Full text of 2003 : Text File, USDL - 04-53
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Technical information: (202) 691-6378 USDL 04-53
http://www.bls.gov/cps/
For release: 10:00 A.M. EST
Media contact: 691-5902 Wednesday, January 21, 2004
UNION MEMBERS IN 2003
In 2003, 12.9 percent of wage and salary workers were union members,
down from 13.3 percent in 2002, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of
Labor Statistics reported today. The number of persons belonging to a
union fell by 369,000 over the year to 15.8 million in 2003. The union
membership rate has steadily declined from a high of 20.1 percent in 1983,
the first year for which comparable union data are available. Some
highlights from the 2003 data are:
--Men were more likely to be union members than women.
--Blacks were more likely to be union members than were whites, Asians,
and Hispanics or Latinos.
--Nearly 4 in 10 government workers were union members in 2003, compared
with less than 1 in 10 workers in private-sector industries.
--Nearly two-fifths of workers in education, training, and library
occupations and in protective service occupations were union members
in 2003. Protective service occupations include fire fighters and
police officers.
Membership by Industry and Occupation
In 2003, workers in the public sector had a union membership rate more
than four times that of private-sector employees, 37.2 percent compared
with 8.2 percent. The unionization rate for government workers has held
steady since 1983. The rate for private industry workers has fallen by
about half over the same time period. Within government, local government
workers had the highest union membership rate, 42.6 percent. This group
includes the heavily unionized occupations of teachers, police officers,
and fire fighters. Among major private industries, transportation and
utilities had the highest union membership rate, at 26.2 percent. Con-
struction (16.0 percent), information industries (13.6 percent), and manu-
facturing (13.5 percent) also had higher-than-average rates. Agriculture
and related industries had the lowest unionization rate in 2003--1.6 percent.
(See table 3.)
Among occupational groups, education, training, and library occupations
(37.7 percent) and protective service workers (36.1 percent) had the highest
unionization rates in 2003. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
workers and production, transportation, and material moving occupations also
had higher-than-average union membership rates at 19.2 percent and 18.7 per-
cent, respectively. Among the major occupational groups, sales and office
occupations had the lowest unionization rate--8.2 percent. (See table 3.)
Demographic Characteristics of Union Members
In 2003, union membership rates were higher for men (14.3 percent) than
for women (11.4 percent). The gap between men's and women's rates has
narrowed considerably since 1983, when the rate for men was 10 percentage
points higher than the rate for women.
- 2 -
Blacks were more likely to be union members (16.5 percent) than were
whites (12.5 percent), Asians (11.4 percent), or Hispanics (10.7 percent).
Union membership rates were highest among workers 45 to 54 years old.
Full-time workers were more than twice as likely as part-time workers to
be union members. (See table 1.)
Union Representation of Nonmembers
About 1.7 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union
on their main job in 2003, while not being union members themselves. (See
table 1.) About half of these workers were employed in government. (See
table 3.)
Earnings
In 2003, full-time wage and salary workers who were union members had
median usual weekly earnings of $760, compared with a median of $599 for
wage and salary workers who were not represented by unions. (See table 2.)
The difference reflects a variety of influences in addition to coverage by
a collective bargaining agreement, including variations in the distributions
of union members and nonunion employees by occupation, industry, firm size,
or geographic region. (For a discussion of the problem of differentiating
between the influence of unionization status and the influence of other work-
er characteristics on employee earnings, see "Measuring union-nonunion earn-
ings differences," Monthly Labor Review, June 1990.)
Union Membership by State
In 2003, 33 states reported lower union membership rates, while 15 states
and the District of Columbia registered increased rates. Two states report-
ed no change in their union membership rates from 2002 to 2003. Twenty-nine
states had union membership rates below that of the U.S., while 21 states and
the District of Columbia had higher rates. All states in the Middle Atlantic
and Pacific divisions again had union membership rates above the national av-
erage of 12.9 percent, while all states in the East South Central and West
South Central divisions continued to have rates below it. (See table 5.)
Four states had union membership rates over 20 percent in 2003--New
York (24.6 percent), Hawaii (23.8 percent), Alaska (22.3 percent), and
Michigan (21.9 percent). This is the same rank order as in both 2001 and
2002. All four states have had rates above 20 percent every year since
data became regularly available in 1995. North Carolina and South Carolina
continued to report the lowest union membership rates, 3.1 and 4.2 percent,
respectively. These two states have had the lowest union membership rates
each year since the state series became available.
