Decisions of Courts Affecting Labor

Name: Decisions of Courts Affecting Labor
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The following is plain-text output generated by Optical Character Recognition. 54t h C o n g r e s s HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Doc No d Session J Part 3 BULLETIN OF THE NO 10 M A Y 1897 ISSUED EVERY OTHER MONTH E D IT ED BY CARROLL D WRIGHT COMM ISSIONER OREN W WEAVER CHIEF CLERK WASHINGTON G O V E R N M EN T P R IN T IN G O F F IC E CONTENTS Page Work and wages of men women and children Condition of the negro in various c itie s Building and loan associations Digest of recent reports of State bureaus of labor statistics Colorado Missouri Nebraska Digest of recent foreign statistical publications Decisions of courts affecting la b o r Recent Government contracts in BULLETIN OF THE D E P A R T M E N T OF LABOR No 10 WASHINGTON M a y WORK AND WAGES OF MEN WOMEN AND CHILDREN The Eleventh Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor entitled Work and Wages of Men Women and Children comprehends the results of an investigation relative to the comparative employment of men women and children at two periods of time and is made in accordance with a joint resolution of Congress approved August 1 1894 as follows Resolved by the Senate and Home of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled That the Commissioner of Labor be and he is hereby authorized and directed to investigate and make report upon the conditions attending the employment of women and children their wages earnings sanitary surround ings and cost of livin g the effect of various employments upon their health and longevity what measures are taken to protect their physical condition and to protect them from a c c id e n ts the rates of wages paid them in comparison with th e rates paid men and the effect if any their employment has had upon the wages and employment of men Provided That the investigation hereby authorized shall be carried out under the regular appropriations made for the Department of Labor Under the proviso that the above investigation should be carried out under the regular appropriations for the Department of Labor the offi cers of the Department were obliged to leave out some of the features authorized The Fourth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor dealt with the sanitary surroundings and cost of living of women and to some extent with the measures taken to protect their physical con dition It did not seem wise therefore to spend money at the present time in collecting further information upon such topics So the inves tigation undertaken the results of which are shown in the Eleventh Annual Report covers more specifically the employment and wages of women and children in comparison with the employment and wages of men in like occupations how far women and children are supersed ing men and the relative efficiency of men women and children when employed in doing like work BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR The difficulties surrounding the collection of information where such comparisons as those indicated are to be made are very great and of course it was impossible to cover the whole country that is to collect information from all industrial establishments yet the attempt was made with fair success to secure data from a sufficiently large number of representative establishments and persons and from nearly all the States in which mechanical industries are prominent The agents of the Department secured information through the schedule method from 1 067 establishments of various kinds located in 30 different States A total of 42 990 males and 51 539 females or an aggregate of 94 529 persons in all were found employed in these establishments during the former period and 68 380 males and 79 987 females or an aggregate of 148 367 persons during the present period By present l eriod in this report is meant some week in the period during which the canvass was made that is the years 1895 and 1896 and by former period is meant some week antedating by at least ten years the week selected in 1895 or 1896 To present this class of information seven general tables were necessary These tables are taken up separately and their chief points explained Table T Occupations and earnings of women and children and of men by industries and States The different establishments from whose pay rolls and officials information was secured in this investigation are given in this table classified according to industries and States For each establishment are given the occupations in detail with extended information as to the sex age and weekly earnings of the employees First for what has been designated as the former period and second for what has been designated as the present period Unless other wise stated the facts given comprise in each case information as to all the employees of the establishment and so far as wages are concerned the information was taken directly from pay rolls while the data relating to the age and efficiency of employees were secured from the proprietor himself or from a foreman bookkeeper or some other responsible employee designated by the proprietor The data for each occupation in each establishment comprise information as to the num ber of employees male and female classified as to age as 18 years or over or under 18 years whether working by time or jnece and their highest lowest and average earnings for the selected week at different periods which periods it should be borne in mind have been termed for brevity s sake the former period and the present period each covering one week s pay roll the former period being at least ten years prior to the present period The facts for each of these periods are placed in juxtaposition in the tables and afford a ready comparison as to the conditions at the two periods Considerable difficulty was experienced by the agents of the Depart ment in securing accurate information as to the earnings for a full week owing to the fact that many employees were not working full WORK AND WAGES OF MEN WOMEN AND CHILDREN 239 time although no note of it was to be found oil the j ay rolls This was especially true of piece workers of whose time no record was kept Every effort was made however to secure earnings for a full week and it is believed that this has been done quite generally in the case of time workers In the case of pieceworkers the same effort was made and although the assurance of full weekly earnings that is earnings for a full week s work was had in most cases still there is some reason to doubt the absolute accuracy of this assurance because of the fact that no record of time was usually kept in sucji cases but merely the quan tity of work performed and the earnings for the same In every case of doubt the establishment was entirely dropped from consideration and does not therefore appear in the report The following tables show a comparison of the persons employed at the two i eriods subdivided as to sex and as to whether 18 years of age or over or under 18 years of age PERSONS EM PLOYED A T T H E TWO PERIODS BY STATES Cno hundred and th irty sis establishm ents from which complete data could not bo secured have been excluded from consideration in this table State P resent period Former period E stab lish Females Females Males Males ments in volved 18 years U nder 18 18 years Under 18 18 years Under 18 18 years Under 18 or over years or over years or over years or over years A labam a Connecticut D elaw a re F lorida G eorgia Illin o is Io w a K en tu ck y L ouisiana M aine M ary lan d M assachusetts M ic h ig a n M innesota M ississippi M isso uri New J e rs e y New Y o r k N orth Carolina O h io P en n sylv an ia RliodoTsland South Carolina Tennessee V irginia W est V irg in ia W isco n sin T otal From this table have been excluded necessarily all establishments for which complete information as to age was not given The number of establishments included in the table is 931 situated in 27 different States The table shows that in the 931 establishments furnishing complete information 26 479 males 18 years of age or over were em ployed in the former period as against 43 195 in the present period 240 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 4 175 males under 18 years of age were employed in the former 7 540 being employed in the present period So far as females are concerned those 18 years of age or over numbered 27 163 in the former as against 45 162 in the present period and those under 18 years of age numbered 6 743 in the former as against 12 751 in the present period Similar details for the establishments located in each of the 27 States are shown by this table PERSONS EM PLOY ED A T T H E TWO PERIODS BY IN D U STR IE S One hundred and th irty six establishm ents from which complete data could not be secured have been excluded from consideration in th is table Industries Form er period P resent period E stab lish Males Females Males Females m ents in 18 years U nder 18 years U nder 18 years Under 18 years U nder volved or over 18 years or over 18 years or over 18 years or over 18 years Domestic and personal service M anufactures A wnings tents flags and s a ils Bags and bag g in g Bakery ana confec tionery p ro d u c ts Baking powder starch e t c Boots and shoes B o ttlin g Boxes p a p e r Boxes paper wooden and p lu s h Boxes w ooden Brooms and b ru sh es Burial cases and u n dertak ers supplies Buttons and buckles Canned and preserved fru its vegetables and m eats Carpets e tc Celluloid goods Cigars tobacco and sn u ff C lo th in g Coach trim m ings etc Coffee spice e tc Cordage tw in e e tc Corsets Cotton and woolen goods Cotton goods D ress and millinery trim m in g s Drugs medicines paints e tc Earthenw are and stone w are F eath er d u ste rs F u r and fur goods F urnishing goods shirts e tc F u rn itu re upholstery an a bedding Glassw are Gloves and m itten s H ardw are and cu tlery H ats caps e tc Hosiery k n it goods and u n d erw ear In k mucilage stove and shoe polish e tc Jew elry and plated w a r e J u te goo d s L eather and leather goods J WORK AND WAGES OF MEN WOMEN AND CHILDREN 241 PERSONS EM PLOYED A T T H E TWO PERIODS BY IN D U S T R IE S Concluded Industries M anufactures Concluded M atches Metallic goods Needles and p in s Optical g o o d s Overgaiters leggings e t c P aper and paper goods Photographs and pho tographic m aterials P rin t works dye works and b leach eries Printing publishing e t c Heeds harness e t c Rubber and elastic goods Silk and silk goods Soap candles grease e t c Tinw are and sheetmetal goods Umbrellas and parasols W ire and wire goods Wooden goods Woolen and worsted goods M iscellaneous Professional L ibrary M iscellaneous T rad e Books and statio n ery D ru g s D ry goods etc General m erchandise In su ran ce R a g s Sewing m achines M iscellaneous Total Form er period P resent period E stab lish Males Females Males Females m ents in18 years Under 18 years Under 18 years Under 18 years Under volved or over 18 years or over 18years or over 18y ears or over 18 years j i i This table is similar in form to the preceding one and includes the facts for the same establishments arranged by industries For the sake of brevity the specific industry headings as given in Table I of the report are here so grouped as to bring together establishments engaged in a similar class of work In order that these facts may be more clearly brought out and the comparison be made more easy the following tables have been drawn from the two preceding ones showing the increase and per cent of increase of persons employed at the two periods 242 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR IN CREA SE AND P E R CENT OF IN CREA SE OF PERSONS EM PLOYED A T T H E TWO PERIODS BY STATES Ouo hundred and thirty six establishm ents from w hich complete data could not be secured have been excluded from consideration in this table State Increase number Increase per cent E stab lish Males Females Males Fem ales m ents in volved 18 years Under 18 years U nder 18 years Under 18 years Under or over 18 years or over 18 years or over 18 years or over 18 years M isso u ri New Je rs e y New Y o r k N orth Carolina O h io P en n sy lv a n ia Rhode I s l a n d South C a ro lin a T e n n e sse e V ir g in ia W est V irg in ia W isco n sin C a G T o ta l A labam a C onnecticut F lo r id a G eorgia Illin o is Io w a K on tu ck y L o u isian a M a in e M ary lan d M assach u setts M ic h ig a n M in n eso ta T W ia is s iip p i a C a C a a a b 588 4 a INCREA SE A ND P E R CENT OF IN C R E A SE OF PERSONS EM PLOYED A T T H E TW O PERIOD S BY IN D U ST R IE S One hundred and th irty six establishm ents from which complete data could not be secured have been excluded from consideration in th is table Industries Increase number Increase per cent E stab lish Females Males Males Females m ents in volved 18 years Under 18 years Under 18 years U nder 18 years Under or over 18 years or over 18 years or over 18 years or over 18 years Domestic and personal se rv ice T M anufactures Awnings tents flags and sails Bags and bagging Bakery and confec tionery p ro d u cts Baking powder starch e t c Boots aud shoes B ottlin g Boxes p ap er Boxes paper wooden and p lu sh Boxes wooden Brooms and b ru sh es B urial cases and u n dertak ers su p p lies B uttons and b u ck les Canned and preserved fru its vegetables and m eats Carpets e tc Celluloid goods Cigars tobacco and sn u ff a Decrease b No employees a b C a 17 a a 100 0 a a a a b a a b 57 i in th is class in former period henco percentage can not he computed WORK AND WAGES OF MEN WOMEN AND CHILDREN 243 IN C R E A SE A N D P E R CERT OF INCREA SE OF PERSONS EMPLOYED ETC Concluded Industries M anufactures Concluded C lo th in g Coach trim m ings e tc Coffee spice etc Cordage twine e t c Corsets Cotton and woolen goods Cotton goods Dress and m illinery trim m in g s Drugs medicines paints e t c E arthenw are and stonew are F eath er d u ste rs E u r and fu r goods F u rn ish in g goods shirts e tc F urniture upholstery and bedding G lassw are Gloves and m itten s H ardw are and cutlery H ats caps e tc Hosiery k n it goods and underw ear In k mucilage stove and shoe polish etc Jew elry and plated w a r e J u te goods L eather and leather goods M a tc h e s M etallic g o o d s Needles and p in s Optical g o o d s Overgaiters leggings e t c Paper and paper goods Photographs and pho tographic m a te ria ls P rin t works dye works and hleaclieries P rinting publishing e t c jRceds harness etc Eubber and elastic goods Silk and silk goods Soap candles grease etc Tinw are and sheetm etal goods Umbrellas and parasols W ire and wire goods Wooden goods Woolen and worsted goods M iscellaneous P rofessional L ib rary Miscellaneous T rad e Books and stationery D ru g s Drv goods e tc General m erchandise In su ran ce Increase number Increase per cent E stab lish Males Females Males Females ments in 18 years Under 18 years Under 18 years Under 18 years Under volved or over 18 years or over 18years or over 18 years or over 18 years a a a a a a 42 9 b a a b i a a a ll a al a a a a a a a a2 50 68 a L a 16 a al 102 6 a 26 2 a a a a C Sewing m achines M iscellaneous T o ta l C a Decrease 6 346 al 7 b a b No employees in tliis class in former period lienee percentage can not be computed 244 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Taking up the totals for these tables which represent the increase and per cent of increase of persons in the 931 establishments over the former period we see that the male employees 18 years of age or oyer increased 16 716 or 63 1 per cent while the female employees 18 years of age or over increased 17 999 or 66 3 per cent The male employees under 18 years of age increased 3 365 or 80 6 per cent and the female employees under 18 years of age increased 6 008 or 89 1 per cent The two following tables show the conjugal condition of the female employees of the establishments included in this investigation CONJUGAL CONDITION OF FE M A L E EM PLOYEES BY STATES Form er period State A la b a m a C o n n ecticu t D elaw are F lo rid a Georgia I llin o is In d ian a I o w a K e n tu c k y L o u is ia n a M a in e M aryland M assachusetts M ichigan M innesota M ississippi M issouri New Ham pshire New Je rs e y New Y o r k N orth C arolina O hio P en n sy lv an ia R h o d e ls la n d South C arolina T en n essee V erm ont V irg in ia W est V irg in ia W isco nsin P resent period W id DiWid DiU n Single M ar owed vorced 1 Un 1Total Single M ar owed vorced known T otal ried known ried i T o ta l i j This table as the heading indicates deals with the conjugal condi tion of female employees showing by States the number of single married widowed and divorced women at each of the two periods and the number whose conjugal condition was reported as unknown The total shows that for the present period out of an aggregate of 79 987 women or 88 7 per cent were single 6 775 or 8 5 per cent mar ried 2 011 or 2 5 per cent widowed 36 or less than one tenth of 1 per cent divorced and 244 or 0 3 per cent unknown For the former period out of a total of 51 539 women or 63 6 per cent were single 1 357 or 2 6 per cent married 498 or 1 per cent widowed 4 or less than one tenth of 1 per cent divorced and 16 879 or 32 8 per cent unknown The large per cent of unknown detracts considerably from the value of the figures for the former period for comparative pur poses It is not surprising however that information as to the conjugal condition of employees ten or more years ago was not obtainable 245 WORK AND WAGES OP MEN WOMEN AND CHILDREN CONJUGAL CONDITION OF FE M A L E EMPLOYEES BY IN DUSTRIES Form er period Industries Domestic and personal service M anufactures Awnin gs tents flags and sails Bags and bagging B akery and confec tionery p ro d u cts Baking powder starch e t c Boots and shoes B o ttlin g Boxes p ap er Boxes paper wooden and p lu sh Boxes wooden Brooms and bru sh es Burial cases and undertakers sup plies Buttons and b u ckles Canned and pre served fruits veg etables and m e a ts Carpets e tc Celluloid goods Cigars tobacco and snuff C lothing Coach trimmings e tc Coffee spice e t c Cordage twine etc C o rsets Cotton and woolen goods Cotton g o o d s D ress and millinery trim m in g s Drugs medicines paints e t c E arthenw are and sto n e w are F eath er d u s te rs F u r and fu r goods F urn ish in g goods shirts etc F u rn itu re uphol stery and bedding G lassw are Gloves and m itten s Hardware and cu t lery Hats caps e tc Hosiery k n it goods and u n d erw ear In k mucilage stove and shoe polish etc Jew elry and plated w are J u te goods L eather and leather goods M atch es Metallic goods Needles and p in s Optical goods Overgaiters leg gings etc P aper and paper goods Photographs and photographic ma terials P rin t works dye works and bleacheries P rinting publishing e tc Reeds harness e tc Rubber and elastic goods P resent period Sin M ar W id Di U n S in Mar Wid DiU n gle ried owed vorced known Total gle ried owed vorced known jTotal i i i2i i i I X 20 I 1 I BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR CONJUGAL CONDITION OF FEM A LE EM PLOYEES BY IN D U STR IE S Concluded Form er period Industries P resent period U n Sin M ar W id D i U n Sin Mar Wid Digle ried owed forced known xoiai gle ried owed vorced known M anufactures Con cluded Silk and silk goods 1 280 Soap candles grease 129 e t c Tinw are and siieetmetal goods Um brellas and para 56 sols W ire and w ire goods97 Wooden goods Woolen and worsted goods M iscellaneous Professional 44 L ib rary M iscellaneous T rad e 11 Books and stationery 31 D r u g s Dry goods etc General merchandise 31 In s u ra n c e I i a g s Sewing m achines 111 M iscellaneous rn f0 i ioo T o ta l This table is similar in form to the preceding one the data which in that table was given by States being here arranged by industry groups Summarizing these figures so far as the present period is concerned by general industry heads we have the following table showing the number and per cent of persons of each conjugal condition under each general industry head CONJUGAL CONDITION OF FE M A L E EM PLOYEES A T PRESENT PERIOD BY GEN ER A L IN D U STR Y HEADS General in d u stry licads Domestic and personal service N u m b e r P e r c e n t M anufactures N u m b e r P er c e n t Professional N u m b e r P er c e n t Trade N u m b e r P e r c e n t All industries N u m b e r P er c e n t Single U n Married Widowed Divorced known T o ta l The foregoing analysis of Table I of the Eleventh Annual Eeport and Table I itself comprehend it must be remembered the facts for the establishments from which information was obtained under this special investigation and the number of people only who were employed in those establishments While they are fairly representative of gen eral conditions one studying them must not make the mistake of assuming that they relate to all the persons employed in the whole 247 WORK AND WAGES OF MEN WOMEN AND CHILDREN country In order that the student of this report may have the facts as to occupation sex etc for the whole country some special tables have been constructed from the results of the Eleventh Census and are brought into this report for general comparative purposes The two short tables following show the number and percentage of males and females 10 years of age or over in the United States engaged in each class of occupations not only at the census of 1890 but at the censuses of 1870 and 1880 NUM BER OF M A LES AND FEM A LES 10 T E A R S OF AGE OR OVER IN T H E UN ITED STATES A T T H E CENSUSES OF AND 1890 B T CLASSES OF OCCUPATIONS 1870 Classes of occupations A griculture fisheries and m in in g Professional se rv ic e Domestic and personal service Trade and tran sp o rtatio n M anufacturing and mechanical indus tries Males j 1880 Females j Males Females Males Females A ll occupations jl PER C E N TA G E OF M ALES AND FEM A LES 10 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN TH E U N ITE D STATES A T T H E CENSUSES OF AND 1800 B T CLASSES OF OCCUPATIONS Males Classes of occupations Females Males Females Males Females A griculture fisheries and m in in g Professional serv ice Domestic and personal service Trade and tran sp o rtatio n M anufacturing and mechanical indus tries Cl C A ll occupations From these tables it will be seen that the proportion of females 10 years of age or over employed in all occupations in the United States rose in its relation to the whole number employed from 14 68 per cent in 1870 to 17 22 per cent in 1890 while the males decreased in propor tion from 85 32 per cent in 1870 to 82 78 per cent in 1890 fully corrobo rating the facts obtained in the present investigation that the females are to some extent entering into places at the expense of the males The causes for this state of affairs will be referred to later on under the appropriate table Looking at particular classes of occupations we find that the propor tion of females engaged in agriculture fisheries and mining rose from 6 47 per cent in 1870 to 7 54 per cent in 1890 5 in professional service from 24 86 per cent to 33 01 per cent but in domestic and personal service there was a drop from 42 09 per cent in 1870 to 38 24 per cent in 18S0 and a corresponding gain in the proportion of males to the whole number employed from 57 91 per cent in 1870 to 61 76 per cent in 1890 In trade and transportation the females show the largest gain it being from 1 61 per cent in 1870 to 6 87 per cent in 1890 This is due to the entry of women into employment as clerks in the trade and transpor tation departments of business There has also been a very large gain 248 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR in the proportion of females engaged in manufacturing and mechanical industries the percentage being 14 44 in 1870 and 20 18 in 1890 The males on the other hand have dropped in proportion from 85 56 per cent in the former year to 79 82 per cent in the latter The fact is abso lutely demonstrated therefore that the proportion of females taking all the occupations in the country into consideration is gradually in creasing The two tables following give the numbers and percentages for principal occupations taking those in which large numbers only are employed The tables should be used in the same way as the two pre ceding ones NUM BER OF MALES A N D FEM A LE S 10 T E A R S OF A G E OR OVER IN T H E U N IT E D STATES A T T H E CENSUSES OF AND 1890 IN P R IN C IP A L OCCUPATIONS 1870 Occupations Males Fem ales Males Females Males Females AGRICULTURE FISHERIES AND MINING A gricultural laborers Farm ers planters and overseers PROFESSIONAL SERVICE A rtists and teachers of a r t M usicians and teachers of m usic Professors and teachers Boarding and lodging house keepers 5 725 Hotel restaurant and saloon keep ers and bartenders Laborers not specified Launderers and lau n d resses N urses and m idw ives Servants e a DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION Agents claim commission etc and collectors Bookkeepers clerks and salesmen c M erchants and dealers P ackers and shippers Telegraph and telephone operators d id MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES B ookbinders Boot and shoem akers and rep aire rs Box m ak ers Carpet m ak ers Clock and w atch m akers and repairers Confectioners Corset m a k e rs Cotton mill operatives Dressm akers milliners seamstresses e t c H a t and cap m a k e rs H osiery and k n ittin g m ill operatives M ill and factory operatives not spec ified Paper m ill operatives P rin ters compositors e tc Rubber factory operativ es Silk mill operatives Tailors and tailoresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen m ill operatives g 4 109 g h h a Teachers and scientific persons b Includes housekeepers and stew ards c Includes stenographers and typew riters d N o t separately returned e Clock makers e75 In c lu d e s sewing machine operators and shirt collar and cuff m akers g Seam stresses included w ith Tailors and tailoresses h Tailors tailoresses and seam stresses 249 WORK AND WAGES OP MEN WOMEN AND CHILDREN PER C E N TA G E OE M A LES AND F E M A L E S 10 T E A R S OF A GE OR OYER IN T H E U N IT E D STATES A T T H E CENSUSES OF AND 1890 IN P R IN C IP A L OCCU PA TIO N S Occupations M a le s F e m a le s M a le s F e m a le s M a le s F e m a le s AGRICULTURE FISHERIES AND MINING A gricultural laborers Farmers planters and o v erseers a a PROFESSIONAL SERVICE M rtists and teachers of a r t Ausicians and teachers of m usic Professors and teach ers DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE Hoarding and lodging house keepers Hotel restaurant and saloon keep ers and b arten d ers Laborers not specified Launderers and laundresses N urses and mid w ives Servants d d c TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION A gents claim commission etc and collectors Bookkeepers clerks and salesmen e M erchants and d e a le rs Packers and shippers Telegraph and telephone o p erators MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES Bookbinders Boot and shoe m akers and repairers Box m a k e rs Carpet m akers Clockand w atch m akers and repairers Confectioners Corset m ak ers Cotton mill o peratives Dressmakers milliners seamstresses etc H a t and cap m a k e rs Hosiery and k n ittin g m ill operatives Mill and factory operatives not spec ified Paper m ill operatives P rin ters compositors e t c Rubber factory operatives Silk mill operatives Tailors an a ta ilo re sse s Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill o p erativ es g g f t ft a Teachers and scientific persons b Includes housekeepers and stewards c Includes stenographers and typew riters edNot separately returned e Clock makers 179 No 6i or I n c lu d e s sewing machine operators and shirt collar and cun makers g Seamstresses included w ith Tailors and tail oresses ft Tailors tailoresses and seamstresses 250 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR That the conjugal condition of females 10 years of age or over engaged in each great class of occupations may be ascertained the following table has been drawn from census results NUM BER AND PER CEN TA G E OE FEM A LES 10 T E A R S OF AGE OR OYER IN T H E U N ITE D STATES A T T H E CENSUS OF 1890 BY CLASSES OF OCCUPATIONS AND CONJUGAL CONDITION Single and unknown Classes of occupations M arried Widowed Divorced Num P er Num Per Num P er N um P er ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent Agriculturo fisheries and m ining Professional service Domestic and personal service Trade and tran sp o rtatio n M anufacturing and mechanical in dustries A ll occupations j6D Total There is much discussion as to the number and percentage of married women employed in industrial pursuits The foregoing table gives the facts It is found that the married women constitute 13 16 per cent of all the women engaged in the occupations of the country The largest percentage in any one class of occupations is found in agriculture fish eries and mining where it is 22 51 This is due largely to the fact that in agriculture there are a great many colored women employed The smallest percentage of married women 6 94 is to be found in profes sional service while in manufacturing and mechanical industries 10 68 per cent are married This percentage corroborates the observations of many investigators of the subject It has rarely been given as over 10 That the number and percentage of females by conjugal condition may be known for i rincipal occupations at the census of 1890 the fol lowing table is inserted NUM BER AND PER C E N TA G E OF FEM A LE S 10 T E A R S OF A GE OR OVER IN T H E U N ITE D STA TES ENGAGED IN P R IN C IP A L OCCUPATIONS A T T H E CENSUS OF 1890 BY CONJUGAL CONDITION Single and unknown M arried Widowed Divorced Occupations Num P er N um Per N um P er N um P er ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent Total AGRICULTURE FISHERIES AND MINING A gricultural lab o rers Farm ers planters and o v ersee rs PROFESSIONAL SERVICE A rtists and teachers of a r t M usicians and teachers of m usic Professors and teach ers DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SEPvVICE Boarding and lodging house keepers H otel restaurant anil saloon keepers and b arten d ers Housekeepers and stew ardesses Laborers not specified L au n d resse s Nurses and m iclwives S erv an ts i C WORK AND WAGES OF MEN WOMEN AND CHILDREN 251 NUM BER A N D PER CEN TA G E OF FEM A LES 10 T E A R S OF AGE OR OYER IN TH E U N IT E D STA TES ENGAGED IN P R IN C IP A L OCCUPATIONS E TC C oncluded Single and unknown Occupations M arried Widowed Divorced Num Per Num Per Num Per Num P er ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent Total TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION A gents claim commission etc and collectors Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and c o p y ists M erchants and d ealers Packers and s h ip p e rs Saleswomen Stenographers and ty p e w rite rs Telegraph and telephone o perators i LI S MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES B ookbinders Boot and shoo m akers and repairers Box m a k e rs Carpet m a k e rs Clock and w atch m akers and repair ers C onfectioners Corset m akers Cotton mill o p e ra tiv e s D ressm akers H at and cap m akers Hosiery and k n ittin g m ill operatives Mill and factory operatives not specified M illiners Paper mill op erativ es P rinters compositors e t c Rubber factory o p erativ es Seam stresses Sewing machine o p e ra to rs Shirt collar and cuff m akers Silk mill oi eratives T ailoresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatic es W oolen mill operatives The following table compiled from the censuses of and 1800 is given in order that a comparison may be made of the proportion of children at work at the three census years NUMBER AND P E R CENT OF CH ILDREN A T WORK A T TH E T H R E E CENSUS YEARS AND 1890 Census years and classification of ages Males Females Total Total children 10 to 15 years of age inclusive Number of above a t w ork Per cent of above a t w o rk S0 Total children 10 to 15 years of age inclusive Number of above a t w ork Per cent of above a t work Total children 10 to 14 years of age inclusive Number of above at w ork Per cent of above a t w ork 252 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR This table shows that at the census of per cent of children from 10 to 15 years of age were at work A t the census of 1880 the proportion of children from 10 to 15 years of age at work was consider ably larger being 16 82 per cent It is impossible to carry this com parison to the census of 1890 owing to the different age groups used there the group under consideration including only those children from 10 to 14 years of age The total children from 10 to 15 years of age at the census of 1870 was the number at the census of 1880 was an increase of 18 65 per cent If the number of children had increased in the same proportion between the censuses of 1880 and 1890 there would have been children from 10 to 15 years of age at the census of 1890 The number given in the table as being from 10 to 14 years of age is If the assumption is correct that the increase in the total number of children between 1870 and 1880 was maintained between 1880 and 1890 we see that the num ber of children 15 years of age which were included in 1870 and 1880 but excluded in 1890 would be and of an age that would show a larger proportion at work than at any of the other five years included in the age group If further of all the children 10 to 15 years of age the same per cent were at work in 1890 as in 1880 the number at work in 1890 would be and as it is known that 603 013 of those 10 to 14 years of age were at work the conclusion would be that out of 856 103 children 15 years of age or 84 57 per cent were at work The probability that a very much smaller per cent of the children 15 years of age were at work leads to the conclusion that the per cent of all children at work decreased materially between 1880 and 1890 Table I I Relative efficiency of women and children and of men engaged in the same occupations by establishments In 436 of the establishments canvassed the agents of the Department were able to secure data as to the relative efficiency of women and children and of men working at the same occupations These data are confined wholly to the present period and represent the best judgment of the best informed officials or foremen of each establishment In many cases however in which the same occupation admits of two grades of work there is no doubt that women and children perform the lighter while the men perform the heavier grades Where such difference has been specified by the proprietor or foreman the distinction has been made by attaching the words heavy work and light work to the occupation name but there is reason to believe that such differences exist in cases where no note was made Table I I I Comparison of rates of pay of women and children and of men of the same grade of efficiency This table is drawn from Table II and includes only those instances in which men and women are indi cated as having the same degree of efficiency It therefore furnishes a more ready comparison as to the compensation of women and children and of men of the same occupation and of the same grade of efficiency WORK AND WAGES OF MEN WOMEN AND CHILDREN 253 The following table including the instances shown in Table III in which men and women or men and children of the same grade of effi ciency and working at the same occupation are brought in comparison classifies and summarizes these instances by industries showing the number of instances in which women earn more than men the number in which men earn more than women the number in which men and women earn the same wages the number in which children earn more than men the number in which men earn more than children and the number in which men and children earn the same wages In addition to the number of instances there is also shown in the form of a per cent how much more is earned in each instance or number of instances reported The table follows COMPARISON OF A V ERA G E EA RN IN G S OF PERSONS OF T H E SAME OCCUPATION AND GRADE OF E FF IC IE N C Y Women earn more than men Industries Domestic and personal service L au n d ry R e sta u ra n t M anufactures Bags and bagging Bakery and confectionery p ro d u cts Boots and shoes Boxes p ap er Boxes wooden Brooms and brushes Burial cases and undertakers su p p lie s Buttons and b uckles Canned and preserved fruits vegetables and m eats Carpets e tc Cigars tobacco and sn u ff Clothing Cotton and woolen goods Cotton goods Dress and m illinery trim m ings Drugs medicines paints e tc Earthenware and stonew are F u r and fu r g o o d s F urnishing goods s h irts e tc F u rn itu re upholstery and bedding G lassw are Gloves and m itten s Hardware and c u tle ry H ats caps e tc Hosiery k n it goods and u n derwear Jew elry and plated w a r e Ju te goods Leather and leather goods M atch es Metallic goods Needles and p in s Paper and paper goods Photographs and photo graphic m aterials P rin t works dye works and b leach eries P rinting publishing etc Rubber and elastic goods Children Men earn Men earn In In more than stances earn more more than stances than men women children in in which which men m en and and In P er In P er women In P er In P er children stan cent stan cent earn stan j cent stan cent earn tne ces the same same wages wages S BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COMPARISON OF A V ERA G E E A R N IN G S OF PERSONS OF T H E SAME OCCUPATION AND GRADE OF E F F IC IE N C Y Concluded Children Mon cam Men earn In In more th an stances earn more moro than stances than men children women in in which which men men and and I n P er I n P er women I n P er In P er children earn earn stan cent stan cent stan cent stan cent the the ces ces ces ces same same wages wages Women earn more than men Industries M anufactures Concluded Silk and sillc goods Tinw are and sheet metal goods Wooden goods Woolen and worsted goods M iscella n eo u s Professional Tiilyrary T rad e Rooks and statio n ery D ry goods etc General m erchandise In s u ra n c e Sowing m achines M iscellaneous G T o ta l Looking at the table it is seen that under the head of Domestic and personal s e r v i c e t h e laundry industry is given In this industry men and women of the same degree of