The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
Occupational Wage Survey LAWRENCE, M ASSACHUSETTS F E B R U A R Y B L S B u lle tin N o. 1 1 8 8 -1 1 UNITED STATES DEPARTM ENT O F LABOR P. M itchell, Secretary Jam es 1 9 5 6 BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Claguw, Commissioner O ccu pation al W age Su rve y LAW RENCE, M ASSACH U SETTS FEBRUARY 1956 Bulletin No. 1188-11 UNITED STATES D E P A R T M E N T OF LABOR J a m e s P. Mitchell, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner M a y 1956 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. - Price 25 cents Contents P ag e Introduction---- — ------------------ ------------ -------- ----------------- ----------------------------- ----S u m m a r y ---- — ------- --------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- --------- 1 1 Tables: A: B: C: D: E: Cross industry occupations (Average earnings for selected occupations studied on an area basis) A-l: Office occupations — --- ------------ — — — ------------ ------- ------------------- ----- ----- --A-2: Professional and technical occupations --------- -------------------------------------------— — -A-3: Maintenance and powerplant occupations --------------------------------------------------------A-4: Custodial and material m o v e m e n t occupations---- ------------ ---- -------- ---------------------- 3 4 5 6 Characteristic industry occupations (Average earnings for selected occupations studied on an industry basis) B-l: W o m e n ' s cement process shoes - conventional l a s t e d --- — — — --------------- — — ---------B-2: Metalworking industries ----------------- ----- -- — ---------- -------- ---------------- -------- 7 8 Union C-l: C-2: C-3: C-4: 9 9 9 9 scales for selected industries by occupation Building construction----- ----------------------- --------------------------- -------------- ---Printing trades — --------- ---------- ------ — ---------- -------- --------------— -------- ---Local transit operating employees --------------------------------------------------------------Motortruck drivers and helpers — ----------- ------------------------- -------------- ----------- Entrance rates D-l: M i n i m u m entrance rates for w o m e n office workers ---------------------------------- ----------- 10 Supplementary w a g e practices E - l : Shift differential provisions — ----- -------- ---- ------------ -- ---------- — ------------- -------E - 2 : Scheduled weekly hours — ---- ---------------- -------- -------- -- -------------- ----- ----------E-3: Overtime pay practices--------------- — ------------ ------------------------ ------------ ------ E-4: Frequency of wa g e payment ----------------------------- --------------------- --------- -------E-5: W a g e structure characteristics and labor-management agreements --- ------ — ---- -- --------- — E-6: Paid holidays----- ---------------- ---------------- ■--- ------- --------------------------------E-7: Paid vacations ------------------------- -------------- ---------------------------------- ------E-8: Health, insurance, and pension p l a n s ------------------------------------- -------- ------------- 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 16 Appendix A: Scope and m e t h o d of s u r v e y ----------- ------------------------------------------------------- -----------Appendix B: Descriptions of occupations s u r v e y e d --------------------------------- --- — ------------------------------- iii 17 19 O C C U P A T I O N A L W A G E S U R V E Y - L A W R E N C E , MASS. * Introduction tablished entrance rates, the most commonly specified rate was between $30 and $32.50 a week. About a third of the total number of establishments had no policy in this regard. The Lawrence Metropolitan Area is composed of the city of Lawrence and the neighboring towns of Andover, North Andover, and Methuen. In 1956,the estimated total population for this area was approximately 125,000 with 2 out of 3 persons living within the city limits of Lawrence. Located on the banks of the Merrimac River, the city at an early date had become a key manufacturing center. Over the past century there developed an increasing concentration on the manufacture of textile products until thfe area became the center of the woolen and worsted industry. By 1941, out of a total manufacturing employ ment of 37,000, almost 31,000were engaged in the manufacture of textile products, primarily woolen and worsted goods. Within 10 years, however, a serious decline in textile employ ment was apparent and by 1956 total employment in this industry had decreased to slightly under 6,000 persons. The decline in textile employment brought with it serious economic problems to the community and especially to the older textile worker. In May of 1949 it was estimated that approximately 21,000 persons in the area were unemployed. At the time of this survey, improvement had taken place but there were still an estimated 6,000 unemployed.*1 Almost half of the companies in the survey reported that they did not have a minimum hiring rate policy for inexperienced typists since they did not employ workers in this category. Of the companies having an established policy, the most commonly speci fied minimum salary for inexperienced typists was between $40 and $42.50 a week with the next largest number specifying a rate between $30 and $32.50 a week. Occupational Pay Levels Straight-time average hourly earnings for the skilled maintenance jobs studied on a cross-industry basis ranged from $1.67 for painters to $2.15 for tool and die makers. Maintenance electricians received $1.91, machinists $1.84, and carpenters $1.71 an hour on the average. Maintenance trades helpers averaged $1.49 an hour. Among custodial and material movement occupations surveyed, pay levels of men ranged from $1.19 for janitors, porters, and cleaners to $1.59 an hour for guards. Laborers engaged on material handling, the largest numerical job category studied in this group, averaged $1.32 while truckdrivers, the next largest group, averaged $1.53 an hour. During recent years a number of different industries have developed, tending to give balance to the overall economy. In February 1956, total nonagricultural employment was approximately 40,000 with over 22,000 employed in manufacturing.1 Of the manufac turing total approximately 6,000 were engaged in the manufacture of textile goods, 4,000 in metalworking, slightly under 4,000 in footwear and other leather products, 2,000 in paper products, and approximately 1,400 in the apparel industries. Wholesale andretail trade with an employment of approximately 7,500 accounted for the largest group in the nonmanufac turing division. Other groups accounting for sizable numbers of employees were the service industries with approximately 2,400; transportation, communication, and utilities with 1,300; construction with 1,100; and finance, insurance, and real estate concerns with an employ ment of slightly over 1,000 persons. Salaries of women office workers averaged $48 or more in most occupations surveyed with the range extending from $40.50 for file clerks on routine work to $67 for secretaries. Payroll clerks were numerically the most important office occupation studied and averaged $49 a week. Among other classifications, stenographers received $54.50 and routine typists an average of $43 a week. Of the professional and technical occupations studied, senior draftsmen earned $84.50 and junior draftsmen $66 a week on the average. Industrial nurses averaged $61.50 a week. Shift Operations The survey conducted in February 1956 presents information on wages and related practices based upon data from 77 establishments employing 17,000 workers which were selected to represent 204 establishments employing 25,000 workers in 6 major indus try groupings within scope of the study. (See table in appendix A.) About one-fifth of the plant employees in manufacturing establishments were employed on extra shifts at the time of the survey. Differentials over day shift rates were paid to almost all of these workers, the form and amount varying among plants. Over half of these second shift workers received 4 cents additional hourly pay and the remainder were about equally divided between those receiving 5 cents and 10 percent. For work on the third shift the differential received by the largest number of employees was 7 cents per hour in addition to their regular rate. Among all establishments providing for shift differ entials, although not necessarily operating extra shifts at the time of the survey, the pro visions most typical were 4 cents an hour additional for work on the second shift and 7 cents for third shift work. Summary Wage Structure The number of plant workers paid on an incentive basis was only slightly lower than those who were paid on the basis of time. Piecework was the most prevalent type of incentive plan with 2 out of 3 incentive workers paid on this basis. Of the plant workers paid on a time-rate basis, about three-fifths were in plants having formalized wage plans providing either a single rate or a range of rates for each job. Establishments with single-rate structures accounted for a higher proportion of the plant workers than those with rate ranges. Office workers by contrast were about equally divided between those employed in establishments with a formal wage structure and those whose pay was determined on an individual worker basis. Those in formal rate establishments were usually classified under a rate range rather than on a single-rate basis. Work Schedules Approximately nine-tenths of the office workers and two-thirds of the plant workers were on a 40-hour schedule in February 1956. Few office workers were scheduled to work more than 40 hours, whereas 1 out of 5 plant workers were employed in establish ments having a 48-hour work schedule. Overtime Pay Over one-half of the establishments surveyed had specified minimum rates for hiring inexperienced clerical workers other than typists. The largest number of these had an established minimum of between $40 and $42.50 a week. Of the remainder with es Seven out of 10 workers in the manufacturing group, both plant and office, were employed in establishments providing premium pay of one and a half times the regular rate for work in excess of 8 hours a day. In nonmanufacturing establishments one-third of the plant employees and one-sixth of the office employees received premium pay for daily overtime. The provisions governing weekly overtime for office employees were generally only slightly less liberal than those for plant workers. * T h is report was prepared in the Bureau's regional office in B oston, Mass., by Paul V. Mulkern, R egional Wage and Industrial R elations Analyst. 1 Estim ates prepared by the R esearch and Statistics D ivision of the M assachusetts D ivision o f Employ ment Security. 1 2 Frequency of Wage Payment All plant workers and those office workers employed in manufacturing estab lishments were paid weekly. In nonmanufacturing concerns, 7 out of 10 office employees were paid on a weekly basis with most of the remainder being paid semimonthly. occurring during the vacation period, usually in the form of another day off with pay. A slightly smaller number of plant workers were employed in establishments having such pro visions afid in these cases the prevailing practice was to grant an extra day’s pay for holi days occurring during the vacation period. Paid Vacations Labor-Management Agreements Slightly over one-half of the plant workers in the industry and establishmentsize groups included in the Lawrence survey were in establishments reporting labor-manage ment agreements covering a majority of their plant workers. With 60percent of plant workers in manufacturing establishments covered by such agreements, the proportion was considerably higher than in nonmanufacturing establishments where only 1 out of 4 workers were covered. Establishments with agreements covering a majority of their office employees accounted for about 5 percent of the total number of office workers. Paid Holidays Paid holidays were an established policy in firms employing virtually all office workers and slightly over 85 percent of plant workers. On an all-industry basis, plant workers most frequently received 6 days annually while the most prevalent provision for office employees was 7 paid holidays. In nonmanufacturing establishments^2 out of every 5 office workers and 1 out of every 5 plant workers received 10 paid holidays. Slightly over half the plant workers received an extra day’s pay for holidays falling on Saturday. By contrast more than two-thirds of the office workers were employed in establishments where no special provisions were made. For holidays falling on Sunday about 70 percent of plant and 90 percent of office workers were employed in establishments where special provisions were made mainly in terms of another day off with pay. The ma jority of office workers were employed in establishments having provisions for holidays All office workers and over 9 out of 10 plant workers were employed in es tablishments having-provisions for paid vacations. The amount of vacation pay varied with the workers’ length of service and was generally based on his regular straight-time hourly or weekly rate; however, among manufacturing establishments vacation pay for one-fourth of the plant workers was based on a percentage of their earnings. Eighty percent of the plant employees were in establishments providing 1 week’s vacation with pay upon com pletion of a year of service. After this same period, approximately 2 out of 5 office workers were eligible for 1 week and an even greater percentage for 2 weeks. At the end of 5 years’ service^the majority of plant workers were provided a second week’s vacation. One-third of the plant workers became eligible for 3 weeks’ vacation after 15 years’ service and there was little change in this figure for additional years of service. A slightly higher percentage of office workers received a third week’svacation and about 1 in 10 received a fourth week at the completion of 15 years’ service. For office workers, also, there was little change in these provisions for additional years of service. Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans Approximately two-thirds of the plant workers and thre e-fourths of the office workers were employed in establishments which paid wholly or in part for life, hospital, and surgical insurance. Over half the plant workers were covered by accidental death and dismemberment, and sickness and accident insurance, with a slightly lower percentage of office workers covered under such plans. By contrast ,only 1 out of 5 plant workers were in establishments with pension plans, whereas over half of the office workers were in estab lishments where retirement programs were available. A*. Cross Industry Occupations Table A-1: O ffice O c c u p a tio n s (Average straight-tim e w eekly hours and e a rn in g s1 fo r selected occupations studied on an area basis in L aw ren ce, M a s s ., by industry d ivision , F ebruary 1956) Aveeage Sex, occup ation, and industry division Number of workers NUMBER OP WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS OP— $ Weekly Weekly 30.00 earnings hours (Standard) (Standard) and $ 35.0 0 $ 40.00 $ 45.00 $ 50.00 $ 55.00 $ 60.00 $ 65.00 $ 70.00 $ 75.00 $ 80.00 $ 85.00 $ 90.00 $ 95.00 ! 