The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.4 million),
New York (1.9 million), and Illinois (1.0 million). About half (7.9 million)
of the 15.8 million union members in the U.S. lived in six states (California,
New York, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania), although these states
accounted for just over one-third of wage and salary employment nationally.
The number of union members in a state depends on both its union member-
ship rate and the size of its employed workforce. Texas had only about one-
fourth as many union members as New York, despite having 1.2 million more
wage and salary employees.
Technical Note
The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current Population
Survey (CPS), which provides the basic information on the labor force,
employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically
selected national sample of about 60,000 households. The union membership
and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample
and are limited to wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed
workers.
Data for 2002 presented in this release have been revised to incorporate
changes to the class of worker status associated with the introduction of
the 2002 Census industry and occupational classification systems into the
Current Population Survey. In addition, the data for 2003 reflect revised
CPS population controls introduced in January 2003. For a discussion of
the revised population controls and the impact that their introduction had
on CPS data, see "Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in
January 2003" in the February 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings and
available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf on the BLS Web site.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200, TDD message referral
phone number: 1-800-877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling
error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed,
there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true"
population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error,
varies depending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-
percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample
will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population
value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at
the 90-percent level of confidence.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error
can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of
the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the
sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct
information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and in-
formation on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings.
Definitions
The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly
below.
Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee
association similar to a union.
Represented by unions. Data refer to union members, as well as workers
who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an
employee association contract.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other
deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually
received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Prior to
1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since
January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for
them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly,
annually, other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period.
Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly
equivalent. The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the
respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to
define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or
5 months.
Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings
distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and
the other having earnings below the median.
The estimating procedure places each reported or calculated weekly
earnings value into $50-wide intervals which are centered around multiples
of $50. The actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation of
the interval in which the median lies.
Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, salaries, com-
missions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes
employees in both the private and public sectors but, for the purposes
of the union membership and earnings series, excludes all self-employed
persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week
at their sole or principal job.
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per
week at their sole or principal job.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who identified them-