efficiency worked at the same occupation in four instances in each of which the men were paid more than the women earning an average of 23 per cent more in the four instances Men were found working with children of the same grade of efficiency and at the same occupation in one instance in which case the men received nearly 93 per cent more pay than the children In both of these comparisons it must be remembered that notwithstand ing the greater pay received by the men they were engaged at identic ally the same work as the women and children and were considered by the proprietors or foremen of the establishments involved as pos sessing no greater degree of fitness or efficiency Taking up the totals shown we see that out of 782 instances in which men and women work at the same occupation and perform their work with the same degree of efficiency men receive greater pay in 595 or 70 1 per cent of the instances and women receive greater pay in 129 or 10 5 per cent while in 58 instances or 7 4 per cent they receive the same pay for the same work The men receive 50 1 per cent greater pay than the women in the 595 instances in which they are given greater j ay while the women receive but 10 3 per cent greater pay in the 129 instances in which they are paid higher wages Out of the 228 instances in which men and children persons under 18 years of age work at the same occupation with a like degree of efficiency men receive greater pay in 182 or 79 8 per cent of the instances and children receive greater pay in 24 or 10 5 per cent while in 22 instances or 9 7 per cent they receive the WORK AND WAGES OF MEN WOMEN AND CHILDREN 255 same pay for tlie same work performed witli the same degree of efficiency Tlie men receive 57 7 per cent greater pay than the children in tlie 182 instances in which they are paid more while the children receive but 8 6 per cent greater pay in the 24 instances in which they are paid higher wages Table IV Reasons fo r the employment of icomen and girls This table arranged by States and industries shows the reasons given by the proprietors of the various establishments why they employ women and girls in preference to men In one column of this table is stated their opinion as to whether or not the employment of women and girls is increasing in the industry in which their establishment is engaged The reasons for the preference for women are variously given the most common being their greater adaptability for the work for which they are employed It is also stated that they are more reliable more easily controlled cheaper more temperate more easily procurable neater more rapid more industrious more careful more polite less liable to strike learn more rapidly etc One of these reasons or two or more combined is given for each establishment It would naturally be supposed that where it was stated in one col umn of the table that women were preferable to men because better adapted cheaper or by virtue of any of the other reasons given the answer as to the increasing tendency toward the employment of women in that industry would be in the affirmative for if women are better adapted etc why would there not be an increasing tendency to their employment The following reasons have been given by proprietors to tho agents of the Department why a negative answer is not incon sistent in such cases Machinery is gradually displacing them in many industries as more automatic work is done by machines than formerly very often women who are better adapted and cheaper are unreliable their physical strength is inadequate for heavy work females have always been employed in certain occupations men not being fitted for them and never engaging in them women can be employed only in certain occupations very scarce and hard to find suitable women men do better work than women and if they were fitted for and under stood certain work they would be preferred women in many instances can not be depended upon some industries largely employing women are gradually being forced out of business by the changes in fashion notably the fancy plush box trade is being superseded by celluloid boxes the Cigar Makers Union opposes the employment of women Table V First employment of women and occupations in which em ployed This table arranged by States and industries shows for each establishment the date at which women were first employed there and the occupations in which they were employed Table VI Hours per weelc worhed in establishments reporting by States Complete data as to the hours per week worked in the different establishments could not be obtained quite a number of establish 256 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR ments failing to report This table furnishing the data as to hours per week worked at the former period and at the present period by the establishments reporting as to this question is chiefly valuable for its relation to Table I enabling the reader to consider hours per week worked in connection with the occupations wages and other informa tion furnished there It has therefore been tabulated in the order followed there for convenience in reference Table V II Occupations followed by women and girls by industries This table if it may be so called is given chiefly to enable the reader to refer readily to the varied occupations in which women and girls are engaged While of course not complete in the sense of embracing every occupation at which women and girls are employed it furnishes the results so far as this investigation is concerned A s will be seen by a study of Table I most of the industrial States were covered and the number of industries represented is quite large embracing almost all at which women and girls are employed to any great extent CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES INTRODUCTION The present investigation is one of a series which the Department of Labor has in contemplation in relation to the social and economic con dition of the negro The data from which the following tables were compiled were gathered exclusively by representative colored men and women undei the direction of Mr George G Bradford of Boston Mass one of the trustees of Atlanta University Atlanta Ga who invited the Department of Labor to cooperate with him in the work and undertake the tabulation and publication of the data thus secured The investigation was begun in February 1896 by three colored men graduates of Atlanta University one Joseph E Smith a minister in Chattanooga Tenn another R R Wright a college president in Savannah Ga and the third Butler R Wilson a lawyer in Boston Mass and was styled by its authors the Atlanta University City Problem Investigation The purpose of the investigation was originally to determine the causes of the excessive mortality among negroes in the above cities and also to discover whether the mortality was on the increase or decrease and if certain measures of reform which had been introduced had been effective or not In May 1896 a conference on the subject of Negro mortality in cities was held at Atlanta University being the first of a series of annual conferences to be held there for the Study of city problems as affecting the negro The facts brought out at that conference were so suggestive that it was voted to continue the investigation for another year on the same subject A committee was appointed consisting of three of the graduates one of the teachers and one of the board of trustees the latter a Northern man The university undertook the general direction of the investigation but it was decided that the work of gathering the data should be left exclusively to colored men and be wholly voluntary These two restrictions added very much to the difficulty of prosecut ing the investigation but increased its effectiveness as it secured the attention and interest of the leading colored men of the country upon whom would depend the success of any practical measures of reform that might be suggested by the results of the investigation There were invited to take part in the investigation about 50 gradu ates of Atlanta University 30 of Fisk University and 15 of the col ored graduates of Berea besides the prominent colored doctors minis ters lawyers and teachers of the States of Georgia South Carolina Alabama and Tennessee including representatives from all the more BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR prominent institutions for tlie higher education of the negro In all something over 300 were invited of whom about 100 volunteered and of the latter 50 were able to complete their part of the investigation within the time allowed them which unfortunately was very short The investigation was carried to completion in 18 cities all except one of which are located in the Southern States The effort to secure schedules for several groups of colored people in each of the smaller cities and for a larger number of groups in cities of greater size and imxiortance was quite successful as the following tables show Great care was taken in the selection of groups and in securing data in Atlanta Ga Nashville Tenn and in Cambridge Mass and it is to the tabulation for these cities that we must look for the most representative and accurate showing of the condition of the negro so far as this inves tigation is concerned The tabulation of the data for 32 groups in the other cities canvassed is presented mainly for the value it may have in corroborating the facts presented for the 16 groups in Atlanta the 10 groups in Nashville and the single group in Cambridge The data for the 32 groups in other cities have doubtless been gathered with quite as much care in most cases but the same care could not be exercised in the selection of the 32 groups to be investigated as in the cities for which a separate statement is made Allusion has been made to groups in some of the previous state ments and an explanation is probably necessary in order that the reader may have an accurate knowledge of just what is meant by the term in this connection It was not j ossible to secure data from any largo portion of the population or for any large section of the cities involved in the investigation owing to the fact that in no instance was there any remuneration given to investigators for the work per formed it being purely voluntary and usually performed by persons with so many other interests that but a part of their time could be devoted to this work For this reason it was decided to select one or more groups of from 10 to 20 houses standing together in the portions of the city which were thought to be reiiresentative of the various conditions of the negro in that locality Each of these collections of houses has been termed a group The following table shows in detail the number of groujis and of families and individuals for each city represented in the tabulations NUM BER OF GROUPS F A M IL IE S AND IN D IV ID U A L S CANVASSED City am i In d i Groups Flies viduals Aflantn Gn Nashville T e n n Cambridge M ass Savannah G a W ashington D C Macon G a Jacksonville F la Columbia S C Tiirmin rrhom Ala Tuskegee A la IG G 08 96 G City In d i Groups Fam i viduals lies Orangeburg S O Sanford F l a A thens G a Cartersvillo G a Louisville K y Macon M iss Chattanooga T enn Jackson T enn T o ta l CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES 259 Great credit is due to the investigators for their work in the investi gation for through them its success has been possible As previously stated they are all representative colored persons The following state ment shows in detail the name of each person engaged in the work of securing the data the groups investigated by each and the location of each group IN V ESTIG A TO R S AND LOCATION OF GROUPS Investigators Group num ber Locality Athens Ga Dr C S H ay n es A tlanta Ga Selena S B u tle r Emma L Holm es L aura C D avis Lilia E Bad ger and M ary E B rittain M ary F P u ilin Prof W illiam B M atthew s Prof W illiam B M atthew s D r H R B u tle r George A Towns and A drienne E H erndon J u lia M Brown M attie A F o rd Alice D Carey Georgia S K in g Rev H enry H Proctor Nellie E Crawford M ary E K eller P arts of Rockspring Broad Reese and Billup streets W est Athens 1 P a rt of A uburn avenue W heat street F o u rth W ard P a rt of Howell street F ourth Ward P a rt of P ark s street F ourth Ward P a rt of Logan s alley F ourth W ard P arts of Tatnall Markham W alnut Beckwith and H igh streets F irs t W ard G P a rt of Lyons avenue F ourth W ard 7 P a r t of Lyons avenue F ourth W ard 8 Houston street from Butler street to Bell street F ourth W ard 9 P a rt of W est M itchell street and one house on Tatnall street F irs t W ard 10 P a rt of M arkham street F irs t W ard 11 P a rt of Vino and Diamond streets F irs t W ard 12 P a rt of A ir Line street F ourth W ard 13 Boaz street from B utler street to Bell street F o u rth W ard 14 P arts of Lynch Tolbert and H arrison alleys D ecatur street section 15 P arts of Sunset avenue and J e tt street F irst W ard 10 P arts of Green s F erry avenue and Chapel street w est side Birmingham Ala D r A M Brow n Dr A M Brow n P arts of Sixteenth street north and Sixth avenue w est end north side P arts of Sixteenth street avenues F and G south side Cambridge Mass B uller R W ilson P arts of Gray place and Hastings W ashington Union Columbia Howard Brewery Clarke Portland Davis School Murdock Bristol Snowden and Lynde streets and corner Ham pshire and Windsor streets Lower Cambridgeport 2 P arts of Barton and Carter streets F ourth W ard Carlersville Ga A lbert E C ooper Chattanooga Tcnn Rev Joseph E Sm ith P a rt of E ast E ighth street Seventh W ard P a rts of Lumber street northeastern section P arts of Sumter and W heat streets northeastern section P arts of Blossom and Gates streets southwestern section Columbia S C Dr C C Jo h n s o n Dr C C Jo h n so n Dr C C Jo h n so n Jackson Tenn Prof A R M erry P a rt of Shannon street South Jackson P arts of Davis and Lee streets B urbridge addition north ern section P arts of Cedar E ast Beaver E ast Union Julia Lee M ar ket W est Church W est Ashley W est Orange W est State and W est Union streets northw estern section P arts of C harles Dora and P ark streets Brooklyn Jacksonville Fla Dr W C Smalls Rev W E Partee and L B Robin son 5 Prof W illiam F Ja c k so n 260 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR IN Y ESTIGATORS AND LOCATION OF GROUPS Concluded Investigators Group num ber Locality Louisville K y Prof F ran k L W illiam s M agazine street between Tw enty third and Twenty fifth streets and Tw enty fourth street between Magazine and Broadway streets southw estern section M acon Ga Dr C Dr C Dr C Dr C M cCarthy M cCarthy M cC arthy M cC arthy Cole alley w estern section Tracey bottom Reynold s alley N ot reported M acon M iss 8 N ortheastern section Prof Eugene H a rris Prof Eugene H a rris P arts of Addison avenue and Blank Hamilton and Jam es streets northw estern section T hird W ard P a rts of B lank and P a rk streets northw estern sec tion T hird Ward P a rts of Ham ilton and W atkins streets northw estern section P a rts of G rant and Ham ilton streets P olk alley and alley rear Jackson northw estern section P arts of Jackson and P hillips streets northw estern sec tion P a rts of H arding and P hillips streets northw estern sec tion P arts of Alameda Hefferman and Jefferson streets W est Nashville P a rts of Alameda Morena and Salem streets W est N ash ville P arts of Albion Batavia Herman Morena and Salem streets W est Nashville Herm an street west of Tweed M ount Nebo Dr Daniel W Sherrod N ashville Tenn Prof Eugene H a r ris Prof Eugene H a rris Prof Eugene H a rris Prof Eugene H a rris Prof Eugene H arris Prof Eugene H arris Prof Eugene H a rris Hon J C N apier Orangeburg S C N J F red erick an d Chas H Johnson F ra n k B Johnson P a rts of Peasley street and Railroad avenue 10 P a rt of Treadwell street S a n fo rd F la W illiam C M cL ester P arts of Cypress Hickory Pine and Sanford avenues eastern section 11 Savannah Ga Dr C M c K an e Sarah J B u tler Rev R R D ow ns Rev R R D ow ns Rev R R Dow ns P arts of T enth and Eleventh streets east southeastern section or Southville 21 P arts of Bolton Street Lane Burroughs and W aldburg i streets w estern section E llis W ard 25 P a rt of Oak street T hirteenth W ard 26 P a r t of Huntingdon street precinct No 2 2 j Part of Farm street Yamacraw 7 TusJcegee Ala Rev E J Penney Rev E J Penney Zion Hill tow nship 17 section 32 28 i Woods F lat township 17 section 36 Washington D O Dr F urm an J Shadd Maggie R B o w e n Dr W Bruce E v an s C L F ra n k lin 14 Covington street between N inth and T enth streets and Rhode Island avenue and R street northw est T hird street southwest and Crabtree court between M aryland avenue and D street and T hird and Four and half streets southwest 23 j P arts of Cleveland avenue Fourth Pomeroy and W ilson j streets and Howard row northw est H owardtown I suburbs 29 P a rts of E ighth street extended northw est Cowtown local 22 i CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES 261 ANALYSIS OF TABLES In the tabular presentations which follow this analysis the cities embraced in the investigation have been arranged in four divisions in each summary table and the same order is followed in the tables which give more detailed information as follows Sixteen groups in Atlanta Ga 10 groups in Nashville Tenn 1 group in Cambridge Mass and 32 groups in other cities Under each of these divisions the groups have been arranged according to their condition and the character of their surroundings whether good fair or bad In the first division comprising the 16 groups for Atlanta Ga groups and 5 may be classed as good groups and 11 as fair and groups and 16 as bad In the second division comprising 10 groups in Nashville Tenn group 1 may be classed as good groups and 9 as fair and group 10 as bad In the third division the single group in Cambridge Mass may be classed as fair In the fourth division groups 1 to 14 are classed as good groups 15 to 23 as fair and groups 24 to 29 as bad the condition of groups 30 31 and 32 not being reported The groups in this fourth division are located as fol lows Group 1 in Birmingham Ala group 2 in Cartersville Ga group 3 in Jackson Tenn groups 4 and 5 in Jacksonville F la group 6 in Louisville K y group 7 in Macon G a group 8 in Macon M iss groups 9 and 10 in Orangeburg S C group 11 in Sanford F la group 12 in Savannah Ga group 13 in Tuskegee Ala group 14 in Wash ington D C group 15 in Athens Ga group 16 in Birmingham A la group 17 in Chattanooga Tenn groups 18 19 and 20 in Columbia S C group 21 in Savannah Ga groups 22 and 23 in Washington D C group 24 in Jacksonville Fla groups 25 26 and 27 in Savan nah Ga group 28 in Tuskegee Ala group 29 in Washington D C and groups 30 31 and 32 in Macon Ga The tables are considered in the order in which they appear Table J Relationship to heads of families by groups pp Under the four heads or divisions to which allusion has been made viz 16 groups in Atlanta Ga 10 groups in Nashville Tenn 1 group in Cambridge Mass and 32 groups in other cities the persons embraced in each separate group have in this table been classified as to their relationship to the head of the family in which they live the distinction as to sex being preserved This classification includes heads of fami lies themselves and the seven principal relationships found as children parents brothers and sisters grandchildren nephews and nieces boarders and lodgers the remaining relationships composing a very small proportion being tabulated under the term u other relationships with footnotes indicating the exact relationship to the head of the family Taking up the total of the 16 groups in Atlanta Ga it is seen that out of 1 292 persons embraced in these groups 537 or 41 57 per 262 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR cent were heads of families most of them being husbands or wives 232 being males and 305 females 5 009 or 47 14 per cent were children 291 being males and 318 females the remaining 140 or 11 29 per cent were divided among the other relationships A s in Atlanta Ga so in Nash ville Tenn Cambridge Mass and in the 32 groups in other cities the heads of families themselves together with their children composed the greater portion of the members of the families investigated a very small proportion of persons bearing other relationships having been found The following table drawn from Table I presents these figures briefly HUMBER AND P E R CENT OE PERSONS OF EACH R E LA TIO N SH IP Relationship to head of family A tlanta Ga 16 groups Nashville Tenn 10 groups Num P er ber cent Num ber P er cent Heads of fam ilies C hildren P a re n ts B rothers and s is te rs G randchildren Nephews and Dienes Boarders Lodgers Other relatio n sh ip s C D 47 14 O T o ta l Cambridge Mass 1 group O ther cities 32 groups A ll groups N um P er ber cent Num P er ber cent Num P er ber cent ilOO OO Table I I Sizes of families by groups p 289 This table shows for each group the number of families of 1 person 2 persons 3 j ersons etc The following table summarizes these data for each of the four divisions of the table NUM BER AND P E R CENT OF F A M IL IE S OF EA CH S P E C IF IE D SIZE Atlanta Ga 16 groups Nashville Tenn 10 groups Cambridge Mass 1 group Other cities 32 groujis A ll groups Num Per ber cent N um P er ber cent Num P er ber cent Num P er ber cent Num P e r ber cent Size of families 1 p e rs o n p e rs o n s p e rso n s p e rso n a p e rso n s p e rs o n s p e rso n s p e rs o n s p e rso n a p e rso n s Over 10 persons T o ta l Iii Atlanta Ga the largest number of families consisted of 3 per sons the per cent being 23 46 while the next largest number consisted of 2 persons the per cent being 20 06 In Nashville Tenn the largest number constituting 21 55 per cent consisted of 5 persons followed by 18 67 per cent consisting of 4 persons In Cambridge Mass 263 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES 25 51 per cent of all families consisted of 2 persons and 23 17 per cent of 3 persons while in the 32 groups in other cities 21 96 per cent of the families consisted of 3 persons and 18 34 per cent of 4 persons Tak ing all groups in all cities the largest number comprising 2 1 11 per cent of all families consisted of 3 persons followed by 19 17 per cent consisting of 2 persons 17 41 per cent of 4 persons and 14 60 per cent of 5 persons The average size of family in the various cities is shown in the fol lowing brief table AVERAGE SIZE OF FA M ILY BY CITIES A v e ra g e s iz e o f fa m ily T o ta l fa m ilie s T o ta l p e rs o n s A tlan ta G a N a s h v ille T e n n lam b y id g e M a s s O th e r c i t i e s T o t a l C itie s It will be seen from the above table that for all the families inves tigated the average number of persons per family in Atlanta Ga was found to be 3 99 in Nashville Tenn 4 43 in Cambridge Mass 3 73 in the other cities 4 25 and in all the cities covered by the investi gation 4 17 Comparison with the returns of the census of 1890 in the cases of the first three cities returns for all the others not being given shows that for the entire population of these cities the aver age size of family was considerably larger viz for Atlanta 4 91 Nash ville 4 92 and Cambridge 4 95 Table I I I Ages by groups p 390 This table deals with the ages of the persons embraced in this investigation classified by periods of years as follows Under 10 10 to 19 20 to 29 30 to 39 40 to 49 50 to 59 60 or over and age unknown The following table shows briefly the number and per cent of persons under each age period for Atlanta Ga Nashville Tenn Cambridge Mass and the 32 groups in other cities NUM BER AND P E R CENT OF PERSONS U N D ER EACH AGE PERIOD A tlanta Ga 16 groups Age periods Nashville Tenn 10 groups Cambridge Mass 1 group Other cities 32 groups A ll groups Num P er Num P er Num P er N um P er Num P er ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent Under 10 years to 19 y ears to 29 y ears to 39 y ears ft to 4ft years to 59 y ears years or over Age u n k n o w n T o ta l I ICO BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR The largest number of persons as shown by this table were between the ages of 10 and 19 in each of the divisions except that for the group of Cambridge Mass where the largest number were between 20 and 29 In the 16 groups in Atlanta Ga 65 01 per cent of the persons canvassed were under 30 years of age and 81 19 per cent under 40 in the 10 groups in Nashville Tenn 62 02 per cent were under 30 and 74 96 per cent under 40 years of age in the single group for Cambridge Mass 67 76 per cent were under 30 and 85 25 per cent under 40 years of age in the 32 groups in other cities 63 94 per cent were under 30 and 77 98 per cent under 40 years of age and the figures for all groups in all cities show 64 09 per cent of persons to have been under 30 and 78 73 per cent under 40 years of age Table I V Household conditions by families pp This table deals with the condition of the families involved in the investigation as regards rent and the number of rooms occupied for sleeping and other purposes Each family is taken up in detail and for each is shown the monthly rent paid and the number of rooms occupied subdivided as to their use for sleeping and other purposes Table V Household conditions by groups pp This table summarizes the data shown in the preceding one by groups Consider ing the totals for the first division of the table consisting of the 16 groups in Atlanta Ga it is seen that 1 292 persons occupied 581 rooms for sleeping purposes and 306 for other purposes an average of 2 22 per sons to each sleeping room and 2 54 persons to each other room In many instances the same room or rooms were used by the family for both sleeping and other purposes In such cases the rooms have been classified as sleeping rooms and of course omitted from consideration as other rooms In the 10 groups in Nashville Tenn an average of 2 44 persons was found to each sleeping room and 2 87 persons to each other room while in the group in Cambridge Mass the average persons to each sleeping room was 1 96 and to each other room 1 62 In the 32 groups located in other cities is shown an average of 2 05 per sons to each sleeping room and 2 14 persons to each other room It does not appear from these figures that any great overcrowding exists on the whole although for certain individual families and groups the averages are somewhat larger The use of the same room or rooms for cooking eating living and sleeping purposes is noticeable and in some groups is quite common Group 4 of Atlanta with 15 families had but 4 rooms used for other purposes showing that at least 11 of the 15 fam ilies used the same room for all purposes of the family Groups and 16 of Atlanta showed similar conditions This condi tion is however not so noticeable in the groups in Nashville Tenn while in the group in Cambridge Mass the 96 families reporting as to the number of rooms occupied had the use of 209 rooms for other than sleeping purposes In the 32 groups in other cities this condition was found to exist although not so noticeably as in Atlanta 265 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES This table shows also that of the 324 families in Atlanta Ga 73 or 22 53 per cent owned the houses in which the members lived while 249 families or 76 85 per cent paid an average rent of 4 25 per month the amounts ranging from an average of 2 55 per month in group 14 to 7 49 in group 1 varying according to the size condition and location of the houses occupied Of the 246 families in the groups for Nashville Tenn 116 or 47 15 per cent owned their houses while 123 or 50 per cent paid an average rent of 4 68 per month The range of rentals for the groups in Nashville was not so great being from 3 81 per month in group 10 to 5 89 in group 5 A very small proportion of the 98 families in the group in Cambridge Mass owned their houses Three families or 3 06 per cent owned their houses while 94 or 95 92 per cent paid an aver age rent of 8 91 per month more than double that paid in Atlanta Ga and almost double that paid in Nashville Tenn In the 32 groups located in other cities of the 469 families embraced therein 157 or 33 48 per cent owned the houses in which they lived while 284 or 60 55 per cent paid an average rent of 5 51 per month ranging in the indi vidual groups from 2 50 to 9 63 per month Of the 37 families tabu lated in this table as not reporting as to rent it will be seen from the footnotes that 8 were paying for houses on the installment plan The following short table drawn from Table IV classifies the fami lies included in the investigation as to the number of sleeping rooms occupied by each AVEBAGE PERSONS PE B SLEEPING BOOM Families having to each sleeping room an aver age of Cities A ver age Total persons to a fami lies sleep ing room Under 1 per son 1 or under 2 per sons 2 or under 3 per sons 3 or under 4 per sons A tlanta G a Nashville Tenn rSamhridgA TV r h s a T Other cities a U Total or 5 per under sons or 5 per over sons a N ot including 2 families not reporting sleeping rooms N ot including 4 families not reporting sleeping rooms In each of the three cities and in the 32 groups in other cities the largest number of families had an average of 2 or under 3 persons to a sleeping room while quite a large proportion of the families had an average of 1 or under 2 persons to each room used for sleeping purposes Of all the families reporting 1 85 per cent had an average of less than 2 person to a sleeping room 29 04 per cent 1 or under 2 persons 40 51 per cent 2 or under 3 persons 16 95 per cent 3 or under 4 persons 6 97 per cent 4 or under 5 persons and 4 68 per cent 5 persons or over 179 No 266 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR The families embraced in the investigation classified as to the total rooms occupied for all purposes are shown in the following table BOOMS P E E TA M ILV Fam ilies living in Cities 10 N ot rooms re Total fam room rooms rooms rooms rooms rooms rooms rooms rooms or p o rt ilies over ed At1a ni fl O a a 58 9 Nashville T enn 5 Cambridge M ass 45 Other cities a T o ta l G a Including one family having an additional half room Of the 1 137 families involved this table shows that 117 or 10 29 per cent had but 1 room for tlieir use for all purposes 276 or 24 27 per cent had 2 rooms 308 or 27 09 per cent had 3 rooms 197 or 17 33 per cent had 4 rooms 112 or 9 85 per cent had 5 rooms 61 or 5 36 per cent had 6 rooms 29 or 2 55 per cent had 7 rooms 17 or 1 50 per cent had 8 rooms 7 or 0 62 per cent had 9 rooms 8 or 0 70per cent had 10 rooms and over while a very small number of families did not report as to the number of rooms occupied by them Table VI Occupations and earnings by families pp Each line in this table presents the data for a family showing the occupa tion of the head generally the father the number of weeks he was employed during the year his average weekly earnings and his means of subsistence when unemployed also the number of members act ing as housewives the number at work the number at work and at school the number at school and the number at home In addition to these facts is shown the total earnings for the year of these other members of the family Taking up group 1 Atlanta Ga of this table we note that the family numbered 4 consisted of two persons that the head of the family was occupied as a drayman was employed 50 weeks during the year and earned 5 per week lived on his savings during the 2 weeks not employed and that the other member of the family was the housewife In family numbered 19 of the same group and city the head of the family was a restaurant proprietor for 12 weeks and his earn ings were 17 per week The footnote to these items shows that he was employed as a bank porter at 10 per week for 40 weeks making a full year s work of 52 weeks The remainder of the family consisted of a housewife 1 person at work which a footnote shows was the mother of the head of the family 2 children at school and 2 persons at home The earnings of the person at work are shown to have been 364 for the year In a similar manner the facts for each family may be analyzed 267 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES 111 connection witli Table V I the following short table has been pre pared showing the means of support of the families embraced in the investigation NUMBER OP FAMILIES A ND MEANS OP SUPPORT By whom supported Head m a le Head male and male c h ild ren Head male and female ch ild ren Head male and male and female children Head fem ale H e a d fe m a le a n d m a le c h i l d r e n Cam A tlanta N ash Other ville bridge Total Ga 16 Tenn 10 Mass 1 cities 32 families groups groups group groups T o ta l O th e rs fn m n lft Head female and female ch ild re n Head female and male and female ch ild ren Heads male and fem ale Heads male and female and male ch ild en Heads male and female and female children Heads male and female and male and female chil dren Head male and o th ers Head female and o th ers Heads male and female and o th e rs Others m ale Examining the figures for Atlanta Ga we note that out of a total of 324 families 73 or 22 53 per cent were supported wholly by a male head of family 31 or 9 57 per cent wholly by a female head and 84 or 25 93 per cent wholly by both a male and a female head of family It should be remembered in using the terms male head and female head that in almost every case they denote respectively the father and mother of the family It is thus seen that in 324 families in Atlanta Ga 31 or 9 57 per cent were wholly supported by the mother 205 or 63 27 per cent were wholly or in part supported by the mother and 47 or 14 51 per cent were wholly supported by females while 84 or 25 93 per cent were wholly supported by males The figures for the 10 groups in Nashville Tenn the single group in Cambridge Mass and the 32 groups in other cities may be analyzed in the same manner The total number of families embraced in the investigation for all groups in all cities was 1 137 Of this number 304 or 26 74 per cent of families were supported wholly by a male head 89 or 7 83 per cent by a female head while 255 or 22 43 per cent were supported by both male and female heads 650 or 57 17 per cent of these families were supported wholly or in part by a female head 140 or 12 31 per cent were supported wholly by females while 360 or 31 66 per cent were supported wholly by males Table V II Sickness during the year pp This table shows in detail the age and sex of each person embraced in the investigation who was sick during the year together with the name of the ailment from which he suffered and the number of days sick Table V III Summary of sickness during the year by sex and age periods pp This table is a summary of the preceding one 268 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR and shows by sex and age periods the number of cases of sickness under certain classified groups of ailments the remaining diseases or ailments following in alphabetical order The following short table shows the number and per cent of persons sick during the year with each of the selected ailments and with all other ailments NUMBER AND PER C E N TA G E OF PERSONS SICK D U R IN G T H E YEA R A tlanta Ga 16 groups Name of ailment Nashville Tenn 10 groups Num P er Num P er cent ber cent ber Cambridge Mass 1 group Other cities 32 groups Num P er Num P er cent ber cent ber Total N um P er ber cent C onsum ption P n eu m o n ia T o ta l Cholera infantum Convulsions I T o ta l Tvphoid fe v e r Scarlet fever M alarial f e v e r D iarrh ea D ip h th e ria T o ta l S y p h ilis Scrofula T o ta l Other ailm ents Grand to ta l According to the figures given in the above table malarial fever was the most common malady Reference to Table VIII where all ailments are given in detail shows that rheumatism also was quite common among the people included in the investigation Both of these diseases may to a great extent be kept in abeyance by the observance of hygienic rules Pneumonia also was one of the most common diseases found which with typhoid fever may often be avoided by proper care of the health these diseases generally attacking those enfeebled by age or neg lectful of their health The absence of such diseases as rickets and other developmental lesions in these families shows that the children have a fair heritage of good constitutions to start life with Table I X Defective maimed and deformed pp This table similar in form to Table VII shows age sex and name of defect etc for each defective maimed or deformed person included in the investigation Table X Summary of defective maimed and deformed by sex and age periods pp This table summarizes the data shown in the preceding table bj sex and age periods In the 16 groups in Atlanta 269 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Ga embracing 1 292 individuals 68 or 5 26 per cent were found defect ive maimed or deformed in the 10 groups in Nashville Tenn with 1 090 individuals 137 or 12 57 per cent were found in the single group in Cambridge Mass with 366 individuals 28 or 7 65 per cent were found and in the 32 groups in other cities with 1 94 individuals 89 or 4 46 per cent were found Eeference to the table shows that defects in sight and hearing formed a large proportion of the cases reported Table X I Deaths during past five years pp This table shows in detail the sex age at death and cause of death of all persons who have died during the past five years in the families included in the investigation Table X I I Summary of deaths during past five years by sex and age periods pp Table X II summarizes the facts shown in Table X I by sex and age periods grouping the deaths under four selected classes of causes the other causes of death following these classes in detail and in alphabetical order The accompanying short table drawn from Table X II shows the number and per cent of deaths during the past five years by groups of causes NUM BER AND P E R CENT OF D EATHS D U R IN G PA ST F IV E YEARS BY CAUSES A tlanta Ga 16 groups Nashville Tenn 10 groups Cambridge Mass 1 group N um Per ber cent Num P er ber cent Num P er ber cent Causes Other cities Total deaths 32 groups Num P er ber cent Num P er ber cent Consum ption PriAnmoTiia T o ta l T W Cholera in fantum Convulsions S tillb irth s oi T o ta l Typhoid fe v e r Seprlet fev er M aiar l fever Diarrhea TYi nh hAfin T o ta l S y p h ilis S