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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Frances Perkins, Secretary
B U R E A U O F L A B O R ST A T IST IC S
Isador L ubin, Commissioner (on leave)
A . F . H inrichs, A ctin g Commissioner
+
Strikes in 1943
Prepared in the
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS DIVISION
Florence Peterson, Chief
Bulletin T^p. 782
{Reprinted from the M onthly Labor R eview, May 1944, with additional data]
U N IT E D ST A T E S G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G OFFICE, W A SH IN G T O N : 1944
For sale by th e Superintendent o f Docum ents, U . S. G overnm ent Printing Office
W ashington 25, D . C. - Price 10 cents
Letter o f Transmittal
U n it e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t of L a b o r ,
B u r e a u of L a b o r S t a t is t ic s ,
Washington, D. C., M ay 18, 1944.
The S e c r e t a r y of L a b o r :
I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on strikes occurring in the United
States ip 1943. In addition to a general statistical analysis of strikes, the report
contains a brief statement on strikes under the War Labor Disputes Act which was
passed by Congress June 25, 1943; a short section is devoted to strikes of direct
concern to the National War Labor Board from its establishment in January 1942
to the end of 1943; and, since such a large part of the Nation’s strike activity in
1943 was centered in the coal-mining industry, a section on the coal-mining dis
putes is included also.
The report w;as prepared in the Industrial Relations Division under the general
supervision of Don Q. Crowther. Ruth S. Cole prepared the section on strikes of
direct concern to the National War Labor Board and was in immediate charge of
compiling statistics for the entire report.
A. F. H in r ic h s , Acting Commissioner.
Hon. F r a n c e s P e r k in s ,
Secretary of Labor.
Contents
Page
Summary-----------------------------------------------------Statistical analysis of strikes in 1943:
Strikes, by months---------------Industries affected------------------------------States affected-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cities affected_____________________________________________________
Workers involved__________________________________________________
Sex of workers_____________________________________________
Number of establishments involved________________________________
Labor organizations involved______________________________________
Duration of strikes------------------------------------------------------------------------Causes of strikes__________________________________________________
Results of strikes--------------------------------------------------------------------------Methods of negotiating settlements________________________________
Strikes under War Labor Disputes A ct--------------------------------------------------Strikes of direct concern to the National War Labor Board______________
Trend of strikes_____________________________________________
Status of disputes when referred to Board--------------------------------------Major issues involved___________________
Strikes in coal mining__________________________________________________
Appendix:
Methods used in collecting and analyzing strike statistics----------------Table A .—Strikes in 1943 in States which had 25 or more strikes during
the year, by industry group---------------------------------------------------------
(in)
1
2
3
9
12
13
14
14
15
16
16
21
24
24
25
26
27
28
29
33
34
CHART I
T R E N D OF S T R IK E S , 1916-1943
1935 - 39 • IOO
B ulletin T^o. 782 o f the
U nited States Bureau o f Labor Statistics
{Reprinted from the Monthly Labor Review, May 1944, with additional data]
Strikes in 1943
Sum m ary
There were 3,752 strikes during the year 1943, in which 1,981,279
workers were involved. Idleness during these strikes amounted to
13,500,529 m an-days, which was equivalent to fifteen one-hundredths
of 1 percent of the available working tim e. A bout 69 workers in each
1,000 employed wage earners were involved in strikes during the year.
A large share of the 1943 strike activity occurred in the coal-mining
industry, over 69 percent of the total strike idleness resulting from
coal-m ining stoppages. Excluding all coal strikes, there were 3,322
strikes in other industries, involving 1,376,182 workers and 4,153,646
m an-days of idleness.
M o st of the strikes in 1943 were of short duration, and a large
m ajority were spontaneous stoppages of employees that were un
authorized by unions. Considerably more than half of the strikes
were over wage issues and registered the dissatisfaction of the workers
with the wartime wage-stabilization policy.
In June 1943 when the large coal strikes seriously threatened to
interfere with production of war m aterials, Congress passed the W ar
Labor Disputes A ct (over the President’s veto) making illegal any
strikes that would interfere with war work, until 30 days after a
notice had been filed and a form al strike vote had been taken under
Governm ent supervision. This law was in effect during the last
6 m onths of the year, but only 34 of the 1,919 strikes occurring during
this period took place after strike votes were taken under its provisions.
T he N ational W ar Labor Board was concerned with approximately
39 percent of the total strikes during 1943. In 674 cases the strikes
took place before the issues were subm itted to the B oard; 565 strikes
occurred while the disputes were under Board consideration; and 200
took place after the Board rendered its decisions. Some of the last
group represented workers’ protests against Board awards, while
others were called to obtain compliance by employers. In at least
300 of the strikes that took place while the issues were pending before
the Board, delay in Board decisions was cited as a m ajor factor in
causing the stoppage.
(1)
2
T able 1.— Strikes in the United States, 1916 to 1943
Workers involved
in strikes
Year
Number
of strikes
Number1
Percent
of total
em
ployed 2
Man-days idle
Number
19161...................
1917.....................
1918.....................
1919.....................
1920.....................
1921.....................
1922.....................
1923.....................
1924.....................
3,789
4,450
3,353
3,630
3,411
2,385
1,112
1,553
1,249
1,599,917
1,227,254
1,239,989
4,160,348
1,463,054
1,099,247
1,612,562
756,584
654,641
8.4
6.3
6.2
20.8
7.2
6.4
8.7
3.5
3.1
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4
(4)
(*)
(*)
1925.....................
1926.....................
1927.....................
1928.....................
1929.....................
1930.....................
1931.....................
1932.....................
1933.....................
1,301
1,035
707
604
921
637
810
841
1,695
428,416
329,592
329,939
314,210
288,572
182,975
341,817
324,210
1,168,272
2.0
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
.8
1.6
1.8
6.3
(4)
(4)
26,218,628
12,631,863
5,351,540
3,316,808
6,893,244
10,502,033
16,872,128
1934.....................
1935.....................
1936.....................
1937.....................
1938.....................
1939.....................
1940.....................
1941.....................
1942.....................
1943.....................
1,856
2,014
2,172
4,740
2,772
* 2,613
2,508
4,288
2,968
3,752
1,466,695
1,117,213
788,648
1,860,621
688,376
1,170,962
576,988
2,362,620
839,961
1,981,279
7.2
5.2
3.1
7.2
2.8
4.7
2.3
8.4
2.8
6.9
19,591,949
15,456,337
13,901,956
28,424,857
9,148,273
17,812,219
6,700,872
23,047,556
4,182,557
13,500,529
Index of (1935-39=100)—
Percent
of avail
able
working
time*
(4)
<4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(«)
(4)
(«)
(4)
(4)
(4)
0.37
.17
.07
.05
.11
.23
.36
.38
.29
.21
.43
.15
.28
.10
.32 i
.05 !
.15
Strikes
Workers Man-days
involved
idle
132
155
117
127
119
83
39
54
44
142
109
110
370
130
98
143
67
58
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(*)
(V
45
36
25
21
32
22
28
29
59
38
29
29
28
26
16
30
29
104
(4)
(4)
65
70
76
166
97
91
88
150
104
131
130
99
70
165
61
104
51
210
75
176
(4
155
75
32
20
41
62
100
116
91
82
168
54
105
40
136
25
80
1 The number of workers Involved In some strikes which occurred between 1916 and 1926 is not known.
E owe ver, the missing information is for the smaller disputes and it is believed that the totals here given are
fairly accurate.
2 ‘ ‘Total employed workers” as used here includes all workers except those in occupations and professions
where strikes rarely if ever occur. In general, the term “ total employed workers” includes all employees
except the following groups: Government workers, agricultural wage earners on farms employing less than
6 workers, managerial and supervisory employees, and certain groups which because of the nature of their
work cannot or do not strike (such as college professors, clergymen, and domestic servants). Self-employed
and unemployed persons are, of course, excluded.
2 “ Available working time” was estimated for purposes of this table by multiplying the average number
of employed workers each year by the number of days worked by most employees during the year.
* Not available.
Statistical A n a lysis o f Strikes in 1943
STRIK ES, B Y MONTHS
T he number of strikes in 1943 ranged from 192 in January to 433 in
June, and the number of workers involved in new strikes ranged from
38,841 in February to 557,558 in M a y . In addition to more than 400
local strikes over a variety of issues, there were 4 general stoppages in
the coal-m ining industry— 1 in M a y , 2 in June, and 1 in Novem ber.
These stoppages were, in effect, resumptions of the same dispute and
the workers involved are included only once under the column (table 2)
headed “ W orkers involved in strikes beginning in m onth,” although
they, of course, are included for each of the months under the column
headed “ W orkers involved in strikes in progress during m onth.” 1
The proportion of total employed workers m volved in strikes ranged
from 0.15 percent in February to 2.3 percent in M a y . The greatest
am ount of idleness during strikes was m the m onth of June, when the
See p. 29 for account of the coal stoppages.
3
coal miners stopped work two different tim es. Idleness durmg all
strikes ranged from 0.2 percent of the available working tim e in
February and M arch to 0.62 percent in June.
T a b l e 2.— Strikes in 1942 and 1943, by Months
Number of strikes
Month
Begin
ning in
month
idle during
Workers involved in strikes— Man-days
month
In progress during
month
In progress
during
month
Begin
ning in
month
Number
Percent
of total
em
ployed 1
Number
Percent
of avail
able
working
time3
tdifi
Januarv
February
March
April.
M ay___ ___ _ . . . . . . ....
June. _
. . . . . . . . . ____
July .
___
August..
September. _
October
N ovem ber _ ... _
_ ...
December
156
181
234
277
285
345
388
330
274
207
144
147
239
255
297
357
373
421
471
430
349
269
172
169
26,929
58,122
67,292
56,038
68,820
109,611
99,676
92,226
87,904
61,593
62,481
59,269
43,223
75,961
79,691
85,701
79,170
126,160
113,697
107,915
100,515
67,183
55,361
61,735
0.15
.26
.27
.29
.26
.42
.37
.35
.32
.22
.18
.20
330,567
357,333
401,739
367,400
322,085
586,408
416,741
448,712
387,150
243,756
128,164
192,502
0.05
.06
.06
.06
.05
.09
.06
.07
.06
.04
.02
.03
1943
January _
_____
_
February
March „
_ ._ ... ____
April
M ay. _ _ _ ____ _
_
June
_ _
T..
July______ ____ ____ _______
Auerust
September
October
November
_ _ ....
December
192
200
248
384
412
433
369
310
237
287
325
355
207
226
272
416
458
475
408
347
267
320
348
395
91,214
38,841
73,943
219,186
557,558
186,677
121,298
105,601
66,664
121,253
135,804
263,240
95,129
43,540
76,805
228,209
661,617
584,615
201,451
118,416
72,049
264,453
537,421
274,632
.33
.15
.27
.79
2.30
2.02
.70
.41
.25
.92
1.86
.95
452,192
117,279
179,093
661,738
1,467,728
4,698,796
695,458
356, 510
209, 514
1,012.534
2,862,607
787,080
.06
.02
.02
.09
.20
.62
.09
.05
.03
.14
.38
.11
1 See footnote 2 to table 1.
* See footnote 3 to table 1.
IN D U STRIE S AFFECTED
The m ining industries, with 9,370,000 m an-days idle, were affected
to a far greater extent by strikes than any other industry group in
1943. N early all of this idleness was in bitum inous-coal and anthra
cite m ining. The iron and steel industry, with 726,000 m an-days,
ranked second in amount of strike idleness during the year and was
followed by the autom obile industry with 441,000, transportationequipm ent m anufacturing (except autom obile) with 382,000, and the
textile-m ill products industry with 306,000 m an-days idle. In terms
of severity, measured by the ratio of strike idleness to available work
ing time, the rubber and tobacco industries came next to mining.
Idleness in the mining industries amounted to 4.25 percent of the
available working time,* in the rubber industries it amounted to 0.44
percent; in the tobacco industry it was 0.38 percent; in the automobile
m dustry, 0.20 percent; in the leather industries, 0.17 percent; and in
iron and steel industries, 0.14 percent.
CHART 2
NUMBER OF WORKERS INVOLVED IN STRIKES IN THE COAL MINING INDUSTRY
number
AND IN ALL OTHER INDUSTRIES
number
The iron and steel industries experienced 650 strikes during the
year, the greatest number for any m dustry group. There were 463
in mining mdustries (all except 33 of these were in coal m in in g); 284
in transportation, communication, and other public utilities; 210 in
the machinery-m anufacturing industries; and 192 in transportationequipment manufacturing (except autom obile).
T a ble 3.— Strikes in 1943, by Industry Groups
Industry group
All industries...........................................................
idle during
Workers involved Man-days
1943
Number
of strikes
Percent of
beginning
Percent of
em Number available
in 1943
Number total
ployed
working
workers1
time 2
3,752
1,981,279
6.9
13,500,529
0.15
135
16
177
26,567
24.865
54,361
2.7
27.3
4.4
98,645
91,161
306,170
.03
.38
.10
142
72
66
38
23
76
29
73
93
109
650
133
210
61
192
153
43
54,485
11,367
11,055
21,304
1,981
21,267
4,017
89,303
27,491
26,952
351,238
46,619
62,125
33,235
154,753
186,293
9,451
6.4
2.4
3.1
6.8
.6
2.9
3.2
46.8
8.2
7.6
20.4
11.2
5.0
4.7
6.9
26.8
2.4
175,149
55,675
46.226
95,540
7,946
68,395
14,801
260,308
147,901
144,728
726.129
89,617
138,544
95,008
382,077
441,123
48,313
.08
.04
.04
.10
.01
.03
.04
.44
.17
.13
.14
.07
.04
.04
.05
.20
.04
16
463
188
119
26
8,667
609,678
35,659
25,482
3,099
284
114
51
55,588
14.142
10,235
Manufacturing
Food and kindred products.................. .................
Tobacco manufactures.............. ............................
Textile-mill products..............................................
Apparel and other finished products made from
fabrics and similar materials..............................
Lumber and timber basic products.......................
Furniture and finished lumber products...............
Paper and allied products....................... ..............
Printing, publishing, and allied industries............
Chemicals and allied products...............................
Products of petroleum and coal....... ......................
Rubber products.....................................................
Leather and leather products.................................
Stone, clay, and glass products...............................
Iron and steel and their products...........................
Non ferrous metals and their products........ ...........
Machinery (except electrical).................................
Electrical machinery..............................................
Transportation equipment (except automobiles)..
Automobiles and automobile equipment...............
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries................
Nonmanufacturing
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing----------------------Mining.....................................................................
Construction................. ..........................................
Trade........................................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate....... .................
Transportation, communication, and other pub
lic utilities.................. ..........................................
Services—personal, business, and other.................
Other nonmanufacturing industries.......................
09
86.2
3.4
09
09
0
09
09
96,386
9,370,218
140,827
90,711
15,106
0
0
183,298
122,069
48,458
0
0
0
0
4.25
.04
1 “ Total employed workers” as used here includes all workers except those in occupations and professions
where strikes rarely, if ever, occur. In general, the term includes all employees except the following groups:
Government workers^ agricultural wage earners on farms employing less than 6, managerial and supervisory
employees, and certain groups which because of the nature of their work cannot or do not strike, such as
college professors, commercial travelers, clergymen, and domestic servants. Self-employed and unemployed
persons are, of course, excluded.
2 “ Available working time” was estimated for purposes of this table by multiplying the total empldyed
workers in each industry or group by the number of days worked by most employees in the respective
industry or group.
* Data not available.
In the mining industries 86.2 percent of the employed workers were
involved in strikes during the year. This figure is somewhat inflated
because of the double counting of workers in the coal-m ining strikes.
Approxim ately 150,000 workers who were involved in the general
coal-m ining stoppages were also involved in other local strikes during
the year. Elim inating this duplication, the percentage would be 65.0.