00.00 105.00 ?Sd85 40.0 0 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00 105.00 110.00 _ - 2 2 1 - 14 13 3 - 2 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 . _ _ . _ . - 10 10 _ - - - - - 4 6 _ 6 18 5 13 5 5 - _ _ - _ _• - W omen B ille r s , m achine (billing m a c h in e )___ ________________ N onm anufacturing ____________________________________ 22 17 40.0 40.0 «P 48.0 0 4 6.5 0 B ille r s , m achine (bookkeeping m achine) _______________ N onm anufacturing — ____ __ ____ ___________ 13 13 4 1.5 4 1.5 4 3.0 0 4 3.0 0 _______ B ookkeeping-m achine o p e r a to r s , c la s s B «_ M anu factu ring_________________________________________ N onm anufacturing — ____ ________________________ _ 47 10 37 40.0 39.5 40.0 4 7 .0 0 53.50 45.0 0 _ - 4 14 _ 14 C le r k s , accounting, c la s s A _____________ ___________ _ M anufacturing _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ N onm anufacturing ____ _____ 63 28 35 4 0.5 40.0 4 1.0 59.50 56.00 62.00 _ - 1 1 4 2 2 1 1 - 17 11 6 6 -----6 - 11 3 8 ____ ______________ __ _ C le r k s , accounting, c la s s B M anufacturing ___________ ____________ ________ __ Nonm anufacturing ____ __ ____ __ ____ _______ * 75 21 54 4 0.5 4 0.0 40.5 4 8.0 0 4 8.0 0 48.0 0 2 ' _ 2 2 2 20 4 16 13 4 9 28 12 16 1 1 - _ - C le r k s, file , cla s s B _________ ____ ________________ N onm anufacturing _______ _ ____ ___________ _______ 26 24 4 0.5 4 0.5 4 0.5 0 4 0.5 0 7 7 3 2 10 10 5 4 - 1 1 - - C le r k s, p a y r o ll__ __ ____ ____ __ __ __ _______ ____ Manufacturing __ ------------ __ ________ __ __ ____ _ 126 119 40.0 40.0 4 9 .0 0 4 8.5 0 - 4 4 33 33 38 34 18 17 13 13 14 14 4 2 9 40.0 50.50 _ _ 3 2 1 3 _ 3 D uplicating-m achine o p era tors (m im eograph o r ditto) _____ K ey-punch op era tors ____________________________________ 2 2 - - - - - - - _ - _ _ - . _ - . _ - _ _ - _ _ - - - 16 5 11 2 _ 2 - 5 _ 5 - - - - - 9 _ 9 . _ - - _ - _ _ - _ - - - . . _ _ . - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ 16 4 0.0 4 9 .0 0 4 5 4 __________________ __________ 9 40.0 4 4.0 0 5 3 1 S e cre ta rie s _____________ ____ ___ _________ __ __ _ Manufacturing ___________ ____ __ ___________ ___ Nonm anufacturing ________ __________________________ 84 65 19 4 0.0 39.6 40.0 67.00 " 6 7 .0 0 “ 68.50 - _ - _ - 5 4 1 2 2 - 13 12 1 17 12 5 14 9 5 13 9 4 9 9 - 6 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - S ten ogra p h ers, gen eral __ _ _ M anu factu ring___ _________ _ _ _ N onm anufacturing ____________________________________ 93 31 39. 5 39.5 39.0 54.50 55.00 54.00 _ - 1 1 5 _ 5 20 20 - 22 9 13 20 15 5 11 — 6 5 14 12 2 _ - _ - - _ - _ - S w itchboard op era tors ___________ ____________________ N onm anufacturing ____________________________________ 19 15 4 0.0 40.0 4 9.5 0 4 7 .0 0 2 2 - 5 5 - 9 7 - 2 1 1 “ - - - _ O ffice g irls ____ __ ____ S w itchboard o p e ra to r-re ce p tio n ists M anufacturing ____ ___________ 62 ____________________ ________ __________ 24 17 3 9.5 39.5 4 7.5 0 50.50 T y p is ts , cla ss B _____________ ____ _________________ M anu factu ring_________________________________________ N onm anufacturing ____________________________________ 68 40 28 40.0 40.0 39.5 4 3.0 0 4 2.0 0 4 4.0 0 _ 4 4 5 - 4 3 6 4 2 34 22 12 _ ----- 1 r_ - - - _ - _ - - - - - _ - 8 7 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 _ . _ _ - - . - - - - - - 20 6— 14 3 3 1 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . Hours r e fle c t the w orkw eek fo r which em ployees receiv e their regular straigh t-tim e s a la rie s and the earnings co rre sp o n d to these weekly h ou rs. Occupational Wage Survey, L aw ren ce, M ass. , February 1956 U .S. DEPARTMENT O F LABOR Bureau o f Labor Statistics 4 Table A-2: Professional and Technical Occupations (A verage straigh t-tim e weekly hours and earnings1 fo r s e le cte d occupations studied on an area b a sis in L a w ren ce, M a s s ., by industry d ivision , F ebruary 1956) NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS OF— A verage Sex, occup ation, and industry division Number of workers $ $ $ $ $ $ Weekly Weekly 40.00 4 5.0 0 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 hours earnings and (Standard) (Standard) under 45. Q.Q.. 50J?IL 55. QP 60. QQ_ 65. QQ JK L U fl $ 70. 00 $ 75.00 $ 80.00 $ 85.0 0 $ 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 3 3 4 4 9 9 $ 95w00 $ $ 1 0 0 .0 0 105.00 1 0 0 .0 0 105.00 1 1 0 .0 0 2 2 1 2 2 1 9 0 .0 0 1 1 0 .0 0 $ 115.00 115.00 1 2 0 .0 0 $ Men Draftsm en, s e n io r ----------------- ----------------------------------------M anufacturing------------------- ----------------------------------------- 31 31 4 0.0 4 0.0 $ 84.50 84.50 Draftsm en, j u n i o r ------------------------------------------ ------- -----Manufacturing ------------------------------------------------------------- 16 16 3 9.5 39. 5 17 17 3 9.5 3 9.5 2 6 - - - - - 2 6 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 1 “ 4 4 2 6 6 .0 0 - 1 1 2 2 61.50 61.50 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 1 1 . 1 1 1 6 6 .0 0 “ 1 1 - 1 1 “ " Women N urses ___________________________________________________ 1 1 Hours re fle ct the workweek for which em ployees receiv e their regular straigh t-tim e sala ries and the earnings correspon d to these weekly h ou rs. Occupational Wage S urvey, L a w ren ce, M a s s ., F eb ru a ry 1956 U .S . DEPARTM EN T OF LABOR Bureau o f L a b or Statistics 5 Table A-3: Maintenance and Powerplant Occupations (A verage hourly earnings1 fo r m en in se le cte d occupations studied on an area basis in L a w ren ce, M a s s ., by industry d ivision , F eb ru a ry 1956) NU M BER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME HOURLY EARNINGS OF— O ccupation and industry d ivision Number of workers Average hourly earnings $ 1.00 and under 1. 10 $ 1. 10 1.20 $ 1.20 1.30 $ 1.30 1.40 $ 1.40 $ 1. 50 1.50 1.60 1. 70 $ 1. 60 $ 1.70 1.80 $ 1.80 1.90 $ 1.90 2 .0 0 $ 2 .0 0 2 .1 0 $ 2. 10 2 .2 0 $ 2 .2 0 2 .3 0 C a rp en ters, m aintenance _______________________ M anufacturing_________________________________ 42 41 $ 1.71 1. 72 " ■ - ■ 2 1 2 2 22 22 2 2 5 5 5 5 4 4 ~ ” E le c tr ic ia n s , m aintenance __ __ _________ _ M anu factu ring_________________________________ 42 42 1.91 1.91 - - - - - - 4 4 6 6 16 16 - 8 8 6 6 1 1 E n g in e e rs, stationary — __ ________ __ __ __ Manufacturing ___ ____ _ _ N onm anufacturing ____________________________ 43 31 12 1.80 1 .79 1.83 - _ - - _ - 9 9 - 4 2 2 _ - 9 3 6 5 5 “ 7 7 - 3 3 - 4 4 - F ire m e n , stationary b o i l e r ______________________ Manufacturing __ _ N onm anufacturing ____ ___________ __ __ __ 47 39 8 1.67 1. 64 1.81 _ - - - _ - 9 6 3 8 8 - 11 11 - 7 7 - 7 7 “ _ - 5 5 . - H e lp e rs, tra d e s, m aintenance __ _________ __ M anu factu ring_________________________________ 41 34 1.49 1.45 " 6 5 14 14 1 1 1 1 12 12 6 1 1 " " - ” M a ch in e -to o l o p e ra to rs , t o o l r o o m _____________ Manufacturing ____ __ __ 24 24 1.79 1.79 - - - - - 1 1 13 13 8 6 - 2 2 M a ch in ists, m aintenance __ __ _______________ Manufacturing ____ ____ ____ ____ _____ 72 72 1.84 1.84 - - - - - 3 3 13 13 18 18 11 11 1 1 25 25 M e ch a n ics, autom otive (m a in te n a n ce )___________________________________ N onm anufacturing ________________________ __ 40 37 1.83 1.83 . - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - 6 5 14 13 _ - 13 13 7 6 - O U ers _____________________________________________ M anu factu ring_________________________________ 13 11 1.44 1.35 3 3 " • 3 3 3 3 1 1 - 1 1 ■ 2 “ “ “ P a in te rs, m a in ten a n ce___________________________ Manufacturing ____________ _ __ 9 9 1.67 1.67 • * ■ 2 2 ■ 1 3 3 3 3 ~ “ “ 24 24 1.81 1.81 - “ - - 1 1 5 5 3 3 2 2 2 2 10 10 1 1 - S heet-m etal w o rk ers, m aintenance _____________ M anufacturing--------------------------------------------------- 9 9 1.79 1.79 ■ “ “ “ 4 4 “ ” 1 1 1 1 3 3 ” “ T o o l and die m akers _____________________________ M anufacturing_________________________________ 32 32 2. 15 2. 15 5 5 7 7 8 8 8 8 P ip e fit t e r s , m aintenance _______________________ M anufacturing ------------ ------------ ------------ 1 E xcludes prem iu m pay fo r ov ertim e and fo r work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 1 $ 2 .3 0 $ 2 .4 0 2 .4 0 2. 50 2 .5 0 2 .6 0 $ 2 .6 0 2 .7 0 $ 2. 70 and over . " " " - 1 1 - - - _ - 1 1 - - . * 1 1 - - - “ . - _ - _ - " " “ _ - * - “ 1 1 “ “ - - - - - - - _ - * - “ - $ “ . . " . “ “ " " " " ~ " - - _ " 1 1 " " 2 2 ~ 1 1 Occupational Wage Survey, L a w ren ce, M a s s ., F ebruary 1956 U .S . DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of Labor Statistics 6 Table A-4: Custodial and Material Movement Occupations (A verage hourly earnings1 fo r s e le cte d occup ations2 studied on an area basis in L a w ren ce, M a s s ., by industry d ivision , F ebruary 1956) NU M BER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME HOURLY EARNINGS OF— Occupation and industry division Number of workers Guards _____________________________________ __ Manufacturing ___________ ____ __ ________ 22 22 Jan itors, p o r te r s , and clea n ers (men) ________ M anufacturing_________________________________ Nonmanufacturing ____________________________ 148 28 Average hourly earnings $ 0. 70 and under .80 $ 1.59 1.59 1. 19 i . id 1.23 ' $ 0 .8 0 $ 0. 90 ♦90 1.00 $ 1.00 $ 1.10 1.10 1.20 $ 1.20 1.30 $ 1.30 1.40 $ 1.40 $ 1.50 $ 1. 60 $ 1. 70 1.50 1.60 1. 70 1.80 $ 1.80 1.90 $ 1 .90 $2 .0 0 $2. 10 2 .0 0 2 .1 0 2 .2 0 $ 2 .2 0 $2. 30 2 .3 0 2 .4 0 $ 2 .4 0 and over 6 6 - 5 5 5 5 - - - " - - 24 24 - - 7 2 5 _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ _ - _ - 2 1 . _ - - - - 1 1 5 5 - 1 1 - 23 18 5 8 8 - 14 10 4 23 19 4 29 22 7 19 16 3 6 - Janitors, p o r te r s , and clea n ers (w om en )_______ 13 1. 16 1 2 _ 1 L a b o re rs , m aterial h a n d lin g------------------------------M anufacturing_________________________________ Nonmanufacturing __ _________________________ 364 322 42 1.32 1.30 1.48 _ _ - 2 2 - 7 7 31 29 2 52 48 4 104 93 11 51 46 5 43 41 2 36 36 - 13 13 - 5 5 “ 20 2 18 . - _ - _ _ - - - - P ackers , shipping (men) __ _ M anufacturing_________________________________ 86 86 1.43 1.43 - “ - - 9 9 20 20 29 29 9 9 4 4 4 4 - 2 2 - 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 P a c k e r s , shipping (women) _______ M anufacturing_____________________________ __ 81 81 1. 10 1. 10 - 3 3 15 15 10 10 39 39 12 12 2 2 - R eceiving cle rk s _______________________________ M anufacturing_________________________________ 14 9 1.48 1.57 _ _ . _ _ _ _ - - - - - 7 3 - Shipping cle rk s __________________________________ M anufacturing___ __ _ _ 49 26 1.54 1. 61 _ “ - - - - 3 3 Shipping and receiv in g clerk s __ _______________ M anufacturing_________________________________ Nonmanufacturing ____________________________ 65 55 10 1.43 1.41 1.58 _ _ - _ " _ - _ - 7 5 2 Truckd rivers 3 __________________________________ M anufacturing_________________________________ Nonmanufacturing ____________________________ 276 126 150 1. 53 1.53 1.54 - - - 4 _ 4 6 4 2 . . T ru ck d riv e r s , light (under l l!z tons) _______ M anufacturing_____________________________ ’ _ - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 2 1 1 _ - 2 1 - 1 1 - - - - 6 1 10 4 18 6 4 4 3 3 2 2 “ 3 3 - - - - 18 18 - 2 2 - 10 8 2 9 9 - 13 13 - 3 _ 3 3 3 - _ - - - _ - - 24 12 12 15 5 10 6 5 1 73 40 33 123 47 76 13 11 2 2 2 - 10 10 - - _ - - - . 22 2 _ 2 - - * - - - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - - ' ' 36 8 1.39 1.26 " - - 4 - 4 4 2 - 2 2 108 68 1.54 1.60 _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - 12 2 13 3 T ru ck e rs , pow er (forklift) Manufacturing ------------------------------------------------ 31 25 1.54 1.45 - - 7 7 - 1 1 - 11 11 6 - 6 - - 6 - - - - Watchmen ___ ____ ____ ___________ ____ __ M anufacturing--------------------------------------------------- 63 56 1.39 1.39 _ _ 4 4 3 3 27 27 12 12 4 4 3 _ _ _ _ _ T ru ck d riv e rs, m edium (11/a to and including 4 tons) M anufacturing_____________________________ 5 1 1 E xcludes prem ium pay fo r overtim e and fo r work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Data lim ited to men w orkers except where otherw ise indicated. 3 Includes all drivers reg a rd less o f siz e and type o f truck op erated . 5 5 _ - 5 ------- 5 — 10 - - 57 -------¥ 7 11 T I----- _ - - O ccupational Wage S urvey, L a w ren ce, M a ss. , F eb ru a ry 1956 U .S . DEPARTM EN T OF LABOR Bureau o f L a b or Statistics B: Characteristic Industry Occupations 7 T a b le B-l: W o m e n ’s C em ent Process S h oes - Conventional Lasted 12 (Average straight-tim e hourly earnings for se le cte d occupations studied on an industry basis in L a w ren ce, M a ss. , F ebruary 1956) NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME HOURLY EARNINGS OF— Occupation and sex of workers earnings $ $ 0. 75 0 . 8 0 an d under .80 .90 $ 1.30 $ 1.40 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 - - - 2 - 1 5 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 4 2 3 1 5 - 2 - 3 2 5 2 2 - 7 - 7 - 4 - 4 2 13 11 - - - - . 11 6 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 2 5 4 4 2 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 11 15 5 - 1 - 1 4 4 1 4 2 2 $ 0.90 $ 1.00 $ $ 1 . 10 1 . 2 0 1.00 1 . 10 1.20 - $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 5 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1 . 5 0 1 . 6 0 1. 70 1 . 8 0 1 . 9 0 2 . 0 0 2 . 10 2 . 2 0 2 . 3 0 2 . 4 0 2 . 5 0 2 . 6 0 2 . 70 2 . 80 2 . 9 0 3 . 0 0 3. 10 3 . 1 an 1.70 1.80 1.90 2 .0 0 2 . 10 2 .2 0 2 .3 0 2.40 2.50 2 . 60 2 3 13 - 7 3 11 1 6 2 2 7 - 2 . 70 2 . 80 2.9 0 3 .00 3. 10 3.20 OV( Men A ss e m b le rs fo r p u llov er, m achine 3 -----B ed-m ach in e op era tors 3 ------------------------C utters, vamp and whole shoe, Edge trim m e rs , m achine 3----------------------J an itors, p o r te r s , and c le a n e r s 4 ----------L a b o re rs , m ateria l handling4----------------Shipping and receiv in g clerk s 4>5 ----------Side la s te rs , m achine 3 --------------------------Sole a tta ch e rs, cem ent p r o c e s s 3 ----------T re e r s 3 ---------------------------------------------------- 10 47 $ 2 .2 4 2.3 8 119 11 10 25 21 18 36 20 24 2 .29 2.23 1.04 .93 .98 1.24 2 . 19 1.92 1.69 11 16 121 18 48 2 . 13 1.05 1.41 1. 19 1 . 10 103 71 1.08 1. 72 1. 70 - - - _ . . - . 1 6 2 . . - 2 8 7 . 1 - 1 - 8 _ 1 1 - 1 9 11 _ - 2 8 - 4 22 1 11 3 7 3 3 3 6 10 15 12 2 23 - 13 15 3 11 1 15 - 8 5 9* _ 2 1 1 4 - 1 1 1 - . 5 . 2 1 _ 1 3 11 2 5 - 4 - 5 _ 8 1 2 _ 1 _ 5 _ 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 - _ - . - 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - _ W omen A ss e m b le rs fo r p u llo v e r, m achine 3 -----C ro w n e rs, (in s p e c to r s )4 ------------------------F ancy stitch ers 3 --------------------------------------F lo o r g ir ls 4 ---------------------------------------------P a ck e rs , shipping4 --------------------------------Pasterns, b a ck ers , o r fitte rs , upper, Top stitchers 3 ------------------------------------------ 55 _ 3 7 5 2 17 2 15 3 2 2 2 7 5 - 1 9 7 6 1 13 2 1 4 5 7 5 3 1 1 6 7 3 - 2 2 3 1 The study co v e re d establishm ents with 21 o r m ore w orkers engaged in the m anufacture of w om en's cem ent p r o c e s s shoes - conventional lasted, part of group 3141 as defined in the Standard Industrial C la ssifica tion Manual (1945 edition) p rep a red by the Bureau of the Budget. 2 E xcludes p rem ium pay fo r overtim e and fo r w ork on weekends, holid ays, and late shifts. 3 Insufficient data to w arrant p resentation of separate averages by method of wage payment; all o r predom inantly incentive w o rk e rs. 4 Insufficient data to w arrant presentation of separate averages by method of wage paym ent; all o r predom inantly tim e w o rk e rs . * Includes data fo r receiv in g c le r k s , shipping cle rk s , and shipping and receivin g cle r k s . Occupational Wage Survey, L aw ren ce. M a s s .. F ebruary 1956 U .S . DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of Labor Statistics 8 T a b le B -2 : M etalw orking Industries1 (A verage straigh t-tim e hourly earnings fo r s elected occupations studied on an industry basis in L a w ren ce, M a ss. , F ebruary 1956) NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME HOURLY EARNINGS OF— Occupation 2 Number of workers Average $ hourly , 1.00 earnings and under 1.10 $ 1. 