crofula T o ta l Other causes Grand to ta l In the 16 groups for Atlanta G a 21 98 per cent of the deaths that occurred in the families embraced in the investigation were from con sumption and pneumonia 9 34 per cent being from consumption and 12 64 per cent from pneumonia 7 69 per cent were from cholera infan tum convulsions and stillbirth 7 69 per cent were from typhoid and 270 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR malarial fevers and diarrhea and diphtheria 1 65 per cent were from scrofula while 60 99 per cent were from other causes In the 10 groups in Nashville Tenn the per cent of deaths from consumption and pneu monia was per cent being from consumption and 5 26 per cent from pneumonia The proportion of deaths from consumption in Nashville was larger than in any of the other cities the per cent for Atlanta being 9 34 that for Cambridge being 15 38 per cent and that for the 32 groups in other cities 12 77 per cent Cambridge Mass shows a very large proportion of deaths 26 92 per cent from infantile diseases the majority of which 19 23 per cent out of the 26 92 per cent being stillbirths The preceding statements and figures apply only to the 641 deaths which occurred in the families embraced in the investi gation It should be remembered that the number of cases of death is not a large one and that for this reason the figures given may not reflect conditions for the whole colored population A compilation of data from the health reports of various cities made by Mr L M Hershaw of Washington D C an alumnus of Atlanta University follows and it is believed that they afford very accurate information concerning the deaths etc in the cities for which the necessary official reports were available The accompanying tabular statements presenting vital statistics of the cities of Atlanta Ga Baltimore Md Charleston S C Memphis Tenn and Bichmond Ya aro designed to show the physical condition of the colored population of those cities and to compare the same with the physical condition of the whites The number of births and the number of deaths upon which the birth and death rates are based were abstracted from the reports of the health departments of the cities in question For decennfcil years the population is given as returned by the United States census while for intercensal years it is estimated The first group of statements relates to the vital statistics of the city of Atlanta Ga and covers the fourteen years from 1882 to 1895 The figures upon which the death rates are based are taken from the annual reports of the board of health of the city of Atlanta The table imme diately following shows for each of the fourteen years 1882 to 1895 the population total deaths and deaths per 1 000 of both white and colored with excess and per cent of excess of deaths per 1 000 of col ored also averages for the three periods 1882 to to 1890 and 1891 to 1895 POPULATION DEATHS A N D D E A T H R A T E P E R 1 000 A T LA N T A GA 1882 TO 1895 Population Total deaths Deaths per 1 000 T ear Excess of colored W hite Colored W hite Colored W hite Colored Num ber P er cent A v erag e CONDITION OF THE NEGKO IN VAKIOUS CITIES 271 POPULA TION DEATHS AND D E A TH P A T E P E P 1 000 A TLA N TA GA E TC Conc d Population Total deaths D eaths per 1 000 Year Excess of colored W hite Colored W hite Colored W hite Colored Number P er cent A v erag e A verage It is seen from tlie table that the death rate of the colored popula tion though greatly in excess of that of the white has constantly decreased the average death rate per 1 000 for the first period being 37 90 for the second period 33 41 and for the third period 32 70 Relatively as compared with the whites the death rate of the colored population shows much improvement Though the percentage of excess of colored for the third period is greater than that for the second the percentages for both of these periods show a marked decrease from that of the first period The table next following shows for the years 1882 to 1895 the total deaths and the deaths per 1 000 of total population of both white and colored children under 5 years of age with excess and per cent of excess of colored death rate DEATHS AND D E A TH P A T E P E P 1 000 OF TOTAL PO PU LA TIO N OF C H ILD REN UNDER 5 YE A P S OF AGE A TLA N TA GA 1882 TO 1895 Deaths per 1 000 Total deaths Excess of colored Year W hite Colored W hite Colored Number P er cent A verage A v erag e A v erag e 272 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR The deaths per 1 000 and the percentages of excess of colored death rate show a decrease during the three periods the colored rate for the first period being 15 81 for the second period 13 77 and for the third period 11 65 while the percentages of excess of colored for the three periods are and 102 26 respectively The two succeeding statements show for the three periods 1882 to to 1890 and 1891 to 1895 the average annual deaths and death rates per with distinction of color and number and per cent of excess of colored by specified causes AV ERA G E ANNUAL DEATHS ATLA N TA GA FOR T H E PERIOD S 1882 TO TO 1890 AND 1891 TO 1895 BY CAUSES 1882 to 1885 Causes 1886 to to 1895 W hite Colored W hite Colored W hite C onsum ption P neu m o n ia T o ta l Cholera infantum S tillb irth s a a a a T o ta l a a Typhoid fever Scarlet fever M alarial fever D ip h th e ria Colored T o ta l Other causes Grand to tal a Included m Other causes 6 Including deaths from cholera infantum and stillbirths A V E R A G E A N N U A L D E A TH R A T E P E R 10 000 A TLA N TA GA FOR T H E PERIOD S 1882 TO TO TO 1895 BY CAUSES 1882 to 1885 Causes 1886 to 1890 Excess of colored 1891 to 1895 Excess of colored Excess of colored Col Col W hite ored White Col White ored ored N um Num P ercent Num P er ber ber cent ber P ercent Consumption P n eu m o n ia T o ta l Cholera infan tum S tillb irth s a a a a a a a a T o ta l a a a a Typhoid fev er Scarlet fever M alarial fe v e r D ip h th e ria T o ta l o Other causes cl43 15 c283 44 cl40 29 c Grand total a Included in Other causes b Excess of w hite c Including deaths from cholera infantum and stillbirths 1 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES 273 Referring to the table immediately preceding it is seen that deaths from consumption and pneumonia among the colored population show an annual rate per 10 000 for the first period of 76 89 a rate of 72 14 for the second period and a rate of 75 75 for the third period Among the whites from these causes the annual death rate for the first period is 27 43 per 10 000 for the second period 30 13 and for the third period 28 48 The percentages of excess of colored for the three peri ods are and 165 98 respectively The total deaths for the second group of causes show a decrease in the rate for both white and colored though the percentage of excess of colored has increased or in other words the colored death rate has not decreased as rapidly as the white death rate In the total for the third group of causes it is seen that the death rate of colored has decreased both actually and relatively The rate per 10 000 shows an excess of whites in the three periods in the deaths resulting from scarlet fever and diphtheria The second group of statements relates to the vital statistics of the city of Baltimore Md The figures upon which the death and birth rates are based are taken from the annual reports of the health depart ment of the city of Baltimore Returns of deaths cover a period of fifteen years from 1880 to 1894 those of births a period of ten years from 1884 to 1893 The table immediately following shows for each of the fifteen years 1880 to 1894 the population total deaths and deaths per 1 000 of both white and colored with excess and per cent of excess of deaths per 1 000 of colored 5 also averages for the five year periods 1880 to to 1889 and 1890 to 1894 POPULA TION DEATHS AND D EA TH R A T E P E R 1 000 BALTIM ORE MD 1880 TO 1894 Population Total deaths Deaths per 1 000 Year Excess of colored W hite Colored W hite Colored W hite Colored Number P er cent A verage A verage A verage 274 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR It is seen from the table that the two five year periods 1885 to 1889 and 1890 to 1894 show smaller average death rates for both white and colored than the five year period 1880 to 1884 although the rates for the period 1890 to 1894 are slightly in excess of those for the preceding period A similar showing is observed with respect to the excess and per cent of excess of death rate of colored the excess for the first period being 13 55 for the second period 11 06 and for the third period 11 46 while the percentages of excess are and 57 24 respectively The following statements show for the four years and 1892 the deaths and death rates per 10 000 of both white and colored with excess and per cent of excess of death rate of colored by specified causes DEATHS BALTIM OBE MD FOB TH E T E A B S AHD 1892 BY CAUSES 1886 Causes W hite Colored W hite Consum ption P neum onia Colored W hite Colored W hite Colored T o ta l Cholera infan tu m Convulsions a T o ta l Typhoid fe v e r Scarlet fever M alarial fever D ia rrh e a D ip h th e ria T o ta l S crofula S y p h ilis T o ta l Other causes Grand to ta l a Includes adults 21 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES 275 D E A T H R A T E P E R 10 000 BALTIM ORE MD EOR T H E YEARS AND 1802 BY CAUSES 1887 Excess of colored Causes W hite Colored Number P er cent Excess of colored W hite Colored Number P er cent C onsum ption P neum onia T o ta l Cholera infan tu m Convulsions a T o ta l Typhoid fe v e r Scarlet fev er M alarial fe v e r D iarrhea D iphtheria T o ta l Scrofula S y p h ilis T o ta l Other eanses Grand to ta l w m te C onsum ption P n eu m o n ia I 1 J vOiorcu Excess of colored Causes Number P er cent Excess of colored W hite Colored Number P er cent T o ta l Cholera infan tu m Convulsions a T o ta l Typhoid fe v e r Scarlet fever M alarial f e v e r D iarrhea D iphtheria T o ta l Scrofula S y p h ilis T o ta l Other causes Grand to ta l a Includes adults 6 Excess of white Eeferenee to the four groups of specified causes shows that the death rate of colored was generally lower for the three years 1887 1S91 and 1892 than for 18SG although in the total for all causes the rate for the other years was greater than that for 1886 In all these groups the colored death rate was in excess of the white except in the third group where for scarlet fever and diphtheria 276 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR diseases from which the colored people seem to have been largely exempt the white death rate was in excess The greatest excesses of the col ored death rate over the white appear in the first and fourth groups of causes The table following shows for each of the ten years from 1884 to 1893 the total and the illegitimate births and the birth rate per 1 000 of total population of both white and colored also the average births and birth rates per 1 000 for the two five year periods 1884 to 1888 and 1889 to 1893 TOTAL AND IL L E G IT IM A T E B IR T H S A ND B IR T H R A T E P E R 1 000 OP TOTAL PO PU LATION BALTIM ORE M D 1884 TO 1893 T ear Illegitim ate Illegitim ate b irth s per 1 000 births B irths per 1 000 Total births Excess of Excess of w hite colored Col W hite ColCol White ColWhite ored ored Num P er W hite ored ored N u m 1 P e r ber cent her i cent A v erag e i A v erag e Of total births the excess of births per 1 000 of population is seen to be in favor of the whites For the first five year period this excess is 2 14 the percentage of excess being 11 09 for the second five year period the excess is 3 72 the percentage of excess being 20 93 The illegitimate births for the colored population show a very large excess over the illegitimate births for the white While there is an increase in the excess of colored birth rate from 2 68 in the first fiveyear period to 3 60 in the second the per cent of excess shows a decrease from 714 6 in the first period to 650 4 in the second The following comparative statement shows the average annual death rates and birth rates per 1 000 of both white and colored population for the two five year periods 1885 to 1889 and 1890 to 1894 AVERAGE A N NUA L D EA TH AND B IR T H RA T E S P E R 1 000 COMPARED BALTIM ORE MD 1885 TO 1889 A N D 1890 TO to 1889 W hite Colored 1890 to 1894 W hite Colored Average death rate per Average b irth rate per Excess of death r a te a a a Excess of b irth rate CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES 277 While the white death rate is slightly less than the birth rate the colored death rate is greatly in excess of the birth rate The following extract from the Annual Eeport of the Health Department of the City of Baltimore for 1888 indicates that the returns relating to births are perhaps not complete I feel ashamed of the record which shows that apparently the births in the city of Baltimore have been less than the deaths and my shame arises not from the fact for it is well known that the birth rate of the city is equal to that of any other but that the physicians of Baltimore should be so dull to comprehend the value of vital statistics and so indifferent to the feelings of the public who are obliged to see in the record that the deaths in Baltimore have exceeded the births and that those who attend upon such cases are so disregardful of the law and the obligation it imposes upon all who call themselves good citizens The third group of tabular statements presents vital statistics relat ing to the city of Charleston S 0 and covers the period of fourteen years from 1881 to 1894 The figures upon which the death rates are based are taken from the annual reports of the board of health of Charleston The table following shows for each of the fourteen years 1881 to 1894 the population total deaths and deaths per 1 000 of both white and colored with excess and per ceat of excess of deaths per 1 000 of colored 5 also averages for the three periods 1881 to to 1889 and 1890 to 1894 POPULATION DEATHS AND DEATH RATE PER 1 000 CHARLESTON S C 1881 TO 1894 Population Deaths per 1 000 Total deaths Excess of colored Tear W hite Colored A verage A verage A v e r a g e Colored White Colored M White Number Per cent An inspection of the average death rates per 1 000 for the three periods shows a gradual decrease for the white population being 25 40 for the first period 22 30 for the second and 21 88 for the third The colored death rates for the three periods are considerably in excess of the white the first period showing a rate of 44 08 the second a rate of 278 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR and the third a rate of 41 43 Tlie per cent of excess of colored death rate is smaller for the first period than for either of the other two periods being for the first 73 52 while for the other two it is 109 63 and 89 39 The table immediately following shows for the years 1885 to 1894 the total deaths and deaths per 1 000 of total population of both white and colored children under 5 years of age with excess and per cent of excess of colored death rate DEATHS AND D E A T H R A T E P E R 1 000 OF TOTAL POPULA TION OF C H ILD REN U N D ER 5 T E A R S OF AGE CHARLESTON S C 1885 TO 1891 Total deaths D eaths p er 1 000 T ear E xcess of colored W hite Colored W hite Colored Number P er cent A verage A verage The average death rates per 1 000 for the second period show a decrease from the rates for the first period for both white and col ored children the white rates for the two periods being 6 28 and 5 84 and the colored rates 18 71 and 16 30 Although the per cents of excess of colored death rates are large the second period shows a smaller per cent than the first the per cent for the second period being 178 96 as compared with 198 14 for the first The two tables following show for the three periods 1881 to to 1889 and 1890 to 1894 the average annual deaths and death rates per with distinction of color and excess and per cent of excess of colored by specified causes 279 CONDITION OP THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES A V ERA G E AN N U A L DEATHS CHARLESTON S C FOR T H E PERIODS 1881 TO TO 1889 AND 1890 TO 3894 BY CAUSES 1881 to 1884 Causes 1885 to to White Colored W hite Colored Consum ption P n eu m o n ia W hite Colored Cholera in fan tu m Convulsions a a a T o ta l T o ta l a a Typhoid fever M alarial fever D iarrhea D ip h th e ria T o ta l c 61 6 c Scrofula S y p h ilis T o ta l d 1 7 d Other causes e 438 9 e Grand to ta l a Included in O ther causes b N ot including deaths in 1884 c Not including deaths from diarrhea in 1884 d N ot including deaths from scrofula in 1884 e Including deaths from cholera infantum and convulsions and from diarrhea and scrofula in 1884 AV ERA G E AN N U A L D E A T H R A T E P E R 10 000 CHARLESTON S C FOR T H E PERIODS 1881 TO TO 1889 AND 1890 TO 1894 BY CAUSES 1885 to to 1884 Causes 1890 to 1894 Excess of Excess of Excess of colored colored colored Col Col Col White ored White ored White ored Num P er N um P er N um P er ber cent ber cent ber cent Consumption Pneumonia T o ta l Cholera infan tu m Convulsions a a a a a a a a T o ta l a a a Typhoid fever M alarial fever D ia r rh e a D iphtheria c4 37 cl68 73 T o ta l d 26 79 d 32 17 cl 5 38 d 20 08 Scrofula S y p h ilis T o ta l c3 04 c G c 58 c lj Other causes fl Grand total j a Included in Other causes b N ot including deaths in 1884 c Excess of white d Not including deaths from diarrhea in 1884 e N ot including deaths from scrofula in 1884 I n c lu d in g deaths from cholera infantum and convulsions and from diarrhea and scrofula in 1884 280 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR The death rates per 10 000 for the first group of causes consumption and pneumonia show a constant decrease for both white and colored during the three periods the white rates being and 24 49 respectively and the colored rates and 74 72 The decrease in the colored death rate however has not been as rapid as in the white this being brought out in the percentages of excess of colored where the percentages for the second and third period are seen to exceed the percentage of excess for the first period The second group causes of infant mortality shows for the period 1890 to 1894 an improved condition both actual and relative for col ored children when compared with the preceding period 1885 to 1889 The third group of causes shows the smallest percentages of excess of colored death rate In deaths resulting from diphtheria the white death rate is seen to be in excess of the colored for the three periods The fourth group of causes shows for all the periods large percentages of excess of colored death rate The fourth group of tabular statements presents vital statistics relating to Memphis Tenn and covers the period of fourteen years from 1882 to 1895 The death rates are based upon figures taken from the annual reports of the board of health of Memphis For each of the fourteen years 1882 to 1895 the succeeding table shows the popu lation total deaths and deaths per 1 000 of both white and colored with excess and per cent of excess of death rate of colored also averages for the three periods 1882 to to 1890 and 1891 to 1895 POPULATION DEATHS AND D EA TH R A T E P E R 1 000 M EM PH IS TEN N 1882 TO 1895 Population Total deaths Deaths per 1 000 Year Excess of colored W hite Colored W hite Colored W hite Colored Number P er cent A verage A v erag e A v erag e CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES 281 For both white and colored the table shows that the death rate has Jecreased during the three periods the white death rates for the periods being and 14 17 respectively while those of the colored ire and The percentages of excess of colored are 34 95 for the first period 36 59 for the second and 48 95 for the third While the percentage of excess of colored for the third period is greater than that for the second the percentages for the two periods ire considerably less than that for the first The following table shows for the years 1886 to 1895 the total deaths ind deaths per 1 000 of total population of both white and colored children under 5 years of age with excess and per cent of excess of jolored death rate D EATHS AND D E A TH R A T E P E R 1 000 OF TOTAL PO PU LA TIO N OF CH ILD REN U NDER 5 YEA RS OF AGE M EM PHIS TEN N 1886 TO 1895 Deaths per 1 000 Total deaths Excess of colored Year W hite Colored W hite Colored Number P er cent A v erag e A verage From an inspection of the averages for the two five year periods it is een that the death rates per 1 000 of both white and colored children fiiow a decrease in the second period from the averages for the first period For whites the rate for the first period is 5 69 and for the sec nd 3 31 while the colored rates for the two periods are 10 42 and 6 60 respectively The per cent of excess of colored however is greater in he second than in the first period being 99 15 for the second and 82 95 or the first showing that the colored death rate has not decreased as rapidly as the white The two statements following show for the three periods 1882 to 1885 L to 1890 and 1891 to 1895 the average annual deaths and death 886 rates per with distinction of color and excess and per cent of excess of colored by specified causes 179 No 282 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AV ERA G E A N N U A L DEATHS M EM PHIS TENN FOR T H E PERIODS 1882 TO TO 1800 AND 1801 TO 1895 BY CAUSES 1886 to to 1885 Causes 1891 to 1895 W hite Colored W hite Colored W hite Consum ption Colored T o ta l Cholera infantum Convulsions T o ta l Typhoid fever M alarial fever D iarrh ea D ip h th e ria T o ta l S crofula S y p h ilis O th e r c a u s e s Grand to ta l T o ta l AVERAGE A N N U A L D EA TH R A T E P E R 10 000 M EM PHIS T E N N FO R THE PERIOD S 1882 TO TO 1890 AND 1891 TO 1895 BY CAUSES 1882 to 1885 Causes C onsum ption Pneum onia Col W hite ored to 1895 Excess of colored Excess of Excess of colored colored Col Col W hite ored W hite ored Num P er Num P er Num P e r ber cent ber cent ber cent Cholera infantum Convulsions ol T o ta l T o ta l Typhoid fe v e r Malarial fe v e r D iarrhea D ip h th e ria to I 8 8 al o l T o ta l Scrofula S y p h ilis l T o ta l O ther causes Grand total l j a Excess of white In the first group of causes viz consumption and pneumonia there is a constant decrease in the death rate for both the white and colored population The death rates per 10 000 for whites for the three periods CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES 283 are and 24 29 respectively while the colored death rates for the same periods are and 56 24 The percentages of excess of colored death rate however show an increase for the three periods being 95 80 for the first 104 93 for the second and 131 54 for the third demonstrating that the decrease in the colored death rate lias not kept pace with the decrease in the white The second group causes of infant mortality shows a decrease in the per cent of excess of colored for the third period when compared with the first but an increase when compared with the second The third group of causes shows the smallest percentages of excess of col3red being 28 64 for the first period 20 31 for the second and 50 49 for the third A s in the three preceding cities in deaths resulting from diphtheria the rate per 10 000 is greater for whites in all three periods The fourth group of causes shows large percentages of excess of colored death rate The final group of tabular statements relates to the vital statistics of the city of Richmond Ya The figures upon which the rates are based are taken from the annual reports of the board of health of Richmond the returns covering a period of fifteen years namely from 1881 to L895 The table immediately following shows for each of the fifteen years L881 to 1895 the population total deaths and deaths per 1 000 of both white and colored with excess and per cent of excess of deaths per L 000 of colored also averages for the five year periods 1881 to to 1890 and 1891 to 1895 POPULA TION DEATHS AND D E A TH B A TE P E B 1 000 BICHMOND V A 1881 TO 1895 Population Year T otal deaths Deaths per 1 000 Excess of colored W hite Colored W hite Colored W hite Colored Number P er cent L L L A v erag e L A verage L L L Oil Average 284 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR An inspection of the averages for the three five year periods shows a decrease in the death rate of the colored population as well as in the death rate of the white the average colored death rate per 1 000 for the first period being 40 34 for the second 38 83 and for the third 34 91 Belatively as compared with the whites there has been an increase In other words the colored death rate has not decreased as rapidly as the white death rate For the first five year period the excess of the colored death rate was 79 98 per cent for the second period 81 74 per cent and for the third period 89 54 per cent The following statements show for the three five year periods 1881 to to 1890 and 1891 to 1895 the average annual deaths and death rates per with distinction of color and excess and per cent of excess of colored by specified causes AV ERA G E ANNUA L D EA TH S RICHMOND V A FO R T H E PERIODS 1881 TO TO 1890 AND 1891 TO 1895 BY CAUSES 1881 to 1885 Causes W hite 1886 to 1890 Colored W hite 1891 to 1895 Colored W hite Colored Don su m p tio n Pneumonia T o ta l Cholera in fantum Convulsions c l S tillb irth s i T o ta l Typhoid f e v e r D iarrhea D ip h th e ria c 23 i 8 T o ta l Scrofula S y p h ilis L T o ta l Other causes i Grand t o ta l i a Includes adults 285 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES AV ERA G E A N N U A L D EA TH R A T E P E R 10 000 RICHMOND VA FOR TH E PERIODS 1881 TO TO 1890 AND 1891 TO 1895 BY CAUSES 3886 to to 1885 Causes ColW hite ored Excess of colored 1891 to Excess of Colored Excess of colored Col Col W hite ored W hite ored Num P er Num P er Num P er ber cent ber cent ber cent C onsum ption P neum onia j T o ta l Cholera infantum Convulsions a S tillb irth s T o ta l jj j Typhoid fever j 9 15i D ia rrh e a D in h th e ria T o ta l S crofula S y p h ilis j Grand total T o ta l i 1 Other causes a Includes adults 1 6 Excess of wliite With the exception of the second group of causes namely causes of infant mortality there has been for the groups of specified causes a constant decrease in the colored death rates For the first group consumption and pneumonia the colored death rates are seen to be 75 56 for the first period 62 57 for the second and 59 14 for the third the percentages of excess of colored death rate being and 108 24 In the group of causes of infant mortality the death rate has increased both actually and relatively For the first five year period the death rate is 66 62 and the excess of the colored death rate 132 37 per cent while for the third five year period the death rate is 75 95 and the excess of the colored death rate 230 36 per cent In the third group typhoid fever in the second and third periods and diph theria in the first and third show the white death rate to be in excess of the colored The fourth group shows the largest percentages of excess of colored death rate The following table drawn from preceding statements summarizes for the five cities of Atlanta Baltimore Charleston Memphis and Kichmond the average annual death rates per 1 000 of both white and colored with excess and per cent of excess of deaths per 1 000 of colored for three periods of years The three periods are embraced within the years 1880 to 1895 Although the years covered in any one period are not absolutely the same for all the cities they are sufficiently identical for comparative purposes as may be seen by examining the separate statements from which the summary was made 286 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AVERAGE AN N U A L D E A T H R A T E P E R 1 000 AND EXCESS AND P E R CENT OF EXCESS OF COLORED FOR T H R E E PER IO D S OF YEARS B Y C IT IE S F irs t period City A tlan ta B altim o re C harleston M em phis R ichm ond ColWhite ored Second period Excess of colored Col White ored N um P er Num ber cent ber T hird period Excess of colored P er cent ColWhite ered E xcess of colored Num P er ber cent Table X I I I Sickness by sanitary condition o f houses pp In this tat le the total persons embraced in the investigation as well as the number of persons sick during the year are classified by the sani tary condition of the houses in which they lived first as to light and air whether good fair or bad second as to ventilation whether good fair or bad third as to cleanliness whether good fair or bad and fourth as to outside sanitary condition whether good fair or bad Taking up the part of the table relating to the 16 groups in Atlanta Ga it is seen that so far as regards light and air 577 persons are reported as living in houses where it was good and of these persons 163 or 28 25 per cent were sick during the year the average days of sick ness of those reporting being persons lived in houses in which the light and air was fair and of these 36 21 per cent were sick during the year the average days of sickness of those reporting being 60 27 and 367 persons lived in houses in which light and air was bad 32 70 per cent of whom were sick during the year the average days of sickness of those reporting being 42 75 So far as ventilation was concerned the largest per cent of sick persons 36 07 was found among those living in houses where ventilation was bad while 31 10 per cent was found where it was fair and but 28 49 per cent where ventilation was good A s regards cleanliness 28 64 per cent of the persons living in houses where it was reported as good were sick during the year 33 59 per cent where it was fair and 32 45 per cent where it was bad The effect of the outside sanitary condition of the houses in Atlanta on the health of their occupants was quite marked Of persons surrounded by bad sanitary conditions 35 14 per cent were sick during the year 30 30 per cent of those surrounded by fair sanitary conditions were sick while of those enjoying good sanitary surroundings but 27 79 per cent suffered from sickness during the year The parts of the table relating to the 10 groups in Nashville Tenn the single group in Cam bridge Mass and the 32 groups in other cities may be examined in a similar manner and the sanitary condition of houses and the health of their occupants be seen While bad conditions of light and air venti lation cleanliness and outside sanitation do not invariably show the 287 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES largest per cent of sickness tliere is reason to believe that as a rule bad conditions lead to a greater per cent of sickness among those so surrounded Ailments which are not influenced or caused by sanitary conditions such as accidents childbirth etc have been omitted from considera tion in making up this table Table X I V Sanitary condition of houses pp This table classifies the houses in each group as to their sanitary condition whether good fair or bad Of the 16 groups in Atlanta Ga the light and air were reported as good in 120 houses fair in 80 and bad in 82 ventilation was good in 112 houses fair in 73 and bad in 97 cleanli ness was good in 98 fair in 105 and bad in 79 and the outside sani tary condition was good in 96 houses fair in 56 and bad in 130 The reader is referred to the table itself for the conditions as found in the other groups and cities Table X V General description of houses pp Table X V deals with the general character of the houses composing each group and the character of the neighborhood in which each group is located It also shows the number of houses in each group together with the number of bathrooms water closets and privies pertaining thereto Bathrooms were found in but 11 of the groups embraced in the can vass the total number of houses having bathrooms being only 43 Water closets were likewise found in comparatively few groups privies being the rule T a bl e I RELATIONSHIP TO HEADS OF FAMILIES BY GROUPS A T LA N T A GA 16 GBOUPS Group number M B roth G rand Nephews Board Other Chil and dren Parents ers and children nieces ers Lodgers relation Total sisters ships Heads of families T o ta l 232 M F M F M F M F M F i i i i 1 3 i 4 l 2 1 i M F M F M F M a b c3 1 al 2 15 F G 6 d l J a Servant b Grandmother and servant c Grandmother aunt and cousin d See preceding notes F BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR I RELATIONSHIP TO HEADS OF FAMILIES BY GROUPS Conc d Table N A SH V ILL E TEN N 10 GROUPS B roth Other Heads of Chil Parents ers and Grand Nephews Board Lodgers relation Total and ers Group families dren sisters children nieces ships number M E M E M E M E M E M E M E M F M E m E T o ta l i i 3 l i 1 1 1 l l a c l 55 d 1 40 d 1 56 c CAM BRIDGE MASS GROUP OTHER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS T o ta l I H i i 1 1 i l i 7 I 3 i i 2 l a2 5 j 4 1 i 1 i k i ml dl k1 dl i i i i 3 ftl i 6 i 1 1 l l i n1 2 o2 p i i i dl o N ot reported i Servant aunt and friend j A u n t and cousin k Servant I Grandm other and great grandchild m Uncle n Great grandchild p Grandniece a Cousins b Grandmother c A u n t d Cousin e A unt and 1 not reported See preceding notes g Cousin and servant h Grandaunt i C O CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES II SIZES OF FAMILIES BY GROUPS Ta ble ATLANTA GA 16 GROUPS Families of the number of persons noted Group num ber T o ta l i fam ilies Over 10 l r i i NA SH V ILLE T E N N 10 GROUPS T o ta l i i CAM BRIDGE MASS 1 GROUP OTHER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS T o ta l i i i 5 5 5 i 2L i 28 14 2J i 6 G BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR III AGES BY GROUPS Table ATLANTA GA 16 GROUPS Group ntun Under 10 M F 10 to 19 20 to 29 30 to 39 40 to 49 50 to 59 M M M F F F M F Ago un known M F M F M F l T otal H Total or over i G Total M F I 191 1 2 I i 175 1G NASHVILLE TENN 10 GROUPS C G CAMBRIDGE MASS 1 GROUP OTHER CITIES 32 GROUPS G G G G T otal G C G ii G Y G i 5 2 T i i CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Fable IV HOUSEHOLD CONDITIONS BY FAMILIES ATLANTA GA 16 GROUPS G r o u p 1 0 H indicates that the family own the house in which they live Persons Family number 1 9 n 4 5 f i 7 f t Rooms Male Female Sleep Other ing Persons Rooms Monthly Family Monthly rent number Male Female Sleep Other rent ing O H O H O H O H O H O H 10 00 O H O H O H O H O H 5 00 O H O H 6 00 O H G r o u p f t f t n 10 n 12 1ft o O H O H 2 00 a O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H G r o u p s a 7 f t O H O II o n O II G r o u p G r o u p O H O H O H O H O H a Not reported O H O H O H O H O H BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR T a b l e IV H O U SEH O LD CONDITIONS BY F A M IL IE S Continued A TLA N TA GA 16 GROUPS Continued G roup 6 O H indicates th a t the family own th e house in which they live Persons Rooms Persons Rooms M onthly j Fam ily Family M onthly rent i num ber number Male Female Sleep Other Sleep 1 Male Female ing Other rent ing i G roup 7 i L i i t i l O H 2 75 O H O H O H O H O H O H O H 5 00 O H O H O H G roup i 1j 1 2i i C 5 5C 5 5C C 5 0C C G r o u p O H O H O H O H O H O H O H i i a O H O H O H Group i 1 1 O H O H O H a R ent free O H O H CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES T able IV HOUSEHOLD CONDITIONS BY FAMILIES Continued ATLA N TA GA 16 GROUPS Continued Grou p l l O H indicates th a t the fam ily own the house in which they live i Persons Rooms Persons Rooms 1 Fam ily j M onthly Fam ily M onthly number Male Female Sleep Other rent number Sleep Other rent Male Female ing ing O H O H 5 00 O H 3 50 O H l O H O H o h Z G r o u p l o c i i i 1 l i i L l i 1 1 Z i1 G r o u p 13 i i 1 1 2 I i i o n i s j i j co d G r o u p GO G r o u p i i i G O BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Table IV HOUSEHOLD CONDITIONS BY FAMILIES Continued A T LA N T A GA 16 GROUPS Concluded Group 16 0 H indicates th a t the family own tho house in which they live Persons Rooms Persons Rooms Fam ily M onthly Fam ily M onthly number Male Female Sleep Other rent number Male Female Sleep Other rent ing ing O H G N A SH V ILLE T E N N 1 0 GROUPS Group H O H 6 50 O H G 00 O H 6 00 O H O H O H O H O H O H O H 0 H O H O H O H i Group O H O H a O H 3 00 O H O H O H O H o O H 5 50 O H 7 50 O H o h I 5 00 4l00 Group i O H O H O H O H O H C O O H 0 h 0 h 0 H H a ta 3 00 G roup a Not reported v h o O H O H O H CONDITION OP THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Table IV HOUSEHOLD CONDITIONS BY FAMILIES Continued K A SIIY ILLE TE2TN 10 GROUPS Continued G r o u p H in d ic a te s t h a t t h e fa m ily o w n t h e I 10 1130 i n w h ic h th e y liv e Persons Rooms Rooms Persons Fam ily Monthly Fam ily M onthly number Male Female Sleep Other rent number Male j Female Sleep Other rent ing ing i 2i O H O H O H 3 a O H G 00 G O H O H O I O I O I O I O I O I a O I O I 6 1 1 G r o u p G O H 4 00 O H O H O H a O H 5 00 O H G r o u p c O H O H O H O H O H O H 3 00 O H O II 0 H 0 H 0 H 0 H H 0 H G ro u p H 0 H 0 H O H O H H O H 5 00 O H O H 6 00 O H a Not reported H 0 H 0 H H 0 H H O H 0 H O H 296 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Ta ble IV HOUSEHOLD CONDITIONS BY FAMILIES Continued N A SH V ILL E TEN N 10 GROUPS Concluded Group 9 O H indicates th a t the family own the house in which they live Persons Rooms M onthly Fam ily num ber Male Female Sleep Other rent ing Persons Rooms Fam ily M onthly number Male Female Sleep Other rent ing O H 8 00 O H O H 5 00 O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H o h O H O H G roup O H O H O H O H O H i j H i H i i O H 4 00 O H 3 00 O H 4 00 CAM BRIDGE M A S S l GROUP G roup l l l l H j i i j i a Not reported I 2 2 l a 2 I a fa a 2i O H O H a CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Table IV HOUSEHOLD CONDITIONS BY FAMILIES Continued CAMBRIDGE MASS 1 GRO U P C oncluded G r o u p 1 Concluded O H indicates th at the family own tho liouso in wliicli they live Fam ily number Persons Rooms Male Female Sleep Other ing Monthly rent Fam ily number Persons Rooms Male Female Sleep Other ing o G M onthly rent O H CO OTHER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS G r o u p O II O H O H G O H G r o u p O H O H O H O H U f 2 2 O H O H O H O H O H 4 00 O H 5 00 O H 3 50 O H O H O H O H O H O H 12 00 O H 0 h G r o u p G O H O H O H G r