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Historical, technical USDL 04-148
information: (202) 691-5606 For Release: 10:00 AM EST
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Tuesday, February 10, 2004
MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING, 2001
The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor today
reported multifactor productivity data--output per unit of combined inputs
for the manufacturing sector and for durable goods, nondurable goods, and
two-digit (SIC) manufacturing industries through the year 2001. Multifactor
productivity is designed to measure the joint influences on economic growth
of technological change, efficiency improvements, returns to scale,
reallocation of resources, and other factors. Multifactor productivity,
therefore, differs from the laborproductivity (output per hour) measures
that are published quarterly by BLS since it requires information on capital
services and other data that are available only on an annual basis.
In 2001, multifactor productivity in manufacturing changed at the
following percentage rates:
2000-01
Manufacturing -0.8
Durable manufacturing 0.6
Nondurable manufacturing -2.2
The decline in multifactor productivity in manufacturing was the
first in 10 years. The 2001 annual changes are summarized in table A;
further detail and historical measures are shown in tables 1 through 3.
This is the last release of manufacturing productivity measures based
on the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. SIC-based
productivity and related series through 2001 will remain available but
will no longer be updated. In the future, historical and new measures
will be based on the North American Industrial Classfication System
(NAICS).
The data sources and methods used in the preparation of the
manufacturing series differ from those used in preparing the private
business and private nonfarm business series published elsewhere, and
these measures are not directly comparable. See BLS News Release USDL 03-
158, Multifactor Productivity Trends, 2001 and see page 8 and the Summary
of Methods for further information on data sources and methods.
The multifactor productivity measures for manufacturing differ in
several ways from those for private business and private nonfarm business
in their treatment of labor input, output, and classes of factor inputs.
First, the manufacturing measure of labor input is a direct aggregate of
hours. This is in contrast to the major sector measures for which
estimates of the effects of changing labor composition have been
developed.
Next, the output concept used for multifactor productivity in
manufacturing is "sectoral output." Sectoral output is similar to gross
output, but excludes shipments from one establishment to another within
the same manufacturing industry or sector. In contrast, the output
concept used for private business and nonfarm business is "gross product
originating". Gross product originating in private business equals gross
domestic product in the economy less government, private households, and
non-profit institutions. Gross product originating excludes intermediate
transactions between businesses.
The resulting manufacturing multifactor productivity measure
compares what is produced in the manufacturing sector for use outside of
manufacturing with the inputs used in the manufacturing process obtained
from outside of manufacturing. The comparison excludes flows of
intermediate inputs between manufacturing establishments from measures of
both output and inputs. However, the comparison does include capital
service inputs and capital goods produced, even when these goods are
produced and consumed in manufacturing.
Finally, multifactor productivity in manufacturing compares "sectoral
output" to three classes of inputs: 1) hours at work of labor employed
within manufacturing; 2) capital services employed by manufacturing
establishments; and 3) purchases of energy, materials, and business
services from outside of manufacturing (intermediates).
In manufacturing, intermediates are the largest input in terms of
costs. Furthermore, research has shown that substitution among inputs,
including intermediates, affects productivity change. Therefore, it is
important to include intermediates in productivity measures at the level
of manufacturing. In contrast, the more aggregate productivity measures
compare "value-added" output with two classes of inputs, capital and
labor. Because of these differences in methods, productivity change in
manufacturing cannot be directly compared with changes in private
business or private nonfarm business.
Manufacturing productivity in 2001 and historical trends
Multifactor productivity in manufacturing declined 0.8 percent in
2001. The decline was the result of a 4.5 percent decline in sectoral
output and a 3.7 percent decrease in combined inputs. Capital services
continued to grow in 2001, but at a much more modest rate, posting a 1.5
percent advance. The decline in hours accelerated in 2001, falling 5.6
percent.
Multifactor productivity grew 1.2 percent annually from 1949 (when
the manufacturing series started) to 2001. Sectoral output increased at
a 3.1 percent annual rate, and combined inputs rose 1.9 percent per year
(table A). Unlike the private business and private nonfarm business
sectors, the productivity slowdown in manufacturing was confined to the
1973-79 period. Multifactor productivity, which had been growing 1.5
percent annually prior to 1973, fell 0.6 percent per year between 1973
and 1979. Output growth slowed to 2.5 percent, while combined inputs
grew 3.1 percent over the 1973-79 time period.