selves in the enumeration process as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino.
Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any
race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics
(Numbers in thousands)
2002 2003
Members of Represented Members of Represented
unions(1) by unions(2) unions(1) by unions(2)
Characteristic Total Total
em- em-
ployed Percent Percent ployed Percent Percent
Total of Total of Total of Total of
em- em- em- em-
ployed ployed ployed ployed
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over................... 121,826 16,145 13.3 17,695 14.5 122,358 15,776 12.9 17,448 14.3
16 to 24 years............................ 19,216 995 5.2 1,126 5.9 18,904 966 5.1 1,124 5.9
25 years and over......................... 102,610 15,151 14.8 16,569 16.1 103,454 14,810 14.3 16,324 15.8
25 to 34 years........................... 28,232 3,172 11.2 3,522 12.5 28,179 3,097 11.0 3,455 12.3
35 to 44 years........................... 31,253 4,455 14.3 4,859 15.5 30,714 4,308 14.0 4,717 15.4
45 to 54 years........................... 27,040 5,016 18.6 5,446 20.1 27,567 4,848 17.6 5,307 19.3
55 to 64 years........................... 12,952 2,256 17.4 2,456 19.0 13,633 2,300 16.9 2,547 18.7
65 years and over........................ 3,133 251 8.0 285 9.1 3,361 258 7.7 297 8.8
Men, 16 years and over.................... 63,272 9,325 14.7 10,066 15.9 63,236 9,044 14.3 9,848 15.6
16 to 24 years........................... 9,857 616 6.3 687 7.0 9,683 595 6.1 685 7.1
25 years and over........................ 53,415 8,709 16.3 9,379 17.6 53,553 8,450 15.8 9,163 17.1
25 to 34 years.......................... 15,284 1,877 12.3 2,061 13.5 15,263 1,826 12.0 2,005 13.1
35 to 44 years.......................... 16,355 2,631 16.1 2,805 17.1 16,080 2,535 15.8 2,735 17.0
45 to 54 years.......................... 13,578 2,784 20.5 2,982 22.0 13,723 2,684 19.6 2,891 21.1
55 to 64 years.......................... 6,570 1,281 19.5 1,376 21.0 6,776 1,271 18.8 1,377 20.3
65 years and over....................... 1,627 136 8.4 155 9.5 1,710 133 7.8 155 9.0
Women, 16 years and over.................. 58,555 6,820 11.6 7,629 13.0 59,122 6,732 11.4 7,601 12.9
16 to 24 years........................... 9,359 378 4.0 439 4.7 9,221 371 4.0 439 4.8
25 years and over........................ 49,196 6,441 13.1 7,190 14.6 49,901 6,360 12.7 7,161 14.4
25 to 34 years.......................... 12,948 1,295 10.0 1,461 11.3 12,916 1,270 9.8 1,451 11.2
35 to 44 years.......................... 14,898 1,825 12.2 2,055 13.8 14,634 1,773 12.1 1,982 13.5
45 to 54 years.......................... 13,462 2,232 16.6 2,464 18.3 13,844 2,163 15.6 2,416 17.5
55 to 64 years.......................... 6,383 975 15.3 1,080 16.9 6,857 1,029 15.0 1,170 17.1
65 years and over....................... 1,506 115 7.6 130 8.6 1,651 125 7.6 142 8.6
RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
White, 16 years and over(3)............... 100,923 12,958 12.8 14,178 14.0 100,589 12,535 12.5 13,849 13.8
Men..................................... 53,198 7,689 14.5 8,284 15.6 52,827 7,378 14.0 8,016 15.2
Women................................... 47,725 5,269 11.0 5,894 12.3 47,762 5,157 10.8 5,834 12.2
Black or African American, 16 years and
over(3)..................................... 14,108 2,386 16.9 2,624 18.6 13,928 2,298 16.5 2,540 18.2
Men..................................... 6,493 1,183 18.2 1,281 19.7 6,302 1,153 18.3 1,249 19.8
Women................................... 7,615 1,204 15.8 1,343 17.6 7,626 1,145 15.0 1,291 16.9
Asian, 16 years and over(3)............... 5,540 643 11.6 719 13.0 5,096 581 11.4 659 12.9
Men..................................... 2,909 356 12.3 396 13.6 2,699 296 11.0 346 12.8
Women................................... 2,631 286 10.9 322 12.3 2,397 285 11.9 313 13.1
Hispanic or Latino, 16 years and over..... 15,486 1,639 10.6 1,810 11.7 16,068 1,712 10.7 1,913 11.9
Men..................................... 9,098 1,006 11.1 1,100 12.1 9,567 1,050 11.0 1,160 12.1
Women................................... 6,387 633 9.9 710 11.1 6,501 662 10.2 753 11.6
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS(4)
Full-time workers......................... 100,081 14,622 14.6 16,005 16.0 100,302 14,263 14.2 15,732 15.7
Part-time workers......................... 21,513 1,492 6.9 1,654 7.7 21,809 1,479 6.8 1,679 7.7
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not
included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their
main race.
4 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals
because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
NOTE: Data for 2002 have been revised to incorporate changes to the class of worker status associated with the
