Rates of Wages Paid Under Public and Private Contract

Name: Rates of Wages Paid Under Public and Private Contract
Creator: FRASER

PREVIOUS | NEXT

In order to view this PDF, you must have Javascript enabled in your browser.
The following is plain-text output generated by Optical Character Recognition. 54th C o n g r e s s HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES D oc No 33 Part 7 1st Session BULLETIN OF THE NO 7 NOVEMBER 1896 ISSUED EVERY OTHER MONTH EDITED B Y CARROLL D WRIGHT COMMISSIONER OREN W WEAVER CHIEF CLERK WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE CONTENTS Page Industrial communities by W F Willoughby o f the Department of Labor Rates of wages paid under public and private contract by Ethelbert Stewart of the Department of L a b o r Digest o f recent reports of State bureaus of labor statistics Pennsylvania Digest of recent foreign statistical publications Decisions o f courts affecting la b o r Laws of various States relating to labor enacted since January Recent Government contracts h i BULLETIN OF THE D E P A R T M E N T OF L A B O R No 7 WASHINGTON N o v e m b e r INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES a BY W F WILLOUGHBY CHAPTER YI OTHER INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES The places that have been described in detail by no means constitute all the industrial centers in Europe coming under the designation of industrial communities There is no hard and fast distinction that marks off a place as an industrial community Under varying condi tions are formed the practically self contained industrial community as Guise the community dominated by and almost wholly given up to the interests of a single industrial establishment as Essen or Anzin and the ordinary manufacturing town all of which may be styled indus trial communities In the middle class may be numbered a good many other places only slightly less important than those of which a detailed account has been given While it is impracticable if indeed it were desirable to give to each of these the same full treatment that has been accorded to the others it will nevertheless be of value to make men tion of their existence and to give some account of their conditions or institutions most worthy of investigation The following is believed to be a practically complete list of important places with sufficient of the character of industrial communities to cause the grouping around them of systems of special institutions thus giving to them a special life and character of their own In France there are first the other more important mining communi ties notably Douchy Courrieres Lievin and Besseges and second Le Creuzot the seat of the important iron and steel works of MM Schnei der Co the Kruppv of France Noisiel a unique community of its kind the seat of the chocolate works of M Menier and Thaon a village a See footnote to the beginning o f this series o f articles in Bulletin No 3 693 694 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR almost wholly devoted to the enterprise of the Thaon Dyeing and Print Cloth Works In Belgium those most worthy of mention are the min ing community of Mariemont and Bascoup the Vieille Montagne Zinc Mining and Smelting Company and Willebroek the seat of the paper mills of De Naeyer Co In Holland there is the village of Agneta Park the seat of the Netherland Yeast and Alcohol Factory near Delft In Switzerland the most prominent example is that of the Suchard Chocolate Works at Neuchatel in England the not very fortu nate enterprise of Saltaire and in Italy the works of Senator Bossi at Schio In Germany there is no industrial community at all approach ing Essen in importance Mention might be made of Bochum where are located the iron works of the Bochumer Yerein and the works of Gebriider Stuinm at Neunkirchen A more or less full account of the more important of these places is given in this chapter THE MABIEMONT AND BASCOUP COAL MINING COMPANY BELGIUM A number of considerations mark the Mariemont and Bascoup Coal Mining Company as the most worthy of study from the standpoint of the present report of all the industrial concerns in Belgium The company is one of the most important in the country The seat of its operations the two adjoining villages of Mariemont and Bascoup is so largely given up to this one concern as to constitute it a distinct indus trial community and more than all its workingmen s institutions are among the most remarkable in Europe The present company was formed through the consolidation of the two separate companies of Mariemont and Bascoup whose properties were contiguous The mining of coal in this region dates back several centuries but the first regular operations may be said to date from 1794 while the first concession to the companies was made in 1802 The two companies have constantly grown in importance through the acquisition of additional property Legally they are still distinct com panies though they are under the same direction and for all practical purposes are one undertaking In 1894 the company employed in round numbers 6 500 men and its annual production was between and tons In the organization of labor by the company the principle of piece work has probably been carried further than in any other mine in Bel gium if not on the Continent Wherever possible the work is let out by contract to the workingmen and in addition to the wages thus pro vided for certain premiums or bonuses are added for good work or participation in any savings that may be made in the use of materials and supplies This is done by making an estimate of the cost of these supplies and tools under the system of day labor in vogue elsewhere 695 INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES and any saving made on this sum is shared equally by the men and by the company M Weiler the engineer of the company is very enthusi astic over the success of this system He says that marked economy which has profited the men and the company alike is manifest in the use of both tools and materials Every effort is made to interest the workingmen in their work and in the general prosperity of the com pany One of the unique methods employed is to make a large graphic representation of the organization of the company into departments branches etc a copy of which is given to each workingman who deserves it so that he can get an intelligent idea of the whole work of the company in which he is employed and the exact position that he occupies in this system This is but a sample of the efforts made to give to the men an intelligent conception of what they are doing They are encouraged to find an education in their work In 1888 the company prepared a statement of the average wages paid since 1869 as well as for the year 1888 in greater detail These statis tics of wages are the only ones available and are given in the tables that follow A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G E S OF EMPLOYEES OF TH E M ARIEM O N T A N D BASCOUP COAL M IN IN G COM PANY 1869 TO 1888 Average j daily wages Year Year Average daily wages Average daily wages Year Year Average daily wages J i A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G E S OF EM PLOYEES OF THE M AR IEM O N T A N D BASCOUP COAL M IN IN G COM PANY B Y CLASSES 1888 M AR IEM ONT Employees above ground Class of employees Number Employees below ground Total employees Average Average Average daily Number daily Number daily wages wages wages M P T Women Bovs under 16 years of age Girls under 16 years of age Total BASCOUP M en Women Bovs under 16 years of age Girls under 16 years of age Total 696 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W O R K IN G M E N S IN STIT U TIO N S The workingmen s institutions of Mariemont and Bascoup include a complete scheme of institutions similar to those already described as existing at Anzin and Blanzy such as the housing of employees med ical service mutual aid societies cooperative distributive stores schools etc To describe these in detail would result in unnecessary repetition There are two institutions however which are unlike any yet studied and which form the central feature of the Mariemont and Bascoup Company s social work These two both of which are of great impor tance and interest will therefore be described in detail while a general description of the other work of the company will be sufficient The first of these is the scheme of chambers of explanations chambres d1 explications and councils of conciliation and arbitration eonseils de conciliation et d arbitrage organized for the prevention and adjustment of difficulties between the company and its employees an effort which is without doubt the most important in Europe for the settlement of labor disputes without invoking the aid of the Government The sec ond is the system of workingmen s insurance against accidents sick ness and old age The latter is important not because it is unique but because it affords an example of the general system for the insur ance of coal miners in Belgium Before commencing their consideration a few words should be said regarding the spirit in which these institutions have been created and are now administered for it should never be forgotten that this spirit usually determines the real benefits that result The following extract is quoted from an address delivered by M Julien Weiler before the Societe Beige d Beonomie Sociale entitled the Spirit of the Working men s Institutions of Mariemont M Weiler is the engineer in chief in charge of the practical operations of mining at Mariemont and is the official to whom has been given the especial charge of all the com pany s work for its employees and his remarks are therefore in the nature of an authoritative statement of the motives actuating the com pany in its social work He says The question can be raised why we do not allow the pension and aid funds to be entirely managed by the workingmen The reply to this is that we are desirous of diminishing our intervention each time that the workingmen manifest the desire to augment theirs But the working men have not yet arrived at the stage where they can be disfranchised from all guidance The proof of this is that as soon as they are released from control by the company they have recourse to some other guidance W e think however and this is a point on which I wish to lay great stress for it indicates the whole spirit of our institution that the employer ought to continue his intervention provided that his interven tion is limited to that which the workingmen themselves can not do In other words the employer as regards the matter of tutelage ought to prepare the way for his own abdication INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES 697 You do not find among us therefore patriarchal institutions On the contrary all our efforts tend to emancipate our workingmen intellectually and morally Self help is the sentiment we desire to inculcate and I hope to show you that we have in great measure suc ceeded in our efforts COUNCILS OP CO N CILIA TIO N A N D A R B IT R A TIO N Without doubt the most worthy of study of all the institutions of the Mariemont and Bascoup Coal Mining Company is the system adopted by it for the prevention and settlement of labor disputes Its efforts in this direction are the most remarkable made by any private company in Europe u The entire history of arbitration in Belgium says the French Labor Bureau in its exhaustive report on Arbitration and Conciliation is contained in that of the councils of conciliation of Mariemont and Bascoup and in that of the councils of industry and labor 7 The first application of the idea of conciliation in labor disputes by the Mariemont and Bascoup Company and indeed the first application of that idea in Belgium was made in the year 1877 As the result of a serious strike of his employees in the manager of the company requested his engineer M Julien Weiler to make a thorough study of the question of conciliation and arbitration with the view of the intro duction of some such system in the organization of labor in his company The first action as the result of this investigation took the form of the creation of chambers of explanation cliambres d1 explications in the workshops of the company These were meetings of clerks or foremen and workingmen with the object of furnishing a medium of communica tion between the employees and their employer in order that misunder standings might be avoided In this way an opportunity was afforded for the settlement of demands that in themselves would often be readily granted were they only brought to the attention of the other side but which if not explained might cause great trouble and friction Each of the 9 trades in the workshops was represented by a committee of 6 workingmen and 6 clerks or foremen with a central committee composed of a delegate from each group for the discussion of general questions At first owing to lack of previous organization among the working men and to the fact that the establishment of the chambers coincided with a serious reduction in wages the results were not satisfactory However after the chambers had been in existence several years and after several modifications had been made in their organization they began to render valuable services Fines were entirely abolished while the officials were unanimously of the opinion that their regula tions had never been more respected moreover the regulations them selves were revised by the committees The system of task work which had previously been considered impracticable was successfully organ ized and the cost of production diminished by at least 20 per cent while wages were advanced to an equal extent 698 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR In 1880 the system was extended to the employees engaged in the transportation of the coal and in 1889 further extended so as to include all the different branches of the company s work and all its employees The creation of these chambers of explanation necessarily required the creation of an institution which while leaving to these chambers the oversight of daily details should itself have a higher character and take cognizance of more serious disputes On January there fore there was created both at Mariemont and at Bascoup a council of conciliation and arbitration conseil de conciliation et fflarbitrage These councils constitute the supplement to the chambers of explanations The constitions of the two councils are practically identical Each is organized in such a way as to secure to both the workingmen and the company an absolute equality The council is composed of 6 represent atives of the company and 6 representatives of the workingmen The company chooses its representatives from among its higher employees including the general manager The 6 workingmen representatives are elected by a species of electoral college Thirty six delegates are elected by the workingmen 6 from each branch of the company s serv ice Only those workingmen can vote who are 21 years of age and have been in the service of the company at least six months This body all the members of which have the right to attend the meetings of the council elects 6 representatives who alone have the right of voting in the deliberations These representatives must be over 30 years of age and they must have been in the service of the company five or more years The council meets monthly A president and vice president are appointed annually one of whom must be chosen from among the workingmen The president convokes the meetings at which twothirds of the representatives of each side must be present in order to constitute a quorum All disputes of general interest must be discussed before the whole council Prior to the examination of a disputed point and during its discussion work must be continued under the conditions which existed when the difficulty arose Both parties agree to accept the decisions o f the council for at least three months and the same question can not be raised again within that period All the expenses of the council are defrayed by the company Each representative and delegate is allowed 2 francs 39 cents for each meeting that he attends and is indemnified for all time lost The proof of the value of any institution is in the practical results o f its operations A survey of the operations of these councils during the first six years of their existence shows how many important ques tions have been brought to their attention and decided by them During the first year 1888 there were 18 meetings of the council at which 39 questions were considered Nineteen of these were general questions that is such as concerned more than one group of working INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES 699 men 10 were questions relating to one group or branch of workingmen and 10 related to