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Historical, technical USDL 02-499
information: (202) 691-5606 For Release: 10:00 AM EDT
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Thursday, August 29, 2002
MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING, 2000
The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor today
reported multifactor productivity data--output per unit of combined inputs
for the manufacturing sector and for durable goods, nondurable goods, and
two-digit (SIC) manufacturing industries through the year 2000. Multifactor
productivity is designed to measure the joint influences on economic growth
of technological change, efficiency improvements, returns to scale,
reallocation of resources, and other factors. Multifactor productivity,
therefore, differs from the labor productivity (output per hour) measures
that are published quarterly by BLS since it requires information on capital
services and other data that are not available on a quarterly basis.
In 2000, multifactor productivity in all manufacturing changed at
the following percentage rates:
1999-2000
Manufacturing 1.9
Durable manufacturing 3.3
Nondurable manufacturing 0.0
Multifactor productivity in manufacturing increased for the ninth
consecutive year, but at the lowest rate since 1996. The 2000 annual changes
are summarized in table A; further detail and historical measures are shown
in tables 1 through 3.
The data sources and methods used in the preparation of the
manufacturing series differ from those used in preparing the private business
and private nonfarm business series published elsewhere (see BLS News Release
USDL 02-128, Multifactor Productivity Trends, 2000), and these measures are
not directly comparable. See page 8 and the Summary of Methods for further
information on data sources and methods.
The multifactor productivity measures for manufacturing differ in several
ways from those for private business and private nonfarm business in their
treatment of labor input, output, and classes of factor inputs. First, the
manufacturing measure of labor input is a direct aggregate of hours. This is
in contrast to the major sector measures for which estimates of the effects
of changing labor composition have been developed.
Next, the output concept used for multifactor productivity in
manufacturing is �sectoral output. Sectoral output is similar to gross output,
but excludes shipments from one establishment to another within the same
manufacturing industry or sector. The resulting multifactor productivity
measure compares what is produced in the manufacturing sector for use outside
of manufacturing with the inputs used in the manufacturing process obtained
from outside of manufacturing. The comparison excludes flows of intermediate
inputs between manufacturing establishments from measures of both output and
inputs. However, the comparison does include capital service inputs and
capital goods produced, even when these goods are produced and consumed in
manufacturing.
Finally, multifactor productivity in manufacturing compares "sectoral
output" to three classes of inputs: 1) hours at work of labor employed within
manufacturing; 2) capital services employed by manufacturing establishments;
and 3) purchases of energy, materials, and business services from outside of
manufacturing (intermediates).
In manufacturing, intermediates are the largest input in terms of costs.
Furthermore, research has shown that substitution among inputs, including
intermediates, affects productivity change. Therefore, it is important to
include intermediates in productivity measures at the level of manufacturing.
In contrast, the more aggregate productivity measures compare "value-added"
output with two classes of inputs, capital and labor. Because of these
differences in methods, productivity change in manufacturing cannot be
directly compared with changes in private business or private nonfarm
business.
Manufacturing productivity in 2000 and historical trends
Multifactor productivity in manufacturing rose 1.9 percent in 2000
(table A), down somewhat from the 2.6 increase in 1999, and the lowest
multifactor productivity growth in manufacturing since 1996.
In 2000, the 1.9 percent gain in multifactor productivity was the result
of a 2.5 percent advance in sectoral output less a 0.7 percent increase in
combined inputs. Growth in both output and combined inputs were the slowest
since declines in 1991. Inputs of materials rose 0.9 percent in 2000, the
slowest growth since 1987. Capital services continued to grow rapidly,
posting a 3.8 percent advance; hours declined for the third year in a row,
falling 1.4 percent, the largest decline in hours since 1991.
Multifactor productivity grew 1.2 percent annually from 1949 (when the
manufacturing series started) to 2000. Sectoral output increased at a 3.3
percent annual rate, and combined inputs rose 2.1 percent per year (table A).
Unlike the private business and private nonfarm business sectors, the
productivity slowdown in manufacturing was confined to the 1973-79 period.
Multifactor productivity, which had been growing 1.5 percent annually prior
to 1973, fell 0.6 percent per year between 1973 and 1979. Output growth
slowed to 2.5 percent, while combined inputs grew 3.1 percent over the
1973-79 time period.