o u p No O H 5 00 O H O H O H O H 4 00 a Not reported BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Table IV HOUSEHOLD CONDITIONS B Y FAMILIES Continued OTHER C IT IE S 32 G R O U PS C ontinued Group 5 0 H indicates tliat tlie family own the house in which they live Persons Rooms Fam ily Monthly number Male Female Sleep Other rent ing Persons Rooms Eam ily M onthly num ber Male Female Sleep Other rent ing I o O H O H 6 00 O H 0 H a O H 5 00 O H b 10 00 O H 0 H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H h O H O H O H G roup C c O H O H O H O H 10 00 O H O H O H 15 00 O H O H Group Group l O H O H b 4 00 O H i 2 5 2 O H O H O H O H O H O H Group a a Rent free 3 00 b b b Not reported h 2 00 b b CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES T a ble IV HOUSEHOLD CONDITIONS BY FAMILIES Continued OTHER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS Continued G r o u p 10 O H indicates th a t th e family own th e house in which they live j Persons j Rooms F am ily M onthly number jMale Female Sleep Other rent ing a 4 00 Rooms Persons M onthly Fam ily num ber M ale Female Sleep Other rent ing a a a O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H 6 00 O H O H O H O H O H 3 00 O H 5 00 O H 4 50 O H 8 00 G r o u p O H O H O H O H O H 3 50 O H 5 00 O H O H O H O H G r o u p O H 4 00 O H O H j I j i G r o u p G O H O H O H O H G r o u p G r o u p O H O H O H O H O H O H O H a Not reported 300 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Ta ble IV HOUSEHOLD CONDITIONS BY FAMILIES Continued OTHER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS Continued G r o u p 1G O H indicates tliat tlie family own the house in which they live Persons Rooms Monthly Fam ily number Male Female Sleep Other rent ing Persons Rooms Fam ily M onthly num ber Male Femalo Sleep Other rent ing i a a O H C O O H O H 9 00 O H G r o u p O H O H O H O H O H a a G r o u p O H O H G r o u p a G r o u p O H O H Group fi O H O H 10 00 O H 10 00 O H O H O H 8 00 O H G r o u p c a Not reported a O H b Rent free a O H O H 4 00 O H a O H O H 301 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES T a b l e IV H OU SEH OLD CONDITIONS BY F A M IL IE S C o n tin u ed OTHER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS Continued G r o u p 23 O H indicates th at the family own the house in which they live Rooms Persons Persons Rooms Monthly Fam ily Eamily Monthly number Male Female Sleep Other rent j number Male Female Sleep Other rent ing ing C O H O H 12 30 O H O H O H O H G r o u p O H l G r o u p G C O a O H O H O H 7 00 O H G r o u p O H G G r o u p A G l a Not reported a BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR Table IV HOUSEHOLD CONDITIONS BY FAMILIES Concluded OTHER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS Concluded Group 28 O H indicates th a t the family own th e house in which they live Persons Booms Fam ily M onthly number Male Female Sleep Other rent ing Persons Booms Fam ily M onthly num ber Male Female Sleep Other rent ing o O H O JBE G r o u p G i i G r o u p a G r o u p G r o u p a K o t reported CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES T a ble V HOUSEHOLD CONDITIONS BY GROUPS ATLANTA GA 16 GROUPS Porsons Rooms Group FamiSleeping Rum lies her Male Female Nam Average persons her to each T o tal 19 i Families Average Not re m onthly Owning Paying porting ren t per family Num Average house rent as to persons ber rent to each Other g i i 249 H i L 3 33 i b a N A SH Y ILL E T E N N GROUPS T otal Q cl c2 c1 cl c2 4 88 i c CAM BRIDGE MASS 1 GROUP e 184 d 1 96 tf209 d 1 62 j OTHER C IT IE S GROUPS c l 61 e c41 c l 78 a R ent free b Including 1 family living rent free c Buying liouse on the installm ent plan c 32 c l d39 d 1 67 d Not including c N ot including b S i 2 a 1 c families not reporting 1 family not reporting BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Table V HOUSEHOLD CONDITIONS BY GROUPS Concluded OTHER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS Concluded P erso n s Rooms Families i Average N ot re m onthly Owning Paying porting ren t per family Num A verage house rent as to persons ber rent to each Other Sleeping Group Fam i num lies ber Male Female N um Average persons ber to each T o ta l a a H ot including 2 families not reporting 6 N ot including 3 families not reporting Table c i 5 51 c Including 2 families living ren t free and 1 buying bouse on the installm ent plan VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES A T LA N T A G A 16 GROUPS Gboup 1 Head of family F am ily num ber Occupation Seamstress a B ricklayer Employee printing of fice 4 Bray m a n M erchant wood Tailor d C oachm an W a i t e r Teacher private school 10 Physician C lerg y m an B e n tis t W a ite r W a ite r W h eelw rig h t H ack owner and cap italist 17 P o rte r Bishop A M E Church 19 Proprietor restau ra n t 6 Children ver How sub House At Weeks Aage E arn sisted em weekly wife A t work ings At At when and for the school home work a t ploy earn unem ed year school ings ployed a 16 a Savings Savings Savings c S avings d S avings h a Also employed 36 weeks as sick nurse no pay b Also employed 28 weeks as w aiter a t 10 per week c Mother d Also employed 8 weeks as hotel w aiter at 3 50 per week c1 c 40 e f cl 2 3 91 c1 1 c c 30 261 c e N ot reported W i f e and child g Wife h Also employed 40 weeks as bank porter a t 10 per week i Child and m other 305 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Table VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued ATLANTA GA 16 GEOUPS Continued Group 2 Head of family Fam ily num ber Occupation Contractor b u ild in g C lerg y m an Coachm an W ash erw o m an C lerg y m an C a rp e n te r M ail c a r r ie r H ack d r iv e r No occupation J a n i to r W ash erw o m an Agent real e s ta te 13 C o o k W aiter h o te l M erchant m eat Employee stre e t rail Wood s a w y e r No occupation D ray m an Stockkeeper drygoods store 21 Laborer c i t y Lamp cleaner railroad 23 Employee Pullm an car 24 L a b o re r L a b o re r D ray m an F irem an Children ver How sub House At W eeks Aage E arn sisted wife A t work em weekly ings At At when and for the jschool home ploy earn work unem at ed ployed ings school year b b 4 50 Savings al cl 1 Eelatives d4 el 2 Children al Eelatives Savings Savings c b 230 e66 Eelatives e V f el Wife 6 c b el el c65 j el G r o u p 3 1 CJonlc B arber Lady s maid h Barber i C orker Contractor grading j 7 Oarjiftti t er A t 8 Ja m t or S alesm an PftinW j boil so D riv e r N 12 furso m Porter wholesale store 14 G la z ie r Drayman 16 W asherwoman W asherwoman n Contractor carpenter ing 19 Seam str ess i36 h5 00 il2 i l j40 j20 00 A40 A m 32 in n39 n Savings Savings Savings S avings F a m ily el el el el e l l e88 cl5G i a i e Savings f Savings el 2 S o n S avings 12 e e el el Savings Savings o a Boarder b Not reported c S erv an t works for board and attends school d Three children and grandchild eW ife W i f e and children g Grandchild h Also employed 16 weeks as washerwoman at 2 50 per week i Also employed 40 weeks as farm er a t 5 per week 61 j Also employed 8 weeks a t sodding a t 15 per week k Also employed at odd jobs a t 3 per week time not reported 2 W ife and child m Also employed 16 weeks as seamstress a t 2 50 per week n Also employed 13 weeks at scrubbing and cleaning a t 1 per week o Grandchildren 306 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Ta b le YL OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued ATLANTA GA 16 GROUPS Continued G roup 4 Children Head of family Fam ily num ber Occupation Cook Cook c W asherwom an T in s m ith W asherwom an W asherwoman S h o em ak er W aiter restau ran t j Cook l L aborer D river wood y ard Cook m Cook Laborer Laborer railroad o At ver How sub House Weeks Aage Earnsisted em weekly wife A t work ln f At At when work and for the school home ploy earn unem at ed year ployed ings school a c 50 a a c l j 3 00 a a a a a m 2 00 a a o cl 3 Relatives S on Relatives Relatives a cl04 0182 a a h2 i2 k3 a 1 Relatives Savings Relatives Savings a d G5 V i l a cl c83 wl58 Q Savings 51 a a G r o u p Boardini W aiter bo tel T eam ster Employee railroad Molder iron foundry Cook re s ta u ra n t Painter house r D ray m an Dressm aker i v C arpenter w C lerg y m an Cook Mason s to n e Packer p a p e r Nurse child Employee ra ilro a d Team ster Fireman statio n ary No occupation Packer store C o o k T eam ster Cook No occupation Employee railro ad t 6 00 w 36 w Savings e 24 s i ul 300 e l xl i Wife ei s 288 u 44 i Savings el 1 s1 el e60 1 i C harity j R e la tiv es a N ot reported 5 Grandchild c Also employed 2 weeks as washerwoman a t 75 cents per week d N o t including earnings of 3 not reported cW ife B ro th e r and 2 sisters g Brother and sister earnings of 1 sister not reported h Child and mother iW ife and child j Also employed a t ditching a t 4 per week tim e not reported k Wife child and boarder 2Also employed as washerwoman a t 2 50 per week tim e not reported m Also employed as ironer tim e and earnings not reported p790 el 20 z 573 aa Z3 61 1 n N o t including earnings of 2 not reported o Also employed a t odd jobs time and earnings not reported Servant and 2 boarders g M other r Also employed 17 weeks as cotton sam pler a t 5 per week a B rother t D aughter u Niece v Also employed 2 weeks as sick nurse a t 8 per week w Also employed 16 weeks as m erchant grocer ies a t 20 per week a Boarder y Two children and grandm other z Wife child and lodger aa Grandchildren 307 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES T able VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued A T LA N T A G A 1G GEOTTPS Continued G roup 6 Head of family F am ily n am ber Occujmtion 1 W ell digger W asherwoman Laborer Cook Laborer C L aborer W asherwom an W aiter i L aborer W asherwoman O L aborer W asherwoman L aborer W asherwoman Cook W asherwom an L aborer W eeks em ploy ed iU 52 j Cliildren A ver How sub House At E arn age sisted wife A t work At ings At wlien weekly work and for the school home unem at earn year ployed ing s school Q Savings a3 cl ie Savings Savings c91 1 T Savings 91 4 C W ife O 2 50 Savings d1 h j m l m3 1 0i n3 r1 1 1 G r o u p 7 i Employee laundry Cook hotel o J a n ito r B arber Cook hotel s Ja n ito r P o rte r Cook W asherw om an Proprietor blacksm ith shop Carpenter C oachm an D riv e r E d ito r L aborer Bellman W aiter Teacher z o4S 52 52 s G O 2 o 8 00 cl 4 C O 15 00 s G O e p u 4 1 S a v in g s a Wife child and brother b Wife and child earnings of brother not re ported c Sister d Mother cN ot reported A ls o employed 19 weeks as laborer a t 3 50 per week a Wife a W ife and child i Also employed 8 weeks a t housework a t 2 per week j Also employed 12 weeks as eook a t 1 75 per week h Wifo and children I Grandchild m Wife nephew and boarder 1 l 130 P w y 288 y i cl i n Two children and mother o Also employed 4 weeks as bricklayer at 10 per week p Mother and brother q Brothers F ather r s Also employed 17 weeks as laborer a t 3 per week t Also employed 20 weeks as fireman at 10 per week u Boarders v Boarders earnings of 1 not reported w Two children nephew and 2 hoarders a Three children and sister y Brother z Also engaged 12 weeks in business a t 8 50 per week 308 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Table YI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES ContinuQd A T LA N T A GA 1G GROUPS Continued G r o u p 8 Head of family Fam ily num ber G 7 g Occupation N nrsft air k ft L ab o rer Cook L au n d ry m an L aborer Coachman Porter grocery sto re Cook Wa i ter hotel L ab o rer Chambermaid Laborer J a n ito r J anitor b a n k Porter telephone ex change W asher worn an P o r te r Cook Drayman proprietor Firem an W asherwom an Cook D ray m an Children ver How sub House At Weeks Aage E arn sisted wife A t work ings em weekly At At when and for the school home work at ploy earn unem ed ployed school year ings 42 c c i a d2 Savings 2 el c91 a 234 7i9l e 30 6 5 j 91 c91 e el q Savings el el j1 el el cl il el kl 91 c260 338 e in 2 m o3 cl c Savings Savings S on tl G r o u p G Proprietor livery sta ble Railway postal c le rk H ack driver W hitew asber q q 40 q 6 00 Planing m ill b a n d Sewing machine re p airer Packer wholesale 52 6 00 house Lineman teleg rap h B lack sm ith J a n i to r D ray m an Blacksm ith u u l l u 7 00 Proprietor hack lin e W asherwom an w w 36 w l 50 Clergym an Sawyer lum ber m ill a 36 a 10 00 Bricklayer x Employee railroad Agent and clergyman 8 50 Boarding konse keep l er and dressmaker No occupation P o rte r L ath er z40 z6 00 W aiter z Seamstress a a aa38 ta3 00 42 P o rte r W i f e il cl cl r 56 cl v i el el cl cl Son Savings 8l t2 ni Sons t n l 3 c312 cl04 0 ft 124 h yi y 78 661 cl 66208 el44 a W ife and children m Child and lodger 6 W ife and children 1 child at n Grandchild work and a t school receives no pay o Two children and grandchild cA lso employed 20 weeks as p Child and grandchild o Also employed 22 weeks at seam stress a t 3 per week odd jobs earnings not reported d W ife and child e Wife rN o t including earnings of wife W if e child a t w ork and a t not reported school receives no pay 8 Grandmother g Lodger j M other t Child and sister h Boarder Niece u Also employed 5 weeks as i Sister I N ot reported collector a t 3 per week i t 1 3 i 2 1 v Child and brother e Also employed 16 weeks house cleaner a t 3 per week a Also employed 16 weeks fireman a t 8 per week y A unt z Also employed 12 weeks laborer a t 3 per week aa Also employed 14 weeks pastry cook a t 4 per week bb Cousin aa as as as 309 CONDITION OP THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES T able VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued ATLANTA GA 10 GROUPS Continued G roup 10 Hoad of family Fam ily num ber Occupation Fireman sta tio n a ry W asherw om an Cabinetmaker a D ray m an D ray m an Laborer B lacksm ith Coachm an W ell digger W ash erw o m an J u n k d e a le r Cook hotel Employee railroad Proprietor restau rant W asherw om an B a n d m a ster Mason stone M attress m aker m H ack driver proprie tor Cook fam ily W asherwom an Children At E arn W eeks A ver How sub Houseage sisted ings em weekly wife A t work At At and for tho school homo when work a t ploy earn unem ed school year ings ployed R elativ es 3 50 C h a rity 49 a 36 a Relatives R elativ es Charity 6 00 R elatives 45 m 48 m e d5 61 c b e2 c b 100 1 j 922 k n 91 a 1 Charity 13 n i hi o Group 11 1 C a rp e n te r M ason C a rp e n te r Mason sto n e L aborer W asherwoman t Draym an u B rick lay er W aiter Drayman W aiter hotel Carpenter B ricklayer w H ack d riv e r Cook fam ily S a le s m a n W hite w ash er Cook y W h ite w a s h e r Laborer Yard master rail road z t 40 u w R elatives Savings and wife Savings C re d it C re d it t 1 50 u S avings 3 00 S avings S avings w Savings S avings 4 00 y W ife W ife z 4 00 W ife a Also employed 16 weeks as carpenter a t 5 per week 6 Wife c Daughter d Wife 2 children brother and sister e Child and lodger A ls o employed 2 weeks as butler a t 2 per week g Mother h Brother i Nephew Two children and 2 lodgers Wife and lodger I W ife and children rnA lso employed 4 weeks a t odd jobs a t 4 per week n Lodger oN ot reported 1 1 1 l 1 e2 r 2 1 b1 2 n v ft qo o 1 x i i p 902 r 86 o gi 61 b 52 3 i x aa 4 x 2 61 p Two children and lodger q Grandchildren i r W ife and sister Three children and nephew t Also employed 12 weeks as sick nurse a t 5 per week u Also employed 14 weeks as carpet cleaner and layer a t 1 50 per week v W ife and brother w Also employed 25 weeks as basketm aker and chair bottom er a t 2 per week a W ife and child y Also employed 12 weeks as washerwoman at 75 cents per week z Also employed 3 woeks as laborer a t 3 per week aa Three children and mother 310 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Table YL OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued ATLANTA GA 16 GROUPS Continued Gboup 12 In reposting earnings for the members of this group in all cases except families 6 11 and 22 two rates were given the mean of these two lias in each case been used in this tabulation Head of family Fam ily num ber g Occupation Laborer L aborer L ab o rer W asherw om an Laborer Cook W asherwoman W asherwom an W ash erw o m an L ab o rer Laborer railroad L aborer W asherwom an W ell d ig g e r W asherwom an L aborer Laborer Cook No occupation L aborer L aborer P orter railro ad W ash erw o m an W asherw om an Children At Weeks Aver How sub House E arn sisted ago em weekly wife A t work At ings when and for tho school A t work a t ploy earn homo unem ed ings ployed school year L R elatives a 1 a 91 a6 8 a 130 al al C h a rity al C harity a b 730 al e2 195 a 63 2 I al a c2 d2 4 C h a rity 1 S o n C h arity i2 j2 R e la tiv es C harity C h a rity i333 j 22 L a 182 1a l 1 i o hd h hi G boup ID 20 Carpenter l Laborer n Washerwoman Grader Laborer Wood sawyer Merchant groceries No occupation Cook family s Laborer street rail way Carpenter Teamster Engine cleaner rail road Hostler city fire de partment Porter railroad Driver delivery wagon Seam stress Plasterer W asherwoman Servant M3 m Savings Savings 6 00 Savings 3 00 Savings m Mother Savings Savings Savings v giso o1 al 2 al P al 13 a al Children u 4 a al al w 1 c a a 30 1 1 q r Ctrl Savings a Wife 5 Two children sister and boarder e Child and grandchild d Grandchildren Wife and mother Brother Wife and child h Two children and niece iBoarder mid lodger j Child and boarder it Boarder I Also employed 9 weeks as drayman at 6 per week m Not reported n Also employed 2 weeks as drayman at 6 per week a g2 72 a x d 50 Mother W ife and father W ife earnings of father not reported v Not including earnings of wife not reported Also employed 24 weeks as seamstress at 75 cents per week t Wife child and boarder u Three children and boarder Also employed 28 w eeks as well digger and cleaner at 50 cents per week w W ife and 2 brothers x Wife child and 2 brothers y Child and sister z Two children and brother o p q 311 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Table VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued ATLANTA GA 16 GROUPS Continued G roup 14 Fam ily num ber Children Head of family 1 ver How sub House At W eeks Aage E arn sisted em weekly wife A t work At At ings when Occupation and for the school home work at ploy earn unem ed year ployed ings school 52 P ro s titu te a W asherw om an W asherw om an L a b o re r W asherw om an W asherw om an C abinetm aker a P ro s titu te a P ro s titu te i 22 i 1 50 W asherwoman t W asherwoman and prostitute L a b o re r i 13 j C a rp e n te r m 44 m L aborer m W asherwoman n i n 44 n l G Cook a G Savings c2 b 546 a dl Savings Charity 2 Savings e d 30 e 200 p ill hi Savings Savings Savings Savings a k33 13 dl dl a 1255 d3 d i o2 Savings G r o u p 15 yVnnr p wyp T W a sb atwern nn Bricklayer p N urse child q W asllAVWCTrjfHi Laborer city f Team ster lum ber X fthnTftT OrffyTnfln r D river city w agon Draym an Team ster N utra fVhilfl Painter house u T a h it i filter Driver city w ag o n C harity R elativ es R elativ es p28 p 12 00 q 42 q ti44 v 44 52 tQ u 3 00 v a R elatives a a dl r dl cl 1 244 d39 r d 65 2 dl dl dl04 149 d 39 dl a Not reported b Brothers e Sisters d Wife e B rother and niece S e rv a n t and boarder g S erv an t earnings of boarder not reported h Boarder i Also employed 20 weeks as cook at 1 50 per week j Child and boarder ANot including earnings of boarder not re ported I W ife and children m Also employed 5 weeks as quarrym an a t 6 per week n Also employed 8 weeks as cook at 1 50 per week 0 Nephew and boarder p Also employed 12 weeks as plasterer at 5 per week q Also employed 8 weeks as seam stress a t 1 50 per week r F ather 8 Two children and mother 1 Also employed 3 weeks as wood sawyer a t 2 per week wAlso employed 8 weeks as tru c k farm er at 3 50 per week v Also employed 8 weeks as draym an a t 3 per week 312 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR T a b l e V I OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAM ILIES C ontinued A T LA N T A GA 1G GROUPS Concluded G roup 16 Head of family Fam ily num ber 1 2 Occupation Children ver How sub House At W eeks Aage E arn sisted em weekly ings At At wife A t work w hen and for the school home ploy earn w ork a t unem ed ployed school year ings 6 00 R elativ es R elatives F riends W ife and son B lacksm ith Employee railro ad Washerwoman c H ousew ork D ray m an c M erchant wood Cook and washerwo man 8 D river ice wagon C a rp e n te r L a b o re r Employee gas com L a b o re r Wa8herwoman Employee oil m i l l W asherw om an L a b o re r z 4 5 c c 25 a 2 00 a a2 el 1 R e la tiv es 1 a di W i f e W ife jl0 4 1 Savings R elativ es R elativ es 1 2 i N A SH V ILLE T E N N 1 0 GROUPS G roup C arpenter Savings 52 00 L aborer C arpenter W asherw om an I C harity No occupation P o rte r n n i l 9 00 Savings Cook re sta u ra n t Clergym an P o r te r M erchant fu rn itu re T eam ster Saloon k eeper H ack driver Shoemaker i Cook family x x E n g in e e r P orter railroad Teamster w ith team I W ife No occupation Sorter lum ber Team ster a a aa 39 a a Gauger lum ber W ife and Carpenter children a W ife and lodger 6 Wife c Also employed 8 weeks as house cleaner a t 15 cents per9week earnings also supplemented by assistance from relatives d Child and 3 grandchildren e D aughter W i f e and child ff N ot reported h Sister i W ife and children j N ot including earnings of wife not reported k W ife and sister I Child and grandchild m Grandchildren n Also employed 11 weeks as laborer a t 3 per w eek 0 Child and mother Te2 a2 hi 122 a I I Vi f2 b1 y 2 il 1 3 p u2 a2 2 m t428 o2 o2 3 1 r w Pi 1 4 2 p Lodger q Wife and lodger earnings of 1 lodger not reported r Grandchild W ife earnings of child not reported Also employed 22 weeks as porter a t 6 per week u Lodgers v Two children and niece w M other x Also employed 26 weeks as washerwoman at 1 25 per week y W ife and m other z Niece a a Also employed 13 weeks as huckster a t 5 per week 66 Two children and sister CONDITION OP THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Table VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued NASHVILLE TE EN 10 GROUPS Continued G roup 2 Children Head of family Fam ily num ber Occupation Laborer p o tte ry W aiter hotel c Carpenter L aborer P o rte r L aborer W asherw om an Barber Laborer L aborer Cooper Dresser lum ber Sand cutter iron foundry o A sphalt layer p Cook hotel q B lack sm ith Bricklayer P a in te r P a in te r P ain ter u Mason stone S eam stress W asherw om an Laborer oil w o rk s Teamster w ith team At Weeks Aver How sub House sisted ago em weekly wife A t work when and work a t ploy unem earn ed ings school ployed 52 c ff 39 iff iff 51 o c C O a 172 j i C re d it Savings L 50 tt ml hi 5 m hi d1 o s i hi a2 il 52 4 q 17 iff a 268 a im e3ol At At school home 6 00 p 6 00 u 39 year 1 e2 a2 W ife W ife W ife and children B ro th e r Earn L Savings C re d it Savings vS38 w hi el w2 1 a nl a r 156 n 98 2 n1 xl 4 G r o u p 3 A sphalt l a y e r T rackw alker railroad W asherw om an L a b o re r Seamstress and w ash erwoman W asherw om an T e a m s t e r P orter z W asherw om an a Z C r e d i t W ife D aughter hi ft 172 a2 y2 y 385 1 a dd 1 d 221 bb J 1 1 i i 2 i 2 1 N o o c c u p a tio n Charity 3 1 Hod carrier cc cc 26 cc Shoemaker dd dd Children 566 Q Q Q uarrym an C re d it eel 48 f f 220 yy L 1 D aughter No occupation Smelter iron foundry 9 00 S avings hi 234 P o rter and collector nl i a Wife and child r Not including earnings of 1 not reported b Child and father 8 Also employed 17 weeks as farm er proprie c Also employed 13 weeks as laborer earnings tor earnings not reported not reported Lodgers d Lodger u Also employed as house cleaner at 3 per e Wife and lodger week tim e not reported G ran d ch ild Nephew g Not reported W ife and sister v Wife x Sister i Wife and children y Brother and lodger j Not including earnings of wife not reported z Also employed 39 weeks as office boy a t 2 Also employed 13 weeks as mason brick at per week and has income from rents 12 per week a a Cousin Four children and mother bb Wife and cousin m Brother cc Also employed 26 weeks at odd jobs earn n Mother ings not reported o Also employed 22 weeks as quarrym an a t dd Also employed 13 weeks as carpenter on his 4 50 per week own house p Also employed 22 weeks as iron fence setter ee Wife mother brother and sister a t 6 per week f f Wife mother and sister earnings of brother q Also employed 35 weeks as washerwoman at not repoi ted 4 p er week gg Child brother and 2 sisters 179 No G 314 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR Table YI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued N A SH V ILLE T EN N 10 GROUPS Continued G r o u p 3 Concluded Head of family F am ily num ber Occupation Weeks em ploy ed Children A ver How sub House At E arn sisted age At wife A t work ings At weekly w hen work and for th e school home earn unem at year school ings ployed F a rm e r E n g in e e r a 26 a T eam ster L aborer Clergym an W asherwom an Fireman railro ad Grader lu m b er Section hand rail road h hid C re d it Income from rent B ro th e r bl c2 d el p91 156 i304 1 n 1 a 162 n 98 3 g lU o3 2 2 p r bi a t G r o u p 4 1 B lack sm ith P ro stitu te Laborer wood y ard Cook h o te l No occupation S eam stress S erv an t S erv an t W asherw om an Servant q S e r v a n t B lacksm ith Laborer packing house 14 W asherw om an Cook h o te l P o rte r Section hand railroad im porter furniture com pany F ire m a n P o rte r S e r v a n t Seamstress cc S eam stress Rock b reak er Chair ho tto m er tf Savings and credit a a Savings and credit Relatives i oo C h a r ity jl w aaS a z2 Children W ife and son 1 1 C harity Relatives C h a rity el 719 c351 a cc a v3 bl si 1 y 5 40 a cc 45 3 u b1 Ud m3 5 c2 i 35 17 a N ot reported 6 Wife cW ilo and child d W ife earnings of child not reported e M other W if e and children g N ot including earnings of wife and 1 child not reported h Also employed 39 weeks as team ster at 3 per week i Wife brother and cousin Niece Also employed 48 weeks as picker clippings woolen m ill at 2 70 per week I Sister m Two children and nephew n Brother o Two children and mother p N o t including earnings of 1 child and m other not reported c Xl 1 dd2 e el dd 2 q Also employed 13 woeks as cook restaurant earnings not reported r Pension of m other a t home earnings of child not reported 9 G randchild t Lodger u Two children and lodger v Two brothers and sister w B rother and sister earnings of 1 brother not reported no Grandm other y Also employed 3 weeks as porter flour mill a t 6 per week z W ife and sister a a Wife child and sister bb Two children and sister cc Also employed 7 weeks as nurse a t 3 per week dd Child and grandchild ee Two grandchildren and 2 lodgers 315 CONDITION OP THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Tabus VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued N A SH V ILL E TEN N 10 GROUPS Continued G boup 5 Children H ead of family Fam ily num ber C IT Occupation At ver How sub House E arn Weeks Aage sisted At ings At em weekly wife A t work and for the school home when ploy work a t unem earn year ed ployed school ings E n g in e e r Sand cutter iron 6 00 foundry L a b o re r Sand cutter iron c48 c 7 00 foundry c T eam ster S alesm an P ed d ler Teacher F a rm e r b Holler m a k e r P orter drygoods store 6 00 T eam ster f M erchant groceries q 46 q 6 00 and huckster q 3 00 W ash erw o m an T in n e r Sand cutter iron foundry C lergym an Laborer lum ber yard T eam ster Pickier packing house Bell boy hotel Laborer packing house y No occupation Laborer packing aa35 aa 7 50 house aa Team ster b b bb 48 bb 6 00 W ife S o n a a 62 1 d1 el li Relatives Savings C re d it n2 C red it p2 d1 W ife W ife hi r3 dl d1 dl n 364 0 p 46 1 u3 e83 i 213 d a 260 dl88 vl 11 r il o3 hi ml to 140 d 120 t 299 x2 4 zi C harity Savings a Wife and child b Not reported c Also employed 4 weeks as laborer a t 3 per m 1 m lS dl d l6 q Also employed 6 weeks as team ster a t 12 per week r Brother sister and lodger s Sister earnings of brother and lodger not week d W ife reported e Sister t Also receives 72 per year income from rent u Wife brother and sister C h ild sister and niece v Brother W ife and lodger w W ife brother and sister earnings of 1 Niece i Wife and niece and pension of au n t a t home brother not reported so Child and niece earnings of lodger not reported j Child mother and aunt 2 Also employed 22 weeks at odd jobs earnings n ot reported Wife and children z Three children and mother I Grandchild m M other aa Also employed 13 weeks as laborer public n F ath er anti brother roads a t 7 per week o Two children and sister bb Also employed 4 weeks as cattle loader a t 7 per week P W ile and mother 316 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR T able VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued NASHVILLE T E N N 10 GROUPS Continued Group 6 H ead of family fam ily num ber Occupation 20 W asherw om an Mason s to n e Q uarrym an Principal public school g Laborer packing house T eam ster Employee factory i W aiter h o te l Laborer u arry m an aborer stone yard p Marble polisher T eam ster L aborer No occupation No o ccupation C a rp e n te r C a rp e n te r Brick molder Book agent t W eeks em ploy ed Teacher g Children A ver How sub House At E arn sisted age wife A t work ings At At when and for tho school home weekly work a t earn unem year ings ployed school 52 a gr21 50 d d 22 p d d d a 9 00 d 11 25 b S avings 1 cl W if o W i f e C h a rity Sons C h a rity Son C re d it Income from rent S av in g s hi j 1 el 1 el 2 jl 1 i i 1143 e 52 o424 e 156 351 r393 cl04 292 i I d d j26 el 1 cl n 1 n m W i f e S avings c260 e52 el pG 00 b2 C re d it W if e S avings u 40 i 1 1 G r o u p 7 1 C o n tr a c to r P o rte r No o c c u p a tio n L a b o r e r T eam ster Laborer m ill Laborer L a b o re r W asherw om an Laborer sawmill y Laborer sawmill L aborer L aborer F ire m a n P o r t e r T e a m s t e r P o r t e r W a ite r h e a d Cook bb P o r t e r W asherw om an F i r e m a n Laborer P o rte r cc cc26 cc7 00 Savings Savings W if o W i f e Savings Savings Savings c52 3 c52 c ll8 V 208 h t 5 1 w2 h 1 l x2 X aa 3 c78 c c91 156 c52 26 c84 3 zl zii cl c1 F rie n d s Savings cl cl cl 1 a Also receives income from rent amount not reported 5 Brother and sister c Cousin d N ot reported c Wife Grandchild g Also employed as agent for lodge tim e and earnings not reported h Brother 4 Also employed 22 weeks as cook a t 1 75 per week j Lodger k Three children and lodger I Wife and child m Pension of 96 per year W ife child nephew and lodger o Wifo child and nephew earnings of lodger n o t reported p Also employed 4 weeks as laborer railroad at 6 per week 1 1 1 cl 1 cl 1 cl 1 cl 3 q Child sister and niece r Child sister and niece earnings of 1 child n o t reported a Also employed 35 weeks as laborer a t 5 per week t Also real estate agent tim e and earnings not reported u N ot including earnings of 1 not reported v F o u r children and lodger w W ile and niece x M other and grandchild y Also employed 13 weeks as laborer a t 2 per week z Nephew a a Two children and sister bb Also employed 4 weeks as quilter a t 1 50 per week cc Also employed 12 weeks as laborer sawmill at 6 per week 317 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Table VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued NASHVILLE T E N N 10 GROUPS Continued Group 8 Head of family Fam ily num ber Occupation P o rte r L a b o re r Contractor stone Laborer oil m ill W asherw om an Laborer c ity B ricklayer Contractor sto n e Laborer c o a ly a rd Laborer m achine shop W ash erw o m an Cook hotel Laborer city railroad P o r te r C ontractor Laborer m achine shop Laborer saw m ill L aborer Laborer foundry P o r t e r L aborer Mechanic stove T eam ster Laborer saw m ill Cook fam ily o B lack sm ith Weeks em ploy ed o26 52 Children A ver How sub House At E arn sisted age wife A t work ings At At when weekly work and for the school home unem earn at year ings ployed school k o l Savings Savings W if e W i f e a3 el 2 o Savings Savings Savings a3 2 Z2 el h3 A y Savings cl t2 n i i el m3 n p2 G r o u p 9 Laborer machine shop Laborer foundry 3 Broom m a k e r 4 Teacher q P o rte r P o rte r Nurse sic k Team ster proprietor 9 No occupation 10 No occupation 11 T eam ster Laborer s t r e e t 13 Section hand railroad 14 F a rm e r L aborer Laborer Farm la b o re r 18 L a b o re r Porter railro ad 20 B ricklayer T eam ster No occupation 23 Laborer foundry 24 N urse sic k P o rte r Laborer oil m ill q k S o n C h a rity S o n S on Savings k Savings Sons Savings 6 00 Savings C h a rity Savings a Boarders b Boarders earnings of 1 not reported c Mother d Child and niece e Sister f Wife and child a W ife AMother and 2 sisters i Brother and sister j Aunt k Not reported I Not including earnings of 2 not reported m Two children and 1 person whose relationship to head is not reported i Niece o Also employed 17 weeks as washerwoman at 75 cents p er week rl 1 g Y a 260 si n pi xi y 169 z Vl y a a5 p Child and mother q Also employed 16 weeks as book agent a t 8 per week r Boarder s Granddaughter t Grandchild u Nephew and 2 nieces v Brother 0F our children and 2 nieces vo Wife and children y Wife and child earnings of 2 children not reported z Grandchildren act F our children and mother 318 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Ta b l e VL OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued N A SH V ILL E T E N N GROUPS Concluded 10 G r o u p 10 Head of fam ily F am ily num ber Occupation W eeks em ploy ed c L a b o re r P a in te r C o o k No occupation T eam ster L a b o r e r L a b o re r L a b o re r Laborer L a b o re r L a b o re r N urse c L aborer L ab o rer P a in te r c W asherw om an Mason stone g W ash erw o m an W ash erw o m an L a b o re r L a b o re r Cook L a b o re r L au n d ry m an L a b o re r Rock b reak er o 37 r 52 52 ft Children A v er How sub House At E arn age siated wife A t work ings At w hen weekly and for the school A t work at home earn unem year ings ployed school C re d it W ife S a v in g s c2 50 GG O Pension and wife 3 25 C harity ft h W i f e al a 38 c 247 d2 c91 rZ195 c1 cl cl i cl cl c 52 c52 c G 2 I 1 ci cl c52 cl04 c1 2 c c 2 cl d2 d2 i d 128 c52 Z169 Z i 3 CAMBRIDGE MASS 1 GROUP G r o u p Laborer livery stable Laborer sewerdepartm ent Laborer C a rp e n te r P ainter m Laborer sewer depart m ent Laborer sewer depart m ent Laborer sewer depart ment Laborer sewer depart ment L a b o re r L a b o r e r W aiter h o te l L aborer W aiter h o te l a Sister 6Child brother and sister cW ife dW ife and child e Also employed 13 weeks as 2 per week T w o children and m other g Also employed 15 weeks as week ft Not reported Savings Wife and credit m35 m l3 00 S avings Savings cl j 404 c cl cl41 1 ft n2 w33G i 3 W ife and credit S avings n2 n 396 cl cl56 Savings cl cl cl cl Savings and vife 9 00 S av in g s 1 1 ol o5 0 Savings 0 1 and credit Wifo and c l c 78 1 2 credit 50 o 5 00 S av in g s 1 i Child and 2 grandchildren j W ife and sister ft Lodgers I Lodgers receive board in addition to earn washerwoman a t ings m Also employed 5 w eeks as w hite w asher a t 9 per week n W ife and lodger laborer a t 4 per o Receives board in addition to earnings 319 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES T a b l e VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued CAMBRIDGE MASS 1 GROUP Continued G roup 1 Continued Children Head of family Fam ily num ber Occupation Laborer hotel L aborer La borer rubber factory Porter carpet store P a in te r Laborer sewer department Laborer coalyard Laborer coal yard Laborer co aly ard Laborer c ity P ain teran d p laste rer M erchant groceries and coal 27 Laborer c ity Laborer city o Laborer piano fac tory p 30 P h y s ic ia n Laborer c i t y L aborer Laborer c i t y A ver How sub House At E arn W eeks age sisted wife A t w ork At At ings em weekly w hen and for the school home work a t ploy earn unem year ed ployed school ings 52 a p p B ricklayer M erchant groceries L a b o re r Car clean er L a b o re r M ason T T op p npntirm So Laborer c i t y C a rp e n te r L a b o re r Ho occupation C lerk C a rp e n te r Car cleaner C a rp en ter L a b o re r L a b o re r L a b o re r L a b o re r P a in te r W a ite r Savings Savings C re d it Savings S avings Savings and credit Savings and credit S avings S avings S avings Savings S av in g s Savings and credit Savings and wife 63 C 352 dl d1 n m3 1 d m598 130 dl dl Savings and credit W ife and credit C re d it S a v in g s Savings and credit S av in g s Savings and wife C re d it F am ily and credit S av in g s Savings and credit Savings and credit Savings and credit Savings wife and credit W ife and credit h2 d20 d ll dl 11 1 nl 2 d ill q2 q 220 r2 r268 dl W a ite r M ason a Receives board in addition to earnings 6 Wife brother and cousin cWife brother and cousin brother receives board in addition to earnings dW ife Wile and brother W ife mother 2 brothers and sister g Wife 2 brothers and sister earnings of m oth er not reported h Brother and sister i Also lodging house keeper earnings not re ported j Brother servant and 4 lodgers Brother servant and 4 lodgers 1 lodger re ceives board in addition to earnings d1 e2 dl56 dl d 156 dl d78 dl d78 m3 m dl d ul w500 dl d250 dl dl6S I Lodger m W ife and children n Grandchild oAlso employed 22 weeks as car cleaner rail road a t 9 per week p Also employed 2 weeks as laborer a t 12 per week q Wife and boarder r Wife and child Mother t Sister u Brother 320 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR T a b l e VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued CAMBRIDGE MASS 1 GROUP Concluded Group 1 Concluded Head of family Fam ily num ber Occupation J a n ito r P a in te r H ack d riv e r L a b o re r L a b o re r L aborer P o rte r Laborer c ity C oachm an P a in te r S eam stress W asherwoman C o o k S hoem aker W asherwoman Dressm aker C o o k W asherw om an tfo occupation S e r v a n t Lady s m aid Laborer coal y ard Laborer sewer depart m ent M essenger L a b o re r Children At W eeks Aver How sub House E arn sisted em weekly wife A t work ings At At w hen and for th e school home ploy earn work a t unem ed ployed ings school year Coachm an L a b o re r W a ite r Paper h an g e r ff M ason Coachm an B rick lay er L ab o rer Seamstress L aborer W a ite r Laborer coal y ard M erchant