 2.9
Professional and technical
services.......................... 6,468 98 1.5 120 1.9 6,601 90 1.4 116 1.8
Management, administrative, and
waste services.................... 4,483 194 4.3 221 4.9 4,798 184 3.8 213 4.4
Education and health services.......... 17,357 1,434 8.3 1,632 9.4 17,853 1,483 8.3 1,694 9.5
Educational services............... 3,312 435 13.1 511 15.4 3,540 478 13.5 562 15.9
Health care and social
assistance........................ 14,045 999 7.1 1,121 8.0 14,313 1,005 7.0 1,132 7.9
Leisure and hospitality................ 10,658 333 3.1 377 3.5 10,638 326 3.1 370 3.5
Arts, entertainment, and
recreation........................ 1,869 118 6.3 134 7.2 1,781 112 6.3 126 7.1
Accommodation and food services.... 8,790 215 2.4 243 2.8 8,857 214 2.4 244 2.8
Accommodation.................. 1,459 122 8.3 130 8.9 1,422 131 9.2 141 9.9
Food services and drinking
places........................ 7,331 93 1.3 113 1.5 7,436 83 1.1 103 1.4
Other services (3)..................... 5,596 181 3.2 194 3.5 5,689 177 3.1 198 3.5
Other services, except private
households........................ 4,799 175 3.7 188 3.9 4,873 172 3.5 191 3.9
Public sector............................... 20,381 7,430 36.5 8,262 40.5 20,392 7,378 36.2 8,172 40.1
Federal goverment....................... 3,427 954 27.8 1,134 33.1 3,381 960 28.4 1,139 33.7
State government........................ 5,874 1,838 31.3 2,056 35.0 6,102 1,843 30.2 2,049 33.6
Local government........................ 11,080 4,638 41.9 5,071 45.8 10,908 4,575 41.9 4,984 45.7
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2006, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data refer to
the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or
not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry
2005 2006
Occupation and industry Members Repre- Members Repre-
of sented Non- of sented Non-
Total unions by union Total unions by union
(1) unions (1) unions
(2) (2)
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related
occupations................................ $937 $942 $937 $937 $967 $966 $962 $968
Management, business, and financial
operations occupations................. 997 1,015 1,029 995 1,045 1,042 1,060 1,044
Management occupations.............. 1,083 1,137 1,146 1,076 1,127 1,144 1,154 1,125
Business and financial operations
occupations........................ 871 854 866 872 930 950 947 928
Professional and related occupations.... 902 932 924 894 928 956 948 921
Computer and mathematical
occupations........................ 1,132 1,009 1,029 1,141 1,166 1,057 1,103 1,170
Architecture and engineering
occupations........................ 1,105 1,133 1,133 1,101 1,155 1,148 1,157 1,155
Life, physical, and social science
occupations........................ 965 978 1,011 959 984 1,114 1,086 977
Community and social services
occupations........................ 725 880 865 693 740 886 872 707
Legal occupations................... 1,052 1,147 1,155 1,042 1,144 1,422 1,415 1,136
Education, training, and library
occupations........................ 798 913 898 710 819 929 917 725
Arts, design, entertainment, sports,
and media occupations.............. 819 983 925 808 841 968 964 823
Healthcare practitioner and
technical occupations.............. 878 932 932 867 905 995 979 889
Service occupations......................... 413 643 629 392 422 638 629 404
Healthcare support occupations.......... 410 466 462 405 423 484 481 417
Protective service occupations.......... 678 896 886 568 693 918 913 585
Food preparation and serving related
occupations............................ 356 439 442 350 371 484 482 366
Building and grounds cleaning and
maintenance occupations................ 394 528 518 378 406 524 520 393
Personal care and service occupations... 409 558 549 397 407 530 529 397
Sales and office occupations................ 575 681 675 562 589 706 697 578
Sales and related occupations........... 622 623 625 622 628 671 656 627
Office and administrative support
occupations............................ 550 689 682 528 572 713 705 549
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance occupations.................... 623 910 903 585 653 934 925 608
Farming, fishing, and forestry
occupations............................ 372 (3) (3) 369 387 (3) (3) 383
Construction and extraction
occupations............................ 604 913 903 554 619 941 933 582