Between 1979 and 1990, multifactor productivity growth in manufacturing
rebounded sharply to 1.1 percent per year. Sectoral output growth continued
to slow, and, in this period, all input growth rates fell. Hours declined, and
the growth rates for both capital services and materials fell sharply. As a
result, combined inputs grew less than 1 percent annually. The rebound in
productivity was associated mainly with slower growth in combined inputs.
From 1990 to 1995, multifactor productivity growth accelerated further,
almost matching the pre-1973 growth rate. Multifactor productivity advanced
1.3 percent per year during this period. Output growth increased to 3.1
percent per year, while combined inputs rose 1.8 percent annually. The
decline in hours slowed to 0.1 percent, and energy, materials, and purchased
business services all grew much more rapidly than in the 1979-90 period.
From 1995 to 2000, multifactor productivity advanced still faster at 2.1
percent per year. Sectoral output growth increased to 4.1 percent per year,
while combined inputs continued to advance at about the same rate as in the
early 1990s. Hours declined slightly during the 1995-2000 period, but the
increase in the growth rate of capital services, to 4.0 percent, was notable.
Among detailed manufacturing industries, durable goods manufacturers
experienced considerably faster multifactor productivity gains than nondurable
goods manufacturers in 2000 (table 3). While little difference existed prior
to 1979, the productivity gap widened thereafter, primarily due to the rapid
productivity growth in industrial and commercial machinery and electronic and
other electrical equipment.
Table A. Productivity and related data in manufacturing,
percent changes, 1949-2000
(percent per year)
1949- 1949- 1973- 1979- 1990- 1995- 1999-
2000 1973 1979 1990 1995 2000 2000
Productivity
Multifactor
productivity1 1.2 1.5 -0.6 1.1 1.3 2.1 1.9
Output per hour
of all persons 2.8 2.6 2.2 2.6 3.3 4.3 4.0
Output per unit
of capital services -0.4 0.0 -2.1 -0.8 0.6 0.1 -1.2
Sectoral output 3.3 4.0 2.5 2.0 3.1 4.1 2.5
Inputs
Hours 2 0.5 1.4 0.3 -0.7 -0.1 -0.2 -1.4
Capital services 3.7 4.0 4.7 2.8 2.5 4.0 3.8
Energy 2.7 4.9 0.8 0.3 1.8 0.5 2.8
Non-energy materials 3.0 2.3 6.2 1.7 3.5 4.5 0.9
Purchased business
services 3.8 5.1 5.4 1.7 3.5 1.0 1.0
Combined inputs3 2.1 2.4 3.1 0.9 1.8 2.0 0.7
1. Output per unit of combined hours, capital, energy, materials and
purchased business services inputs.
2. Hours at work of all persons.
3. The growth rate of each input is weighted by its share of nominal costs.
Over the 1949-2000 period, multifactor productivity advanced most rapidly
in electronic and other electrical equipment, textile mill products, and
industrial machinery. The printing and publishing industry was the only
industry to experience a multifactor productivity decline over the entire
period. In the more recent period of 1995-2000, multifactor productivity
grew very rapidly in the information processing equipment industries. It rose
7.4 percent per year in electronic and other electrical equipment and 5.8
percent per year in industrial machinery.
Revisions
The multifactor productivity data for 1997 forward reflect a number of
revisions to source data. Revisions to both the manufacturing values of
production and industry price indexes for 1997-2000 have been incorporated.
In addition, methods underlying energy and non-energy materials have been
improved, which affect estimates for all years after 1992.
Comprehensive tables containing additional data beyond the scope of this
press release are available upon request or at
http://www.bls.gov/web/prod3.supp.toc.htm.
Summary of Methods for the Manufacturing sector and manufacturing industries
The following note describes the major data sources and the procedures
used in deriving BLS multifactor productivity indexes. More detailed
information on methods, limitations, and data sources is provided in BLS
Bulletin 2178 (September 1983), "Trends in Multifactor Productivity, 1948-81."
Methods for measuring manufacturing multifactor productivity are discussed in
William Gullickson, "Measurement of productivity growth in U.S.
manufacturing," in the July 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review.