coal and wood a Mother 6 Brother c Wife d Sister Savings Savings c d 260 elU 1 1 al d1 e 416 d 156 2 cl 624 c c1 c1 cl32 c 130 dl d1 2 Savings and wife Savings 1 d1 1 1 S avings Savings and credit 10 Savings 9 Savings and family 05 00 Savings and sister S av in g s Savings and son S avings a 156 cl R e la tiv es Savings and credit al d1 W ife and credit cl Savings C a rp e n te r T eam ster M erchant groceries W asherw om an e 764 d1 2 d e One receives board in addition to earnings W if e and lodger g Receives board in addition to earnings 321 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Table VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued OTHER CITIES 32 GROUPS Group 1 Head of family F am ily num ber Occupation C h ild re n ver How sub House At E arn W eeks Aage sisted em weekly wife A t work ings At At when work and for the school home ploy earn unem at year ed school ployed ings Laborer furnace Porter hot Clergyman and presi dent of bank T e a c h e r Janitor Government building Barbftr Carpenter S avings Income from rent ai b1 44 a 260 b S avings 1 c S avings 1 c630 G r o u p 2 G r o u p p i C lergym an W asherwoman p W asherw om an Brakeman railro ad p 32 5 W asherwoman q G Brakeman railro ad g42 40 q 1 00 7 W asherw om an W asherw om an W asherw om an B u tc h e r W asherwoman v 12 Brakeman railro ad 13 B a rte r proprietor Tier cotton x C lergym an Brakeman railro ad v47 52 52 a Hostler livery stable W asherw om an Fireman la u n d ry Barber proprietor Barber proprietor W asherw om an v d x l 50 Savings Savings and credit S a v in g s j Savings a Niece b Mother c Sister and hoarder d W ife and children e Also employed 12 weeks as farm hand a t 1 75 per week N o t reported g Wife and child h Two children and 5 grandchildren i Grandchildren j Also employed 39 weeks as laborer a t 3 per week fcNot including wife s earnings not reported I Three children and grandchild m Also employed 35 weeks as servant a t 2 50 per week b 52 51 Savings and credit Son in law Savings and credit rl 2 f ei ul IV 1 tt I i u1 y2 u u 1 I u ul ul 1 1 o i i i ttlO l 3 1 n Mother and brother o Child and mother p Also employed 10 weeks as house cleaner a t 1 per week q Also employed 6 weeks as cotton picker a t 4 50 per week r Boarder s Child and sister t Grandchild u Wife v Also employed 5 weeks as cotton picker at 3 p er week w Lodger x Also employed 20 weeks a3 section hand rail road a t 6 per week y W ife and brother 322 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR Table V I OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued OTHER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS Continued Group 4 Head of family F am ily num ber G Occupation Children Aver Weeks employr ed At How sub House E arn sisted ings At wife A t w ork At when and for the school home work a t unem year school ployed w eekly Cigar m a k e r Barber proprietor D ressm ak er F ire m a n Driver wagon T pnitw l a b o r e r Section hand railroad Rnlfpr P o rte r Tn nit or b a n k Sanitary inspector i city J a n i t o r H ack driver proprie tor Draym an proprietor C lerg y m an Laborer C a rp e n te r W asherw om an T i O b o r e r earn ings I C hildren Savings i i 1 1 1 i 1 1 al 156 a c6 2 1 dl dl56 el e208 f 2 h A G roup C arpenter i C a rp e n te r Barber proprietor L etter carrier Carpenter lodginghouse keeper and capitalist j Merchant boots and shoes M erchant lum ber Cigar m ak er U B arber Steward club C a rp en ter P h y sic ia n C lergym an C a rp en ter B a rb e r C lergym an Clerk post office Compositor Porter sto re B a rb e r L ongshorem an Contractor b u ild in g Contractor bu ild in g Barber proprietor M erchant boots and shoes W aiter head h o te l T e ach er Merchant commission Merchant commission Clergyman and capi talist a W ife V j J il i S avings j u i i J C O i 25 00 S av in g s S av in g s b Grandchild c Fivo children and grandchild cl Sis ter e M other W i f e and child g Child 2 grandchildren and niece h Child and boarder i Also employed as waiter hotel at 13 per week tim e not reported j Not reported k Two children and 6 lodgers k a1 2 71 2 a a 208 550 n 530 a r r 218 u2 1 3 l 1 al al w m5 el 2 o6 3 1 q w 5G0 v2 2 496 a 240 a 300 w v2 I Three children and mother m Three children m other and niece n W ife and brother oFive children and grandaunt p Nephew q F our children and niece 2 r N ot including earnings of 1 not reported Brother t Two children and niece u W ife and sister v Child and mother w F ather and sister 1 1 el 323 CONDITION OP THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Table VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued OTHER CITIES 32 GROUPS Continued G roup 6 Children Head of family F am ily num ber G H Occupation At E arn W eeks Aver How sub House sisted em weekly wife A t work At ings At when and for the school home work a t ploy earn unem year ed ings ployed school T en eh er T e a c h e r Principal school d Laborer B ather g L etter carrier F lo rist j Tifthnyef No occupation Principal school No occupation rTaniter T eam ster T eam ster T eam ster d l g u i6 j a 40 dU a Savings Savings Savings Savings W i f e Savings D aughter Savings D aughter 61 cl e a el80 468 hi i2 2 el el e 65 3 cl cl m a pi el p 78 65 e 78 r 96 1 1 cl 75 l i el e56 543 k o3 c240 7i 524 G roup 7 W ash erw o m a n TTonse c le a n e r Laborer oil m ill W asherw om an Housew ork odd jo b s W ash erw o m a n V ash erwom a n V W ash erw om an L aborer L o o k W asherwoman a 52 a a o cl W i f e a G roup L a b o re r Laborer s ta b le Ditcher w w 20 Carpenter y L au n d ry m an W asherw om an S eam stress B lacksm ith W asherw om an C a rp en ter C arp en ter a 52 B lacksm ith P ain ter cc y cc 28 52 D riv er Teacher hh hhAO Teacher j j j j i o 52 M ail clerk a Not reported 6 Servant c Mother cl Also employed as secretary of society tim e and earnings not reported e Wife N o t including earnings of 2 not reported g Also employed 35 weeks as nurse a t 18 per week h Brother i M other and sister j Also employed 18 weeks as laborer a t 3 per week k Two children and mother I Niece m Wife mother nephew and aunt n Wife mother and aunt a 3 50 w 3 0 0 y a ee 9 00 a hhlO 00 j j 5 00 Savings Savings Savings Savings J i S avings I r i V3 e l v4 cl z4 hh i 1 2 1 el el A1 ff3 y 545 e9 v 38 c88 aa 104 a e 39 e 132 c39 jf 368 ii 486 kk hi x 2 1 P 1 cc 2 dd2 x 2 cl kk 2 111 i e1 c Wife child and 2 grand earnings of nephew not re children ported aaW ife earnings of child and o Child mother and friend p Grandchild 2 grandchildren not reported 66 Boarder A lso employed as sower cc Child and boarder digger a t 4 50 per week time dd Grandchildren not reported r Not including earnings of cc Also employed 24 weeks as clergyman a t 4 per week 1 not reported s Two children and grand f f Wife and 2 brothers child gg Nephew hh Also employed 12 weeks as t Child and sister carpenter a t 4 per week u Child and 5 grandchil dren ii Wife and sister v W ife and children j j Also employed 12 weeks as teacher music at 1 50 per w Also employed 30 weeks as week laborer a t 3 per week x Child and grandchild kk Cousins y Also employed 35 weeks as II A unt laborer a t 3 per week BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Table VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued OTHER CITIES 32 GROUPS Continued G roup 9 Children Head of family Fam ily num ber Occupation Barber proprietor C a rp e n te r Carpenter Lodging house keeper Farm Wood saw yer L a b o r e r Jfc M ille r C a rp e n te r AVnod Rawyor W asherwoman B u tle r Teacher n C o o k Farm er F a rm e r W eeks em ploy ed if A ver How sub House At E arn age sisted At ings At wife A t w ork weekly w hen and work a t for the school home earn unem year school ings ployed Savings Savings Savings Savings nG OO if Savings Savings 1 a 289 a2 1 cl 1 02 cl cl cl c c60 c d7 j3 J x78 2 cl 1 4 2 5 Jr u P3 520 c260 104 o r52 1 cl cl 3 cl 51 104 cl0 4 c260 799 cl l 260 vl e1 v 364 if G r o u p 10 Conk C No o ccupation M iller t C a rp e n te r Shoem aker No occupation S avings 1 Children 4 w4 c65 558 G r o u p 11 Laborer ra ilro a d Cook C lerk Laborer ra ilro a d T eam ster Fireman ice facto ry Laborer ra ilro a d Laborer ra ilro a d M erchant w o o d F arm er L aborer C lerg y m a n No o ccupation if if if if Fam ily if S avings 1 1 i w p3 p 312 cl c 195 W ife X1 3 Damages cl cl30 paid by railroad m W ife earnings of child not reported a W ife and grandchild 5 Also employed 20 weeks as cabinetm aker n Also employed as farmer time and earnings not reported earnings n o t reported Not including earnings of 1 not reported c Wife p W ife and children d Two children and 5 lodgers q W ife and children earnings of 1 child not re e Also employed as carpenter tim e and earn ported ings no t reported N o t reported r N ot including earnings of wife and 1 child not a W ife and servant reported s Child and 3 grandchildren ALodger P Also employed 20 weeks as porter a t 4 per i Wife and lodger earnings of servant not re week ported u Three children and niece j Two children and lodger v Cousin I Also employed 2 weeks as carpenter a t 3 per week w Niece I Wife and child x Sister if 325 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Ta ble VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued OTHER CITIES 32 GROUPS Continued Group 11 Concluded Children Head of family Fam ily num ber Occupation D ray m an C o o k W asherw om an Engineer sa w m ill Plum ber T eam ster M erchant Barber proprietor M erchant Proprietor restau ran t Laborer railroad At E arn Weeks Aver How sub House age sisted At ings At e m weekly wife A t work when and for the school home work at ploy earn unem year ed school ployed ings b Savings a4 e J Savings W ife di dl 6 5 c3 a b dl c2 b d 104 G r o u p 12 W ash erwom a n C a rp e n te r L aborer L aborer B ricklayer L aborer Pilot Laborer W asherwom an Washerwoman C arpenter Laborer F a rm e r S erv an t P o rte r Carpenter Gardener Printer m w 4 m l2 00 C h a rity W if e W ife C h arity C harity Savings S avings il S avings k u6 2 1 a a k a2 g2 9 1 hi 1 jQ G 24 3 G r o u p C rpepter B n te b e r Sh oem aker Sh oem aker Fireman railroad Gardener C lerg y m a n a W ife and children b Hot reported c Two children and mother d Wife e Grandchildren C h ild and 3 nieces g Wife and child Savings 1 G i i M other i Daughter j F ive children and grandchild k Sister and lodger Father mother and 2 nieces m Also employed 48 weeks as janitor a t 10 per 326 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR T a ble VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued OTHER CITIES 32 GROUPS Continued G roup 14 Head of family F am ily num ber Occupation P o rte r L aborer L aborer P o rte r L aborer W asherw om an Street sweeper C o o k S ervant W asherw om an Ju n k d e a le r W asherw om an L aborer P a in te r L aborer W eeks em ploy ed c Children A ver How sub House At E arn sisted age wife A t w ork ings At At when weekly and for the school home work at earn unem year ings ployed school a1 Savings Savings 64 64 al d2 c b 76 b 624 b 668 a 286 e204 63 h3 i3 d2 k2 a1 2128 a 64 a 78 a 130 m2 al a d2 al al r2 d2 0 364 a 143 a 200 r i pi 1 1 al u 2 63 al a 125 tel88 e 359 a 130 2 al al 179 a 306 a 91 al u2 Savings S avings d 290 al al c Relatives K m a 182 a 598 al a 130 il2 3 1 G roup G Delivery m an furni ture store C arpenter B arber L a b o re r C a rp en ter B lacksm ith W asherwoman q Delivery man furni tu re store P ainter carria g e Barber proprietor C a rp e n te r C lergym an Salesman gro ceries Ho occupation Carpet lay er Cotton sam pler x q 14 52 tt9 0Q g a a 5 09 Savings W ife I I Savings Savings Savings Savings Children v4t to G roup 16 1 2 s 4 5 PirKm n Plnm hnr TVriiVklayfyr Pnrtfti Fireman railroad Laborer rolling m ill D raym an Porter stove company Brakeman railroad y y l 1 Savings Savings Savings and cnar 5 40 W i f o C C h a rity O 12 25 Savings a W ife 6 W ife and children cH o t reported dW ife and child cW ifo and child earnings of 1 child not re ported A ls o employed 12 w eeks as laborer earnings not reported g Grandchild h Child mother and sister i Two children and lodger j L odger earnings of 2 children not reported k M other and brother 2Brother earnings of m other not reported m Child and sister n Also employed 4 weeks as laborer at 2 per week tl I i pi 2 o H ot including earnings of wife not reported p Sister q Also employed 14 weeks as house cleaner at 75 cents per week r Cousins 8 Child and grandchild t M other u W ife and hoarder v Two children sister and boarder w Two children and m other cc Also employed 13 weeks as laundrym an a t 5 per week y Also employed 13 weeks asd river ice wagon a t 7 per week 327 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES T a ble VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued OTHER CITIES GROUPS Continued 32 Group 17 Children Head of family Fam ily num ber Occupation C lerg y m an Mail p o rte r P h y s ic ia n N urse o B arber Cupola te n d e r C o o k W aiter h o te l C a rp e n te r B arber C o o k D ray m an L a b o re r W asherwoman C o o k D ray m an B arber J a n ito r Carpenter j W aiter h o te l W o o d tu rn er At ver How sub House E arn Weeks Aage sisted wife A t work ings At em weekly At w hen and for tho school home work at ploy earn unem ed school year ployed ings c j c aZ 61 e2 e Savings d Pension d Savings Q ll T i 1 493 i5 i Savings 2 Savings k2 k 520 Savings i m m G r o u p 18 Rlfipfri ma n Carpenter Clarpenfier Brakeman railro ad Porter railro ad d d W i f e Relatives 1 1 S av in g s d G r o u p 19 C a rp e n te r Laborer C a rp e n te r WasherwATna L a b o re r d d d d Relatives 1 d d d d p q G r o u p 20 Laborer oil m ill Y asherwoman r W a i t e r L a b o r e r L a b o r e r d d d R elatives e2 d d d v3 v3 d d 1 50 a Two children and mother 6 W ife c Also employed 5 weeks as seam stress a t 2 50 per week dH ot reported eW ifo and child B r c lk e r and sister g Wife child and lodger h Two children and 7 lodgers i Wife 3 children and lodger j Also employed 2 weeks as copyist a t 1 per week k Mother and sister I Niece m Wife mother and nephew d n Two children and niece o Child and niece p Brother 2 nephews and lodger q Two nephew s earnings of brother and lodger not reported r Nephew and niece s W ife earnings of child not reported t M other and niece u Also employed as drayman time and earnings not reported v W ife and children w Grandchild a Hot including earnings of wife and 1 child not reported 328 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR T a b l e YL OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued OTHER CITIES 32 GROUPS Continued Group 21 H ead of family F am ily num ber Occupation Children ver How sub House At Weeks Aage E arn sisted em wife A t work ings JCb when and for the school A t ploy weekly work a t home earn unem ed year ings ployed school d Dairy woman and cook Porter cotton sto re Stevedore r o s i n W aiter hotel d Laborer furniture store B r ic k la y e r D ray m an W asherw om an W ash erw o m an Cooper Driver grocery wagon L aborer S e r v a n t No ofuvnpatinn No occupation Porter clubhouse C a rp e n te r P orter sto re C a rp e n te r Porter dry goods store Porter grocery sto re d Savings Credit and relatives a1 1 a el c 260 h3 63 3 A572 el t2 j 572 m el el J2 C h a rity Children Children and char ity elO i e25 o 104 r4 g 6 ll r546 j 2 n2 i2 j 169 ul si u 468 wl 1 1 t 3 G r o u p L aborer W a ite r W asherw om an W asherw om an M essenger y L aborer L aborer Boarding house keeper Teacher C u tle r Laborer No occupation P o rte r P o rte r Proprietress laundry y y g W ife 64 a 3 2 S o n z 754 a a 752 bb 780 tfdl 430 e go 2 518 z2 a 5 66 4 cc4 Savings Savings ee 2 I V 9 x 1 170 el cl 2 e7S I a Niece b Two nephews and niece c Boarder d Also employed 3 weeks a t odd jobs a t 3 per week and has income from small farm e Wife A ls o employed as team ster a t 3 per week tim e n ot reported g Not reported h Wife and children i Child and grandchild j W ife and child k Including earnings of grandchild I Grandchild m Included in earnings of head n Child and brother o W ife earnings of child not reported p Child and grandm other q Two children and lodger v Two children and 2 grandchildren Great grandchild t Grandchildren u Brother v Two children and sister to Nephew a Mother and 2 lodgers y Also served on ju ry a t 5 per week tim e not reported z Sister and nephew a a Wife 3 children and lodger bb Wife child and 2 lodgers ee Child mother and 2 boarders dd Child mother and 3 boarders includes pen sion of 1 boarder a t home ee Sister and servant ff Daughter gg Child and 2 lodgers CONDITION OF THE T able negro in v a r io u s S29 c it ie s VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued OTHER C IT IE S 32 G R O U PS C ontinued G roup 23 Children Head of family Fam ily num ber Occupation At E arn Weeks A ver How sub House age sisted wife A t work ings At At em weekly when and for the school home work at ploy earn unem ed ings ployed school year 1 Q narrym an C a rp e n te r W asherwom an S ervant S erv an t Wheel W right Rag dealer S erv an t Conehm an L a b o re r G ard en er Jan ito r assistan t 13 Team a t e r T eam ster Seam stress T eam ster b S avings Savings S avings S av in g s Savings al a1 c2 a 528 a 312 c533 i i d3 e4 2572 e l a1 a 130 A2 d1 2 al A114 a 117 182 al04 m 2 h2 m G roup P ilo t Laborer dock t Cook fam ily Car w a sh e r Car r e p a ire r M erchant groceries Cook restau ran t k Cook hotel L aborer Laborer dock L aborer Stevedore n Laborer dock Laborer railroad Team ster p Driver grocery wagon Employee lau n d ry Laborer Porter b a n k Molder iron fo u n d ry Laborer warehouse Laborer Seamstress and lodg ing house keeper 24 N o occupn t i n n Laborer r a ilro a d i S avings k I S n36 ft p 36 p C harity Savings C harity S avings 51 S avings W i f e C harity C harity 1 S avings a1 A2 a1 A2 o2 d3 aS A20 a 234 A65 o al a 156 q 122 a 65 r624 q2 a1 T 5 C harity 1 A 352 h A 351 al i i 3 i i Wife b N ot reported e Child and lodger d W ife and children e Three children and nephew G ran d ch ild Mother W ife and child Also employed 13 weeks as laborer a t 6 per Week j Two children sister and niece k Also employed 43 weeks as porter store a t 6 p er week 179 No I Also employed 4 weeks as laborer a t 5 per week m W ife and brother n Also employed 16 weeks as fisherman at 6 per week o Sister and lodger p Also employed 16 weeks as cotton gin opera to r a t 10 per week q Wife and lodger r Nephew uncle and 3 lodgers 330 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR T a ble VL OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued OTHEL CITIES 32 GROUPS Continued Group 25 H ead of family Fam ily num ber Occupation 1 P ilot a W asherwom an H u rse b D ray m an L aborer Laborer ra ilro a d L aborer W aiter h o te l Ho o ccu p atio n C a rp e n te r H ack d river proprie to r 12 E ng ine w iper railroad 13 L aborer j L a b o re r Cook an d washer woman 16 D river city scavenger cart 17 C lerg y m an M erchant pictures frames etc Children At W eeks A ver How sub House E arn age sisted em weekly wife A t w ork ings At At w hen and fa r th e school home work a t ploy earn unem ed ployed ings school year a 20 a b C hildren 1 W if e if W ife C hildren 1 1 if E e n ts C re d it d 156 ol v r e1 h3 156 el 4 ftO j il i e i c dl G roup 26 1 W a ite r h o te l Fireman steam boat 3 P orter railro ad C oachm an P orter wholesale store 6 Painter h o u se D river cart gas com pany 8 Team ster jp D ray m an Laborer lau n d ry jp l l 37 51 p W ife W ife a f Savings 1 mU2 2 l n e el W ife m r907 Group 27 TfahoT r Conk kofcel Employee iatmnnnvr vUlU f4ujf electric Laborer cotton ves sels t Porter s t o r e R jatcher o s tle r Laborer Porter riee m ill Porter m illinery store W ife C h a rity W ife el elS W ife til 52 52 w el el el el el e l2 5 if e36 e 7 el Laborer steam sh ip W ash erw o m an 1 el Laborer steam ship W ife a 52 u C h a rity Ml Servant u I G randchildren a Also employed 32 w eeks a s m erchant grocer m W ife and mother ies a t 11 p er week N ephew b Also employed 18 weeks as washerwoman a t o W ife and children earnings of 1 ckiH n et 50 cents p er week reported c Two children and lodger p A lso employed a t odd jobs tim e and earnings d M other n ot reported cW ife q B rother H o t reported r W ife child hoarder and lodger g Sister 9 Child niece and grandniece h Two children and grandchild t Also employed 9 weeks a t odd jobs a t 2 per i Great grandchild week j Also employed 17 weeks a t odd jobs at 75 cents u Also employed 17 weeks as washerw om an a t p er week 75 cents per week AW ife and children 331 CONDITION OP THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Tabus VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Continued OTHER CITIES 32 GROUPS Continued Group 27 Concluded Children Head of fam ily Fam ily num ber Occupation At ver How sub House E arn Weeks Aage sisted ings At At wife A t work em weekly and for the school home when work a t ploy earn unem year ed school ployed ings 52 a Driver city scavenger cart Laborer steam ship b Carpenter M arket w om an b Fireman railroad B ricklayer and p las terer e D river tru ck farm W asherw om an Longshoreman Longshoreman W asherw om an W asherw om an B a k e r e e c35 e C re d it C re d it Children and credit g HO W ife W ife C hildren i g h A to oco G roup 28 Cook Cook ih Laborer coal y a r d 4 Cook F a rm e r C C lerg y m an F a rm e r C arpenter F a rm e r Cook C lerg y m an W asherw om an P olicem an B lacksm ith n Savings i3 i d1 d m390 m2 I i G r o u p 29 1 Hod carrier n Employee facto ry 3 No occupation Laborer terra cotta pipe factory 5 Hod carrier Tar it o r Laborer F a rm e r L ab o rer B u tle r Carpenter t Cook W asherwom an 14 Laborer s t r e e t S ervant Laborer Govt service 17 Laborer Govt service 18 F ish d ealer L aborer L ab orer slO D aughter R elatives W ife c c D aughter Fam ilv a Receives board in addition to earnings b Also employed 13 weeks a t odd jobs a t 2 50 per week c Not reported W ife 2 e Also employed 9 weeks as w hite washer and at odd jobs a t 1 p er week W ife and lodger a Relationship to head of family not reported a Also employed 2 weeks as washerwoman earnings n o t reported i W ile and children j Two children and grandchild Also employed 9 weeks as gardener a t 3 50 per week i3 o o43 c q d1 d i3 i3 d il53 ilfil d 28 110 i 304 1 P2 rl u2 2 2Also employed 13 weeks a s farm er a t 3 75 per week m W ife and child n Also employed 12 weeks as laborer at 1 37 per week o W ife and grandchild p Grandchildren q Child brother cousin and boarder r Mother Also employed 1 week as plasterer a t 6 per week Also employed 10 weeks as laborer a t 2 50 per week u Child and mother 332 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Table VI OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS BY FAMILIES Concluded OTHER CITIES 32 GROUPS Concluded G boup 30 Head of family F am ily num ber Occupation H ack d riv e r G ard en er W asherw om an Laborer ra ilro a d W asherw om an H u n te r Children At Weeks A ver How sub House E arn sisted age em weekly wife A t w ork At At ings when and for the school home ploy earn work a t unem ed year ployed school ings a 3 50 Savings c b d2 e d41G e Gboup Engineer sta tio n ary Holder iron fo u n d ry Seamstress and prosti tu te h W asherw om an Cook and h ousew ork W asherwom an g 43 a a g a a a G boup 32 W asherw om an Chambermaid W asherwom an W ash erw o m an W asherw om an P ro s titu te P ro stitu te a a a a N ot reported ft Wife child and boarder c Receives board in addition to earnings d Wife and brother e W ife and child W if e T able a i 1 j 78 n a a g P aid for lost time by employer h Also employed 8 weeks as chambermaid a t 2 per week i Boarder j Nephew it Sister VII SICKNESS DURING THE YEAR ATLA N TA GA 16 GROUPS Group Fam Age ily num num yrs Sex ber ber l Name of ailment F a Nervous headache F 28 Rheumatism M Cold F 28 Childbirth M 180 M alarial fever M 7 Cold F 21 L a grippe M 60 W hooping cough F 30 Rheumatism F 305 General debility F 21 Female complaint F 14 Swollen lip F 7 Cold F 120 b F 21 General debility F 30 Dysentery F 14 Miscarriage F 9 Convulsions a Lost no time from work Group F am Age ily num num yrs Sex Days Name of ailm ent sick ber ber F M Childbirth T hrush and teeth ing 5 M 5 Accident horse kick 32 M 18 M alarial fever 26 F 14 Childbirth 4 M 14 Typhoid fever 52 M a General debility 38 M a Rheum atism 32 F 28 Childbirth 67 M a Rheumatism 51 F 1 Indigestion 18 F a Sore throat 38 F 7 L a grippe 56 F 7 Rheumatism 42 F 12 M alarial fever 31 F 1 Rheum atism b Not reported CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Table 333 VII SICKNESS DURING THE YEAR Continued A TLA N TA GA 16 GROUPS Continued Group Fam Age ily num num yrs Sex Days Name of ailment sick ber ber F 2 M F 2 F 53 M 31 F 1 F 13 F 48 M 20 F 25 F F i i M 35 M 45 F 8 F M F M F F F a 3 3 b 3 a 7 F 20 F 3 M 4 F 5 F b M 119 M 15 M 21 F 7 M b F 10 M b F a M 3 20 F M b 33 M b 52 M b 42 11 M 9 M 9 9 7 F 4 F 9 2 M M 28 F 7 18 F 7 24 F a 30 27 F 30 8 M 30 5 M 91 25 F 10 F a a F F 90 64 F b 91 50 F 41 F 56 21 M 56 12 F F 8 M b 55 F 14 35 F b 8 M 56 6 F F 5 22 F b 6 16 F M b F a Not reported L a grippe Childbirth Pleurisy Back ache Cold A sthm a and indigestion Childbirth Inflammation of bowels Cold Malarial fever Tumor Female complaint Asthma Dropsy Measles Measles Cold Cold Pneumonia Cold Childbirth Cold Rheumatism Bilious fever Bilious fever M alarial fever M alarial fever Measles Measles Measles Measles Rheumatism Fem ale complaint Cold Childbirth General debility Worms Pneumonia Indigestion Cold and sore throat Bilious fever M alarial fever M alarial fever M alarial fever Teething M alarial fever A sthm a Childbirth Childbirth Whooping cough L a grippe M alarial fever A sthm a Measles and se quels Measles and se quelae Female complaint Biliousness L a grippe L a grippe P leurisy La grippe L a grippe Worms Spinal disease Female complaint Pneumonia C atarrh Biliousness Dyspepsia M alarial fever Lung trouble La grippe j Group Fam Ago I ily num num yrs Sex Days Name of ailment sick ber ber 4 4 4 Worms Measles Measles and whooping cough 10 26 M a Consumption 10 27 F a N euralgia and gen eral debility 10 14 F 28 Measles and whooping cough 40 M 70 Rheumatism F 84 M alarial fever 12 41 F a Lung trouble 14 22 F a Childbirth and pal pitation of heart 14 3 F 865 Bowel complaint 15 8 F 7 Cold 1 1 M 152 Teething 56 Typhoicl fever 24 M 1 3 61 B rain and spinal 5 M trouble 4 30 F 91 Rheumatism 5 64 F 42 Rheum atism 5 42 F b Female complaint 7 22 M 7 Consumption 8 44 F 7 Cancer 9 14 L iver and kidney 47 F disease 30 Nervous prostra 11 39 F tion 14 Measles 11 7 M 11 6 F 14 Measles 13 35 F 14 Fem ale complaint 15 27 F 325 L ung trouble 23 F 17 91 L u n g trouble 17 75 F 28 Bowel complaint 18 28 F 14 M alarial fever 20 55 F 7 Congestion of kid neys 20 25 F 7 L a grippe 20 9 M 14 Measles 20 8 M 14 Measles 25 23 F 21 Typhoid fever 1 40 F a Childbirth 1 22 M 1 Cold 1 20 W hooping cough 8 M 2 55 F 21 Rheumatism 3 26 F 100 Rheumatism 4 37 F a Childbirth 4 16 M b Biliousness 4 3 Cold 14 F 7 17 F a Childbirth 8 5 M 14 Measles 9 35 F a Childbirth 10 16 M 13 Rheumatism 12 38 F 90 Pneumonia and bilious fever 12 22 F 6 Headache 14 24 F 90 Bilious fever 14 21 M 14 Boils 14 14 Pneumonia ft F 50 F 15 b N euralgia 15 19 M 21 M alarial fever 15 19 M 14 Measles 32 M b M alarial fever F 40 Fem ale complaint 17 21 Measles 7 F 3 F 7 Measles M 7 Measles 1 20 F b Fem ale complaint 1 14 F b Fem ale complaint 1 8 M 14 M alarial fever 1 62 F 60 Dyspepsia 2 21 Measles 17 M 2 16 F 28 Fem ale complaint 2 11 M 14 Measles 2 6 M 14 M easles 2 58 F b Neuralgia Lost no time from work b F M F BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR T able VII SICKNESS DURING THE YEAR Continued A T LA N T A G A 1 6 GROUPS Continued Group F am Ago ily num num Sex Days Name of ailment sick ber ber yrs M F a M alarial fever 57 Measles and malarial fever M 30 21 D ysentery 25 F 30 Female complaint 28 F a Female complaint 20 F 3 b 36 M Female complaint 33 F 18 F 18 Female complaint 12 M 35 Measles 31 M a Biliousness 29 F b C hildbirth 23 F b Childbirth 27 F 25 Rheumatism 23 F 30 M alarial fever 28 M a M alarial fever 30 Fem ale complaint 30 F 14 F 15 Sprained ankle 45 M a Tonsilitis 36 F 15 Congestion of kidneys 18 F a Female complaint 14 M a Mumps 26 M a Bilious fever 20 F a Female complaint 19 F 15 M alarial fever 30 F a Fem ale complaint 6 F 21 M alarial fever 22 M 7 Back ache 15 F 30 M easles 22 F 30 Child b irth and ma larial fever 26 F 90 C hildbirth and ma larial fever 25 M 4 M alarial fever 2 F 2 Convulsions 40 F 7 H eart disease 43 F a Cold 44 M 10 Rheumatism 43 F 21 Fem ale complaint 18 F a Cold 17 F 10 M alarial fever 26 F 90 Scrofula 60 F a Pneum onia 4 F 90 W hooping cough 2 F 90 W hooping cough 34 M 20 Sprained back 6 Rheumatism 65 F 15 F 7 M alarial fever 16 M 15 Measles 38 F 10 L a grippe 13 F 6 Mumps 48 M a M alarial fever 70 Typhoid fever 18 F 28 F 60 B rain fever 56 F 30 Pneumonia 38 F 21 Female complaint 31 M a Indigestion 32 M 60 Rheumatism 34 F 50 Fem ale complaint 42 F 90 Fem ale complaint 38 F 7 Biliousness 27 M a Headache 38 M b Dyspepsia 31 F b Fem ale complaint 12 M b Spinal disease 21 Female complaint 27 F 56 M 3 Sprained rib 61 Bronchitis 18 M 36 F 21 M alarial fever 33 F 14 M alarial fever 20 F b Childbirth 40 F 14 P neum onia 20 M 21 Pneum onia 50 F a Rheumatism 40 F 21 Childbirth a Lost no time from work Group Fam Age ily num num Sex Days Name of ailm ent sick ber ber yrs n F 56 M 7 F 28 F 7 M 49 M 213 F 28 F 14 M 14 F 35 M 14 M 21 F 21 M a M 28 F 42 M 56 183 F F 21 F 28 F 56 F a F 7 F 7 21 F F 252 M l M 7 F 14 F 60 M 14 M 7 M 14 F 30 21 M F M M 4 Typhoid fever Piles Childbirth Mumps M alarial fever Bronchitis C hildbirth Pneum onia Pneum onia Tumor M alarial fever M alarial fever Sore th ro at Rheum atism P leurisy N euralgia T h ro at trouble Fem ale complaint Indigestion Typhoid fever Pneumonia Cold La grippe L a grippe Female complaint Fem ale com plaint T yphoid fever Rheum atism M alarial fevor Fem ale complaint Rheum atism Rheum atism W orm s Rose rash In ju re d back Spinal disease b Congestion of lungs 14 R upture 38 F 30 Scarlet fever 4 F 25 F 61 Fem ale complaint 7 F 7 Measles 19 F 30 C hildbirth 21 M 14 W ounded chin 33 F 28 Childbirth 12 F 5 Headache 21 Snake bite 11 M 6 F 14 M alarial fever 29 M 30 Rheum atism 8 M L iver complaint and granular eyelids 6 F 21 W orm fever 73 F b P aralysis 50 M 14 B rig h t s disease 55 F 84 Vertigo 56 Pneumonia 38 M 37 F 28 C hildbirth 7 F b P aralysis of eyo 31 M 7 M alarial fever 45 F 152 M alarial fevor 4 F 60 Scarlet fever 21 Brain fever 2 F 21 M alarial fever 65 F 43 F 183 Chang of life 3 F 65 T eething 45 Female complaint 43 F 16 F 75 R heum atism 86 H e a rt disease 32 F 35 M 12 Cold 32 F 200 Childbirth and gen eral debility 70 Pneum onia 11 F 65 M a Neuralgia 45 F 30 Pneumonia 11 F 200 Scrofula b Not reported CONDITION OP THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Ta ble 335 VII SICKNESS DURING THE YEAR Continued A T LA N T A G A 18 GROUPS Concluded Group Fam Ago Days ily num num yra Sex sick Name of ailm ent ber ber F F M F a F F M F M F M M M F M M M F F F M F M F M F M M M M a F 13 M 12 F S F 8 M 34 F F M F F M M F F M F F F M F F F F M a b F 365 M a F 30 M a b Pneumonia Cold Pneumonia and ma larial fever Tumor Cold Worms Asthm a M alarial fever Ovarian conges tion Female complaint Headache Stomach ache P leurisy Fem ale complaint Rheumatism Sore throat Headache Whooping cough C atarrh and female complaint Female complaint M alarial fever Female complaint Cold Childbirth Pneumonia Female complaint Tonsilitis M alarial fever Indigestion Congestion of k id neys Tumor Cold Rheumatic fever Accident and m a larial fever Fem ale complaint Typhoid fever Indigestion Pneumonia W orm fever Pneumonia and fe male complaint Biliousness M alarial fever Female complaint Measles Measles Pneumonia M alarial fever Tonsilitis m Pneumonia Rheumatism Female complaint Sore throat Female complaint Rheumatism and catarrh Cough Bowel complaint Ulcerated sore throat A Lost no tim e from work Group Fam Age ily num num yrs Sex Days Name of ailment sick ber ber G O m F 90 Female complaint M 20 Bilious fever F 14 Bilious fever M 20 Bilious fever M 250 Bilious fever F 40 Bilious fever M SO Sprained back F 20 Rheumatism M 2 H eart disease 56 F b M 14 M alarial fever F 66 Epilepsy F 4 Pneumonia M 84 Rheumatism F 21 i Bowel complaint M 28 M alarial fever F 21 Sore throat F 7 Sore throat M 7 Sore throat F 14 M alarial fever F 14 Measles M a M alarial fever F 21 Sore throat F 21 Sore throat M a Cough M 84 Typhoid fever F 14 Cold F a Rheumatism M a Indigestion M 14 M alarial fever F a M alarial fever 21 T yphoid fever M M 7 M alarial fever F 28 La grippe M 121 Rheumatism F 61 La grippe F 90 M alarial fever 60 Measles M F 21 Female complaint F 7 Scrofula F 60 Dyspepsia and rheum atism F a Female complaint 14 Indigestion F F 270 Measles and se quel 16 Pleurisy F M 270 Rheumatism 365 Female complaint F F 30 L a grippe and neu ralgia M 30 Indigestion 61 Measles and pneu F monia M 30 Measles M b Gravel F 7 Female complaint M 30 W orm fever 21 Female complaint F F 21 M alarial fever F a Fem ale complaint M a Cold F 3 Sore throat M 21 Sore throat M 90 Measles F b Childbirth 42 Rheumatism F b Not reported 336 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR Table VII SICKNESS DURING T H E YEAR Continued N A SH V ILLE T E N N 10 GROUPS Group F am Age ily num num yrs Sex Days Fam e of ailment sick ber ber F 10 Measles M 9 Measles M a Gout F a Cold M a Rheumatism F 365 Rheumatism F 0 H eart disease F 7 L a grippe M 0 Senilo debility and rheum atism 75 F 0 Senile debility 3 M 63 Whooping cough 42 M a Cold F 14 La grippe 0 18 F 20 L a grippe 13 M 20 Sore throat 4 M 14 M alarial fever 69 F a Cold 38 M a Rheumatism 26 F 0 H eart disease 21 M a Cold 13 F 42 Pneum onia 3 M 21 Pneum onia Rheumatism 57 M a 48 F 7 Neuralgia 18 M 21 Rheumatism 1 F 7 Teething 45 F 4 Bilious colic 85 F 0 Senile debility 10 F 10 Whooping cough 6 M 10 Moasles 27 F 0 Childbirth 4 F 60 W hooping cough 38 M a Cold 65 M 100 F istu la and gravel 24 M a Diarrhea 20 F 14 Childbirth 2 F 30 Teething 12 F a Scrofula 34 F 14 Ulcerated sore throat 44 F 0 Rheumatism 46 F a Indigestion 8 F 21 Measles 49 M 2 Diarrhea 2 F 14 Infantile paralysis 65 M 91 Rheumatism 6 M 7 Measles 5 M 7 Measles 2 F 91 Measles and pneu monia 71 M 0 Senile debility and rheumatism 55 F 0 Biliousness and vertigo 18 M 7 Sprained back 29 F 0 H eart disease 35 M a Indigestion 25 F 14 Childbirth 4 M 0 Catarrh 26 F 14 Fem ale complaint 50 F a M alarial fever 36 F 122 Female complaint 38 M 7 Diarrhea 10 M 14 Measles 73 F a Rheumatism 28 F 63 Female complaint 22 F a Female complaint 13 F 14 Measles 8 F 14 Measles 64 F a Rheumatism 73 M a A sthm a and rheu matism 91 Scrofula and gan 27 M grenous hand 19 M a Rheumatism a Lost no time from work j Group Fam Ago ily num num yrs Sex Days Name of ailm ent sick ber ber F M M Scrofula Scrofula M alarial fever and scrofula 11 M 0 Scrofula 20 F 25 Childbirth 52 F a M alarial fever 54 M 21 Carbuncle 41 F 60 M alarial fever 35 F a Fem ale complaint 17 F 21 Fem ale complaint 50 F Tumor 0 G M 21 Measles 22 F Female complaint 38 F a Rheumatism 29 M a Consumption 44 M a M alarial fever 43 F 5 Childbirth 21 F a M alarial fever 50 F a Rheumatism 38 M 28 Piles and pneumo nia 34 F 14 Pneum onia 15 M 0 Asthm a 5 F 7 D iphtheria 52 F 28 Abscess and lung trouble 19 M a Asthm a 26 F a Cold 6 F 10 Measles 5 M 10 Measles 31 F a Cold 38 F 122 Female complaint and kidney dis ease 17 F 91 M eningitis 23 F a M alarial fever 65 F 0 Consumption 12 M 0 M alarial fever 38 F a Rheumatism 18 F 35 Pneum onia 55 M 14 Piles 65 F 0 Rheum atism 47 M 7 M alarial fever 47 F 70 B rig h t s disease 56 M a Rheumatism and ulcerated sore throat 12 M 20 M alarial fever 75 F a Diarrhea 54 F 28 Rheumatism 50 F 30 Nervous prostra tion 28 M 21 Pneumonia 12 F 14 Worms 25 F 0 Female complaint 48 F a Malarial fever and cramps 24 F a Female complaint 43 F a Malarial fever 16 F a Felon 36 M a Sprained back 22 F 60 Rheumatism 23 F 35 Female complaint 30 M 152 M alarial fever and rheum atism 30 F 183 M alarial fever and scrofula 7 M 35 Pneum onia 30 F 28 C hildbirth 4 M 21 Pneum onia 14 Pneum onia and M convulsions 3 M 14 Measles 31 M 28 Rheumatism 30 F 61 Childbirth b Not reported CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Table VII SICKNESS DURING THE YEAR C o n tin u e d N A SH V ILLE T E N N 10 GROUPS Continued Group F am Age ily n am num yrs Sex Days Name of ailment sick ber ber M F Pneumonia Pneumonia Rheumatism Measles 14 Measles Measles a Cancer b Syphilis b 14 Measles 14 Measles Erysipelas a 42 Female complaint 21 Measles Change of life a Rheumatism b 5G Typhoid fever 17 M alarial fever a Biliousness a Female complaint a b 14 Female complaint 243 Dropsy 21 M alarial fever Neuralgia a a Ulcerated sore throat 21 Change of life a Measles 35 Measles and whooping cough 28 Measles and whooping cough 14 Measles 21 Measles and diar rhea Femalo complaint a Rheumatism a Scrofula b 21 Typhoid fever 21 Diarrhea a M alarial fever 7 L a grippe b Rheumatism General debility b Syphilis b 21 Rheumatism Female complaint a 28 Childbirth 14 M alarial fever Neuralgia a Senile debility b 42 La grippe F 12 F 6 M M P F F M F M F F M M M M M F F F M F M F F M M r 5 6 C 0 23 F 3 F 24 F 54 M 45 F 65 F c F F F F F M M M E F F F F M M F F M F M M M F a a a 21 a b Measles and whooping cough Measles and whoopingcough Miscarriage Whooping cough Childbirth Rheumatism b Rheumatism and neuralgia 45 F a Cold 19 M a M alarial fever 16 F a Femalo complaint 36 M 42 M alarial fever 14 Measles 8 F 21 Measles 7 M 49 F 14 Biliousness 3 F 28 Rheumatism 51 F a Rheumatism 49 M b Rheumatism and diabetes 59 F b Change of life a Lost no time from work Group Fam Age ily num num yrs Sex Days Name of ailment sick ber ber F 59 M 9 M 27 M 38 M 17 M 38 M 28 F 70 F 30 F 11 F 27 F 25 F M F a b M F F M b 14 14 b F 27 M 33 M 54 M 48 F 65 M 45 F M F F M F 6 6 6 G 6 G G G F F M F F F F M F M M G G F 9 F G 6 6 G G M F M M F F G M 6 6 G F F F 6 6 G 6 G F F M M M F M b a 14 a a 25 b b 14 b 14 a 7 G O a a a a a M alarial fever Varicose veins Typhoid fever L a grippe L a grippe M alarial fever H e a rt disease Fem ale complaint D iarrhea Bronchitis Scrofula Childbirth Childbirth and fe male complaint Cold Fem ale complaint and rheum atism Scrofula Pneumonia Thrush Senile debility and rheumatism b M alarial fever Consumption Bilious fever Rheum atism Sunstroke