Between 1979 and 1990, multifactor productivity growth in
manufacturing rebounded sharply to 1.1 percent per year. Sectoral output
growth continued to slow, and, in this period, all input growth rates
fell. Hours declined, and the growth rates for both capital services and
materials fell sharply. As a result, combined inputs grew only 0.8
percent annually. The rebound in productivity was associated mainly with
slower growth in combined inputs.
From 1990 to 1995, multifactor productivity growth accelerated
further, almost matching the pre-1973 growth rate. Multifactor
productivity advanced 1.2 percent per year during this period. Output
growth increased to 3.1 percent per year, while combined inputs rose 1.9
percent annually. The decline in hours slowed to 0.1 percent, and
energy, materials, and purchased business services all grew much more
rapidly than in the 1979-90 period.
From 1995 to 2000, multifactor productivity advanced still faster at
2.3 percent per year. Sectoral output growth increased to 3.9 percent
per year, while combined inputs continued to advance at about the same
rate as in the early 1990s. Hours declined slightly during the 1995-2000
period, but the increase in the growth rate of capital services, to 3.8
percent, was notable. Each intermediate input--energy, non-energy
materials, and purchased business services--grew less rapidly in the 1995-
2000 period than in 1990-95.
Among detailed manufacturing industries, only durable goods
manufacturers experienced multifactor productivity gains in 2001 (table
3), while nondurable goods manufacturers experienced declines. Little
difference existed prior to 1979, but the productivity gap between the
two sectors widened thereafter, primarily due to the rapid productivity
growth in industrial and commercial machinery and in electronic and other
electrical equipment. Eleven of the 18 detailed industries experienced
multifactor productivity declines in 2001.
Over the 1949-2001 period, multifactor productivity advanced most
rapidly in electronic and other electrical equipment, textile mill
products, and industrial machinery. The printing and publishing industry
was the only industry to experience a multifactor productivity decline
over the entire period. In the more recent period of 1995-2000,
multifactor productivity grew very rapidly in the information processing
equipment industries. It rose 8.2 percent per year in electronic and
other electrical equipment and 7.7 percent per year in industrial
machinery, the two industries where most information processing equipment
is produced.
Table A. Productivity and related data in manufacturing, percent
changes, 1949-2001
(percent per year)
1949- 1949- 1973- 1979- 1990- 1995- 2000-
2001 1973 1979 1990 1995 2000 2001
Productivity
Multifactor 1.2 1.5 -0.6 1.1 1.2 2.3 -0.8
productivity1
Output per hour 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.6 3.3 4.1 1.2
of all persons
Output per unit -0.5 0.0 -2.1 -0.8 0.6 0.1 -5.8
of capital services
Sectoral output 3.1 4.0 2.5 2.0 3.1 3.9 -4.5
Inputs
Hours2 0.4 1.4 0.3 -0.7 -0.1 -0.2 -5.6
Capital services 3.6 4.0 4.7 2.8 2.5 3.8 1.5
Energy 2.5 4.9 0.8 0.3 1.9 0.4 -5.2
Non-energy materials 2.7 2.4 6.2 1.5 3.8 2.8 -1.3
Purchased business 3.6 5.1 5.4 1.9 3.5 1.2 -8.3
services
Combined inputs3 1.9 2.4 3.1 0.8 1.9 1.5 -3.7
1. Output per unit of combined hours, capital, energy,materials, and
purchased business services inputs.
2. Hours at work of all persons.
3. The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of nominal costs.
Revisions
The multifactor productivity data for the 1997-2000 period reflect a
number of revisions to source data. For example, updated input-output
tables and revised BEA chain-type price indexes have been incorporated.
In addition, methods underlying energy and non-energy materials data have
been improved, which affect estimates for many years in the series.
Comprehensive tables containing additional data beyond the scope of
this press release are available upon request at 202-691-5606 or at
http://www.bls.gov/web/prod3.supp.toc.htm.