individuals Among the more important general questions was a demand made in April for increased pay based on newspaper reports of an alleged revival of trade The administration made a formal agreement to increase wages as soon as better times should set in and the other party was satisfied On November 19 a second demand was made resulting in a recommendation of a 5 per cent increase which the administration granted Another question related to a demand for shorter hours and certain regulations regarding time of ascending and descending the mines This question evoked heated discussions during three meetings of the council when a committee of 2 from each side was appointed to thor oughly examine the question The committee s report was in the form of a compromise and was adopted to the satisfaction of both parties As frequent disputes had arisen regarding the time of arrival of employees the council succeeded in having clocks placed at convenient points about the mines Several questions relating to health security and convenience were satisfactorily settled Among the minor questions were such as related to complaints on account of fines promotions discharges errors in wage payments etc All these were disposed of after careful examination either by the council alone or with the assistance of special committees In 1889 there were 12 meetings of the council at which 30 questions were considered O f these 17 were general questions 6 related to one group of workingmen and 7 to individuals On September 23 the council considered a demand for a further increase of wages in propor tion to the higher price of coal The company offered its books in evidence and the meeting adjourned pending their investigation At the next meeting October 22 the company agreed to increase the wages 5 per cent to take effect November 1 Another increase of 5 per cent was made December 1 and still another of 10 per cent on January Other general questions considered related to hours of work the fine system indemnities to workingmen etc In 1890 there were 16 meetings of the council at which 57 questions were considered Of these 39 were general questions 15 related to one group o f workingmen and 3 related to individuals The general questions related to the health service wages the sale of coal to workingmen hours of labor aid and provident funds fines holidays handling of explosives etc In 1891 there were 13 meetings at which 47 questions were consid ered Of these 33 were general 12 special and 2 individual questions The general questions related to the health service the provident fund wages fines fuel tools etc In 1892 there were 12 meetings of the council at which 27 general 700 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR questions 7 special and 4 individual questions or a total of 38 were considered In 1893 there were 13 meetings of the council at which 32 general 8 special and 2 individual questions or a total of 42 were considered The nature of the questions was about the same as that of other years W O R K IN G M E N S S IC K FUND A N D O LD A G E P E N SIO N FUND The investigation of the insurance funds of the Mariemont and Bas coup Company offers the opportunity for a study of the workings in a particular case of the general system of the insurance of miners in Bel gium one of the most interesting insurance systems on the Continent In Belgium the insurance of coal miners by their employers is obliga tory For this purpose there was created during the years in each of the 6 great mining districts into which Belgium is divided a central insurance fund in which all mining companies were required to participate They have all been in active operation since then and have therefore had an existence of over 50 years The scheme comprehended in addition to the central funds for the more regular insurance of workingmen the creation of special insurance funds by each mining company for purposes of relief in minor cases of sickness Each mining company therefore participates in two funds a central fund and a special individual one The central fund is maintained by 1 the payment of three fourths of 1 per cent of their wages by the workingmen 2 the payment of an equal amount by the company 3 a subsidy from the State 4 a smaller subsidy from the province and 5 gifts and donations This fund is invested in approved securities The schedule of monthly indemnities is as follows 1 To an employe injured so as to be permanently and totally unable to work a Workingman married 19 years o f age or over b Workingman unmarried 19 years of age or over c Workingman unmarried less than 19 years o f a g e d Working woman 16 years of age or over e Workingwoman less than 16 years o f age To an employee injured so as to be able to earn not more than 50 per cent o f his usual wages a Workingman married 19 years o f age or over b Workingman unmarried 19 years o f age or o v e r c Workingman unmarried less than 19 years o f a g e d Workingwoman 16 years o f age or o v e r e Workingwoman less than 16 years o f age To an employee injured so as to be able to earn from 51 to 70 per cent o f his usual wages a Workingman married 19 years o f age or over b Workingman unmarried 19 years o f age or over c Workingman unmarried less than 19 years o f age d Workingwoman 16 years o f age or over e Workingwoman less than 16 years of age 701 INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES 4 To an employe injured so as to be able to earn from 71 to 85 per cent o f his usual wages a Workingman married 19 years o f age or over b Workingman unmarried 19 years o f age or over c Workingman unmarried less than 19 years o f age d Workingwoman 16 years o f age or over e Workingwoman less than 16 years o f age To an employee injured so as to be able to earn over 85 per cent o f his ual wages no allowance 6 To a widow o f a workingman killed by an accident a Personal allowance b For each male child under 12 or female child under 15 years o f a g e To a widow of a workingman pensioned on account o f injuries not fatal a Personal allowance 50 per cent o f husband s pension b For each male child under 12 or female child under 15 years of a g e To a father and mother or a grandfather and grandmother o f a working man killed by an accident when unable to support themselves maxi mum for division among all To an orphan o f a workingman killed by an accident ia Male until 12 years o f age b Female until 15 years of age To a workingman unable to work and at least 55 years o f age and having been employed at least 30 years or o f any age and having been employed 38 years To a workingman whether able to work or not 60 years o f age or 65 if employed more than half the time above ground and having been em ployed 35 years To the widow of a workingman pensioned on account o f old age if she had been his wife 30 years The operations of this fund may be seen from the following figures taken from the latest annual report obtainable showing receipts and expenditures during that fiscal year and during the entire period of its existence RECEIPTS A N D EXPEN D ITU R ES OF THE M IN ER S IN SU R AN CE F U N D OF TH E CEN T R A L D ISTR ICT OF BELGIUM 1893 A N D A G G R EG AT E Items RECEIPTS Contributions of employees retained from wages Contributions of mine owners Subsidy of central government Subsidy of province Interest on funds invested T otal EXPENDITURES Running expenses other than cash benefits Salary of secm tary Salaries of commission of physicians Attendance fees of workingmen s delegates Rant of room Printing annual report Stamps and miscellaneous Total running expenses Pensions and aid Indemnities to widows remarrying T otal Excess of receipts over expenditures a Not reported a a a a a a 702 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR During the year 1893 the number o f pensioners increased from 2 241 to 2 366 and the value of the average yearly pension from 166 69 francs to 167 12 francs Among this number o f 2 366 pen sioners there were 1 162 pensioned for old age old workingmen or widows of old workingmen During the life of the fund 6 219 pen sions have been recorded O f these 3 853 have become extinguished leaving on December as has been stated 2 366 still in existence There are nine corporations participating in the fund of which that of Mariemont and Bascoup is easily the most important O f the total amount paid for all the companies in 1893 it contributed francs or 40 56 per cent and among the total number of pensioners it was credited with 923 or 36 31 per cent As has been said each mining company is required also to maintain a special fund for relief purposes rather than insurance operations properly speaking In compliance with this obligation two special relief funds have been organized by the Mariemont and Bascoup Com pany one in Mariemont and the other in Bascoup Their constitutions are practically identical The special relief funds are constituted by 1 the payment by the workingmen of a sum equal to three eighths of 1 per cent of their wages 2 the payment by the company of an equal amount and 3 the payment by the company of all sums collected by it through fines levied upon the workingmen From this fund benefits are paid to workingmen as follows In case o f accidents an indemnity equal to 30 per cent of their wages during three months if they are incapacitated for work that length o f time After that patients are cared for by the general insurance fund In case of sickness an indemnity is paid during the first six months equal to 22 per cent o f the patient s wages during the second six months one equal to 15 per cent and during the second year one equal to 7 per cent of his average wages In case the sickness continues longer than two years special provision is made in each case An important point to be noted in connection with this as well as the general fund is the large extent to which the workingmen themselves participate in its management The following statement o f the receipts and expenditures of the funds o f both Mariemont and Bascoup for the year 1893 will show the extent o f their operations Cash on hand January Receipts T otal Expenditures Deficit borne by the company December In addition to the work done by these two funds a great deal is done by the company along the same lines through its old age pension fund INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES 703 for its office employees engineers etc and through its pension fund for boss miners foremen chief machinists and laborers of a similar grade and by the workingmen themselves through their mutual aid societies In 1868 the company organized a pension fund for its higher employees which provides for a maximum pension equal to 60 per cent of the recipient s usual wages after he is 60 years of age and has been in the employ of the company 35 years or has become incapacitated for work whatever his age or length of service In case the incapacity is due to an accident the pension can equal 70 per cent of his wages Provisions are also made for pensioning the widows of members The funds are raised through the retention of a certain percentage of the wages of members and the payment of a varying amount by the company The company also entirely at its own expense grants pensions to its boss miners foremen chief machinists etc 1 in the case of boss miners when they are 55 years of age and of the others when they are 60 years o f age 2 when incapacitated for work whatever their age as the result of old age or sickness 3 when incapacitated for work as the result of an accident In the first and second cases the pension is equal to 2 per cent of the recipient s wages for each of the first 15 years that he has been in the service of the company and 1 per cent for each succeeding year In the third case the pension is equal to 5 per cent of the wages for each of the first 5 years and three fourths of 1 per cent for each succeeding year of his service In no case however can the pension exceed 40 per cent of the wages nor be less than 35 francs 6 76 per month Provision is also made for the pensioning of the widows of these workingmen If these pensioners are in receipt of pensions from the two regularly constituted funds only the excess of the pension which they are entitled to under the present regulations over those received from the regular funds is paid to them It will be unnecessary to describe the character and operations of the mutual aid societies organized by the workingmen as they offer little variation from the aid societies described in the cases of Anzin and Blanzy It is sufficient to say that they are entirely independent of the management o f the company their funds are obtained through membership dues and interest on capital invested and their objects are the granting of aid in cases of sickness the defrayal of funeral expenses of deceased members etc Membership in these societies is almost universal on the part of the workingmen OTHER SO C IA L IN STIT U TIO N S The remaining institutions need only a brief mention They include savings banks technical and primary schools cooperative societies workingmen s houses etc The company has itself erected 562 houses for its employees They are arranged in groups of two four and six Each house possesses a small garden Their average cost was about 704 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 3 500 francs and the average rent is 7 50 francs 1 45 per month which gives a return on the money invested of 2 per cent The company has also advanced money to its employees with which to build houses of their own About 40 houses are annually built by this means and it is estimated that one quarter of the workingmen have become house owners Several cooperative societies for the sale of commodities organized by the employees themselves have been in operation since 1869 Though moderately successful they have far from driven private dealers from the field The great benefit derived from them is that they have compelled the other dealers to lower their prices to their own standard of minimum prices VIEILLE MONTAGNE ZINC MIKING AND SMELTING COM PANY BELGIUM There are few more interesting aggregations of workingmen s insti tutions than that organized under the auspices of the Zinc Mining and Smelting Company of Vieille Montagne of Belgium with its head quarters at Ch6n6e A t the same time there is not the same oppor tunity for studying the conditions of a particular locality as in the case o f Anzin Essen Guise or Blanzy for the company has constantly extended its operations acquiring other establishments in other coun tries as well as in Belgium until to day it almost controls the zinc trade o f Europe As in each place however it has pursued the policy of organizing its workingmen into special communities with their special institutions their study enters into the scope of the report The history o f the zinc industry is practically that of the VieilleMontagne Company The industry may be said to have been created by it through the discovery of an easy process for the reduction of zinc ore by Abbe Dony the real founder of the Vieille Montagne Company The existence of ore rich in zinc at Vieille Montagne was known as early as the middle o f the fifteenth century but the efforts that cul minated in the present company only date from 1806 when Abb6 Dony was granted his concession Dony through his discovery o f the means of extracting the pure zinc from the ore laid the foundation for the industry In 1837 the present Vieille Montagne Company was created in order to concentrate various interests that had become scat tered among different heirs Even at this time the industry was in a feeble condition The company however early inaugurated the policy of bringing in and absorbing other mines and establishments for the extraction and production of zinc Thus at the present time though the seat o f the company and the most important center o f production is at Vieille Montagne it has in its possession twenty one large estab lishments situated at different points in Belgium and other countries The company has now reached a position where it is much the largest zinc mining and manufacturing company in the world In 1890 the total production o f zinc in Europe was 287 494 tons O f this amount INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES 705 the Vieille Montagne Company produced 53 710 tons or between oneflftli and one sixth of the total amount or 30 000 tons more than that mined by the next largest company W O R K IN G M E N S IN STITU TIO N S The fact that all of the company s establishments are organized in one central system and that the same policy regarding social institu tions has been followed throughout makes it possible to study the social work o f the company as a whole in much the same manner as if there were one instead of a number of industrial centers In 1889 the company