Full text of 2001 : Text File, USDL - 02-08
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Technical information: (202) 691-6378 USDL 02-28
http://www.bls.gov/cps/
For release: 10:00 A.M. EST
Media contact: 691-5902 Thursday, January 17, 2002
UNION MEMBERS IN 2001
In 2001, 13.5 percent of wage and salary workers were union members,
unchanged from 2000, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor
Statistics reported today. The union membership rate has fallen from a
high of 20.1 percent in 1983, the first year for which comparable union
data are available. Some highlights from the 2001 data are:
--In both 2001 and 2000, about 16.3 million wage and salary workers
were union members.
--Nearly 4 in 10 government workers were union members in 2001, compared
with less than 1 in 10 private wage and salary workers.
--Protective service workers, a group that includes police officers and
firefighters, had the highest unionization rate among all occupations,
at 38 percent.
Membership by Industry and Occupation
In 2001, workers in the public sector continued to have unionization
rates that were about four times higher than their counterparts in private
industry. The unionization rate of government workers was 37.4 percent,
compared with 9.0 percent among private sector employees. Union membership
rates of government employees have held steady since 1983, while those of
private nonagricultural employees have declined. Local government, which
includes many workers in the heavily unionized occupations of teachers,
firefighters, and police officers, had the highest unionization rate, at
43.1 percent. Among the private nonagricultural industries, the union
membership rate was the highest in transportation and public utilities
(23.5 percent). The construction and manufacturing industries also had
higher-than-average unionization rates, at 18.4 percent and 14.6 percent,
respectively. The nonagricultural industry with the lowest unionization
rate in 2001 was finance, insurance, and real estate--2.1 percent. (See
table 3.)
Among the occupational groups, protective service workers continued to
have the highest union membership rate in 2001, at 38.0 percent. Precision
production, craft, and repair workers and operators, fabricators, and
laborers also had above-average unionization rates, at 21.5 and 19.9 percent,
respectively. These workers typically are employed in the highly-unionized
industries of construction and manufacturing. Professional specialty workers,
a group that includes teachers, also had a higher-than-average union member-
ship rate, at 19.1 percent. The rate was lowest among sales occupations
(3.5 percent). (See table 3.)
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Demographic Characteristics of Union Members
In 2001, union membership rates were higher among men (15.1 percent) than
women (11.7 percent). This has been the case since 1983, but, because of a
more rapid decline in rates for men than for women, the gap in unionization
rates has been closing since that time.
Blacks were more likely to be union members (17.0 percent) than either
whites (13.1 percent) or Hispanics (11.3 percent). Black men continued to
have the highest rate of union membership among all the major worker groups,
at 18.9 percent. Hispanic women and white women had the lowest rates of
unionization, at 10.7 percent and 11.1 percent, respectively. Workers ages
45 to 54 were more likely to be unionized than either their younger or older
counterparts. Full-time workers were more than twice as likely as part-time
workers to be members of a union. (See table 1.)
Union Representation of Nonmembers
There were 1.6 million wage and salary workers represented at their
place of work by a union in 2001, while not being union members themselves.
(See table 1.) Nearly half of these workers were employed in government.
(See table 3.)
Earnings
In 2001, full-time wage and salary union members had median usual weekly
earnings of $718, compared with a median of $575 for wage and salary workers
who were not represented by unions. (See table 2.) The difference reflects
a variety of influences in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining
agreement, including variations in the distributions of union members and
nonunion employees by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region.
(For a discussion of the problem of differentiating between the influence
of unionization status and the influence of other worker characteristics on
employee earnings, see "Measuring union-nonunion earnings differences,"
Monthly Labor Review, June 1990.)
Union Membership by State
State union membership rates continued to show a clear geographic
pattern in 2001. All states in the East North Central, Middle Atlantic,
and Pacific divisions had union membership rates above the national average
of 13.5 percent, while all states in the East South Central and West South
Central divisions had rates below it. (See chart and table 5.) Overall,
29 states had union membership rates below that of the U.S. average, while
21 states and the District of Columbia had higher rates.
Four states had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2001--New
York, Hawaii, Alaska, and Michigan (in rank order). Two states had
membership rates below 5.0 percent--North Carolina and South Carolina.