Summary of Methods for the Manufacturing sector and manufacturing industries
This note describes the major data sources and the procedures used in
deriving BLS multifactor productivity indexes. More detailed information on
methods, limitations, and data sources is provided in BLS Bulletin 2178
(September 1983), "Trends in Multifactor Productivity, 1948-81." Methods for
measuring manufacturing multifactor productivity are discussed in "Measurement
of productivity growth in U.S. manufacturing� in the July 1995 issue of the
Monthly Labor Review. Additional data not contained in the release can be
obtained in print at 202-691-5606 or at http://www.bls.gov/mfp/home.htm.
The manufacturing multifactor productivity measures describe the
relationship between output in real terms and the inputs involved in its
production. They do not measure the specific contributions of labor, capital,
or any other factor of production. Rather, multifactor productivity is
designed to measure the joint influences on economic growth of technological
change, efficiency improvements, returns to scale, reallocation of resources
due to shifts in factor inputs across industries, and other factors. The
multifactor productivity indexes are derived by dividing an output index by an
index of the combined input of labor, capital services, energy, non-energy
materials, and business service inputs. The output indexes are computed as
chained superlative indexes (Tornqvist indexes) of components of output.
Capital input measures the services derived from the stock of physical
assets and software. The assets included are fixed business equipment,
structures, inventories, and land. Among equipment, BLS provides additional
detail for information processing equipment and software (IPES). IPES is
composed of four broad classes of assets: computers and related equipment,
software, communications equipment, and other IPES equipment. Computers and
related equipment includes mainframe computers, personal computers, printers,
video displays, and other related equipment. Software is comprised of
pre-packaged, custom, and own-account software. Communications equipment is
not further differentiated. Other IPES includes scientific and related
equipment, photocopying and related equipment, and office and accounting
equipment. Structures include nonresidential structures and residential
capital that is rented out by profit-making firms or persons. Financial assets
are excluded. The aggregate capital measures are obtained by Tornqvist
aggregation of the capital stocks for each asset type within each of 53
industries using estimated rental prices for each asset type. Each rental
price reflects the nominal rate of return to all assets within the industry and
rates of economic depreciation and revaluation for the specific asset; rental
prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes. Data on investments in physical
assets are obtained from BEA. Current-dollar gross product originating (GPO)
data, obtained from BEA, are used in estimating capital rental prices.
Hours paid of employees are obtained from the Current Employment
Statistics program. The hours at work of proprietors, unpaid family workers,
and farm employees are derived from the Current Population Survey. The hours
of employees are converted to an at-work basis by using the Hours at Work
survey. Labor input in manufacturing is measured as the sum of hours at work
of all persons. The construction of hours at work follows the methods used in
the private business sector described in USDL 03-158 Multifactor Productivity
Trends, 2001, except that hours in manufacturing are directly aggregated and
do not include the effects of changing labor composition.
The labor and capital components of the input indexes are combined
with Tornqvist weights that represent each component's share of total costs.
Total costs are defined as the value of output (gross product originating)
less a portion of indirect business taxes. Most indirect taxes, such as
excise taxes, are excluded from costs; however, property and motor vehicle
taxes remain in total costs. The index uses changing weights: The share in
each year is averaged with the preceding year's share.
The output index for total manufacturing is computed using a chained
superlative index (Tornqvist) of 4-digit SIC industry outputs. Industry
outputs are developed by BLS from data obtained from the Annual Survey of
Manufactures (ASM) and the Census of Manufactures (CM) from the Bureau of the
Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with Producer Price Indexes from
BLS and price data from BEA.
Energy input is constructed using costs and quantity data from the
ASM, the CM, and the Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey of the Energy
Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, together with BLS
Producer Price Indexes. The series on non-energy materials input also relies
on ASM and CM data. Indexes of purchased business services are developed by
BLS using input-output tables to estimate the proportion of costs attributed
to nine types of services. Tornqvist indexes of each of these three input
classes are developed at the 2-digit SIC level and then aggregated to total
manufacturing. As with the sectoral output measures, materials and energy
inputs are adjusted to exclude transactions between establishments within the
same sector.
The five input indexes (capital services, hours, energy, materials,
and purchased business services) are combined using Tornqvist aggregation,
employing weights that represent each component's share of total costs. Total
costs are defined as the value of manufacturing sectoral output. The index
uses changing weights: The share in each year is averaged with the preceding
year's share.