K idney disease and rheum atism Mumps Femalo complaint Measles Biliousness Childbirth and in flammation of eyes W hooping cough W hooping cough Pneumonia Femalo complaint M alarial fever Femalo complaint L a grippe M alarial fever h eart disease and rheum atism Change of life Biliousness Ulcerated sore throat Femalo complaint Measles and whooping cough b Consumption M alarial fever Pneumonia Rheumatism M alarial fever and la grippo 56 Pneum onia and consumption Cataract b 28 Childbirth 56 Congestion of kid neys 91 M alarial fever Scrofula b a Scrofula a Scrofula a Scrofula b b 30 b M alarial fever and inflammation of eves 18 M 21 Malarial fever b Not reported 338 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR T a ble VII SICKNESS DURING THE YEAR Continued N A SH V ILL E TEN N 10 GROUPS Continued Group Fam Age ily num num Sex Days Name of ailment sick ber ber yrs S G G M M F F F F M F F F F F F b M M b F F F M F M F F M F M F M M M M M M M M F a b b 42 a a Biliousness Rheumatism Rheumatism M alarial fever Bilious fever Cold Rheumatism Measles L a grippe M alarial fever Pneumonia Scrofula Congestion of kidneys Typhoid fever Enlargem ent of liver Cold Female com plaint 1 Bronchitis M alarial fever H eart disease Asthm a Cold L a grippe L a grippe Sore throat 30 D iphtheria 7 D iphtheria 21 Croup 3 Diphtheria 14 L a grippe 30 Measles 30 Measles Cold a Headache 90 Accident and spi nal disease 50 M 3 Sunstroke 60 F b Paralysis partial 22 M 1 Biliousness 23 M 7 Biliousness Cold 44 M a Rheum atism and 38 F a piles 4 F 7 Accident 15 M 7 M alarial fever 121 L a grippe 56 F 45 F a Rheumatism 40 F 14 L a grippe 46 M a M alarial fever 30 F Childbirth 9 F 152 M alarial fever 35 M b Congestion of kid neys 36 F b Scrofula 15 F 2 Headache 61 M 60 Rheumatism 40 M a Cold 8 F a Cold 12 F 14 Measles 9 F 3 Measles 18 F b Spinal disease 6 Measles 6 F 35 M a Cold 26 F 30 Rheumatism 56 M a Cold 50 F a N euralgia 19 M 14 L a grippe 27 M 14 Rheumatism 25 F 60 L a grippe 29 F Congestion of k id neys 35 F a Female complaint 60 F a Fem ale complaint a Lost no time from work Group Fam Age ily num num yrs Sex Days Name of ailment sick ber ber M F M F F Female com plaint C atarrh Fem ale complaint Senile debility and b rheum atism 46 M a Spinal disease and cold 45 F 7 L a grippe 24 M b C atarrh 10 M b L a grippe 46 F b Rheumatism 42 M 14 Accident 25 F 14 Side ache 9 F 2 Measles 7 M b General debility 4 F 7 L ung trouble 30 F b Consumption 13 F 7 Measles 25 F 60 Childbirth 1 F 30 M alarial fever 1 M 30 M alarial fever 56 M a Rheum atism 55 F b Rheum atism 16 F 60 Lung trouble 51 M b Rheum atism and paralysis of hand 40 F 60 Childbirth and er ysipelas 9 F 60 Catarrh and mea sles 7 F 14 Measles 5 F 14 Measles and scrof ula 2 M 14 Measles 39 M 120 M alarial fever and rheum atism 32 F 9 Childbirth 3 F 7 Measles 2 M 3 Measles 46 M 3 L a grippe 35 M b Nervous debility 45 F a A sthm a and rheu matism 30 F 60 C hildbirth and la grippe 16 M 7 L a grippe 7 Cold A M 75 F b Rheumatism 13 F 17 M alarial fever 15 M alarial fever 11 M 7 F 14 M alarial fever 64 M a Rheum atism 60 R heum atism and 43 F la grippe 13 F 7 L a grippe 11 M 14 L a grippe 7 M 14 L a grippe 59 M a Rheumatism 48 F b Fem ale complaint 36 Childbirth 28 F 30 M a Cold 26 F 14 Female complaint 18 F 2 L a grippe 58 F a Rheumatism 19 F 21 Cold 53 M a Congestion of kid neys 74 F b Rheumatism 28 F b L ung trouble 30 F b Fem ale complaint 14 M a C atarrh 35 M a Rheumatism 39 F 34 M alarial fever 5 F 30 L a grippe 30 M b Catarrh 63 M 14 L a grippe b Not reported CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES T able 339 VII SICKNESS DURING THE YEAR Continued N A SH V IL L E T EN N 10 GROUPS Concluded Group Fam Age Group Fam Age Days ily ily num num yrs Sex Days Name of ailment num num yrs Sex sick Name of ailment sick ber ber ber ber F M F F M J M F F M M F F F M F M F F F M M F La grippe 2 La grippe 1 Cold 1 Cold 5 Rheumatism and spinal disease 5 D iphtheria 30 Childbirth 2 L a grippe a Rheumatism M alarial fever 0 Asthm a a 30 M alarial fever 90 M alarial lever 7 M alarial fever 30 Childbirth a Rheum atism 21 Lung trouble a L ung trouble and rheum atism 21 Female complaint 4 Cold 30 Rheumatism and la grippe 30 Childbirth and la grippe 120 Dysentery Scrofula 0 21 L a grippe 30 L a grippe 21 g r i p p e 0 14 Swollen testicles C atarrh 0 30 Sunstroke 30 L a grippe 60 Rheumatism F M F F M F M M M F M F 35 M 25 F 52 F 26 F F F F M F F M F F F F M F M M M F M F F F F F F F F M M F F a H eart disease Rheumatism Cold a Rheumatism Feraalo complaint a and heart disease 9 Childbirth 14 M alarial fever 7 L a grippe 14 L a grippe Female complaint 0 90 Rheumatism 7 Cold 30 Cold 180 Female complaint 7 Cold 35 M alarial fever 60 Worms 21 Measles 21 Measles 21 Measles 3 L a grippe 21 Scarlet fever 60 Typhoid fever 4 La grippe 90 La grippe 60 Rheumatism 14 La grippe 30 Pneum onia 28 P leurisy 120 Scrofula 7 M alarial fever 2 0 C o i f 60 H eart disease 180 Scrofula CAMBRIDGE M A S S l GROUP F F F M F F M F F M F M F M M M M F M A F M F M M M F M M F F M F a Not 14 Teething Tumor 30 Cold 91 Crushed hand 35 Childbirth 42 Childbirth 60 Crushed foot 28 Childbirth Female complaint 0 42 M alarial fever Rheumatism a 14 Sore throat H eart disease 0 7 Sprained leg 7 Tonsilitis 7 Measles 7 Accident 21 Cold 7 Congestion of k id neys 30 Childbirth 14 T eething 35 Childbirth 7 Mumps Sore throat 0 Headache 0 7 Chicken pox 7 La grippe 7 Mumps 7 Cold 4 Diphtheria 7 Indigestion 28 Childbirth reported 0 I b Lost F M F F M F F F M M F M F F Typhoid fever Typhoid fever Typhoid fever Biliousness N euralgia 0 28 C hildbirth Rheumatism 0 14 Typhoid fever a Teething 42 P leurisy 56 Biliousness 7 Indigestion 28 Childbirth 365 B ronchitis and pneumonia M 7 Cold 28 Childbirth 28 F 21 Abscess M 35 P leurisy 34 F 6 Biliousness 21 F a M 28 Pneum onia 30 Indigestion F 27 23 M 150 L a grippe 42 Accident 45 M 40 Cold 27 M 36 M 1 D iarrhea 36 M 2 S unstroke 38 M 382 L ung disease 39 M 7 A ccident 91 A bscess of breast 32 F 51 M 240 Catarrh of stomach 14 Mumps 22 F 28 Pleurisy 17 M no time from work 340 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR T able YII SICKNESS DURING THE YEAR Continued CAMBRIDGE MASS 1 G R O U P Concluded Group Fam Age ily num num Sex Days Name of ailment sick ber ber yrs l F F F M F F M F M M F F M F F F F F M M F F a Mumps Mumps Convulsions Pneumonia Rheumatism Female complaint Cold b Childbirth a 40 Irritab le bladder 60 Abscess 24 Childbirth 90 Typhoid fever 15 P leurisy 30 Exhaustion from overwork 28 Childbirth 14 Measles 14 Measles 90 Pneumonia 20 Pleurisy 10 W hooping cough 7 D yspepsia 365 Spinal disease Group Fam Age ily num num yrs Sex Days Home of ailm ent sick ber ber F 28 F 25 F 37 M 50 F 9 M F F 20 F 32 M 37 F 22 M 26 F 5 M 31 M 33 F 50 F 23 M M F M M F F F F F M F M F F F M F F M F F F F M F M F F M M F F F M F Childbirth Childbirth C hildbirth 50 D iarrhea 90 Rheumatism 30 Inflam m ation of eyes 30 C hildbirth 270 Spinal disease 30 C hildbirth b Rhenmatism 30 C hildbirth 12 Cold 30 Neuralgia 14 Croup 30 Erysipelas 14 Cold 91 Rheumatism 5 Inflam m ation of eyes 42 Pneum onia 30 Childbirth 15 D iarrhea a 28 a OTHER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS F 30 F 16 F 19 F 26 F 24 F 46 F 50 M a Pleurisy Female complaint Piles Diarrhea Bronchitis Piles L a grippe Accident to eye and weak back F b Rheumatism M 30 Biliousness M 8 Biliousness M a Senile debility F a Scrofula F a Childbirth F 9 Jaundice M 5 Piles F 23 Biliousness M a Inflammation of eyes F b Rheumatism M b Headache F a Senile debility M 30 Asthm a M 2 Neuralgia F 3 D iarrhea F a Teething M b Biliousness F 120 Malarial fever M 14 Measles F 30 Malarial fever M 60 Injured finger F 28 M alarial fever F 90 C ataract of one eye M 2 Injured finger 42 Measles and ma a Frial fever F 6 T hroat complaint M 15 M alarial fever F 21 Childbirth F 8 Measles F b Female complaint F 50 Malarial fever M b Cold F b Female complaint 84 Malarial fever M F 56 Rheumatism a Hot reported r M alarial fever b Neuralgia a b 21 Fem ale complaint 18 M alarial fever 91 Childbirth 12 M alarial fever a C hildbirth b M alarial fever 7 Pregnancy 7 Teething a C hildbirth 70 A sthm a 30 Rheumatism 21 M alarial fever 21 Pneum onia a C hildbirth 14 Cold a C hildbirth 60 Rheum atism 10 Bronchitis 14 M alarial fever 21 M alarial fever a C hildbirth 5 M alarial fever 2 Teething M alarial fever b 20 Indigestion 60 Convulsions 120 Rheumatism M alarial fever b 30 C hildbirth and ma larial fever M b Gravel 55 F a Rheum atism L a grippe 5 F 6 1 18 D ysentery 4 F 1 6 2 M 6 1 18 T eething 2 36 F 30 6 a 10 Measles 2 6 8 F 9 Sunstroke 4 73 M 6 73 F 21 Rheumatism M 5 Cold 6 7 2 Cramps 6 27 M 6 7 3 F 28 M alarial fever 9 6 68 F 365 Rheumatism 6 9 30 F 91 a h Lost no time from work 341 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES T a ble VII SICKNESS DURING THE YEAR Continued OTHER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS Continued Group Fam Age ily num num yrs Sex Days Name of ailment sick ber ber G G F 14 F a F 8 F 28 F 7 F 21 F 84 F b M F b F 2 M 1 F b F 3 F 11 F ib M 30 F b F 7 F b F a M b F b F a F b F b F 7 F 7 90 F 10 F M 14 H 84 a 1 F a 2 11 F 47 M 7 4G F M 16 M M 14 9 F 14 3 F 30 M 5 26 F M 10 78 M 68 F 3 46 F 10 25 M a 10 23 M 13 F 8 68 F b a M b SO 11 M 56 31 F 60 13 M 61 M b a F b 45 a F a F a G L a grippe Nervous debility a Childbirth T eething Cramps Consumption Anaemia Biliousness Female complaint Headache Cold M alarial fever M alarial fever M alarial fever Female complaint M alarial fever Rheum atism Colic Rheumatism Childbirth M alarial fever Sore throat Childbirth Dysentery Cold a Female complaint In ju red eyes Indigestion M alarial fever M alarial fever Female complaint D ysentery Indigestion Female complaint Measles Measles Measles Measles Measles Colic Female complaint M alarial fever M alarial fever Piles Toothache Rheumatism M alarial fever Measles Toothache a M alarial fever M alarial fever M alarial fever Tonsilitis Sick headache Rheumatism Rheumatism and worms Headache Injured foot F b M b a F b M 28 Sore foot M 21 a M b Colic F a M alarial fever M b Indigestion F 365 Rheumatism M b Consumption F 84 Female complaint M b Cold F 240 M alarial fever 42 W hooping cough F M 3 La grippe F b General debility a Not reported Group Fam Age ily num num yrs Sex Days Name of ailment sick ber ber G a M b F 40 M 5 M 8 M 5 F b M 14 M a F b F 28 M 14 M 1 F 12 M b F a F 21 M 14 F 35 M b F b F b M b F b M a F b M alarial fever Neuralgia a Measles W hooping cough Rheumatism Measles M alarial fever General debility M alarial fever Headache Headache M alarial fever M alarial fever H eart disease Pneumonia M alarial fever Rheum atic fever M alarial fever Rheumatism a Rheumatism Rheumatism Rheumatism Congestion of kid neys Dyspepsia M alarial fever Tumor Childbirth M alarial fever Childbirth W hooping cough Whooping cough F b F b M a F a a 20 M F 20 10 M 20 8 M 30 3 M a 60 M 3G5 a Rheumatism 52 F b 29 M b Cold 27 F b M alarial fever 30 Measles 8 F 30 Measles 8 F 30 L a grippe 50 M 28 G unshot wound 22 M 21 M alarial fever 20 F 7 N euralgia 17 F 10 F 7 Measles 10 F 30 Measles 20 Rheum atism 60 F 25 H eart disease 52 F 14 M alarial fever 36 M 30 C hildbirth 32 F and m alarial fever M 11 7 W hooping cough F b M alarial fever M 7 M alarial fever 11 3 F 2 8 Measles M b M alarial fever F 14 M alarial fever 11 31 M b M alarial fever F 4 90 M alarial fever 11 9 F 4 7 M alarial fever 28 M b M umps M 5 1 M alarial fever 11 5 7 M 7 Measles 11 5 F 5 7 Measles 11 2 F 5 7 Measles M b M alarial fever F 7 M alarial fever 11 33 M 4 M alarial fever F 18 Fem ale complaint 11 34 F 35 M alarial fever M b M alarial fever 8 3G M b M alarial fever F 4 M alarial fever 10 41 F 11 1 M alarial fever M b M alarial fever b Lost no time from work BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR T able YH SICKNESS DURING THE YEAR Continued OTHEE CITIES 32 GEOUPS Continued Group Fam Age Group Fam Age ily ily num num Sex Days Name of ailment num num yrs Sex Days Name of ailment sick sick yrs ber ber ber ber F 18 M 15 M 11 F 25 F 29 F 8 M 43 M 14 2 a F C F M F M F F F F M M M F F F F F F F M M M F F M F M F M F F F M F M F F M F M F M M M M F F F M F F F F F F M M M F F M F M a a a a Malarial fever Malarial fever Malarial fever Malarial fever Malarial fever Malarial fever Malarial fever Congestion of kidnevs Childbirth and malarial fever Malarial fever Malarial fever Malarial fever La grippe La grippe Malarial fever Malarial fever Cold Malarial fever Malarial fever Malarial fever b Childbirth 3 La grippe 2 Malarial fever 14 La grippe 2 Malarial fever 4 Pleurisy Malarial fever a 8 Malarial fever Malarial fever a Cold 8 La grippe a Malarial fever 5 Childbirth 3 Measles Childbirth a Malarial fever Childbirth b 3 Measles 21 Malarial fever 7 Measles 120 Asthma a La grippe 150 La grippe 30 Malarial fever 21 Gunshot wound Childbirth b 30 Gunshot wound Malarial fever a 150 Eheumatism 330 Bright s disease 7 Malarial fever 60 Typhoid fever a La grippe 35 Malarial fever 21 Malarial fever a Mumps 21 Malarial fever Nervous debility b 270 Lung trouble 60 Scrofula m Malarial fever 60 General debility a Malarial fever 30 Accident 30 Wound 30 Malarial fever 91 Bronchitis a Sore feet a Cold 150 Decay of bones of leg result of injury 31 M 4 Tonsilitis a Lost no time from w o rk b F a Senile debility F a Abscess in ear F 120 Malarial fever F 91 Neuralgia F 12 Malarial fever F 30 Malarial fever M 20 Neuralgia F 42 Pneumonia M 7 Dysentery F 21 Malarial fever M 14 Tonsilitis M 28 Malarial fever F 21 Croup M a Eheumatism F b Consumption M a Heart disease F a Eheumatism F 5 b F b Eheumatism M 100 Malarial fever F 91 Female complaint F 15 Malarial fever M a Sore throat b F 28 Bronchitis b 26 F a Female complaint 5 M 3 Malarial fever 47 M 14 Bronchitis 30 Rheumatism 68 F 90 Female complaint 28 F 14 Malarial fever 11 M 37 F 270 Female complaint 7 Malarial fever 17 F 14 La grippe 78 F F 90 Canker of mouth 4 30 M 85 Typhoid fever 51 F 15 Eheumatism 14 Neuralgia 17 F 26 M a Kidney disease 14 Malarial fever 28 M 25 F a Malarial fever 25 F 30 Childbirth 20 Nasal catarrh 37 M 91 Dysentery 37 M 39 M 154 Eheumatism 14 Eheumatism 48 M 30 F 36 Female complaint 9 M 10 Accident 35 M 120 Surgical operation removal of tu mor I 30 F 130 Female complaint 24 F b Childbirth 44 M a Cold 35 F 10 Childbirth F 180 Varicose veins 75 F 6 Whooping cough i l F 3 Eheumatism 41 M a Eheumatism 26 F 160 Childbirth ganerai debility 50 M 10 Eheumatism 49 F 12 b 46 F 26 Eheumatism 22 F 32 Consumption 43 M 30 Eheumatism 42 F a Cold 14 F 12 Malarial fever 24 F a Cold M a Cold and cramps H 40 F Cold 20 28 M b 17 F 45 Eheumatism 22 F Malarial fever 23 F 22 Piles 6 Teething 1 M F 4 La grippe b Not reported i CONMTIGN OP THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Table 343 VII SICKNESS DURING THE YEAR Continued OTHER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS Continued Group F am Age ily Sex Bays Name num num sick ber ber Cyra M M F F M F M M F M F M F F M F 4 18 a a J F M F F M F F M 28 F M b F b M a M 56 21 F F F F b F M L F IB 60 M F F M F F F F F M F M F F M F F b b F b b Df ailment Teething Biliousness M alarial fever Measles Bronchitis Measles Broken arm M alarial fever M alarial fever M alarial fever M alarial fever M alarialfever Convulsions M alarialfever P aralysis Child birth and general debility M alarial fever Accident Childbirth Teething Inflammation of eyes Colic Childbirth b H eart disease B ID 11 h Accident M alarial fever Congestion of kid neys M alarial feveT M alarial fever M alarial fever Chicken pox General debility and paralysis M alarial fever M alarial fever Childbirth and general debility b M alarialfever M alarial fever M alarial fever 210 Measles 30 M alarial fever 90 PemalB complaint Senile debility b 7 Breakboue fever 7 Croup 14 T eething 14 M alarialfever 21 Indigestion a M alarial fever Pneum onia a U C hildbirth 14 C hildbirth and cold F b L a grippe ffiY a Soro throat 90 Carbuncle M 90 E rysipelas F Biliousness m a 7 Pneum onia F F b C hildbirth 14 Pneum onia F and 30 Childbirth F hay fever 90 Headache and in F flammation of eyes M 60 M alarial fever M a M alarial fever F b Childbirth a Lost no time from work b Group F am Age ily Sex Days Name of ailment num num sick ber ber yra M 45 F 23 F 17 F 6 M 15 F 100 Rheumatism a Cold Neuralgia Cold M easles 180 Inflammation of eyes 42 F N ervous prostra tion 58 F a Eczema 24 F a Cold 8 M 21 Pneum onia 5 F 7 M easles 36 M a W eak back 33 F 30 Eczema 46 F 30 Congestion of lu ngs 21 F 14 Consumption 56 F 30 Rheum atism 57 F 18 R heum atism m M 15 Asthm a 53 F a A ccident 21 M 7 Bronchitis 27 F b C h ildbirth 4 F 3 Indigestion 3 M 7 Indigestion 46 M a Congestion of k id neys 39 F 2 1 M alarial fever 15 F 28 La grippe 167 F 21 Rheumatism 25 M a M alarial fever 50 M a A ccident 6 F 14 Indigestion m F 01 P aralysis 37 F 35 M alarial fever 35 F 30 M alarial fever 32 F a Cold 39 M a M alarial fever 25 F 90 N asal catarrh 24 F b C hildbirth 19 M 7 T nnsilitis ID M 1 M alarial fever 84 M D ysentery 5 M alarialfever 15 M 35 F 7 Fern ale complaint 47 M 112 Rheum atism 41 F 182 A sthm a 17 F 14 Measles 14 F 21 M easles 20 F 90 Rheumatism 80 F 180 C hildbirth amd rheumatism 9 M 14 M easles 7 F 7 M easles 8 F 7 Measles 30 C hildbirth 22 F 24 F a N euralgia 80 F b 26 F a Neuralgia 10 M easles n M 14 Measles 9 M 7 Measles 7 F 20 M 25 A sthm a 60 M 1 Rheumatism 96 Rheumatism 81 M 60 M alarial fever 18 M 50 M 365 P aralysis 365 Consumption 23 F 20 F 8 Measles 14 Indigestion 35 F 8 M alarial fever 21 M 19 F 90 H eart disease 56 F a M alarial fever 28 F 7 Congestion of kid neys b Not reported a BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR T a b l e V II SICKNESS D U R IN G T H E TEA R Concluded OTHER CITIES 32 GROUPS Concluded am Group F am Age Group Fily ily num num Sex Days Name of ailment j num num Age Sex Days Name of ailm ent sick sick ber ber yrs ber ber yrs j F F M F F F M F F M F M F M F F F M F M F F F M M F M F F M M M M F M M F 25 M 42 M 35 F 3 F 19 F 2 F 6 F 33 M 28 F 1 M 24 M 45 F 34 M 29 M 27 F 32 F 35 F 29 M 42 F 27 F F F M F M 63 Rheumatism 91 General debility 42 a f t Bronchitis a Cataract in one eye 14 C hildbirth and rheum atism 14 In ju red foot 14 M alarial fever Senile debility a 84 Pneumonia 84 2 M alarial lever 3 L a grippe f t M alarial fever 7 Female complaint f t Neuralgia 42 Femalo complaint f t M alarial fever 7 M alarial fever 5 M alarial fever f t Female complaint a Female com plaint 1 42 Female com plaint 1 21 M alarial fever ft M alarial fever a Childbirth ft M alarial fever ft M alarial fever 35 M alarial fever 6 M alarial fever 7 M alarial fever 7 M alarial fever 7 M alarial fever 42 M alarial fever 7 Felon 180 Felon and rheuma tism a Female complaint J 245 Rheumatism f t M alarial fever 3 Colic j 6 M alarial fever 3 M alarial fever 60 M alarial fever 7 Measles 60 M alarial fever j f t M alarial fever 14 Pneumonia Dyspepsia 120 f t M alarial fever f t K idney complaint f t M alarial fever 14 M alarial fever 90 Fem ale complaint f t Fem ale complaint 6 M alarial fever 6 M alarial fever 120 Female complaint and m alarial fever 180 Paralysis Childbirth female complaint and neuralgia 7 M alarial fever 4 M alarial fever 21 M alarial fever a N ot reported M F F F M M M F a M M F M F F F f t 14 f t F F F F F F M F M F M M F F F F F M M M F M M F M F F M F F F F F M F F M F M F F F f t ft ft 120 ft 21 ft ft f t f t F F F F M F F F 150 ft ft ft 21 ft v f t 14 f t 6 f t a 20 M alarial fever M alarial fever M alarial fever M alarial fever M alarial fever M alarial fever Pneumonia Fem ale complaint and indigestion M alarial fever M alarial fever General debility M alarial fever Indigestion M alarial fever U lcerated sore th ro at H eart disease M alarial fever M alarial fever a Diabetes C hildbirth M alarial fever H e a rt disease M alarial fever M alarial fever M alarial fever Cold Consumption Fem ale complaint M alarial fever Asthm a Childbirth A sthm a Measles M easles C hildbirth W hooping cough W hooping cough Sore throat Sprain H eart disease Jaundice M alarial fever B ack ache H e a rt disease M alarial fever B ack ache M easles M alarial fever M alarial fever M alarial fever M alarial fever M alarial fever A ccident Convulsions N euralgia C hildbirth and la grippe M alarial fever Rheumatism Measles Fem ale complaint M alarial fever Fem ale complaint Femalo complaint Fem ale complaint b Lost no tim e from work 345 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES T able VIII SUMMARY OF SICKNESS DURING THE YEAR BY SEX AND AGE PERIODS A T LA N T A GA 1G GROUPS Males Name of ailment Females Total Un 15 to 50 Un 15 to 50 Un 15 to 50 der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years T otal or or or years jyears over years years over years years over 3 T o ta l i 2 i i Cholera in fantum i T o ta l i 1 5 Typhoid fe v e r I i T o ta l S y p h ilis S crofula o l T o ta l Accident and m alarial f e v e r Accident horse k i c k A sthm a A sthm a and in d ig estio n Back a c h e Bilious fever B iliousness Boils Bowel com plaint Brain and spinal trouble Brain fe v e r B right s disease B ro n ch itis d a n c e r C atarrh C atarrh and female com p la in t OVin iuprcof life i C hild b irth Childbirth and general d ebility Childbirth and m alarial f e v e r Childbirth and p alpita tion of h e a rt C old Cold and sore th ro a t Congestion of kid n ey s Congestion of lu n g s C ough D ro p sy D y sen tery D ysp ep sia Dyspepsia and rheum a tism Epilepsy Female com nlaint General d e b ility G ravel Headache H eart disease i 1 In d ig estio n Inflammation of bowels In iu red b a c k L a errinno La grippe and neuralgia L iver and kidnoy disease 1 1 L I i i i a ll a Including 1 ago not reported 179 No C Ago not reported a BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR T a b l e V III SUMMARY OF SICK NESS D U RIN G T H E YEA R ETC C oat d A T LA N TA G A 16 GROUPS Concluded Total Females Un 15 to 50 U n 15 to 1 Un 15 to der 15 50 years Total der 15 5Q years Total der 15 50 years Total or or or years years over years years over jyears years over Males Name of ailment L iver complaint and granular eyelids Measles and m alarial fever I j 1 i Measles anil sequelae Measles and whooping i i 3 1 1 i N e u ra lg ia N euralgia and general d eb ility Ovarian congestion P a ra ly s is Paralysis of eye i P ile s j 4 P le u ris y Pneum onia and bilious f e v e r Pneum onia and female i com plaint Pneum onia and m alarial i f e v e r Rheumatic fever R heum atism i 12 3 Rheum atism and catarrh j Resse rash Rirnf nre J J l 1 1 Sri air e b ite i i i 4 Sore th r o a t Spinal d ise ase SnrainAfl ankle 1 1 Sprained b a n k Snrained rih St omn nh anhe Sw ollen l i p T e e th in g Throat trouble T h ru sh and teething Ton si litis Tum or U lcerated sore throat V ertigo Whooping c o u g h Worm f e v e r Worms Wounded nhin ifftt R nec rfted i i I i l x i i i I 1 2i 1 1 I i I T o ta l a a Grand to ta l a 88 19 a a N A SH V ILLE T EN N 10 GROUPS P n eu m o n ia I T o ta l C onsum ption Cholera infftntnm Convulsions T o ta l a Including 1 age not reported i i Including 2 ages n ot reported CONDITION OP THIS NEGEO IN VARIOUS CITIES T a b l e VIII SUMMARY OP SICKNESS DURING THE YEAR ETC Coat d N A SH V ILLE TEN N 10 GROUPS Continued Naruo of ailment Total Females Males U n 15 to 50 U n 15 to 50 Un 15 to 50 der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years Total or or or years years over years years over years years over Typlioid fev er Scarlet fe v e r M alarial fe v e r T o ta l S y p h ilis S crofula T o ta l G Abscess and lung trouble A ccident A ccident and spinal dis ease A sth m a A sthm a and rheum atism Bilious colic Bilious fever B iliousness Biliousness and v ertig o B right s disease B ronchitis Cancer C arb u n cle C a ta ract C atarrh C atarrh and m easles Change of lif e C h ild b irth C hildbirth and erysipe las Childbirth and female com plaint Childbirth and inflamma tion of eyes C hildbirth and la grippe C o ld Congestion of kidneys C ro u p D ro p sy D y sen tery E nlargem ent of liver E ry sip elas E eio n Female com plaint Femalo complaint and h eart disease Fem ale complaint and kidney d isease Femalo com plaint and rh e u m a tism F istu la and gravel General d e b ility G out H eadache H eart disease Indig estio n In fan tile paraly sis K idney disease and rheu matism L a g rip p e Lung tr o u b le L ung trouble and rheu matism M alarial fever and c ra m p s M alarial fever and in flammation of eyes M alarial fever and la g rip p e i i c G G O i i o i l l i a a a Including 1 age not reported i BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Table VIII SUMMARY OF SICKNESS DURING THE YEAR ETC C o n t d N A SH V ILLE TENN 10 GROUPS Concluded Males Name of ailment M alarial fever and rheu m atism M alarial fever and scrof Females U n 15 to 50 U n 15 to 50 Un 15 to 50 der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years Total or or or year3 years over years years over years years over N e u ra lg ia Paralysis p artial P ile s Piles and pneum onia P le u ris y Pneum onia and consump tion Pneum onia and convul sions Rheum atism Rheumatism and diabetes Rheumatism and la u rin n o Rheumatism and neural gia Rheumatism and paraly sis of h a n d Rheumatism and piles Rheumatism and spinal d ise a se Rheum atism and ulcer ated sore th ro a t Scrofula and gangrenous h an d Senile debility Senile debility and rh eu m atism Side a c h e Sore th r o a t Spinal disease Spinal disease and cold Sprained b ack S u n stro k e Swollen testicles T e e th in g T h ru s h T um or U lcerated sore th ro a t Varicose vein s W hooping cough W o rm s N ot specified i M alarial fever h e a rt disAflBA fi nd rhp nmn t iam Measles and whooping Total T o ta l a a 371 G rand to tal a a 468 a Including 1 age not reported CONDITION OP THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Table VIII SUMMARY OP SICKNESS DURING THE YEAR ETC Cout d CAMBRIDGE MASS 1 GROUP Males Name of ailment Females a4 a3 2 Tnffll a4k T o ta l T T o ta l Total U n 15 to 50 Un 15 to 50 U n 15 to 50 der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years Total or or or years years over years years over years years over T o ta l A b sc e ss Abscess of b reast A c c id e n t B iliousness Bronchitis and pneu monia Catarrh of stom ach Chicken pox C h ild b irth C old Congestion of kidneys Crnnp Crushed foot Crushed hand Dyspepsia E rysipelas Exhaustion from over work Female c o m p lain t Dead ache fTeflrt d is e a s e Indigestion Inflammation of eyes Irritab le bladder grippe rT TfUng disease M easles M um ps Meiirslgia Pleurisy TJlie ny at i sm r thrca t Spinal d is e a s e Sprained leg Sun stroke T ee hing Iiu n o r W boopin cou li G rand to tal a i i i i 1 X j T o ta l i X X9 8 X X x x x x X 2 X X 3 2 X 2 X 3 5 2 5 G 2 2 X X 3 X X X a r 107 Including 1 age not reported 350 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Table VIII SUMMARY OF SICKNESS DURING THE YEAR ETC Cont d OTHER C ITIES 32 GROUPS Total Females Males U n 15 to 50 U n 15 to 50 U n 15 to 50 der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years Total or or or years years over years years over years years over i 1 1 l l P n eu m o n ia Name of ailment 2 3 T o ta l T o ta l M alarial fever i 23 T o ta l i T o ta l a 97 I i a i i X X 3 7 1 b i 135 1 X ii j j x 1 x 2I X 7 X X 4 X 4 X 2 x x 3 a4 32 2 a 33 X x x X 2 x I x X 5 X 2 X 2 1 1 t a8 1 1 2 X a 33 X 32 x X cl I i cl i 1 Abscess in e a r i A c c id e n t A ccident to eye and weak 1 1 l b a c k Anaemia A s tlim a P ack ache B iliousness Breakbone fever B rig h t s disease Broken a r m B ronchitis Canker of m o u th C arb u n cle C ataract in one e y e Chicken pox C hild b irth Childbirth and cold C hildbirth and general debility C hildbirth and hay fever C hildbirth and la g rip p e Childbirth and malarial f e v e r C hildbirth and rheum a tism Childbirth female com plaint and neuralgia Cold and cram ps di C o lic Congestion of k id n ey s Congestion of lu n g s Cram ps C ro u p Decay o f hones o f leg 1 1 resu lt o f in ju ry D iabetes D y sen tery D y sp ep sia Eczem a E ry sip elas Belong Felon and rheum atism Female co m p lain t Femalo complaint and in d ig estio n Female complaint and m alarial f e v e r a Including 1 age not reported 6Including 2 ages not reported X X 3 x x X X x x x 12 3 x 5 4 2 x X x x i x x x 3 x 2 X 2 x 2 x x 3 x x x x x 33 X 31 X x 1 1 c Including 3 ages not reported d Age not reported x 4 X X 19 dl x x x X a CONDITION OP THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES T a ble VIII SUMMARY OF SICKNESS DURING THE YEAR ETC ConcU OTHER C IT IE S 32 GRO UPS Coneluded Males Kamo of ailment 50 Un 15 to 50 U n 15 to 50 U n 15 to der 15 50 years T otal der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 y e a rs Total or or or years years over years years over years years over debility and 1 3 2 Gunshot w o u n d Headache and inllamma Inflaramation of ey es L ung tro u b le M easles Measles and m alarial fever M um ps Nasal catarrh Nervous d e b ility Nervous p ro stratio n Neuralgia Paralysis P iles Plfvnrisy P re g n an cy Rheumatic fever Rheum atism Rheumatism and worms Senile debility Sick h eadacho Sore fo o t Sore th r o a t S p rain S u n stro k e Surgical operation re moval of tu m o r Teething T hroat tro u b le Ton si litis Toothache Tum or TTlc era ted sore th ro a t Varicose vein s W eak back Whooping c o u g h W ound N ot specified K idney dise ase i bl i a a i 6 1 a l bl I a General Total Females 1 a 46 61 a5 61 2 a a T o ta l c d C G ra n d t o t a l A Including 1 age not reported b Age not reported c Including 4 ages not reported d Including 8 ages not reported e Including 12 ages not reported Including 5 ages not reported g Including 10 ages not reported AIncluding 15 ages not reported 352 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Table IX DEFECTIVE MAIMED AND DEFORMED ATLA N TA GA 16 GROUPS Group Fam ily Age num num years Sex Name of defect etc ber ber F F F M M M M M M M M M M F F F F M F F F F M F F M F M F F M M M Group Fam ily Age num num years Sex Name of defect etc ber ber W eak eyes W eak oyes W eakoyes W eak eyes Maimed band Maimed foot M aimed band Defective speech Lame in shoulder W eak eyes Defective speech Defective speech W eak eyes Defective m ind and sight Defective sight Defective sight Defective sight Crippled Invalid caused by fall Defective hearing Defective sight Defective sight Defective speech Defective sight Blind Defective hearing Defective sig h t and hearing Defective hearing and speech Blind in one eve Feeble minded Blind in one eye Defective speech Nearsighted M 65 F 56 F 25 M 35 M 42 M 41 M 50 M 38 M 10 F 9 F 25 M 68 M 11 F 22 F 39 M 38 M 14 F 12 M M M F F M M F F M M F F M F F F F M F M Feeble minded Defective sight Defective sight Feeble minded Maimed hand H unchback Defective hearing Lam e in leg L am e in leg Defective hearing W eak eyes Maimed hand Dislocated hip W eak eyes W eak eyes W eak eyes W eak eyes W eak eyes Defective hearing and sight Collar bone broken Defective sight Loss of leg Defective sight Defective sight Detective hearing Defective sight Deaf D eaf in one ear Defective sight D efective sight Defective sight Lame in hand Defective sight and hearing Defective sight Defective sight N A SH V ILLE T EN N 10 GROUPS F M F M F F M F F F M F F F M M F M M M F M M F M 52 F 27 M 15 M 11 M 63 M F F Defective sight D efective sight Crippled Defective sight Defective sight Defective sight Defective sight D efective sight D efective sight Defective sight Defective sight D efective sight Blind in one eye Defective sight Crippled i Defective hearing Defective sight Maimed hand Defective sight 1 Defective sight and maimed hand Crippled Defective hearing Loss of leg Crippled by rheum a tism Defective sight Defective sight Defective sight Defective sight Blind and lame Crippled by rheum a tism Crippled Defective sight Maimed hand Defective sight Defective sight Crippled by rheum a tism F Defective sight M D efective sight F Defective sight M Crippled in back and leg F Defective sight F Defective sight F Defective sight F D efective sight M D efective sight M D efective sight F D efective sight M Deformed feet F D efective sight F Crippled F Defective hearing M Defective hearing F Defective sight F Defective sight and crippled F Crippled F Defective sight M B lind in one eye F Crippled F D efective sight M D efective sight F Defective sight M ii Defective sight M Loss of leg F Maimed hand CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Table 353 IX DEFECTIVE MAIMED AND DEFORMED Continued N A SH V ILL E T EN N 10 GEO U PS Concluded Group Fam ily Ago num num years Sex Name of defect etc ber ber G G 0 G 6 6 6 G G M Blind in one eye M Defective hearing and sight F Defective sight F Defective sight M Defective sight F Blind in one eye F Defective sight M Defective sight M Blind and deaf F Defective sight F Defective sight and crippled M Defective sight F Defective sight M Defective hearing F Crippled F Defective sight F Defective hearing F Defective hearing and sight M Defective sight F Insane and defective sight F Deformed legs F Defective sight F Crippled F Farsighted M Crippled M Farsighted F Defective hearing M Crippled F Farsighted M Farsighted F Farsighted F Farsighted M Defective sight F Defective sight F F arsighted and maimed Group Fam ily Ago num num years Sex Name of defect etc ber ber F F M F M M F M F M M M F M M M F F F F M F F M F F F M M M F F F M F F M F F M M M F F M F F F M F Dumb and paralyzed Defective sight Defective hearing Defective sight Defective hearing Defective sight Defective sight Defective hearing Blind Defective sight Blind in one eye Deformed an d e f e c t ive hearing M Defective hearing F Deformed leg F F Farsighted Farsighted F arsighted Nearsighted Defective sight Defective sight a Defective speech Defective sight Blind in one eve Feeble minded Defective sight D efective sight Defective hearing Defective sight D efective speech Deaf Defective sight Defective sight Defective hearing and sight Defective sight Defective sight Defective sight Defective sight Defective sight Deaf Feeble minded Defective s ig h t Blind in one eye Crippled Crippled Feeble minded Defective sight Deaf Defective sight Blind Loss of leg Defective sight CAM BEIDGE MASS 1 GEOUP F Defective sight M Defective speech M Defective hearing and sight 41 F Defcctivo sight 29 M Defective hearing 15 F Defective sight 38 M Maimed hand 52 M Defective sight 48 F Defective sight 49 F Defective sight 12 F Defective sight 39 F Defective sight 14 F Defective sight 9 M Detective sight O TH EE C IT IE S 32 GEOUPS M F M M F M M F M Defective hearing 7 Defective sight 7 Defective sight Maimed hand 7 Blind in one eye 8 Defective hearing 8 Defective sight Defective sight 8 Defective sight and 8 speech a Not reported Defective speech Defective hearing and sight 22 F Blind in one eye 23 F Blind 9 F Lame and defective speech 68 F Feeblem inded and defective sight M Feeble minded a 354 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR T able IX DEFECTIVE MAIMED AND DEFORMED Concluded O TH ER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS Concluded Group Fam ily Ago num num years Sex Name of defect etc ber ber Group Fam ily A S num num years jsex Nam e of defect etc j ber ber F F M M F M F F M F F F M M M M M M F M a F F F F M F M F F F F F F F M F Defective limbs Blind in one eye Deformed Defective speech Defective sight a Defectivo sight Defective sight Defective sight D efective sight Defective sight Defective sight Defective sight Crippled in mgs R apture Feeble minded Defective sight Defectivo sight Defective sight Defective sight and rupture Defective h e a rin g and sight Defective sight 1 Feeble minded Defectivo sight Defective speech and j feeble minded Feeble minded Insane Defective sight Defective hearing 1 mind and sight Defective sight Defective sight Defective sig h t i Defectivo sight Defective sight Deaf Defectivo sight F Defective sight F Deaf F Defective sight F Defective sight F Defective sight F Defective hearing and sight F Defective hearing and sight M Defective hearing F Hunchback M Defective sight F Crippled in arm M Maimed hand F Loss of hand M Defective sight M Defective sight F Defective sight M Defective sight M Defective hearing F Defective sight F Defective sight M Crippled legs F Defective hearing F Defectivo sight M Blind in one eye M Defectivo hearing M Defectivo hearing M Crippled in one foot M W en over eye M Defectivo sight M Defective sight F Defective speech F Defective hearing M G unshot wound in ja w M B lin d F Defective sight F Defective sight F D efective sight a a Not reported T able X SUMMARY OF DEFECTIVE MAIMED AND DEFORMED BY SEX AND AGE PERIODS A TLA N TA GA 16 GROUPS Males Name of ailment Females Total Un 15 to 50 U n 15 to 50 U n 15 to 50 derlS 50 years Total der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years T otal or or or years years over years years over years years over B lin d Blind in one e y e Collar bone b r o k e n C rippled D e a f D eaf in ono e a r Defective h e a rin g Defective hearing and s i g h t Defectivo hearing and speech Defective m ind and sight Defectivo s ig h t Defective sp e e c h Dislocated h i p Feeble minded H unchback In v a lid caused by f a ll Lame in h a n d x i CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Table X SUMMARY OF DEFECTIVE MAIMED AND DEFORMED BY SEX AND AGE PERIODS Continued A T LA N T A GA 16 GROUPS Concluded Name o f ailment T4mft in leg Lame in s h o u ld e r Loss of leg Mnimed foot Maimed lia nd N earsig h ted W eak eyes T o ta l Total Eemales Males U n 15 to 50 U n 15 to 50 U n 15 to 50 der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years Total or or or years years over years years o v e r years years 1over i 1 i i 8 ii i N A SH V ILLE T E N N 10 GPvOUPS B lin d Blind and deaf Blind and la m e Blind in one e v e fTrinnled Crippled l y rlieum atism Crippled in back and leg D e a f D efective bearing Defective bearing and sig h t Defective s i g h t Defective sig h t and crip pled Defective sig h t and maimed h a n d Defective speech Deformed feet Deformed l e e s Farsi rhte d L Farsiorht pd end maimed Feeble minded Insane and defective sight Loss of leg Maimed h a n d Nearai edited N ot specified T o ta l j j i 2 i l 9 1 3 l 3 3 1 i i i i G i 1 I 1 3 Y 1 j 2 i I i i is CAM BRIDGE MASS 1 GROUP B lin d Blind in one e y e Defective h earin g Defective hearing and sig h t Defective s i g h t Defective sp e e c h Deformed and