Half of the 16.3 million union members in the U.S. lived in six states--
California, New York, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. These
states accounted for only 35 percent of wage and salary employment nationally.
Technical Note
The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current Population
Survey (CPS), which provides the basic information on the labor force,
employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically
selected national sample of about 60,000 households. The union membership
and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample
and are limited to wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed
workers.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200, TDD message referral
phone number: 1-800-877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling
error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there
is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population
values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability is
measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ
by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because
of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent
level of confidence.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error
can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of
the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the
sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct
information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and
information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes
and Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings.
Definitions
The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly
below.
Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee
association similar to a union.
Represented by unions. Data refer to union members, as well as workers
who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an
employee association contract.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other
deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually
received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Prior to
1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since
January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for
them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly,
- 2 -
annually, other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time
period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a
weekly equivalent. The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If
the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed
to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or
5 months.
Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings
distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and
the other having earnings below the median.
The estimating procedure places each reported or calculated weekly earnings
value into $50-wide intervals which are centered around multiples of $50. The
actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in
which the median lies.
Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions,
tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in both
the private and public sectors but, for the purposes of the union membership
and earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons, regardless of whether
or not their businesses are incorporated.
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week
at their sole or principal job.
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per
week at their sole or principal job.
Hispanic origin. Refers to persons who are of Mexican, Puerto Rican,
Cuban, Central or South American, or other Hispanic origin or descent.
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; hence, they are included in
the numbers for the white and black populations.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics
(Numbers in thousands)
2000 2001
Members of Represented Members of Represented
unions(1) by unions(2) unions(1) by unions(2)
Characteristic Total Total
em- em-
ployed Percent Percent ployed Percent Percent
Total of Total of Total of Total of
em- em- em- em-
ployed ployed ployed ployed
SEX AND AGE
Total, 16 years and over................... 120,786 16,258 13.5 17,944 14.9 120,760 16,275 13.5 17,875 14.8
16 to 24 years............................ 20,166 1,010 5.0 1,152 5.7 19,819 1,034 5.2 1,188 6.0
25 years and over......................... 100,620 15,248 15.2 16,792 16.7 100,941 15,241 15.1 16,688 16.5
25 to 34 years........................... 28,406 3,369 11.9 3,720 13.1 27,710 3,180 11.5 3,539 12.8