introduction of the 2002 Census industry and occupational classification systems into the Current Population Survey.
Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Estimates for the above
race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races.
In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as "Hispanic or Latino" may be of any race and, therefore, are classified
by ethnicity as well as race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all
self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics
2002 2003
Characteristic Members Repre- Members Repre-
Total of sented Non- Total of sented Non-
unions(1) by union unions(1) by union
unions(2) unions(2)
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over................... $608 $738 $733 $587 $620 $760 $755 $599
16 to 24 years............................ 381 497 495 374 387 497 494 381
25 years and over......................... 646 752 747 622 662 774 770 636
25 to 34 years........................... 591 677 668 578 594 707 701 580
35 to 44 years........................... 668 758 753 647 687 787 783 665
45 to 54 years........................... 706 788 787 674 723 812 807 695
55 to 64 years........................... 674 785 783 641 708 797 798 678
65 years and over........................ 502 590 592 485 516 619 624 504
Men, 16 years and over.................... 679 780 775 652 695 805 802 667
16 to 24 years........................... 391 497 495 385 398 498 493 392
25 years and over........................ 732 796 793 713 744 821 821 724
25 to 34 years.......................... 627 718 708 615 628 737 732 613
35 to 44 years.......................... 759 811 807 747 775 841 839 759
45 to 54 years.......................... 807 832 832 794 834 865 865 822
55 to 64 years.......................... 802 834 836 784 827 834 842 821
65 years and over....................... 583 612 614 575 612 713 720 603
Women, 16 years and over.................. 529 666 662 509 552 696 691 523
16 to 24 years........................... 367 496 495 361 371 495 494 366
25 years and over........................ 568 678 673 540 584 709 704 562
25 to 34 years.......................... 530 621 617 516 546 661 657 525
35 to 44 years.......................... 571 672 668 546 590 706 703 574
45 to 54 years.......................... 602 728 723 580 609 736 731 589
55 to 64 years.......................... 574 709 709 542 601 748 743 576
65 years and over....................... 430 542 543 415 435 517 531 422
RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC
OR LATINO ETHNICITY
White, 16 years and over(3)............... 623 762 756 602 636 779 774 612
Men..................................... 702 804 801 674 715 827 825 688
Women................................... 547 694 687 520 567 711 707 539
Black or African American, 16 years and
over(3)..................................... 498 614 611 476 514 665 654 491
Men..................................... 524 650 642 502 555 693 687 518
Women................................... 473 588 588 443 491 633 622 467
Asian, 16 years and over(3)............... 658 706 705 650 693 759 760 681
Men..................................... 756 733 734 760 772 783 775 771
Women................................... 566 669 662 552 598 710 723 587
Hispanic or Latino, 16 years and over..... 424 622 616 409 440 632 622 419
Men..................................... 451 663 651 423 464 664 652 437
Women................................... 397 560 573 382 410 586 584 394
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not
included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their
main race.
NOTE: Data for 2002 have been revised to incorporate changes to the class of worker status associated with the
introduction of the 2002 Census industry and occupational classification systems into the Current Population Survey.
Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Estimates for the above
race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races.
In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as "Hispanic or Latino" may be of any race and, therefore, are classified
by ethnicity as well as race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all
self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry
(Numbers in thousands)
2002 2003
Members of Represented Members of Represented
unions(1) by unions(2) unions(1) by unions(2)
Occupation and industry Total Total
em- em-
ployed Percent Percent ployed Percent Percent
Total of Total of Total of Total of
em- em- em- em-
ployed ployed ployed ployed
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related
occupations................................ 40,610 5,384 13.3 6,153 15.2 40,883 5,331 13.0 6,130 15.0
Management, business, and financial
operations occupations................. 15,553 838 5.4 1,003 6.4 15,465 727 4.7 882 5.7