defective h e a rin g Deformed l e g s Dumb and paralyzed Maimed h a n d T o ta l i 6 i 81 1 x O TH ER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS B lin d Blind in one e y e Crippled in arm Crippled in fo o t Crippled in lo g s 1 i BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR T a b l e X SUMMARY OF D E F E C T IV E M AIM ED AN D D EFO R M ED BY SEX AND AGE P E R IO D S C oncluded OTHER C IT IE S 32 G R O U PS Concluded Males Females Total U n 15 to 50 U n 15 to 50 U n 15 to 50 der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years Total or or or years years over years years over years years over Name of ailment D eaf T o ta l fll al Defective hearing and s i g h t D efective hearing mind and s ig h t Defective lim hs Defective s ig h t Defective sight and ru p tu re Defective sig h t and s nAech Deft eti va hupap Ii i 1 Deformed Feeble minded Feeble minded and de fective sig h t Feeble minded an d de fective sp e ech 1 Gunshot Wound in j a w TTnnehhaelr Tnsane Lame and defective speech Loss of hand Maimed ha nd r R u p tu re Wen over eye N ot specified al a Age no t reported j l i i 1 1 i i 7 17 c i c Ages of 2 not reported d Ages of 3 not reported 5 Age of 1 not reported T a b l e X I D E A T H S D U R IN G PA ST F IV E YEARS A T LA N T A GA 16 GROUPS Group Fam ily Ago num num years Sex ber ber M F M M F F M wk F F M M M 15 F 6 M 27 M 10 M M F F F M F F T2 Cause of death Measles and pneu monia Dropsy Convulsions a Group Fam ily Age num num years Sex ber ber S tillbiith Dysentery Inflammatory rheu matism Accident i Paralysis M alnutrition 3 Inflam m ation of brain 4 M eningitis 4 Pneumonia 4 Measles 4 Consumption 4 Consumption of 4 bowels 4 Consumption 4 Scrofula Bronchitis 4 4 M alnutrition Consumption and ty4 pho malarial fever j 4 4 Cold and teething j 4 Cholera infantum a Not reported M F F M 2 F 2 M 2 M 48 F M A F 18 F 23 F 1 i i 2 16 3 a 3 63 a tV T Cause of death Bronchitis Measles Croup Pneumonia Measles and teething Pneumonia W ater on brain B right s disease Croup Croup Consumption Biliousness w ith complications F Old age F Rheum atism and cold F Consumption M Consumption M Consumption F Consumption M a M a F Dropsy M Rheumatism M Measles F W hooping cough F Bronchitis F Dysentery TION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES 357 t D EA TH S DU RIN G PAST F IV E YEARS Continued ATLA N TA GA 10 GEO UPS Concluded Sex 4 4 t G 6 G G G F F M F F F M F F M M a M F M M M F F M F M M M M M F M M F M F F F F F M M F F M F M M M M M M M M M F M M M M F M M M M F M F F M M Cause of death a Consumption Teething Pneumonia Tumor Old age Spinal disease St V itus s dance Old age B right s disease H eart disease Stillbirth M alarial fever P aralysis of brain M eningitis Consumption Teething Teething Old age Old age a Teething Teething Teething Hem orrhage D iphtheria Consumption M alnutrition F istula Fistula Pneum onia Pneumonia Consumption Consumption Dropsy D ropsy Dropsy Consumption H e a rt disease T eething Rheumatism of heart Pnoumonia Measles Rheumatism of heart Measles Convulsions Consumption of bowels Pneum onia Pneum onia M eningitis Pneumonia Cholera infantum Dropsy M alarial fever Asthm a B right s disease Accident poisoned Pneumonia H eart disease a Consumption Blood poisoning a Convulsions Hemorrhage Cholera infantum Cholera infantum Group Fam ily Age num num years Sex ber ber G wk A T J df M M M M M M F F F M F M F M F F M F M M F F F F F M F M F F M F G 2 1G day days T2 14 t V 15 3 15 T 15 16 a 10 a F M F M M M M F M M M M M M F F F M M M M M M M F F F M F M M M M M a Not reported Causo of death H eart failure Pneumonia Stillbirth D iphtheria M alnutrition Cholera infantum Teething Cholera infantum Nervous prostration Pneumonia Typhoid fever Nervous prostration Pneum onia Pneumonia Measles Pneum onia D iarrhea D iphtheria D iphtheria T eething A ccident D ropsy Scrofula Pneum onia Consum ption Pneumonia Typhoid fever Cholera infantum Pneum onia Diarrhea ConsumptionA ccident overdose of opium S tillbirth Disease of bladder Abdom inal dropsy Pneum onia Typhoid fever Pneumonia Consumption Childbirth a a Pneumonia Bronchitis Bowel trouble Scrofula Dropsy H eart disease Asthm a Pneumonia a a a Accident Croup M alnutrition Suicide Suicide M alarial fever Typhoid fever Typhoid fever Teething Paralysis Accident drowned Dropsy Measles ETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR DEATHS DURING PAST FIVE YEARS Continued N A SH V ILLE TJ3NN 10 GBOUPS 11 Sex F F F F F M M F F M F M F F M M r M F M M M F F M F M Cause of death Consumption Cholera infantum Spinal m eningitis Consumption Spinal m eningitis Consum ption Consum ption Consum ption Consum ption Consum ption Consumption Consumption a M alarial fover L a grippe In testin al obstrnction a Accident Accident Old age Spinal m eningitis Pleurisy H eart disease Pneumonia Old age Consumption of bow els M Consumption M a F Dysentery M Inflam m ation of brain M Teething M Smallpox F Childbirth F Cholera infantum F Pneum onia F Pneum onia M Old age F Consumption j F W hooping cough F W hooping cough M Consumption F Old age F Inflam m atory rheu m atism F Measles and pneumo nia M Consumption F Senile gangrene M Pneum onia j M Consumption M Scrofula F Typhoid fever F Inflammation of bow els M W hooping cough M Consumption F Cholera infantum F Cholera infantum F Measles M Scrofula F Rheumatism M Consumption and rheum atism F P uerperal fever M M alarial fever and whooping cough F Paralysis F Pneumonia M M alnutrition Group Fam ily Age n u m num years Sex ber ber G 6 G fa 1 2 1 J fa 1 1 day fa f a 22 5 24 fa 1 M G 33 G G G a Not reported M M M a F M F M F F M M F M M M M M M F M F M M F M M F M Causo of death a a a a Cancer Pneumonia W hooping cough Measles Pneum onia Typhoid fever Bronchitis Croup Dropsy a Paralysis D ysentery a Convulsions a Dropsy Consumption H eart disease Typhoid fever M alarial fever Old age A ccident Consumption Old age Blood poisoning bro ken arm 80 M Consumption 25 F M alarial fever 4 days M a 4 M Consumption 23 M 95 F Old age 18 F Consumption 60 F Old age 4 M M alarial fever 23 M Consumption 32 M A ccident 12 F Consumption M M eningitis f t M Consumption 33 F Consumption 11 M Measles a A F a S tillbirth Stillbirth 18 f Consumption 13 F Consumption 10 M Consumption 5 M Consumption G F P aralysis O 12 M Dropsy 35 F Consumption 56 F D ysentery 35 M Consumption 45 F Tumor M S tillbirth 2 M M alarial fever 13 M Inflam m ation of bow els 3 days F Convulsions G M O a a S tillbirth a S tillbirth 26 M Consumption 24 M Consumption 3 M M alarial fever 5 M Measles CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES 359 Table XI DEATHS DURING PAST FIVE YEARS Continued CAMBRIDGE MASS 1 GROUP Group Fam ily Age num num years Sex ber ber 1 1 nr F M M F F T5 2 1 day TJ F F M F F M M M M 2 M M M F F F F F M F F Cause of death Bronchitis Pneumonia Pneumonia Teething Whooping cough Teething Convulsions W ater on hrain Consumption Consumption Asthm a Consumption Whooping cough Bronchitis Consumption Inflammation of bow els Convulsions Teething and inflam mation of bowels Consumption Dropsy Enlargem ent of heart S tillbirth S tillbirth Stillbirth Stillbirth Group Fam ily Age num num years Sex ber ber Cause of death M S tillbirth 35 35 M Stillbirth 38 6 whs M Bronchitis M S tillbirth M Kidney eon plaint 43 F Scrofula 43 2 wks M Croup 50 a Stillbirth 52 45 F a 56 29 F Pneumonia 58 M Pneumonia TS 58 2 F Convulsions 68 33 M Pneum onia 69 70 F P aralysis 69 1 M Cholera infantum 71 47 M Consnmptiou 73 2 F Typhoid fever 73 1 F Typhoid fever 76 53 M Consumption 26 F Pneum onia 79 82 F S tillbirth 84 24 F Childbirth 84 F Stillbirth 31 F Consumption M Pneum onia 12 a Scrofula M Pneumonia OTHER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS A A a a a a A 71 1 f a A 24 2 wks M Bronchitis and chol era infantum F Typhoid fever M Pneumonia M a M ay F a F S c u rw a Stillbirth M a M La grippe F Old age M Typhoid fever F M alarial fever F Cholera infantum M M eningitis F Consumption F Pneumonia M Pneumonia M Consumption F M alarial fever a a a a a a M M alnutrition M B right s disease M Aeeident drowned M M alnutrition F Old age M Teething M Teething F Consumption F A sthm a F Typhoid fever a Consumption M Dropsy F Consumption M Rheumatism a i ay a M ay 121 ay Consumption 12 F Convulsions 12 i a Not reported 9 M Pneum onia 26 M Pneumonia F M eningitis F a 43 M H eart disease 22 F Pneum onia 29 M Consumption M a a a M a 2 M G astro in testin al ca ta rrh F ay a 22 F Quinsy 16 F Rheumatism of heart 1 F a 3 F a 45 M Pneumonia iV F Convulsions A M L a grippe 66 M P aralysis 76 M P aralysis M S tillbirth 1 F Cholera infantum 3 M Consumption 5 F Pneumonia Tsf 7 days M Convulsions 48 M B right s disease 17 M Consumption 70 F Old age F Cholera infantum A ay A F 55 M Consumption 7 days F Cholera infantum 3 M Scarlet fever F ay A 65 F Consumption 1 F Scarlet fever 36 F Pneumonia ay a ay a a a a a 21 ay a a a a ay M Consumption OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR DEATHS DURING PAST FIVE YEARS Continued OTHER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS Continued m r Sex 12 M a a a M F M F M F M M Cause of death C 1C 1C 1G 1C 1C 1C 1C 1C 1C F a a a a a Accident Consumption Mania Asthm a a a a a a Pneumonia Accident M alarial fever Consumption Consumption Consumption Consumption Pneumonia a F M M F F M F F M M F M F M F M F A ccident gunshot Rheumatism Congestion of lungs Old age a C hildbirth M alnutrition M alnutrition Consumption Stillbirth P aralysis a Congestion of brain M urdered Accident Bronchitis Cholera infantum A ccident injury in pregnancy F Consumption M Consumption F Old age M a M Dysentery F a a a a a M Dropsy a a F M alarial fever F a M M alnutrition F Convulsions M Consumption M Consumption M M alarial fever F Cholera infantum F M alarial fever M M alarial fever F M alarial fever M a F H eart disease F Pneum onia M a M a F a M a M a M a F Typhoid fbver F a M A ccident F Dementia M Dropsy F Childbirth M Teething M a a Group Family Age num num years Sex ber ber Not reported Cause of death 22 M 2 F A F A M M 80 F 83 F 65 M 45 M 1 M 18 M 41 M 38 18 a a Dropsy W hooping cough W hooping cough W hooping cough S tillbirth Old age Old age Dropsy Scrofula Convulsions Consumption Strangulation of bowels F Abscess F H eart disease F P aralysis F Paralysis F C atarrh of stomach M Paralysis M F Consumption 23 60 A A 6 a M a 18 a M a 35 F 3 a 50 M A M 24 a A F 12 M 1 M 60 F 3 F 2 F 9 F 18 F 48 M 3 M F 3 M M A M 52 F M F a 7 F A M A 10 A 12 a 14 a days a a F F F M M F M F M F a XConsumption Consumption Old age Consumption Consumption Convulsions Pneum onia Pneumonia Accident drowned a Asthm a Measles Poisoning a M alarial fever Poisoning Consumption Convulsions M alarial fever a Consumption Cancer of breast Stillbirth S tillbirth S tillbirth A ccident gored by cow Cholera infantum P leurisy Dyspepsia alarial fever P aralysis Consumption of bow els a a Congestion of brain L a grippe a Pneumonia Stillbirth a Old age Consumption C hildbirth Childbirth Rheum atism Dropsy Bowel complaint Teething M F M F F M F M F M M M a a XConsumption A ccident Alcoholism 361 CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Table XI DEATHS DURING PAST FIVE YEARS Concluded OTHER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS Concluded Group Family Age num num years Sex ber ber a 50 A A 37 16 a a F F M F M F M F M F M F F F F F M F F F M Group Family Age num num years Sex ber ber Cause of death L a grippe Old age Bowel complaint Bronchitis Accident drowned Congestion of brain Cancer Childbirth Pneumonia Teething Accident drowned Convulsions Lockjaw a i Stillbirth Stillbirth Consumption Bronchitis Pneumonia Childbirth Pneumonia t o 15 15 i i A 4 2 days 4 11 days A 10 70 A 7 A 19 Cause of death F H eart disease M Cholera infantum M Consumption F Cholera infantum F Cholera infantum F Pneumonia M a M a M Consumption F M alarial fever F M alarial fever F a M Convulsions M M F M alarial fever F i Old age M 1 a a j M alarial fever M a F j Bilious colic a H ot reported Table XII SUMMARY OF DEATHS DURING PAST FIVE YEARS BY SEX AND AGE PERIODS A TLA N TA GA 16 GROUPS Females Males Total U n 15 to Un 15 to U n 15 to 50 Cause of death der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years 1 Total der 15 50 years Total or or or years years over years years over years years over w smmpri o n C8 L 14 L 617 1 1 C i P n eu m o n ia j T o ta l Choiora infantum Convulsions S tillb irth s T o ta l i T o ta l j 1 4 S y p h ilis Scrofula T o ta l I 1 Abdominal dropsy i 1 A c c id e n t A ccident drow ned A ccident overdose of oniirml Accident poisoned A sthm a j i Biliousness w ith com pli 1 cations Blood poisoning i 1 Bowel com plaint Rriorht s disease B ro n ch itis a Including 1 age not reported 6 Including 2 ages not reported 179 No c I i i j i I i 1 i c Including 1 sex not reported c C14 3 i u c Typhoid fe v e r Scarlet fe v e r M alarial fe v e r D ia r rh e a D iphtheria r a ii I Q d BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR Table XII SUMMARY OP DEATHS DURING PAST FIVE YEARS BY SEX AND AGE PERIODS Continued A T LA N T A G A 16 G BO U PS Concluded Males Cause of death Females Total U n 15 to 50 U n 15 to 50 Un 15 to 50 der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years Total or or or years years over years years over years years over C hildbirth Consumption anti typliom alarial f e v e r Consumption of bowels Disease of bladder D ro p sy F is tu la H eart disease H eart fa ilu re H em orrhage Inflammation of b ra in Inflammatory rheum a tism Malnutrition M e asles Measles and pneum onia Measles and te e th in g M e n in g itis Nervous prostration Old a g e P a ra ly sis P aralysis of b ra in R heum atism Rheumatism and co ld Rheumatism of h e a r t St V itus s d a n c e Spinal disease Suicide Teething Thun or t t W ater on b ra in Whooping e o n g li N ot reported x x x o T o ta l Grand to ta l c l did x X i x i 1 1 a cl N A SH V ILLE T EN N 10 GROUPS C onsum ption P n eu m o n ia T o ta l Cholera infantum f f nvnlsions S tillb irth s i 1 T o ta l Typhoid fe v e r Scarlet fever M alarial fever D iarrhea D ip h th e ria h5 h A ll m i C T o ta l S y p h ilis S crofula T o ta l a Ages not reported 6 Including 2 ages not reported c Including 1 age n ot reported cl Including 3 ages not reported e Including 1 sex not reported In c lu d in g 1 sex n ot reported and 4 ages not reported a Including 4 ages not reported h Including 4 sex not reported CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES T able XII SUMMARY OF DEATHS DURING PAST FIVE YEARS BY SEX AND AGE PERIODS Continued N A SH V ILLE T E N N 10 GROUPS Concluded Males Cause of death Females Total U n 15 to 50 U n 15 to 50 U n 15 to 50 der 15 50 years T otal der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years Total or or or years years 1over years years over years years over 1 1 Blood poisoning broken Consumption and rlieu1 1 D rn n p D ro p s y D y sen tery TTp t disense Inflam m ation of bowels 1 Inflam m ation of brain Inflam m atory rheum a tism T In te stin a l obstruction L a grip p e M alarialfever and whoop in g cough M alnutrition M easles Measles and pneumonia 1 M e n in g itis Hill n a t Pnrfllysis P le u ris y Pnfipperpl feyer P hemuat ism Senile gan rene 1 Sm allpox r RniriQl mfliiincrifia Teething Tumor 1 Whooping enno li N t reporledTT J o l Grand to tal a Including 1 sex not reported b Including 2 ages not reported c Including 5 sex not reported G i i T o ta l a ll a a a b b 53 c dl33 cl Including 5 sex not reported and 4 ages not reported 364 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Table XII SUMMARY OF DEATHS DURING PAST FIVE YEARS BY SEX AND AGE PERIODS Continued CAM BRIDGE M A S S l GROUP Concluded Males Cause of death A sth m a B ro n ch itis C h ild b irth Croup D ro p sy E nlargem ent of h eart Inflam m ation o f bowels K idney co m p lain t P a ra ly s is T eething Teething and inflamma tion O boWPlls T Water on b r a in W hooping c o u g h H ot reported Females Total U n 15 to 50 Un 15 to 50 Un 15 to 50 der 15 50 years T otal der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years T otal or or or years years over years years over years years over i x T o ta l Grand to tal x 2 2 x x 1 X x 2 x x x x x x x x 3 x 2 X a a 52 OTHER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS 620 Consum ption Pneumonia Total Cholera infantum Convulsions S tillb irth s T o ta l cl cl9 3 6 g dl O 15 Typhoid fe v e r Scarlet fe v e r M alarial fe v e r D iarrhea D iphtheria T o ta l cl3 cl2 dlO d 28 d e ll 14 c 15 c 14 c21 S y p h ilis S crofula T o ta l A b s c e ss A c c id e n t A ccident drow ned A ccident gored b y cow Accident g u nshot Aocident injured in hi 1 i Icoholism A s th m a Bilious colic Bowel com plaint B rig h t s d isease B ro n ch itis B ronchitis and cholera in fa n tu m Cancer Cancer of b reast a Including 2 sex not reported 6 Including 1 age n ot reported c Including 1 sex not reported d In clu d in g 3 sex not reported c Including 4 sex n ot reported 1 age not reported and 1 sex and age not reported I n c lu d in g 4 sex not reported g Including 5 sex not reported 1 age not reported and 1 sex and age not reported h Sex not reported 1 e CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES T a b l e XII SUMMARY OF DEATHS DURING PAST FIVE YEARS BY SEX AND AGE PERIODS Concluded OTHER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS Concluded Males Total 50 U n 15 to 50 U n 15 to 50 U n 15 to der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years Total der 15 50 years Total or or or years years over years over years years over years Cause of death C h ildbirth Congestion of lu n g s Dropsy Dysentery Dyspepsia Gastro intestinal catarrh H eart disease T AP iHaw M alnutrition M a n ia Measles Meningitis M urdered Old age Paralysis Pleurisy Poisoning Oninftv R heum atism RheilTnstmm of h e a rt fSp tirvy Strangulation of bowels ToathTng Whooping cough N ot reported T o ta l Grand to ta l Females J a a C6 k a cl 1 61 1 a e e dl e I u i jl c42 1 33 m l69 39 wl o 120 p h5 a Including l age not reported 6 Age not reported c Sex not reported d Including 2 ages not reported e Including 1 sex n o t reported In c lu d in g 8 ages not reported g Including 3 sex not reported h Including 2 sex not reported i Including 6 sex not reported 6 ages not reported and 13 sex and ages not reported j Including 5 ages n ot reported Including 10 ages not reported Including 4 sex not reported m Including 9 sex not reported 15 ages not reported and 13 sex and ages not reported n Including 6 ages n ot reported o Including 9 sex no t reported p Including 5 sex no t reported q Including 18 sex not reported 16 ages not reported and 14 sex and ages not reported a4 61 5 cl 1 C2 b 1 d ll BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR T a bu s XIII SICKNESS BY SANITARY CONDITION OF HOUSES A TLA N TA GA 1C GROUPS Sanitary condition of houses L ig h t and a i r G o o d F a i r B ad V entilation G o o d F a i r B ad Cleanliness G o o d F a i r Bad Outside sanitary condition G o o d F a i r B ad Persons sick dur Days of sickness ing year Number of persons Number P er cent Persons report Total Average ing N A SH V ILLE T EN N 10 GROUPS L ight and air Good F a i r B ad V en tilatio n Good F a i r B a d Cleanliness Good F a i r B ad Outside sanitary condition Good F a i r B ad CAM BRIDGE M A S S l GROUP L ig h t and a ir G o o d F a i r B ad Ventilation G o o d F a i r B ad Cleanliness G o o d F a i r B ad Outside sanitary condition G o o d F a i r B ad CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES T a b l e XIII SICKNESS BY SANITARY CONDITION OF HOUSES Concluded O T H E R C I T I E S 29 G R O U P S T lir e o g ro u p s a n d th r e e fa m ilie s a r e n o t in c lu d e d a s s a n i t a r y c o n d itio n o f h o u s e s w a s n o t r e p o r te d Persons sick dur Days of sickness ing year Number of persons Number P er cent Persons Total Average report ing Sanitary condition of houses L ig h t and a i r Good TTflir B ad V entilation n n n rl P a i r Bad Cleanliness Good P a i r Bad Outside sanitary condition Good P a i r B ad T G89 328 XIY SANITARY CONDITION OF HOUSES a bl e A T L A N T A G A 16 G R O U P S N u m b e r o f h o u s e s h a v in g L i g h t a n d a ir G ro u p n u m b e r G ood F a i r L i L0 n Li T o t a l V e n t ila t io n B a d G o o d j F a i r B i d G ood F a i r O u ts id e s a n i t a r y c o n d itio n C le a n lin e s s G B a d G oo d j F a i r i Bad G N A S H V IL L E T E N N 1 0 G R O U P S o T o t a l i C A M B R I D G E M A S S 1 G R O U P BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR Table XIV SANITARY CONDITION OF HOUSES Concluded O TH ER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS N um ber of bouses having Group number L ight and air V entilation Outside sanitary condition Cleanliness Good F air Bad Good Fair Bad Good Fair Bad Good Fair Bad r a2 a 10 8 b b b a2 a4 1 1 b b b T o ta l c 214 c ll a4 a b b b a3 al al a3 8 b b b b b b c59 c220 cl a4 a 17 2 2 b b b i 10 1 13 I i a4 a b b b i l a2 a8 6 b b b c61 c 235 e it a7 a a2 a9 3 al a 12 3 b b b b b b b b b c53 cl83 cl a a 21 1 2 b b b c61 a N ot including one house not reported b N ot reported e See preceding notes Table XV GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF HOUSES A T LA N T A GA 16 GROUPS Group Character of num neighbor ber hood G o o d flo o d G o o d G o o d Good F a i r F a i r F a i r F a i r P a i r F a i r B ad B ad B ad B ad B ad Character of houses Fram e detached Fram e detached Fram e detached Fram e detached Frame detached V ery poor G o o d Frame p a rt in block p a rt detached Frame w ith piazzas and hallw ays Fra mo detached Fram e detached Frame detached very old and open Frame detached Fram e detached Frame detached poor Fram e detached N un iber of houses having Houses in group B ath W aterrooms 1closets Privies CONDITION OF THE NEGRO IN VARIOUS CITIES Table XV GENERAL D ESC R IPTIO N OF H O U SES Concluded N A SH V ILLE TEN N 10 GROUPS Group num ber g 9 10 Character of neighbor hood Character of houses Houses in group G o o d F r a m e d e ta c h e d P a ir Fram e detached P a i r Fram e detached TTa ii F a i r F r a m e d e ta c h e d P a ir F a i r Fram e detached F a i r F a ir F a i r B a d Frame detached Fram e detached Fram e detached F r a m e detached N um ber of houses having B ath Waterrooms closets P r i v i e CAMBRIDGE MASS 1 GROUP F a i r Fram e detached two story u n sig h tly OTHER C IT IE S 32 GROUPS G o o d Good Good Good G o o d G o o d Good 8 G o o d Good 10 G o o d 11 Good 12 G o o d 13 G o o d 14 G o o d 15 F air F a i r F a i r F a i r 19 F a i r F a i r 21 F a ir 22 F a i r 23 F a i r Bad 25 Ba d Bad 27 B a d B ad Bad b 30 31 b 32 b Frame detached Fram e detached Fram e d etach ed Fram e d e ta c h e d Fram e detached Fram e detached Fra m o Frame in blocks F a i r F a i r F ra m e F a i r Good G o o d Frame detached Frame d e ta c h e d Frame detached Frame d etached Frame detached Fram e detached Frame detached B ric k F a i r Frame detached Fram e p a rt in blocks p a rt d etach ed Fram e one story Fram e single and double Bad Fram e and brick in blocks b b b a Not including 1 house not reported b Not reported ll i I a a 22 a a b b 6 b b b a o b b b BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS Tlie Ninth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor relating to building and loan associations embraced practically all active associa tions in the United States which were a year old or over and gave very complete data concerning the various phases of their business for their resx ective fiscal years ending nearest to January An effort has now been made to secure the most important facts regarding such associations for a more recent date in order that a comparison with the report of four years ago might be made Data have been secured from 14 States whose laws require returns from building and loan associations to be made to some State official The effort to secure similar data from other States did not meet with success In some of these latter cases their first reports were just being compiled in others reports were made to the proper State official but the data were either very incomplete or related only to associations located outside of the State doing business in the State no report being required by law from associations located in the State in others no i rovision had been made by the State for compiling and printing the reports of individual associations received and in still others there were no legal require ments whatever as to reports from building and loan associations Tables 1 2 and 3 following embrace the data secured from the recent reports of the 14 States from which comparatively complete data were obtainable and it seems fair to assume that these States are properly representative of the conditions for the whole country inasmuch as they contain over 76 per cent of all the building and loan associations of the United States existing January 1 1893 the facts for which were embodied in the Ninth Annual Report of the Department T able NUM BEIl AND V A L U E OF SHAKES OUTSTA N D IN G OF ASSOCIATIONS IN 14 STATES Installm ent Shares out dues paid in paid up and standing prepaia stock Total Num ber number reporting and profits Associations Stato California Connecticut I llin o is In d ian a M a in e M assachusetts M issouri N eb rask a New Ham pshire New Je rs e y New Y o rk O hio P ennsylvania T ennessee C a d el T o ta l p e e Including m atured shares in 1 association a Including unearned premiums N o t including shares for New Ham pshire not 6 Including item s of premium interest and fines reported c Not reported g See preceding notes d Not including dues in arrears 870 371 BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS T able 2 ASSETS OF ASSOCIATIONS IN 14 STATES 1S95 9G Assets State California Connecticut I llin o is In d ian a M aine M assach u setts M isso u ri N eb rask a New Ham pshire New Je rs e y New Y o rk O hio P en n sy lv an ia T en n essee Loans a Cash on hand A ll other a Total c c cU T o ta l a Not reported b This total although 5 000 less th an the sum of the items is apparently correct c Not including amount for New Jersey not reported d See preceding notes T ab l e 3 L IA B IL IT IE S OF ASSOCIATIONS IN 14 STATES Liabilities State Installm ent dues paid in and paid up and prepaid stock Profits All other Total a c d e G c e g i T o ta l i i ji C alifo rn ia C o n n ecticu t I llin o is In d ian a M a in e M assachusetts M issouri N eb rask a New Ham pshire New Je rse y New Y o rk Ohio P en n sy lv an ia T ennessee a Including unearned premiums Including profits in 2 associations c Profits in 2 associations included in dues paid in d Including profits e Profits included in dues paid in In c lu d in g items of premium interest and fines g Including m atured shares in 1 and profits in 7 associations a Profits in 7 associations included in dues paid in i See preceding notes 372 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR The fallowing tables numbered 4 5 and 6 similar in form to Tables 1 2 and 3 show like data for the 14 States for the period covered by the Ninth Annual Eeport of the Commissioner of Labor from which they are drawn namely the fiscal year of the associations embraced in that report nearest to January 1 1893 T able 4 NUM BER ANT V A LU E OP SHARES OUTSTANDING OP ASSOCIATIONS IN 14 STATES JA N U A R Y An effort was made to secure th e facts for these associations as they existed a t th e end of th eir respective fiscal years nearest to Ja n u ary I n a few cases however this was not possible and th e facts for an earlier or later fiscal year were taken Associations State Total num ber Installm ent Shares out dues paid in paid up and Num ber standing prepaid stock reporting and profits T o ta l C alifo rn ia C o n necticut I llin o is In d ian a M a in e M assachusetts M issouri N ebraska New Hampshire New Je rsey New Y o rk O hio P ennsylvania T ennessee T able 5 ASSETS OP ASSOCIATIONS IN 14 STATES JA N U A R Y An effort was made to secure the facts for these associations as they existed a t th e end of their respective fiscal years nearest to Ja n u ary 1 1893 In a few cases however this was not possible and th e facts for an earlier or later fiscal year were taken Assets State Loans Cash on hand A ll other California Connecticut I llin o is In d ian a M a in e M assachusetts M issouri N eb rask a New Ham pshire New Je rs e y New Y o rk O hio P en n sy lv a n ia T en n essee T o ta l Total 373 BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS T able 6 L IA B IL IT IE S OF ASSOCIATIONS IN 14 STATES JA N U A R Y An effort was made to secure the facts for these associations as th ey existed a t the end of their respective fiscal years nearest to Ja n u ary In a few cases however this was not possible and th e facts for an earlier or later fiscal year w ere taken Liabilities State Installm ent dues paid in and paid up and prepaid stock A ll other Profits Total T o ta l C a lifo rn ia Connecticut I llin o is In d ia n a M a in e M assachusetts M issouri N eb rask a New H am pshire New Je rse y New Y o r k O hio P en n sy lv an ia T en n essee For the sake of comparison the following recapitulation is given showing the totals from Tables 1 2 and 3 which embrace the data secured from the reports of 14 States for 1895 96 the totals from Tables 4 5 and 6 which have been drawn from the Ninth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor giving similar information as Tables 1 2 and 3 for the same States for the fiscal years of the associations embraced therein ending nearest to January and similar totals for the remaining 34 States included in the Ninth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor CONDITION OP ASSOCIATIONS JA N U A R Y AND COMPARED Item s 14 States Fiscal year ending nearest to Ja n u ary States 34 States Total num ber of associations Num ber of associations re p o rtin g Shares o u tsta n d in g In stallm ent dues paid in paid up and prepaid stock and p ro fits a A sse ts L o an s Cash on h a n d A ll o t h e r Oil T o ta l c L iabilities Installm ent dues paid in and prepaid and paidup s to c k P ro fits All o ther T otal a N ot including shares for New Ham pshire not reported 6 N ot including amount for New Jersey not reported e Including gross assets for New Jersey and not including 5 000 discrepancy in assets for Tennessee 374 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR It is seen by reference to this recapitulation that in the 14 States embraced in the statement for 1895 90 were located at the date of the Ninth Annual Eeport 76 1 per cent of the active associations of the country a year old or over representing 71 7 per cent of the outstand ing shares and 70 5 per cent of the sum of the installment dues paid in paid up and prepaid stock and profits of all associations of the United States Comparing the figures for 14 States for the period covered by the Ninth Annual Eeport of the Commissioner of Labor the fiscal year of the associations ending nearest to January 1 1893 with the figures for those 14 States as shown by recent State reports for a growth is noticed in every item The total number of associations including associations not a year old and which had therefore made no annual report and also those in process of liquidation from which no report was obtainable at the former period was 4 499 while in 1895 90 there were 4 017 an increase of 2 0 per cent the number of associations report ing which represents practically all active associations a year old or over had increased from 4 443 to 4 531 or 2 per cent the shares out standing had increased from to or 5 1 per cent and the installment dues paid in plus paid up and prepaid stock and profits had increased from to or 21 4 per cent In this period of about three years the total assets of the associations in these 14 States had grown from to an increase of or 21 4 per cent The following table shows in parallel columns the shares outstand ing and assets for the two dates in each of the 14 States SHAKES OUTSTANDING A ND ASSETS OF ASSOCIATIONS I N 14 STATES JA N U A R Y AND Shares outstanding State Jan Assets Jan C alifo rn ia Connecticut I llin o is In d ian a M a in e M assachusetts M is so u ri N ebraska New Hampshire New Je rse y New Y o rk Ohio Pennsylvania T ennessee a T o ta l o Not reported Not including shares for New Ham pshire not reported RECENT REPOETS OF STATE BUREAUS OF LABOR STATISTICS COLORADO Fifth Biennial Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the State of Colorado A B McGaffey Commissioner William H Klett Deputy Commissioner T i l l 89 pp Following are tlie more important subjects treated in this report Review of industrial conditions 18 i ages industrial statistics 20 pages labor organizations 11 pages cost of living 2 pages strikes and lockouts 31 pages I ndustrial Conditions Under this caption is given a brief review of the mining and manufacturing industries tlie building trades railway employment the results of the eight hour law employment agencies accidents and fatalities labor organizations female labor the unemployed sanitary condition of workshops etc farming and stockraising industry convict labor the Chinese labor question and labor difficulties As regards the general industrial condition the commis sioner reports that the past two years 1895 and 1896 have witnessed a gradual yet steady improvement along the lines of returning prosX erifcy The demand for the employment of labor is the most reliable of all industrial barometers and judged from this standpoint Colo rado has every reason for congratulation upon present and encourage ment for future conditions The eight hour law for labor upon public works is very generally disregarded especially by contractors and the constitutionality of the law is being tested in the courts The number of accidents and fatalities among laboring men in Colorado was below the average In the metalliferous mines employing a total of 15 916 men there were 292 accidents resulting in 145 deaths and 147 injuries In the coal mines employing 7 454 men there were 231 accidents result ing in 84 deaths and 147 injuries I ndustrial Statistics This portion of the report consists of tables showing the number of employees average wages average hours of labor per day and average number of days employed per month in the mining smelting railroad and manufacturing industries of the State It also includes statistics of accidents in the mining industry and of capital invested by certain manufacturing industries the value of their products etc Labor Organizations There are about 75 labor organizations in the State The following table shows the average membership for 1895 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR and 1890 and the average hours of labor daily wages and days of employment per month as reported by various labor organizations A V ERA G E M EM BERSHIP HOURS OF LABOR WAGES AND DAYS OF EM PLOY M ENT P E R MONTH R EPO RTED BY LABOR ORGANIZATIONS Labor organizations Member H ours W ages Days of em ship per ployed 1895 and labor per day per 1896 day month BUILDING TRADES Bricklayers Union No 1 D e n v e r Carpenters and Jo iners o f A m erica No 55 D e n v e r U nited Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners Leadville Carpenters Union L ead v ille G ranite C utters N ational Union D enver P ain ters and Decorators of America D enver P lasterers Union D en v er Plum bers Gas and Steam F itte rs No 3 Denver P lum bers Gas fitters Steam fitters Steam fitters help ers PRINTING TRADES Typographical Union No 49 D enver N ewspapers daily Newspapers weekly i Jo b offices Job Pressmen s Union No 1 D enver Stereotypers Union No 13 D enver o t h e r o r g a n iz a t Beer D rivers Union No 56 Denver Golden and Boulder Beer d riv e rs Brewery firemen Brewery stablem en In ternational Brotherhood of Blacksmiths Leadville Blacksm iths Union Leadville Bartenders Union L ead v ille Brewers M altsters and Coopers Union Denver Brewers and m a lts te rs Coopers B akers and Confectioners Union Leadville B akers and Confectioners Union No 26 D e n v e r Barbers P rotective Union L ead v ille Cigar M akers Union No 129 D enver Cigar M akers U nion No 306 P u e b lo Cooks and W aiters Union L eadville Expressm en s Union Leadville Garm ent W orkers Union D enver L aundry W orkers Union Leadville National Association of L etter Carriers No 229 P ueblo M usicians Protective Union Pueblo M usicians Protective Union No 51 Leadville M usicians P rotective Union D enver R etail Clerks Union No 7 D enver Butcher and Grocery Clerks Union Leadville United Brotherhood of Stationary Engineers D enver Steam Engineers Protective Union No 5703 D enver Amalgam ated Society of Engineers No 42 D enver M a c h in ists B lack sm ith s P attern m ak ers Engineers statio n ary Street Railway Employees Association No 37 D enver Conductors and gripm en T rack m en Flagm en and sw itchm en T heatrical Stage Employees U nion D e n v e r W ater C arriers Union Leadville Cost of Living Under this heading is given a table showing the prices of articles of food clothing fuel etc and rent rates in the five principal cities in the State also a statement showing prices in 1888 REPORTS OP STATE BUREAUS OP LABOR COLORADO 37T and 1892 A comparison shows that in nearly every item there has been a material reduction in cost especially in those of rent coal floury and potatoes Strikes and Lockouts This chapter is devoted to a review of the Tenth Annual Eeport of the United States Department of Labor on Strikes and Lockouts No summary of strikes for 1895 and 1896 is given for Colorado The report contains detailed accounts of the Louis ville and Leadville mining strikes and brief descriptions of eleven other strikes which occurred during the two year period All but two of these were mining strikes MISSOURI Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of Missouri 1896 Lee Meriwether Commissioner 460 pp This report consists of three parts Part I relates to street railway franchises 82 pages and taxation of real estate 47 pages Part II gives an account of the resources and advantages of Missouri 234 pages Part III treats of the fellow servant question 30 pages farm mortgages 57 pages and factory inspection 2 pages Street Railway F ranchises This subject was taken up for investigation in order to show to what extent the holders of street rail way