35 to 44 years........................... 32,470 4,822 14.9 5,293 16.3 32,124 4,807 15.0 5,242 16.3
45 to 54 years........................... 25,651 4,815 18.8 5,305 20.7 26,503 5,015 18.9 5,455 20.6
55 to 64 years........................... 11,204 1,998 17.8 2,193 19.6 11,609 1,997 17.2 2,185 18.8
65 years and over........................ 2,889 243 8.4 281 9.7 2,995 242 8.1 267 8.9
Men, 16 years and over.................... 62,853 9,578 15.2 10,355 16.5 62,727 9,502 15.1 10,268 16.4
16 to 24 years........................... 10,440 618 5.9 697 6.7 10,165 617 6.1 705 6.9
25 years and over........................ 52,412 8,960 17.1 9,657 18.4 52,562 8,885 16.9 9,562 18.2
25 to 34 years.......................... 15,197 2,030 13.4 2,207 14.5 14,856 1,913 12.9 2,082 14.0
35 to 44 years.......................... 17,028 2,871 16.9 3,077 18.1 16,832 2,881 17.1 3,075 18.3
45 to 54 years.......................... 12,898 2,739 21.2 2,956 22.9 13,359 2,808 21.0 3,018 22.6
55 to 64 years.......................... 5,770 1,191 20.6 1,268 22.0 5,935 1,152 19.4 1,241 20.9
65 years and over....................... 1,519 129 8.5 148 9.8 1,580 132 8.4 147 9.3
Women, 16 years and over.................. 57,933 6,680 11.5 7,590 13.1 58,033 6,773 11.7 7,608 13.1
16 to 24 years........................... 9,726 392 4.0 455 4.7 9,654 417 4.3 483 5.0
25 years and over........................ 48,207 6,288 13.0 7,135 14.8 48,379 6,356 13.1 7,125 14.7
25 to 34 years.......................... 13,209 1,340 10.1 1,513 11.5 12,855 1,267 9.9 1,457 11.3
35 to 44 years.......................... 15,441 1,951 12.6 2,215 14.3 15,292 1,927 12.6 2,167 14.2
45 to 54 years.......................... 12,752 2,077 16.3 2,348 18.4 13,145 2,208 16.8 2,437 18.5
55 to 64 years.......................... 5,434 807 14.9 925 17.0 5,673 846 14.9 944 16.6
65 years and over....................... 1,370 114 8.3 133 9.7 1,415 109 7.7 120 8.5
RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX
White, 16 years and over.................. 100,455 13,094 13.0 14,453 14.4 100,384 13,125 13.1 14,400 14.3
Men..................................... 53,105 7,911 14.9 8,541 16.1 52,970 7,849 14.8 8,474 16.0
Women................................... 47,350 5,183 10.9 5,912 12.5 47,414 5,276 11.1 5,926 12.5
Black, 16 years and over.................. 14,544 2,489 17.1 2,744 18.9 14,515 2,465 17.0 2,705 18.6
Men..................................... 6,701 1,282 19.1 1,388 20.7 6,660 1,256 18.9 1,357 20.4
Women................................... 7,843 1,208 15.4 1,356 17.3 7,855 1,209 15.4 1,347 17.2
Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........ 13,609 1,554 11.4 1,740 12.8 13,782 1,559 11.3 1,729 12.5
Men..................................... 7,884 972 12.3 1,063 13.5 7,950 935 11.8 1,024 12.9
Women................................... 5,725 582 10.2 677 11.8 5,832 624 10.7 705 12.1
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS(3)
Full-time workers......................... 99,917 14,822 14.8 16,306 16.3 99,599 14,809 14.9 16,218 16.3
Part-time workers......................... 20,619 1,395 6.8 1,593 7.7 20,926 1,437 6.9 1,625 7.8
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. Beginning in 1994, these data
will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of
multiple jobholders.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed
workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin
groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both
the white and black population groups.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics
2000 2001
Characteristic Members Repre- Members Repre-
Total of sented Non- Total of sented Non-
unions(1) by union unions(1) by union
unions(2) unions(2)
SEX AND AGE
Total, 16 years and over................... $576 $696 $691 $542 $597 $718 $712 $575
16 to 24 years............................ 361 437 436 355 376 473 475 370
25 years and over......................... 611 709 705 592 632 733 728 612
25 to 34 years........................... 550 627 624 529 579 654 646 563
35 to 44 years........................... 631 716 712 614 658 743 738 637
45 to 54 years........................... 671 755 752 639 693 776 774 663
55 to 64 years........................... 617 727 723 592 640 744 744 613
65 years and over........................ 442 577 565 422 472 607 605 440
Men, 16 years and over.................... 646 739 737 620 672 765 761 647
16 to 24 years........................... 376 458 457 370 392 482 488 387
25 years and over........................ 700 753 752 682 722 781 779 705