In the rubber industries 46.8 percent of the employed workers were
involved in strikes, in tobacco m anufacturing 27.3 percent, in auto591607° — 44-
2
6
mobiles and autom obile equipment 26.8 percent, and in iron and steel
20.4 percent. The figures for the tobacco industry are affected also
by some repeated counting of workers involved, owmg to the fact that
aDout 5,000 workers in Tam pa, F la ., were involved in 3 different
strikes during the year.
A few industries were relatively free from strikes during the year,
notably the printing and publishing industries with only 0.6 percent
of the em ployed workers involved in strikes. Idleness during strikes
was only 0.03 percent of the available working tim e in the food and
chemical industries and only 0.04 percent in the construction, lum ber,
furniture, petroleum and coal products, m achinery, and electricalmachinery industries.
T he 1943 strikes are classified in tables 3 and 4 on the basis of the
normal or pre-war products and services of the firms involved, rather
than on the basis of war products to which they have tem porarily
converted.
T a b le 4.— Strikes in 1943, by Industry
Number
of strikes
beginning
in 1943
Number
of workers
involved
3,752
1,981,279
13,500,529
Food and kindred products..................................................................
Meat products................................................................................
Dairy products________ ___________________________________
Canning and preserving fruits, vegetables, and sea foods............
Grain-mill products............................... ............— ......................
Bakery products..... .......................................................................
Sugar____________________________________________________
Confectionery and related products............... - .............................
Beverage industries______ ________ ______________ ____ _____
Miscellaneous food preparations and kindred products...............
135
32
9
12
17
24
4
6
13
18
26,567
5,310
724
6,034
1,341
2,118
717
2,903
3,927
3,493
98,645
15,029
1,613
9,133
3,274
12,399
2,436
23,353
23,539
9; 869
Tobacco manufactures..........................................................................
Cigarettes________________________________________________
Cigars _
' _ ___
_________ _____ _______________
Tobacco (chewing and smoking) and snuff......... .........................
Tobacco stemming......................................................................
16
2
Q
2
3
24,865
2,210
16,682
1,527
4,446
91,161
9,651
63,351
4,939
13,220
Textile-mill products.. .........................................................................
Cotton-textile mills........................................................................
Rayon and silk textile m ills..... ....................................................
Woolen and worsted textile mills___________ ________________
Knitting mills (except hosiery). _______ _____________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles (except woolen and worsted).........
Carpets, rugs, and other floor coverings....... ................... .............
Hosiery m ills ................................................................................
Miscellaneous textile goods. ............ .............................................
177
59
12
48
12
15
4
17
10
54,361
28,199
6,392
10,295
1,532
4,092
196
1,932
1,723
306,170
218,880
25,572
26,482
8,280
10,461
400
7,667
8,428
Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar
materials___________________________________________________
Men’s and boys’ suits, coats, and overcoats..................................
Men’s and boys’ shirts, work clothing, and allied garments........
Women’s and misses’ outerwear..................................................
Women’s under garments and accessories.....................................
Children’s and infants’ outerwear..... ............................................
Fur goods ________________ _____ _________________________
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories...........................................
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products. ......................... .........
142
11
48
43
4
4
1
19
12
54,485
1,242
12,145
34,791
853
356
132
3,324
1,642
175,149
6,689
53,658
77,650
5,311
1,487
792
22,655
6,907
Lumber and timber basic products. ...................................................
Sawmills and logging camps..........................................................
Planing and plywood mills................... .......................................
72
47
25
11,367
6,304
5,063
55,675
29,950
25,725
Furniture and finished lumber products.............. ................. .............
Furniture (household, office, etc.).................................................
Office and store fixtures........................................................ .........
Wooden containers...................... ..................................................
Window and door screens and shades...................... ....................
Morticians’ goods........ ............................................................ .
Miscellaneous wood products______________ _____________ ___
66
23
4
22
1
4
12
11,055
4,566
312
2,194
300
923
2,760
46,226
15,229
808
18,210
300
4,423
7,256
Industry
AH indnstrips
_ _ __
Man-days
idle
during
1943
Manufacturing
7
T able 4.— Strikes in 1943 , by Industry — Continued
Man-days
idle
during
1943
Number
of strikes
beginning
in 1943
Number
of workers
involved
Paper and allied products....................................................................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard.........................................................
Containers—paper and paperboard...... ........................................
Miscellaneous paper and allied products.......................................
38
23
12
3
21,304
18,072
2,081
1,151
95,540
77,057
10,387
8,096
Printing, publishing, and allied industries..........................................
Newspapers and periodicals...........................................................
Miscellaneous printing and publishing.........................................
23
15
8
1,981
1,311
670
7,946
5,257
2,689
Chemicals and allied products.............................................................
Paints, varnishes, and colors..........................................................
Vegetable and animal oils..... ...................... ..................................
Drugs, toilet preparations, and insecticides..................................
Rayon and other synthetic textile fibers. .....................................
Wood distillation and naval stores................................................
Fertilizers..................................... ..................................................
Industrial chemicals.......................................................................
Miscellaneous chemical products..................................................
76
6
4
13
1
2
8
28
14
21,267
898
546
2,166
579
206
747
7,944
8,181
68,395
1,958
1,706
10,117
1,180
430
1,587
38,061
13,356
Products of petroleum and coal................................... .......................
Petroleum refining— ................. ........................... .......................
Coke and byproducts.....................................................................
Paving and roofing materials.........................................................
29
9
10
10
4,017
1,854
904
1,259
14,801
3,355
1,455
9,991
Rubber products..................................................................................
Tires and inner tubes-------------- ------ -----------------------------------Rubber footwear, heels, soles, and related products----------------Industrial rubber goods___________________
______ _____
Rubberized fabrics and vulcanized rubber clothing-------- --------Rubber sundries and sponge rubber— ........................................
Miscellaneous rubber industries...... .............................................
73
45
5
15
3
3
2
89,303
70,124
10,180
6,436
1,050
675
838
260,308
223.696
15,808
16,437
1,180
1,531
1,656
Leather and leather products...............................................................
Leather—tanned, curried, and finished........ ................................
Industrial leather belting and packing----------------------------------Footwear (except rubber), including cut stock and findings..—
Leather gloves and mittens......................... ..................................
_____________________________ _____
Luggage.
Handbags and small leather goods.............................. — .............
Miscellaneous leather goods...........................................................
93
26
1
55
1
5
2
3
27,491
5,733
18
20,212
11
1,303
133
81
147,901
41,172
18
86,919
33
19,014
352
393
Stone, clay, and glass products.................. .........................................
Glass and glass products................................................................
Cement— ___ ___________________________________________
Structural clay products.................... ...........................................
Pottery and related products......... ...... .......................................
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products........................- .............
Cut-stone and stone products-------------- -------------- ----------------Abrasive asbestos and miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral prod
ucts ___________________________________________________
109
21
8
42
8
8
2
26,952
8,481
964
11,958
2,121
420
18
144,728
44,777
6,173
72,067
7,709
2,321
56
20
2,990
11,625
Iron and steel and their products.........................................................
Ordnance and accessories..............................................................
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills................................
Iron and steel foundry products....................................................
Tin cans and other tinware--------------------- -------------- ------ -----Wire products. ________________________ ____ _____ _________
Hand tools, cutlery, and general hardware----------------------------Heating apparatus, enameled-iron sanitary ware, and boilershop products__ _____ __________________________ _________
Metal stamping and coating..........................................................
Fabricated structural metal products...........................................
Miscellaneous iron and steel products...........................................
650
20
207
156
3
20
36
351,238
7,858
204,214
61,998
2,510
9,778
4,966
726,129
19, 771
369,414
158,648
3,653
17,108
12,991
85
35
20
68
23,148
11,013
4,726
21,027
59,525
30,951
8,897
45,171
Nonferrous metals and their products.................. ..............................
Smelting, refining, and alloying of nonferrous metals...................
Aluminum and magnesium products................... .......................
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware............................................
Watches and clocks.................... ....................................................
Engraving, plating, and polishing.................................................
Lighting fixtures....................... ........... ........................................
Miscellaneous nonferrous-metal products.....................................
133
31
55
4
2
2
6
33
46,619
8,117
24,611
750
426
592
6,018
6,105
89,617
14,059
50,865
2,494
2,188
2,008
7,927
10,076
Machinery (except electrical)...............................................................
Engines and turbines...................................................................
Agricultural machinery and tractors.............................................
Construction and mining machinery.............................................
Metalworking machinery_________________ ____ ______ ______
Special industry machinery (except metalworking machinery)..
General industrial machinery.......... ......... ...................................
Office and store machines and devices.........................................
Household and service-industry machines....................................
210
11
20
26
50
18
73
2
10
62,125
2,221
4,698
7,786
14,239
3,102
27,529
32
2,518
138,544
5,279
9,414
14,153
32,890
6,700
62,173
338
7,597
Industry
8
T able 4 .— Strikes in 1943 , by Industry — Continued
Number
of strikes
beginning
in 1943
Number
of workers
involved
61
26
3
11
10
5
6
33,235
14,597
613
5,587
7,043
3,482
1,913
95,008
22,802
994
14,513
11,762
39,761
5,176
Transportation equipment (except automobiles)................................
Railroad equipment....................................................................
Aircraft and parts 1......... ................................ .............................
Ship and boat building and repairing................ .........................
192
46
60
86
154,753
15,656
52,481
86,616
382,077
46,104
130,112
205,861
Automobiles and automobile equipment............................................
Motor vehicles and motor-vehicle bodies_________ ___________
Motor-vehicle parts and accessories.................................. ...........
153
94
59
186,293
141,436
44,857
441,123
315, 772
125,351
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries-------------------- ----------------Professional and scientific instruments, photographic appara
tus, and optical goods_________ _____________ _____ _____ ...
Brooms and brushes______________ _______________ ________
Toys and sporting and athletic goods........................ .................
Pens, pencils, and other office and artists’ materials...................
Buttons......................... ......... ...................... ...........................
Costume jewelry and miscellaneous novelties........ .......... .........
Fabricated plastic products....... ..................................................
Miscellaneous industries...............................................................
43
9,451
48,313
9
5
4
2
1
3
3,559
567
806
50
510
605
1,245
2,108
6,246
2,846
1,718
617
1,530
2,486
1,803
31,067
8,667
4,160
4,507
96,386
6,086
90,300
9,370,218
9,817
1,836,486
7,510,397
13,518
Industry
Electrical machinery................ ...........................................................
Electrical equipment for industrial use........................................
Electrical appliances....................... ...............................................
Insulated wire and cable............... ................. ..............................
Automotive electrical equipment......... ........................................
Communication equipment and related products.......................
Miscellaneous electrical products..................................................
r~ :
8
11
Man-days
idle
during
1943
Nonmanufacturing
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing..............
Agriculture__________________ _____
Fishing.................... .............................
M ining........ .............. .............. .................
Metal mining............. .........................
Coal mining, anthracite....................
Coal mining, bituminous j.__________
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying...
Construction__________________________
Building construction---------------------Highways, streets, bridges, docks, etc.
Miscellaneous-------------------------------Trade________
Wholesale _
Retail........
Finance, insurance, and real estate..------- ------------- ------ Finance—banks, credit agencies, investment trusts, etc.
Real estate________________________________ ________
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities..
Railroads--------------------------------------- ------------- ...........
Streetcar and local bus transportation....... .................. .
Intercity motorbus transportation...................................
Motortruck transportation...............................................
Taxicabs. ......... ...................................... - ...................... .
W ater transportation........................................................
Air transportation.............................. - ...........................
Communication.............................................................
Heat, light, and power............................. ......................
M iscellaneous— ....................... - ..........................- ........
Services—personal, business, and other............................. ...
Hotels and other lodging places......................................
Laundries...... ..................................................................
Cleaning, dyeing, and pressing.......................—.............
Barber and beauty shops................................................
Business services............................. ......... - .....................
Automobile repair services and garages..........................
Amusement and recreation......... ....................................
Medical and other health services.................... ..............
Educational services........................................................
Miscellaneous...................................................................
Government—administration, protection, and sanitation..
16
9
7
463
11
30
400
22
188
167
20
1
119
57
62
26
1
25
284
8
49
14
115
28
29
1
9
15
16
114
16
32
7
609,678
2,421
117,623
487, 474
2,160
35,659
34,150
1,500
9
25,482
17,176
8,306
3,099
8
3,091
55,588
3,269
16,215
2,180
23,407
2,275
3,422
35
346
3,136
1,303
140,827
131,797
9,003
27
90,711
53,876
36,835
15,106
24
15,082
183,298
9,229
30,974
7,257
100,812
12,198
9,992
35
4, UOl
4,298
10
7
14
7
14,142
998
6,133
651
654
554
155
504
793
3,249
451
122,069
5,874
74,267
3,974
5,976
1,374
347
2,343
3,269
13,098
11,547
51
10,235
48,458
6
7
8
i In addition to the figures shown for this industry there were at least 54 strikes, involving 106,933 workers
and causing 242,478 man-days of idleness, in plants manufacturing aircraft and aircraft parts but classified,
according to their pre-war products, in other industries. Most of these were in plants which normally
manufacture automobiles and automobile equipment.
9
STATES AFFECTED*
There were more than 100 strikes in each of 13 States during 1943.
A bout 56 percent of the workers involved in all strikes were m four
States— Pennsylvania, Ohio, M ichigan, and Illinois. In Pennsylvania
there were more strikes, more workers involved, and more idleness
than in any other S tate; about 21 percent of the total workers involved
in strikes and 32 percent of the total idleness were in Pennsylvania.
Ohio had 15 percent of the total workers involved, M ichigan 14 per
cent, and Illinois about 7 percent.
N early 60 percent of the total m an-days of idleness was concentrated
in four States— Pennsylvania, W est Virginia, K entucky, and Ohio.
In the first three States this idleness was accounted for principally by
coal-m ine strikes, and in Ohio by strikes in the rubber industry and
iron and steel industries as well as in coal mining.
T a ble 5.— Strikes in 1943, by States
State
Number
of strikes
beginning
in 1943
Workers involved
Number
Percent
of total
Man-days idle during
1943
Number
Percent
of total
All States...............................................................
* 3,752
1,981,279
1C0.0
13,500,529
100.0
Alabama.................................................................
Arizona..................................................................
Arkansas____________________ ____ - ------ -------California...............................................................
Colorado. ................................................... ..........
Connecticut...........................................................
Delaware............................ - ..................................
72
13
15
109
9
36
14
53,802
2,923
4,822
29,602
7,356
9,099
1,558
2.7
.1
.2
1.5
.4
.5
.1
825,885
6,927
77,935
83,479
99,153
23,194
5,213
6.1
.1
.6
.6
.7
.2
District of Columbia.................................... ........
Florida..... .................................................- ...........
Georgia................ ..............................................
Idaho......................................................................
Illinois....................................................................
Indiana......... - .......................................................
Iowa.......................................................................
9
38
35
5
343
130
26
1,203
29,446
5,689
1,527
132,059
80,058
9,213
.1
1.5
.3
.1
6.7
4.0
.5
2,789
99,294
80,564
6,875
772,229
433,780
57,635
Kansas....................................................................
Kentucky....... ......................................................
Louisiana...............................................................
Maine.....................................................................
Maryland...............................................................
Massachusetts........................................................
Michigan................................................................
12
133
20
12
36
127
413
1,902
78,076
11,761
8,803
18,471
37,269
274,531
.1
3.9
.6
.4
.9
1.9
13.9
17,061
1,086,823
51,211
19,331
114,328
254,005
592,270
Minnesota.............................................................
Mississippi.............................................................
Missouri.................................................................
Montana................................................................
Nebraska................................................................
Nevada..................................................................
New Hampshire....................................................
13
18
106
5
6
2
20
666
8,300
32,257
1,526
475
207
7,705
(2)
0.4
1.6
.1
(2)
(2)
.4
5,056
36,371
144,610
15,241
2,813
207
15,686
New Jersey................................... ........................
New Mexico........ .................................................
New York..............................................................
North Carolina......................................................
North Dakota........................................................