Table 1. Manufacturing sector: Productivity and related measures, 1949-2001
Indexes 1996=100
Productivity Inputs
Output Output Multi- Cap- Purch Comb.
per hour per unit factor Sect- ital -ased units
of all of Product oral Serv- En- Mater- bus. of all
Year persons capital ivity2 Output3 Hours4 ices1 ergy ials serv. inputs5
1949 29.7 121.5 59.7 22.7 76.4 18.7 27.0 26.1 15.2 37.9
1950 30.1 128.9 62.8 24.9 82.5 19.3 28.3 25.8 17.7 39.6
1955 34.3 130.7 66.8 31.3 91.2 24.0 39.4 32.0 22.8 46.9
1960 37.0 119.7 67.9 32.8 88.8 27.4 47.9 33.0 25.3 48.3
1965 42.9 131.5 77.2 42.2 98.3 32.1 62.5 35.6 33.3 54.7
1966 43.4 131.7 77.5 45.5 104.8 34.5 67.0 37.9 37.6 58.6
1967 45.0 125.4 77.1 46.9 104.1 37.4 72.3 39.7 42.6 60.8
1968 46.6 125.8 79.4 49.2 105.6 39.1 76.8 40.2 42.5 62.0
1969 47.4 122.8 79.9 50.6 106.9 41.2 79.5 40.2 45.1 63.4
1970 48.0 112.2 78.8 48.2 100.6 43.0 79.7 38.7 43.6 61.2
1971 51.2 112.1 81.0 49.6 96.9 44.3 80.8 41.2 43.1 61.2
1972 53.3 118.4 84.0 54.1 101.4 45.7 83.0 44.0 46.0 64.3
1973 54.3 120.5 85.4 57.9 106.6 48.0 85.6 46.0 50.1 67.7
1974 54.1 110.9 80.8 56.4 104.1 50.8 87.9 50.5 53.7 69.8
1975 56.8 99.9 78.5 53.3 93.9 53.4 81.8 53.1 51.9 67.9
1976 59.2 104.9 81.3 58.2 98.3 55.5 84.9 57.5 53.2 71.6
1977 61.6 108.8 82.4 63.1 102.4 58.0 85.0 64.9 57.6 76.6
1978 62.2 109.8 83.1 66.4 106.7 60.5 86.1 67.7 60.8 79.9
1979 61.8 106.3 82.5 67.1 108.7 63.2 89.7 65.9 68.5 81.4
1980 62.0 97.2 81.2 64.3 103.7 66.1 86.1 63.9 65.8 79.2
1981 62.7 93.3 81.7 64.6 103.0 69.2 85.8 63.5 63.5 79.0
1982 66.0 87.2 83.0 62.0 94.0 71.2 77.6 61.9 55.9 74.7
1983 68.0 90.2 85.1 64.8 95.4 71.9 78.5 62.0 62.7 76.2
1984 70.3 96.6 87.7 71.5 101.6 74.0 83.5 68.2 66.6 81.5
1985 72.9 96.1 89.2 73.5 100.8 76.5 80.7 72.2 62.1 82.4
1986 76.1 96.3 90.7 75.6 99.4 78.5 81.4 74.2 65.4 83.4
1987 78.3 97.6 93.6 78.3 100.0 80.2 86.5 70.9 70.8 83.7
1988 79.9 100.7 95.3 82.2 102.8 81.6 89.9 71.9 77.4 86.2
1989 80.0 99.2 93.5 82.6 103.3 83.2 90.2 75.0 82.6 88.3
1990 82.2 97.5 93.3 83.2 101.1 85.3 93.1 77.5 84.7 89.1
1991 84.1 93.6 92.4 81.5 96.9 87.1 93.2 78.5 84.6 88.3
1992 88.6 95.9 94.0 85.5 96.5 89.1 93.1 83.5 92.0 90.9
1993 90.2 96.9 95.1 88.3 97.8 91.1 96.6 86.5 92.9 92.8
1994 93.0 99.7 97.3 92.9 99.9 93.2 99.9 90.3 96.0 95.5
1995 96.5 100.6 99.2 96.9 100.4 96.4 102.3 93.1 100.4 97.7
1996 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1997 103.8 101.4 103.1 105.6 101.7 104.1 97.5 101.9 103.9 102.4
1998 108.9 101.7 105.7 110.5 101.5 108.7 100.6 107.5 103.1 104.6
1999 114.0 101.7 108.7 114.7 100.7 112.8 102.9 107.9 105.4 105.5
2000 118.3 101.0 111.3 117.4 99.2 116.2 104.3 106.9 106.5 105.5
2001 119.7 95.1 110.3 112.1 93.6 117.9 98.9 105.5 97.7 101.6
See footnotes following table 2. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Table 2. Manufacturing sector: Productivity and related measures, 1950-2001
percent change
Productivity Inputs
Output Output Multi- Cap- Purch Comb.