25 to 34 years.......................... 603 678 675 591 621 699 691 610
35 to 44 years.......................... 731 776 774 718 755 799 794 744
45 to 54 years.......................... 777 801 799 769 799 814 813 790
55 to 64 years.......................... 738 755 757 729 766 801 807 748
65 years and over....................... 537 613 613 514 548 686 705 520
Women, 16 years and over.................. 491 616 613 472 511 643 639 494
16 to 24 years........................... 342 406 405 339 354 458 456 348
25 years and over........................ 515 627 623 497 542 656 652 519
25 to 34 years.......................... 493 579 578 483 514 600 597 503
35 to 44 years.......................... 520 605 604 506 545 643 641 523
45 to 54 years.......................... 565 697 692 522 588 721 715 554
55 to 64 years.......................... 505 659 647 481 539 656 659 512
65 years and over....................... 378 485 484 365 372 497 487 358
RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX
White, 16 years and over.................. 591 716 711 565 612 741 736 591
Men..................................... 669 757 755 641 694 784 781 669
Women................................... 500 631 627 482 521 667 661 503
Black, 16 years and over.................. 468 596 590 436 487 603 599 463
Men..................................... 503 619 614 479 518 649 637 498
Women................................... 429 564 555 408 451 563 564 424
Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........ 396 584 580 377 414 578 578 398
Men..................................... 414 631 620 394 438 611 612 414
Women................................... 364 489 492 346 385 503 501 372
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers
regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will
not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white
and black population groups.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry
(Numbers in thousands)
2000 2001
Members of Represented Members of Represented
unions(1) by unions(2) unions(1) by unions(2)
Occupation and industry Total Total
em- em-
ployed Percent Percent ployed Percent Percent
Total of Total of Total of Total of
em- em- em- em-
ployed ployed ployed ployed
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty....... 35,378 4,536 12.8 5,277 14.9 36,276 4,654 12.8 5,355 14.8
Executive, administrative, and managerial. 16,434 875 5.3 1,075 6.5 16,916 949 5.6 1,133 6.7
Professional specialty.................... 18,944 3,661 19.3 4,202 22.2 19,360 3,705 19.1 4,222 21.8
Technical, sales, and administrative support 36,124 3,119 8.6 3,521 9.7 35,953 3,193 8.9 3,587 10.0
Technicians and related support........... 4,279 431 10.1 500 11.7 4,393 474 10.8 533 12.1
Sales occupations......................... 13,677 481 3.5 533 3.9 13,639 481 3.5 545 4.0
Administrative support, including clerical 18,167 2,207 12.1 2,487 13.7 17,921 2,239 12.5 2,509 14.0
Service occupations......................... 16,953 2,234 13.2 2,441 14.4 17,156 2,274 13.3 2,464 14.4
Protective service........................ 2,384 938 39.4 1,003 42.1 2,460 935 38.0 998 40.6
Service, except protective service........ 14,569 1,295 8.9 1,438 9.9 14,695 1,339 9.1 1,466 10.0
Precision production, craft, and repair..... 12,716 2,783 21.9 2,910 22.9 12,635 2,716 21.5 2,839 22.5
Operators, fabricators, and laborers........ 17,642 3,498 19.8 3,687 20.9 16,888 3,353 19.9 3,534 20.9
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors.............................. 7,043 1,366 19.4 1,442 20.5 6,502 1,317 20.3 1,383 21.3
Transportation and material moving
occupations............................. 5,182 1,195 23.1 1,260 24.3 5,153 1,202 23.3 1,276 24.8
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers................................ 5,417 938 17.3 984 18.2 5,233 834 15.9 875 16.7
Farming, forestry, and fishing.............. 1,974 89 4.5 109 5.5 1,853 85 4.6 96 5.2
INDUSTRY
Private wage and salary workers............. 101,810 9,148 9.0 9,969 9.8 101,605 9,113 9.0 9,871 9.7
Agriculture............................... 1,821 38 2.1 45 2.5 1,667 27 1.6 33 2.0
Nonagricultural industries................ 99,989 9,110 9.1 9,924 9.9 99,938 9,086 9.1 9,838 9.8
Mining.................................. 499 54 10.9 57 11.4 531 65 12.3 69 12.9
Construction............................ 6,666 1,220 18.3 1,268 19.0 6,881 1,264 18.4 1,305 19.0
Manufacturing........................... 19,167 2,832 14.8 2,999 15.6 18,149 2,657 14.6 2,807 15.5
Durable goods......................... 11,688 1,791 15.3 1,894 16.2 11,059 1,666 15.1 1,757 15.9