in a pamphlet published in connection with its exhibit at the Paris Exposition made the following concise statement of the principles by which it has been guided in the treatment of its employees A translation of it is given 1 The best mode of remunerating workingmen is that which interests them not only in the general profits of the enterprise but also in the industrial results over which they themselves can exercise a direct and personal influence 2 In order that wages may be sufficient they ought to be of an amount that would permit workingmen not only to live but also to make savings in order to provide for future as well as present wants 3 But even if the workingmen receive such wages they will not save nor acquire possession of homes unless the employer facilitates their so doing either through the creation of savings banks or by advances made with liberality and yet with caution 4 Even with this aid but a minority of workingmen will be in a position to profit by these institutions For the protection of the others there should be organized funds aiding them in cases of sickness inva lidity and old age 5 Two considerations which too often are neglected are absolutely necessary in order to insure the normal operation of these funds and prevent their disaster a The first consists in keeping an exact account of present and especially of prospective expenditures and in providing resources and the necessary reserves b The second consists in avoiding the systems of the management of the funds by the employer alone or by the employees alone in favor of a mixed system In that way only can workingmen be interested in the manage ment and the necessary control by the employer be at the same time exercised To carry out these principles the company has organized a system for the determination of wages and for limited profit sharing institu tions to aid workingmen to become house owners aid and insurance funds savings banks and other institutions intended to better the intel lectual and moral condition of its employees 6329 No 706 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR TH E S Y S T E M OF TH E D E T E R M IN A T IO N OF W A G E S A ll those who take part in any way in the work of the company from the manager down to the ordinary workingman are interested within the limits of their respective spheres of action in the financial returns of the work carried on This result has been obtained through the application of a system of extra wages premiums or additions to regular wages The remuneration of employees is made to consist of two parts the one fixed or wages properly speaking the other vari able called a premium The first is intended to be in a way pay for the time consecrated by the employee to the service of the company the second is a reward for personal efforts a return for the special activity and intelligence displayed by the workingman The basis on which the premium is determined varies according to the nature of the service The premiums are proportional either to the quantity of ore mined or to the economy in the use of material espe cially that of fuel or to the amount of the final product produced within a given time The amount of the premium is greater or less according to the relative importance of the work but whatever the basis and this is a matter of prime importance the workingman always knows exactly the rate and each day according to the results obtained can himself calculate his share The premium account is made up at the same time as that of his wages but only half of the amount earned is paid over The other half is carried to his account and is not liqui dated until the end of the year In this way the workingman has quite an accumulation of savings at the end of each year The following table shows the total number of employees and the average daily wages per employee for each year since the organization of the company A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G E S OP EM PLOYEES OP T H E VIE ILL E M O N TA G N E ZINC M IX IN G A N D SM ELTING COM PANY 1837 TO 1888 Year Em ployees Average daily wages Year Em ployees I i Average daily wages Year Em ployees Average daily wages INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES These figures are of course of value only from the standpoint o f a comparison of wages from year to year But for this purpose they are o f exceptional interest covering as they do a period of over fifty years in the most important establishment in the world of the industry to which it relates Average wages it will be seen have gradually risen from 1 35 francs 0 26 in 1837 to 3 24 francs 0 62J in 1875 since when the average has been almost stationary According to the report of the company for 1893 the average for that year was exactly that paid in 1875 O f this amount the premium represents a proportion ranging from 10 to 25 per cent In commenting on these figures for the year 1888 the company said It should be remarked that the average wages 3 18 francs relate to workingmen very differently situated We can therefore say that although the average wages paid amount to 3 18 francs 0 61 per day or 1 019 francs per year in reality 50 per cent of the employees earn yearly wages of 1 200 francs or more and the remainder earning less is composed in large part of youths whose wages are added to the family income As in the case of Anzin it would be a matter of interest to compare the variation in w ages with the variation in the prices of commodities T that enter into the cost of living for the workingmen In the present case material is at hand to do this in but the single case of wheat The table that follows shows this relative variation by expressing the quantity o f wheat that the average salary will buy Q U A N T IT Y OF W H E A T PURCHASABLE B Y A V E R A G E W AG ES OF EM PLOYEES OF THE V IE ILL E M O N TAG N E ZINC M IN IN G A N D SM ELTING COM PANY 1837 TO 1888 Years 1837 to to to to to Bushels of wheat Average Price of average wheat daily per hecto daily wages wages liter a would purchase a Hectoliter equals 2 8377 bushels This table shows that though the period of the greatest increase in nominal average wages was between the years 1837 and 1876 and that wages were comparatively steady during the period 1877 to 1888 yet that if wages were expressed in wheat this latter period would be the one of the greatest increase It thus affords an illustration of the necessity of distinguishing between nominal and actual wages 708 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR IN STIT U TIO N S TO A ID W O R K IN G M E N TO BECOM E H OUSE OW NERS It has been the consistent policy of the company to encourage the workingmen to become the proprietors of their houses To do this it has according to circumstances either bought and subdivided land which it afterwards offered to its employees on favorable terms or has made advances to them with which to build repayable in installments or has itself built houses that it sold on the installment plan In this way over one thousand of its employees have become house owners In addition to this the company has also encouraged the acquisition of garden plots by employees The acquisition of gardens has gone along with that of houses A great many of the owners of houses are reported as owning a cow and almost all of them keep one or more pigs The company has also made notable efforts along the line o f con structing houses to rent to those of its employees who are unable or unwilling to become house owners In general these houses are con structed in groups of two or four with but a single tenement to each house A house of four rooms with shed attached and a small garden rents for from 80 to 100 francs 15 44 to 19 30 per year or about 10 per cent of the wages of the renter The company says regarding the question of housing Our experience has demonstrated that isolated and independent houses form the preferable system from every point of view for work ingmen A ID A N D IN S U R A N C E FUNDS Workingmen s aid societies in connection with the Vieiile Montagne Company consist of three institutions by which the European working man usually provides for the future or the contingencies of sickness and old age 1 Sick and acccident fund 2 old age pension fund and 3 savings banks The sick and accident fund was organized as early as 1847 Its objects are 1 To furnish gratuitously in cases of sickness or accident medical aid to workingmen and members of their families dependent upon them 2 To grant to those thus temporarily incapacitated for work pecun iary aid during their invalidity The amounts of these indemnities have varied at different periods Under the present regulations which went into effect in 1886 the amount paid in each case is determined by a permanent commission but can not exceed one third of the recipient s average wages in case of sickness or one half of his wages in case of incapacity resulting from an accident 3 To contribute by a grant of money toward defraying the expense consequent upon childbirth in a workingman s family INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES To contribute to the funeral expenses of a workingman or of a member of his family by the grant of a fixed indemnity of 20 francs 3 86 in the case of a married workingman 15 francs 2 90 for unmarried adults and 5 francs 0 97 for children in addition to fur nishing the coffin 5 To furnish temporary aid to widows orphans and parents of deceased workingmen The rate of these indemnities is as follows 50 centimes 10 cents per day to the widow of a workingman 75 cen times 14 cents per day to the widow of an overseer 10 centimes 2 cents per day to each child until he or she is 14 years of age or in case the other parent is also dead 25 centimes 5 cents per day and 25 centimes 5 cents to the parents of the deceased Previous to April the resources of this fund were obtained by a contribution on the part of the workingmen of an amount equal to from 1 to 5 per cent of their wages the company making up any balance necessary for the complete carrying out of its provisions On that date however the company assumed the entire charge of the fund the workingmen henceforth contributing in no way to the support of the fund The old age pension fund likewise dates from 1847 and was estab lished in order to grant life pensions to workingmen who had become unable to work either as the result of old age or sickness after having been in the employment of the company a certain period of years The amount of the pension is fixed at one fifth of the amount of the pensioner s average annual wages obtained by taking an average of the three years in which he earned the most during the last five years of his service This amount however can not be less than 50 centimes 10 cents nor more than 1 franc 19 cents per day In order to be enti tled to a pension the workingman must have had 15 years of contin uous service with the company and be totally incapacitated for work If however he is incapacitated as the result of an accident received in the service of the company through no fault of his own he is enti tled to a pension irrespective of the length of his service The expenses of this fund have always been borne by the company These two funds supplement each other and together form one system To some extent therefore space will be economized by showing the results of their operations in the same tables The first table shows the total expenditures of each fund each year since 1850 the average expendi ture per member and the relation that the total expenditure bears to average wages 710 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR E XPEN D ITU R ES OF TH E SICK A N D AC C ID EN T F U N D A N D T H E OLD AGE PENSION FU N D OF TH E Y IEIL L E M O N T A G N E ZINC M IN IN G A N D SM ELTIN G COMPANY 1850 TO 1888 Average expenditure per member Expenditures Per cent of total Num expendi ber tures of pen of total sioners wages Year Aid fund Pension fund Aid fund Total Pension fund Total C iO a a a a 42 a a a a a 51 a a a a a a a a a 57 a a a a 155 a a a a a Not reported The following table shows in greater detail the objects of the expendi tures of the combined funds for the years 1850 to 1888 inclusive as well as the proportion each item of expense bears to the total amount expended A G G R E G A T E E X P E N D IT U R E S OF THE SICK A N D ACCID EN T FU N D A N D THE OLDA G E PENSION F UND OF T H E V IE IL L E M ON TAG N E ZINC M IN IN G A N D SM ELTIN G COM PANY B Y OBJECTS OF EX PEN D IT U R E 1850 TO 1888 Per cent of each item of expendi ture of Expendi tures 1850 to 1888 Average yearly expendi tures Indemnities for accidents sickness and partial inva lidity Medicines Medical service Funeral expenses and other expenditures Old age and invalidity pensions Payments to widows Payments to orphans Total Objects of expenditure Total expendi tures Total wages INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES 711 These two tables serve a double purpose In the first place they show to how great an extent the wages of the workingmen are supple mented by their participation in these relief funds The addition thus made to wages is seen to have steadily increased both absolutely and relatively to wages until 1880 after which it has varied more or less with a slight tendency to decrease Thus in 1850 each workingman received on an average benefits to the amount of 14 55 francs which represented an increase to his wages of 2 65 per cent In 1860 the amount was 27 46 francs or 4 10 per cent in francs or 4 61 per cent and in francs or 7 64 per cent while in 1888 the amount of benefits had sunk to 58 77 francs or 6 32 per cent The average for the whole period represented an addition to wages of 5 per cent On the other hand these tables in common with similar tables given for the other industrial communities have a theoretical interest to stu dents of workingmen s insurance as showing how great an average expenditure is necessary on the part of a company if the funds are supplied by it or how great a proportion of their wages must be sacri ficed by the workingmen if the funds are maintained by them in order to Insure the steady operation of 1 a sick fund providing for the supply of medicine and medical attendance and a fixed sick benefit and 2 a pension fund for old and incapacitated workingmen and their widows and orphans The last table is of especial interest as showing what portion of this expenditure is devoted to each specific purpose In considering the significance of these figures the important facts should be noted that 1 expenses of administration are not included 2 that the figures relate to a body of men that has been constantly increasing in numbers 3 that necessarily the expenditures for pen sions during the first few years after the inauguration of the fund would be comparatively light but that as the fund became older the number of pensioners would increase materially The company believe that a normal number has now been reached varying between 450 and 500 S A V IN G S B A N K The company first organized a savings bank in 1842 In the begin ning but slow progress was made For a good many years the number of depositors and the amount of deposits increased scarcely at all Commencing with 1853 however the use of the bank by employees has increased yearly Thus while in that year there were but 126 deposi tors representing scarcely 2 per cent of the personnel in 1888 there were 900 depositors or nearly 14 per cent of all employees The follow ing table shows the number of depositors the amount of deposits etc 712 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR for each year from 1853 to 1888 Five per cent interest on deposits has been paid from the start DEPOSITORS A N D DEPOSITS IN T H E SA Y IN G S B A N K OF TH E VIE ILL E M O N TA G N E ZINC M IN IN G A N D SM ELTING COM PANY 1853 TO 1888 Deposi tors Year Amount Amount deposited withdrawn Interest earned Amount on hand at end of year Total I a These figures do not balance Per de positor a a a a a a a a a a a a a a They are given however as published by the company LIFE IN S U R A N C E SO C IE TY The aid and pension funds are intended solely for the benefit o f the workingmen strictly speaking For the administrative force includ ing the engineer s office employees etc the company organized Jan uary a life insurance society believing that this form of making provision for the future was the most successful for the higher paid employees According to the provisions o f this society each employee desiring to become a member is required to pay into the fund 3 per cent o f his annual wages To this the company adds an amount equal to 1 per cent of his wages The amount of insurance is then calculated according to the tables in use by insurance companies Every five years a balance sheet of assets and liabilities is struck