Additional data not contained in the release can be obtained in print or
at http://www.bls.gov/mfp/home.htm.
The manufacturing multifactor productivity measures describe the
relationship between output in real terms and the inputs involved in its
production. They do not measure the specific contributions of labor, capital,
or any other factor of production. Rather, multifactor productivity is
designed to measure the joint influences on economic growth of technological
change, efficiency improvements, returns to scale, reallocation of resources
due to shifts in factor inputs across industries, and other factors. The
multifactor productivity indexes are derived by dividing an output index by
an index of the combined input of labor, capital services, energy, non-energy
inputs, and business service inputs. The output indexes are computed as
chained superlative indexes (Tornqvist indexes) of components of output.
Capital input measures the services derived from the stock of physical
assets and software. The assets included are fixed business equipment,
structures, inventories, and land. Among equipment, BLS provides additional
detail for information processing equipment and software (IPES). IPES is
composed of four broad classes of assets: computers and related equipment,
software, communications equipment, and other IPES equipment. Computers and
related equipment includes mainframe computers, personal computers, printers,
video displays, and other related equipment. Software is comprised of
pre-packaged, custom, and own-account software. Communications equipment is
not further differentiated. Other IPES includes scientific and related
equipment, photocopying and related equipment, and office and accounting
equipment. Structures include nonresidential structures and residential
capital that is rented out by profit-making firms or persons. Financial
assets are excluded. The aggregate capital measures are obtained by
Tornqvist aggregation of the capital stocks for each asset type within each of
53 industries using estimated rental prices for each asset type. Each rental
price reflects the nominal rate of return to all assets within the industry
and rates of economic depreciation and revaluation for the specific asset;
rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes. Data on investments in
physical assets are obtained from BEA. Current-dollar gross product
originating (GPO) data, obtained from BEA, are used in estimating capital
rental prices. This news release makes use of revised GPO data, released by
BEA in December 2000.
Hours paid of employees are obtained from the Current Employment
Statistics program. The hours at work of proprietors, unpaid family workers,
and farm employees are derived from the Current Population Survey. The hours
of employees are converted to an at-work basis by using the Hours at Work
survey. Labor input in manufacturing is measured as the sum of hours at work
of all persons. The construction of hours at work follows the methods used
in the private business sector described in USDL 02-128 Multifactor
Productivity Trends, 2000, except that hours in manufacturing are directly
aggregated and do not include the effects of changing labor composition.
The labor and capital components of the input indexes are combined with
(Tornqvist) weights that represent each component's share of total costs.
Total costs are defined as the value of output (gross product originating)
less a portion of indirect business taxes. Most indirect taxes, such as
excise taxes, are excluded from costs; however, property and motor vehicle
taxes remain in total costs. The index uses changing weights: The share in
each year is averaged with the preceding year's share.
The output index for total manufacturing is computed using a chained
superlative index (Tornqvist) of 4-digit SIC industry outputs. Industry
outputs are developed by BLS from data obtained from the Annual Survey of
Manufactures (ASM) and the Census of Manufactures (CM) from the Bureau of the
Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with Producer Price Indexes from
BLS and price data from BEA.
Energy input is constructed using costs and quantity data from the ASM,
the CM, and the Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey of the Energy
Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, together with BLS
Producer Price Indexes. The series on non-energy materials input also relies
on ASM and CM data. Indexes of purchased business services are developed by
BLS using input-output tables to estimate the proportion of costs attributed
to nine types of services. Tornqvist indexes of each of these three input
classes are developed at the 2-digit SIC level and then aggregated to total
manufacturing. As with the sectoral output measures, materials and energy
inputs are adjusted to exclude transactions between establishments within the
same sector.
The five input indexes (capital services, hours, energy, materials, and
purchased business services) are combined using Tornqvist aggregation,
employing weights that represent each component's share of total costs. Total
costs are defined as the value of manufacturing sectoral output. The index
uses changing weights: The share in each year is averaged with the preceding
year's share.