10 $ 1.20 $ 1.30 $ 1.40 $ 1.50 1.20 1.30 1- 40 1.50 1.60 $ 1.60 $ 1.70 1. 70 1.80 $ 1.80 1.90 $ 1.90 2 .0 0 $ 2 .0 0 2 .1 0 $ 2 . 10 2 . 20 $ 2 .2 0 2 .3 0 $ 2 .3 0 2 .4 0 $ 2 .4 0 2. 50 $ 2. 50 2. 60 $ 2 .6 0 2. 70 $ 2. 70 and over Men A ss e m b le rs , cla ss A 4 --------------------------------------A ss e m b le rs , cla ss B 5 --------------------------------------C arpenters, m aintenance4 — — — --------------- ------E lectrician s, m ain ten an ce4 -------------------------------Inspectors, cla ss A 4 -----------------------------------------Janitors, p o rte rs , and c le a n e r s 4 ---------------------L a b o re rs, m ateria l handling4----------------------------M ach in e-tool o p era tors, production, cla ss A 6 ------------------------------------------------------ -----D r ill-p re s s o p e ra to rs, radial, cla ss A 4 -----M illin g-m achine op era tors, cla ss A 4 ----------M ach in e-tool o p e ra to rs, production, cla ss B 6 -----------------------------------------------------------D r ill-p re s s o p e ra to rs, radial, cla ss B 4 -----M illin g-m achine op era tors, cla ss B 4 ----------M ach in e-tool o p e ra to rs, t o o lr o o m 4 -----------------M achinists, m aintenance4 — -------------- —------------M achinists, p rod u ction 4 -------- ---------------------------P a ck e rs, shipping4 ---- ------- ------- — ------- — ---- -----Shipping and receiv in g c le r k s 4*7 ----------------------T ool and die m akers ------------------------------------------Tru ckdrivers 4 , 8 -------------------------------------------------Medium ( l l/z to and including 4 to n s )4 --------T ru ck ers, pow er (fo rk lift)4 ------------------------------W elders, hand, c la ss A 4 ----------------------------------W elders, hand, cla ss B 4 ----------------------------------- 38 145 16 12 21 39 73 $ 1. 76 1.69 1. 74 2 .0 8 1.77 1.33 1.36 . 1 - . 9 8 2 . 3 26 6 . . 10 13 6 1 14 13 3 67 1 1 . 8 17 42 7 . 5 2 3 6 4 2 . 6 . 2 4 1 3 6 . . 4 1 1 1 - 1 4 2 1 . - 3 5 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 . . 1 1 . - 1 . . . 4 . . . . - 7 . . . . 139 15 10 1. 76 1.75 1. 78 - - - - 3 2 - 21 1 41 5 2 19 2 26 7 4 14 1 - 9 1 5 - 1 - - - - . - . - 72 8 10 23 6 20 52 26 22 11 9 6 40 11 1. 73 1.55 1.56 1.79 1.89 1 .9 7 1 .5 4 1.60 2 .2 0 1 .65 1.60 1 .58 1.86 1.61 - 20 10 2 2 9 7 . 4 4 - 6 1 1 4 7 . 6 17 4 6 1 . 4 6 . 2 2 - - 7 - _ _ - 2 . - 2 1 - _ . . - - - - - - 3 2 1 3 2 3 . 2 1 2 . 1 . - - 9 8 2 8 2 1 2 14 2 1 6 . - - 9 12 3 3 3 3 12 8 1 . . - 2 1 1 • 4 . - 14 3 - . - . . . . . - - - - - - - - 1 1 9 - - - 2 12 - - The study co v e re d s elected m etalworking establishm ents (industry Groups 34, 35, 36) as defined in 1945 edition o f the Standard Industrial C la ssifica tio n Manual p rep a red by the Bureau o f the Budget. Data could not be shown fo r a ss e m b le rs , cla ss C; in sp ectors, cla ss B and cla ss C; and m ach in e-tool o p e ra to rs, production, cla ss C. Excludes prem ium pay fo r overtim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. Insufficient data to warrant presentation of separate a verages by m ethod of wage paym ent; all o r predom inantly tim e w o rk e rs. Insufficient data to warrant presentation of separate averages by m ethod o f wage paym ent; all or predom inantly incentive w ork ers. Includes data fo r m a ch in e-tool op erators in addition to those shown separately. toclud e, data fo r receiv in g cle rk s shipping cle rk s and ship pm gan d re ce iv in g c le r k s . Occupational Wage Survey, L a w ren ce, M a s s ., F eb ru a ry 1956 Includes a ll d n v e r s reg a rd less o f s iz e and type o f truck op era ted . P 8 U .S . DEPARTM EN T OF LABOR Bureau o f L a b or Statistics 9 C: Union Wage Scales (Minimum wage rates and m axim um straigh t-tim e hours p er week a greed upon through c o lle ctiv e bargaining between em p loyers and trade unions. Rates and hours a re those in effe ct on dates ind icated .) T able C-1: Building Construction Table C-3.‘ Local Transit O p era tin g Employees M arch 1, 1956 M arch 1, 1956__________________________ Rate p er hour T rad e o r occupation Hours p er week Journeym en A sb e sto s w ork ers __________________________________________ B o ile rm a k e rs __ ______________ ________________________ B rick la y e rs __________________ ________ _ C arpenter s ____________________ _____________________________ C em ent fin ish ers ____ _ _ __________ ______ _ E le c tr ic ia n s _______ _________________________________ P a in te r a P ip efitters __ ________________ ______________ ____ P la s te r e r s _ ______ ______ __ ___ ____ P lu m b ers _____ __________ _____ __ _ R odm en _ __ __ S tru ctu ra l-iron w o r k e r s ___________________________________ $ 3 ,0 7 0 3 . 150 3 .2 5 0 2 .8 7 5 3 .4 0 0 2 .9 0 0 2 .2 5 0 3 . 100 3 .4 0 0 3 . 100 3 .4 0 0 3 .4 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 2 . 150 2 .0 5 0 2 .3 0 0 40 40 40 Rate per hour Trade o r occupation B uses: _____________ _____________ _ _ Thirst. 12 months 1^ _ 94. mnrttVt a _____ ___. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A fte r 24 months — — — — —— —— —— —— — — — - $ 1 ,6 1 0 1.710 1.810 Hours p er week 40 40 40 H elp ers and la b o r e rs B r ic k la y e r s 1 tend ers __ __ _________ _ _ _____ ______ Building la b o r e r s _____ ____ ____ __ ________ ________ P la sterers* ten d ers __ __ _______ __ ------------------------- Table C-4* M otortruck Drivers an d Helpers M arch 1, 1956 T able C -2 : Trade o r occupation Printing Trades M arch 1. Hours per week 1956 Trade o r occupation Rate per hour H ours per w eek B ook and jo b C o m p o s ito r s, hand _________________________________________ Machine op e ra to rs _________________________________________ P re s sm e n , c y lin d e r ...... . .. ... _ „ .... _ $ 2 ,4 0 0 2.4 0 0 2 .4 0 0 3 7 y2 37 % 3 7 y2 N ew spaper C o m p o s ito r s, hand - dayw ork _________ ______________ C o m p o s ito r s, hand - night w ork _________ __________ __ M achine op era tors - dayw ork ______ ____________________ Machine op era tors - night w ork ____________________________ P re s sm e n , w eb p r e s s e s - dayw ork _______________________ P re s sm e n , w eb p r e s s e s - night w ork _____________ ___ P r e s s m e n -in -c h a r g e , w eb p r e s s e s - d a y w o r k ____________ P re s s m e n -in -c h a r g e , w eb p r e s s e s - nightw o r k ___________ S tereoty p ers - dayw ork ____________________________________ S tereoty p ers - n i g h t w o r k __________________________________ Rate per hour 2.506 2.667 2.506 2.667 2.5 2 0 2.6 8 0 2.653 2.813 2.506 2.667 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 y2 y2 y2 y2 y2 y2 y2 y2 y2 y2 B akery: Hauling and transport: 1 - 3 t o n s __ ___ 3 - 5 t o n s __ __ 5 tons and o ve r ___ H e lp e r s — _ ___ B iscu it: D riv e rs ________ T ra ile r d riv e rs . _ B eer and liqu or H elpers ___ .... __ C oal, oil,and building supply ... __ H elpers _ C onstruction: S pecialized earth m oving eq u ip m en t____________________ 2-a x le equipment 3-a x le equipment __ F ood s e rv ice - W h o l e s a l e H elpers __ _ _ General transportation _ H elpers ___ M iscellaneou s m anufacturing _________________________ O il ____ Railway e xp re ss O c c u p a t io n a l W age S u r v e y , $ 1 ,7 0 0 1.750 1.850 1.650 48 48 48 48 1.850 1.900 1.750 1.700 1.600 1.500 45 45 40 40 40 40 2 .3 5 0 2. 095 2. 150 1.970 1.820 1.820 1.720 1.620 1.900 1.935 40 40 40 50 50 40 40 48 48 40 L a w r e n c e , M a s s . , F e b r u a r y 1956 U .S . D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R B u rea u o f L a b o r S ta tis tics 10 D: Entrance Rates Table D-l: Minimum Entrance Rates for Women Office Workers N um ber o f e stablishm ents with specified minimum hiring rate in— Manufa ctu ring Minimum rate (weekly salary) A ll schedules Establishm ents studied 77 43 40 XXX Number of e stablishm ents with sp e cifie d m inim um h iring rate in— Nonmanufacturing B ased on standard weekly hours 2 of— A ll industries i A ll schedules 34 M anufacturing B ased on standard w eekly hours 2 of— A ll industries A ll schedules 40 XXX 77 Nonmanufactur ing 43 40 XXX A ll schedules 34 40 XXX FOR OTHER INEXPERIENCED C L E R IC A L WORKERS FOR INEXPERIENCED TYPISTS ______________ 32 20 20 12 11 44 27 26 17 16 ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ______________________________ ________________________________ _____________________________ _ ________________________________ ______ __________________________ 9 2 2 1 15 1 2 4 1 1 11 1 2 4 1 1 11 1 2 5 2 1 4 - 5 2 1 3 - 11 3 3 4 21 1 1 5 2 2 16 1 1 5 2 1 16 1 1 6 3 1 2 5 - 6 3 1 2 4 - E stablishm ents having no specified m in im u m ______________ 8 5 XXX 3 XXX 24 13 XXX 11 XXX Establishm ents which did not em ploy w ork ers in this category ___________________________________________ 37 18 XXX 19 XXX 9 3 XXX 6 XXX Establishm ents having a sp ecified m inimum $ 30. 00 $ 32. 50 $ 35. 00 $ 37.50 $ 4 0 .0 0 $ 4 2 .5 0 $ 4 5 .0 0 $47 . 50 and and and and and and and and under under under under under under under under $ 32.50 $ 35. 00 $ 3 7 .5 0 $ 4 0 .0 0 $ 4 2 .5 0 $ 4 5 .0 0 $ 4 7 .5 0 $ 50. 00 ~ 1 Lowest salary rate form a lly established fo r hiring inexperienced w ork ers fo r typing or other c le r ic a l jo b s . 2 Hours re fle ct the workweek fo r which em p loyees re c e iv e their regular straigh t-tim e sa la rie s. Data are presented fo r all workweeks com bined, and fo r the m ost com m on workweek re p o rte d . Occupational Wage Survey, L a w ren ce, M a s s ., F eb ru a ry 1956 U .S . DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR Bureau o f L abor S tatistics E: Supplementary Wage Practices T a b l e E -l: S h if t D iffe r e n tia l P r o v is io n s 1 P e rce n t o f m anufacturing plant w o rk e rs— Shift differential (a) In establishm ents having fo rm a l p rov ision s fo r— Second shift w ork T o t a l -------- —------------ --------------------------------------------------------------- Third o r other shift w ork 6 7.0 4 9.9 With shift pay d ifferential ---------------------------------------------------- 53. 7 U niform cents (per h o u r ) ------------------------------------------------ 4 2.6 (b) A ctually w orking on— Second shift T hird o r other shift 15. 1 5 .3 4 9 .9 12.2 5.3 37.9 10.0 5.1 7.2 2 .6 .2 1 .6 2 .2 1.1 .1 t _ cents ------------------------------------------------------------------------cents ------------------------------------------------------------------------c e n t s ------------------------------------------------------------------------cents — — —— — —— — — —— — — —— —— — — — l llz c e n t s --------------------------------------------------------------------8 cents ------------------------------------------------------------------------10 cents --------------------------------------------- ------------------------ 2 8 .0 11. 1 2 .7 .7 14.6 5.2 4. 7 4 .0 U niform p e r c e n t a g e ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 11. 1 12.0 2 .2 .2 10 p ercen t -------------------------------------------------------------------- 11. 1 12.0 2 .2 .2 No shift pay d ifferential ------------------------------------------------------ 1 3.4 2 .9 “ 4 5 6 7 . _ - 9 .5 - - - - 1 Shift d ifferential data are presented in term s o f (a) establishm ent p o lic y , and (b) w ork ers actually em ployed on late shifts at the tim e of the survey. An establishm ent was con sid ered as having a p o lic y if it m et either of the follow ing co n d i tion s: (l) Operated late shifts at the tim e o f the su rvey, o r (2) had form a l p rov ision s cov erin g late shifts, t Less than 0 .0 5 p ercen t. Occupational Wage Survey, L aw ren ce, M a ss. , F eb ru a ry 1956 U. S. DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR Bureau o f L abor Statistics 12 Table E-2: Scheduled W eekly Hours PERCENT OF OFFICE W O R K E R S^M PL O YE D IN — j PERCENT OF PLANT W ORKERS EM PLOYED IN— Weekly hours All industries Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing A ll w orkers ___________________________________ 100 100 100 Under 37 Vi hours ---- ---- ------------------------ __ 37V2 h o u r s _____________________________________ Over 37 and under 40 hours ________________ 40 hours _______________________ _______________ Over 40 and under 44 hours __________________ 44 hours ______________________________________ Over 44 and under 48 hours __________________ 48 hours ___ Over 48 hours ________________________________ f 4 t 90 t 3 t t t 5 92 3 f . t t 89 t t All industries 100 100 - i I t t Nonmanufacturing 100 _ • ! Manufacturing - 67 9 t 66 t 8 3 21 t t 23 3 58 t 7 12 10 9 1 Data relate to wom en w ork ers only, t L ess than 2. 5 p ercen t. Table E-3: Overtime Pay Practices PERCENT OF OFFICE WORKERS EMPLOYED IN — 1 PERCENT OF PLANT W ORKER8 EM PLOYED IN— O vertim e p olicy All industries A ll w orkers ___________________________________ Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing ] i' 1li 1 ! !! Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing 100 100 100 67 67 73 73 73 - 34 34 34 - All industries 100 100 100 48 46 46 t 71 69 69 3 16 16 16 ■ 52 29 84 33 27 66 83 82 t 80 - 73 73 73 - 95 95 94 t 91 88 3 85 3 100 100 100 - 68 68 61 7 - 17 9 27 5 Daily overtim e W orkers in establishm ents providing prem ium pay ________________________________ Tim e and one-half _________________________ E ffective after le s s than 8 hours ______ E ffective after 8 hours _______________ E ffective after m ore than 8 hours _____ Othe r 1 __________ __________________________ _ W orkers in establishm ents providing no prem ium pay o r having no p o lic y ___________ i ! j 67 ” W eekly overtim e W orkers in establishm ents providing prem ium pay ________________________________ Tim e and one-half _________________________ E ffective after le s s than 40 hours _____ E ffective after 40 hours ________________ E ffective after m ore than 40 h o u r s ____ Other 1 _____________________________________ W orkers in establishm ents providing no prem ium pay o r having no p olicy ________ t - 32 1 Includes p rov ision s fo r a sp ecified num ber o f overtim e hours at either ( l ) no pay, (2) regular rate, o r (3) a prem ium rate; and prem ium pay at another rate th e re a fte r, f L ess than 2. 5 p ercen t. Occupational Wage Survey, Lawrence, M a ss., February 1956 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of Labor Statistics 13 Table E-4: Frequency of W age Payment P E R C E N T OF O FFICE W O RKERS E M P LO Y E D I N - F req u en cy o f paym ent P E R C E N T OF PLAN T W O RKERS E M P LO Y E D IN — All industries Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing !j •. A ll w ork ers ____________________________ _________ 100 100 100 | 100 W e M y __________________________________________ B iw eekly ________________________ ________________ Sem im onthly _______________ ___________________ ____ _________ _ _ ____ _____ Monthly __ O t h e r ---------- ------- — ------- — — 88 8 4 100 - 73 j ; 100 i 18 ! i 1 | 9 All industries Manufacturing * Nonmanufacturing 100 100 100 100 - - - - - - - - - ~ “ " Table E-5: W a ge Structure Characteristics and Labor-Management Agreements P E R C E N T OF O FFICE W O RKERS E M P L O Y E D IN — Item [ ji P E R C E N T OF PLAN T W O RKERS E M P LO Y E D IN — Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing All industries Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing 100 100 100 100 100 100 49 5 44 51 50 t 50 50 47 11 36 53 61 36 25 39 66 36 31 34 43 36 6 57 100 100 100 53 47 30 15 3 48 52 36 16 - 77 23 56 61 28 All industries WAGE STRUCTURE FO R TIM E R ATE D WORKERS 1 A ll w ork ers __ „ __ — ________ F o rm a l rate structure _________________________ Single r a t e ___________________________________ Range o f ra tes _______________________________ Individual ra tes ________________________________ METHOD O F WAGE PAYM EN T FO R P LA N T WORKERS A ll w o rk e rs „ „ ______ .. _ „ ________ DATA NOT C O LLE CTE D T im e w o r k e rs __________________________________ Incentive w o r k e rs __ .... ................ P ie ce w o r k _ _ Bonus w ork _ _ _ ____ _ C om m iss ion ________________________________ - 7 16 LABO R-M AN AGEM ENT AGREEMENTS * W ork ers in establishm ents with agreem ents cov erin g a m a jo rity o f such w o r k e rs ____ _ 5 “ 1 11 1 E stim a tes fo r o ffic e w ork ers a re based on total office em ploym ent, w h ereas estim ates fo r plant w orkers a re based on tim e -ra te d em p loyees only. * E stim a tes rela te to a ll w ork ers (office or plant) em ployed in an establishm ent having a con tract in effect cov erin g a m ajority o f the w ork ers in their re sp ectiv e category. The e s ti m ates so obtained a re not n e c e s s a r ily representative o f the extent to which a ll w o rk e rs in the a rea m ay be co v e re d by p ro v isio n s o f labor-m anagem ent agreem ents due to the exclusion o f s m a lle r s iz e establish m en ts. t L e s s than 2 .5 p e rce n t. Occupational Wage Survey, L aw ren ce, M a s s ., F ebruary 1956 U .S . DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of Labor Statistics 14 T a b le E-6* P a id H o l i d a y P r o v is io n s P E R C E N T OF P LAN T W O R K E R S E M P L O Y E D IN — P E R C E N T OP OFFICE W O RKERS E M P LO Y E D IN — Item All industries A ll w orkers ___________ Manufacturing All industries Nonmanufacturing Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing 100 100 100 100 100 100 97 98 96 86 3 3 88 77 14 10 3 14 14 4 4 5 5 Number of paid holidays 1 W orkers in establishm ents providing paid holidays ________ L e ss than 4 holidays _____________________________________ 4 holidays ________________________________________________ 6 holidays ________________________________________________ Plus 2 half days ______________________________________ 7 holidays ________________________________________________ Full days only ________________________________________ Plus 1 half d a y ________________________________________ 8 holidays ____________ _____________________ ;-------------------Full days only ________________________________________ Plus 1 half day ________________________________________ Plus 2 half days ______________________________________ 9 holidays ________________________________________________ Full days only ________________________________________ Plus 1 half day ________________________________________ 10 holidays _____________________________________________ — 11 holidays _______________________________________________ W orkers in establishm ents providing no paid holidays ____ t t t t 21 21 34 34 4 4 - - - 31 31 52 51 5 5 t t 13 11 7 4 t t t t - t 26 25 31 29 t t 7 7 - 22 20 - 45 42 7 7 - t - - - 3 11 4 3 t t 8 8 3 - 6 5 t t t 20 4 3 t 40 38 ? 3 t - 11 43 9 4 - 19 - 14 12 23 40 12 25 - 64 7 55 - 69 9 58 - r t 36 36 19 3 - P rov ision s fo r holidays o ccu rrin g on nonworkdays"2 With p rov ision s fo r holidays falling on Saturday ----------------Another day off with p a y ---------------------------------------------------Extra d a y 's pay __________________________________________ Option o f another day o ff or extra d a y's pay ----------------P ro v isio n s d iffer fo r variou s holidays --------------------------Other p rov ision s ________________________________________ Saturday is a scheduled workday fo r all w ork ers -------------No p rov ision s (or no pay) fo r holidays falling on Saturday ____________________________________________________ With p rov ision s fo r holidays falling on S unday--------------------Another day o ff with p a y __________________________________ Extra d a y 's pay __________________________________________ Option o f another day off o r extra d a y 's p a y ------------------P ro v isio n s d iffer fo r variou s holidays --------------------------Other p rov ision s __________________________________________ Sunday is a scheduled workday fo r a ll w o r k e r s ------------------No p rov ision s (or no pay) fo r holidays falling on Sunday _____________________________________________________ With p rov ision s fo r holidays falling during vacation --------Another day off with p a y __________________________________ Extra d a y 's pay __________________________________________ Option of another day o ff o r extra d a y's p a y ------------------P ro v isio n s d iffer fo r various holidays --------------------------Other p rov ision s __________________________________________ No provision s (or no pay) fo r holidays falling during vacation ___________________________________________________ 23 9 13 _ _ 10 7 3 - t _ - 4 t 6 3 70 86 50 19 18 22 93 87 1 84 71 4 t 5 88 76 3 69 45 11 5 ■ 8 95 88 f t 96 89 t t t t 6 t t t t t 4 “ t - 3 3 1 t “ " t 37 37 10 68 46 4 18 “ 42 30 59 43 t - t 6 t 43 5 32 6 55 42 “ - 8 44 37 7 37 33 4 - 43 40 m erely the indicated num ber o f fu ll-d a y holidays, and those who r e 1 E stim ates relate to fu ll-d ay holidays p rovid ed annually. These are further divided between w ork ers who receive ceiv e 1 o r m ore half holidays in addition. o f the estim ates would be slightly higher if p ra ctice s d eterm ined in 2 L im ited to p rov ision s in establishm ents having a form a l p olicy applying when holidays o ccu r on nonworkdays; some form a lly as the situation o c c u r s w ere included. Occupational Wage Survey, Lawrence, M ass., February 1956 f L e ss than 2. 5 p ercen t. U.S. PEFARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of Labor Statistics 15 T a b le E -7: P a id V a c a t i o n s P E R C E N T OF OFFICE W O RKERS E M P LO Y E D IN — PE R C E N T OF PLANT W O RKERS E M P LO Y E D IN — 1i V acation p o lic y All industries A ll w o r k e r s --------------------------------------------------------- Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing All industries Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 - . 92 62 27 3 1 98 87 t 93 66 24 3 * - - 7 8 t _ 38 5 47 _ 49 _ 51 - 25 83 METHOD OF PAYM EN T W ork ers in establishm ents providing paid v a ca tion s---------------------------------------------------L e n g th -of-tim e paym ent ------------------------------P ercen tag e paym ent — ----------------------------------O t h e r --------------------------------------------------------------W ork ers in establishm ents p rovid in g no paid vacations -------------------------------------------------- 99 t - 98 11 _ AMOUNT OF VACATION PA Y A fter 1 yea r o f s e rv ice U nder 1 w e e k ------------------------------------------------------1 w e e k ------------------------------------ ----------------------------O ver 1 and under 2 w eeks —-------------------------------2 w e e k s ----------------— — ---------------------------------------3 w e e k s --------------------------------------------------------------- 10 t 11 t 42 6 22 t t 87 _ 4 - _ 61 5 21 8 A fter 2 yea rs o f s e r v ic e Under 1 w eek — ------— — ------------------------------------1 w eek — — --------------------------------------------------------O ver 1 and under 2 w e e k s ---- ---------------------------2 w e e k s --------------------------- — -------------------------------3 Weeks — —---- --------------------------- ------------------------- _ 26 9 56 10 _ 32 16 52 - . 18 . 60 22 t t 57 59 15 16 - 12 21 t _ 44 _ 43 8 A fter 3 yea rs o f s e r v ic e Under 1 w e e k --------- -------------------— ---------------------1 w e e k -----------------------------------------------------------------O ver 1 and under 2 w e e k s --------------------------------2 w e e k s ------— —--------------------------------------------------O ver 2 and under 3 w e e k s --------------------------------3 weeks ---------------------------------------------------------------- _ 16 9 65 . 10 _ 15 16 69 . - _ 17 . 60 _ 22 t t 37 24 28 35 29 26 t t t 19 17 _ 44 _ 43 _ 11 A fter 5 yea rs o f s e r v ic e 1 w e e k ----------------------------------------------------------------O ver 1 and under 2 w e e k s --------------------------- —— 2 w eeks ---------------------------------------------------------------O ver 2 and under 3 w e e k s ---------------------------------3 weeks — — ——— ———— — ——— ——— — — — — 4 w eeks and o v e r ------------------------------------------------- t t t 14 . 62 „ 24 - 11 . 71 8 . 89 14 46 11 . 78 . 11 8 . 89 _ 28 . 51 . t t 66 69 t t 6 * 4 - 20 17 28 33 * A fter 10 yea rs of s e r v ic e 1 we ek ---------------------------------- ----------------------- ,r— O ver 1 and under 2 w e e k s ---------------------------------w e e k s ---------------------------------------------------------------O ver 2 and under 3 w e e k s ---------------------------------3 weeks — ——— ------------------- ------- ——-------- --------4 w eeks and o v e r ----------------------- ------------------------- 2 See footnote at end o f table. _ . - 18 t t 40 “ t 19 t t 58 63 t t 10 15 “ - 38 * Occupational Wage Survey, L aw ren ce, M a ss., F ebruary 1956 U .S . DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of L abor Statistics NOTE: In the tabulations of vacation allow ances by years o f s e r v ic e , payments other than "length o f tim e, " such as percentage of annual earnings, w ere con verted to an equivalent tim e b asis; fo r exam ple, a payment of 2 percen t o f annual earnings was con sid ered as 1 w eek's pay. 16 Table E-7: Paid Vacations - Continued Table E-8*. Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans P E R C E N T OF OFFICE W O RKERS E M P LO Y E D IN — Type of plan A ll w o r k e r s --------------------------------------- ----------------W orkers in establishm ents providing: Life in s u r a n c e --------------------------------------- ------A ccidental death and dism em berm en t in s u r a n c e -----— --------------------------—---------------Sickness and a ccid ent insurance o r s ic k leave o r b oth 1 ------- ------— ---- — ------Sickness and accid ent in s u r a n c e ------------Sick leave (full pay and no waiting p e r i o d ) ------------------------ -------------Sick leave (partial pay or waiting p e r i o d ) --------------------------------- -— H ospitalization in s u r a n c e ----------------------------S urgical in s u r a n c e ----------------------------------------M edical i n s u r a n c e ----------------------------------------Catastrophe in s u r a n c e ---------------------------------R etirem ent p e n s i o n --------------------------------------No health, insurance, o r pension p l a n -------- All industries Manufacturing 100 100 | Nonmanufacturing j All industries Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing 100 f 100 100 100 74 55 ! 52 51 52 ! 67 58 69 60 57 47 76 92 55 43 47 38 72 50 88 60 49 36 21 28 4 - 25 23 68 67 28 63 3 82 80 52 14 42 * 8 64 62 19 t 19 " 9 65 64 18 21 * 4 56 53 28 4 12 ■ 24 15 74 73 38 6 54 i ! i 71 ! | 1 Unduplicated total of workers receiving sick leave or sickness and accident insurance shown separately below. t Less than 2.5 percent, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR P E R C E N T OF P LAN T W O R K E R S E M P L O Y E D IN — i Occupational Wage Survey, Lawrence, M ass., February 1956 Bureau of Labor Statistics 17 Appendix A: Scope and Method of Survey The Department of Labor’ s Bureau of Labor Statistics regularly conducts sur veys of occupational earnings and related wage benefits in important industrial centers. In each area, data are obtained by personal visits 1 of Bureau field agents to representative establishments within six broad industry divisions: Manufacturing; transportation (excluding railroads), communication, and other public utilities; wholesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. Major industry groups excluded from these studies, besides railroads, are government operations and the construction and extractive industries. Establishments having fewer than a prescribed number of workers are omitted also because they furnish insufficient employment in the occupations studied to warrant inclusion.2 Whereever possible, separate tabulations are provided for each of the broad industry divisions. These surveys are conducted on a sample basis because of the unnecessary cost involved in surveying all establishments, and to insure prompt publication of results. To obtain appropriate accuracy at minimum cost, a greater proportion of large than of small establishments is studied. In combining the data, however, all establishments are given their appropriate weight. Estimates based on the establishments studied are presented, therefore, as relating to all establishments in the industry grouping and area,3 except for those below the minimum size studied. Occupations and Earnings The occupations selected for study are common to a variety of manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries. Occupational classification is based on a uniform set of job descriptions designed to take account of interestablishment variation in duties within the same job (see appendix B for listing of these descriptions). Earnings data are presented (in the A-series tables) for the following types of occupations: (a) Office clerical; (b) pro fessional and technical; (c) maintenance and powerplant; and (d) custodial and material movement.1 Data are shown for full-time workers, i.e., those hired to work a regular weekly schedule in the given occupational classification. Earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Nonproduction bonuses are excluded also, but cost-of-living bonuses and incentive earnings are included. Where weekly hours are reported, as for office clerical occupations, reference is to the work schedules (rounded to the nearest half hour) for which straight-time salaries are paid; average weekly earnings for these occupations have been rounded to the nearest half dollar. Occupational employment estimates represent the total in all establishments within the scope of the study and not the number actually surveyed. Because of differences in occupational structure among establishments, the estimates of occupational employment obtained from the sample of establishments studied serve only to indicate the relative im portance of the jobs studied. These differences in occupational structure do not materially affect the accuracy of the earnings data. With the exception of union rate scales (C-series tables), which were collected only in Lawrence. 2 See table following. For the industries in which characteristic jobs were studied on an industry basis only (tables B-31 and B-35), minimum size of establishment and extent of area covered were the same as for the six broad industry divisions. 