franchises in St Louis Kansas City and St Joseph have compen sated the public for the use of these privileges Among the topics covered were the assessed value of street railway property the capital stock and bonded debt of street car lines the actual value of real and personal property owned by the companies street railway mileage number of cars in use street car licenses franchise rents paid trips made and passengers carried etc and a comparison of conditions in St Louis Kansas City and St Joseph and cities in other States and abroad Following are some of the facts reported as a result of the bureau s investigation The capital stock of all the street railway companies in St Louis in 1895 was and the bonded debt making a total capitalization of The estimated amount invested in build ing and equipping the street railways was The total assessed value of all this property was but During the same year the net earnings of all street railways in St Louis were This latter amount would represent a dividend of 5 per cent on a capital of the value of the system as stated by the railway officials themselves The commissioner of the bureau considers that if from this amount the actual cost of construction be deducted the remainder represents the value of the franchises which the city has granted to these corporations namely In return for these grants the city receives but By a similar method of calculation the value of street railway franchises in Kansas 179 No 378 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR City was reported to be The city receives nothing in return for these privileges According to the above estimate of the value of street railway property in St Louis namely the assessed value is only 11 18 per cent of the real value The average assessed value of private property in St Louis is 50 40 per cent of the real value In Kansas City the real value of street railway property is estimated at while the assessed value is only In 1895 the St Louis street railway companies paid a license of 25 per car on 714 cars A t the same time the assessor found and assessed 1 480 cars During the year 1895 the gross receipts of the street rail way companies in St Louis were The cars made trips and carried passengers The number of miles of railway tracks as reported to the city assessor was 216 45 The conditions in other cities both at home and abroad are discussed at considerable length to show that much greater compensation may be paid the municipality for franchises rents taxes etc and that the companies may still earn fair dividends Taxation and Real E state This subject is presented in a manner similar to the preceding The object is to point out the under valuation of property for assessment purposes and the injustice result ing from unequal valuation This is done by comparing the prices paid for property sold with the assessed value of the same immediately after The report shows the proportion that assessed values bear to real values in each county in the cities of St Louis Kansas City St Joseph and Hannibal and in the State as a whole apart from St Louis and Kansas City Individual illustrations showing unequally assessed values are also given The purchase price paid in 5 812 real estate sales was ascertained of which 3 897 were sales of farms and 1 915 sales of town and city lots By an examination of the records it was found that real estate in towns was assessed at 46 47 per cent of its true value while farms were assessed at but 35 01 per cent In St Louis the assessed value averaged 50 40 per cent while in Kansas City it was only 29 63 per cent of its true value The proportion that assessed value bears to real value in each county varies from 21 85 per cent in Chariton County to 80 86 per cent in Reynolds County A s an illustration of the unequal assessment of property the following instance is cited In 11 cases of residence property sold in St Louis the assessed value varied from 66 to 88 per cent of its true value but in 14 cases of business property the assessed value varied only from 24 to 42 per cent of its true value Resources and A dvantages of Missouri This part of the report is designed to answer inquiries received by the bureau from per sons seeking information regarding business openings and social con ditions in the State and points out the principal industries the leading farm products the taxable wealth population public debt and such other matters as tend to show the advantages of the State for home REPORTS OF STATE BUREAUS OF LABOR MISSOURI 379 seekers The information is given for each county and for the cities of St Louis and Kansas City The F ellow Servant Question This presentation consists of a discussion of the origin and present application of the fellow servant doctrine It is presented for the purpose of securing legislation defin ing the relations between railroad corporations and their employees and fixing the legal liability between such corporations and their emiiloyees for injuries suffered by one employee as a result of the culpable negli gence of another employee while engaged in the service of the same corporation The discussion consists of a letter by the governor of the State to the legislature remarks by the commissioner of the labor bureau illustrations of the injustice of the i resent application of the doctrine and instances of remedial legislation in other States and countries F arm Mortgages This investigation was undertaken in order to ascertain whether there is an increasing or a decreasing tendency in the mortgaging of farms The work was conducted by special agents of the labor bureau who examined the records of each county in the State and noted the facts concerning mortgages placed upon farms in the four years ending December The information is presented in text and tables showing the number of mortgages amount borrowed on the same number of acres mortgaged etc The facts are grouped in twoyear periods the one covering 1892 and 1893 the other 1894 and 1895 A comparison is made with facts collected and presented in a previous report for 1890 and 1891 The investigation shows that the total amount of money borrowed by Missouri farmers and secured by mortgages on their farms and that remained unpaid at the end of the two year periods was in in and in The per capita farm mortgage indebtedness was greater in the last period than in the first in 82 counties and less in 32 counties The total num ber of acres mortgaged and not released before the close of the twoyear periods was in in and in F actory I nspection The report concludes with an announcement that the subject of factory inspection will be taken up in a special report to be made after the winter inspection has been completed NEBRASKA Fifth Biennial Report of the Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics of Nebraska fo r the years 1895 and 1896 J H Powers Deputy Com missioner 352 j p The following subjects are treated in this report Resources of Nebraska 8 pages description of counties 232 pages mortgage indebt edness 6 pages farm and industrial statistics 40 pages miscellane ous 59 pages 380 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Resources This chapter gives a brief account of the natural advantages of the State its climate etc and suggestions as to how these advantages can be utilized D escription of Counties A description is given of the natural features of each county by townships showing the quality of the soil the water supply etc also a map of each county with surface descrip tion of each township Mortgage I ndebtedness This is a tabular presentation of the number and amount of farm city and chattel mortgages filed the num ber released and the number of deeds of foreclosure for each county in the State during the year ending May It also contains a general statement of the increase or decrease respectively of these various items during the year F arm and I ndustrial Statistics In this chapter are treated the subjects of irrigation the beet sugar industry the uses of alfalfa creameries and cheese factories and statistics of farms occupations wages hours of labor manufactures live stock and crops Miscellaneous This chapter contains information gathered from various sources relating to industrial cooperation in the United States condition of laborers in the United States labor unions and kindred organizations and relations of governments to the railroads of the world It also contains proposed amendments to the law establishing the present bureau of labor RECENT FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS jDie Arbeitseinstellungen und Aussperrungen im Gewerbebetriebe in Osterreich icahrend des Jahres 1895 Herausgegeben vom Statistischen Departement im k k Handelsministerium 300 pp This report on strikes and lockouts during the year 1895 published by the bureau of statistics of the board of trade of Austria constitutes the fifth annual presentation of official strike statistics for that country Those for the preceding years were reviewed in Bulletins Nos 1 and 3 The facts are presented in a series of five tables containing 1 a description of each individual strike 2 a presentation according to provinces districts and principal towns 3 strikes according to branches of industry 4 a general summary of strikes and 5 com parative figures for 1894 and 1895 The report presents for the first time a chapter on lockouts Strikes A comparison of the strike statistics of this with the pre ceding year shows a considerable increase in the number of strikes This is not necessarily indicative of an actual increase but is due very largely to a more exhaustive investigation of the subject than was pos sible the year before While there is an increased number of strikes reported there is a decided decrease since 1894 in the number of estab lishments involved the number of strikers and the number of working days lost on account of strikes This is shown in the following state ment of the number of strikes strikers establishments etc for the years 1891 to 1895 STRIKES BY YEARS 1891 TO 1895 Year P er cent E stab of strik Strikes lishments Strikers ers of Days lost total em involved ployees BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR The number of strikes establishments involved strikers etc in 1895 is shown by industries in the following table STR IK ES IK 1893 BY IN D U STR IE S Stri kers Others New E stab Total trikers em P er cent throw n Sreem ployees Strikes lish em o u t of total employ ployed after ments ployees Number ofem ment strikos ployees Industries Stone glass cliiua and earth en w are M etal and metallic goods M achinery and in stru m en ts Wooden and caoutchouc goods Leather hides brushes and f e a th e r s T ex tiles Paper hanging W earing apparel and m illi nery P ap er Food p rep aratio n s Building trad es P rin tin g and publishing Commerce T o ta l The group of stone glass china and earthen ware industries has the greatest number of strikers namely 35 48 per cent of all although the greatest number of strikes is found in the wooden and caoutchouc goods industries Next in order with respect to the number of strik ers are the building trades 10 13 per cent the textile industries 14 58 per cent metal and metal work industries 13 18 per cent and wooden and caoutchouc goods 8 34 per cent A ll other industries taken together furnish but 9 29 per cent of the strikers The following statement shows the percentage of strikers and of days lost in the various groups of industries during the years 1894 and 1895 PER CEN TA G E OF STR IK ERS AND OF DAYS LOST BY IN D U STR IE S 1891 AND 1895 P e r cent of strikers Industries i j 1895 P er cent of days lost Other in d u stries T o ta l Stone glass china and earthen w a re Metal and metallic g o o d s Wooden and caoutchouc g o o d s T e x t ile s Building trad es 383 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS Tlio average duration of strikes in 1895 was 13 10 days whicli was 1 42 days longer than tlie average duration for tlie preceding year The longest strike lasted 122 days The following table shows the duration of strikes by industries D U R A T I O N O F S T R I K E S I N 1S95 B Y I N D U S T R I E S 21 to 31 to 40 30 d ay s d ay s lO d a y s 11 to and 20 u n d e r d a y s In d u s t r ie s Stone g ln ss r hirtn m ul e a r th e n w a r e M e t a l a n d m e t a llic g o o d s M a c h in e r y a n d i n s t r u m e n t s W o o d e n a n d c a o u tc h o u c g o o d s L e a t h e r h id e s b r u s h e s a n d l e a t h e r s T e x t i l e s P a p e r T nil p i n g W e a r in a p p a r e l a n d m i l l i n e r y P n p fiv F o n d p r e p a r a t io n s B u ild in g t r a d e s P r i n t i n g a n d p u b lis h in g C o m m e r c e T o t a l to O ver G O j G O d ays 1 d ays 41 to 50 day s 28 I 3 i o i T o t a l l G I In the following table the cause and not the strike is made the unit and the table therefore shows the number of times that each cause figured as an incentive to a strike regardless of the actual number of strikes C A U S E S O F S T R I K E S I N 1895 B Y I N D U S T R I E S Causes W ear LeathStone ing glass Metal M a Wood er en Food mina and chin and hides Tex ap P a prep Build Other To ery in and m etal and caout brush tiles parel per ara ing dus tal earth lic in stru chouc es and and tions trades tries goods ments goods feath m illi en ware nery ers 1 A gainst reduction of 3 A v n i F o r increase of wages For reg u larity or change iu method of i p aym ent A gainst increase of hours or abolition of V f t P f i S S e s 4 F or reduction of hours F or discharge of forei n o n A gainst obnoxious treatm en t A gainst discharge of 1 employees For Labor Day May 1 I n sym pathy w ith strikes elsew here A gainst obnoxious in le s For better sanitary condition of w ork 1 shops For discharge of em 1 ployees F or better board and lodo sun For privilege to join 1 labor organization 1 Other causes T o ta l j G 1 2 2 j j i G c BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR The prevailing causes of strikes as shown in the above table were for increase of wages reduction of hours and against the discharge of employees these three constituting 61 per cent of all the causes of strikes shown in this classification The following table shows the degree of success or failure of strikes classified according to industries RESULTS o r STR IK ES IN 1895 BY IN D U STR IES Succeeded Industries Stone glass china and earth en w are M etal and m etallic goods M achinery and instrum ents Wooden and caoutchouc goods Leather hides brushes and feathers T e x tile s Paper h anging W earing apparel and m illinery P a p e r Food p rep aratio n s Building trades P rin tin g and p ublish in g Commerce Total Succeeded partly Railed Total Strikes Strikers Strikes Strikers Strikes Strikers Strikes Strikers L o c k o u t s During the year 1895 lockouts were reported in 17 establishments employing 4 521 persons of whom 2 317 were locked out The prevailing cause of lockouts was the observance of Labor Day May 1 by employees Of the 2 317 employees locked out 2 183 were reemployed and 134 were dismissed Neuvieme Rapport Annuel du ComiU Directeur de la Federation OuvrUre Suisse et du Secretariat Ouvrier Suisse pour Vannee pp This publication includes the ninth annual report of the managing committee of the Swiss federation of labor and of the labor secretary the proceedings of the sessions of the central committee and of the Swiss labor congress at Winterthur on April 6 1896 together with an account in detail of the wage demands strikes and lockouts during the year 1895 The returns show that there were 94 cases of strikes wage demands and lockouts during the year Of these 55 were wage demands 17 were offensive strikes 16 defensive strikes and 6 were lockouts Of the wage demands 30 were successful 13 were partly successful and 12 were failures Of the strikes 15 succeeded 5 succeeded partly 12 failed and the result of 1 was unknown The lockouts all resulted unfavorably to the employees 385 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS The following table shows the demands strikes and lockouts by occupations STRIKES LOCKOUTS A ND W AGE DEMANDS BY OCCUPATIONS AND RESULTS TO EM PLOYEES 1895 W age demands Occupations Suc Sue 1 Suc Sue ceeded ceeded ceeded partly Failed Total ceeded partly Failed Total 1 P r in te r s Other occupations in p rin tin g and pub lishing tra d e s S tonecutters N ason T H oofers E x cav ato rs C arpenters Jo iners G laziers P a in te r s W a tch m ak ers T a ilo rs S h o e m a k e rs M achinists Tron workers Blacksm iths and wftgftn m a k e r s T rim m in g m a k ers P r o w e r s C o o p ers a ilw a y e m p lo y e e s R M iscellaneous T o ta l P rin ters Other occupations in printing and pu blishing trades Stonecutters M a s o n s Roofers Phreavntors C arpenters Toiners G laziers P ain ters Y a tch maker s V T a ilo rs Shoem akers M ach in ists Tron w orkers B lacksm iths and wagon makers Trimming jn a k e r g B rew ers C oopers R ailw ay em ployees M iscellaneous rT T otal i i 2 2 i j i 1 I 1 1 I I j D efensive strikes Occupations Offensive strikes j Lockouts Suc Suc Total Suc ceeded Suc ceeded ceeded partly Failed Total ceeded partly Failed Total i I al a R esult unknown i i i z i i i J i i DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR This subject begun in Bulletin No 2 w ill be continued in successive issues deal ing witli the decisions as they occur All material imrts of the decisions aro repro duced in the words of the courts indicated when short by quotation marks and when long by being printed solid In order to save space immaterial matter needed simply by way of exj lanation is given in the words of the editorial reviser DECISIONS UNDER STATUTORY LAW C h i n e s e L a b o r e r s D e p o r t a t i o n United States v Marie Ying 76 Federal Reporter page 450 A motion and information was made in the United States district court for the district of Vermont for an order of deportation against Mark Ying as an unregistered Chinese laborer The court rendered its decision November 2 1896 and denied the order asked for The opinion in the case delivered by District Judge Wheeler reads as follows The respondent a Chinese person is brought in on a motion and information for an order of deportation as an unregistered laborer under the acts of May Stat e 60 and of November Stat c 14 The former act in this respect section 6 applied exclusively to Chinese laborers without further designation or descrip tion The latter act defines them thus S e c t i o n 2 The words i laborer or laborers whenever used in this act or in the act to which this act is an amendment shall be construed to mean both skilled and unskilled manual laborers includ ing Chinese employed in mining fishing huckstering peddling laundrymen or those engaged in taking drying or otherwise preserving shell or other fish for home consumption or exportation Each speaks from its own date and the latter apjdies to persons who were Chinese laborers as defined by it on November 3 1893 The respondent had according to what is shown been a peddler for two or three years next before the first part of July when he became a member of the trading firm of Quang Lun Wall and Co at 32 Mott Street New York and has so remained having an interest therein of 1 000 If the act of 1892 had included peddlers with laborers or he had continued peddling after the act of 1893 he would have been required to register and be liable to deportation for want of doing so but neither happened The act of 1893 also defines merchants and he is said not to bo a merchant within the definition But the act does not declare all not merchants to be laborers nor otherwise require reg istration of them The question is not whether the respondent is a merchant but whether he is a laborer and so liable to deportation for w ant of registration He does not appear to be a laborer within either common understanding or the statutory definition of the term Motion denied and respondent discharged 386 DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR 387 C h i n e s e L a b o r e r s D e p o r t a t i o n United States v Sun 76 Federal Reporter page Application was made in tlie United States district court for the district of Vermont for an order of depor tation against Suey Sun as an unregistered Chinese laborer The court rendered its decision November 2 1896 and denied the order asked for The opinion of said court was delivered by District Judge Wheeler and reads as follows The question here is whether the respondent is a Chinese laborer within the meaning of the registration and deportation acts of 1892 and Stat 25 j 28 Stat 7 According to what is shown here he was and is a member of the trading firm of Lung Kee and Co consist ing of thirteen partners at 24 Pell Street New York in which he has an interest of and of whom nine including the respondent live at the store and he does the housework for them and in spare time packs goods for shipment He is argued to be a laborer on account of these household services In the Standard Dictionary the defini tion of u laborer excludes domestic service These services for the household of partners seem to be essentially domestic in their nature and not for the hire that is associated with the occupation of laborers as such Order of deportation denied and respondent discharged C o n s t i t u t i o n a l i t y o f S t a t u t e E ig h t H o u r L a w Bolden v H ardy sheriff 46 Pacific Reporter page 756 The plaintiff Holden was found guilty of a misdemeanor by a justice of the peace who assessed a fine against him and upon his refusal to pay the same committed him to jail To obtain his liberty he petitioned the supreme court of Utah for a writ of habeas corpus Said court after a hearing rendered its decision October refused the writ asked for and remanded the plaintiff to the custody of the sheriff Chief Justice Zane delivered the opinion of the court and the follow ing language containing a statement of the facts in the case was used by him in the course of the same The offense charged consisted of employing one William Hooley in underground mining more than eight hours i er day in violation of a law entitled An act regulating the hours of employment in under ground mines and in smelting and ore reduction works as follows S e c t i o n 1 The period of employment of workingmen in all under ground miues or workings shall be eight 8 hours per day except in cases of emergency where life or property is in imminent danger Sec 2 The period of employment of workingmen in smelters and all other institutions for the reduction or refining of ores or metals shall be eight 8 hours per day except in cases of emergency where life or property is in imminent danger fcSEC 3 Any person body corporate agent manager or employer who shall violate any of the provisions of sections 1 and 2 of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor The question for our consideration and decision is had the legislature 388 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR the power to enact this law Article 16 of the constitution of this State is as follows S e c t io n 1 The rights of labor shall have just protection through the laws calculated to promote the industrial welfare of the State S ec 6 Eight hours shall constitute a day s work on all works or undertakings carried on or aided by the State county or municipal governments 5 and the legislature shall pass laws to provide for the health and safety of employees in factories smelters and mines S e c 7 The legislature by appropriate legislation shall provide for the enforcement of the provisions of this article The first section of the act article makes it the duty of the legisla ture to protect the rights of laboring men by the enactment of just laws calculated to promote the industrial welfare of the people such laws as will be just to all classes The command is to the lawmaking department of the State and the only express limitations upon the power are that such laws shall be just and calculated to promote the welfare of the industrial classes The legislature must decide whether the law is just and adapted to the purpose named and unless the law is so palpably unjust or so clearly not calculated to promote the purposes mentioned in the consti tution as to remove every reasonable doubt that it is unjust or that it is not calculated to promote the purpose expressed in the constitution the court should not hold it without the scope of the authority men tioned in that instrument The first clause of section 6 declares that eight hours shall con stitute a day s work on all works or undertakings carried on or aided by the State county or municipal government We presume the object of this provision was to protect the laboring man from the inju rious consequences of prolonged physical effort and to give him the remainder of the 24 hours for his own personal affairs and for the cultivation of his mental and moral powers the acquisition of useful knowledge and for rest and sleep The second clause of the section commands the legislature to pass laws for the health and safety of employees in factories smelters and mines This provision must be regarded as an expression of the will of the people of the State with respect to the subjects and objects of legislation named in it and they possessed all the power to enact laws with respect to such sub jects that the people of the United States had not conferred in the national Constitution exclusively on that government Any law adapted to the preservation of the health or safety of employees in factories smelters or mines is within the scope of this provision The law must be connected with some of the objects named and calculated to effect that purpose If it is not so connected and adapted the court has the right to hold that it is not within the scope of the provision But if there is a reasonable doubt as to the connection and adaptation the advisability must be held by the court to have been with the law making power The court must be able to see clearly that the law was not so connected before holding it void for that reason If the power to pass the law is conceded the court can not set it aside because it may deem its enactment unnecessary or injudicious or because the court may think that experience has proven it so or because the court may think itself more sagacious than the legislature and can therefore see more clearly that the law will retard rather than promote progress and prosperity and will be a detriment to the common good when actually applied to human affairs amid the conditions of the future DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR 389 This brings ns to the question Is the first section of the statute limiting the period of employment of laboring men in underground mines to eight hours per day except in cases of emergency where life or property is in imminent danger calculated to protect the health of such laboring men The effort necessary to successful mining if per formed upon the surface of the earth in pure air and in the sunlight prolonged beyond eight hours might not be injurious nor affect the health of able bodied men When so extended beneath the surface in atmosphere laden with gas and sometimes with smoke away from the sunlight it might injuriously affect the health of such persons It is necessary to use artificial means to supply pure air to men laboring in any considerable distance from the surface That being so it is rea sonable to assume that air introduced when mixed with the impure air beneath the surface is not as healthful as the free air upon the sur face The fact must be conceded that the breathing of pure air is wholesome and the breathing of impure air is unwholesome W e can not say that this law limiting the period of labor in underground mines to eight hours each day is not calculated to promote health that it is not adapted to the protection of the health of the class of men who work in underground mines It is claimed that the enactment of the statute in question was for bidden by section 7 of article 1 of the constitution of the State which is that no person shall be deprived of life liberty or property without due process of law The petitioner insists that his trial was not and that his imprisonment is not according to the law of the land because the statute fixing the period of labor of a laboring man in underground mines was as he claims forbidden by the constitution and therefore void If the legislature had power to pass the law there was no valid objection to his trial fine and imprisonment If the law was valid the usual and ordinary process was adopted If it was not valid the defendant was deprived of his liberty without due process of law It is also insisted that the provisions of the State law were for bidden by section 1 of amendment 14 of the Constitution of the United States This section declares 1 That all persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citi zens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside They are made citizens of two distinct governments 2 It declares that no State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the priv ileges or immunities of citizens of the United States The enactment of State laws depriving or abridging the privileges or immunities of citizens of the State is left to the State legislature so far as this pro vision goes It secures to citizens of the United States in any State privileges and immunities of citizens of that State Expounding the provision now under consideration the Supreme Court of the United States said The constitutional provision there alluded to did not create those rights which it called privileges 7 and immunities7 of citizens of the State It threw around them in that clause no security for the citizen of the State in which they were claimed and exercised nor did it pro fess to control the power of the State government over the rights of its own citizens Its sole purpose was to declare to the several States that whatever those rights as you grantor establish them to your own citizens or as you limit or qualify or impose restrictions on their exer cise the same neither more nor less shall be the measure of the rights of citizens of other States within your jurisdiction 7 A s the plaintiff is a citizen of this State the second clause of the first section last 390 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR above quoted lias no bearing upon bis ease as bis privileges and immu nities must be ascertained from the constitution of tbe State and its laws Tbe third clause of the section declares that no State shall deprive any person of life liberty or property without due process of law This in effect is tbe same as section 7 of article 1 of the State constitution and means process authorized by the law of the land And as we have seen if the State law which the plaintiff was charged with violating was valid if the legislature had power to pass it there was no substantial objection to the process It was suitable and proper to the nature of the case and sanctioned by the established usages of the courts The last clause of section 1 of amendment 14 of the Federal Constitu tion declares that no State shall deny to any person within its juris diction the equal protection of the laws This amendment is general and forbids the denial to any class of persons the equal protection of the laws by any State and we have no doubt that class legislation is forbidden But some pursuits are attended with peculiar hazards and perils the injurious consequences from which may be largely prevented by precautionary means and laws may be passed calculated to protect the classes of people engaged in such pursuits It is not necessary to extend the protection to persons engaged in other pursuits not attended with similar dangers To them the law would be inappropriate and idle So if underground mining is attended with dangers peculiar to it laws adapted to the protection of such miners from such danger should be confined to that class of mining and should not include other employments not subject to them And if men engaged in underground mining are liable to be injured in their health or otherwise by too many hours9labor each day a law to protect them should be aimed at that peculiar wrong In this way various classes of business are regu lated and the people protected by appropriate laws from dangers and evils that beset them safety is secured health preserved and the happiness and welfare of humanity promoted A ll persons engaged in business that may be attended with peculiar injury to health or other wise if not regulated and controlled should be subject to the same law otherwise the law should be adapted to the special circumstances The purpose of such laws is not advantage to any person or any class of persons or disadvantage to any other person or class of persons Necessary and just protection is the sole object In the case of Bitehie v People N E 454 the court said that the police power of the State enables it to promote the health comfort safety and welfare of society and that it was very broad and far reaching but that it was not without its limitations that legisla tive acts passed in pursuance of it must not be in conflict with the constitution and must have some relation to the ends sought to be accomplished that is to say to the comfort welfare or safety of soci ety And further on the court also said But the police power of the State ean only be permitted to limit or abridge such a fundamental right as the right to make contracts when the exercise of such power is necessary to promote the health welfare and safety of society or the public The legislature may enact laws adapted to the promotion of the health and safety of men working in underground mines Whatever difference of opinion may exist as to the extent and boundaries of the police power and however difficult it may be to render a satisfactory definition o f it there seems to be no doubt that it does exist to the protection of the lives health and property of the citizens and to DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR 391 the preservation of good order and the public good The legislature can not by any contract divest itself of the power to provide for these objects They belong emphatically to that class of objects which demand the application of the maxim Salus p o p u l i suprema lex the safety of the j eople is the supreme law and they are to be attained and provided for by such appropriate means as the legislative discretion may devise That discretion can no more be bargained away than the power itself The section of the statute whose constitutionality is involved in this case includes all employees and employers engaged in working under ground mines None are omitted who may be subject to the peculiar conditions that attend such mining The provision of the State consti tution quoted makes it the duty of the legislature to pass laws to provide for the health and safety of employees in factories smelters and mines And we are not authorized to hold that the law in question is not calculated and adajffed in any degree to promote the health and safety of persons working in mines and smelters Were we to do so and declare it void we would usurp the powers intrusted by the con stitution to the lawmaking power The discharge of the iietitioner is denied and he is remanded to the custody of the sheriff named until discharged according to law RECENT GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS The Secretaries of the Treasury War and Navy Departments have consented to furnish statements of all contracts for constructions and repairs entered into by them These as received w ill appear from time to time in the Bulletin The following contracts have been made by the office of the Super vising Architect of the Treasury S t A l b a n s Y t March Contract with Richardson Burgess Washington D C for rebuilding and completion of custom house and post office except heating apparatus Work to be completed within ten months L i t t l e R o c k A u k March Contract with Bailey Koerner Co Louisville Ky for construction and completion of court house and post office except heating apparatus and elevator car Work to be completed within eight months R o c k I s l a n d I I I March Contract with Heidemann Schroeder for completion of interior finish of attic or third story of postoffice Work to be completed within ninety days W a s h in g t o n D C March Contract with Philadelphia Steam Heating Company Philadelphia Pa for boiler plant lowpressure and exhaust steam heating and ventilating apparatus hot and cold water supply fire protection system and water filtering plant for post office Work to be completed within two hundred and fifty days S a p e l o S o u n d G e o r g i a March Contract with James A Bryan Savannah Ga for construction of wharf gangway spur and boathouse at quarantine station Blackboards Island Sapelo Sound Work to be completed within one hundred and twenty days K a n s a s C i t y Mo March Contract with the HaughKoelke Iron Works and the Jeffersonville Madison and Indianapolis Railroad Indianapolis Ind for steel and iron construction cast iron finish and stairs above fifth floor of dome of post office and court house Work to be completed within four months K a n s a s C i t y Mo A pril 5 1897 Contract with the Willis Manu facturing Company Galesburg 111 for roof covering skylights down pipes etc of post office and court house Work to be completed within four months D e t r o i t M i c h April Contract with the Central Iron Works Quincy 111 for two hydraulic passenger elevators in post office court house etc Work to be completed within one hundred and twenty days 392

Decisions of Courts Affecting Labor

DATE: May 1897

PART OF:

Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor : May 1897 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor, No. 10, Volume II, Nos. 1 - 100

AUTHOR:

United States. Bureau of Labor

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United States. Bureau of Labor. "Decisions of Courts Affecting Labor," in United States. Bureau of Labor. "May 1897 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor, No. 10, Volume II," Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor, Nos. 1 - 100 (May 1897) : 154-159. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/3943/item/477562/toc/497770 , accessed on December 8, 2019.

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