Management occupations.............. 10,799 521 4.8 627 5.8 10,713 436 4.1 546 5.1
Business and financial operations
occupations........................ 4,754 317 6.7 375 7.9 4,753 291 6.1 336 7.1
Professional and related occupations.... 25,057 4,546 18.1 5,150 20.6 25,418 4,604 18.1 5,248 20.6
Computer and mathematical
occupations........................ 2,938 119 4.0 157 5.4 2,947 154 5.2 197 6.7
Architecture and engineering
occupations........................ 2,573 200 7.8 222 8.6 2,592 202 7.8 240 9.2
Life, physical, and social science
occupations........................ 1,164 117 10.0 142 12.2 1,203 108 9.0 136 11.3
Community and social services
occupations........................ 2,116 361 17.1 409 19.3 2,118 351 16.6 395 18.6
Legal occupations................... 1,162 61 5.3 79 6.8 1,134 54 4.8 65 5.7
Education, training, and library
occupations........................ 7,352 2,799 38.1 3,124 42.5 7,584 2,861 37.7 3,207 42.3
Arts, design, entertainment, sports,
and media occupations.............. 1,928 164 8.5 196 10.2 1,879 140 7.5 157 8.4
Healthcare practitioner and
technical occupations.............. 5,825 725 12.5 822 14.1 5,961 733 12.3 853 14.3
Service occupations......................... 19,766 2,352 11.9 2,570 13.0 20,183 2,318 11.5 2,562 12.7
Healthcare support occupations.......... 2,564 317 12.4 339 13.2 2,824 312 11.0 341 12.1
Protective service occupations.......... 2,670 981 36.7 1,036 38.8 2,699 974 36.1 1,038 38.5
Food preparation and serving related
occupations............................ 6,811 281 4.1 328 4.8 7,150 292 4.1 347 4.9
Building and grounds cleaning and
maintenance occupations................ 4,497 531 11.8 596 13.3 4,426 490 11.1 550 12.4
Personal care and service occupations... 3,224 242 7.5 271 8.4 3,084 251 8.1 286 9.3
Sales and office occupations................ 32,249 2,616 8.1 2,879 8.9 32,323 2,642 8.2 2,974 9.2
Sales and related occupations........... 13,341 504 3.8 554 4.2 13,378 533 4.0 599 4.5
Office and administrative support
occupations............................ 18,909 2,111 11.2 2,324 12.3 18,945 2,109 11.1 2,375 12.5
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance occupations.................... 11,517 2,359 20.5 2,462 21.4 11,894 2,288 19.2 2,409 20.3
Farming, fishing, and forestry
occupations............................ 976 45 4.6 48 4.9 921 33 3.5 38 4.1
Construction and extraction occupations. 6,354 1,473 23.2 1,529 24.1 6,412 1,394 21.7 1,457 22.7
Installation, maintenance, and repair
occupations............................ 4,188 841 20.1 885 21.1 4,560 862 18.9 913 20.0
Production, transportation, and material
moving occupations......................... 17,684 3,435 19.4 3,631 20.5 17,074 3,196 18.7 3,374 19.8
Production occupations.................. 9,716 1,780 18.3 1,868 19.2 9,261 1,624 17.5 1,710 18.5
Transportation and material moving
occupations............................ 7,968 1,655 20.8 1,763 22.1 7,814 1,572 20.1 1,664 21.3
INDUSTRY
Private sector.............................. 102,153 8,800 8.6 9,535 9.3 102,648 8,452 8.2 9,264 9.0
Agriculture and related industries........ 1,126 31 2.8 34 3.0 1,089 17 1.6 23 2.1
Nonagricultural industries................ 101,027 8,769 8.7 9,501 9.4 101,559 8,435 8.3 9,241 9.1
Mining................................. 446 39 8.7 45 10.1 504 46 9.1 53 10.5
Construction........................... 7,080 1,179 16.7 1,222 17.3 7,126 1,139 16.0 1,188 16.7
Manufacturing.......................... 16,387 2,399 14.6 2,521 15.4 16,130 2,173 13.5 2,314 14.3
Durable goods...................... 10,235 1,592 15.6 1,664 16.3 10,049 1,411 14.0 1,497 14.9
Nondurable goods................... 6,151 807 13.1 857 13.9 6,081 762 12.5 817 13.4
Wholesale and retail trade............. 17,653 1,040 5.9 1,111 6.3 18,343 1,130 6.2 1,210 6.6
Wholesale trade.................... 3,619 182 5.0 192 5.3 3,878 197 5.1 213 5.5
Retail trade....................... 14,034 858 6.1 919 6.5 14,466 933 6.4 997 6.9
Transportation and utilities........... 5,186 1,283 24.7 1,343 25.9 4,942 1,294 26.2 1,350 27.3
Transportation and warehousing..... 4,266 1,050 24.6 1,099 25.8 4,081 1,051 25.8 1,094 26.8
Utilities.......................... 919 233 25.4 244 26.6 861 243 28.2 256 29.8
Information(3)......................... 3,334 487 14.6 532 16.0 3,297 448 13.6 481 14.6
Publishing,.except Internet........ 815 73 9.0 84 10.4 781 58 7.4 60 7.7
Motion pictures and sound recording 310 44 14.3 52 16.9 333 40 12.0 46 13.8
Broadcasting, except Internet...... 515 39 7.6 48 9.2 489 45 9.2 48 9.7
Telecommunications................. 1,398 323 23.1 339 24.3 1,414 296 21.0 316 22.3
Financial activities................... 8,251 164 2.0 206 2.5 8,360 176 2.1 237 2.8
Finance and insurance.............. 6,162 92 1.5 125 2.0 6,246 98 1.6 142 2.3