Ohio........................................................................
Oklahoma...............................................................
177
6
296
57
4
467
25
57,283
2,870
91,272
18,511
114
297,145
6,003
2.9
.1
4.6
.9
(2)
15.0
.3
169,490
37,467
307,323
103,368
322
1,019,039
41,937
See footnotes at end o f table.
2 See table A, p. 34 for strikes in specified States, classified by industry group.
(2)
(2)
.7
.6
.1
5.7
3.2
.4
.1
8.1
.4
.1
.8
1.9
4.4
(2)
(2)
(2)
0.3
1.1
.1
.1
1.3
.3
2.3
.8
(2)
7.5
.3
10
T able 5.— Strikes in 1943 , by States— Continued
State
Number
of strikes
beginning
in 1943
Workers involved
Number
Percent
of total
Man-days idle during
1943
Number
Oregon....................................................................
Pennsylvania.........................................................
Rhode Island.........................................................
South Carolina.......................................................
South Dakota.......................................................
Tennessee...............................................................
Texas......................................................................
31
571
45
16
1
105
34
4,720
414,012
18,565
5,804
31
32,168
4,999
0.2
21.2
.9
.3
(*)
1.6
.3
13,924
4,265,225
64,516
37,915
438
227,566
29,679
Utah.......................................................................
Vermont........- .......................................................
Virginia....... ..........................................................
Washington............................................................
West Virginia............ ...........................................
Wisconsin..............................................................
Wyoming...............................................................
6
4
54
27
110
29
3
4,897
465
29,982
10,279
123,176
4,792
3,885
.2
(i*3)
1.5
.5
6.2
.2
.2
43,537
1,730
365,306
64,436
1,700,429
33,082
43,835
Percent
of total
0.1
31.7
.5
.3
(*)
1.7
.2
.3
(3)
2.7
.5
12.6
.2
.3
i The sum of this column is more than 3,752. This is because 41 strikes which extended across State lines
have been counted in this table as separate strikes in each State affected, with the proper allocation of work
ers involved and man-days idle.
* See table A, p. 34 for strikes in specified States, classified by indurtrial groups.
3 Less than a tenth of 1 percent.
12
CITIES AFFECTED
F ifty-five cities had 10 or more strikes in 1943. Figures for these
cities, together with 52 others which had 10 or more strikes in some
year from 1927 to 1943, are shown in table 6.
D etroit, with 193 strikes, had more strike activity during 1943
than any other city. N ew Y ork with 151 strikes was next in order
of number of strikes, followed by Cleveland (119), Chicago (8 9 ),
and Philadelphia (67). Akron with 62,686 workers involved in
strikes came next to D etroit although the number was less than half
of those reported for D etroit (132,755). N ext to Akron came N ew
Y ork (4 9 ,6 5 2 ), Cleveland (4 4,364), and Dearborn (40,975). C ities
having the greatest am ount of idleness during strikes were D etroit
(with 282,235 m an-days), Akron (208,010), N ew Y ork (1 9 8 ,4 6 0 ),
Cleveland (87,5 8 6 ), and F all R iver (8 4,814).
T a ble 6.— Strikes in 1943 in Cities Which Had 10 or More Strikes in Any Year From
1927 to 1943
City
Num Num
Manber of ber of
days
strikes workers
idle
begin
during
in
ning volved
1943
in 1943
City
Num Num
ber of ber of Mandays
strikes workers
idle
begin
in
during
ning volved
1943
in 1943
Akron, Ohio................. .
Allentown, Pa.................
Atlanta, Ga.~...............
Baltimore, M d ._ ............
Bay City, Mich________
Bethlehem, Pa................
Birmingham, Ala............
Boston, Mass..................
Bridgeport, Conn............
40
10
18
18
11
12
24
27
7
62,686
2,446
4,566
8,490
2,742
1,289
9,696
6,573
697
208,010
5,854
71,727
62,083
8,363
5,247
34,600
56,171
5,537
Kansas C ity, M o ............
Knoxville, T enn...............
Lancaster, P a ..................
Lawrence, M ess___ ____
Long Beach, Calif............
Los Angeles, Calif............
Louisville, K y __________
Lowell, Mass___________
Lynn, M ass........ ..............
8
6
1
5
1
18
11
8
8
513
1,067
65
965
263
8,481
2,449
866
521
1,242
5,064
130
1,831
789
19,103
5,352
2,678
1,453
Buffalo, N. Y ..................
Camden, N. J.__............
Canton, Ohio............. . . .
Charleston, W. Va..........
Chattanooga, Tenn.........
Chicago, 111.___________
Cincinnati, Ohio.............
Cleveland, O h io............
Columbus, Ohio___„___
25
8
17
10
12
89
26
119
15
11,468
1,024
21,791
1,113
2,432
19,710
8,753
44,364
8,969
27,688
4,380
36,813
3,439
6,579
49, 713
41,920
87,586
17,852
McKees Rocks, P a .........
Memphis, T e n n ............ .
Milwaukee, W is......... .....
Minneapolis, M inn..........
M obile, Ala.......................
Muncie, Ind......................
Muskegon, M ich _______
Nashville, Tenn________
Newark, N . J______ ____
12
23
6
4
8
11
26
14
30
2,169
9,907
1,548
153
6,540
5,929
19,424
2,157
6,904
3.798
33,612
23,747
697
29,164
31,761
39,399
11,250
28,334
Cuyahoga Heights, Ohio.
Dallas, Tex____________
Dayton, Ohio..................
Dearborn, M ich .............
Denver, C olo..................
Des Moines, Iowa......... .
Detroit, Mich...... ...........
Duluth, M in n ............
Easton, Pa......................
5,880
11
154
5
2,788
8
40,975
29
373
4
219
3
193 132,755
1
110
4
457
11,630
880
13,051
62,565
1,766
517
282,235
220
964
N ew Bedford, M ass.........
N ew Haven, C o n n .........
N ew Orleans, L a _______
New York (Greater)____
Norfolk, V a________ ____
Oakland, Calif. (East
Bay area)____________
Paducah, K y ....................
Passaic, N . J .....................
10
9
10
151
3
3,774
2,914
8,366
49,652
137
34,970
6,187
25,534
198,460
405
13
4
6
1,504
1,848
957
3,970
10,681
4,359
East St. Louis, 111..........
Elizabeth, N. J...............
Erie. Pa______________ _
Evansville, Ind________
Fall River, Mass.... ........
Flint, Mich______ ____ _
Fort Smith, A rk........... .
Fort Wayne, Ind...........
Gary, Ind____________ _
19
5
4
11
7
4
4
2
14
8,78*
1,656
866
5,930
6,409
3,698
298
365
3,934
28,070
2,973
1,569
10,772
84,814
11,042
613
1,220
8,941
Paterson, N . J..................
Pawtucket, R . I ...............
Peoria, 111...........................
Philadelphia, P a ..............
Pittsburgh, Pa..... ............
Portland, Orcg ........ ........
Providence. R . I . . .........
Reading, P a ......................
Richm ond, V a .................
14
3
6
67
54
1
20
3
7
4,319
125
1,327
32,454
26,101
1,800
7,587
385
198
11,060
625
13,105
62,351
50,198
1,800
21,907
5,100
984
Granite City, 111.............
Hartford, C o n n .............
Haverhill, M a ss............
Houston, Tex__________
Huntington, W. V a........
Indianapolis, I n d ...........
Jackson, M ich ...............
Jersey City, N. J.............
Johnstown, Pa.................
14
4
6
9
13
13
15
12
15
10,869
243
233
3,445
2,343
4,019
3,591
5,547
5,033
30,533
638
2,368
22,907
5 206
10,119
12,210
18, 217
8,381
Rochester, N . Y ...............
Rockford, 111..... ........ .......
Saginaw, M ich.................
St. Louis, M o ...................
St. Paul, M in n ................
San Diego, Calif...............
San Francisco, Calif........
Scranton, P a..... ...........
Seattle, Wash.............. .
11
9
5
58
5
3
14
8
8
3,089
1,926
4,099
16,324
289
853
4,146
661
2,440
5,705
10,007
10,090
61,015
716
2,132
18,456
1,983
6,579
13
T a b l e 6.— Strikes in 1943 in Cities Which Had 10 or More Strikes in A ny Year From
1927 to 1943—Continued
Num Num
Manber of ber of
days
strikes workers
idle
begin
in
during
ning volved
1943
in 1943
City
1
4
5
2
6
14
7
39
17
Rhamnlrin, Pa
Smith Band, Tnd
Springfield, Til
_ _
Springfield, Mass. .... _
Tacoma, Wash................
Tampa, Fla..... ..............
Terre Haute, Tnd
....
Toledo, Ohio__________
Trenton, N. J..................
178
5,684
3,882
16
1,834
18,054
1,224
17,618
4,741
456
20,998
12,015
16
7,943
67,475
6,762
44,883
14,735
Num Num Manber of ber of
days
strikes workers
idle
begin
during
in
ning volved
1943
in 1943
City
Washington, T). C
Waterbury, Conn
_
Wilkes-Barre, Pa............
Wilmington, Del.............
Winston-Salem, N. C__„
Woonsoelret, B.. T
Woreester, Mass
York, Pa. . __________
Youngstown, Ohio.........
8
4
14
10
10
6
7
11
12
970
261
8,478
1,222
6,258
5,206
5,372
5,193
21, 223
2,556
642
52,409
3,892
19,125
47,732
12,394
9,139
47,737
W O R K E R S IN V OLVE D
A bout 46 percent of the strikes involved fewer than 100 workers
each, and about an equal percent involved from 100 up to 1,000,
while about 7 percent involved 1,000 or more workers each. Each
of 10 strikes during the year involved more than 10,000 workers.
These strikes were as follow s:
Month strike
began
Dress-manufacturing industry, New York, New Jersey,
Connecticut, and Pennsylvania.
Anthracite miners, eastern Pennsylvania______________
Bituminous-coal miners, industry-wide________________
Anthracite miners, Eastern Pennsylvania_____________
Chrysler Corporation, Detroit and Hamtramck, Mich.Firestone, General, Goodrich, and Goodyear rubber
companies, Akron, Ohio.
Packard Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich_______________
Ladies’ cloak and suit industry. New York City________
Cramp Shipbuilding Co., Philadelphia, Pa____________
Steelworkers, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky,
Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsyl
vania and West Virginia.
January__
January__
A p ril1____
May 1____
May______
May______
May______
June______
October___
December.
Approximate
number of
workers involved
16, 000
20,
1 360,
i 73,
27,
49,
000
000
500
100
300
24, 300
15, 000
17, 000
134, 400
1 About 90,000 bituminous-coal miners were out in April. The industry-wide stoppages began May 1.
Most of the same workers were out also in general stoppages over the same dispute which began June 1,
June 21, and November 1.
591607°—44
3
14
T able 7.— Strikes Beginning in 1943, Classified by Number of Workers Involved and
Industry Group
Industry group
All industries:
Number.....................
Percent....... *.............
Number of strikes in which the number of
Median
workers involved was—
num
Num ber of
ber of work
500 1,000 5.000
6
100
250
20
strikes ers in and
and and and and and and 10,000
and
volved under under under under under under under over
250
100
500 1,000 5,000 10.000
20
3,752
100.0
.
117
464 1,252
12.4 33.3
870
23.2
521
13.9
359
9.6
252
6.7
10
23
12
5
17
4
3
11
21
5
9
3
1
4
7
1
6
24
0.6
10
0.3
Manufacturing
Food and kindred products.............
Tobacco manufactures....................
Textile-mill products.................. .
Apparel and other finished prod
ucts made from fabrics and sim
ilar materials—_______ _________
Lumber and timber basic products.
Furniture and finished lumber
products----------------- --------- -----Paper and allied products..........
Printing, publishing, and allied
industries_____________________
Chemicals and allied products____
Products of petroleum and coal......
Rubber products_____ ____ ______
Leather and leather products_____
Stone, clay, and glass products.......
Iron and steel and their products...
Nonferrous metals and their prod
ucts__________________________
Machinery (except electrical).........
Electrical machinery_____________
Transportation equipment (except
automobiles)________ _________
Automobiles
and
automobile
equipment____________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing in
dustries........................................
135
16
177
66
673
130
19
22
61
4
52
142
72
82
80
17
11
60
29
32
22
66
38
76
288
5
6
34
3
13
7
23
76
29
73
93
109
650
48
101
81
272
90
128
165
6
10
4
15
15
57
11
28
11
15
35
33
173
4
19
11
20
13
30
160
133
61
165
149
243
10
28
4
46
62
18
192
162
15
54
153
340
9
31
43
93
6
16
16
463
188
119
26
107
179
59
40
42
4
131
85
44
10
284
60
114
51
45
62
210
2
1
2
2
2
7
6
2
14
11
21
136
13
11
5
74
29
49
9
22
32
10
16
26
11
48
21
1
1
9
13
9
1
22
21
10
1
24
37
4
2
2
3
65
9
4
2
3
1
3
1
Nonmanufacturing
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing...
Mining........................... .................
Construction....................................
Trade______ ____________ _______
Finance, insurance, and real estate.
Transportation, communication,
and other public utilities.............
Services—personal, business, and
other..----------- ------------- ---------Other nonmanufacturing industries.
3
140
41
19
4
2
79
10
9
125
50
27
9
48
29
22
6
9
5
1
2
S E X OF W O R K E RS
M ale workers exclusively were concerned in alm ost 61% percent of
the total strikes in 1943, while women were the only workers concerned
in 2% percent; in 36 percent both men and women were involved.
O f the total number of workers involved in strikes during the year,
approxim ately 87 percent were men and 13 percent were women.
N U M BER OF ESTABLISHM ENTS IN V O LVE D
A bout 88 percent of the strikes in 1943, including approxim ately
half of the total workers involved and accounting for slightly more
than one-fifth of the total strike idleness, were stoppages confined to
single plants or establishm ents. A bout 10 percent of the strikes
involved from 2 to 10 establishm ents each. Some of these involved
15
different em ployers; others, several plants of the same com pany.
Slightly more than 2 percent of the strikes were widespread in char
acter, involving 11 or more establishm ents. The strikes in the latter
group included 36 percent of the total workers involved and accounted
for 71 percent of all strike idleness during the year. T he widespread
coal-m ining stoppages were the largest in this group.
T a b l e 8.— Strikes Ending in 1943, by Number of Establishments
Workers involved
Strikes
Number of establishments involved
Total
Number Percent
of total
_ _ _ _ _
1 establishment__________________________
2 to 5 establishments_____________________
6 to 10 establishments____________________
11 ftStaKlisbniantS find nvi>r
.
Man-days idle
Number
Percent
of total
Number
Percent
of total
3,734
100.0
1,965,151
100.0
13,298,654
100.0
3,277
311
61
85
87.8
8.3
1.6
2.3
972,497
204,657
76,190
711,807
49.5
10.4
3.9
36.2
2,799,777
692,948
326,495
9,479,434
21.1
5.2
2.5
71.2
LA BO R O RGAN IZATION S IN V O LVE D
Unions affiliated with the Am erican Federation of Labor and the
Congress of Industrial Organizations were involved in approxim ately
the same proportion of strikes (37 percent), although the A . F . of L .
strikes included about 20 percent of the total workers and 11 percent
of the total idleness, while the C . I . O . strikes included 44 percent of
the total workers and 16 percent of the total idleness involved in all
strikes. Unions affiliated with neither of the m ajor labor organiza
tions were involved in 586 strikes, or 16 percent of the to ta l; these
strikes included nearly one-third of the total workers involved and
accounted for 71 percent of the total strike idleness during the year.
In m ost of these strikes (466 out of 586) members of the United M ine
W orkers of Am erica were involved. Other unaffiliated unions having
strikes were the International Association of M achinists (during the
period that this union was not affiliated with the A . F . of L .), the
M echanics Educational Society of Am erica, and the International
Typographical Union. N o other unaffiliated union had more than
5 strikes during the year.