Table 1. Manufacturing sector: Productivity and related measures, 1949-2000
Indexes 1996=100
Productivity Inputs
Output Output Multi- Cap- Purch Comb.
per hour per unit factor Sect- ital -ased units
of all of Product oral Serv- En- Mater- bus. of all
Year persons capital ivity2 Output3 Hours4 ices1 ergy ials serv. inputs5
1949 29.7 121.5 59.5 22.7 76.4 18.7 27.1 26.3 15.5 38.1
1950 30.1 128.9 62.6 24.9 82.5 19.3 28.4 25.9 18.1 39.7
1955 34.4 130.8 66.7 31.4 91.2 24.0 39.5 32.0 23.3 47.0
1960 37.1 119.9 68.1 32.9 88.8 27.5 48.0 32.5 25.9 48.3
1965 43.0 131.7 77.5 42.3 98.3 32.1 62.6 35.2 34.1 54.6
1966 43.5 132.0 77.8 45.6 104.7 34.5 67.2 37.4 38.5 58.6
1967 45.1 125.7 77.4 47.0 104.1 37.4 72.4 39.1 43.6 60.7
1968 46.7 126.0 79.7 49.3 105.6 39.2 76.9 39.5 43.5 61.9
1969 47.5 123.1 80.3 50.8 106.9 41.2 79.6 39.5 46.2 63.2
1970 48.1 112.4 79.1 48.3 100.6 43.0 79.8 38.2 44.6 61.1
1971 51.3 112.3 81.3 49.7 96.9 44.3 81.0 40.7 44.1 61.2
1972 53.4 118.6 84.2 54.2 101.4 45.7 83.2 43.7 47.1 64.3
1973 54.4 120.7 85.7 58.0 106.6 48.0 85.7 45.6 51.3 67.7
1974 54.3 111.2 81.1 56.5 104.1 50.8 88.1 49.8 54.9 69.7
1975 56.9 100.0 78.8 53.4 93.9 53.4 82.0 52.4 53.1 67.8
1976 59.3 105.1 81.6 58.3 98.3 55.5 85.1 56.8 54.4 71.5
1977 61.8 109.0 82.8 63.2 102.4 58.0 85.2 63.8 58.9 76.4
1978 62.4 110.0 83.4 66.5 106.6 60.5 86.3 66.7 62.3 79.7
1979 61.9 106.5 82.6 67.3 108.7 63.2 89.9 65.3 70.1 81.4
1980 62.1 97.4 81.2 64.4 103.7 66.2 86.3 63.6 67.3 79.3
1981 62.8 93.4 81.8 64.7 103.0 69.2 86.0 63.0 65.0 79.1
1982 66.1 87.3 83.3 62.2 94.0 71.2 77.7 61.4 56.3 74.6
1983 68.0 90.2 85.1 64.9 95.4 71.9 78.6 61.8 63.4 76.2
1984 70.4 96.7 87.7 71.6 101.6 74.0 83.6 68.2 67.4 81.6
1985 73.0 96.1 89.0 73.6 100.8 76.5 80.9 72.5 62.9 82.6
1986 76.1 96.3 90.5 75.7 99.4 78.6 81.5 74.2 67.0 83.6
1987 78.4 97.6 93.3 78.4 100.0 80.3 86.6 71.4 71.3 84.0
1988 79.9 100.7 95.0 82.2 102.8 81.6 90.1 72.7 77.7 86.5
1989 80.0 99.2 93.3 82.6 103.3 83.3 90.3 75.8 82.7 88.6
1990 82.3 97.5 93.1 83.2 101.1 85.3 93.2 78.3 84.8 89.4
1991 84.2 93.6 92.2 81.6 96.9 87.2 93.4 79.2 84.4 88.4
1992 88.6 96.0 93.8 85.5 96.5 89.1 93.3 84.6 91.7 91.2
1993 90.3 97.0 94.8 88.3 97.8 91.1 96.7 87.1 94.1 93.1
1994 93.0 99.7 97.4 93.0 99.9 93.2 99.9 90.0 96.2 95.5
1995 96.6 100.6 99.2 96.9 100.4 96.4 102.1 93.0 100.5 97.7
1996 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1997 104.2 101.8 103.3 106.0 101.8 104.1 98.5 102.0 104.5 102.6
1998 109.3 101.9 105.4 111.0 101.5 108.9 105.0 110.0 103.1 105.3
1999 114.9 102.3 108.1 115.7 100.7 113.1 101.8 114.9 104.4 107.0
2000 119.5 101.1 110.1 118.6 99.3 117.3 104.6 115.9 105.5 107.7
See footnotes following table 2. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Table 2. Manufacturing sector: Productivity and related measures, 1950-2000
percent change
Productivity Inputs
Output Output Multi- Cap- Purch Comb.