per hour per unit factor Sect- ital -ased units
of all of Product oral Serv- En- Mater- bus. of all
Year persons capital ivity2 Output3 Hours4 ices1 ergy ials serv. inputs5
1950 1.5 6.1 5.1 9.7 8.1 3.4 4.8 -1.3 16.8 4.4
1955 4.0 5.7 2.8 9.7 5.5 3.8 14.0 8.7 11.3 6.7
1960 2.2 -0.7 0.3 1.7 -0.4 2.4 1.8 4.1 1.7 1.5
1965 2.4 3.0 2.7 8.4 5.9 5.2 5.7 4.5 7.0 5.5
1966 1.1 0.2 0.4 7.6 6.5 7.4 7.4 6.4 12.9 7.2
1967 3.7 -4.8 -0.6 3.1 -0.6 8.2 7.8 4.6 13.4 3.7
1968 3.5 0.3 3.0 5.0 1.4 4.8 6.2 1.3 -0.2 2.0
1969 1.7 -2.3 0.7 2.9 1.2 5.3 3.5 0.0 6.1 2.2
1970 1.2 -8.6 -1.4 -4.8 -5.9 4.2 0.3 -3.7 -3.4 -3.4
1971 6.7 -0.1 2.8 2.9 -3.6 3.0 1.5 6.5 -1.1 0.0
1972 4.2 5.6 3.7 8.9 4.6 3.2 2.7 6.8 6.7 5.0
1973 1.9 1.8 1.7 7.1 5.1 5.2 3.1 4.6 8.9 5.3
1974 -0.3 -7.9 -5.5 -2.6 -2.3 5.8 2.7 9.6 7.2 3.1
1975 4.9 -10.0 -2.8 -5.4 -9.9 5.1 -7.0 5.3 -3.3 -2.7
1976 4.2 5.0 3.5 9.1 4.8 3.9 3.8 8.3 2.4 5.4
1977 4.1 3.7 1.4 8.4 4.1 4.5 0.1 12.7 8.3 6.9
1978 1.0 0.9 0.9 5.2 4.2 4.3 1.2 4.4 5.6 4.3
1979 -0.7 -3.2 -0.8 1.2 1.9 4.5 4.2 -2.7 12.7 2.0
1980 0.4 -8.5 -1.5 -4.2 -4.6 4.7 -4.0 -3.0 -4.0 -2.7
1981 1.1 -4.1 0.6 0.4 -0.7 4.6 -0.4 -0.7 -3.4 -0.2
1982 5.2 -6.6 1.6 -3.9 -8.7 2.9 -9.6 -2.5 -12.1 -5.4
1983 3.0 3.4 2.5 4.5 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.3 12.1 1.9
1984 3.5 7.1 3.1 10.2 6.5 2.9 6.4 9.9 6.3 6.9
1985 3.7 -0.5 1.7 2.9 -0.8 3.4 -3.3 5.9 -6.8 1.2
1986 4.3 0.2 1.7 2.8 -1.4 2.6 0.8 2.7 5.4 1.2
1987 3.0 1.4 3.2 3.6 0.6 2.2 6.2 -4.4 8.3 0.4
1988 2.0 3.1 1.8 4.9 2.8 1.7 4.0 1.4 9.3 3.0
1989 0.1 -1.4 -1.9 0.5 0.5 2.0 0.2 4.4 6.7 2.5
1990 2.8 -1.7 -0.2 0.7 -2.1 2.5 3.2 3.3 2.5 0.9
1991 2.3 -4.0 -1.0 -2.0 -4.2 2.2 0.2 1.4 -0.1 -1.0
1992 5.3 2.5 1.8 4.8 -0.4 2.2 -0.1 6.4 8.7 3.0
1993 1.8 1.0 1.1 3.3 1.4 2.2 3.7 3.5 1.0 2.1
1994 3.0 2.9 2.3 5.3 2.2 2.3 3.4 4.4 3.4 3.0
1995 3.9 0.9 2.0 4.3 0.4 3.4 2.4 3.2 4.6 2.3
1996 3.6 -0.6 0.8 3.2 -0.4 3.8 -2.2 7.4 -0.4 2.3
1997 3.8 1.4 3.1 5.6 1.7 4.1 -2.5 1.9 3.9 2.4
1998 4.9 0.3 2.6 4.7 -0.2 4.4 3.3 5.4 -0.8 2.1
1999 4.6 0.0 2.8 3.8 -0.8 3.8 2.2 0.4 2.2 0.9
2000 3.8 -0.7 2.3 2.3 -1.5 3.0 1.3 -1.0 1.1 -0.1
2001 1.2 -5.8 -0.8 -4.5 -5.6 1.5 -5.2 -1.3 -8.3 -3.7
Table 3. Manufacturing industries: Multifactor productivity trends, 1949-2001
Average annual growth rates
Industry 1949-01 1949-73 1973-79 1979-90 1990-95 1995-00 2000-01