The classification of strikes according to affiliation of the unions
involved does not mean that these organizations sanctioned or author
ized the strikes but indicates merely the affiliations of the unions to
which the striking workers belonged. Usually the strikes were
unauthorized and the union officials disclaimed responsibility for
them .
M o st of the strikes involving two rival unions were strikes in which
both A . F . of L . and C . I. O . unions were involved. “ Com pany
unions,, 3 were involved in slightly over 1 percent of the strikes. In
7 percent of the strikes— m ostly small disputes scattered throughout
the various industries— no unions were involved.*
* Company unions are organizations whose membership is confined to the employees of a single plant or
•company.
16
T able 9.— Strikes Ending in 1943 , by A ffiliations o f Labor O rganizations Involved
Workers involved
Strikes
Labor organizations involved
Percent
of total
Man-days idle
Number
Percent
of total
Total.....................................................
3,734
100.0
1,965,151
100.0
13,298,654
100.0
American Federation of Labor............
Congress of Industrial Organizations._
Unaffiliated unions...............................
Railroad brotherhoods.........................
2 rival unions.......................................
Company unions................ ..................
No organization..................................
1,395
1,368
586
7
67
43
268
37.3
36.6
15.7
.2
1.8
1.2
7.2
384,924
870,949
638,330
2,655
26,600
10,506
31,187
19.6
44.3
32.5
.1
1.4
.5
1.6
1,427,055
2,127,048
9,436,743
6,532
150,679
58,941
91,656
10.7
16.0
71.1
Number
Number
Percent
of total
0)
1.1
.4
.7
i Less than a tenth of 1 percent.
D U RATIO N OF STRIKES
Strikes in 1943 lasted on the average 5 calendar days as compared
with 12 in 1942, 18 in 1941, 21 in 1940, and 23 in 1939. The workers
involved in 1943 strikes were idle 6.8 working days on the average as
compared with 5 days in 1942, 9.8 in 1941, 11.6 in 1940, and 15.2 in
1939.
A bout 80 percent of all strikes in 1943 lasted less than a week— m ost
of them only 1 to 3 days. N early two-thirds of the total workers in
volved were in these brief stoppages. A bout 18 percent of the strikes
lasted from 1 week to 1 m onth and, although these strikes included
only one-third of the total workers involved, they accounted for 77
percent of the total m an-days of idleness. The coal miners involved
in the four general stoppages were idle about 19% working days on the
average. Less than 2 percent of the strikes lasted a m onth or more
and these strikes accounted for sJightly more than 2 percent of all
strike idleness.
T a b l e 10.—Duration of Strikes Ending in 1943
Strikes
Duration of strikes
Workers involved
Man-days idle
Number
Percent
of total
Total.....................................................
3,734
100.0
1,965,151
100.0
13,298,654
100.0
1 day.....................................................
2 to 3 days.............................................
4 days and less than 1 week.................
1 week and less than H month............
H and less than 1 month......................
1 and less than 2 months......................
2 and less than 3 months.....................
3 months or more.................................
943
1,325
716
506
177
60
5
2
25.3
35.5
19.2
13.6
4.7
1.6
.1
296,236
644,599
372,692
151,034
491,638
8,493
402
57
15.1
32.8
19.0
7.7
25.0
.4
296,236
1,222,843
1,248,210
932,988
9,300,368
267,816
22,665
7,528
2.2
9.2
9.4
7.0
69.9
2.0
.2
.1
(9
Number
Percent
of total
<9
<9
Number
Percent
of total
i Less than a tenth of 1 percent.
CAUSES OF STRIKES
M ost strikes are caused by a complex set of factors, some human
and some economic. Although it is impossible for the Bureau to
obtain the background of each dispute and to weigh the numerous
elements that influence a decision to strike, in m ost cases the m ajor
economic issues involved can be determined. Such issues form the
basis of the classification of strikes in table 11.
MAJOR ISSUES INVOLVED IN STRIKES
1935-1943
5-44
18
During the past 2 years decreasing proportions of strikes have been
concerned with questions of union recognition, discrim ination, etc.
From 1935 through 1941, half or more of the total strikes were due
chiefly to disputes over union-organization m atters. Such m atters
were of m ajor importance in less than one-third of the 1942 strikes
and in less than 16 percent in 1943. # In m any of these, the question
of wages was of secondary, if not prim ary, importance.
T a b le 11.— Major Issues Involved in Strikes Ending in 1943
Strikes
Workers involved
Man-days idle
Major issue
Number Percent
of total
Number
Percent
of total
Number
Percent
of total
All issues........................................................
3,734
100.0
1,965,151
100.0
13,298,654
100.0
Wages and hours........... ................................
Wage increase.........................................
Wage decrease..........................................
Wage increase, hour decrease..................
Hour increase................................. - ........
Other...........................- ...........................
Union organization, wages and hours--.......
Recognition, wages, and/or hours--------Strengthening bargaining position,
wages, and/or hours..............................
Closed or union shop, wages, and/or
hours.........- ..........................................
Discrimination, wages, and/or hours___
Other........................................................
Union organization.......................... —...........
Recognition..............................................
Strengthening bargaining position.........
Closed or union sh op--....... - .................
Discrimination-............ .........................
Other................................... *...................
Other working conditions..............................
Job security.........................................—
Shop conditions and policies...................
Work load................................................
Other........................................................
Interunion or intraunion matters. ...............
Sympathy................................................
Union rivalry or factionalism..................
Jurisdiction..............................................
Union regulations....................................
Other........................................................
1,906
1,280
85
18
10
513
232
152
51.0
34.2
2.3
.5
.3
13.7
6.2
4.0
1,216,360
872,747
21,116
2,311
3,967
316,219
57,324
30,541
61.9
44.4
1.1
.1
.2
16.1
2.9
1.5
10,687,799
9,932,592
57,390
8,209
6,861
682,747
272,349
126,460
80.4
74.7
.4
.1
.1
5.1
2.0
.9
15
.4
5,164
.3
77,214
.6
47
15
3
353
92
37
99
96
29
1,094
461
506
91
36
149
5
77
53
13
1
1.3
.4
.1
9.5
2.5
1.0
2.6
2.6
.8
29.3
12.3
13.6
2.4
1.0
4.0
.1
2.2
1.4
.3
0)
12,066
8,179
1,374
168,567
14,440
18,696
29,672
52,559
53,200
461,808
173,233
242,426
34,317
11,832
61,092
510
27,916
9,362
23,135
169
.6
.4
.1
8.6
.7
1.0
1.5
2.7
2.7
23.5
8.8
12.4
1.7
.6
3.1
0)
1.4
.5
1.2
(0
42,899
23,603
2,173
470,844
71,168
44,893
118,039
118,524
118,220
1,404,634
508,432
718,690
150,000
27,512
463,028
952
159,059
40,544
262,304
169
.3
.2
(0
3.5
.5
.3
.9
.9
.9
10.6
3.8
5.5
1.1
.2
3.5
0)
1.2
.3
2.0
0)
i Less than a tenth of 1 percent.
In considerably more than half of the strikes ending in 1943 the
m ost im portant issue was that of wages. These strikes included
nearly two-thirds of the total workers involved and more than fourfifths of the total idleness during all strikes. D uring the last half of
the year, especially, strikes registered the growing pressure of labor
to obtain wage increases commensurate with increased living costs.
M o st of the wage strikes were demands for increased rates. Although
there were few, if any, general reductions in wage levels as such,
m any strikes occurred in protest against adjustm ents of time or
piece rates, which the workers felt would result in lower earnings.
There were also m any strikes over the application of overtim e rates,
incentive system s, etc.
M ore than one-fourth of the total strikes resulted from disputes over
local working conditions and com pany policies with respect to sen
iority, disciplinary m ethods, racial questions, supervision, work loads
and numerous other questions which arise in the process of hiring and
training new workers, filling vacancies by promotions, adopting new
19
procedures, and converting to new products. Racial questions
caused 50 strikes during the year. In some of these there were
objections to hiring Negroes to work in the same departments with
white workers or prom oting them to skilled occupations; others were
in protest against racial discrimination. Four percent of the strikes
were due to interunion or intraunion m atters, m ost of them involving
questions of union rivalry and jurisdiction.
In table 12 the strikes, workers involved, and m an-days of idleness
in each industry group are classified according to m ajor issues involved.
The data are based on strikes beginning during the year instead of, as
in table 11, on strikes ending in 1943.
T a b le 12.— Strikes in 1943, by Industry Group and Major Issues Involved
Number of strikes beginning in 1943 in which the major
issues were—
Industry group
All industries............. ................................
Union or
Wages and ganization, Union or
hours
wages, and ganization
hours
Other
working
conditions
Inter- or
intra-union
matters
1,916
230
353
1,103
150
67
s
12
1
13
21
1
13
28
6
49
7
98
80
35
39
17
11
33
17
44
67
62
374
73
98
38
17
6
10
5
7
5
1
2
3
8
25
6
10
2
13
7
5
5
2
10
2
1
6
9
58
6
28
3
30
19
11
7
3
24
9
26
15
27
180
48
71
14
2
5
1
4
81
61
25
8
3
2
14
11
6
77
75
9
12
3
1
11
204
68
62
12
3
10
7
14
8
1
14
34
20
2
1
226
36
16
1
9
43
7
3
143
59
29
17
19
6
36
18
7
74
13
8
Manufacturing
Food and kindred products______________
__
Tehscen TnqYii7fa.etnrp.s
Textile-mill products...................................
Apparel and other finished products made
from fabrics and similar materials...........
Lumber and timber basic products_______
Furniture and finished lumber products. —
Paper and allied products......... ............... Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Chemicals and allied products___________
Products nf pet.rnlenrn and nnal _ .........
p.i|hhar products
........._ ..
Leather and leather products____________
Stone, clay, and glass products...................
Iron and steel and their products...............
Nnnfermns metals and their products
Machinery (except electrical)________ ___
Electrical machinery...................................
Transportation equipment (except auto
mobiles)............. ...... ................................
Automobiles and automobile equipment—
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...
4
4
2
3
13
3
4
Nonmanufacturing
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
Mining.......... ..................................... ........
Construction...................................... .........
Trade................. ................................ .........
Finance, insurance, and real estate............
Transportation, communication, and other
public utilities— ............... ......... ...........
Services—personal, business, and other----Other nonmanufacturing industries...........
14
5
l
20
T able 12.— Strikes in 1943 , by Industry Group and M ajor Issu es Involved — Continued
Number of workers involved in strikes in which the
major issues were—
Industry group
All industries................................................
Union or
Wages and ganization, Union or
hours
wages, and ganization
hours
Inter- or
Other
working intra-union
conditions
matters
1,223,730
56,869
168,663
463,327
68,690
13,220
3,276
21,663
1,159
137
2,236
3,318
731
3,363
5,676
20,721
18,244
3,194
31,110
5,497
6,487
6,418
1,035
7,797
1,446
76,811
19,228
16,585
252,609
21,879
25,408
16,369
3,126
597
2,244
3,776
691
1,300
29
1,016
355
691
11,020
1,061
6,616
2,700
16,810
1,804
190
3,743
129
2,177
1,422
181
1,702
1,967
24,726
7,076
7,319
591
3,065
2,909
2,056
4,971
126
8,435
1,120
11,295
3,556
7,139
58,311
16,603
21,807
9,289
374
560
78
2,396
53,254
40,293
5,451
3,968
1,235
305
29,581
37,550
1,493
62,689
106,045
2,101
5,261
1,170
101
7,384
514,036
17,188
8,225
1,484
1,175
1,244
517
965
301
92
3,419
7,069
4,728
136
16
68,844
5,582
10,809
50
22,135
5,303
755
1,128
39,218
7,212
3,247
1,949
3,419
3,037
4,190
1,726
1,430
8,124
1,239
2,505
2,107
546
16
Manufacturing
Food and kindred products.........................
Tobacco manufactures... ............................
Textile-mill products. . _________________
Apparel and other finished products made
from fabrics and similar materials........ . .
Lumber and timber basic products_______
Furniture and finished lumber products...
Paper and allied products...........................
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Chemicals and allied products....................
Products of petroleum and coal...................
Bubber products....... ..................................
Leather and leather products......................
Stone, clay, and glass products........... ........
Iron and steel and their products................
Nonferrous metals and their products........
Machinery (except electrical)......................
Electrical machinery...................................
Transportation equipment (except auto
mobiles)_____ ____ —_________________
Automobiles and automobile equipment__
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. .
8,955
1,558
2,650
570
4,572
975
4,286
Nonmanufacturing
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing................
Mining..... ............ A ................ ...................
Construction..................................... ..........
T ra de...*.....................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate........... .
Transportation, communication, and other
public utilities____ _____________ _____
Services—personal, business, and other___
Other nonmanufacturing industries............
21
T
able
12.—S trik es in 1943, by Industry Group and M a jor Issues Involved — Continued
Man-days idle during 1943 in strikes in which the
major issues were—
Industry group
Union or
Other
Wages and ganization, Union or
working
hours
wages, and ganization conditions
hours
All industries...................................... .........
Inter- or
intra-union
matters
10,781,367
266,707
467,774
1,409 353
575,328
39,257
13,510
69,424
2,688
959
10,389
9,212
1,462
11,679
24,672
75,230
110,066
104,612
99,738
20,747
23,407
24,701
2,513
20,319
8,638
232,470
85,592
79,113
468.178
47,074
55,949
32,154
23,426
8,841
6,023
12,257
2,682
11,642
116
3,132
2,397
5,278
29,879
2,752
11,696
5,400
39,766
10,925
761
12,751
2,193
6,313
2,844
543
11,056
7,258
70,397
9,317
19,867
1,107
10,507
12,303
15,411
19,952
558
17,446
3,203
24,163
17,706
51,649
139,521
30,474
49, 479
47,570
148,395
105,379
38,772
6,863
2,256
465
47,815
87,340
4,529
163,967
233,396
4,244
84,818
8,811,749
51,767
29,732
7,279
10,840
8,999
3,623
5,594
2,992
184
22,706
38,052
17,432
485
544
267,440
17,159
35,017
100
259,324
30,226
2,936
4,250
123,436
28,054
29,202
3,759
68,324
13,435
13,750
15,578
2,452
29,330
4,957
3,289
13,023
5,156
80
Manufacturing
Food and kindred products--------------------Tobacco manufactures__________________
Textiie-mill products-------------- --------------Apparel and other finished products made
from fabrics and similar materials—.........
Lumber and timber basic products............
Furniture and finished lumber products. ~
Paper and allied products....................----Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Chemicals and allied products....................
Products of petroleum and coal _
Rubber products _____________ - _______
Leather and leather products......................
Stone, clay, and glass products...................
Iron and steel and their products..............
NonferrOUS Tn#»tftls and t-boir products
Machinery (except electrical)— ...............
Electrical machinery........................ ...........
Transportation equipment (except auto
mobiles)...................................................
Automobiles and automobile equipment__
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...
22,816
1,712
2,859
624
25,879
12,675
31,150
1,430
18,154
1,553
8,777
-
15,037
12,752
303
Nonmanufacturing
> grionltnr«, forestry, and fishing __
Mining.......................................... ...... ........
Construction-.............................................
Trade.............. ................... ............... .........
Finance, insurance, and real estate.............
Transportation, communication, and other
public utilities........ ...................... ...........
Services—personal, business, and other___
Other nonmanufacturing industries............
RESU LTS OF STRIK ES
In 1943 the results of strikes depended more than ever before on
decisions of Federal Governm ent agencies. In normal tim es, when
strikes are allowed to take their course with little or no Governm ent
intervention, they are won, lost, or compromised according to the
bargaining strength of the parties involved. Since the beginning of the
war, however, the tendency has been for union and Governm ent
representatives to persuade the strikers (who in m ost cases have struck
spontaneously and w ithout union authorization) to return to work
w ithout delay, leaving the issues in dispute to be decided by Govern
m ent agencies. A s the N ational W ar Labor Board has been em cowered to make final determination of disputes that threaten to interere with the war effort, and has been charged with the responsibility of
stabilizing wages, a large m ajority of wage strikes go to the Board.