and if there is a surplus half of it is apportioned among the members increasing pro rata their insurance and the other half is carried to a reserve fund The constitution determines the investment of the funds which is INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES 713 always made in approved securities The society is administered by a central committee elected from among the members The entire expense of administration and bookkeeping is borne by the company so that there is absolutely no expense of management Although par ticipation in this society is purely voluntary with scarcely an exception all of the employees of the company have become policy holders CONCLUSION What has been the result of the social work of the company Con cerning this there are available but two kinds of evidence The testi mony of the company itself and that of the employees as shown through statistics of the stability of their employment Concerning the first the company speaks unequivocally And now first o f all from the social point of view has the company obtained that harmony between all who cooperate by their labor in the work of production 5 has it realized that ideal of social peace of which all economists and politicians dream W e do not venture to assert that this result has been definitely obtained and that the workingmen of our establishments have already reached this degree of moral supe riority All that we can state is that up to the present time despite the diversity of countries and variety of industries in which we are engaged we have never had to suffer a strike in any one of our estab lishments and that we have succeeded in obtaining a remarkable degree of stability in our corps of employees as regards the length of their employment since with an average of 6 500 employees the average length of the time they have been employed has exceeded 12 years These facts find their natural explanation in all the advantages accorded to the workingmen their high wages participation in indus trial profits facilities for making savings and becoming owners of property and security for the future through the organization of gra tuitous aid in case of sickness and the provision of pensions for work ingmen incapacitated by old age or infirmities There are more than 900 depositors in the savings bank and more than 1 000 workingmen are the owners of their own homes More than a fourth of all the employees are either house owners or are in possession of savings the interest on which increases the resources of the family All this is conducive to good order good work and peace Such are the results o f the system consistently practiced by the company Moreover it is important to add that in spite of the expenditures entailed by this course these results have been obtained without at all sacrificing the financial prosperity of the company but on the other hand have contributed to it I f the company has been able to pay to its shareholders each year during 50 years an average dividend of 20 per cent on their original investment it can be affirmed that the honor is due to the liberality with which the administration has treated its employees These results appear to be of such a nature as to determine the com pany to persevere in its course and to encourage others who have not yet entered this work to do likewise 714 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR The following table showing the stability of the personnel speaks for the employees Y E A R S OF SERVICE OF EM PLOYEES OF T H E V IE IL L E M O N TAG N E ZIN C M IN IN G A N D SM ELTING COM PANY 1888 Em ploy ees Per cent Years of service Under but under but under but under but under but under but under but under but under but under but under but under but under i but under but under but under but under but under but under but under but under but under 23 23 but under but under but under but under but under but under but under but under 31 31 but under but under but under but under but under but under 37 Years of service Em ploy ees Per cent Years of service Em ployees Per cent 37 but under but under but under but under but under but under but under but under but under but under but under but under but under or over T otal THE NETHERLANDS YEAST AND ALCOHOL FACTORY AGNETA PARK DELFT HOLLAND Like the Familistere at Guise this community represents the delib erate attempt to organize an industry on special lines so as to increase the solidity o f interests of all concerned in the undertaking to develop mutuality and to create social institutions of all kinds As at Guise therefore the introduction of a plan for participation in profits by the workingmen and the creation of a special industrial community were made integral parts of the scheme While at Guise however a system o f pure cooperation was adopted and a peculiar plan of tenement houses or familisteres selected at Delft a system of partial profit sharing and a village of isolated cottages were introduced A t both places however each of the various social institutions is related to all the others and together form one system This industry founded by Mr J C van Marken is that o f the man ufacture of yeast for which he has a market in a great many countries o f Europe and in Great Britain Alcohol gin and some other products are also manufactured as by products The first factory was built and operations commenced in 1869 The capital invested was 150 000 florins Since then a number of buildings have been added and the capital successively increased until in 1892 it was something over florins The Netherlands Oil Manufactory was established in 1884 adjoining the yeast works as a separate company As Mr van Marken however has a controlling interest in this com pany the two enterprises as far as social institutions are concerned have for the most part been treated as one undertaking The company employs between 250 and 300 men INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES 715 Tlie hey to the social system that has been created is found in the hierarchal organization of all the employees and the practice of a system of profit sharing combined with the opportunity accorded to workingmen to become part owners of the capital stock of the com pany Combined with these are a great variety of institutions such as cooperative stores sick funds old age accident and life insurance insti tutions for promoting house ownership etc THE O R G A N IZ A T IO N OP LABOR The personnel of the company is divided into the following classes Higher officials officials and superintendents lower officials and under superintendents clerks and workingmen and assistant clerks and helpers The latter class consists of persons under 20 years of age who have not yet fully learned their calling The salaries of higher officials officials and superintendents are determined by the directors All employees under these grades are paid by the hour The wages of an under superintendent are 14 florins 5 63 per week of sixty hours Under that grade employees are paid in accordance with the nature of their work and are divided into six wage classes receiving respec tively and 22 Hutch cents 6f f and 8 cents per hour Care has been taken that the wages for a full day s work with proper effort can not fall below that necessary for the maintenance of an ordinary family The minimum is fixed at 12 florins 4 82 per week Helpers receive 12 Hutch cents 4f cents per hour with a 10 per cent advance for overtime work The office force receives the following weekly wages on the basis of 7J hours work per day Assistant clerks 7 florins clerks 10 florins minor officials 15 florins and 15 22 and 23 Hutch cents 6 8f and 9 cents per hour respectively for overtime work Members of the force of a lower grade than minor officials and superintendents whose work requires special knowledge receive enhanced wages Besides the above classification as to the nature of the occupation there is another division of employees into five classes in accordance with the energy and zeal displayed while at work The object of this classification is to form the basis for a scheme of premium payments All employees above the first class receive premiums amounting to 2 per cent of their wages for the second class 5 per cent for the third class 10 per cent for the fourth class and 20 per cent for the fifth class New employees arc placed in the first class Promotions are then made annually on the 1st of January according to the devotion to duty that has been shown by the employees one step only being made at a time Neglect of duty is published by failure to promote or by reduction to a lower class In addition to this extra premiums may be paid for special services 716 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR and finally premiums for economy in the use of working time raw materials fuel etc The classification o f the personnel and the pre miums awarded are kept secret by the directors P A R T IC IP A T IO N IN PROFITS The participation in profits consists of 10 per cent of the net gains o f the company Of this not more than one fourth may be devoted to purposes of public utility benefiting all the employees The balance is distributed in accordance with the grade and merit class of the employees The employees of the five different classes receive their share in proportion to two three four six and eight times the amount of their salaries Thus in 1890 the employees received I f 2 3J 5 and 7 per cent of the amount of their wages as shares in profits From 1870 to florins were paid out in wages florins in premiums 81 000 florins as shares in profits and 100 000 florins for the insurance of employees or a total of florins During this same period florins were credited to the capital account of which 984 000 florins were paid into the amortization fund to the reserve fund were counted as net profits interest on capital and interest on bonds THE H O U SIN G OF E M P LO YE E S As a matter of course the provision of houses for the workingmen constitutes an essential feature of an attempt such as that of Mr van Marken to build up a special industrial center In doing this Mr van Marken desired to have the employees cooperate as far as possible in the work Instead therefore of directly providing houses he organized among his employees a cooperative society with a capital of 160 000 florins To this society he gave 3 000 florins in cash for founders shares to that amount and turned over a tract o f 4 hectares about 9J acres in return for founders shares to the amount of 29 000 florins The remaining 128 000 florins of the capital stock was raised by a loan at 4 per cent interest to secure which a mortgage on the property was given With this money the ground which was named Agneta Park was laid out as a park and in it were erected 86 houses The community thus created is one of unusual attractiveness The streets are in all cases winding and bordered by shade trees and lawns In the center of the grounds an artificial lake has been constructed of sufficient size to permit of boat ing The houses are built on the Mulhouse plan each having a garden adjoining The material is o f brick and various plans were selected so as to give to each house a distinct character The rents average 2 25 florins 90 cents per week INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES 717 The system by which the members of the cooperative society were to become the owners of the property is somewhat similar to that by which the workingmen of Guise became the owners of the plant in which they labored The total rent is so fixed as to represent 7 per cent return on the cost of the land and buildings Out of the total receipts are paid first the expenses of maintenance and management then 4 per cent interest on loans and 5 per cent dividends on founders shares Ten per cent of the balance goes to the reserve fund and the remainder is devoted to liquidating the mortgage A t the same time this latter amount is credited to the individual tenants in proportion to the rents paid As soon as a tenant has in this way 100 florins credited to his account he comes into possession of a share of stock bearing interest at 3 per cent It is then only a matter of time when all the stock of the cooperative society including the founders shares which will be replaced by ordinary shares will be held by the tenants who thus become owners of the property Shares of stock can only be trans ferred with the consent and through the agency of the board of directors Once the shares are all held by the tenants the system adopted at Guise of canceling and redeeming the old shares and issuing new ones in their place will be practiced In addition to providing dwelling houses this cooperative association also runs a cooperative store a building for which has been erected in Agneta Park This store sells food products clothing and dry goods Profits from its operations are added to rents and distributed in the same way credit being given in proportion to the value of the pur chases of each tenant OTHER SO C IA L IN STITU TIO N S In addition to these efforts relating to housing and profit sharing there has been created a great variety of social institutions Among these may be mentioned savings banks funds for the insurance of employees against sickness accidents old age and death and for the pensioning of widows of workingmen educational and recreative insti tutions and an assembly of workingmen and heads of departments for the purpose of discussing all matters relating to the mutual interests of the workingmen and the establishments and the settlement of diffi culties that may arise Without entering into details the general fea tures of these institutions can be briefly given The insurance of employees of course constitutes the most impor tant class o f workingmen s institutions In case of sickness employees receive from the company their full wages for a period not exceeding eight weeks In addition all employees are compelled to belong to a fund for securing medical aid and medicines Their weekly contribu tions are 12 Dutch cents 4 cents for men 8 3 cents for women and 3 1 cents for each child For this the members in case of sickness 718 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR receive free medicines and medical attendance except that patients are required to pay 5 Dutch cents 2 cents per visit in the case of clerks and workingmen and 10 and 15 Dutch cents 4 and 6 cents in the case o f higher officials In case of accidents while at work employees receive full wages until their recovery In 1881 an accident insurance fund was inaugurated This fund pays two full years wages in case of death loss of sight or loss of two limbs one year s wages for the loss of an eye a foot or the right hand 35 per cent of the past year s wages for the loss of the left hand and from 5 to 25 per cent for the loss of one or more fingers This insurance is paid whether the accident occurs while at work or not The premium required from members is 0 65 per cent of their wages In regard to the provision of old age insurance the company has adopted a peculiar but at the same time effective system The com pany retains 7 per cent of the wages o f each employee who has been a year or more in its service With this money it purchases each year a paid up old age pension from an insurance society that will begin to run when the employee reaches the age of 60 years By this arrange ment the longer a man remains in the company the greater the value o f the old age pension to which he acquires a right Each year s oper ation constitutes a separate transaction A person thus after ten years service is in possession of ten paid up old age pension policies This system presents the very great advantage that should a man leave the service o f the company he retains possession of his policies and the acquisition of an old age pension is thus in no way dependent upon employees remaining in the employment of the company A system of life insurance has been added to that of old age pen sions By paying 2 per cent of their wages in addition to the 7 per cent for old age pensions the company secures for its employees a lifeinsurance policy equal to 9 per cent of all the wages received by them during the time that they are insured As the above life insurance is insufficient to prevent distress in the case o f families of persons who died after a short period of insurance a special widows fund has been established For the support of this fund each director and employee contributes 1 per cent of his wages The company adds an amount equal to one half o f the total of these contributions Any widow who is unable to provide for her own or her children s subsistence either by her earnings or from other sources receives 4 florins 1 61 per week for herself and 1 florin 40 cents for each child the total however to in no case exceed 8 florins In