Finance........................ 3,972 52 1.3 75 1.9 4,079 63 1.5 96 2.3
Insurance...................... 2,190 40 1.8 50 2.3 2,167 35 1.6 47 2.1
Real estate and rental and leasing. 2,089 73 3.5 81 3.9 2,114 77 3.7 95 4.5
Professional and business services..... 10,916 293 2.7 355 3.3 10,588 243 2.3 312 2.9
Professional and technical services 6,493 98 1.5 129 2.0 6,146 88 1.4 125 2.0
Management, administrative, and
waste services.................... 4,423 195 4.4 226 5.1 4,443 155 3.5 187 4.2
Education and health services.......... 16,088 1,372 8.5 1,558 9.7 16,635 1,324 8.0 1,560 9.4
Educational services............... 3,160 433 13.7 504 15.9 3,062 371 12.1 452 14.8
Health care and social assistance.. 12,928 940 7.3 1,055 8.2 13,573 953 7.0 1,108 8.2
Leisure and hospitality................ 10,286 313 3.0 370 3.6 10,207 281 2.8 333 3.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation 1,904 122 6.4 137 7.2 1,764 95 5.4 111 6.3
Accommodation and food services.... 8,382 191 2.3 233 2.8 8,443 187 2.2 222 2.6
Accommodation.................. 1,394 107 7.6 116 8.3 1,396 116 8.3 126 9.0
Food services and drinking
places........................ 6,988 85 1.2 117 1.7 7,046 70 1.0 96 1.4
Other services(3)...................... 5,400 200 3.7 236 4.4 5,425 181 3.3 203 3.7
Other services, except private
households........................ 4,629 193 4.2 227 4.9 4,645 174 3.8 196 4.2
Public sector............................... 19,673 7,346 37.3 8,160 41.5 19,710 7,324 37.2 8,185 41.5
Federal goverment......................... 3,318 1,068 32.2 1,236 37.3 3,247 1,004 30.9 1,196 36.8
State government.......................... 5,637 1,745 31.0 1,972 35.0 5,636 1,706 30.3 1,929 34.2
Local government.......................... 10,719 4,533 42.3 4,952 46.2 10,827 4,614 42.6 5,060 46.7
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE: Data for 2002 have been revised to incorporate changes to the class of worker status associated with the
introduction of the 2002 Census industry and occupational classification systems into the Current Population Survey.
Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Occupations and
industries reflect the introduction of the 2002 Census occupational and industry classification systems derived from the
2000 Standard Occupational Classification system and the 2002 North American Industry Classification System into the Current
Population Survey. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed
workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry
2002 2003
Occupation and industry Members Repre- Members Repre-
Total of sented Non- Total of sented Non-
unions(1) by union unions(1) by union
unions(2) unions(2)
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related
occupations................................ $859 $864 $857 $859 $887 $896 $892 $886
Management, business, and financial
operations occupations................. 922 911 924 922 961 985 994 959
Management occupations.............. 982 955 984 982 1023 1102 1109 1019
Business and financial operations
occupations........................ 797 862 856 790 842 864 873 839
Professional and related occupations.... 823 858 848 811 845 885 879 833
Computer and mathematical
occupations........................ 1026 972 959 1033 1049 963 979 1057
Architecture and engineering
occupations........................ 1009 995 995 1012 1053 1037 1028 1058
Life, physical, and social science
occupations........................ 873 916 933 854 891 944 945 876
Community and social services
occupations........................ 658 822 797 621 686 848 832 650
Legal occupations................... 996 991 960 999 1051 1362 1317 1032
Education, training, and library
occupations........................ 740 845 832 645 754 864 854 644
Arts, design, entertainment, sports,
and media occupations.............. 740 872 823 732 745 947 933 734
Healthcare practitioner and
technical occupations.............. 794 846 848 784 816 877 876 801
Service occupations......................... 396 600 592 372 403 606 596 382
Healthcare support occupations.......... 393 418 419 388 400 452 452 394
Protective service occupations.......... 659 818 811 542 630 857 850 510
Food preparation and serving related
occupations............................ 334 409 402 330 349 415 410 344
Building and grounds cleaning and
maintenance occupations................ 378 499 495 360 390 503 498 372
Personal care and service occupations... 383 507 510 373 391 532 520 381
Sales and office occupations................ 527 625 622 517 545 629 624 530
Sales and related occupations........... 592 594 588 593 598 597 601 598
Office and administrative support
occupations............................ 511 629 625 498 523 639 632 510