per hour per unit factor Sect- ital -ased units
of all of Product oral Serv- En- Mater- bus. of all
Year persons capital ivity2 Output3 Hours4 ices1 ergy ials serv. inputs5
1950 1.5 6.1 5.2 9.7 8.1 3.4 4.8 -1.4 16.8 4.3
1955 4.0 5.7 3.0 9.7 5.5 3.8 14.0 8.3 11.3 6.6
1960 2.2 -0.7 0.2 1.7 -0.4 2.4 1.8 4.2 1.6 1.5
1965 2.3 3.0 2.6 8.3 5.9 5.2 5.7 4.8 6.9 5.6
1966 1.1 0.2 0.4 7.7 6.5 7.4 7.4 6.3 12.9 7.2
1967 3.7 -4.8 -0.6 3.1 -0.6 8.2 7.8 4.4 13.4 3.6
1968 3.6 0.3 3.0 5.1 1.4 4.8 6.2 1.2 -0.2 1.9
1969 1.7 -2.3 0.8 2.9 1.2 5.3 3.5 -0.2 6.1 2.1
1970 1.2 -8.7 -1.6 -4.8 -5.9 4.2 0.3 -3.3 -3.4 -3.3
1971 6.7 -0.1 2.8 2.9 -3.6 3.0 1.5 6.7 -1.1 0.1
1972 4.1 5.6 3.6 8.9 4.6 3.2 2.7 7.4 6.7 5.1
1973 1.9 1.8 1.8 7.1 5.1 5.2 3.1 4.3 9.0 5.2
1974 -0.3 -7.9 -5.4 -2.5 -2.3 5.8 2.8 9.2 7.1 3.0
1975 4.9 -10.0 -2.9 -5.4 -9.9 5.1 -7.0 5.3 -3.3 -2.7
1976 4.2 5.0 3.5 9.2 4.8 3.9 3.8 8.4 2.4 5.4
1977 4.1 3.7 1.5 8.4 4.1 4.5 0.1 12.4 8.3 6.8
1978 1.0 0.9 0.8 5.2 4.2 4.3 1.2 4.6 5.7 4.4
1979 -0.8 -3.2 -1.0 1.1 1.9 4.5 4.2 -2.2 12.6 2.1
1980 0.4 -8.6 -1.7 -4.2 -4.6 4.7 -4.0 -2.6 -4.1 -2.6
1981 1.1 -4.1 0.7 0.4 -0.7 4.6 -0.4 -0.9 -3.4 -0.3
1982 5.2 -6.6 1.8 -3.9 -8.7 2.9 -9.6 -2.6 -13.3 -5.6
1983 3.0 3.4 2.2 4.4 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.7 12.6 2.1
1984 3.5 7.2 3.0 10.3 6.5 2.9 6.4 10.3 6.2 7.0
1985 3.6 -0.6 1.5 2.8 -0.8 3.4 -3.3 6.4 -6.6 1.3
1986 4.3 0.2 1.7 2.8 -1.4 2.6 0.8 2.4 , 6.5 1.2
1987 2.9 1.4 3.1 3.6 0.6 2.2 6.2 -3.8 6.4 0.4
1988 2.0 3.1 1.8 4.9 2.8 1.7 4.0 1.7 9.0 3.1
1989 0.1 -1.4 -1.8 0.5 0.5 2.0 0.2 4.2 6.4 2.4
1990 2.9 -1.7 -0.2 0.7 -2.1 2.5 3.2 3.3 2.5 0.9
1991 2.3 -4.0 -1.0 -2.0 -4.2 2.2 0.2 1.2 -0.4 -1.0
1992 5.3 2.5 1.7 4.8 -0.4 2.2 -0.1 6.7 8.6 3.1
1993 1.9 1.1 1.1 3.3 1.4 2.2 3.7 3.0 2.7 2.2
1994 3.0 2.9 2.7 5.3 2.2 2.3 3.3 3.3 2.2 2.5
1995 3.8 0.9 1.9 4.3 0.4 3.4 2.2 3.4 4.5 2.3
1996 3.5 -0.6 0.8 3.1 -0.4 3.8 -2.1 7.5 -0.5 2.3
1997 4.2 1.8 3.3 6.0 1.8 4.1 -1.5 2.0 4.5 2.6
1998 4.9 0.1 2.0 4.7 -0.2 4.5 6.6 7.8 -1.4 2.6
1999 5.1 0.4 2.6 4.3 -0.8 3.9 -3.1 4.4 1.3 1.6
2000 4.0 -1.2 1.9 2.5 -1.4 3.8 2.8 0.9 1.0 0.7
See footnotes following table 2. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Footnotes, Tables 1-2
Source: Output data are from the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of
Commerce, and modified by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), U.S.