September widows and 31 children were receiving aid from this fund The organization for bringingtogether the workingmen and the heads o f departments for the purpose of the common consideration of ques tions relating to their interests or The Kernel as it is called though INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES 719 somewhat differently organized from the councils of arbitration and conciliation at Mariemont and Bascoup yet follows so closely the gen eral lines o f action of these institutions that it would be superfluous to give the details o f its organization and operations The remaining institutions such as the savings banks of which there are two a kindergarten manual training housekeeping and other schools and a gymnasium reading room and casino though of course of importance do not require any extended comment THE CHOCOLATE FACTOEY OF MENTEB KOISIEL FBANCE The village of Noisiel the seat of the chocolate factory of Menier though interesting in itself offers but few points for an extended study Though it is a pure type of an industrial village the management of affairs has been so completely retained in the hands of the proprietor that no opportunity has been afforded for the development of working men s institutions on the principle of mutuality The village has been managed entirely as a branch of the general industrial enterprise so that information concerning it can not well be distinguished from that of the manufacturing branch proper Though M Menier s industry dates from 1825 the industrial village itself was only constructed in 1874 The village is absolutely removed from all other houses and forms a distinct community presenting all the necessary houses such as schools restaurants stores etc for a self contained existence A t the present time there are 295 tenements They are built in groups of two and are exceptionally well constructed and comfortable The general appearance of the group with its open spaces and shade trees is that of a charming country village a The total number of employees of the works is about 1 500 but these houses are sufficient to accommodate practically the entire personnel as the industry is such as to permit of the advantageous employment of women and children and in consequence it is customary for the wives and daughters of workingmen to be employed as well Absolutely no opportunity is given for the development of institutions by the workingmen themselves nor has M Menier himself created many such The work in this direction consists chiefly in the maintenance of a relief fund and the support of primary schools Every care how ever seems to have been taken to make the condition of the employees as comfortable as possible The village is so managed as to produce a moderate income on the money invested in it a For details concerning these houses see the Eighth Special Report o f the Depart ment of Labor on the Housing o f the Working People 720 IRON BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND STEEL WORKS OE SCHNEIDER CREUZOT FRANCE CO LE Though Le Creuzot is not an industrial center possessing a unified and homogeneous character of such a nature as to warrant its study in detail as an industrial village it should at least be noticed on account of the important industrial and social work of the iron and steel works of Schneider Co This establishment is one of the most im portant in France and it employs between 12 000 and 13 000 working men In connection with its works at Le Creuzot the company has organized a great many institutions for the benefit o f its employees It has erected 466 houses for renting to its workingmen it has facilitated the acquisition of homes through the advancement o f money with which to build it has provided liberally for the support of schools an efficient medical service for the gratuitous care of sick and injured workingmen is maintained Since 1877 it has provided for the pen sioning of its old employees through contributions to the National OldAge and Invalidity Fund In 1889 the company reported to the Paris Exposition that during the year 1888 the total amount expended by it for the benefit of its employees was francs EATES OF WAGES PAID UNDEE PUBLIC AND PEIVATE CONTEACT BY ETHELBERT STEW ART The tables which immediately follow are the results of ail original investigation in the cities of Baltimore Boston New York and Phila delphia as to the wages paid first to those engaged on public work employed directly by the city or State second to those engaged on public work employed by contractors and third to those engaged on private work employed by contractors or firms The rates given in these three divisions are not only for the same occupations but these occupations represent similar work so far as it was possible to obtain such data Table I shows the number of persons in each occupation and the rate of wages per hour also in addition to the wages per hour the hours of work per week are shown Each city is taken up sepa rately and in the following order Baltimore Boston New York and Philadelphia The occupations for which wages were secured appear under each city in alphabetical order and are subdivided into the three classes previously given For brevity s sake these classes are indi cated in the tabulations by 1 public by city or State 2 public by contractors and 3 private by contractors or firms Whenever it could be done wages were secured in each class for each occupation This however was not always possible Taking Balti more in Table I for instance it is seen that for the first occupation asphalt layers no data are given for persons engaged on public work directly by the city or State none having been found in the city all such work both public and private having presumably been done through contractors or firms The same is true for the next occupa tion asphalt mixers but for blacksmiths it is seen that data were secured in each of the three classes In the first two occupations asphalt layers and asphalt mixers it is shown that the same wages per hour were paid in each of the two classes of work and also that the same number of hours per week were worked Blacksmiths employed on public work directly by the city or State working 54 hours per week were paid from 22J to 30J cents per hour Those employed on public work by contractors worked 60 hours per week but were paid lower wages from 17 to 26 cents per hour the majority being paid 22J cents per hour Those employed on private work by contractors or firms working 60 hours per week were paid also from 17 to 26 cents per hour the majority being paid 22J cents In this manner each of the occupa tions for which data are given may be analyzed and comparisons made Nq 7 3 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Table II summarizes the data given in Table I so far as the wages per hour for each occupation are concerned the data relating to the number of employees and hours worked per week being omitted In this table each occupation is taken up in order and for each of the three classes of employment the highest lowest and average wages per hour are given For example taking up the city of Baltimore it is seen that carpenters on public work employed directly by the city or State were paid a maximum wage of 33J cents per hour the lowest wage paid being 27 cents per hour while the average was 32 cents per hour Carpenters on public work employed by contractors were paid as much as 31J cents per hour and as little as 22 cents the aver age wage per hour being 25f cents For those working at the same occupation employed on private work by contractors or firms a maximum o f 28 cents and a minimum of 18 cents per hour were paid the average being 26 cents These averages being based on the entire number of carpenters shown in Table I afford a fair comparison As shown those employed on public work directly by the city or State were paid the highest average wage 32J cents per hour those engaged on public work under contractors were paid the lowest 25 cents per hour while those engaged on private work by contractors or firms were paid 26 cents per hour It is strongly asserted in some quarters that the tendency of letting public contracts to the lowest bidder is to lower the wages of labor that the lowest bidder is generally speaking the man who pays lowest wages or expects to use poorest material that the idea that the lowest bidder is the one willing to accept least profits for himself is erroneous The legislature of the State o f New York seems to have been con vinced of the tendency of the contract system to lower the rates of wages and in 1894 passed a law that all contractors on public works State and municipal must pay the prevailing rate of wages in the locality in which the work is being done Pursuant to this law a clause like the following is inserted in all contracts A ll work to be performed and materials furnished to be according to the laws of the State and municipality applicable thereto especially of 4 chapter 622 of the laws of 1894 entitled4 An act to amend chapter three hundred and eighty five of the laws of eighteen hundred and seventy entitled 4 An act to regulate the hours of labor of mechanics workingmen and laborers in the employ of the State or otherwise engaged on public works 7 which provides that 4 all me 4 chanics workingmen and laborers now or hereafter employed by the State or any municipal corporation therein through its agents or officers or in the employ of persons contracting with the State or such corporation for performance of public works shall receive not less than the prevailing rate of wages in the respective trades or callings in which such mechanics workingmen and laborers are em ployed in said locality And in all such employment none but citizens o f the United States shall be employed by the State any municipal corporation therein and by persons contracting with the State or any municipal corporation thereof WAGES UNDER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CONTRACT 723 An inquiry as to whether or not the inspectors on public works were expected to enforce this clause was answered by the statement that its enforcement was left to the trades unions and working people in whose interest the law was enacted Aside however from all ques tions of the efficiency of this law or the manner of its enforcement or nonenforcement the fact of its existence can hardly be construed in any other light than as an admission by the legislature of the State of New York of a tendency in the contract system to lower the rates of wages and an attempt upon its part to check that tendency A glance at the tables will show that the highest rates of wages paid to unskilled labor are paid to those employed directly by the munici pality or State This is generally speaking true also of the skilled trades Some of the exceptions will be noted further on With the exception of Boston all cities included in this investigation fix the rate of wages paid unskilled labor by city ordinance or as in the case of New York City by State law The city o f Baltimore by an ordinance passed May 1 1883 provides that i The pay of all laborers shall be ten dollars per week and no deduc tion from said amount shall be made except for such time as any of said laborers may lose by absenting themselves from the work upon which they may be at the time employed a The law also fixes the hours of labor which must not exceed 9 in any one day and provides that all city employees must be citizens and reg istered voters Philadelphia fixes the rate of pay for laborers at 1 75 per day of 9 hours except for those employed in the public parks In its annual appropriation ordinance it has a most elaborate scale fixing the rate of wages for nearly every trade and occupation employed by any of the city departments These rates are the maximum union rates in cases of organized trades and corresponding rates for other occupations The same may be said of the laws of New York fixing rates of wages to be paid by New York City As a general statement it may be affirmed that the public when employing directly by the day pays the highest prevailing rate of wages for the shortest prevailing day s labor This is especially true of the United States Government where in the navy yards of Boston and Brooklyn the highest outside rates for a 10 hour day are made the prevailing rates for an 8 hour day Certain apparent exceptions to this rule have been omitted from the tables as without an explanatory note in each case some misunderstanding might arise and because they become upon examination not really exceptions For instance the city gas works of Philadelphia employs bricklayers at a rate con siderably below the prevailing one These men however work steadily or are paid in the absence o f work that is they lose no time The a Ordinance No 48 sec 221 art 48 p 1020 City Code o f Baltimore 724 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR superintendent states that these men were given their choice of the maximum union rate of 4 05 and take work when they could get it or 3 per day and steady employment It will be readily seen that yearly earnings would be greater at the lesser daily rate The exigen cies of statistical tabulation would require that these men be brought in direct contrast with other bricklayers working on public contracts or on private work It is only just however to say that these men in fact all employees of the city gas department are paid higher wages than are paid either by the company furnishing gas to the city under contract or the company producing gas for private sale Another instance is that of 10 pavers employed by the city o f Balti more at rates much lower than the prevailing contract rate and lower than that paid to other pavers by the city These men work for the waterworks department They are steadily employed are not union men never required to do new work and are in fact paid 25 cents more per day of 9 hours than other nonunion pavers get for 10 hours With this explanation of the two most striking apparent exceptions the statement may be repeated that the public when employing directly by day labor pays the highest prevailing rate for the shortest prevail ing day It would appear also at least in a great many instances that this can be done with the best economic results Probably the highest wages paid in the occupations employed are those paid by the trustees of the New York and Brooklyn bridge being considerably higher than wages in like occupations by private concerns Yet the trustees of this bridge have been enabled to reduce fares contin uously to abolish tolls for pedestrians and magnificently improve the plant The city o f Boston sprinkles its own streets by day labor having practically abandoned the contract system for this work On page 414 of the Annual Report of the Street Department of the city of Boston for 1895 the superintendent summarizes the result of the two systems as follows COMPARISON OF D A T W O R K W IT H CONTRACT W O R K IN B A C K B A Y A N D SOUTH END BOSTON Back Bay Contract work Day work Saving in day work South E nd Contract work Day work Saving in day work Total saving in day work over contract work The above comparison is one of the most satisfactory evidences of the good results accomplished by the division this year To it atten tion is specially directed WAGES UNDER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CONTRACT 725 The cost for watering in the Back Bay with fresh water in 1894 under contract was 575 per mile while this year the same service was more efficiently rendered at an expense of 424 per mile The expense in the South End last year for watering was 460 per mile for fresh water 630 per mile for salt water while this year the watering was done under day work at an expense of 277 per mile As will appear in the tables following the rate of wages paid by the city to the men who actually did the street watering was consider ably greater than the wages paid by the contractors The city of Baltimore does all its street cleaning by day labor except the machine sweeping This is at present let by contract at a very low figure Nevertheless the street commissioner states upon computations made by him that he could more efficiently do the work and save the city enough in one year to pay for the machines and horses that is he could pay for the contractor s plant in one year and do better work This computation was based upon a proposition to pay the legal city rate of wages per day whereas the present contractor pays the machine drivers but 80 cents per day The cost of supervision and inspection increases as the contract price decreases until it sometimes costs almost as much to make the contractor do his work as it would to do it The cost of inspection is enormous for cities still greater propor tionately for the Federal Government and this cost must