3 The tabulation of minimum entrance rates for women office workers relates only to provisions in es tablishments studied. Establishment Practices and Supplementary Wage Provisions Information is presented also (in the D- and E-series tables) on selected es tablishment practices and supplementary benefits as they relate to office and plant workers. The term “ office workers,” as used in this bulletin, includes all office clerical employees and excludes administrative, executive, professional, and technical personnel. “ Plant workers” include working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in nonoffice functions. Administrative, executive, professional, and technical employees, and force-account construction employees who are utilized as a sepa rate work force are excluded. Cafeteria workers androutemen are excluded in manufacturing industries, but are included as plant workers in nonmanufacturing industries. Minimum entrance rates (table D -l) relate only to the establishments visited. They are presented on an establishment, rather than on an employment basis. Scheduled hours; overtime pay practices; frequency of wage payment; paid holidays; paid vacations; and health, insurance, and pension plans are treatea statistically on the basis that these are applicable to all plant or office workers if a majority of such workers are eligible or may eventually qualify for the practices listed.4 Because of rounding, sums of individual items in these tabulations do not necessarily equal totals. Shift differential data (table E -l) arc limited to manufacturing industries. This information is presented both in terms of (a) establishment policy,5 presented in terms of total plant worker employment, and (b) effective practice, presented on the basis of workers actually employed on the specified shift at the time of the survey. In establishments having varied differentials, the amount applying to a majority was used or, if no amount applied to a majority, the classification “ other” was used. With reference to wage structure characteristics (table E-5), all time-rated workers (plant or office) in an establishment are classified according to the predominant plan applying to these workers. Whereas the proportions of time and incentive workers directly reflect employment under each pay system, technical considerations required that the breakdown of incentive-worker employment according to type of incentive plan be based on the predominant plan in each establishment. The summary of vacation plans is limited to formal arrangements, excluding informal plans whereby time off with pay is granted at the discretion of the employer. Sepa rate estimates are provided according to employer practice in computing vacation payments, such as time payments, percent of annual eernings, or flat-sum amounts. However, in the tabulations of vacation allowances by years of service, payments not on a time basis were converted; for example, a payment of 2 percent of annual earnings was considered as the equivalent of 1 week’ s pay. Data are presented for all health, insurance, and pension plans for which at least a part of the cost is borne by the employer, excepting only legal requirements such as workmen’ s compensation and social security. Such plans include those underwritten by a commercial insurance company and those provided through a union fund or paid directly by the employer out of current operating funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose. Death benefits are included as a form of life insurance. Scheduled weekly hours lex office workers (first section of table B-3) are presented in terms of the proportion of women office workers employed in offices with the indicated weekly hours for women workers. 3 An establishment was considered as having a policy if it met either of the following conditions: (1) Operated late shifts at the time of the survey, or (2) had formal provisions covering late shifts. 18 Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type of insurance under which predetermined cash payments are made directly to the insured on a weekly or monthly basis during illness or accident disability. Information is presented for all such plans to which the employer contributes. However, in New York and New Jersey, which have enacted temporary disability insurance laws which require employer contributions,6 plans are in cluded only if the employer (1) contributes more than is legally required, or (2) provides the employee with benefits which exceed the requirements of the law. Tabulations of paid sick- 6 The temporary disability laws in California and Rhode Island do not require employer contributions. leave plans are limited to formal plans which provide full pay or a proportion of the worker’ s pay during absence from work because of illness. Separate tabulations are provided ac cording to (1) plans which provide full pay and no waiting period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay or a waiting period. In addition to the presentation of the proportions of workers who are provided sickness and accident insurance or paid sick leave, an undupli cated total is shown of workers who receive either or both types of benefit. Catastrophe insurance, sometimes referred to as extended medical insurance, includes those plans which are designed to protect employees in case of sickness and injury involving expenses beyond the normal coverage of hospitalization, medical, and surgical plans. Medical insurance refers to plans providing,for complete or partial payment of doc tors’ fees. Such plans may be underwritten by commercial insurance companies or nonprofit organizations or they may be self-insured. Tabulations of retirement pension plans are limited to those plans that provide monthly payments for the remainder of the worker’ s life. Establishments and workers in major industry divisions and in selected industries by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, February Minimum Number of establishments size establish Within Item ment Studied scope of in scope of study study 2 Industry divisions in which occupations were surveyed on an area basis 21 204 A ll divisions-----------------------------------------------------77 21 104 Manufacturing__ ___________________________ 43 34 Nonmanufacturing ___________ ______________ 100 Transportation (excluding railroads), communication, and other public 4 utilities 4 _______ ______________________ 21 8 21 Wholesale trade __________________________ 3 9 Retail trade ___________________________ __ 21 64 19 21 10 4 Finance, insurance, and real estate__________ Services 6 ________________________________ 21 4 9 Industries in which occupations were surveyed on an industry basis 7 Metalworking ________________________________ 21 21 12 Women's cement process shoes conventional lasted __________________________ 10 21 12 - in Lawrence, Mass. , 1 and number studied 1956 Total3 25,500 20,300 5,200 700 400 3,000 600 500 4, 600 2, 600 Workers in establishments Within scope of study Office Plant 2,300 1,300 1,000 ( 567) (*) (!) (•) ( s) 500 100 Studied Total 3 20,600 17,200 3,400 17,600 15,220 2,380 ( 5) ( ) (!) (*> ( 5) 510 120 1,170 310 270 3, 600 2,400 4,170 2,300 1 The Lawrence Metropolitan'Area (Lawrence City; Andover, Methuen, and North Andover towns in Essex County, Mass.). The "workers within scope of study" estimates shown in this table provide a reasonably accurate description of the size and composition of the labor force included in the survey. The estimates are not intended, however, to serve as a basis of comparison with other area employment indexes to measure employment trends or levels since (1) planning of wage surveys requires the use of establishment data compiled considerably in advance of the pay period studied and (2) small establishments are excluded from the scope of the survey. 2 Includes all establishments with total employment at or above the minimum size limitation. A ll outlets (within the area)of companies in such industries as trade, finance, autorepair service, and motion-picture theaters are considered as 1 establishment. 3 Includes executive, technical, professional, and other workers excluded from the separate office and plant categories. 4 Also excludes taxicabs, and services incidental to water transportation. 5 This industry division is represented in estimates for "all industries" and "nonmanufacturing" in theSeries A and Btables, although coverage wasinsufficient to justify separate presentation of data. 6 Hotels; personal services; business services; automobile repair shops; radio broadcasting and television; motion pictures; nonprofit membership organizations; and engineering and architectural services. 7 Industries are defined in footnotes to wage tables. 19 Appendix B: Descriptions of Occupations Surveyed T he p r im a r y p u rp o s e o f p r e p a r in g jo b d e s c r ip t io n s fo r the B u r e a u *s w ag e s u r v e y s is to a s s i s t its fie ld s t a ff in c l a s s i fy in g in to a p p r o p r ia te o c cu p a tio n s w o r k e r s w h o a r e e m p lo y e d u n d er a v a r ie t y o f p a y r o ll t it le s and d iffe r e n t w o r k a r r a n g e m e n ts f r o m e s t a b lis h m e n t to e sta b lis h m e n t and fr o m a r e a to a r e a . T h is is e s s e n t ia l in o r d e r to p e r m it the g ro u p in g o f o c cu p a tio n a l w a g e r a te s r e p r e s e n t in g c o m p a r a b le jo b c o n te n t. B e c a u s e o f th is e m p h a s is on in te r e s ta b lis h m e n t and in t e r a r e a c o m p a r a b ility o f o c c u p a t io n a l c o n t e n tf the B u r e a u Ys jo b d e s c r ip t io n s m a y d iffe r s ig n ific a n tly fr o m th o se in u se in in d iv id u a l e s ta b lis h m e n ts o r th o s e p r e p a r e d f o r oth er p u r p o s e s . In ap p lyin g th e s e io b d e s c r ip tio n s * the B u reau *s fie ld r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s a r e in s t r u c t e d to e x c lu d e w o r k in g s u p e r v i s o r s , a p p r e n tic e s , l e a r n e r s , b e g in n e r s , t r a i n e e s , h a n d ic a p p e d w o r k e r s , p a r t -t im e , t e m p o r a r y , an d p r o b a t io n a r y w o r k e r s . ASSEM BLER (B e n ch a s s e m b le r ; f l o o r a s s e m b le r ; jig a s s e m b le r ; lin e a s s e m b le r ; s u b a s s e m b le r ) A s s e m b le s a n d /o r fit s to g e th e r p a r ts to fo r m c o m p le t e units o r s u b a s s e m b lie s at a b e n c h , c o n v e y o r lin e , o r on the f l o o r , depen din g u pon the s iz e o f the u n its an d the o r g a n iz a tio n o f the p r o d u c tio n p r o c e s s . W o r k m a y in c lu d e p r o c e s s in g o p e r a tio n s re q u irin g th e u se o f h a n d tools in s c r a p in g , c h ip p in g , and filin g o f p a r ts to obtain a d e s ir e d fit a s w e ll a s p o w e r t o o ls an d s p e c ia l eq u ip m en t w hen pu n ch in g, r iv e t in g , s o l d e r in g , o r w e ld in g o f p a r t s is n e c e s s a r y . W o r k e r s w ho p e r f o r m an y o f th e s e p r o c e s s in g o p e r a t io n s e x c lu s iv e ly as p a rt o f s p e c ia liz e d a s s e m b lin g o p e r a t io n s a r e e x c lu d e d . A S S E M B L E R F O R P U L L O V E R , M A C H IN E P r e p a r e s the u p p e r f o r la stin g b y a s s e m b lin g the c o u n te r and u p p e r and o p e r a tin g a m a ch in e to ta ck the u p p e r to the w ood en la s t. W ork in v o lv e s : P la c in g c o u n te r s on r a c k o f pan con tain in g c e m e n t, lo w e r in g r a c k in to pan to a p p ly c e m e n t to c o u n te r s ; in s e r tin g ce m e n te d c o u n te r b e tw e e n lin in g and u p p e r at the h e e l; settin g a p ie c e o f w ax o r t is s u e p a p e r n ex t to lin in g to fa c ilita t e r e m o v a l o f la s t a fte r c o m p le tio n o f o p e r a t io n s ; p la cin g u p p e r on la s t m a k in g c e r t a in that h e e l se a m is in c e n t e r o f r e a r o f la s t; settin g la s t on a ja c k and pu sh in g ja c k in to m a ch in e w h ich a u to m a t ic a lly d r iv e s ta ck s th rou g h the u pper in to the h e e l se a t and h e e l s e a m . B E D -M A C H IN E O P E R A T O R C la s s A - A s s e m b le s p a rts in to c o m p le te u n its o r s u b a s s e m b l ie s that r e q u ir e fittin g o f p a rts and d e c is io n s r e g a rd in g p r o p e r p e r fo r m a n c e o f any c o m p o n e n t p a rt o r the a s s e m b le d u n it. W ork in v o lv e s an y c o m b in a tio n o f the fo llo w in g : A s s e m b lin g fr o m d r a w in g s , b lu e p r in ts o r o th e r w ritte n s p e c ific a t io n s ; a s s e m b lin g units c o m p o s e d o f a v a r ie t y o f p a rts a n d /o r s u b a s s e m b lie s ; a s s e m b lin g la r g e u n its r e q u ir in g c a r e fu l fittin g and adju sting o f p a rts to obtain s p e c if i e d c le a r a n c e s ; u sin g a v a r ie ty o f hand and p o w e r e d t o o ls and p r e c i s i o n m e a s u r in g in s tr u m e n ts . (B e d la s t e r ; b e d -la s t in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r ; h e e l and fo r e p a r t la s t e r ) C o m p le te s the o p e r a t io n s o f d ra w in g the t o e , o r toe and h e e l, o f the u p p er o f a sh oe tig h tly o v e r the la s t . W o rk in v o lv e s : Setting sh oe on m a ch in e w ith s o le u p , an d m a n ip u latin g hand le v e r s c o n tr o llin g a s e r i e s o f w ip e r s (fr ic t io n p u lle r s ) w h ich d ra w the u p p er o v e r ed g e o f in s o le at toe o r to e and h e e l; h o ld in g u p p e r in p la c e w ith the w ip e r s ; s e c u r in g u p p e r at the to e in on e o f the fo llo w in g w a y s: M cK a y s y s t e m - T a ck in g u p p e r , u sin g a u to m a t ic a lly -fe d h an dta ck in g d e v ic e , the ta ck s r e m a in in g in the fin is h e d sh oe. C la s s B - A s s e m b le s p a r ts in to units o r s u b a s s e m b lie s in a c c o r d a n c e w ith sta n d a rd an d p r e s c r i b e d p r o c e d u r e s . W ork in v o lv e s an y c o m b in a tio n o f the fo llo w in g : A s s e m b lin g a lim ite d ra n g e o f sta n d a rd an d fa m ilia r p r o d u c ts c o m p o s e d o f a n u m b er o f s m a ll- o r m e d iu m - s iz e p a r t s r e q u ir in g so m e fittin g o r a d ju stin g ; a s s e m b lin g la r g e u n its that r e q u ir e lit t le o r n o fittin g o f c o m p o n e n t p a r t s ; w o rk in g u n d e r c o n d itio n s w h e r e a c c u r a t e p e r fo r m a n c e and c o m p le tio n o f w o r k w ith in s e t tim e lim its a r e e s s e n t ia l f o r su b seq u en t a s s e m b lin g o p e r a t io n s ; u sin g a lim ite d v a r ie ty o f hand o r p o w e r e d to o ls . C la s s C - P e r f o r m s s h o r t - c y c l e , r e p e titiv e a s s e m b lin g o p e r a t io n s . W o r k d o e s n ot in v o lv e any fittin g o r m akin g d e c is io n s r e g a r d in g p r o p e r p e r fo r m a n c e o f the com p on en t p a rts o r a s s e m b lin g p roced u res. W elt s y s t e m - P a s s in g a w ir e fr o m an a n c h o r ta ck , w h ich he d r iv e s on one sid e o f the s h o e , a rou n d the d r a w n -in u pper at the t o e , to the o p p o s ite sid e w h e r e he w in ds it a rou n d a n oth er a n ch o r ta c k , to h o ld u p p er in p la c e u n til it is s titc h e d to in s o le b y a la te r o p e r a tio n ; o r m a y sta p le u p p er in ste a d o f u sin g ab ove m e th o d s. C em en t s y s t e m - W ip in g to e in p la c e and h o ld in g it w ith w ip e r ; tr im m in g o f f su rp lu s to e b o x , lin in g and u p p e r , b y h and, c lo s e to in s o le ; ap p lyin g c e m e n t to in s o le b e tw e e n lin in g and u pper at toe and fold in g o v e r la stin g a llo w a n ce o f u p p e r and stick in g it in in so le . If the h e e l a l s o is la s t e d in the p r o c e s s , an a u to m a tic a lly fe d h a n d -ta ck in g d e v ic e is u s e d to d r iv e ta ck s th rou gh the u p p er at the h e e l. 20 B IL L E R , M ACH IN E C A R P E N T E R , M A IN TE N A N C E - C on tin u ed P r e p a r e s s ta te m e n ts , b i l l s , and in v o ic e s on a m a ch in e oth er than an o r d in a r y o r e le c t r o m a t ic t y p e w r it e r . M a y a ls o k e e p r e c o r d s a s to b illin g s o r sh ipp ing c h a r g e s o r p e r f o r m o th e r c l e r i c a l w o r k in cid e n ta l to b illin g o p e r a t io n s . F o r w a g e stu d y p u r p o s e s , b i l l e r s , m a ch in e, a r e c la s s if i e d b y type o f m a c h in e , a s fo llo w s : m a d e o f w o o d in an e s ta b lis h m e n t. W o r k in v o lv e s m o s t o f the fo llo w in g : P lann in g and la yin g out o f w o r k f r o m b lu e p r in t s , d r a w in g s , m o d e ls , o r v e r b a l in s