Department of Labor. Compensation and hours data are from BLS. Capital
measures are based on data supplied by BEA and the U.S. Department of
Agriculture. See also Summary of Methods in this release.
(1) A measure of the flow of capital services used in the sector.
(2) Sectoral output per combined units of capital, hours, energy, non-energy
materials, and purchased business services.
(3) Manufacturing gross output excluding transactions between manufacturing
establishments, superlative chained index.
(4) Hours at work of all persons.
(5) Combined units of capital services, hours, energy, non-energy materials, and
purchased business services, superlative chained index.
Table 3. Manufacturing industries: Multifactor productivity trends, 1949-2000
Average annual growth rates
Industry 1949-00 1949-73 1973-79 1979-90 1990-95 1995-00 1999-00
Manufacturing 1.2 1.5 -0.6 1.1 1.3 2.1 1.9
Nondurable manufacturing 0.7 1.3 -0.6 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.0
Food and kindred products 0.5 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.7 -0.3 -0.2
Tobacco manufactures N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Textile mill products 2.3 2.3 3.3 2.1 1.7 1.9 2.4
Apparel & related products 0.9 0.7 1.9 0.6 0.5 1.4 2.1
Paper and allied products 0.7 1.6 -1.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 -2.1
Printing and publishing -0.2 0.5 -0.7 -0.9 -1.2 0.2 0.3
Chemicals & allied products 1.1 2.5 -2.6 0.7 -0.2 0.5 -0.4
Petroleum refining 0.4 0.8 -0.6 -0.1 0.3 0.8 1.4
Rubber & misc. products 0.8 1.0 -1.9 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.4
Leather & leather products N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Durable manufacturing 1.5 1.5 -0.6 1.8 2.0 3.3 3.3
Lumber and wood products 1.1 1.7 0.4 2.5 -1.7 -0.8 -0.5
Furniture and fixtures 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.2
Stone, clay, glass
& contrete products 0.8 1.1 -1.2 1.4 0.7 0.6 -0.6
Primary metals industries 0.1 0.4 -2.3 0.3 0.5 1.0 -0.9
Fabricated metals industries 0.4 0.5 -1.0 0.5 1.0 0.3 1.1
Industrial &
commerical machinery 1.9 0.7 0.2 3.2 3.1 5.8 4.9
Electronic & other
electrical machinery 3.1 2.1 1.0 3.0 6.0 7.4 10.7
Transportation equipment 0.8 1.5 -0.6 0.2 0.5 0.7 -1.4
Instruments 1.3 1.8 1.2 1.4 0.2 0.5 3.6
Miscellaneous manufacturing 1.0 1.5 -0.7 1.1 -0.3 1.1 3.1
N.A. Multifactor productivity measures for tobacco and leather manufacturers are not published
because of the small size of the industry and data limitations. These industries are included
in the aggregate measures for total and nondurable manufacturing.
Note: Multifactor productivity measures by industry are not directly comparable to measures
for aggregate manufacturing because industry measures exclude transactions only within
the specific industry while the aggregate manufacturing measures also exclude
transactions between all manufacturing industries.