be added to the contract price before it can be determined whether or not the con tract figure is a low one It is to be regretted that a minute and satisfactory statement of the cost of sewer construction excavation etc could not be obtained in Boston where an enormous amount is being done under both systems The work performed by day labor is however generally experimental and even where the conditions were practically similar no accounts that could be used for comparison were obtainable One very significant statement was however made by the secretary of the metropolitan sewer commission to the effect that one piece of sewer had been con structed entirely by day labor because it undermined some private property and notwithstanding their inspection the commissioners were afraid to risk the contract system because of the heavy damage suits that might result from faulty work Three of the cities in which this investigation was conducted clean their streets by day labor These are Boston New York and Balti more except the machine sweeping Baltimore does not keep a record of cost of cleaning per mile Philadelphia lets her contract for a lump sum and keeps no record of cost of cleaning per mile The city of Brooklyn is included as a part of the metropolitan district of New York for purposes of comparison 726 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR The cost of cleaning the streets in Boston is shown in the following statement COST PER M IL E OF C L E A N IN G STREETS IN EA C H DISTRICT OF BOSTON IN CLU D IN G SUPERVISION LABOR Y A R D A N D STABLE EXPENSES Old districts Miles of Cost of streets cleaning cleaned streets 73 per cent 64 per cent of the total iof the total cost of yard cost of su E pervision and stable I expenses Total Total ex cost per penses mile Total Average cost per mile of cleaning streets in eight old districts includ ing supervision etc New districts Miles of streets cleaned Cost of cleaning streets 64 per cent of the total cost of su pervision 73 per cent of the total cost of yard and stable expenses Total ex penses Total costper mile T otal Average cost per mile of cleaning streets in six new districts includ ing supervision etc The average cost of cleaning the miles actually swept and comprising all the districts new and old was 15 58 per mile This includes much that is charged to other accounts in other cities such for instance as dumping etc It will be seen from the tables that notwith standing this low cost per mile Boston paid higher rates of wages than any city except New York The cost of street cleaning in New York City for 1895 is shown in the following statement The whole cost o f cleaning the streets including every expense incurred in the administration o f the department was per mile o f street swept per d a y The whole cost o f cleaning the streets including every expense incurred in the administration o f the department was Per cart load o f material collected including permits Per cart load of material collected excluding permits The cost o f sweeping not including supervision or any other expense was per mile o f street swept per day The cost o f carting ashes garbage and street sweepings not including supervision was per cart load o f material collected The cost o f collecting and removing snow and ice not including super vision was per cart load o f snow and ice removed The cost o f final disposition o f ashes garbage and street sweepings was per cart load o f material removed on boats WAGES UNDER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CONTRACT 727 A t the same time the contract price in Brooklyn was 23 per mile for street cleaning and as a lump sum for removal of ashes etc To this contract price of 23 per mile must be added the cost of admin istration which was 60 cents per mile as estimated for this report A t that time the Brooklyn contractor was paying 1 50 per day of twelve hours The contract price for 1896 is 17 per mile and lump sum for removal of ashes With the reduction in contract price the wages of street sweepers are reduced to 1 25 per day Perhaps the most striking instance of reduction in wages as a result of contract employment is that shown for New York City under the occupation of snow shovelers Formerly the city did this work by day labor employing extra men as occasion required at 2 per day of eight hours Last winter the work was let by contract and the wages paid as shown in the first table was 1 25 per day of ten hours One feature of the investigation as originally designed but which could not appear in tabular form was the effect of the contract system or rates of wages paid under it upon wages paid on private work When times are good the contractors who bid lowest get the public contracts and the smaller private ones thus absorbing both this class of con tractors and the cheaper labor which they employ leaving the larger private contracts to the contractors styling themselves legitimate and who employ only union or high priced labor In times of business depression however such as the country has been experiencing there is little else but public contracts to be had and the employer of the higher priced labor must bid low enough to get it or have nothing to do To enable their employers to meet these conditions the Bricklayers Union of Baltimore during last year reduced its scale of wages from 4 for eight hours to 3 60 for eight hours and then again to 3 for nine hours with eight hours on Saturday this being the rate generally paid nonunion bricklayers The carpenters of Baltimore and the paint ers of Hew York City are now having a similar struggle Notwith standing the State law and indictments under it the painters of Hew York find it impossible to maintain their scale on public works As a rule however it must be said that the effect of the contract system in reducing wages is largely confined to unskilled and unorganized labor and that the trades are but slowly and slightly affected 728 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR T able I HOURS OF WORK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYEES 1 ON PUBLIC W ORK EM PLOYED DIR ECTLY B Y TH E C IT Y OR STATE 2 ON PUBLIC W O R K EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS 3 ON P R IV A T E W ORK EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS OR FIRMS BALTIMORE Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Private by contractors or firms Asphalt mixers Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms 15 Blacksmiths Public by city or State Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Blacksmiths helpers Public by city or State 1 u Hours of work per week Wages per hour Carpenters Public by city or State c by contractors 25 Number of em ployees 22 Public by contractors I 18 54 I 54 Public by contractors Boiler makers Public by contractors 50 j I Private bycontractorsorfirms Draftsmen Public by contractors Private y contractors or firms 1 54 I I Private bycontractorsorfirms 15 2 i I 54 I i 2 I 5 5 4 Cement finishers Drivers Public by contractors Public by contractors 1 60 I I 60 I 35 a 84 a 07 a 84 a 08 Private by contractors or firms a 84 a Cement mixers a 70 8 Public by contractors Private bycontractorsorfirms Private by contractors or firms a 70 a 12 Chandelier fitters Drivers with single team Public by contractors Public by city or State Private by con tractors or firms Coal handlers Public by contractors a 60 a 15 Private bycontractorsorfirms Private by contractors or firms 50 5 a 60 a 15 22j 1 6 0 Cornice workers Bricklayers 1 ublic by contractors Public by city or State Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms Curbstone setters Public by contractors Wages per hour Curbstone setters Conc d Private bycontractorsorfirms Curbstone setters helpers Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Chandelier makers Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Hours of work per week Number of em ployees aWork 7days per week Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms 25 I 60 I 20 12 I Dynamo men Public by contractors 2 1 a 70 I a a 70 I a 22 Private by contractors or firms 2 1 a 70 I a a 70 a 22 Dynamo men s helpers Public by contractors 4 a70 a 12 Private bycontractorsorfirms 4 a 70 a 12 Engine cleaners Public by contractors 5 1 a 70 a 12 1 I a70 I a 14 Private bycontractorsorfirms 5 a 70 I a a 70 a WAGES UNDER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CONTRACT Table I HOURS OF WORK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYEES 1 ON PUBLIC W ORK EMPLOYED D IR E C T L Y BY THE C ITY OR STATE 2 ON PUBLIC W O RK EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS 3 ON P R IV A T E W ORK EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS OR FIRMS Cont d B A L T I M O R E Continued Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour 1 Engineers chief Public by contractors Granite cutters Foremen cornice workers Public by contractors Public by contractors a I a 70 Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms a a 70 Ground men electric lighting Foremen electric lighting Public by contractors Engineers hoisting Public by contractors Public by city or State a a 70 a Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors Private by contract rs or firms 8 53 I Engineers stationary Public by contract rs 6 2 4 a t 70 j c 33 l 224 Foremen electric lighting as 224 sistant 224 Public by contractors a I a a Engineers stationary assistant Public by contractors a 184 Private by contractors or firms 3 a 70 a 184 Engineers steam roller ublic Publi by contractors Private by contractors or firms a Hod carriers Public by contractors a 214 a70 I Private by contractors or firms Foremen laborers Public by city or State 10 Private bycontractc rsor firms a 70 I 60 I Private by contractors or firms 1 j a 20 a 70 6 I 6 Public by contractors 4 I I 7 53 I 53 25 Hostlers Public by contractors a 84 2 a 70 1 a a 074 a 10 a 124 Private by contractors or firms a 70 a Inspectors electric lighting Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors a 70 a a 77 a I a 194 a 77 Foremen linemen Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors a 70 a a a I 84 a 77 a 194 a 77 Private by contractors or firms 1 a70 a 284 Iron workers ornamental Public by contractors Galvanized and sheet iron work ers a 15 Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms a I a a 20 2I 5 I 4 Iron workers ornamental help Private by contractors or firms ers Private 1 contract rs or firms by Public by contractors a 60 a a 60 a 174 Gardeners Private by contractors or firms 2 a 77 Public by city or State Q I 184 Iron workers structural 10 a 70 a Public by contractors 1I 6 0 Foremen ccarpenters Private by contractors or firms 174 Public by contractors 20 4 I Gas holder riveters 25 Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms Firemen Public by contractors a 60 1 a 60 4 2 a 77 10 a 70 a W ork 7 days per w eek 730 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR Table I HOURS OF WORK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYEES 1 ON PUBLIC W O R K EM PLOYED D IR E C T L Y B Y TH E C IT Y OR STATE 2 ON PUBLIC W ORK EM PLOYED B t CONTRACTORS 3 ON P R IV A T E W ORK EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS OR FIRMS Cont d B A L T i m O R E Continued Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Number of em ployees Hours of work per week W ages per hour 1 Iron workers structural help ers Public by contractors Machinists helpers 3onc d Pavers Private by contractors or firms Public by city or State I Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Masons st me Pavers Belgian block Laborers Public by city or State Public by city or State Public by city or State j Public by contractors Public by contractors 32 30 Public by contractors Private 1 tiycontractc rsor firms Private 1 contract rs or firms by y Private 1 contracts sor firms r Pavers cobblestone Public by city or State 54 14 Molders Public by contractors 53 I Public by contractors 46 I 60 I 224 juilding 80 I Laborers Public I y contractors Private by contractors or firms I Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms 54 14 Molders helpers Public by contractors Linemen Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Plumbers 3 a 70 a 214 Public by contractors a 70 a Oilers Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms 2 a 84 a 144 Private 1 j contractors or firms a 20 8 a 84 Private by contractors or firms 3 a j 27 a 24 3 a 70 2 a 84 a Painters Rammers Belgian block Public by city or State Public by city or State Machinists Public by city or State Public by contractors Public by contractors 3 30 I i 54 I Public b y contractors Private ycontractors or firms Private by contractors or firms Rammers cobblestone Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms Pattern makers Public by city or State Public by contractors Public by contractors I Machinists helpers Private by contractors or firms j Private by contractorsor firms Public by contractors I l 3 a W ork 7 days per week WAGES UNDER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CONTRACT Table I HOURS OF WORK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYEES 1 ON PUBLIC W ORK EM PLOYED D IR E C T L Y B Y TH E C IT Y OR STATE 2 ON PUBLIC W ORK EM PLOYED B Y CONTR ACTORS 3 ON P R IV A T E W ORK EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS OR FIRMS Cont d B A L T I M O R E C o n c lu d e d Hours of work per week Number of em ployees Wages per hour Rammers laving Public by contractors 60 4 o n Repairmen electric lighting Public by contractors a 70 a 1 Private by contractors or firms 60 a f Roofers slate Public b v contractors Private by contractors or firms Steam and gas fitters Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Stonecutters Public by city or State Wages per hour Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Stonecutte rs Conc d Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms 1 1 Hours of work por week Number of em ployees Tool sharpieners Come d Private by contractors or firms f Trimmers electric lighting 54 Public by contractors Private lycontractc rsor firms a iO a Private by contractors or firms Stone setters Public by contractors a 70 a Watchmen Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms i Tappers waterworks Public by contractors Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms f Tinsmiths Public by contractors Private by contractorsor firms Tool sharpeners Public by contractors j 48 j Private by contractors or firms Wire men Public b y contractors Private 1 contractors orfirms iy Z BOSTON Blacksmiths helpers Bracers Public by city or State Public by city or State i Public by contractors i Public by contractors 35 Private bycontractorsorfirms a 23 Boiler makers Public b y city or State I Private 1 contractors or firms Bricklayers yy Public by city or State I I Private by contractors or firms Boiler makers helpers 2 48 I Public by city or State I 27 Public by contractors Private bycontractorsorfirms I a W o rk 7 days per week b N ot reported Blacksmiths Public by city or State Public by contractors 732 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR Table I HOURS OF WORK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYEES 1 OK PUBLIC W ORK EM PLOYED D IR E C T L Y B Y THE C IT Y OR ST ATE 2 ON PUBLIC WORK EMPLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS 3 ON P R IV A T E W ORK EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS OR FIRMS Contd B O S T O N Continued Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Bricklayers Cone d Carpenters Conc d Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors Conc d Bricklayers sewer 53 25 Public by city or State 54 30 ate bycontractorsorfirms Public by contractors a a Carpenters helpers Public by city or State 7 a 77 a 70 54 I j Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors a 20 Calkers iron Private by contractors or firms Public by city or State Cement finishers 30 Public by contractors 31 54 I 39 Public by contractors I Private by contractors or firms I Cement finishers helpers Public by contractors Calkers wood 54 Public by city or State Private bycontractorsorfirms Public bv contractors 11 54 j 22 59 I 48 40 Coal handlers Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms 3 a 63 a a 63 3 a 63 a 23 Carpenters Public by city or State Private bycontractorsorfirms j Public by contractors a 77 59 a 84 25 a a 27 Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Draftsmen Conc d Private by contractors or firms Dredge crane men Public by contractors 2 I 60 I 28 2 I 60 I 30 Private by contractors or firms Dredge runners Public by contractors 41 60 I 28 3 I Private by contractors or firms Drillers stone Public by city or State 10 I 50 I I 54 Public by contractors Private bycontractorsorfirms 5 1 54 I 30 7 I 60 I 30 Drivers Public by city or State a a 63 a 63 48 Public by