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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR V O L U M E X X I -1 9 1 0 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1 01 O CONTENTS OF VOLUME X X L N o. 89.—JULY, 1910. Child-labor legislation in Europe, b y C. W. A. Yeditz, Ph. D .: Page. Introduction............................................................................................................ 1,2 Austria...................................................................................................................... 3-92 Earlier child-labor legislation...................................................................... 3-7 Present regulations affecting child labor.................................................. 7-21 Organization and work of the inspectors.................................................. 21-38 Extent and nature of child labor............................................................... 38-92 Belgium.................................................................................................................... 93-143 93-97 The child-labor law of December 13, 1889............................................... Legislative and administrative modification of the law of 1889.......... 97-111 Agencies for enforcing the labor laws and decrees................................. 111-115 Enforcement of the laws and decrees concerning “ protected per sonsM............................................................................................................. 115-130 Extent and nature of child labor................................................................ 130-143 France...................................................................................................................... 143-231 Beginnings of child-labor legislation......................................................... 143-152 Present laws concerning child labor.......................................................... 152-176 Organization and work of the labor inspectors........................................ 176-221 Enforcement of the child-labor laws in mines......................................... 222-224 The courts and the labor laws..................................................................... 224-231 Germany.................................................................................................................. 231-312 Child-labor legislation in the nineteenth century.................................. 231-241 The Industrial Code...................................................................................... 241-269 The l&w of March 30, 1903........................................................................... 269-280 The staff of inspectors................................................................................... 280-294 Methods and work of the inspectors.......................................................... 295-312 Italy.......................................................................................................................... 313-326 History of child-labor legislation.................................. ~ .......................... 313-316 Present regulation of child labor...................................................................316-326 Switzerland............................................................................................................. 326-413 Child-labor legislation prior to 1877........................................................... 326-337 The factory law of March 23, 1877............................................................. 338-342 Provisions of the law of 1877 which particularly affect children in factories........................................................................................................ 342-345 Further federal legislation affecting child labor..................................... 345-347 Cantonal legislation affecting child labor................................................. 347-372 Enforcement of the child-labor laws.......................................................... 372-395 Extent, nature, and consequences of child labor................................... 395-413 m I\r BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. Decisions of courts affecting labor: Pags. Decisions under statute law .................................................................................414-432 Combinations in restraint of trade—boycott—antitrust law— consti tutionality of statute (Grenada Lumber Co. v. Mississippi)............... 414-416 Employers’ liability—fellow-servants—course of employment—lia bility of foremen ( Moyse v. Northern Pacific By. Co.)....................... 416-419 Employers’ liability—railroad- companies—acceptance of relief ben efits— constitutionality of statute ( McNamara v. Washington Ter minal Co.).................................................................................................... 419-422 Employers’ liability—railroad companies—federal statute—con struction ( Tsmura v. Great Northern By. Co.)...................................... 422,423 Hours of labor of employees on railroads— commerce—regulation by state law—federal regulation (People v. Erie R. B. Co.)................... 423-425 Hours of labor of employees on railroads—federal statute—periods of sendee and rest— construction of statute (Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe By. Co. v. United States)..................................... *.................. 425,426 Hours of labor of employees on railroads—violation b y employees as affecting claims for damages—state and federal regulation (Lloyd v. North Carolina R. B. Co.).................................................................... 426-428 Hours of labor of women—police power— constitutionality of statute (W. C. Ritchie & Co. v. Wayman).......................................................... 428-430 Safety appliances on railways—commerce— state regulation (Detroit, Toledo and Fronton By. Co. v. State)...................................................... 430,431 Sunday labor—contracts to be performed on Sunday—recovery of compensation (Knight v. Press Co., Limited)...................................... 431,432 Decisions under common law .............................................................................. 432-436 Contract of employment— consideration—release of claim for dam ages—breach of contract (Illinois Central B. B. Co. v. Fairchild).. 432,433 Contract of employment—reduction of rank of employee—violation of contract—duty to seek other employment (Cooper v. Stronge A Warner Co.).................................................................................................. 433,434 Contract of employment—term—renewal—breach—assignment of claims (Allen v. Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co.)..................................... 434-436 No. 90.— SEPTEM BER, 1910. Fatal accidents in coal mining, b y Frederick L. Hoffman: Introduction............................................................................................................ The fatal-accident rate............................................... The causes of fatal accidents............................................................................... Falls of coal or roof......................................................................................... Mine cars.......................................................................................................... Explosions........................................................................................................ Miscellaneous mine accidents...................................................................... Principal causes of fatal accidents, b y coal fields.................................. The fatal-accident rate due to principal causes.............................................. Falls of coal or roof......................................................................................... Shaft accidents................................................................................................ Mine cars.......................................................................................................... Outside cars..................................................................................................... Motors................................................................................................................ Explosions of gas or dust.............................................................................. Explosions of powder or dynam ite............................................................. 437-446 446-452 453-462 455-457 457 457,458 458,459 459-462 462-481 463-465 465,466 466 467 467,468 468-474 474-476 CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21. Fatal accidents in ccal mining, etc.— Concluded. The fatal-accident rate due to principal causes— Concluded. Asphyxiation................................................................................................... Mining machinery.......................................................................................... Mules................................................................................................................. Electrocution................................................................................................... Miscellaneous mine accidents..................................................................... Statistical analysis of 2,660 fatal mine accidents in the United States during 1908.......................................................................................................... Descriptive analysis of fatal accidents in Illinois, 1904 to 1908.................. Statistical analysis of fatal accidents in West Virginia, 1899 to 1908........ The fatal-accident rate in Pennsylvania, b y occupations............................ An estimate of the total loss of life in coal mines of North Am erica......... The use of explosives in mines........................................................................... Chronological account of the principal mine disasters.................................. Summary................................................................................................................. Appendix (29 tables)............................................................................................. Bibliography........................................................................................................... Recent action relating to employers’ liability and workmen’ s compensation, by Lindley D. Clark, A. M., L L. M .: Nature of liability and compensation systems................................................ Federal employers’ liability law ........................................................................ Statutes providing insurance............................................................................... Statutes providing for compensation................................................................. Proposed federal legislation................................................................................. United States Workmen’s Compensation Commission.................................. Attitude of state legislatures toward the compensation system.................. Massachusetts.................................................................................................. Illinois.............................................................................................................. Connecticut..................................................................................................... Wisconsin......................................................................................................... Minnesota and New Y ork............................................................................. New Jersey and O hio.................................................................................... Conferences of commissions................................................................................. Minnesota b ill......................................................................................................... Wisconsin b ill......................................................................................................... New York statutes................................................................................................. Report of New York commission........................................................................ Economic reasons for a compensation system.......................................... Attitude of employers and employees...................................................... Conclusions of the New York commission.............................................. Action b y employers and association of employers and of workmen......... United States Steel Corporation................................................................. International Harvester Company............................................................. National associations of employers............................................................. National Civic Federation.......................................................................... American Federation of Labor.................................................................... Legal principles in volved.................................................................................... Statutes.................................................................................................................... Essential features of a compensation law; Chicago conference of November, 1910............................................................................................................................... Summary of foreign workmen’ s compensation acts................................................ V Page. 470 476,477 477 477-480 480,481 481-486 486-557 557-577 577-609 609,610 610-612 612-614 615-622 623-671 671-674 675,676 676,677 677,678 678-680 680 680-683 683-688 684, 685 685,686 686 686 787 687,688 688 689, 690 690-692 693 693-698 693-697 697 697, 698 698-702 699 699,700 700,701 701 701,702 702-707 707-714 715-717 719-748 VI BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR. Cost of employers' liability and workmen's compensation insurance, b y Miles M. Dawson: In tro d u ctio n .......................................................................................................... Austria...................................................................................................................... Belgium.................................................................................................................... Denmark.................................................................................................................. Finland.................................................................................................................... France...................................................................................................................... G erm a n y..!............................................................................................................. Great Britain........................................................................................................... Ita ly .......................................................................................................................... Netherlands............................................................................................................. Norway..................................................................................................................... Sweden..................................................................................................................... Switzerland............................................................................................................. Canada...................................................................................................................... New Y ork..................................... United States.......................................................................................................... Decision of courts affecting labor: Decisions under statute law ................................................................................ Employer and employee— interference with relation— enticement— construction of statute (Abingdon Mills Co. v. Grogan).................... Employers’ liability—actions for injuries causing death—rights of alien beneficiaries (Cetofonte v. Camden Coke Co.)............................. Employers’ liability— contracts between Pullman company and rail way company—waiver of em ployee’s rights (San Antonio andAran sas Pass Ry. Co. v. Tracy)......................................................................... Em ployers’ liability—fellow-servant law— common carriers— consti tutionality of statute ( Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Ry. Co. v. Westby).......................................................................................................... Em ployers’ liability— inspection of factories— violations of statutes— defenses— construction (Caspar v. Lewin)............................................ Em ployers’ liability—railroad companies—hazards— construction of statute— constitutionality— classification (Louisville and Nashville R. R. Co. v. Melton).................................................................................. Em ployers’ liability—railroad companies—hazards—repair work— constitutionality of statute (Swoboda v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.). Laundries—registration— police regulations— constitutionality (Dis trict of Columbia v. Shong Lee)................................................................ Payment of wages—semimonthly pay day for railroad employees— constitutionality of statute (New York Central and Hudson River R. R. Co. v. Williams).............................................................................. Decisions under common law .............................................................................. Blacklisting—conspiracy— evidence (Rhodes v. Granby Cotton Mills) . Employer and employee— interference with relation— conspiracy to destroy trade (Globe and Rutgers Fire Insurance Co. v. Firemen’s Fund Fire Insurance Co.).......................................................................... Employers’ liability—fellow-servants—association theory (Louisville Ry. Co. v. Hibbitt)...................................................................................... Employers’ liability—safe place—low bridge over railroad track— rules— defenses (West v. Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Ry. Co.). Interference with contract of employment—procuring discharge— damages (Ruddy v. United Association of Journeymen Plumbers, etc., Local No. 24)............................................................................................... Labor organizations— closed-shop agreements— legality (Kissam v. United States Printing Co. of Ohio et al.; Mills et al. v. Same)........ page. 749-831 752-759 760 760-765 765-768 769-773 774-783 784-792 791-794 794-797 797-801 802-809 810-815 815-818 819-823 824-831 832-855 832,833 833,834 835 836,837 837-848 848-852 852-854 854 854,855 855-866 855-857 857-859 859-861 861-863 864,865 865,866 CONTENTS OF VOLUME 21. VII No. 91.