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance occupations.................... 597 825 817 540 608 851 843 558
Farming, fishing, and forestry
occupations............................ 340 (3) (3) 334 369 (3) (3) 365
Construction and extraction occupations. 589 824 816 523 599 851 840 531
Installation, maintenance, and repair
occupations............................ 663 842 834 619 673 858 856 622
Production, transportation, and material
moving occupations......................... 511 659 653 483 519 688 684 493
Production occupations.................. 508 634 628 485 519 670 665 495
Transportation and material moving
occupations............................ 514 692 682 481 520 710 704 490
INDUSTRY
Private sector.............................. $591 $699 $691 $580 $603 $717 $713 $592
Agriculture and related industries........ 367 (3) (3) 365 397 (3) (3) 396
Nonagricultural industries................ 593 700 692 583 605 718 713 595
Mining................................. 786 (3) (3) 800 797 (3) 783 799
Construction........................... 605 846 837 568 615 884 873 580
Manufacturing.......................... 622 654 652 617 637 689 689 626
Durable goods...................... 647 673 672 641 668 714 712 655
Nondurable goods................... 587 613 611 581 597 635 637 590
Wholesale and retail trade............. 511 558 549 509 533 590 586 528
Wholesale trade.................... 619 622 627 618 670 694 689 668
Retail trade....................... 483 530 521 480 497 562 554 494
Transportation and utilities........... 682 809 807 630 704 817 816 653
Transportation and warehousing..... 642 791 788 602 668 782 780 620
Utilities.......................... 849 896 898 818 899 965 979 857
Information(4)......................... 764 832 826 750 776 868 862 758
Publishing, except Internet........ 694 738 726 691 690 740 747 684
Motion pictures and sound recording 749 (3) (3) 725 704 (3) (3) 669
Broadcasting, except Internet...... 692 (3) (3) 681 724 (3) (3) 703
Telecommunications................. 836 834 830 839 857 877 875 848
Financial activities................... 667 634 622 668 691 618 625 694
Finance and insurance.............. 702 667 661 703 728 607 623 732
Finance........................ 715 (3) 666 716 726 614 640 730
Insurance...................... 681 (3) (3) 682 731 (3) (3) 734
Real estate and rental and leasing. 592 607 595 592 604 642 630 603
Professional and business services..... 696 654 653 698 692 699 691 692
Professional and technical services 881 880 863 882 885 897 911 884
Management, administrative, and
waste services.................... 468 558 556 462 486 640 617 482
Education and health services.......... 582 666 665 572 598 670 684 590
Educational services............... 683 767 748 662 681 756 760 659
Health care and social assistance.. 554 602 606 547 582 627 639 577
Leisure and hospitality................ 392 487 483 387 400 497 485 395
Arts, entertainment, and recreation 499 588 564 492 492 546 529 489
Accommodation and food services.... 371 434 433 368 385 478 470 381
Accommodation.................. 411 459 469 405 435 485 482 423
Food services and drinking
places........................ 358 397 390 357 371 467 456 369
Other services(4)...................... 498 688 654 491 515 726 709 510
Other services, except private
households........................ 520 702 664 514 544 730 720 533
Public sector............................... 705 769 766 637 728 801 795 656
Federal goverment......................... 792 779 786 804 818 809 816 821
State government.......................... 676 737 735 633 702 764 759 652
Local government.......................... 684 781 773 595 709 814 803 606
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
4 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE: Data for 2002 have been revised to incorporate changes to the class of worker status associated with the
introduction of the 2002 Census industry and occupational classification systems into the Current Population Survey.
Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Occupations and
industries reflect the introduction of the 2002 Census occupational and industry classification systems derived from the
2000 Standard Occupational Classification system and the 2002 North American Industry Classification System into the Current
Population Survey. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed
workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state
(Numbers in thousands)
2002 2003
Members of Represented Members of Represented
unions(1) by unions(2) unions(1) by unions(2)
State Total Total
em- em-
ployed Percent Percent ployed Percent Percent
Total of Total of Total of Total of
em- em- em- em-
ployed ployed ployed ployed
Alabama................................... 1,758 160 9.1 186 10.6 1,822 147 8.1 172 9.5