tr u c tio n s ; u sin g a v a r ie t y o f c a r p e n t e r * s h a n d to o ls , p o r ta b le p o w e r t o o l s , and sta n d a rd m e a s u r in g in s t r u m e n ts ; m a k in g sta n d a r d sh op com p u ta tion s rela tin g to d im e n s io n s o f w o r k ; s e le c t in g m a t e r ia ls n e c e s s a r y f o r the w o r k . In g e n e r a l, the w o r k o f th e m a in te n a n ce c a r p e n t e r r e q u ir e s rou n ded tra in in g and e x p e r ie n c e u s u a lly a c q u ir e d th rou g h a fo r m a l a p p re n tice s h ip o r eq u iv a len t tr a in in g an d e x p e r i e n c e . B i l l e r , m a ch in e (b illin g m a c h in e ) - U s e s a s p e c ia l b illin g m a ch in e (M oon H op k in s, E llio t t F is h e r , B u r r o u g h s , e t c . , w h ich a r e c o m b in a tio n typin g and addin g m a c h in e s ) to p r e p a r e b i lls and in v o i c e s fr o m c u s to m e r s * p u r c h a s e o r d e r s , in te r n a lly p r e p a r e d o r d e r s , sh ipp ing m e m o r a n d u m , e t c . U s u a lly in v o lv e s a p p lic a tio n o f p r e d e te r m in e d d is co u n ts and sh ipp in g c h a r g e s and e n tr y o f n e c e s s a r y e x t e n s io n s , w h ich m a y o r m a y n ot b e c o m p u te d on the b illin g m a c h in e , an d to ta ls w h ich a r e a u to m a t ic a lly a c c u m u la te d b y m a c h in e . The o p e r a t io n u s u a lly in v o lv e s a la r g e n u m b e r o f c a r b o n c o p ie s o f the b i l l b ein g p r e p a r e d and is o fte n don e on a fa n fo ld m a c h in e . B i l l e r , m a ch in e (b o o k k e e p in g m a c h in e ) - U ses a b oo k k e e p in g m a ch in e (S u n dstra n d, E llio tt F is h e r , R em in g ton R a n d , e t c . , w h ich m a y o r m a y n ot h ave ty p e w r ite r k e y b o a r d ) to p r e p a r e c u s to m e r s * b i lls as p a rt o f the a c c o u n ts r e c e iv a b le o p e r a t io n . G e n e r a lly in v o lv e s the sim u lta n e o u s e n tr y o f fig u r e s on c u s t o m e r s * le d g e r r e c ord. The m a ch in e a u to m a t ic a lly a c c u m u la te s fig u r e s on a n u m b er o f v e r t ic a l c o lu m n s and c o m p u te s and u s u a lly p r in ts a u to m a tic a lly the d e b it o r c r e d it b a la n c e s . D o e s n ot in v o lv e a k n ow led g e o f b o o k k e e p in g . W o r k s fr o m u n ifo r m and sta n d a rd ty p e s o f s a le s and c r e d it s lip s . B O O K K E E P IN G -M A C H IN E O P E R A T O R O p e ra te s a b o o k k e e p in g m a ch in e (R e m in g to n R a n d , E llio t t F is h e r , Su n dstran d, B u r r o u g h s , N a tion a l C a sh R e g is t e r , w ith o r w ith out a ty p e w r ite r k e y b o a r d ) to k e e p a r e c o r d o f b u s in e s s t r a n s a c t io n s . C la s s A - K eep s a s e t o f r e c o r d s r e q u ir in g a k n ow led g e o f and e x p e r ie n c e in b a s i c b o o k k e e p in g p r in c ip le s and fa m ilia r it y w ith the s t r u c tu r e o f the p a r t ic u la r a cco u n tin g s y s t e m u s e d . D e te r m in e s p r o p e r r e c o r d s and d is tr ib u tio n o f d eb it and c r e d it it e m s to be u s e d in e a c h p h a se o f the w o r k . M a y p r e p a r e c o n s o lid a te d r e p o r t s , b a la n c e s h e e ts , and o th e r r e c o r d s b y h an d. C la s s B - K eep s a r e c o r d o f one o r m o r e p h a s e s o r s e c tio n s o f a s e t o f r e c o r d s u s u a lly r e q u ir in g lit tle k n ow led g e o f b a s ic b o o k k e e p in g . P h a s e s o r s e c t io n s in clu d e a c c o u n ts p a y a b le , p a y r o l l , c u s to m e r s * a c c o u n ts (n ot in clu d in g s im p le type o f b illin g d e s c r ib e d u n der b i l l e r , m a c h in e ), c o s t d is tr ib u tio n , ex p e n s e d is tr ib u tio n , in v e n to r y c o n t r o l, e t c . M a y c h e c k o r a s s i s t in p r e p a r a t io n o f t r ia l b a la n c e s and p r e p a r e c o n t r o l sh e e ts f o r the a cco u n tin g d e p a rtm e n t. C A R P E N T E R , M A IN T E N A N C E P e r f o r m s the c a r p e n t r y d u ties n e c e s s a r y to c o n s tr u c t and m a in tain in g o o d r e p a ir b u ild in g w o o d w o r k and eq u ip m en t su ch as b in s , c r i b s , c o u n te r s , b e n c h e s , p a r t it io n s , d o o r s , f l o o r s , s t a ir s , c a s i n g s , and t r im C L E R K , AC CO U N TIN G C la s s A - U nder g e n e r a l d ir e c t io n o f a b o o k k e e p e r o r a c c o u n ta n t, h as r e s p o n s ib ility fo r k eep in g on e o r m o r e s e c t io n s o f a c o m p le t e s e t o f b o o k s o r r e c o r d s r e la tin g t o on e p h a s e o f an e s ta b lis h m e n t* s b u s in e s s tr a n s a c t io n s . W o r k in v o lv e s p o s tin g and b a la n c in g s u b s id ia r y le d g e r o r le d g e r s su ch a s a c c o u n ts r e c e iv a b le o r a c c o u n ts p a y a b le ; ex a m in in g and c o d in g in v o ic e s o r v o u c h e r s w ith p r o p e r a cco u n tin g d is tr ib u tio n ; r e q u ir e s ju d g m e n t an d e x p e r ie n c e in m a k in g p r o p e r a s s ig n a tio n s and a l lo c a t i o n s . M a y a s s i s t in p r e p a r in g , a d ju stin g and c lo s in g jo u r n a l e n t r ie s ; m a y d i r e c t c l a s s B a c c o u n tin g c le r k s . C la s s B - U n der s u p e r v is io n , p e r f o r m s on e o r m o r e r o u tin e a c coun tin g o p e r a tio n s su ch as p o s tin g s im p le jo u r n a l v o u c h e r s , a c c o u n ts p a y a b le v o u c h e r s , en te rin g v o u c h e r s in v o u c h e r r e g i s t e r s ; r e c o n c i l lin g bank a c c o u n ts ; p o s tin g s u b s id ia r y le d g e r s c o n t r o ll e d b y g e n e r a l le d g e r s . T h is jo b d o e s n ot r e q u ir e a k n o w le d g e o f a c c o u n tin g and b ook k eep in g p r in c ip le s but is fou n d in o f f i c e s in w h ich the m o r e rou tin e a ccou n tin g w o r k is s u b d iv id e d on a fu n c tio n a l b a s i s a m on g sev era l w ork ers. CLERK, F IL E C la s s A - R e s p o n s ib le f o r m a in ta in in g an e s t a b lis h e d filin g s y s te m . C la s s ifie s and in d e x e s c o r r e s p o n d e n c e o r o th e r m a t e r ia l; m a y a l s o file th is m a t e r ia l. M a y k e e p r e c o r d s o f v a r io u s ty p e s in c o n ju n ctio n w ith file s o r s u p e r v is e o th e r s in filin g and lo c a t in g m a t e r ia l in the f ile s . M a y p e r fo r m in c id e n t a l c l e r i c a l d u tie s . C la s s B - P e r fo r m s r o u tin e f ili n g , u s u a lly o f m a t e r ia l that h a s a lr e a d y b e e n c l a s s if i e d , o r lo c a t e s o r a s s i s t s in lo c a t in g m a t e r ia l in f i l e s . M a y p e r fo r m in c id e n ta l c l e r i c a l d u tie s . CLERK, PAYROLL C om p u tes w a g e s o f c o m p a n y e m p lo y e e s an d e n te r s the n e c e s s a r y data on the p a y r o ll s h e e ts . D u ties in v o lv e : C a lc u la tin g w o r k e r 's e a r n in g s b a s e d on tim e o r p r o d u c tio n r e c o r d s ; p o s tin g c a lc u la t e d data on p a y r o ll sh e e t, sh ow in g in fo r m a t io n su ch a s w o r k e r 's n a m e , w o rk in g d a y s ,, t im e , r a te , d e d u ction s f o r in s u r a n c e , an d to ta l w a g e s du e. M ay m a k e out p a y c h e c k s and a s s i s t p a y m a s t e r in m a k in g up an d d is tr ib u tin g p a y e n v e lo p e s . M ay u se a c a lc u la tin g m a c h in e . 21 D U P L IC A T IN G -M A C H IN E O P E R A T O R (M IM E O G R A P H OR D IT T O ) CR O W N ER (IN S P E C T O R ) (E x a m in e r ) E x a m in e s sh o e p a r t s , p a r tly fin is h e d sh oes in v a r io u s sta g e s o f m a n u fa c tu r e , o r fin is h e d s h o e s b e fo r e p a ck in g . W ork in v o lv e s in s p e c tin g f o r the fo llo w in g im p e r fe c t io n s : Ir r e g u la r it y o f le a th e r s u r fa c e s ; m i s p la c e d o r in c o m p le t e ly d r iv e n ta c k s ; u n ev en n ess and i n c o r r e c t am ou n t o f stitc h in g ; in s id e m is a lig n m e n t ; im p r o p e r p r o p o r t io n o f to e tip . M ay c o r r e c t m in o r d e fe c t s o r im p e r fe c t io n s and r e je c t m a jo r d e fe c t s f o r r e p r o c e s s in g in p r o p e r d e p a rtm e n t. CUTTER, V A M P A N D W H O L E SH O E, M ACH IN E C uts p a r t s o f sh oe u p p e r s fr o m h id e s , skins o r fa b r ic a t e d m a t e r i a l s , b y m e a n s o f a c lic k in g m a ch in e . W ork in v o lv e s : Setting le a th e r o r o th e r sh oe m a t e r ia l on cu ttin g ta b le o f m a ch in e ; s e le c t in g p r o p e r die and settin g it in p la c e on m a t e r ia l; d e p r e s s in g le v e r to c a u s e u p p er a r m to d r o p a u to m a t ic a lly on the d ie w ith s u ffic ie n t fo r c e to cut m a t e r ia l to the sh ape an d s iz e o f the d ie . DRAFTSM AN, JUNIOR (A s s is ta n t d r a fts m a n ) D ra w s to s c a le u nits o r p a rts o f d ra w in gs p r e p a r e d b y d r a fts m a n o r o th e r s f o r e n g in e e r in g , c o n s tr u c tio n , o r m a n u fa ctu rin g p u r p o s e s . U s e s v a r io u s ty p e s o f d ra ftin g t o o ls as r e q u ir e d . M ay p r e p a r e d ra w in g s f r o m s im p le p la n s o r s k e t c h e s , o r p e r fo r m oth er d u ties u n d er d ir e c t io n o f a d r a fts m a n . DRAFTSM AN, SENIOR P r e p a r e s w o rk in g p la n s and d e ta il draw in gs fr o m n o t e s , rou g h o r d e ta ile d s k e tc h e s f o r e n g in e e r in g , c o n s tr u c tio n , o r m a n u fa ctu rin g p u rp oses. D u tie s in v o lv e a c o m b in a tio n , o f the fo llo w in g : P r e p a r in g w o r k in g p la n s , d e t a il d r a w in g s , m a p s , c r o s s - s e c t i o n s , e t c . , to s c a le b y u s e o f d r a ftin g in s t r u m e n ts ; m akin g en g in eerin g co m p u ta tio n s su ch a s th o s e in v o lv e d in s tre n g th o f m a t e r ia ls , b ea m s and t r u s s e s ; v e r i fy in g c o m p le t e d w o r k , c h e c k in g d im e n s io n s , m a te r ia ls to b e u s e d , and q u a n titie s ; w r itin g s p e c if i c a t io n s ; m akin g ad ju stm en ts o r ch a n g e s in d r a w in g s o r s p e c ifi c a t io n s . M a y ink in lin e s and le t te r s on p e n c il d r a w in g s , p r e p a r e d e ta il u n its o f c o m p le t e d r a w in g s , o r tr a c e d r a w in g s . W ork is fr e q u e n t ly in a s p e c ia liz e d fie ld su ch a s a r c h it e c t u r a l, e l e c t r i c a l , m e c h a n ic a l, o r s t r u c t u r a l d r a ftin g . U nder g e n e r a l s u p e r v is io n and w ith n o s u p e r v is o r y r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , r e p r o d u c e s m u ltip le c o p ie s o f ty p e w ritte n o r h an dw ritten m a tt e r , u sin g a m im e o g r a p h o r ditto m a c h in e . M a k es n e c e s s a r y a d ju stm en t su ch a s fo r ink and p a p e r fe e d c o u n te r and c y lin d e r s p e e d . Is not r e q u ir e d to p r e p a r e s t e n c il o r ditto m a s t e r . M ay k e e p file o f u s e d s te n c ils o r ditto m a s t e r s . M a y s o r t , c o lla t e , and sta p le c o m p le t e d m a te r ia l. ED G E T R IM M E R , M A C H IN E (E d g e -t r im m in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r ; t r im m e r , a p ex ; t r im m e r , m a rg in ) T r im s , cu ts to s i z e , and sm o o th s the ed g e o f sh o e s b y turning and m a n ip u la tin g the sid e s u r fa c e s o f the s o le s a g a in s t the r e v o lv in g cuttin g t o o l o f an e d g e -t r im m in g m a c h in e . E L E C T R IC IA N , M A IN T E N A N C E P e r fo r m s a v a r ie t y o f e l e c t r i c a l tr a d e fu n ction s su ch as the in s t a lla tio n , m a in te n a n ce , o r r e p a ir o f eq u ip m en t f o r the g e n e ra tin g , d is tr ib u tio n , o r u tiliz a tio n o f e l e c t r i c e n e r g y in an e s ta b lis h m e n t. W ork in v o lv e s m o s t o f the fo llo w in g : In sta llin g o r r e p a ir in g any o f a v a r ie ty o f e l e c t r i c a l eq u ip m en t su ch a s g e n e r a t o r s , t r a n s f o r m e r s , s w itch b o a rd s , c o n t r o l l e r s , c ir c u it b r e a k e r s , m o t o r s , h eatin g u n its , con d u it s y s t e m s , o r o th e r t r a n s m is s io n e q u ip m en t; w o rk in g fr o m b lu e p r in t s , d ra w in g s , la y o u t, o r oth er s p e c ific a t io n s ; lo c a tin g an d d ia g n o sin g tr o u b le in the e l e c t r i c a l s y s te m o r e q u ip m en t; w o rk in g sta n d a rd com p u ta tion s rela tin g to lo a d r e q u ir e m e n ts o f w irin g o r e l e c t r i c a l eq u ip m en t; u sin g a v a r ie ty o f e le c t r ic ia n *s h a n d tools and m e a s u r in g and te s tin g in stru m e n ts . In g e n e r a l, the w o r k o f the m a in te n a n ce e l e c t r ic ia n r e q u ir e s rou n ded tr a in ing and e x p e r ie n c e u s u a lly a c q u ir e d th rou g h a fo r m a l a p p re n tice s h ip o r e q u iv a le n t tra in in g and e x p e r ie n c e . E N G IN E E R , S T A T IO N A R Y O p e ra te s and m a in ta in s and m a y a l s o s u p e r v is e the o p e r a tio n o f sta tio n a r y en g in es and eq u ip m en t (m e c h a n ic a l o r e l e c t r i c a l ) to su pply th e e sta b lis h m e n t in w h ich e m p lo y e d w ith p o w e r , h e a t, r e fr ig e r a t io n , o r a ir co n d itio n in g . W o rk in v o lv e s : O p era tin g and m a in tain in g equ ipm ent su ch a s ste a m e n g in e s , a ir c o m p r e s s o r s , g e n e r a t o r s , m o t o r s , tu r b in e s , v en tila tin g and r e fr ig e r a t in g e q u ip m e n t, s te a m b o i l e r s and b o i l e r - f e d w a te r p u m p s; m a k in g eq u ip m en t r e p a ir s ; k e e p in g a r e c o r d o f o p e r a tio n o f m a c h in e r y , te m p e r a tu r e , and fu e l c o n s u m p tio n . M ay a ls o s u p e r v is e th e se o p e r a t io n s . H ead o r c h ie f e n g in e e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts em p loy in g m o r e than one e n g in e e r a r e e x c lu d e d . F A N C Y ST IT C H E R D R IL L -P R E S S O P E R A T O R , R A D IA L O p e ra te s on e o r m o r e ty p e s o f r a d ia l-d r illin g m a c h in e s d e s ig n e d p r im a r i ly f o r the p u r p o s e o f d r illin g , r e a m in g , c o u n te r s in k in g , c o u n t e r b o r in g , s p o t -fa c in g , o r tap p in g h o le s in la r g e o r h e a v y m e ta l p a r t s . S e v e r a l ty p e s o f r a d ia l d r i l l s a r e in u s e , the m o s t c o m m o n type b ein g d e s ig n e d s o that th e t o o l h e a d and sa ddle a r e m o v a b le a lon g a p r o je c t in g a r m w h ich ca n b e r o ta te d a b ou t a v e r t ic a l co lu m n and a d ju ste d v e r t i c a l l y on that c o lu m n . (F o r d e s c r ip t io n o f c la s s o f w o r k s e e m a c h in e t o o l o p e r a t o r , p r o d u c t i o n .) (A p p liq u e s t it c h e r ; b lin d -r o w s t it c h e r ; etch in g s t itc h e r ; e y e le t -r o w s t it c h e r ; s t r ip p e r , stitch in g ; tr im m in g s t it c h e r ) O p e ra te s a p o w e r -d r iv e n sew in g m a ch in e to s titch d e c o r a tiv e d e s ig n s on sh oe u p p e r s , su ch a s ou tlin in g e y e le t r o w , stitch in g im ita tio n fo x in g s o r fa n c y p a n e l d e s ig n s , running e x tr a r o w s o f stitch in g , and stitch in g piping and o rn a m e n ta l le a th e r s t r ip s (a p p liq u e ). W ork in v o lv e s : In se r tin g m a t e r ia l u n d er the p r e s s e r fo o t and n e e d le o f m a ch in e ; d e p r e s s ing le v e r to sta r t m a c h in e ; g u id in g m a t e r ia l b y hand (u su a lly along p r e v io u s ly m a r k e d lin e s on m a t e r ia l)a s stitch in g is p e r fo r m e d . 