T he processmg of the thousands of cases before the Board requires
tim e, and m any strikes have occurred in protest against delay in
obtaining decisions. A t the tim e this report was prepared, the results
o f more than one-tenth of the 1943 strikes were still unknown; the
m ajority o f these cases were still pending before the W ar Labor Board.
?
22
W hen decisions by Governm ent agencies are rendered or when
strikes are otherwise settled, the Bureau of Labor Statistics attem pts
to evaluate the results of individual strikes by comparing what the
workers obtained with what they demanded. The strikes are then
classified into three principal categories to indicate whether the
workers obtained substantially all they demanded, whether they
compromised the issues and obtained only part of their original
demands, or whether they gained little or nothing.
T a b l e 13.—Results of Strikes Ending in 1943
Strikes
Result
Total
Workers involved
Number Percent
of total
_ .
Substantial gains to workers........ .................
Partial gains or compromises1...................... .
Little or no gains to workers................. - ........
Interunion or intraunion settlements.............
Indeterminate.................................................
Not reported3.................................................
Man-days idle
Number
Percent
of total
Number
Percent
of total
3,734
100.0
1,965,151
100.0
13,298,654
100.0
1,145
957
959
139
104
430
30.7
25.6
25.7
3.7
2.8
11.5
355,476
862,253
314,154
59,009
215,976
158,283
18.1
43.8
16.0
3.0
11.0
8.1
994,708
9,807,944
962,388
459,431
457,416
616,767
7.5
73.8
7.2
3.5
3.4
4.6
i The major coal stoppages accounted for 22 percent of the workers involved and 64.5 percent of the mandays idle. **
3 A majority of the strikes in this group were awaiting decisions of the National War Labor Board or other
agencies to which they were submitted for settlement.
O f all strikes ending in 1943, about 31 percent were substantially
successful from the workers' point of view, 26 percent were com
promised or brought partial gains to the workers, and 26 percent re
sulted in little or no gains. About 18 percent of the total workers
involved obtained substantially all they demanded, 44 percent
obtained part of their demands, and 16 percent gained little or nothing.
A bout 7% percent of the strike idleness resulted from the successful
strikes; 74 percent, largely because of the general coal-m ining stop
pages, resulted from the strikes which were followed b y partial gains;
and 7 percent of the idleness resulted from strikes which brought the
workers little or no gains.
N early 4 percent of the strikes were interunion or intraunion dis
putes in which settlem ents resulted in one group or union whining at
the expense of another. The results of another 3 percent of the
strikes were indeterm inate, that is, the results could not be evaluated
in terms of their effect on the welfare of the workers concerned.
M a n y of these were short protest strikes in which the workers had
no intention of remaining out until any specific demands were granted,
and they returned to work without either gaining or losing.
W orkers won m ost of their demands in a large proportion of the
strikes in which union-organization issues were the m ost im portant,
but a sm all proportion where wage-and-hour issues were involved.
A b ou t 55 percent of the workers involved in wage-and-hour strikes
(including the large coal disputes) obtained only part of what was
demanded, 10 percent won their demands, and 10 percent gained little
or nothing. A bout 56 percent of the workers involved in strikes
rincipally over union-organization issues substantially won their
emands. (See table 14.)
S
23
T
able
14.— Results o f Strikes Ending in 1943 , in Relation to M ajor Issues Involved
Total
Major issue
Number
Strikes resulting in—
Substan Partial Little or
gains gains or no gains
Percent tial
to work
com
to work
ers
promises
ers
Strikes
Other 2
Percent of strikes
All issues................... .................................
3,734
100.0
30.7
25.6
25.7
18.0
Wages and hours............................. ..........
Union organization, wages, and hours___
Union organization.....................................
Other working conditions...........................
‘Interunion or intraunion matters..............
1,906
232
353
1,094
149
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
28.6
31.0
44.8
33.7
1.3
2tT
35.4
19.2
26.4
1.3
2 lF
15.5
24.1
34.0
1.3
200
18.1
11.9
5.9
96.1
Workers
All issues..................................................
Percent of workers involved
1,965,151
100.0
18.1
43.9
16.0
22.0
Wages and hours........................ ............... 1,216,360
Union organization, wages, and hours.......
57,324
Union organization......... ...........................
168,567
Other working conditions..........................
461,808
Interunion or intraunion matters..............
61,092
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
10.3
23.8
55.9
26.5
.8
255.4
38.1
18.7
29.0
.4
10.3
17.4
16.4
32.7
.3
24.0
20.7
9.0
11.8
98.5
1Includes strikes awaiting decisions of the National War Labor Board and other agencies; a few for which
sufficient information was not available; and those involving rival unions and questions of jurisdiction, the
results of which cannot be evaluated in terms of their effect on the welfare of all workers concerned.
2 Excluding the general coal stoppages, this figure would be about 31 percent.
The number of workers involved had no marked relation to whether
the issues were won, lost, or compromised, as shown in table 15;
although there was some tendency toward either definite victory or
complete loss among the smaller disputes and a greater proportion of
compromise settlem ents among the strikes involving large numbers
of workers.i
Table 15.— Results of Strikes Ending in 1943 in Relation to Number of Workers Involved
Number of strikes resulting
in—
Percent of strikes resulting
in—
Sub Par Little
Total stan
Total Sub Par
Number of workers involved strikes
or no
tial
strikes stan
tial
tial
tial
gains
gains
gains
gains or com to
Other
gains or
com
to
to
pro work
pro
work mises
work mises
ers
ers
ers
3,734
1,145
957
959
465
6 and under 20........................
20 and under 100..................... 1,247
100 and under 250...................
865
250 and under 500...................
517
500 and under 1,000._.............
357
1.000 and under 5,000............
250
23
5.000 and under 10,000............
10.000 and o v e r......................
10
152
425
251
141
113
59
1
3
98
296
226
155
86
83
9
4
157
314
219
120
91
48
10
All workers involved.............
1673
Littlo
or no
gains Other
to
work
ers
100.0
30.7
25.6
25.7
18.0
58 lo o .o
212 100.0
169 100.0
101 100.0
67 100.0
60 100.0
3 100.0
3 100.0
32.7
34.1
29.1
27.3
31.6
23.6
4.3
30.0
21.1
23.7
26.1
30.0
24.1
33.2
39.1
40.0
33.7
25.2
25.3
23.2
25.5
19.2
43.6
12.5
17.0
19.5
19.6
18.8
24.0
13.0
30.0
i Aside from 139 interunion or intraunion strikes (jurisdictional and union rivalry disputes principally)
and 104 the results of which were indeterminate (see p. 22), most of these cases were still before the National
War Labor Board at the end of the year for settlement of the issues.
24
METHODS OF NEGOTIATIN G SETTLEM ENTS
The large m ajority (nearly 70 percent) of the strikes ending in 1943
were settled with the assistance of Governm ent officials or boards.
These strikes included 82 percent of all workers involved and accounted
for 93 percent of the strike idleness during the year.
The proportion of strikes settled with the assistance of Governm ent
agencies has increased during recent years. In 1935 and 1936 less
than a third of the strikes^ were adjusted through Governm ent inter
vention. T he proportion increased to 43 percent in 1940, 53 percent
in 1941, 62 percent in 1942, and 70 percent in 1943. T he proportion
of total workers involved and of m an-days idle included in these strikes
has usually been high, because Governm ent conciliators and other
agencies have intervened in the larger and more serious strikes. Pre
vious to 1941 the intervening Governm ent agencies were the U . S.
Departm ent of Labor Conciliation Service, the N ational Labor Rela
tions Board, and, for railroad disputes, the N ational M ediation Board.
The N ational Defense M ediation Board was active in 1941 and its
successor, the N ational W ar Labor Board, during the past 2 years.
Since two or more of these agencies m ay cooperate in settling a dispute,
it is not possible to classify the strike by the particular Governm ent
agency that was responsible for its settlem ent.
A bout 22 percent of the strikes in 1943 were settled directly between
employers and union officials, while over 5 percent were terminated
w ithout form al settlem ents. M an y of the latter were short protest
strikes in which the workers had no intention of remaining out until
specific demands were granted. Others were strikes which were
abandoned by the workers involved when they returned to work on the
em ployers’ term s. In still other cases the striking workers obtained
jobs elsewhere and new workers were hired to fill their places.
T able
16.—Methods of Negotiating Settlements of Strikes Ending in 1943
Strikes
Agency carrying on negotiations toward set
tlements
Number
Workers involved
Man-days idle
Per
cent of
total
Number
Per
cent of
total
Number
Per
cent of
total
All agencies.....................................................
3,734
100.0
1,965,151
100.0
13,298,654
Employers and workers directly...................
Employers and representatives of organized
workers directly.........................................
Government officials or boards......................
Private conciliators or arbitrators................
Terminated without formal settlement........
Not reported...................................................
72
1.9
6,125
.3
26,504
.2
827
2,602
17
210
6
22.1
69.7
.5
5.6
.2
266,060
1,613,261
5,265
73,424
1,016
13.5
82.1
.3
3.7
.1
645,035
12,344,430
19,003
259,116
4,566
4.9
92.9
.1
1.9
0)
100.0
1Less than a tenth of 1 percent.
Strikes Under W ar Labor D isputes A ct
The W ar Labor Disputes A c t 4 became effective on June 25, 1943.
It gave the President power to take immediate possession of any plant
in which a labor dispute threatened seriously to interrupt war production
and made it unlawful for workers to strike in any plant thus possessed.
I t provided that, before strikes should take place on any work connected
with the war effort, the following procedure should be follow ed:*
* 57 Stat. 163 (1943).
25
(1) Representatives of employees should file a notice of the dispute
with the Secretary of Labor, the N ational W ar Labor Board, and the
N ational Labor Relations Board, giving a statem ent of the issues
involved.
(2) W ork should then continue for 30 days under the same condi
tions prevailing when the dispute arose unless modified by m utual
agreement or decision of the N ational W ar Labor Board.
(3) On the thirtieth day after filing of notice the N ational Labor
R elations Board should conduct a secret ballot among the employees
concerned, to determine whether they wished to perm it an interrup
tion of war production. T he ballots should include a concise state
m ent of the m ajor issues involved and the facilities being utilized for
settlem ent of the dispute. Results of the ballots were to be certified
prom ptly and m ade public.
A fine of not to exceed $5,000 or imprisonment for not more than
1 year, or both, constituted the penalty specified for any person will
fully instigating or encouraging a strike in a plant or facility possessed by
the U nited States. A n y person striking in a war plant not so possess
ed was m ade liable for resulting damages to anyone injured thereby.
Between June 25 and the end of the year there were 1,919 strikes in
which 825,758 workers were involved. During this period the N a
tional Labor R elations Board conducted 117 strike ballots. In 102
cases the workers voted in favor of striking and in 15 cases, voted
against. O f the total votes cast, 68 percent were in favor of striking.
The 102 cases where workers approved strike action did not all
develop into strikes, however. Only 34 strikes occurred following
strike ballots conducted by the N ational Labor Relations Board.
These constituted less than 2 percent of all strikes during the period,
and the number of workers involved (24,171) was less than 3 percent
of the total workers involved in all strikes during the period.
T he average number of workers involved in the 34 strikes was 711,
and the average duration was about 11 days, as compared with 5 days
for all strikes during the year 1943. The strikes ranged in duration
from 1 to 66 days. Some of them occurred on the same day the strike
ballot was taken, while in other cases the workers waited several
weeks before striking. On the average, 18% days elapsed between the
ballot and the strike.
M o st o f these strikes were over wage questions, and all except 1
case went to the N ational W ar Labor Board at some stage of the dis
pute. In 12 cases the disputes wrent to the W ar Labor Board after the
strikes began; in 10 cases the disputes were pending before the Board
when the strikes occurred; and 10 strikes were m protest against
decisions of the W ar Labor Board.
Strikes o f D irect Concern to National W ar Labor Board
T he N ational W ar Labor Board was established in January 1 9 4 2 5
for the purpose of settling those disputes which could not be adjusted
through m ediation of the U . S. Conciliation Service. In October 1942
the B oard’s authority was expanded under the A nti-Inflation A c t,6
so that no adjustm ents in wage rates, or, with certain exceptions, in
salary rates under $5,000 per year, could be made w ithout the B oard’s
approval. The Board’s added responsibilities connected with wage•
* Executive Order No. 9017, issued January 12,1942.
•Executive Order No. 9250, issued October 3,1943.
26
stabilization naturally resulted in a great increase in the number of
disputes referred to the B oard; also, its efforts to stabilize wages
caused a relative increase in wage disputes compared to disputes for
other causes. T his is revealed in the following analysis of the strikes
occurring in 1942 and 1943 in which the Board was directly concerned.
In 1943 there were 1,439 strikes that were of direct concern to the
N ational W a r Labor Board. These involved 1,288,359 workers and
caused 11,302,181 m an-days of idleness. Less than one-third of that
number— 420 strikes, involving 238,485 workers and causing 818,244
m an-days of idleness— concerned the Board in 1942.
The 1,439 strikes in 1943 represented alm ost 40 percent of all strikes;
they included 65 percent of the total workers involved in strikes and
accounted for alm ost 85 percent of the m an-days of idleness. Exclud
ing the general coal stoppages in A pril, M a y , June, October, and
Novem ber, 55 percent of the total workers and about the same per
centage of the total m an-days of idleness were included in strikes of
Board concern. In 1942 about 14 percent of the strikes, 28 percent
of the workers involved, and about 20 percent of the m an-days of
idleness were connected with strikes in which the Board intervened.
M o st of the strikes with which the N ational W a r Labor Board was
concerned were referred to the Board as “ dispute” cases, the em ploy
ers and unions not having reached an agreement before the cases went
to the Board. In some of the strikes on wage issues, the employers and
unions had agreed upon terms for settlem ent and these were subm itted
as “ voluntary” cases to the Board for final approval under the
stabilization program.
The strikes of direct concern to the W ar Labor Board fall into three
principal categories so far as tim e of occurrence is concerned: (1)
Strikes occurring before the issues went to the Board for settlem ent.
Some of these were certified to the Board while the stoppages were in
progress, while in others work was resumed with the understanding
that the issues would be subm itted to the Board for decision or
approval of terms agreed upon. (2) Strikes occurring in establish
m ents which had cases pending before the Board. In a few instances
the issues involved in these strikes were only indirectly related to the
fact that cases were pending before the Board, but in m ost instances
the issues were the same and the object was to hasten Board decisions.
(3) Strikes following W L B decisions in which the workers objected
to their terms or struck to force reluctant employers to accept terms
of the decisions.
T R EN D OF STRIK ES
T he period from January 1942 through Decem ber 1943 covers the
first 2 years of the Board’s existence, as well as a period of expanding
Board responsibility.
In the first 5 m onths of 1942 only 4 percent of the total strikes, in
cluding 14 percent of the total workers involved, and accounting for
10 percent of the total m an-days idle, were of concern to the Board.
Following the President’s message to Congress in A pril, outlining a
7-point anti-inflation program dealing in part with w age-stabilization
policy, and following the B oard’s decision in the “ L ittle Steel” cases
in July, there was a substantial increase in the proportion of strikes
connected with Board action. T he increase was accelerated after
the issuance of Executive Order N o . 9250 in October, giving the Board
27
responsibility for the control of all wage changes. D uring the last 7
m onths of 1942, about 20 percent of all strikes, including 36 percent
o f all workers involved and 27 percent of the total idleness, were of
direct concern to the Board.
Although there was no such steady upward trend dining 1943, it is
significant that in every m onth of the year no less than one-fourth of
all disputes involved the W L B , the proportion being more than one-half
in M a y . Com paring the workers involved and the resulting m andays of idleness, the proportions were even greater; 88 percent of the
workers involved in M a y strikes and more than 90 percent of the
idleness in M a y and N ovem ber were in strikes of Board concern.