Installation, maintenance, and repair
occupations............................ 705 915 913 666 742 931 922 709
Production, transportation, and material
moving occupations......................... 540 709 704 510 557 741 733 519
Production occupations.................. 538 698 693 511 559 730 723 525
Transportation and material moving
occupations............................ 543 721 717 508 556 752 743 512
INDUSTRY
Private sector.............................. 625 757 752 615 645 792 785 631
Agriculture and related industries........ 402 (3) (3) 402 422 (3) (3) 420
Nonagricultural industries................ 629 758 753 617 648 793 786 634
Mining................................. 885 (3) 989 870 912 (3) 1,044 899
Construction........................... 619 933 926 590 642 969 956 610
Manufacturing.......................... 676 722 719 667 702 755 753 692
Durable goods...................... 704 751 747 695 729 785 780 719
Nondurable goods................... 624 676 672 618 650 694 697 640
Wholesale and retail trade............. 566 615 610 562 578 637 632 575
Wholesale trade.................... 692 678 676 694 725 780 778 720
Retail trade....................... 515 590 585 513 520 583 582 518
Transportation and utilities........... 726 864 860 676 739 876 876 697
Transportation and warehousing..... 688 829 827 640 700 831 828 661
Utilities.......................... 941 960 954 931 978 1,041 1,051 939
Information (4)........................ 832 931 925 810 871 998 990 841
Publishing, except Internet........ 755 860 867 740 848 (3) 950 830
Motion pictures and sound
recording.......................... 751 (3) (3) 691 813 (3) (3) 748
Broadcasting, except Internet...... 749 (3) (3) 738 737 (3) (3) 722
Telecommunications................. 927 937 935 923 947 986 982 928
Financial activities................... 741 698 696 743 757 674 691 759
Finance and insurance.............. 765 692 696 767 794 657 674 799
Finance....................... 765 650 667 768 811 (3) 673 817
Insurance..................... 764 (3) 729 766 767 (3) (3) 769
Real estate and rental and
leasing........................... 653 711 696 649 663 701 700 660
Professional and business services..... 739 663 673 743 749 744 752 749
Professional and technical
services.......................... 961 770 858 963 996 940 966 996
Management, administrative, and
waste services.................... 488 586 578 485 504 653 643 499
Education and health services.......... 627 731 736 617 648 751 745 635
Educational services............... 737 818 809 718 750 816 806 737
Health care and social
assistance........................ 607 684 692 601 620 703 700 614
Leisure and hospitality................ 409 513 510 405 417 538 533 412
Arts, entertainment, and
recreation........................ 521 652 618 515 545 617 604 537
Accommodation and food services.... 388 487 486 384 399 515 515 395
Accommodation.................. 455 515 510 438 490 567 570 481
Food services and drinking
places........................ 372 400 406 372 382 480 481 381
Other services (4)..................... 535 694 698 524 568 816 794 550
Other services, except private
households........................ 579 698 701 572 597 824 800 588
Public sector............................... 758 850 842 692 773 871 865 717
Federal goverment....................... 882 873 879 887 919 896 900 938
State government........................ 733 802 798 684 746 835 824 699
Local government........................ 738 858 844 633 754 876 868 656
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
4 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2006, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data refer to
the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or
not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state
(Numbers in thousands)
2005 2006
Members of Represented Members of Represented
unions (1) by unions (2) unions (1) by unions (2)
State Total Total
em- em-
ployed Percent Percent ployed Percent Percent
Total of Total of Total of Total of
em- em- em- em-
ployed ployed ployed ployed
Alabama................................... 1,909 195 10.2 223 11.7 1,930 170 8.8 194 10.0
Alaska.................................... 275 63 22.8 66 24.1 280 62 22.2 67 23.8
Arizona................................... 2,366 145 6.1 181 7.7 2,584 197 7.6 250 9.7