contractors 36 a 84 6 1 a70 I a a 70 d 17 4 j a 70 I a 18 31 Cooks 4 Public by city or State a 63 a Public by contractors 2 2 a 75 a Private bycontractorsorfirms 1 a 75 a I Draftsmen Private bycontractorsorfirms Public by city or State a 70 a a a W ork 7 days per w eek WAGES UNDER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CONTRACT T able I HOURS OF WORK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYEES 1 ON PUBLIC W ORK EM PLOYED DIR ECTLY B Y THE C IT Y OR STATE 2 ON PUBLIC W ORK EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS 3 ON P R IV A T E W ORK EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS OR F IR M S C on t d BOSTON Continued Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour 1 Drivers with double Usam Public by city or State Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Engineers stationary Conc d Foremen laborers Private by contractors or Public by city or State firms Conc d O Public by contractors a Drivers wi h single team Firemen Public by city or State Public by city or State Public by contractoT S Public b y contractors a a 21 Dump men Public by city or State Public by contractors all Public by contractors a a Engineers hoisting Private by contractors or firms Public by city or State a a a all Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms 22 Foremen blacksmiths 54 17 Public by contractors 1 a 70 a a 70 a 22 4 a ll a Private by contractors or firms 4 60 2 all a Foremen machinists Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms I 4I 8 6 is 34 Public by contractors Foremen bricklayers Engineers stationary Public by contractors 1 I 60 I 32 Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms 2 a 70 a a 70 a 22 4 I 56 I a 63 a 22 Private by contractors or firms 1 60 I 32 6 a 70 a a Foremen masons a 27 Public by city or State a a a 70 a 28 Foremen carpenters Private by contractors or firms 16 a 63 a 30 Public by city or State a a 33 Foremen painters 1 a 63 a 33 Public by contractors Public by contractors a ll 2 50 1 a a Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms 2 a 63 a Public by contractors a ll 3 39 a Foremen dredge runners Foremen pavers 4 a ll a 25 Public by contractors Public by contractors 8 a 84 a I 54 I 444 Private by contractors or firms I 54 I 554 60 a Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms 14 a 70 a l i 1 a W ork 7 days per week 734 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR T a b l e I HOURS OF WORK AND WAGES OP EMPLOYEES 1 ON PUBLIC W ORK EMPLOYED D IR E C T L Y B Y TH E C IT Y OR STATE 2 ON PUBLIC W ORK EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS 3 ON P R IV A T E W ORK EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS OR FIRMS Cont d B OSTOW Continued Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Foremen t rack men Public by contractsrs Hostlers Conc d Laborers building Conc d Public by city or State Conc d Private by contractors or firms a 63 a a 63 a 27f Public by contractors Private 1 contractors or firms y 1 I a 70 a 14 Lathers Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms a 63 I a I a 63 a j 48 I 37 Gatemen Laborers Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms Public by city or State a 22 5 a j Machinists 19 20 Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms a 70 a a 20 a a 70 a Glaziers a 2 21 Public by contractors a Private by contractors or firms 81 24 i Public by contractors Harness makers Public by city or State j 2 48 Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors Public by contractors j Machinists helpers Private by contractors or firms Public by city or State 217 a 1 5 a I f 56 4 j 1 I 54 I I Private by contractors or firms Hod carriers Public by contractors a j Private by contractors or firms a ll I Masons Public by city or State Horse feeders 47 1 I 48 I Public by city or State o 20 8 a ll 2 a 63 a 25 88 a 84 o 20 Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms I 48 I a 70 J a Private by contractors or firms 2 25 Horseshoers 13 I 56 I 37 Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms 256 I 48 I 42 27f 43 a70 a 15 Masons stone Public by city or State I I 48 I Public by contractors Public by contractors Hostlers Public by city or State 4 1 a 63 I 4 I a63 I Laborers building Public by contractors a 2 2 a a W ork 7 days per w eek WAGES UNDER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CONTRACT Table I HOURS OF WORK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYEES 1 ON PUBLIC W ORK EM PLOYED DIR ECTLY B Y TH E CITY OR STATE 2 ON PUBLIC W ORK EMPLOYED BY CONTRACTORS 3 ON P R IV A T E W ORK EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS OR FIRMS Cont d B08T0IV Continued Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Masons heIpers Public b y city or St ate Public by contractors 25 43 I j a 31 9 j 1 an Private by contractors or firms Miners Public by city or State 6 3 Number of em ployees Wages per hour Public by contractors 60 4 a 84 20 Oilers Public by city or State a 63 1 a 63 7 a 63 3 a a 23 Hours of work per week Wages per hour 1 Rammers laving Coi c d Private y contractors or firms i 54 I Private by contractors or iirms Riggers 37 Public by city or State 44 I Pipe layers Public by city or State Public by contractors 33 Pavers Public by contractors 2 Public by contractors 54 a 84 1 a Private by contractors or firms Rock men Private by contractors or firms Public by city or State j Public by contractors Plasterers Public fey contractors I 47 I I 48 I ay Private 1 contractors orfirms a 20 a70 19 j Private by contractors or firms a 21 a70 4 Private by contracts rs orfirms 90 I 47 I 43 a 70 1 a 22 7 i Painters Plasterers helpers Public by city or State Public by contractors Spikers Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms Plumbers Public by city or State Sprinklers street Public by city or State Public by contractors Public by contractors j Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms I 48 I I Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms Stonecutters Painters decorative 4 56 Public by city or State Public by contractors Plumbers helpers Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms I 48 I Private by contractors or firms Pattern makers Public by contractors Public by city or State I ill 1 7 I Private by contractors or firms Rammers paving Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors 29 1 i u i a a a a a W ork 7 days per week 736 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Table I HOURS OF WORK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYEES 1 ON PUBLIC W ORK EM PLOYED D IR EC T L Y B Y TH E C IT Y OR ST ATE 2 ON PUBLIC W O R K EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS 3 ON P R IV A T E WORK EMPLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS OR F IR M S C o n t d B OSTON Concluded Hours of work per week Number of em ployees Wages per hour Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Track men Conc d Sweepers street Water boys Conc d Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors I a 84 a 104 Private by contractors or firms Watchmen Private by contractors or firms Public by city or State I 60 I 074 1 a 70 a 20 Timekeepers 2 60 I 15 5 a 70 a 21 Public by city or State 1 a 70 a 224 Wheelwrights I Public by city or State 3 a 63 a J 3 1 I 54 I Public by contractors I 15 2 a 63 a f 4 a 70 a 25 Public by contractors 384 Public by contractors 54 I 27 Private by contractors or firms a 84 a a ll a 154 Tinsmiths Wire men 2 a 84 a I 64 Public by city or State Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms 1 a 70 a a 70 a a 70 a 174 Private by contractors or firms 24 6 a 70 a a 10 a Water boyia Public by city or State Track men 234 Public by contractors I 54 I NEW WORK CITY Ash and garbage lifters Public by city or State Public by contractors J Ash tenders Public by city or State 10 i 481 Asphalt mixers Blacksmiths Conc d Public by contractors Public by contractors ite by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms ate by contractors or firms a84 a 70 a70 a 70 a 70 a 144 a 15 a 36 a 174 a 19 Asphalt layers Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms ic by city or State Private by contractors or firms Blacksmiths Public by city or State Blacksmiths helpers Public by city or State b a W ork 7 days per week 204 t 33 p N ot reported 737 WAGES UNDER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CONTRACT Table I HOURS OF WORK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYEES 1 ON PUBLIC W ORK EM PLOYED D IR E C T L Y B Y TH E C IT Y OR STATE 2 ON PUBLIC W ORK EM PLOYED BY CONTRACTORS 3 ON P R IV A T E W ORK EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS OR FIRM S Cont d NEW YORK IT1T Continued Number of em ployees Hours of work per Wages per hour Number of em ployees Honrs of work per week Wages per hour Number of era Hours of work per week per hour Bricklayers Conc d Carpenters Conc d Public by contractors Private by contractors firms Conc d I Private by contractors or firms Private bycontractorsorflrms Calkers iron Public by city or State H 1 2 f Public by contractors Boiler makers 59 Carpenters helpers Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms Public by city or State Calkers wood 33 Public by city or State Private bycontractorsorflrms Public by contractors I a I Private bycontractorsorflrms 28 Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Boiler makers helpers Public by city or State Cement mixers II 48 I 24 Car cleaners Public by city or State Public by city or State 15 I 48 I Private by contractors or firms i Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors I 60 I I 60 I Private bycontractorsorflrms Boiler setters 50 I 60 I 17 Public by contractors Car couplers 20 Public by city or State Private bycontractorsorflrms 14 I Cleaners Private by contractors or firms Public by city or State Boiler setters helpers 63 j 6 12i 49 I Public by contractors I 48 I Carpenters Private by contractors or firms Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms j 48 37 Conductors 5 i Public by city or State 4 I Bracers Public by contractors Private bycontractorsorflrms I I 60 I 20 Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Brass finishers Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Coppersmiths Public by city or State j I Private by contractors or firms j Private by contractors or firms Bricklayers Public by city or State Ifc m a Not reported 6 W ork 7 days per week Blacksmiths helpers Conc d Public by contractors No 738 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Table I HOURS OF WORK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYEES 1 ON PUBLIC W O R K EM PLOYED D IR E C T L Y B Y TH E C IT Y OR STATE 2 ON PUBLIC W O RK EM PLOYED BY CONTRACTORS 3 ON P R IV A T E W ORK EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS OR F IR M S Cont d NEW YORK CITY Continued Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Coppersmiths helpers Public by city or State 3 16 iO 25 28 Private by contractors or firms Curbstone setters Public by contractors 29 I 4 I 60 I Private by contractors or firms Curbstone setters helpers Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Derrick men Public by contractors 6I Private by contractors or firms Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Number of em ployees ofw k I Xek I Dock builders Conc c Drivers with single team Conc d Private bycontractorsorfirms Public by contractors Draftsmen Private by contractors or firms Public by city or State Drivers with team and truck Public by city or State Public by contractors Public by contractors Elevator constructors Public by contractors Private ycontractors or firms Drillers Public by city or State I Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms I 48 I 37 61 I 48 I 40 Elevator constructors helpers Public by contractors Private bycontractorsorfirms i Private by contractors or firms Drivers 25 I 48 I 28 Public by city or State Private bycontractorsorfirms 15 j j Engineers hoisting 567 Divers Public by contractors 14 Public by city or State I 48 I j Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors Public by contractors 3 I 60 I 27 10 I 60 I I j a Engineers locomotive Public by city or State Private bycontractorsorfirms a j 1 00 Private by contractors or firms 38 Divers tenders Public by city or State Public by contractors 2 a Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms j Private bycontractorsorfirms i Drivers with double team I 25 j Public by city or State Dock builders Engineers stationary Public bv city or State Public by city or State a a 35 Public by contractors 1 2 a Public by contractors Drivers with single team Public by city or State i Derrick men s helpers Public by contractors a N ot reported 6 Work 7 days per week 739 WAGES UNDER PUBLIC A ND PRIVATE CONTRACT T able I HOURS OF WORK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYEES 1 ON PUBLIC WORK EM PLOYED DIR ECTLY B Y THE C IT Y OR STATE 2 ON PUBLIC W ORK EMPLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS 3 ON P R IV A T E W ORK EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS OR F IR M S C on t d NEW Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour YO RK Number of em ployees C I T Y Continued Hours of work per week Wages per hour Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Firemen Conc d Foremen steam fitters Conc d Private by contractors or firms Private bycontractorsorfirms a 84 t 0 16f a 70 a a 63 a a 84 a 18 Foremen sweepers street a 63 a 19 Public by city or State a 70 a I 26 a 70 a Private bycontractorsorfirms Firemen locomotive a 84 a 16 3 Public by contractors a 18 Public by city or State a a 20 a 84 1 8 I 48 I 28 a 20 a I 29 Galvanized and sheet iron work a 22 a 84 31 ers Private by contractors or firms a 25 a 70 9 Public by city or State a 84 a 25 2 a 70 52 a I a 63 a a 84 a I Foremen blacksmiths Public by city or State Public by contractors f a 30 a Private by contractorsor firms Private by contractors orfirms a 70 a a 56 a I 55 37 a 70 a a 49 Foremen elevator constructors a 70 1 Public by contractors Engineers steam roller Galvanized and sheet iron work Public by city or State ers helpers Public by contractors i 1 48 I 50 1 I 48 I 18 Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors i Foremen iron workers assistant Private bycontractorsorfirms 2 60 Public by contractors 31 60 I 15 Engine hostlers Public by city or State 5 I Private bycontractorsorfirms Gardeners Private by contractors or firms Public by city or State Foremen laborers 5 a 70 50 I 48 I a Public by city or State I a 84 2 a 18g Private by contractors or firms 5j a 70 a 20 2 a 20 a Public by contractors 1 a84 a 23 41 j 60 Gatemen street railway a 84 9 a 25 Public by city or State a 84 9 a 29 Foremen linemen Public by city or State Engine wipers Public by city or State Private by contractors orfirms a 84 a 10 Public by contractors 07 a 70 a 12 Private bycontractorsorfirms a 84 a 12 a 12 Foremen machinists a a 84 42 a 70 a 15 a 84 Public by city or State i i jHarness makers a 70 a 17 1 l Public by city or State Public by contractors Firemen I 1 j 48 31 Public b city or State l j 2 I Private by contractors or firms j Private bycontractorsorfirms Engineers stationary Conc d Public by contractors Public by contractc rs 00 4 a Foremen steam fitters Public by contractors 17 Work 7 days per week 4 j 48 I 48 I Hod carriers Publio by city or State I 48 I 5 Not reported BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Table I HOURS OF WORK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYEES 1 ON PUBLIC W O R K EM PLOYED D IR E C T L Y B Y TH E C IT Y OR STATE 2 ON PUBLIC W O R K EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS 3 ON P R IV A T E W O R K EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS OR FIRM S Cont d N E W YORK CITY Continued Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Hod carriers Conc d Public by contractors Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour J oiners Conc d Public by contractors Laborers building Conc d Private by contractors or firms Private by contractorsor firms Private by contractors or firms Linemen 54 36 Public bv city or State Ill Holders on Laborers Public by city or State Public by city or State Public by contractors 6 19 Public by contractors J Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms 114 12 i 54 I 244 a I 48 284 a 70 a a 70 a Hostlers 11 36 Machinists Public by city or State Public by city or State a 194 Public by contractors a a 56 a a 56 18 a Public by contractors i 48 434 a 124 a a 14 4 a a 70 a Public by contractors 7 18 Private by contractors or firms I a 70 a Iron workers structural Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors a 84 1 0 a 104 6 a 56 a a 84 a a 84 a Private by contractors or firms 497 a 70 a a 70 a ate by contractors or firms f a a a a a a a 70 a Iron workers structural help a 56 a 