T able
17.— Strikes of Board Concern Compared with AU Strikes in the United States,1
January 1942 through December 1943
Workers involved
Strikes
Year and month
Man-days idle
Number
Percent
of all
strikes1
1942
All months............................... ..........
420
14.2
238,485
28.3
818,244
19.5
January.................................................
February............ .................................
March....................................................
April......................................................
May.......................................................
June.......................................................
July.......................................................
August...................................................
September.............................................
October.................................................
November.............................................
December..............................................
5
9
6
10
15
40
51
56
64
57
59
48
3.2
4.9
2.6
3.6
5.3
11.3
13.1
16.9
22.9
27.0
40.9
32.6
3,527
4,199
4,903
6,702
18,496
18,714
27.462
35,479
35,751
21,058
34,596
27,598
13.1
7.2
7.3
10.2
26.9
17,1
27.6
38.5
40.7
34.2
65.9
46.6
33,645
32,926
38,886
23,601
46,240
83,769
76,393
111, 077
150,235
72,273
71,594
77,605
10.2
9.2
9.7
6.4
14.4
14.3
18.3
24.8
38.8
29.6
55.9
40.3
1948
All months............................................
1,439
38.9
1,288,359
*65.0
11,302,181
*83.7
January.................................................
February__________________________
March...................................................
April......................................................
M ay.......................................................
June.......................................................
July.......................................................
August................... ..............................
September.............................................
October..................................................
November.............................................
December..............................................
63
78
90
158
226
195
137
101
78
113
106
94
32.1
39.0
36.3
41.1
54.9
45.0
37.1
32.5
28.7
39.3
32.6
26.5
54,129
18,293
35,530
147,615
493,039
83,883
87,814
37,756
23,726
53,095
65,427
188,052
59.3
47.1
47.9
67.3
88.4
44.8
72.4
35.7
35.6
43.8
48.2
71.1
343,185
50,771
77,490
465,605
1,291,400
4,399,137
488,416
107,012
65,105
831,500
2,660,580
521,980
75.9
43.3
43.2
70.4
82.5
92.8
70.2
30.0
31.1
82.1
92.9
66.4
Number
Percent
of all
strikes1
Number
Percent
of all
strikes 1
1 See table 2, p. 3, for monthly totals on all strikes.
2 Excluding coal stoppages, this figure would be 55 percent.
There were but two strikes of Board concern, which involved as
m any as 10,000 workers in 1942. Aside from the general coal strikes,
only 5 such strikes in 1943 involved 10,000 or more workers. There
were also 11 strikes in 1942 and 26 in 1943 that caused more than
10,000 m an-days of idleness but involved fewer than 10,000 workers.
STATUS OF DISPUTES WHEN REFERRED TO BOARD
In 1942 about 83 percent of all strikes in which the Board was
concerned, involving 75 percent of the workers and 84 percent of the
m an-days of idleness, occurred before the issues were referred to the
Board, while 14 percent occurred while the issues were pending before
the Board, and less than 4 percent after Board decisions.
28
In 1943, the proportion of strikes that occurred before the issues
were referred to the Board dropped to about 47 percent, workers
involved to 25 percent, and m an-days of idleness to less than 12 per
cent. In contrast, about 40 percent of the strikes, involving 65 per
cent of the workers and 85 percent of the m an-days lost, took place
after the issues in dispute were referred to the Board but before the
Board had rendered decisions. T he coal stoppages, which took place
while the miners’ request for a wage increase was under consideration
by the Board, account for a large proportion of these workers and m an days of idleness. However, even after elim inating the m ajor coal
strikes from the calculation, at least 49 percent of the workers involved
in strikes connected with the Board and 37 percent of the m an-days
of idleness were due to strikes which took place while the issues were
under Board consideration.
In approxim ately 300 out of the 565 strikes in 1943 that occurred
while the cases were pending before the Board, delay in decisions w as
specifically stated to be one factor in causing the stoppages. T his was
not an im portant consideration in 1942, although it was indicated in
23 strikes, or about 6 percent of the total strikes of concern to the
Board during that year. The m ajor issue in all o f these 1942 cases
was wages.
A s the backlog of pending cases increased in the early m onths o f
1943, owing to the Board’s expanding responsibilities incident to the
stabilization program, delay became of increasing im portance. In
m any cases, the workers struck for higher wages. Through efforts
o f the Conciliation Service or a representative of the W a r Labor
Board they were induced to go back to work on the understanding
th at an increase, in m any cases a specific amount agreed upon b y the
em ployer and union, would be subm itted to the Board for approval.
I f the Board acted on the request prom ptly, usually there were no
further strikes; if not, the workers sometimes struck again, stating
th at their object was to hasten Board action. In a considerable
number of cases two or three such strikes occurred before the B oard’s
award was received.
T he number of strikes occurring after Board decisions were rendered
increased from 14 in 1942 to 200 in 1943, with a resultant increase in
workers involved and in m an-days of idleness. These m ay be con
sidered protest strikes, in which one party or the other demonstrated
its reluctance to com ply with a Board decision. T hey include strikes
in which the workers were dissatisfied with Board decisions, as well as
those called to force noncom plying employers to put into effect deci
sions which the workers were willing to accept.
MAJOR ISSUES INVOLVED
In both 1942 and 1943 more than three-fourths (76 percent in 1942
and 80 percent in 1943) of the strikes of Board concern were over
wages alone or in connection with other issues. These included strikes
principally over general wage increases, overtim e pay (including inter
pretation of Executive Order N o . 9240), changes in hours worked
resulting in greater or less take-hom e pay, equal pay for equal work, a
few protests against reductions in wage rates, and other questions
concerning wages. In m any of these strikes other issues were im por
tan t also, including requests for the union shop, maintenance of m em
bership, and other efforts to strengthen union organization.
29
In 1942 wage issues accounted for more than 65 percent of all work
ers and 70 percent of the idleness involved in the strikes connected
with Board action; in 1943, for 83 percent of the workers involved and
90 percent of the idleness. Even after eliminating the coal strikes,
wage cases involved 74 percent of the workers and 60 percent of the
idleness in such strikes in 1943. The largest number of strikes in
which Board delay was given as one factor involved wage issues, the
workers becoming impatient when wage requests were not granted
and striking one, two, or even three times to expedite Board action.
Although there was a considerable increase in the number of strikes
of concern to the Board which involved other than wage issues, the
proportions of strikes, workers involved, and man-days of idleness
involved in such strikes decreased in 1943. Disputes over matters
other than wages accounted for about 20 percent of the strikes of
Board concern during 1943. In many of these the union shop or
maintenance of membership was the major issue. Others involved
discharges, physical and administrative shop conditions, and inter
union or intraunion matters.
T
able
18.— Strikes o f Board Concern Classified According to Major Issues Involved and
Time Strikes Occurred
1942
Major issues1 involved and time Strikes
occurred
1943
ManWorkers
Strikes involved
days idle Strikes
Workers
involved
Mandays idle
Number
Total - .......................................................
Wages____________________________
All others_________________________
420
319
101
238.485
156,900
81,585
818,244
580,269
237,975
1,439
1,157
282
1,288,359
1,072,813
215,546
11,302,181
10,256.816
1,045,365
Strikes before cases went to Board
W ages..__________ ________________
All others_______ _______ __________
Strikes while cases were pending________
Wages____________________________
All others._________________________
Strikps after Board decisions „
_ _
Wages____________________________
AH others .
- ..... -
349
266
83
67
41
16
14
12
2
179,872
119,154
60,718
47,788
27,265
20,523
10,825
10,481
344
687,195
490,944
196,251
103,139
62,827
40,312
27,910
26,498
1,412
674
515
159
565
459
106
200
183
17
315,290
208,294
106,996
853,434
756,515
96,919
119,635
108,004
11,631
1,273,893
646,492
627,401
9, 595,829
9,253,.789
342,040
432,459
356,535
75,924
Percentage distribution
•Tofal
_ .......
Wages____________________________
All others .
.......
100.0
76.0
24.0
100.0
65.8
34.2
100.0
70.9
29.1
100.0
80.5
19.5
100.0
83.3
16.7
100.0
90.7
9.3
strikes before cases went to Board
Wages__________ _______ __________
All others________ _________________
Strikes while cases were pending „
Wages____________________________
All others_________________________
83.1
63.3
19.8
13.6
9.8
3.8
3.3
2.9
.4
75.4
49.9
25.5
20.1
11.4
8.7
4.5
4.3
.2
84.0
60.0
24.0
12.6
7.7
4.9
3.4
3.2
.2
46.8
35.8
11.0
39.3
31.9
7.4
13.9
12.7
1.2
24.5
16.2
8.3
66.2
58.7
7.5
9.3
8.4
.9
11.3
6.7
5.6
84.9
81.9
3.0
3.8
3.2
.6
Strikes after Board deeisions
Wages____________________________
All others_________________________
1 In many of the wage strikes there were other important issues also.
Strikes in Coal M in in g
There were 430 strikes in 1943 in the coal-mining industry— 400
strikes involving 487,474 workers and causing 7,510,397 man-days
of idleness in bituminous-coal mines, and 30 strikes involving 117,623
30
workers and causing 1,836,486 man-days of idleness in anthracite mines.
The majority of these strikes were small local disputes at individual
mines. The prolonged industry-wide disputes between mine oper
ators and the United M ine Workers of America have been counted as
two strikes, one in bituminous-coal and one in anthracite mines.
These two disputes, however, resulted in four industry-wide stop
pages. Since practically all of the coal miners were idle during the
general stoppages, and m any of them were counted a second or third
time when they were involved in Tocal strikes, the above figures show
the number of workers involved to be greater than the number
employed in coal mines.
The general stoppages occurred in both the anthracite and bitu
minous-coal mines on M a y 1, June 1, June 21, and November 1. T h e
M a y and November shut-downs were preceded b y scattered stoppages
of several thousand miners in late April and October.
The 2-year employer-union contracts covering bituminous-coal
mines expired M arch 31, 1943, and those covering anthracite mines
expired April 30, 1943. Bituminous-coal mines were operated after
M arch 31 and anthracite mines after April 30, with the understanding
that any adjustments in wages and other matters in dispute, would
be retroactive to April 1 and M a y 1, respectively. Negotiations
during M arch and April failed to bring about any settlement of the
union’s demands for a basic wage increase of $2 per day for day men,
with comparable increases for tonnage men, portal-to-portal or traveltime pay in the mines, an annual 6-day workweek guaranty, contract
coverage for foremen, double time for Sunday work, an increase in
vacation payment, and the transfer of the cost of equipment and tools
to the employer. Consequently, both the anthracite and bituminouscoal cases were certified to the National W ar Labor Board during
April. Union representatives refused to appear before a tripartite
panel created to hear the bituminous-coal case and failed to terminate
widespread stoppages late in April as requested by the President.
. Coal mining, except in the Western States, came to a virtual halt
M a y 1, whereupon the mines, b y Presidential order, were taken over
and operated b y the Secretary of the Interior, who was also Solid
Fuels Administrator for W ar. The mine managers were appointed
operating managers for the Government, and the United States flag
was raised at each mine.
W ork was resumed M a y 4 under a 15-day “ truce” which was later
extended through M a y 31. On M a y 25 the W ar Labor Board issued
an order providing for an increase in vacation pay from $20 to $50
and shifting the cost oi safety equipment and tools to the employers.
It denied the wage increase and the work guaranty, and asked the
union and employers to attempt a direct settlement of the portal-toportal issue. This order was unacceptable to the miners, and work
stopped again June 1 but was resumed June 7 to continue under
union authorization until June 20.
N o progress was made in settling the portal-to-portal issue, and the
union consistently refused to attend hearings of the W ar Labor
Board. W ork stopped again June 21 after the Board reaffirmed its
earlier order and declined to order portal-to-portal pay. Tw o days
later the union issued a back-to-w ork order, effective until October 31,
provided that mines continued to be operated by the United States
31
Governm ent. M an y workers did not return im m ediately and a few
thousand remained out until well into July.
From about August 20 until the middle of October the Governm ent
gradually turned the mines back to private operation. In the mean
tim e, the union and the Illinois Coal Operators Association sub
m itted two successive contracts to the W ar Labor Board for approval,
the union expecting that the terms of these agreements, if approved
by the Board, could later be incorporated in contracts for other areas.
These proposed agreements were disapproved, however, because they
called for increased wages jbeyond what the Board felt could be
allowed under the w age-stabilization policy.
Widespread stoppages developed during the latter part of October
after the mines had been turned back to private operation and after
the Board had refused to approve the proposed Illinois agreement.
November 1 brought another industry-wide stoppage, and the next
day the President ordered the mines seized again by the Secretary of
the Interior. On Novem ber 3 the Secretary signed an agreement with
the union to govern working conditions in both bituminous-coal and
anthracite mines during Government operation of the mines.
This agreement provided, for the bituminous-coal mines, a basic
8%-hour working day with a 15-minute lunch period, making an
over-all 9-hour day underground. The 15-minute lunch period was
not to be paid for. Eight productive hours were to be paid for at the
basic rate of $1 per hour, and an assumed 45 minutes of travel time
each day was to be paid for at two-thirds the regular rate, or 66% cents
per hour. These rates were to apply until 40 hours were worked in
any week, after which the assumed 45 minutes of travel time each
day was to be paid for at the rate of $1 per hour and production time
at $1.50 per hour. A t these rates, which applied to day men receiving
the basic straight-time dollar-an-hour rate, the weekly earnings
amounted to $57.06 for a full 6-day week of 52% hours in the mine.
The proposed total wage was approved by the National W a r Labor
Board on the ground that the total compensation for the first 40 hours,
including travel time, did not exceed the compensation for the first
40 hours of work under the prior contract.
The Board observed that
“ the extra pay was for extra work at the old rate or for overtime pay
required by the Fair Labor Standards A c t.”
Just prior to the Novem ber stoppage (on October 28) the W a r
Labor Board had issued an order in the anthracite case granting the
miners a wage increase of 32.2 cents per day and, as in the bituminouscoal case, increasing the amount of the vacation pay from $20 to $50
and shifting the cost of blacksmithing, safety equipment, and tools to
the operators. In addition, the November 3 agreement provided
that the customary 30-minute lunch period should be cut to 15 min
utes, thus providing a further increase in pay of 37.8 cents per day
for the extra 15 minutes of work. The aggregate increase in earnings
per day was thus 70 cents.
Both the bituminous-coal and anthracite mines were still under G ov
ernment operation at the end of the year, and the agreement of
November 3 still governed.
T he agreements were subject to further interpretation, particularly
as regards application of the overtime provisions of the Fair Labor
Standards A ct to the peculiar problems of travel tim e in the mines
32
as compensable overtime. The President, late in 1943, appointed a
committee to obtain further information relating to travel time.
Another unsettled issue was the union’s demand for retroactive wage
payments. The Attorney General’s ruling on January 14, 1944,
stated that the continuance of Government operation of the mines
was permissible under the W a r Labor Disputes A ct because restoration
of the mines to the owners when contract negotiations were not com
pleted might lead to further interference with productive efficiency.
In December 1943 the union and operators producing more than 70
percent of the N ation’s bituminous coal entered into a supplemental
wage agreement, to remain in effect until April 1, 1945, and submitted
it to the W ar Labor Board for approval. Operators belonging to the
Southern Coal Producers’ Association were not parties to this agree
ment, the terms of which provided for substantially the same working
conditions as those prevailing under Government operation of the
mines.7
This agreement was approved by the W a r Labor Board on M a y 19,
1944. The committee appointed to obtain further data on travel
time had reported that the average travel time of the miners was
approximately 12 minutes greater per day than the 45 minute as
sumed in the supplemental wage agreement. The Board approved
the agreement, nevertheless, as reasonably within the principle of
its former decisions, and stated a conviction that “ travel time can
and will be reduced in the bituminous-coal mines, to the mutual
benefit of the operators and the mine workers and to the eventual
benefit of coal consumers.” W ith respect to retroactive pay for
portal-to-portal travel time since April 1, 1943, the agreement pro
vided for the payment of $40 to each employee on the pay roll from
April 1 to June 20, 1943, which, with the basic travel-time pay
provided for, constituted a full settlement of all claims relative to
portal-to-portal compensation accruing prior to April 1, 1945.