— NOVEM BER, 1910. Working hours of wage-earning women in selected industries in Chicago, b y Marie L. Obenauer: Page. Introduction............................................................................................................ 867-871 The candy industry............................................................................................... 872-875 The paper-box industry....................................................................................... 875-880 Woman ticket agents of the elevated railways................................................ 880-882 Steam laundries...................................................................................................... 882-885 The clothing industry........................................................................................... 885-890 The corset industry............................................................................................... 890-891 Neighborhood department and small retail stores.......................................... 891-898 Hours and earnings in detail............................................................................... 898-915 Labor laws declared unconstitutional, b y Lindley D. Clark, A. M., LL. M.: Class of laws considered........................................................................................ 916,917 Basis of legislative action..................................................................................... 917,918 Constitutional restrictions.................................................................................... 918-922 Laws declared unconstitutional.......................................................................... 922-964 Laws affecting the contract of employm ent............................................. 925-927 Examination, registration, etc., of workmen........................................... 927-932 Employment of women and children........................................................ 932,933 Protection of local labor............................................................................... 933-936 Employment offices....................................................................................... 936,937 Rates of wages................................................................................................. 937-939 Mechanics’ liens............................................................................................. 939,940 Actions to recover wage debts..................................................................... 940,941 Garnishment and assignments of salaries and wages.............................. 942 Time of payment of wages........................................................................... 942-944 Payment of wages in scrip........................................................................... 944,945 Company stores............................................................................................... 945-947 947-951 Hours of labor.................... Sunday labor................................................................................................... 951,952 Liability of employers for injuries to employees.................................... 952-955 Inspection and safety of factories, workshops, etc................................. 956,957 Protection of employees on street railways.............................................. 957 Mine regulations............................................................................................. 957 Labor organizations....................................................................................... 958-960 Injunctions and contempts.......................................................................... 960-962 Arbitration of labor disputes....................................................................... 962 Protection of employees as voters.............................................................. 963 Cases cited....................................................................................................... 963,964 Old-age and invalidity pension laws of Germany, France, and Australia: Germany................................................................................................................ 965-1002 France.................................................................................................................. 1003-1021 Australia.............................................................................................................. 1022-1033 Review of labor legislation of 1910, b y Lindley D. Clark, A. M., LL. M.: Introduction........................................................................................................ 1034,1035 Commissions........................................................................................................ 1035-1037 Regulation of the contract of em ploym ent...................................................... 1037 Examination and licensing of workmen....................................................... 1037,1038 Public service......................................................................................................... 1038 Wages.................................................................................................................... 1039,1040 Hours of labor......................................................................................................... 1040 Sunday labor........................................................................................................... 1040 VIII BULLETIN OF TH E BUBEAU OF LABOR. Review of labor legislation of 1910—Concluded. Page. H olidays................................................................................................................... 1040 Inspection of factories, safety appliances, etc............................................. 1041,1042 Mine regulations................................................................................................. 1042,1043 Safety appliances, etc., on railroads.................................................................. 1043 Protection of employees on street railways.................................................. 1043,1044 Em ployment of children and women............................................................ 1044-1046 Employers’ liability and workmen’s compensation................................... 1046-1048 A cciden ts................................................................................................................. 1049 Retirement and pension funds............................................................................ 1049 Labor organizations............................................................................................... 1050 Civil rights of employees...................................................................................... 1050 Em ployment offices........................................................................................... 1050,1051 Bureaus of labor..................................................................................................... 1051 Convict labor........................................................................................................... 1051 Laws of various States relating to labor enacted since January 1, 1910: Illinois.................................................................................................................. 1052-1059 K entucky............................................................................................................. 1059-1061 Louisiana.................................................................................................................. 1062 Maryland.............................................................................................................. 1063-1072 Massachusetts...................................................................................................... 1072-1084 Mississippi................................................................................................................ 1084 New Jersey.......................................................................................................... 1084-1088 New Y ork ............................................................................................................ 1088-1109 O hio....................................................................................................................... 1110-1144 Oklahoma............................................................................................................. 1145,1146 Philippine Islands................................................................................................. 1146 Porto R ic o ................................................................................................................ 1147 Rhode Island...................................................................................................... 1147-1151 South Carolina........................................................................................................ 1152 Virginia................................................................................................................. 1152-1155 United States...................................................................................................... 1155-1159 Cumulative index of labor laws and decisions relating thereto....................... 1161-1196 Index to volume 21..................................................................................................... 1197-1209
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