Nondurable goods...................... 7,480 1,041 13.9 1,105 14.8 7,091 990 14.0 1,050 14.8
Transportation and public utilities..... 7,508 1,805 24.0 1,920 25.6 7,422 1,743 23.5 1,834 24.7
Transportation........................ 4,573 1,135 24.8 1,203 26.3 4,441 1,069 24.1 1,126 25.4
Communications and public utilities... 2,935 670 22.8 717 24.4 2,981 674 22.6 708 23.7
Wholesale and retail trade.............. 25,133 1,194 4.7 1,315 5.2 25,045 1,174 4.7 1,284 5.1
Wholesale trade....................... 4,766 243 5.1 265 5.6 4,540 249 5.5 268 5.9
Retail trade.......................... 20,366 951 4.7 1,049 5.2 20,505 926 4.5 1,016 5.0
Finance, insurance, and real estate..... 7,488 121 1.6 156 2.1 7,648 158 2.1 211 2.8
Services................................ 33,528 1,884 5.6 2,208 6.6 34,261 2,026 5.9 2,328 6.8
Government workers.......................... 18,976 7,110 37.5 7,976 42.0 19,155 7,162 37.4 8,004 41.8
Federal................................... 3,233 1,033 32.0 1,186 36.7 3,284 1,037 31.6 1,201 36.6
State..................................... 5,464 1,641 30.0 1,867 34.2 5,677 1,732 30.5 1,957 34.5
Local..................................... 10,278 4,436 43.2 4,923 47.9 10,195 4,393 43.1 4,847 47.5
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed
workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry
2000 2001
Occupation and industry Members Repre- Members Repre-
Total of sented Non- Total of sented Non-
unions(1) by union unions(1) by union
unions(2) unions(2)
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty....... $836 $840 $834 $836 $859 $865 $860 $859
Executive, administrative, and managerial. 840 834 854 839 867 869 880 865
Professional specialty.................... 832 841 829 832 854 864 855 853
Technical, sales, and administrative support 506 598 590 497 521 613 606 513
Technicians and related support........... 648 748 741 635 673 731 738 662
Sales occupations......................... 550 526 522 552 574 559 556 575
Administrative support, including clerical 469 588 579 453 486 597 588 472
Service occupations......................... 355 554 542 327 377 556 550 352
Protective service........................ 623 786 771 502 629 809 797 518
Service, except protective service........ 324 423 419 316 345 426 424 333
Precision production, craft, and repair..... 613 784 778 570 629 822 817 590
Operators, fabricators, and laborers........ 446 605 602 411 467 620 613 425
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors.............................. 436 575 572 408 457 587 582 421
Transportation and material moving
occupations............................. 540 694 690 502 573 724 715 521
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers................................ 378 555 551 355 389 530 523 369
Farming, forestry, and fishing.............. 334 516 506 325 354 587 582 345
INDUSTRY
Private wage and salary workers............. 549 663 656 530 580 684 676 566
Agriculture............................... 347 (3) (3) 344 371 (3) (3) 370
Nonagricultural industries................ 555 664 657 537 583 685 677 572
Mining.................................. 768 746 748 774 795 816 816 789
Construction............................ 584 814 810 529 609 864 854 569
Manufacturing........................... 595 630 628 587 613 645 641 607
Durable goods......................... 618 662 659 610 634 675 669 625
Nondurable goods...................... 553 594 594 537 583 607 606 577
Transportation and public utilities..... 679 768 762 639 705 796 792 669
Transportation........................ 615 744 741 582 644 781 776 609
Communications and public utilities... 776 808 798 766 794 816 813 782
Wholesale and retail trade.............. 444 518 514 439 468 540 528 464
Wholesale trade....................... 595 607 608 593 624 654 660 621
Retail trade.......................... 403 495 490 399 421 497 488 418
Finance, insurance, and real estate..... 620 596 593 621 655 584 600 658
Services................................ 543 567 574 540 580 599 597 579
Government workers.......................... 665 730 726 609 684 753 749 620
Federal................................... 745 736 738 755 772 762 767 777
State..................................... 633 685 681 606 649 718 712 610
Local..................................... 650 746 738 562 667 764 756 580
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers
regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state
(Numbers in thousands)
2000 2001
Members of Represented Members of Represented
unions(1) by unions(2) unions(1) by unions(2)
State Total Total
em- em-
ployed Percent Percent ployed Percent Percent