On M a y 31, 1944, and during early June practically all bituminouscoal mines in the North and W est were returned to private operation.
On June 16, the Southern Coal Producers’ Association, excepting the
Jewell Badge Coal Corporation of Virginia, signed a contract with the
union embodying the same provisions in effect for northern and western
mines. The Jewel Ridge Coal Corporation was involved in a suit to
determine by court decision whether travel time in bituminous-coal
mines is compensable working time.
On June 21, 1944, all remaining bituminous-coal operations, except
those of the Jewell Ridge Coal Corporation, and all anthracite mines
were returned to private operation. Anthracite operators had signed
an agreement with the union M arch 8, which was approved by the
N W L B April 7, continuing the wage rates in effect under Government
operation until April 30, 1945.
7 The agreement provided that general wage rates could be changed by mutual accord and appropriate
Government approval at any time during its existence, and gave either party the right to request negoti
ations on general wage rates if a significant change occured in the Government wage policy.
A P P E N D IX
M ethods Used in Collecting and A nalyzing Strike Statistics
The Bureau’s strike statistics include all known strikes in the con
tinental United States which involve as m any as six workers and last
as long as a full day or shift. The term “ strike” is used in the broad
sense to include all stoppages of work due to labor disputes regardless
of whether the workers or employers initiate them. Although they
technically come within the above definitions, the Bureau arbitrarily
excludes from its statistics stoppages involving fewer than six workers
and those lasting less than a full working day or shift, principally
because it would be impossible to find out about all of such minor
stoppages and get a complete coverage. Also such disputes are of
little importance, arising m any times from misunderstandings which
are cleared up within a few minutes or a few hours with no significant
interruption in production.
Collection of data.— M ost notices or “ leads” concerning strikes
originally come to the Bureau’s attention through the daily press and
labor and trade papers. The Bureau now has access to notices on
labor disputes from about 400 daily newspapers scattered throughout
the country and more than 250 labor and industry papers and journals.
It also obtains reports directly from Federal and State agencies which
deal with employer-employee disputes. W ith these sources it is be
lieved that few, if any, strikes escape attention. Upon receipt of the
notices, detailed questionnaires are sent to the companies, unions, and
impartial agencies involved in each strike to get first-hand and verified
information concerning the number of workers involved, duration of
the strike, major issue, methods of settlement, results, and other data.
Analysis of strike data.— In all the realm of industrial statistics,
employer-employee disputes present some of the most baffling prob
lems to be dealt with. In addition to the factor of judgment which
enters into all statistical procedure, strikes and lockouts, b y their
very nature, lead to differences of viewpoint and approach in their
measurement and classification.
Since they are controversies in
which the interes j of employer, workers, and the public are at stake,
each group naturally interprets and evaluates the situation in the way
the dispute affects it. This divergency of viewpoint persists through
out every phase of the statistical treatment of strikes and lockouts—
definition, unit of measurement, magnitude, causes, and results.
Furthermore, the facts with reference to strikes and lockouts very
often are too complex or indeterminate to permit accurate and simple
classification from whatever approach they are viewed. Causes lead
ing up to any one dispute m ay be many and varied, and the basic
causes m ay never be actually voiced b y either party; so also with
the results, especially when the dispute ends with no written contract.
In view of these divergencies of approach as well as of the difficulty
in always getting sufficiently detailed information, a portion of the
statistics on strikes is necessarily based on estimates and judgment.
Nevertheless, through the use of specific definitions and the adoption
of broad general policies, the Bureau tries to obtain the highest possible
degree of comparability and uniformity of treatment.1
i See Bureau of Labor Statistics Bull. No. 651, pp. 163-169, for information on factors taken into account
and general principles used in analyzing each item included in the statistical reports.
(3 3 )
34
T
able
A .— Strikes in 1943 in States W hich Had 25 or M ore Strikes D uring the Y ear ,
by Industry Group
State and industry group
Alabama ____________________________________ __ __________
Textile-mill products ____________________________________
Lumber and*timber basic products _________________________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
- Products of petroleum and coal_____________________________
Stone, clay, and glass products
_
Tron and steel and their products _________________________
Non ferrous metals and their products ______________________
Mining _________________________________________________
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.........
Other nonmanufacturing industries_________________________
California ______________________________________________ - ___
Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and
similar materials_______________ ________________________
T/nmher and timber basic products
______________________
Furniture end finished lumber products
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Chemicals and allied products______________________________
Leather and leather products ______________________________
Stone, clay, and glass products______________________________
Tron and steel and their products __________________________
Transportation equipment ("except automobiles)
_ ...
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_____________________
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
Mining ________________________________________________
Construction. ____________________________________________
Trade
________________ _____ ___________________________
Finance, insurance, and real estate ________________________
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.........
Services—personal, business, and other______________________
Other nonrafifinfo-fttnring industries
_____________________
Ooiui®din!it
. ..
_
. Textile-mill products
___________________________________
Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and
similar materials__________________ _____________________
Rubber products
-- -- _____________________________
Iron and steel and their products __________________ ________
Nonferrons metals and their products
... _ ....... .
Machinery (except electrical) _____________________________
Transportation equipment (except automobiles)______________
Automobiles and automobile equipment_____________________
________________________________________________
Trade
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.........
Florida _____________________________________________________
Food and kindred products________________ ____ ___________
Tobacco manufactures.____ ____ __________________ ____ ____
Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and
similar materials____ ____ _______________________________
Chemicals and allied products ____________ ________________
Transportation equipment (except automobiles)______________
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing____________________________
Mining __________________________________________________
C onstruction______________________________________________
Trade
_________________________________________ ________
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities___
Services—personal, business, and other _____________________
Other nonmanufacturing industries _______________________
Georgia
_ __ __________________________________________ . . .
Food and kindred products_________________________________
Textile-mill products
_ __________________________________
Lumber and timber basic products
Chemicals and allied products ____________________ - _______
Iron and steel and their products ______________________ -__
Machinery (except electrical) _ _____________________________
Transportation equipment (except, automobiles)
._ .
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_____________________
Construction
___________________________________________
Trade
. _ . _________________________________________
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities_____
Services—personal, business, and oth er._____________________
Other nonmanufacturing industries............... - .............................
Number of Number of Man-days
workers idle during
strikes
involved
year
72
3
4
1
1
3
1
12
1
4
31
3
2
5
1
109
14
1
53,802
682
185
113
34
338
43
2,874
25
6,971
39,120
102
129
3,129
57
29,602
3,860
137
825,885
8,520
521
216
68
366
43
10,352
25
29,113
759,232
381
550
16,213
285
88,479
14,212
959
1
3
3
1
1
1
2
9
2
12
1
7
1
13
9
1
11
13
3
38
2
450
481
106
(O
(U
30
oQ7
/
2,119
177
1/ /
4,668
QO
3,510
At
KQQ
Ooo
4,050
oW7
7,002
1,103
58
9,099
977
1,800
787
346
225
630
120
335
5,273
1,440
10,551
1,351
4,386
369
3,687
16,105
2,691
11,145
6,930
137
23,194
4,004
3
3
8
10
3
1
1
1
4
38
3
3
1,080
378
3,254
2,346
178
20
119
18
729
29,446
356
15,500
126
105
10,397
1,515
12
290
30
1,024
12
79
5,689
55
10
32
131
275
26
115
101
77
42
2,637
2,088
100
6,060
606
5,856
3,313
448
OA
A
ll
238
54
2,595
99,294
1,683
59,500
378
315
21, Oil
11,980
24
799
60
3,429
36
79
80,564
475
10
44
380
1,515
130
230
303
113
168
19,336
57,430
430
1
1
7
3
1
5
1
11
1
1
35
2
1
2
3
5
1
1
1
2
1
11
4
1
35
T
able
A . — Strikes in 1943 in States W hich Had 25 or M ore Strikes D uring the Y ear ,
by Industry Group— Continued
State and industry group
of Man-days
Number of Number
workers idle during
strikes
year
involved
Illinois____________________________ *_________________________
Food and kindred products...........................................................
Textile-mill products. _________________________ ______—
Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and
similar materials........................................................................
Lumber and timber basic products..............................................
Furniture and finished lumber products......................................
Paper and allied products..................... ........................................
Printing, publishing, and allied industries..................................
Chemicals and allied products........................................... ........
Products of petroleum and coal.....................................................
Leather and leather products......................................................
Stone, clay, and glass products.....................................................
Iron and steel and their products.................................................
Nonferrous metals and their products..........................................
Machinery (except electrical)........................................................
Electrical machinery............. ........................................................
Transportation equipment (except automobiles).........................
Automobiles and automobile equipment.....................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries......................................
Mining..... ..................................... ................................................
Construction..................................................................................
Trade............................................ ................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate.......... — ..............................
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities........
Services—personal, business, and other........................................
Other nonmanufacturing industries..............................................
S4S
18
1
132,059
5,047
8
772,229
17,971
32
18
3
7
1
4
11
7
12
5
74
9
25
4
17
5
3
48
25
5
5
22
12
2
2,047
146
721
716
594
6,283
1,241
4,715
1,044
38,401
1,530
4,743
1,937
3,884
2,547
33
46,280
4,320
596
567
1,714
1,047
1,898
9,022
166
2,121
5,183
2,673
22,537
8,934
22,612
5,717
111,643
2,344
10,620
4,670
10,727
4,697
293
495,613
17,669
1,403
3,797
6,490
3,383
1,912
Indiana.________________________________________ . _________________
130
3
2
80,058
1,049
714
433,780
1,655
1,761
5
2
3
1
3
4
29
3
8
1
7
23
20
4
3
5
3
1
2,125
292
1,919
9
9,956
832
18,007
387
2,432
326
8,047
17,311
15, 714
286
78
344
209
21
4,360
2,186
4,587
9
14,644
8,271
38,003
2,554
8,637
1,304
26,391
55,331
260,241
1,542
494
971
818
21
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.
Services—personal, business, and other................................
Other nonmanufacturing industries....................................
26
9
2
1
5
2
3
1
1
1
1
9,213
2,759
1,499
66
1, 547
173
2,999
77
11
22
60
57,635
7,668
5,535
96
3,404
321
39,694
539
132
66
180
Kentucky.........................................................................- .........
Food and kindred products................................................
Textile-mill products...........................................................
Lumber and timber basic products....................................
Chemicals and allied products.............................................
Leather and leather products..... ........................................
Stone, clay, and glass products........ ...................................
Iron and steel ana their products....... ..............................
Nonferrous metals and their products.................................
Machinery (except electrical)............................... -----------Electrical machinery........... ....................... — — _.........
Mining...............................................................
Construction ........................................ ............ — _- — -Trade_____ ____ ____ ______________
Finance, insurance, and real estate—
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.
Services—personal, business, and o t h e r . ______
Other nonmanufacturing industries.......................... - ----
133
3
2
2
1
3
12
4
1
1
1
83
4
1
1
11
2
1
78,076
118
269
411
41
1,977
2,728
4,846
60
1,900
106
64,879
185
20
8
444
54
30
1,086,823
219
631
5,160
123
10,766
17,928
14,884
60
3,800
212
1,027,510
560
80
24
2,100
2,646
120
Food and kindred products..........................................................
Textile-mill products----------------- ---------------------------------------Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and
similar materials..................... ........... .......................................
Lumber and timber basic products.............................................
Furniture and finished lumber products......................................
Paper and allied products.............................................................
Rubber products...... .....................................................................
Stone, clay, and glass products.......... .........................................
Iron and steel and their products.................................................
Nonferrous metals and their products..........................................
Machinery (except electrical)......................... ..............................
Electrical machinery........................ .......... .................................
Transportation equipment (except automobiles).......................
Automobiles and automobile equipment_____________________
Mining.......... .............. ................. ....................... .......................
Construction- ..................................................... ...........................
Trade_______ ____ _______________ ____ ____ __________ _____
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities........
Services—personal, business, and other..................... .................
Other nonmanufacturing industries..............................................
Food and kindred products............. ...................
Lumber and timber basic products....................
Iron and steel and their products........................
Machinery (except electrical)------------------------Transportation equipment (except automobiles)
Mining___ _________________________________
36
T
able
A . — Strikes in 1943 in States W hich H ad 25 or M ore Strikes D uring the Y ea r
by Industry Group— Continued
State and industry group
of Man-days
Number of Number
workers idle during
strikes
involved
year
Maryland...................... ............... - ......................................................
Textile-mill products......... ......... .............. ......... .........................
Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and
similar materials.........................................................................
Chemicals and allied products......................................................
Stone, clay, and glass products.....................................................
Iron and steel and their products. . . ............................................
Nonferrous metals and their products............. ....... .................. .
Electrical machinery________________________ _____________ _
Transportation equipment (except automobiles).........................
Mining..... ........................... .............................. ...........................
Construction.................................. .................... ........................ .
Trade_________________________________________ __________
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities........
Other nonmanufacturing industries....... ...................... ...............
86
3
18,471
549
114,828
2,903
2
1
4
1
2
9
1
4
2
5
1
715
362
644
160
3, 111
8,944
1,900
195
168
819
850
864
1,452
1,110
2,761
732
38,934
25,322
29,000
1,260
484
8,241
1,250
Massachusetts---------- -------------------------------------------------------------Food and kindred products...........................................................
Textile-mill products...... ................... ................................... .......
Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and
similar materials—_____ ______ ______ — ................................ .
Furniture and finished lumber products..................................... .
Paper and allied products............................................................ .
Chemicals and allied products...................... — ..........................Rubber products................... ....................................................... .
Leather and leather products....................................................... .
Stone, clay, and glass products.....................................................
Iron and steel and their products................................................
Machinery (except electrical).......................................................
Electrical machinery.................................................................... .
Transportation equipment (except automobiles).........................
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing.................................................
Construction.................................................................................
Trade-------------------------------------------------------------------- --------Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.......
Services—personal, business, and other.......................................
127
87,269
40
12,402
254,005
140
93,902
Michigan............ - ------ ------------------------------------------------------------Food and kindred products.—............... .....................................
Tobacco manufactures................................................ ..................
Textile-mill products................................. ................................T.
Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and
similar materials_____ __________ __________ ________ ____
Lumber and timber basic products............................................. .
Furniture and finished lumber products...... .............................. .
Paper and allied products.......... ................................................ .
Printing, publishing, and allied industries...... ............................
Chemicals and allied products..................................................... .
Products of petroleum and coal.....................................................
Rubber products.............— ..........................................................
Leather and leather products......................................................
Stone, clay, and glass products— ..............................................
Iron and steel and their products.................................................
Nonferrous metals and their products.........................................
Machinery (except electrical).......................................................
Electrical machinery................................................. .................
Transportation equipment (except automobiles)........................
Automobiles and automobile equipment....................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..................................—
Mining------------------- -------------- - ...............................................
Construction.................................................................................
Trade..................... ...................... .................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate— .................... ..................
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.......
Services—personal, business, and other.......................................
Other nonmanufacturing industries.............................................
Missouri.................................................................................................
Food and kindred products------- ----------------- ----------------- -----Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and
similar materials.......... ..............................................................
Furniture and finished lumber products......................................
Paper and allied products....................................... - ................... .
Chemicals and allied products..................................................... .
Products of petroleum and coal.....................................................
Rubber products.......................................................................... .
Leather and leather products....................................................... .
Stone, clay, and glass products......................................................
Iron and steel and their products.................................................
Nonferrous metals and their products...........................................
Machinery (except electrical)....................................................... .