Alaska.................................... 261 64 24.4 70 26.9 265 59 22.3 65 24.6
Arizona................................... 2,183 121 5.5 144 6.6 2,191 113 5.2 140 6.4
Arkansas.................................. 1,062 63 5.9 72 6.7 1,035 50 4.8 61 5.9
California................................ 13,955 2,444 17.5 2,619 18.8 14,350 2,414 16.8 2,647 18.4
Colorado.................................. 1,996 157 7.9 180 9.0 2,007 156 7.8 180 9.0
Connecticut............................... 1,534 258 16.8 271 17.7 1,489 229 15.4 244 16.4
Delaware.................................. 369 40 10.9 44 11.8 366 42 11.4 46 12.5
District of Columbia...................... 260 36 13.9 46 17.8 268 39 14.6 46 17.2
Florida................................... 6,680 383 5.7 503 7.5 6,652 407 6.1 557 8.4
Georgia................................... 3,630 219 6.0 255 7.0 3,703 249 6.7 298 8.0
Hawaii.................................... 490 120 24.5 124 25.3 511 122 23.8 127 24.8
Idaho..................................... 543 38 6.9 47 8.7 548 39 7.0 47 8.6
Illinois.................................. 5,445 1,069 19.6 1,119 20.6 5,399 967 17.9 1,003 18.6
Indiana................................... 2,814 376 13.4 408 14.5 2,768 327 11.8 352 12.7
Iowa...................................... 1,389 154 11.1 190 13.7 1,365 157 11.5 196 14.4
Kansas.................................... 1,216 100 8.2 120 9.9 1,204 96 7.9 124 10.3
Kentucky.................................. 1,639 165 10.1 185 11.3 1,681 175 10.4 216 12.8
Louisiana................................. 1,650 138 8.4 170 10.3 1,685 109 6.5 132 7.9
Maine..................................... 581 75 13.0 87 15.0 567 73 12.8 81 14.3
Maryland.................................. 2,460 354 14.4 411 16.7 2,481 354 14.3 410 16.5
Massachusetts............................. 2,999 427 14.2 464 15.5 2,925 416 14.2 454 15.5
Michigan.................................. 4,335 911 21.0 947 21.8 4,188 919 21.9 968 23.1
Minnesota................................. 2,500 440 17.6 458 18.3 2,435 414 17.0 441 18.1
Mississippi............................... 1,049 70 6.7 86 8.2 1,117 55 5.0 73 6.6
Missouri.................................. 2,508 332 13.2 366 14.6 2,546 336 13.2 363 14.2
Montana................................... 361 51 14.2 56 15.5 360 50 14.0 54 14.9
Nebraska.................................. 790 64 8.1 89 11.2 819 64 7.9 87 10.6
Nevada.................................... 970 148 15.3 162 16.7 943 136 14.4 149 15.8
New Hampshire............................. 613 60 9.8 68 11.2 607 56 9.3 69 11.3
New Jersey................................ 3,872 757 19.6 797 20.6 3,777 737 19.5 801 21.2
New Mexico................................ 720 49 6.8 61 8.5 741 57 7.6 70 9.5
New York.................................. 7,828 1,981 25.3 2,071 26.5 7,874 1,936 24.6 2,017 25.6
North Carolina............................ 3,424 116 3.4 138 4.0 3,576 111 3.1 135 3.8
North Dakota.............................. 291 24 8.2 28 9.8 284 21 7.3 26 9.0
Ohio...................................... 5,118 859 16.8 916 17.9 5,100 850 16.7 923 18.1
Oklahoma.................................. 1,420 128 9.0 151 10.6 1,406 96 6.8 111 7.9
Oregon.................................... 1,457 226 15.5 239 16.4 1,466 230 15.7 240 16.4
Pennsylvania.............................. 5,452 851 15.6 906 16.6 5,261 794 15.1 847 16.1
Rhode Island.............................. 471 81 17.3 84 17.9 494 84 17.0 86 17.5
South Carolina............................ 1,646 80 4.9 100 6.1 1,689 71 4.2 90 5.3
South Dakota.............................. 349 19 5.6 24 6.9 353 19 5.4 23 6.4
Tennessee................................. 2,465 223 9.1 258 10.5 2,384 179 7.5 218 9.2
Texas..................................... 8,802 452 5.1 570 6.5 9,072 508 5.6 621 6.8
Utah...................................... 971 61 6.3 73 7.6 1,015 53 5.2 69 6.8
Vermont................................... 289 28 9.6 32 11.1 281 27 9.7 33 11.7
Virginia.................................. 3,205 194 6.0 251 7.8 3,243 210 6.5 251 7.7
Washington................................ 2,548 472 18.5 510 20.0 2,539 502 19.7 531 20.9
West Virginia............................. 692 92 13.3 97 14.1 671 88 13.1 95 14.2
Wisconsin................................. 2,549 397 15.6 418 16.4 2,613 414 15.9 438 16.8
Wyoming................................... 219 17 7.8 22 9.9 224 18 8.0 22 9.8
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Data for 2002 have been revised to incorporate changes to the class of worker status associated with the
introduction of the 2002 Census industry and occupational classification systems into the Current Population Survey.
Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data refer to the sole or
principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their
businesses are incorporated.