Total of Total of Total of Total of
em- em- em- em-
ployed ployed ployed ployed
Alabama................................... 1,878 181 9.6 198 10.5 1,834 174 9.5 195 10.6
Alaska.................................... 259 57 21.9 64 24.8 267 59 22.0 66 24.7
Arizona................................... 2,015 130 6.4 148 7.3 2,058 121 5.9 134 6.5
Arkansas.................................. 1,052 61 5.8 71 6.7 1,026 64 6.3 79 7.7
California................................ 14,359 2,295 16.0 2,546 17.7 14,557 2,395 16.4 2,617 18.0
Colorado.................................. 1,923 173 9.0 193 10.0 1,931 168 8.7 196 10.1
Connecticut............................... 1,508 246 16.3 262 17.4 1,497 237 15.8 250 16.7
Delaware.................................. 353 47 13.3 52 14.6 371 45 12.2 50 13.4
District of Columbia...................... 244 36 14.7 40 16.5 242 41 16.8 50 20.8
Florida................................... 6,399 434 6.8 554 8.7 6,473 422 6.5 550 8.5
Georgia................................... 3,632 228 6.3 267 7.4 3,613 259 7.2 298 8.2
Hawaii.................................... 497 124 24.8 129 26.0 513 123 23.9 133 25.9
Idaho..................................... 533 41 7.6 48 9.0 554 42 7.6 48 8.7
Illinois.................................. 5,639 1,046 18.6 1,101 19.5 5,466 999 18.3 1,060 19.4
Indiana................................... 2,687 418 15.6 461 17.1 2,696 385 14.3 413 15.3
Iowa...................................... 1,333 182 13.6 215 16.1 1,351 173 12.8 205 15.2
Kansas.................................... 1,200 109 9.0 135 11.2 1,179 110 9.3 136 11.6
Kentucky.................................. 1,729 208 12.0 235 13.6 1,678 192 11.4 209 12.4
Louisiana................................. 1,711 122 7.1 155 9.0 1,750 135 7.7 176 10.1
Maine..................................... 556 78 14.0 92 16.6 559 72 12.9 81 14.5
Maryland.................................. 2,423 353 14.6 406 16.7 2,450 346 14.1 414 16.9
Massachusetts............................. 2,841 406 14.3 445 15.7 2,840 420 14.8 451 15.9
Michigan.................................. 4,513 938 20.8 985 21.8 4,452 968 21.8 1,006 22.6
Minnesota................................. 2,307 419 18.2 434 18.8 2,337 411 17.6 427 18.3
Mississippi............................... 1,120 68 6.0 104 9.3 1,104 62 5.6 99 9.0
Missouri.................................. 2,567 338 13.2 365 14.2 2,543 362 14.2 390 15.3
Montana................................... 369 51 13.9 58 15.7 365 48 13.2 55 15.0
Nebraska.................................. 775 65 8.4 89 11.5 770 60 7.8 84 10.9
Nevada.................................... 881 151 17.1 165 18.8 881 150 17.0 161 18.3
New Hampshire............................. 576 60 10.4 67 11.6 593 60 10.1 67 11.4
New Jersey................................ 3,668 762 20.8 801 21.8 3,637 712 19.6 759 20.9
New Mexico................................ 692 56 8.1 70 10.1 702 56 8.0 67 9.5
New York.................................. 7,683 1,958 25.5 2,036 26.5 7,575 2,024 26.7 2,098 27.7
North Carolina............................ 3,404 124 3.6 148 4.4 3,388 125 3.7 146 4.3
North Dakota.............................. 272 18 6.5 21 7.8 284 21 7.5 24 8.6
Ohio...................................... 5,071 879 17.3 955 18.8 5,075 899 17.7 967 19.1
Oklahoma.................................. 1,384 94 6.8 108 7.8 1,385 117 8.5 130 9.4
Oregon.................................... 1,457 234 16.1 251 17.2 1,444 228 15.8 245 16.9
Pennsylvania.............................. 5,149 870 16.9 926 18.0 5,228 888 17.0 956 18.3
Rhode Island.............................. 438 80 18.2 83 18.8 434 78 17.9 80 18.5
South Carolina............................ 1,740 70 4.0 89 5.1 1,642 75 4.5 91 5.6
South Dakota.............................. 329 18 5.5 22 6.7 328 19 5.9 24 7.5
Tennessee................................. 2,387 212 8.9 239 10.0 2,395 182 7.6 207 8.7
Texas..................................... 8,755 505 5.8 645 7.4 8,855 497 5.6 593 6.7
Utah...................................... 945 69 7.3 85 9.0 945 64 6.8 73 7.8
Vermont................................... 274 28 10.3 34 12.4 276 30 10.8 34 12.2
Virginia.................................. 3,199 179 5.6 227 7.1 3,255 163 5.0 209 6.4
Washington................................ 2,593 471 18.2 516 19.9 2,475 462 18.6 496 20.0
West Virginia............................. 718 103 14.3 111 15.5 732 106 14.6 116 15.9
Wisconsin................................. 2,533 446 17.6 473 18.7 2,533 411 16.2 436 17.2
Wyoming................................... 216 18 8.3 22 10.0 220 20 9.0 24 11.1
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed
workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.