106
2
21
8
1
1
1
6
19
3
12
1
1
1,150
116
635
40
1,047
3,616
153
6,384
250
127
344
3,032
541
3,618
3,743
31
3,124
36,027
295
15,052
250
635
688
67,240
817
17,232
11,657
116
413
9
1
1
274,531
2,543
50
592,270
6,156
400
2
2
188
330
488
1,803
50
2,323
171
3,336
98
40
39,079
13,242
13,635
5,016
27,394
154,696
533
471
1,384
968
157
2,961
458
2,895
188
2,526
1,991
7,657
50
6,611
318
6,365
322
112
75,018
25,353
25,696
8,422
53,673
336,297
1,008
4,776
5,381
2,421
596
6,398
1,286
11,043
32,257
754
144,616
1,001
3,589
394
358
3,577
10
747
8,806
2,035
2,055
131
2,080
14,214
1,199
1,796
4,032
2
4
5
11
27
2
8
5
1
7
2
8
4
2
94
27
54
7
22
96
2
3
9
7
4
18
11
7
10
12
6
1
6
1
1
13
2
6
2
5
222
110
1,905
120
2,220
10
2,988
43,645
4,740
4,751
231
4,525
37
T a ble A .— Strikes in 1943 in States W hich H ad 25 or M ore Strikes D uring the Year,
by Industry Group— Continued
State and industry group
of Man-days
Number of Number
workers idle during
strikes
involved
year
Missouri—Continued.
Transportation equipment (except automobiles).........................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_____________________
Mining............................................................................................
Construction...... ................ ...........................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate.............................................. .
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities____
Services—personal, business, and other....................................... .
Other nonmanufacturing industries...................................... .......
6
3
6
5
2
14
4
1
1,492
99
3,240
653
64
1,674
434
65
5,020
374
36,337
12,375
581
4,955
1,647
195
New Jersey............................................. ........... ...................................
Food and kindred products...........................................................
Tobacco manufactures.................................... ..............................
Textile-mill products................................ ....................................
Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and
similar materials.......... ...............................................................
Lumber and timber basic products............................................. .
Furniture and finished lumber products...... .............................. .
Paper and allied products.......................................................... .
Chemicals and allied products.....................................................
Products of petroleum and c o a l..................................................
Rubber products................ ...........................................................
Leather and leather products................................ .......................
Stone, clay, and glass products. ....................................................
Iron and st-r-el and their products................................................ .
Nonferrous metals and their products......................................... .
Machinery (except electrical)........................................................
Electrical machinery......... .......... ...............................................
Transportation equipment (except automobiles).........................
Automobiles and automobile equipment......................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.......................................
Construction..................................................................................
Trade.................................. — --------------------------------------------Transportation, communication, and other public utilities------Services—personal, business, and other........ ...............................Other nonmanufacturing industries............................................. .
177
6
3
14
57,283
588
1,676
1,622
169,490
3,504
8,312
8,511
13
1
3
5
8
1
2
2
6
27
9
8
12
14
1
8
3
8
14
4
6
2,154
13
75
1,278
2,412
100
122
47
581
8,304
7,485
1,127
4,287
17,408
18
2,803
696
1,798
2,242
255
192
8,381
22
388
8,184
15,784
400
294
316
2,561
20,600
10,869
2,370
10,407
38,811
52
12,957
3,486
7,623
3,983
871
804
New York............. ............................................................................... .
Food and kindred products.......................................................... .
Textile-mill products......... ..........................................................
Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and
and similar materials......... ........................................................
Lumber and timber basic products..............................................
Furniture and finished lumber products.....................................
Paper and allied products........ ....................................................
Printing, publishing, and allied industries...................................
Chemicals and allied products.......................................................
Products of petroleum and coal.....................................................
Rubber products......
...............................................................
Leather and leather p. ducts........... ............................................
Stone, clay, and glass products.....................................................
Iron and steel and their products.................................................
Nonferrous metals and their products..........................................
Machinery (except electrical)................................. .....................
Electrical machinery.......... ..........................................................
Transportation equipment (except automobiles).........................
Automobiles and automobile equipment......................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.......................................
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing..................................................
Mining....... ...................................................................................
Construction...................................................................................
Trade............. ........................... - ...................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate_______________ ____ ______
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities........
Services—personal, business, and other........................................
Other nonmanufacturing industries..........................................•
—
296
13
22
81,272
1,697
3,944
307,823
20,258
14,094
25
1
7
8
5
7
2
3
16
6
52
9
14
4
13
4
9
1
30 463
7
1,305
628
170
343
92
948
5,392
769
17,527
2,068
7,110
261
1,672
145
3.262
300
12
14
5
24
19
1
1,771
7,099
998
1,748
1,497
56
74,377
21
7,050
7,134
1,138
2,620
184
1,876
25,748
3,841
43,733
5,547
14,866
480
5,650
196
23,722
11,800
1352
6,509
21,305
3,986
4,698
5,802
336
57
5
30
4
1
1
2
1
1
1
7
3
1
18,511
6,554
10,022
674
42
12
317
120
12
35
481
136
106
103,388
19,860
77,342
3,499
63
36
537
480
48
35
774
360
334
North Carolina....................................................— ..............................
Tobacco manufactures....... ...........................................................
Textile-mill products.................... ................................................
Furniture and finished lumber products......................................
Chemicals and allied products.......................................................
Products of petroleum and coal.....................................................
Leather and leather products........................................................
Machinery (except electrical)........................................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries......................................
Construction____ _________________ ______ _________________
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.........
Services—personal, business, and other.........................................
Other nonmanufacturing industries..............................................
i Man-days idle resulting from a strike which continued into 1943 from the
preceeding year.
38
T able A .— Strikes in 1943 in States W hich H ad 25 or M ore Strikes D uring the Y ear .
by Industry Group — Continued
State and industry group
of Man-days
Number of Number
workers idle during
strikes
year
involved
Ohio...................................................................................................... .
Food and kindred products...........................................................
Tobacco manufactures....... .......................................................... .
Textile-mill products........... ....................................... ..................
Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and
similar materials.................. ........... ...................................... .
Furniture and finished lumber products..................................... .
Paper and allied products.......... ..................................................
Printing, publishing, and allied industries...................................
Chemicals and allied products..................................................... .
Products of petroleum and coal.....................................................
Rubber products............................................................................
Leather and leather products....................................................... .
Stone, clay, and glass products..................... . ........................... .
Iron and steel and their products................................................ .
Nonferrous metals and their products......................................... .
Machinery (except electrical).......... ............................................
Electrical machinery________________ ____ _________________
Transportation equipment (except automobiles).........................
Automobiles and automobile equipment.....................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.......................................
Mining...........................................................................................
Construction..................................................................................
Trade............. ............................................. .................................
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.......
Services—personal, business, and other.......................................
Other nonmanufacturing industries.............................................
467
10
1
4
297,145
620
183
991
1,019,039
1,275
300
2,812
5
6
2
2
9
1
38
1
17
122
43
43
17
15
16
6
50
9
12
24
7
7
314
985
1,132
59
2,466
10
63,214
30
7,190
106.935
14,962
18 478
13.828
8.767
10,021
934
33,406
947
1,340
6,843
2,567
923
2,463
2,013
3,384
365
6,301
10
205,024
30
40,759
183,456
26,510
46,440
21,155
26,589
41,337
2,294
372,540
3,559
3,476
12,578
11,357
3,012
Oklahoma______ _______________ ______________________________
Food and kindred products.........................................................
Products of petroleum and coal.....................................................
Stone, clay, and glass products.................................................... .
Iron and steel and their products..................................................
Mining......................... ..................................................................
Construction.................................................................................
Trade_________________________ __________________________
Finance, insurance, and real estate.................... .......... ..............
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities....... .
25
2
2
1
1
6
9
1
1
2
6,003
60
93
228
17
1,772
3,653
99
10
71
41,937
107
204
1,140
85
28,716
11,186
198
20
281
Oregon............................. - ----------------------- ------------------------------—
Lumber and timber basic products............................................. .
Furniture and finished lumber products................................ .....
Iron and steel and their products.......................... ......................
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing................................................
Construction.................................................................................
31
24
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4,720
2,402
85
1,800
250
24
49
66
44
13,924
10,997
85
1,800
500
192
196
66
88
571
11
2
22
414,012
4,333
765
7,051
4,265,225
16,696
1,830
25,130
34
2
6
8
1
7
4
2
9
29
165
12
18
9
35
5
9
109
17
12
6
23
9
5
7,663
255
2,216
2,988
120
1,780
339
723
923
6,377
87,203
3,503
4,946
3,986
35,030
1,346
1,142
228,862
5,019
1,131
382
2,516
2,830
583
26,077
3,540
2,487
8,935
120
5,727
630
753
2.177
19,139
168,280
8,Q62
7,838
7,867
81,495
2,816
4,506
3,833,493
12,361
5,000
3,315
5,688
9,874
1,389
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.........
Services—personal, business, and other........................................
Pennsylvania_________________________________________________
Food and kindred products...........................................................
Tobacco manufactures...................................................................
Textile-mill products........... ........................ .................................
Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and
similar materials........................................................................
Lumber and timber basic products. ............................................
Furniture and finished lumber products......................................
Paper and allied products..... ................ — ..................................
Printing, publishing, and allied industries...................................
Chemicals and allied products......................................................
Products of petroleum and coal.....................................................
Rubber products. .........................................................................
Leather and leather products........................................................
Stone, clay, and glass products............................... .....................
Iron and steel and their products..................................................
Nonferrous metals and their products..........................................
Machinery (except electrical)........................................................
Electrical machinery.....................................................................
Transportation equipment (except automobiles).........................
Automobiles and automobile equipment......................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.......................................
Mining............................................................................................
Construction...................................................................................
Trade............................................................................................. .
Finance, insurance, and real estate.............................................. .
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.......
Services—personal, business, and other.......................................
Other nonmanufacturing industries........ .... ............................. .
39
T a b l e A .— S trik es in 1943 in S tates W h ich H ad 25 o r M o re S trikes D u rin g th e Y ea r,
b y In d u stry G roup— C o n tin u e d
State and industry group
Rhode Island
_____
_ _ _
_ _ ____
Textile-mill products...... ........... .................... ..............................
Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and
similar materials________ ________________________________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_ _
Rubber"products__ _______________________________________
Iron and" steel and their prod nets
__
Machinery (except electrical)
Electrical machinery
Transportation equipment (except automobiles)
Agricnlture, forestry, and fishing
... . _
Construction
*
_
Trade................ ............................................ . ..............................
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.........
Services—personal, business, and other______________________
Tennessee. _
. . .
- _
Food and kindred products_________________________________
Textile-mill products______________________ _______________
Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and
similar materials____________ __________________________
Lumber and timber basic products__________________________
Furniture and finished lumber products_____________________
Printing, publishing, and allied*industries___________________
Chemicals and allied products______________________________
Products of petroleum and coal_____________________________
Rubber products__________________________________________
Stone, clay, and glass products
_ ....
Iron and steel and their products
........................
Machinery (except electrical)_______________________________
Transportation equipment (except automobiles)______________
Mining___________________________________________________
TradeT-............................................. ............... .................... ........
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.........
Services—personal, business, and other______________________
Other nonmanufacturing industries._________________________
Terras
..... ...
. __
.. .... _ . _
Food and kindred products_________________________________
Textile-mill products_______________________________________
Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and
similar materials_________ _______________________________
Lumber and timber basic products ______________________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries___________________
Chemicals and allied products______________________________
Products of petroleum and coal_____________________________
Electrical machinery.______________________________________
Transportation equipment (except automobiles)______________
Construction______________________________________________
Trade_____________________ __________1___________________
Finance, insurance, and real estate__________________________
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.........
Services—personal, business, and other______________________
Other nonmanufacturing industries_________________________
VirginiaFood and kindred products________________________________
Textile-mill products______________________________________
Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and
similar materials_________________________________________
Lumber and timber basic products
_ ... .
Chemicals and allied p ro m ts
..................
Leather and leather products_______________________________
Stone, clay and glass products
Iron and steel and their products
................
Non ferrous metals and their products . __
Mining___________________________________________________
Construction______________________________________________
Trade
________________________________________________
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.........
Services—personal, business, and other
Washington
-- _
- Food and kindred products__ ______________________________
Lumber and timber basin products
Paper and allied products
. ..
......
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
_ .................
Tron and steel and their products
__
Mining
__
Construction
........
...
.
T rade____________________________________________________
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.........
Services—personal, business, and other.........................................
of Man-days
Number of Number
workers idle during
strikes
year
involved
45
15
18,565
5,396
64,516
24,183
1
1
3
2
8
2
2
1
3
1
5
1
105
2
8
188
135
2,433
363
1,297
198
170
60
4,905
20
3,265
135
32,168
174
1,039
564
135
6,229
1,267
2,477
870
540
480
5,061
40
13,355
9,315
227,566
442
4,029
6
4
2
1
5
1
2
3
8
3
2
31
4
20
2
1
84
1
1
1,157
307
663
15
489
101
5,600
513
945
964
210
12,849
143
6,693
300
6
4,999
298
67
7,780
1,367
1,989
15
489
808
15,707
4,319
2,784
1,988
290
155,378
1,143
26,552
2,480
6
29,679
880
268
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
15
1
1
4
1
3
54
1
6
12
133
48
8
1,275
52
123
2,419
11
16
298
20
219
29,982
170
3,006
12
798
144
40
2,550
52
615
21,822
11
96
1,333
20
1,038
365,306
170
8,505
1
1
3
2
2
3
2
22
4
2
5
1
27
2
9
2
1
2
1
3
2
2
3
10
103
260
442
157
191
64
23,909
964
111
584
11
10,279
950
2,935
1,271
74
2,606
1,500
324
16
161
442
30
206
955
2,660
342
1,829
100
347,175
1,422
372
1,529
11
64,436
1,650
11,451
21,034
444
2,606
22,000
938
26
695
3,592
40
T a b le A .— Strikes in 1943 in States W hich H ad 25 or M ore Strikes D uring the Year
by Industry Group — Continued
State and industry group
of Man-days
Number of Number
workers
idle during
strikes
involved
year
West Virginia................. ...... ............................................................. —
Food and kindred products_______ _________________________
Textile-mill products.------ ----------- ------ ------ ------------- ---------Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and
similar materials_________ ______________ _____ ___________ _
Lumber and timber basic products........ .......................... - .........
Products of petroleum and coal................................ ...... ..............
Leather and leather products_____________ _____ ____________
Stone, clay, and glass products............................... ...................
Iron and steel and their products................................................
Nonferrous metals and their products_____________ _________ _
Machinery (except electrical)______________ _______ — ............
Transportation equipment (except automobiles)....... ........ .......
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries............— .....................
Mining_____________________________________ —...................
Construction---------— .....................
Trade--------- --------- ----------- --------------------------------------- ------Transportation, communication, and other public utilities........
Services—personal, business, and other— ....... .......... .................
Other nonmanufacturing industries...................— .....................
110
1
1
123,176
103
389
1,700,429
412
389
2
4
3
1
9
9
3
2
4
2
51
4
3
9
1
1
271
410
235
406
3,056
6,157
490
63
1,383
439
108,677
355
166
532
26
18
938
3,580
351
546
32,051
12,263
3,751
261
1,509
1,457
1,637,967
1,503
462
2,687
104
198
Wisconsin............. .............. .................................................................
Food and kindred products--------------------------------------- --------Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and
similar materials.------- ----- ------ --------------------- ----------------- Lumber and timber basic products.............. .............................. .
Furniture and finished lumber products..............— ...................
Printing, publishing, and allied industries................. - .............. .
Chemicals and allied products--------------- --------- ------ ------------Rubber products.............. .............. ..............................................
Leather and leather products.............................. ................. .......
Iron and steel and their products............................. ...................
Machinery (except electrical)...................... ............................... .
29
2
4,792
28
33,082
52
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
4
1
4
1
3
427
146
156
13
148
550
13
776
902
84
344
6
1,199
1,107
876
780
52
148
2,200
26
996
2,630
168
1,155
12
22,880
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.
Services—personal, business, and other— ---------- -----------Other nonmanufacturing industries......................................
@FedFRASER