Manufacturing 1.2 1.5 -0.6 1.1 1.2 2.3 -0.8
Nondurable manufacturing 0.6 1.3 -0.5 0.3 0.3 0.0 -2.2
Food and kindred products 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.7 -0.8 -3.1
Tobacco manufactures N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Textile mill products 2.3 2.3 3.3 2.1 1.6 1.8 2.0
Apparel & related products 1.0 0.7 1.9 0.6 0.8 2.1 2.5
Paper and allied products 0.6 1.6 -1.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 -1.9
Printing and publishing -0.3 0.5 -0.7 -0.9 -1.2 -0.6 -5.0
Chemicals & allied products 0.9 2.5 -2.5 0.7 -0.2 -0.3 -1.1
Petroleum refining 0.4 0.8 -0.6 -0.1 0.3 0.5 0.3
Rubber & misc.products 0.7 1.0 -1.9 1.4 1.2 1.5 -1.0
Leather & leather products N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Durable manufacturing 1.6 1.5 -0.6 1.8 2.0 4.2 0.6
Lumber and wood products 1.0 1.7 0.4 2.5 -1.7 -1.3 -1.2
Furniture and fixtures 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.7 -0.4
Stone, clay, glass 0.6 1.1 -1.2 1.4 0.7 0.0 -5.2
& concrete products
Primary metals industries 0.1 0.4 -2.3 0.3 0.8 0.0 1.4
Fabricated metals products 0.3 0.5 -1.0 0.5 1.0 0.2 -3.1
Industrial & 2.1 0.7 0.2 3.2 3.1 7.7 1.4
commercial machinery
Electronic & other 3.1 2.1 0.9 3.0 5.9 8.2 4.4
electrical equipment
Transportation equipment 0.8 1.5 -0.5 0.2 0.5 1.3 1.0
Instruments 1.5 1.8 1.2 1.4 0.0 2.6 -0.9
Miscellaneous manufacturing 1.0 1.6 -0.7 1.1 -0.2 1.8 -3.0
Footnotes, Tables 1-2
Source: Output data are from the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of
Commerce, and modified by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), U.S.
Department of Labor. Compensation and hours data are from BLS. Capital
measures are based on data supplied by BEA and the U.S. Department of
Agriculture. See also Summary of Methods in this release.
(1) A measure of the flow of capital services used in the sector.
(2) Sectoral output per combined units of capital, hours, energy, non-energy
materials, and purchased business services.
(3) Manufacturing gross output excluding transactions between manufacturing
establishments, superlative chained index.
(4) Hours at work of all persons.
(5) Combined units of capital services, hours, energy, non-energy materials, and
purchased business services, superlative chained index.