Arkansas.................................. 1,138 54 4.8 68 6.0 1,130 58 5.1 67 6.0
California................................ 14,687 2,424 16.5 2,610 17.8 14,501 2,273 15.7 2,444 16.9
Colorado.................................. 2,052 170 8.3 193 9.4 2,154 165 7.7 186 8.6
Connecticut............................... 1,550 247 15.9 263 17.0 1,591 247 15.6 263 16.5
Delaware.................................. 386 46 11.8 50 12.9 396 43 10.8 45 11.4
District of Columbia...................... 259 29 11.3 33 12.8 246 25 10.3 30 12.2
Florida................................... 7,389 401 5.4 532 7.2 7,676 397 5.2 497 6.5
Georgia................................... 3,765 190 5.0 226 6.0 3,974 176 4.4 230 5.8
Hawaii.................................... 545 141 25.8 145 26.7 562 139 24.7 146 25.9
Idaho..................................... 606 31 5.2 38 6.3 620 37 6.0 45 7.2
Illinois.................................. 5,473 927 16.9 965 17.6 5,684 931 16.4 979 17.2
Indiana................................... 2,789 346 12.4 368 13.2 2,787 334 12.0 362 13.0
Iowa...................................... 1,369 157 11.5 185 13.5 1,424 161 11.3 199 14.0
Kansas.................................... 1,210 85 7.0 115 9.5 1,236 99 8.0 115 9.3
Kentucky.................................. 1,696 164 9.7 184 10.8 1,752 172 9.8 196 11.2
Louisiana................................. 1,778 114 6.4 132 7.4 1,676 107 6.4 121 7.2
Maine..................................... 582 69 11.9 79 13.6 584 69 11.9 79 13.5
Maryland.................................. 2,530 337 13.3 379 15.0 2,614 342 13.1 386 14.8
Massachusetts............................. 2,886 402 13.9 431 14.9 2,859 414 14.5 438 15.3
Michigan.................................. 4,288 880 20.5 916 21.4 4,299 842 19.6 879 20.4
Minnesota................................. 2,494 392 15.7 410 16.4 2,479 395 16.0 416 16.8
Mississippi............................... 1,089 77 7.1 105 9.7 1,065 60 5.6 78 7.3
Missouri.................................. 2,532 290 11.5 319 12.6 2,610 284 10.9 310 11.9
Montana................................... 391 42 10.7 48 12.2 397 48 12.2 52 13.1
Nebraska.................................. 830 69 8.3 79 9.5 831 66 7.9 79 9.5
Nevada.................................... 1,051 145 13.8 158 15.1 1,124 167 14.8 191 17.0
New Hampshire............................. 627 65 10.4 72 11.5 620 63 10.1 70 11.3
New Jersey................................ 3,868 791 20.5 838 21.7 3,827 770 20.1 825 21.6
New Mexico................................ 777 63 8.1 83 10.7 796 62 7.8 92 11.5
New York.................................. 8,008 2,090 26.1 2,201 27.5 8,115 1,981 24.4 2,060 25.4
North Carolina............................ 3,631 107 2.9 143 3.9 3,810 126 3.3 155 4.1
North Dakota.............................. 289 21 7.3 26 9.2 300 20 6.8 24 8.0
Ohio...................................... 5,039 804 16.0 866 17.2 5,170 734 14.2 801 15.5
Oklahoma.................................. 1,432 77 5.4 91 6.4 1,453 93 6.4 112 7.7
Oregon.................................... 1,470 213 14.5 231 15.7 1,527 211 13.8 225 14.7
Pennsylvania.............................. 5,456 753 13.8 818 15.0 5,457 745 13.6 802 14.7
Rhode Island.............................. 494 79 15.9 83 16.8 498 76 15.3 79 16.0
South Carolina............................ 1,739 40 2.3 58 3.3 1,775 59 3.3 74 4.2
South Dakota.............................. 350 21 5.9 29 8.2 351 21 5.9 25 7.2
Tennessee................................. 2,368 128 5.4 156 6.6 2,550 153 6.0 174 6.8
Texas..................................... 9,485 506 5.3 590 6.2 9,751 476 4.9 576 5.9
Utah...................................... 1,035 51 4.9 63 6.1 1,121 61 5.4 69 6.1
Vermont................................... 287 31 10.8 37 13.0 305 34 11.0 39 12.9
Virginia.................................. 3,406 165 4.8 211 6.2 3,446 139 4.0 179 5.2
Washington................................ 2,746 523 19.1 559 20.4 2,772 549 19.8 583 21.0
West Virginia............................. 688 99 14.4 107 15.5 710 101 14.2 110 15.5
Wisconsin................................. 2,551 410 16.1 438 17.2 2,587 386 14.9 415 16.1
Wyoming................................... 228 18 7.9 22 9.5 235 19 8.3 24 10.0
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2006, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data refer to
the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or
not their businesses are incorporated.