22 F IR E M A N , S T A T IO N A R Y B O IL E R F ir e s s ta tio n a ry b o i l e r s to fu rn ish the e s ta b lis h m e n t in w h ich e m p lo y e d w ith h e a t, p o w e r , o r ste a m . F e e d s fu el to f ir e b y hand o r o p e r a te s a m e c h a n ic a l s t o k e r , g a s , o r o il b u r n e r ; c h e c k s w a te r and sa fe ty v a lv e s . M a y c le a n , o i l , o r a s s i s t in r e p a ir in g b o i le r r o o m eq u ip m en t. FLOOR BOY IN S P E C T O R - C on tinu ed C la ss B - W ork in v o lv e s an y c o m b in a tio n o f the fo llo w in g : K n o w l e d g e o f p r o c e s s in g o p e r a tio n s in the b r a n c h o f w o r k to w h ich h e is a s s ig n e d , lim ite d to fa m ilia r p r o d u c ts and p r o c e s s e s o r w h e r e p e r fo r m a n c e is depen den t on p a s t e x p e r i e n c e ; p e r fo r m in g in s p e c t io n o p e r a tio n s on p r o d u c ts a n d /o r p r o c e s s e s h a v in g r ig i d s p e c if i c a t io n s , but w h ere the in s p e c tio n p r o c e d u r e s in v o lv e a se q u e n c e o f in s p e c tio n o p e r a t io n s , in clu d in g d e c is io n s r e g a r d in g p r o p e r fit o r p e r fo r m a n c e o f s o m e p a r t s ; u sin g p r e c i s io n m e a s u r in g in s t r u m e n ts . (A s s e m b ly b o y ; flo o r m a n ; r o u t e r ) K eep s s t o c k and d is tr ib u te s p a r t ia lly fin is h e d m a t e r ia ls u s e d in the m a n u fa ctu re o f fo o tw e a r to v a r io u s d e p a rtm e n ts to k eep w o r k e r s su p p lied w ith m a t e r ia l, u sin g tr u c k o r c a r r y in g m a t e r ia l. M ay p e r f o r m sim p le m a ch in e o p e r a tio n s u n d er d ir e c t io n o f fo r e m a n , su ch a s te m p e rin g s o le s and m o ld in g e d g e s o f s o l e s . C la s s C - W ork in v o lv e s an y c o m b in a tio n o f the fo llo w in g : S h o r tc y c l e , r e p e titiv e in s p e c tio n o p e r a t io n s ; u sin g a s t a n d a r d iz e d , s p e c i a l p u r p o s e m e a s u rin g in stru m e n t r e p e t it iv e ly ; v is u a l e x a m in a tio n o f p a r t s or p r o d u c t s , r e je c t in g u n its h a v in g o b v io u s d e fo r m it ie s o r fla w s . G U AR D J A N IT O R , P e r f o r m s rou tin e p o li c e d u tie s , e it h e r at fix e d p o s t o r on t o u r , m a in tain in g o r d e r , u sin g a r m s o r f o r c e w h e r e n e c e s s a r y * In clu d e s g a te m e n w h o a r e sta tio n e d at gate and c h e c k on id en tity o f e m p lo y e e s and o th e r p e r s o n s e n te r in g . H ELPER, T R A D E S , M A IN T E N A N C E A s s i s t s one o r m o r e w o r k e r s in the s k ille d m a in ten a n ce t r a d e s , b y p e r fo r m in g s p e c if i c o r g e n e r a l du ties o f l e s s e r s k ill, su ch a s k eep in g a w o r k e r su p p lied w ith m a t e r ia ls and t o o l s ; cle a n in g w o rk in g a r e a , m a ch in e and e q u ip m en t; a s s is tin g w o r k e r b y h old in g m a t e r ia ls o r t o o l s ; p e r fo r m in g o th e r u n s k ille d ta s k s a s d ir e c t e d b y jo u r n e y m a n . T h e kin d o f w o r k the h e lp e r is p e r m it te d to p e r f o r m v a r ie s fr o m tr a d e to tr a d e : In s o m e tr a d e s the h e lp e r is c o n fin e d to s u p p ly in g , lift in g , and h o ld in g m a t e r ia ls and t o o ls and cle a n in g w o rk in g a r e a s ; and in o th e r s he is p e r m it te d to p e r f o r m s p e c ia liz e d m a ch in e o p e r a t io n s , o r p a rts o f a tra d e that a r e a ls o p e r fo r m e d b y w o r k e r s on a fu ll-t im e b a s is . IN SPE C TO R In s p e c ts p a r t s , p r o d u c ts a n d /o r p r o c e s s e s . P e r fo r m s su ch o p e r ation s as ex a m in in g p a rts o r p r o d u c ts fo r fla w s and d e f e c t s , c h e c k in g th e ir d im e n s io n s and a p p e a r a n ce to d e te rm in e w h eth er th ey m e e t the r e q u ir e d sta n d a rd s and s p e c ific a t io n s . C la s s A - R e s p o n s ib le f o r d e c is io n s re g a rd in g the q u a lity o f the p r o d u c t a n d /o r o p e r a t io n s . W ork in v o lv e s any co m b in a tio n o f the fo llo w in g : T h o ro u g h k n ow led g e o f the p r o c e s s in g o p e r a tio n s in the b r a n c h o f w o r k to w h ich he is a s s ig n e d , in clu d in g the u se o f a v a r ie t y o f p r e c i s io n m e a s u r in g in s tru m e n ts ; in te r p r e tin g d ra w in g s an d s p e c ific a t io n s in in s p e c tio n w o r k on u nits c o m p o s e d o f a la r g e n u m b er o f co m p o n e n t p a r t s ; e x a m in in g a v a r ie t y o f p r o d u c ts o r p r o c e s s in g o p e r a t io n s ; d e te rm in in g c a u s e s o f fla w s in p r o d u c ts a n d /o r p r o c e s s e s and su g g estin g n e c e s s a r y ch a n g es to c o r r e c t w o r k m e th o d s ; d e v is in g in s p e c tio n p r o c e d u r e s f o r new p r o d u c t s . PORTER, OR C L E A N E R (S w e e p e r; c h a rw om a n ; ja n i t r e s s ) C lean s and k e e p s in an o r d e r l y c o n d itio n f a c t o r y w o rk in g a r e a s and w a s h r o o m s , o r p r e m is e s o f an o f f i c e , a p a r tm e n t h o u s e , o r c o m m e r c ia l o r oth er e s ta b lis h m e n t. D u ties in v o lv e a c o m b in a tio n o f the fo llo w in g : S w eep in g , m op pin g o r s c r u b b in g , an d p o lis h in g f l o o r s ; r e m o v in g c h ip s , t r a s h , and oth er r e fu s e ; du sting e q u ip m e n t, fu r n itu r e , o r fix t u r e s ; p o l ish in g m e ta l fix tu r e s o r tr im m in g s ; p r o v id in g s u p p lie s an d m in o r m a in ten a n ce s e r v ic e s ; clea n in g l a v a t o r ie s , s h o w e r s , and r e s t r o o m s . W o r k e r s w ho s p e c ia liz e in w in dow w ash in g a r e e x c lu d e d . K E Y -P U N C H O P E R A T O R U nder g e n e r a l s u p e r v is io n an d w ith n o s u p e r v i s o r y r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , r e c o r d s a ccou n tin g and s t a t is t ic a l data on ta bu la tin g c a r d s b y pu nch ing a s e r ie s o f h o le s in the c a r d s in a s p e c ifi e d s e q u e n c e , u sin g an a lp h a b e tica l o r a n u m e r ic a l k e y -p u n c h m a c h in e , fo llo w in g w r it te n in fo r m a t io n on r e c o r d s . M a y d u p lic a te c a r d s b y u sin g the d u p lica tin g d e v ic e atta ch ed to m a ch in e . K e e p s f i l e s o f p u n ch c a r d s . M ay v e r ify own w o r k o r w o rk o f o th e r s . L A B O R E R , M A T E R IA L H AN DLIN G (L o a d e r and u n lo a d e r ; h a n d le r and s t a c k e r ; s h e lv e r ; t r u c k e r ; sto ck m a n o r sto ck h e lp e r ; w a r e h o u s e m a n o r w a r e h o u s e h e lp e r ) A w o r k e r e m p lo y e d in a w a r e h o u s e , m a n u fa c tu r in g p la n t, s t o r e , o r o th e r e s ta b lis h m e n t w h ose d u tie s in v o lv e one o r m o r e o f the fo llo w in g : L oa d in g and u nloadin g v a r io u s m a t e r ia ls an d m e r c h a n d is e on o r fr o m fr e ig h t c a r s , tr u ck s o r oth er tr a n s p o r t in g d e v ic e s ; u n p a ck in g , s h e lv in g , o r p la c in g m a te r ia ls o r m e r c h a n d is e in p r o p e r s t o r a g e lo c a t io n ; t r a n s p o r tin g m a te r ia ls o r m e r c h a n d is e b y h and t r u c k , c a r o r w h e e lb a r r o w . L o n g s h o r e m e n , w ho lo a d and u n lo a d sh ip s a r e e x c lu d e d . M A C H IN E -T O O L O P E R A T O R , P R O D U C TIO N O p e r a te s one o r m o r e n o n p o r ta b le , p o w e r -d r iv e n m a ch in e to o ls in o r d e r to sh ap e m e t a l b y p r o g r e s s i v e l y r e m o b in g p o r tio n s o f the s to c k in the fo r m o f c h ip s o r s h a v in g s , o r b y a b ra sion * F o r w a g e study p u r p o s e s , th is c l a s s i f i c a t i o n is lim ite d to o p e r a t o r s o f the fo llo w in g ty p e s o f m a ch in e t o o ls : A u to m a tic la th e s B o rin g m a c h in e s D r il l p r e s s e s , r a d ia l D r il l p r e s s e s , s i n g le - o r m u ltip le - sp in d le E n g in e la th e s G e a r -c u t t in g m a c h in e s G e a r -fin is h in g m a c h in e s G rin d in g m a c h in e s *M ach in e t o o l s , m is c e lla n e o u s M illin g m a ch in e s P la n e r s S c r e w m a c h in e s , a u tom a tic S c r e w m a c h in e s , hand S h a pers T u r r e t la th e s , a u to m a tic T u r r e t la th e s , hand C la s s A - S ets up m a c h in e s , by* d eterm in in g p r o p e r fe e d s , s p e e d s , t o o lin g an d o p e r a t io n se q u e n ce o r b y s e le c t in g th o s e p r e s c r ib e d in d r a w in g s , b lu e p r in ts o r la y o u ts ; m a k es n e c e s s a r y a d ju s t m e n ts du rin g op e r a ti on w h e r e ch a n g es in w o r k and setup a r e r e la t iv e ly fr e q u e n t an d w h e r e c a r e is e s s e n t ia l to a c h ie v e r e q u is ite d im e n s io n s o f v e ry c lo s e to le r a n c e s . C la s s B - S ets up m a c h in e s on stan d ard o r rou g h in g o p e r a tio n s w h e r e fe e d s , s p e e d s , to o lin g and o p e r a tio n seq u en ce a r e p r e s c r i b e d o r m a in ta in s o p e r a t io n setu p m a d e b y o th e r s ; m a k es a ll n e c e s s a r y a d ju s tm e n ts d u rin g o p e r a t io n w h e r e c a r e is e s s e n t ia l to a c h ie v e v e r y c l o s e t o le r a n c e s o r w h e r e ch a n g es in p r o d u c t a r e r e la t iv e ly fr e q u e n t. C la s s C - O p e r a te s m a c h in e s on rou tin e and r e p e tit iv e o p e r a t io n s ; m a k e s o n ly m in o r a d ju stm e n ts during o p e r a tio n s ; w hen tr o u b le o c c u r s s to p s m a ch in e and c a lls fo r e m a n , le a d m a n , o r setup m a n to c o r r e c t th e o p e r a t io n . M A C H IN E -T O O L O P E R A T O R , T O O LR O O M S p e c ia liz e s in the o p e r a t io n o f one o r m o r e ty p e s o f m a ch in e t o o l s , su ch a s jig b o r e r s , c y li n d r ic a l o r s u r fa c e g r in d e r s , en gin e la th e s , o r m illin g m a c h in e s in the c o n s tr u c tio n o f m a c h in e -s h o p t o o l s , g a u g e s , j i g s , fix t u r e s , o r d ie s . W o r k in v o lv e s m o s t o f the fo llo w in g : Plann in g and p e r fo r m in g d iffic u lt m a ch in in g o p e r a tio n s ; p r o c e s s in g it e m s r e q u ir in g c o m p lic a t e d se tu p s o r a h igh d e g r e e o f a c c u r a c y ; u sin g a v a r ie t y o f p r e c i s i o n m e a s u r in g in s t r u m e n ts ; s e le c tin g fe e d s , s p e e d s , to o lin g and o p e r a t io n s e q u e n c e ; m a k in g n e c e s s a r y a d ju stm en ts du ring o p e r a tio n to a c h ie v e r e q u is ite t o l e r a n c e s o r d im e n s io n s . M ay be r e q u ir e d to r e c o g n iz e w hen t o o ls n e e d d r e s s in g , to d r e s s t o o l s , and to s e l e c t p r o p e r c o o la n t s and cu ttin g and lu b r ic a tin g o ils . * O p e r a to r s r e q u ir e d a lte r n a te ly to o p e r a te m o r e than one type o f m a ch in e t o o l as lis t e d a b o v e a r e c la s s if i e d as m a c h in e -to o l o p e r a t o r , m is c e lla n e o u s . M A C H IN IS T , M A IN T E N A N C E P r o d u c e s r e p la c e m e n t p a rts and new p a r t s in m akin g r e p a ir s o f m e t a l p a rts o f m e c h a n ic a l eq u ip m en t o p e r a t e d in an e s ta b lis h m e n t. W ork in v o lv e s m o s t o f the fo llo w in g : In te r p re tin g w r itte n in s tru ctio n s and s p e c ific a t io n s ; plann in g and la y ou t o f w o r k ; u sin g a v a r ie t y o f m a ch in ist*s h a n d to o ls and p r e c i s io n m e a s u r in g in s tr u m e n ts ; settin g up and o p era tin g sta n d a rd m a ch in e t o o ls ; sh aping o f m e t a l p a rts to c l o s e to le r a n c e s ; m a k in g sta n d a rd sh op co m p u ta tio n s r e la tin g to d im e n s io n s o f w o r k , to o lin g , fe e d s and s p e e d s o f m a ch in in g ; k n ow led g e o f the w o rk in g p r o p e r t ie s o f the c o m m o n m e t a ls ; s e le c t in g sta n d a rd m a t e r ia l s , p a r t s , and equ ipm en t r e q u ir e d f o r h is w o r k ; fittin g and a s s e m b lin g p a r ts in to m e c h a n ic a l e q u ip m e n t. In g e n e r a l, the m a ch in is t* s w o r k n o r m a lly r e q u ir e s a rou n ded tr a in in g in m a c h in e -s h o p p r a c t ic e u s u a lly a c q u ir e d th rou g h a fo r m a l a p p r e n t ic e s h ip o r eq u iv a len t tra in in g and e x p e r ie n c e . M A C H IN IST , P R O D U C T IO N F a b r ic a t e s m e t a l p a r ts in v o lv in g a s e r i e s o f p r o g r e s s iv e o p e r a t io n s . W ork in v o lv e s m o s t o f the fo llo w in g : In te r p re tin g w ritte n in s t r u c tio n s and s p e c ific a t io n s ; plann in g and la y in g out w o r k ; u sin g a v a r ie ty o f m a c h i n i s t s h a n d tools and p r e c i s io n m e a s u r in g in s tr u m e n ts ; settin g up and o p e r a tin g sta n d a rd m a ch in e t o o l s ; sh aping m e t a l p a rts to c lo s e t o l e r a n c e s ; m a k in g sta n d a rd sh op co m p u ta tio n s r e la tin g to d im e n s io n s o f w o r k , t o o lin g , fe e d s and sp e e d s o f m a ch in in g ; k n ow led g e o f the w ork in g p r o p e r t ie s o f the c o m m o n m e t a ls ; s e le c t in g sta n d a rd m a t e r ia ls , p a r t s , and eq u ip m en t n e e d e d f o r h is w o r k ; fittin g and a s s e m b lin g p a r t s . In g e n e r a l, the m a c h in is t *s w o r k n o r m a lly r e q u ir e s a rou n d ed tra in in g in m a c h in e -s h o p p r a c t ic e u s u a lly a c q u ir e d th rou g h a fo r m a l a p p re n tice s h ip o r e q u iv a le n t tra in in g and e x p e r ie n c e . M E C H A N IC , A U T O M O T IV E (M A IN T E N A N C E ) R e p a ir s a u to m o b ile s , b u s e s , m o t o r t r u c k s and t r a c t o r s o f an e s ta b lis h m e n t. W o rk in v o lv e s m o s t o f the fo llo w in g : E x a m in in g a u tom otiv e eq u ip m en t to d ia g n o se s o u r c e o f t r o u b le ; d is a s s e m b lin g eq u ipm en t and p e r fo r m in g r e p a ir s that in v o lv e the u s e o f su ch h a n d to o ls a s w r e n c h e s , g a u g e s , d r i l l s , o r s p e c ia liz e d eq u ip m en t in d is a s s e m b lin g o r fittin g p a rts ; r e p la c in g b r o k e n o r d e fe c tiv e p a rts fr o m s t o c k ; g rin d in g and ad ju stin g v a lv e s ; r e a s s e m b lin g and in sta llin g the v a r io u s a s s e m b lie s in the v e h i c le and m a k in g n e c e s s a r y a d ju s tm e n ts ; a lign in g w h e e ls , ad ju stin g b r a k e s and lig h t s , o r tigh ten in g b o d y b o l t s . In g e n e r a l, the w o r k o f the a u tom otiv e m e c h a n ic r e q u ir e s r ou n d ed tra in in g and e x p e r ie n c e u su a lly a c q u ir e d th rou g h a fo r m a l a p p r e n tic e s h ip o r e q u iv a le n t tra in in g and e x p e r ie n c e . M IL L IN G -M A C H IN E O P E R A T O R (M illin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r , a u to m a tic; m illin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r , hand) P e r f o r m s a v a r ie t y o f w o r k su ch as g r o o v in g , p la n in g , and sh aping m e ta l o b je c t s on a m illin g m a c h in e , w h ich r e m o v e s m a te r ia l fr o m m e ta l s u r fa c e s b y the cuttin g a c tio n o f m u ltito o th e s rotatin g c u tte rs o f v a r io u s s i z e s and s h a p e s . M illin g -m a c h in e ty p e s v a r y fr o m the m a n u a lly c o n t r o lle d m a ch in e s e m p lo y e d in unit p r o d u c tio n to fu lly a u tom atic ( c o n v e y e r -fe d ) m a ch in e s fou nd in p la n ts e n g a g ed in mass* p r o d u c tio n . F o r w a g e study p u r p o s e s , o p e r a t o r s o f s in g le -p u r p o s e m i lle r s su ch as th r e a d m i l l e r s , d u p lic a t o r s , d ie s in k e r s , p a n tog ra p h m i l l e r s , and en grav in g m i l l e r s a r e e x c lu d e d ^ (F o r d e s c r ip t io n o f c la s s o f w o r k s e e m a ch in e t o o l o p e r a t o r , p r o d u c t io n .) 24 NURSE, INDUSTRIAL. (REGISTERED) PASTER, BACKER, OR FITTER, UPPER, HAND - Continued A registered nurse who gives nursing service to ill or injured employees or other persons who becom e ill or suffer an accident on the prem ises of a factory o r other establishment. Duties involve a com bination of the follow ing: Giving first aid to the ill or injured; attending to subsequent dressing of em ployee's injuries; keeping records of patients treated; preparing accident reports for compensation or other purposes; conducting physical examinations and health evaluations of applicants and employees; and planning and carrying out program s involving health edu cation, accident prevention, evaluation of plant environment, or other activities affecting the health, w elfare, and safety of all personnel. Reinforces vamps, tops, straps, and other parts of shoes, by pasting to each a piece of cu t-to -siz e canvas, thin leather, or other lin ing m aterial (doubler). Work involves one or m ore of the follow ing: P ressing doubler against cem ent-covered ro ll and sticking doubler to leather parts, using backing tape which is so prepared that it sticks when pressed on other material with a hot iron. May paste reinforcing over only a portion of upper that is exposed to extra wear or strain. PIPEFITTER, MAINTENANCE OFFICE BOY OR GIRL P erform s various routine duties such as running errands, op er ating minor office machines such as sealers or m a ilers, opening and distributing m ail, and other m inor cle rica l work. OILER Lubricates, with oil or grease, the moving parts or wearing surfaces of mechanical equipment of an establishment. PACKER, SHIPPING Prepares finished products for shipment or storage by placing them in shipping containers, the specific operations perform ed being de pendent upon the type, size, and number of units to be packed, the type of container employed, and method of shipment. Work requires the p la c ing of items in shipping containers and may involve one or m ore of the following: Knowledge of various items of stock in order to verify con tent; selection of appropriate type and size of container; inserting en clo sures in container; using excelsior or other m aterial to prevent breakage or damage; closing and sealing container; applying labels or entering identifying data on container. Packers who also make wooden boxes or crates are excluded. PAINTER, MAINTENANCE Paints and redecorates walls, woodwork and fixtures of an e s tablishment. Work involves the following: Knowledge of surface p ecu l iarities and types of paint required for different applications; preparing surface for painting by removing old finish or by placing putty or fille r in nail holes and interstices; applying paint with spray gun or brush. May mix co lo rs , oils, white lead, and other paint ingredients to obtain proper color or consistency. In general, the work of the maintenance painter requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a form al apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. PASTER, BACKER, OR FITTER, UPPER, HAND (Backer; backing paster; backing cem enter; canvas backer, upper; cem enter, upper to lining; fitter, upper to lining; paster, line and brush, hand; paster; plain paster; rein forcer paster; quarter and lining fitter; upper doubler) Installs or repairs water, steam , gas, or other types of pipe and pipefittings in an establishment. W ork involves m ost of the follow ing: Laying out of work and measuring to locate position of pipe from draw ings or other written specifications; cutting various sizes of pipe to c o r rect lengths with chisel and hammer o'r oxyaceylene torch or pipe-cutting machine; threading pipe with stocks and dies; bending pipe by hand-driven or pow er-driven machines; assem bling pipe with couplings and fastening pipe to hangers; making standard shop computations relating to p r e s sures, flow, and size of pipe required; making standard tests to determine whether finished pipes meet specification s. In general, the work of the maintenance pipefitter requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a form al apprenticeship or equivalent training and ex perience. Workers prim arily engaged in installing and repairing building sanitation or heating systems are excluded. SECRETARY Perform s secretarial and c le rica l duties for a superior in an administrative or executive position. Duties include making appointments for superior; receiving people com ing into office; answering and making phone calls; handling personal and important or confidential m ail, and writing routine correspondence on own initiative; taking dictation (where transcribing machine is not used) either in shorthand or by stenotype or sim ilar machine, and transcribing dictation or the recorded inform a tion reproduced on a transcribing machine. May prepare special reports or memoranda for information of su perior. SHEET-METAL WORKER, MAINTENANCE Fabricates, installs, and maintains in good repair the sheetmetal equipment and fixtures (such as machine guards, grease pans, shelves, lock ers, tanks, ventilators, chutes, ducts, metal roofing) of an establishment. Work involves m ost of the follow ing: Planning and laying out all types of sheet-metal maintenance w ork from blueprints, m odels, or other specifications; setting up and operating all available types of sheetmetal working machines; using a variety of handtools in cutting, bending, form ing, shaping, fitting, and assem bling; installing sheet-m etal a rticles as required. In general, the work of the maintenance sheet-m etal worker requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a f o r mal apprenticeship or equivalent training experience. 25 SHIPPING AND RECEIVING CLERK SWITCHBOARD OPERATOR P repares m erchandise for shipment, or receives and is respon sible fo r incoming shipments of merchandise or other m aterials. Ship ping work involves: A knowledge of shipping procedures, p ra ctices, routes, available means of transportation and rates; and preparing records of the goods shipped, making up bills of lading, posting weight and shipping charges, and keeping a file of shipping record s. May direct or assist in preparing the m erchandise for shipment. Receiving work involves; Verifying or directing others in verifying the correctness of shipments against bills of lading, invoices, or other records; checking for short ages and rejecting damaged goods; routing merchandise or m aterials to proper departments; maintaining n ecessary records and file s. Operates a sin gle- or m ultiple-position telephone switchboard. Duties involve handling incoming, outgoing and intraplant or office calls. May record toll calls and take m essages. May give information to p e r sons who call in, or occasionally take telephone ord ers. For workers who also act as receptionist see switchboard operator-reception ist. F or wage study purposes, workers are classified as follow s: Shipping clerk R eceiving clerk Shipping and receiving clerk SIDE LASTER, MACHINE Operates a machine to last the sides and shanks of the upper. Work involves: Drawing out lining and upper with hand p in cers, holding shoe so that pincers of machine grasp edges of upper and draw them evenly and clo s e ly about the last, and manipulating lever of machine to operate device which drives staples or tacks through the upper at the sides and shanks. SOLE ATTACHER, CEMENT PROCESS (C om po-conveyor operator; sole layer, machine; sole-laying machine operator; soler) Operates a sole-layin g machine to cement outs ole s permanently to the uppers of shoes. W ork involves: Setting toe part of shoe on which outsole has been positioned and heel part of last directly below c o r r e sponding jacks (lugs) of machine; pressing air pedal (which opens valve on pipe leading to air com p ressor storage tank) to fill the air cushion and fo rce the shoe against the jacks .which hold the outsole firm ly in place while the cem ent d ries. May also, p rior to permanent attachment of outsole, brush a coat of solvent over the inner surface of the outsole from the heel seat to the toe and press outer sole on shoe, being certain that edges of sole p roject evenly over the edges of shoe. SWITCHBOARD OPERATOR-RECEPTIONIST In addition to perform ing duties of operator, on a single position or m onitor-type switchboard, acts as receptionist and may also type or perform routine cle rica l work as part of regular duties. This typing or cle rica l work may take the m ajor part of this w ork er’s time while at switchboard. TOOL AND DIE MAKER (Diemaker; jig maker; toolmaker; fixture maker; gauge maker) Constructs and repairs m achine-shop tools, gauges, jig s, fix tures or dies for forgings, punching and other m etal-form ing work. Work involves m ost of the follow ing: Planning and laying out of work from m odels, blueprints, drawings, or other oral and written specifications; using a variety of tool and die m a k er’ s handtools and precision m easur ing instruments; understanding of the working properties of common m et als and alloys; setting up and operating of machine tools and related equipment; making n ecessary shop computations relating to dimensions of work, speeds, feeds, and toolings of machines; heating-treating of metal parts during fabrication as well as of finished tools and dies to achieve required qualities; working to close tolerances; fitting and a s sembling of parts to prescribed tolerances and allowances; selecting ap propriate m aterials, tools, and p ro ce ss e s . In general, the tool and die m aker's work requires a rounded training in m achine-shop and toolroom practice usually acquired through a form al apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. F or cross-in d u stry wage study purposes, tool and die makers in tool and die jobbing shops are excluded from this classification. TOP STITCHER STENOGRAPHER, GENERAL P rim ary duty is to take dictation from one or m ore persons, either in shorthand or by stenotype or sim ilar machine, involving a n o r m al routine vocabulary, and to transcribe this dictation on a typewriter. May also type from written copy. May also set up and keep files in ord er, keep sim ple re co rd s , etc. Does not include tran scribin g-m achine work (see transcribing-m achine operator)^ Operates a sewing machine to stitch the lining to the upper part of a shoe and to trim off excess edges of lining. Work involves: Fitting lining to upper to obtain proper allowance for insertion of counter or receiving upper and lining already fitted or cemented together; setting parts into machine at heel seam, lowering guide down to the edge of top of upper, and guiding parts through machine by hand to complete stitching and trimming operation. 26 TREER TYPIST - Continued (Polisher, uppers; shoe treer) Cleans and finishes shoes by removing spots and discolorations, remedying any slight cut or blem ish, and rubbing uppers with a hot iron to smooth out wrinkles. Work involves m ost of the following: Setting shoe on a treeing form , the shape of the last, and depressing lever ex panding form so that shoe will fit tightly over it; brushing, cleaning, dressing, and finishing shoe according to the kind of leather or m ate rial; applying color stain or bleach to blemished spots; burnishing shoe parts; smoothing out wrinkles in the uppers with a hot iron. TRUCKDRIVER Drives a truck within a city or industrial area to transport m a terials, m erchandise, equipment, or men between various types of e s tablishments such as: Manufacturing plants, freight depots, warehouses, wholesale and retail establishments, or between retail establishments and cu stom ers1 houses or places of business. May also load or unload truck with or without helpers, make minor mechanical repairs, and keep truck in good working ord er. D river-salesm en and over-th e-roa d drivers are excluded. F or wage study purposes, and type of equipment, as follow s: the basis of trailer capacity). truckdrivers are cla ssified by size (T ra ctor-tra iler should be rated on Class A - Perform s one or m ore of the following: Typing m a terial in final form from very rough and involved draft; copying from plain or corrected copy in which there is a frequent and varied use of technical and unusual words or from foreign-language copy; co m bining material from several sou rces, or planning layout of com p li cated statistical tables to maintain uniform ity and balance in spacing; typing tables from rough draft in final form . May type routine form letters varying details to suit circu m stan ces. Class B - Perform s one or m ore of the following: Typing from relatively clear or typed drafts; routine typing of form s, insurance p olicies, e tc .; setting up sim ple standard tabulations, or copying m ore complex tables already set up and spaced properly. VAMPER (Vamp closer; vamp stitcher; zigzag seam er) By use of a pow er-driven sewing machine, sews together the forepart of the upper (tip and vamp) and the two quarters of a shoe. Work involves: Setting overlapped edges together under p re sse r foot and needle of machine; depressing lever to start machine and guiding m aterial through stitching p rocess; sewing top to entire low er part of upper when shoe has a cut separate from quarters, or has a whole vamp. Parts are sometimes first pasted together by another w orker to insure m ost accurate stitching. WATCHMAN T r u c k d r iv e r , lig h t (u n der lVa t o n s ) Truckdriver, medium (lVa to and including 4 tons) Truckdriver, heavy (over 4 tons, trailer type) Truckdriver, heavy (over 4 tons, other than trailer type) Makes rounds of prem ises p eriodically in protecting property against fire, theft, and illegal entry. WELDER, HAND TRUCKER, POWER Operates a manually controlled gasoline- or electric-p ow ered truck or tractor to transport goods and m aterials of all kinds about a warehouse, manufacturing plant, or other establishment. F or wage study purposes, workers are classified by type of truck, as follow s: Trucker, power (forklift) Trucker, power (other than fork lift) TYPIST Uses a typewriter to make copies of various m aterial or to make out bills after calculations have been made by another person. May do clerica l work involving little special training, such as keeping simple r e cord s, filing records and reports or sorting and distributing incoming mail. Fuses (welds) metal objects together by means of an oxyacetylene torch or arc welding apparatus in the fabrication of metal shapes and in repairing broken or cracked metai ob jects. In addition to perform ing hand welding or brazing operation, the welder may also lay out guide lines or marks on metal parts and may cut metal with a cutting torch. Class A - Perform s welding operations requiring m ost of the following: Planning and laying out of work from drawings, blueprints, or other written specifications; knowledge of welding p rop erties of a variety of metals and alloys; setting up work and d eter mining operation sequence; welding high pressu re vessels or other objects involving critical safety and load requirem ents; working from a variety of positions. Class B - Perform s welding operations on repetitive work,where no critical safety and load requirem ents are involved; where the work calls mainly for one-position welding; and where the layout and plan ning of the work are perform ed by others. ☆ U. S. GOVERNMENTPRINTINGOFFICE: 1956O-385817
@FedFRASER