314 ers 5 a 70 a Public by contractors 1 a 70 a Laborers building Public by city or State a 70 a 38 Private by contractors or firms a 70 a I L 48 25 Machinists helpers 25 Public by contractors Public by city or State Joiners 24 Public by city or State S a W o rk 7 days per w eek 6 N ot reported WAGES UNDER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CONTRACT Table I HOURS OF WORK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYEES 1 ON PUBLIC WORK EM PLOYED DIR ECTLY B Y THE C IT Y OR STATE 2 ON PUBLIC WORK EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS 3 ON P R IV A T E W ORK EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS OR EIRM S Cont d NEW YORK CITY Continued Number of em ployees Hours of work p e week Wages per hour Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Painters Conc d Plasterers Machinists helpers Conc d Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors u a 70 2 a 17 Private by contractors or firms Painters shop Masons Plasterers helpers Public by city or State Public by city or State Public by contractors Private 1 contractors or firms by Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Plumbers Public by city or State 1 Private t y contractors or firms Masons stone Public by city or State Public by contractors Painters helpers 50 Public by city or State 1I 4 I Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors Masons helpers Public by city or State 1 32f 55 Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms Plumbers helpers Public by city or State Pavers Belgian block Molders 16 Public by city or State 2 48 Public by city or State Public by contractors Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Private by contractc rs or firms Oakum spinners Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms 60 15 Pipe fitters Public by city or State Painters Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms Rammers Belgian block 41 Public by city or State Public by contractors Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms I 60 I I a W o rk 7 days per week b N ot reported BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Table I HOURS OF WORK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYEES 1 ON PUBLIC W O R K EM PLOYED D IR E C T L Y B Y TH E C IT Y OR STATE 2 ON PUBLIC W O R K EM PLOYED BY CONTRACTORS 3 ON P R IV A T E W O R K EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS OR E IR M S C on t d NEW YORK CITY Continued Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Riggers Public by city or State ic by contractc rs Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Number of em ployees Hours of work per Wages per hour Rock men Conc d Steam and gas fitters helpers Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors I Private by contractors or firms Roofers slate Public by city or State Stokers Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms I Sawmill men 60 Private by contractors or firms 25 48 Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms Stonecutters 20 Private by contractors or firms Public by city or State Shipsmiths Public by contractors Public by city or State Sweepers street Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms Riggers helpers Public by contractors I 60 I 17 Shipsmiths helpers Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms Riveters Public by city or State Shipwrights Public by city or State I 37 Switchmen I 41 Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors Snow shovelers 1 48 Private by contractors or firms Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors Spar makers 1 24 Public by city or State Telegraph operators 25 Public by city or State I 56 I 51 Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms Rivet heaters Steam and gas fitters Public by contractors Public by city or State I a Ticket agents Private by contractors or firms 44 Public by city or State Public by contractors Rock men 12 40 Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms f W o rk 7 days p er w eek 743 WAGES UNDER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CONTRACT Table I HOURS OF WORK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYEES 1 ON PUBLIC W ORK EM PLOYED D IR E C T L Y B Y THE C IT Y OR STATE 2 ON PUBLIC W ORK EMPLOYED BY CONTRACTORS 3 ON P R IV A T E WORK EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS OR E IR M S C on t d NEW YORK CITY Concluded Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per bour Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Track men Conc d W atcbmen Conc d Private by contractors or Private by contractors or firms Conc d firms Conc d 0 43f 14 a 70 a I 4 I 8 a 84 a a 70 a 23 Public by contractors a 70 a 20 5 a 70 a 24f a 70 a a 29 Wire men a 1 2 Train dispatchers 70 2 Public by contractors 25 60 Public by city or State 6 I a 56 I a 31 Private by contractors or firms f Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms 3 a 70 a 25 6 I a 56 a 31 7 a 70 a 30 2 a 84 a 20 20 I a 22 a 84 Tinsmiths a 24 a 84 Public by city or State 23 J Wire men s helpers Public by contractors 37 Watchmen 48 Public by city or r c I 48 I Private by contractors or firms 3 16f b b Private by contractors or firms 5 b Track men 48 30 Woodworkers i 1 Public by city or State Public by city or State Private bycontractc sor firms r Private by contractors or firms 5 a 84 a 12 Private by contractors or firms 1 a70 a 15 6 a 84 a a70 a 17 a 70 a j 60 I a 70 a 20 Timekeepers Public by city or State PHILADELPHIA Blacksmiths helpers i Bricklayers Conc d Asphalt layers Public bj city or State Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors I Private by contractors or firms I 54 25 Bricklayers sewer Wl Public by contractors Asphalt mixers Public by contractors 54 50 Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms 61 54 Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms 14 Blacksmiths 25 f Public by city or State 17 Bricklayers helpers f Public by city or State i J Boiler makers Public by contractors Public by contractors Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Calkers iron Public by city or State I 54 j j 140 I f Private by contractors or firms Bricklayers Public by contractors Public by city or State I Public by contractors 9 I 54 I Private by contractors or firms a W ork 7 days per week b N ot reported BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Table I HOURS OF WORK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYEES 1 OK PUBLIC W ORK EM PLOYED DIR ECTLY B Y TH E C IT Y OR ST ATE 2 OK PUBLIC W ORK EM PLOYED B Y COKTRACTORS 3 OK P R IV A T E W O RK EM PLOYED B Y COKTRACTORS OR FIRM S Cont d PHIL AI E LPHI A Continued Kumber of employees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Kumber of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Kumber of em ployees HOUT8 of work per week Wages per hour Draftsmen Dynamo m B n Public by contractors Public b y city or Stjate I Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms 20 I 60 I a 70 a 25 Drillers iron Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors I Private by contractors or firms 10 a 70 a a 56 a a 56 a 28f Drillers stone 4 a 56 a 30f Public by contractors 64 I Electricians Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms I 27 Private by contractors or firms Drillers stone helpers 12 60 I 18 Public by contractors I Engineers chief Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms if Private by contractors or firms Drips gas works Public by city or State 7 a 84 a 18 Engineers dynamo Public by contractors Public by contractors 1 a 84 a a 84 a 161 Private by contractors or firms Drivers 1 a 84 a 231 Public by city or State Engineers dynamo assistant Public by contractors 20 a 84 a 1 18 a 70 l a 84 a I 54 221 Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors a a 84 20 a 70 a Engineers hoisting Private by contractors or firms f Public by city or State 2 a 84 I a l4 6 I 48 Private by contractors or firms a 56 a 181 Public by contractors 15 Public by contractors 8I Drivers with double team 25 Private by contractors or firms Public by city or State i 54 Cornice workers Private by contractors or firms Public bv contractors Public by contractors 2 60 I I I 54 I Private by contractors or firms Drivers with single team 271 Public by city or State f 54 27 Engineers stationary Dock builders Public by city or State Public by contractors a84 a 21 Public by contractors 15 I 60 I 22 a 84 a I 25 a 84 a a 84 a 25 Private by contractors or firms a 84 a 27 Private by contractors or firms I 22 a84 a I 30 54 a W ork 7 days per week Carpenters Public by city or State Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Carpenters helpers Public by city or State I 54 j Public by contractors j 18f Private by contractors or firms 1 54 j 5 I 1 161 Cement mixers Public by contractors 30 i Private by contractors or firms Coal handlers Public by contractors a WAGES UNDER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CONTRACT T able I HOURS OF WORK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYEES 1 ON PUBLIC W ORK EM PLOYED D IR E C T L Y BY THE C ITY OR STATE 2 ON PUBLIC W ORK EMPLOYED BY CONTRACTORS 3 ON P R IV A T E W ORK EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS OR FIRM S Cont d P H I L A D E L P H I A Continued Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Number of em ployees i Hours j Wages of work per per j hour week 1 Foremen l tricklayers Public by city or State Public by contractors 60 1 Private by contracto rs or firms Private bycontractorsorfirms SI a 27 a a 28 a a 56 15 a a 34 a 56 6 Foremen carpenters a 56 a 35 1 Public by city or State Engineers stationary assistant Public by contractors a l6 a Engineers stationary Conc d Public by contractors a 25 4 a 70 a 30 2 a 70 Private by contractors or firms 2 a 84 a 16f Engineers steam roller Public by contractors Public by contractors Number 1 of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Foremen machinists Conc d i Private by contractors or firms Foremen painters Public by city or State I 42 Public by contractors E 54 Private by contractors or firms j 44 Foremen plasterers Public by contractors 8 I 48 I 50 Private by contractors or firms Private bycontractorsorfirms 39 Foremen purifiers gas works 54 12 Public by city or State Foremen dock builders 5 a 70 a 27 Public by contractors Private 1 contractors orfirms y 1 a 70 a I 30 2 Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Fasteners shipbuilding 2 j Public by contractors I Foremen iron workers struc Foremen stokers Public by city or State tural Private by contractors or firms a 2 1 I a 84 Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Firemen Private bycontractorsorfirms Public by city or State 2 a 84 a 22 a a Galvanized and sheet iron work 28 a 84 a 23 Foremen laborers ers Public by contractors Public by city or State Public by contractors a 16 a a 70 a Private by contractors or firms Public b y contractors Private bycontractorsorfirms f 85 60 2 a 84 a 16f a a Fitters iron setters shipbuild Gardeners ing Public by city or State Private 1 ycontractc rs orfirms Public by contractors Private 1 contractors orfirms by Foremen linemen 54 32 Public b y contractors Foremen blacksmiths Private by contractors or firms 60 1 Public by city or State Private oy contractors orfirms Public by contractors Foremen nlachinists j Public b y city or State Private bycontractorsorfirms Gardeners helpers Public by city or State 60 j I a Wor io7 days per week 746 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Table I HOURS OP WORK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYEES 1 ON PUBLIC W O R E EM PLOYED D IR E C T L Y B Y T H E C IT Y OR STATE 2 ON PUBLIC W ORK EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS 3 ON P R IV A T E W O R K EM PLOYED B Y CONTRACTORS OR FIRM S Cont d PHILADE li P ill A Continued Number of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Number of em ployees Hours of work per week per hour Gardeners helpers Conc d Laborers Conc d Private by contractors or firms Public by contractors I Granite cutters Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Private by contractors or firms Hod carriers Public by city or State I Public by contractors Laborers building Private bycontractorsorfirms j Public by city or State 21 Ill Public by contractors Inspectors electric lighting Public by city or State Private by con tractors orfirms f Public by contractors f a 70 a a Private bycontractorsorfirms 21 10 a 20 Linemen a 70 2 ft 70 ft 22 Public by city or State Iron workc rs 25 8 i 60 I Public by contractors 8 60 j Public by contractors Private bycontractorsorfirms j 20 Iron workers structural Public by contractors I 8 I Joiners Public by contractors Private by contractors orfirms 68 J 60 Laborers Public by city or State ft a70 2 a a Machinists Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms Private bycontractorsorfirms I Hours of work per week Wages per hour Machinists helpers Public by city or State Private by contractors orfirms ll 23 I i Masons stone Public by contractors Private bycontractorsorfirms 40 i 35 j j Meter inspectors gas works Public by city or State Private by contractors or firms Millwrights Public by contractors Private bycontractorsorfirms Molders Public by contractors 203 j Private bycontractorsorfirms Oilers Public by city or State 30 a 84 ft 18 Private bycontractorsorfirms Painters Public by city or State Public by contractors Number of em ployees Public by contractors Private bycontractorsorfirms i 54 I Private by contractors or firms 1 T i i Pattern makers 41 Public by city or State j a W o rk 7 days per week 747 WAGES UNDER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CONTRACT Table I HOURS OF WORK AND WAGES OF EMPLOYEES 1 OK PUBLIC W O R K EMPLOYED DIR ECTLY B Y TH E C IT Y OR STATE 2 OK PUBLIC W O R K EMPLOYED B Y COKTRACTORS 3 OK P R IV A T E W ORK EM PLOYED B Y COKTRACTORS OR FIRMS Conc d P H I L A D E L P H I A Concluded Kumber of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Pattern makers Conc d Public by contractors I 60 I 1 54 I Private by contractors or firms Pavers Belgian block Public by contractors 15 I I 54 I 44 Private by contractors or firms 25 25 I 60 I Pavers cobblestone Public by contractors 35 15 I 60 I I Private by contractors or firms 20 I 60 I I 50 Pile drivers Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms 30 I 60 I I 60 I 27 Plasterers Public by contractors 12 I 54 I 30 80 I 48 I 40 Private by contractors or firms 39 10 I 54 I I 40 Plumbers Public by city or State 10 I 54 I 6 54 33j 42 7 j 54 I Public by contractors I 54 I Private by contractors or firms I 39 Plumbers helpers Public by city or State 31 54 I I 27 Public by contractors Pump men Public by city or State a 70 I a Kumber of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Pump men Conc d Public by contractors 4 a 70 j a 0 22 Purifiers gas works Public by city or State 69 a 70 a 25 Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Rammers Belgian block cobblestone Public by contractors 10 I 10 I a 19 and 60 I 54 I Private by contractors or firms 17 I 30 I 60 I 54 I Riggers ublic by contractors Kumber of em ployees Hours of work per week Wages per hour Steam and gas fitters helpers Conc d Private by contractors or firms Stokers Public by city or State a a 84 Private by contractors or firms 8 a 84 a 18 Stonecutters Public by city or State 33 5 I 1 54 I Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Stonecutters helpers Public by city or State Public by contractors 22 50 l 50 Stone setters Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Trimmers electric lighting Public by city or State 10 I Public by contractors 35 a 70 a 20 Private by contractors or firms 35 I a 70 a 20 Private by contractors or firms Riveters Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms Steam and gas fitters Public by city or State I 36 4 j 50 j Public by contractors Watchmen 33 Public by city or State 37 a 84 a 16 Private by contractors or firms a 18 a a 2 0 a Public by contractor a 84 a J3 a 17 a Private by contractors or firms 15 I 12 Steam and gas fitters helpers 60 I Public by city or State I 2 Weighers gas works Public by city or State a 70 a 22 Public by contractors Public by contractors I 48 18f 2 1 a 70 I a 20 a W ork 7 days per week 748 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Table II SUMMARY OF WAGES PER HOUR OF EMPLOYEES 1 OH PUBLIC w o r e e m p l o y e d d i r e c t l y b y t h e c i t y o r s t a t e 2 OH PUBLIC W O R K EM PLOYED B Y COHTRACTORS 3 OH P R IY A T E W O R K EM PLOYED B Y COHTRACTORS OR FIRMS BALTIMORE Public by city or State Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms High est High est Occupations High est Asphalt layers Asphalt m ixers Blacksmiths Blacksmiths helpers Boiler makers Bricklayers Carpenters Cement finishers Cement mixers Chandelier fitters Chandelier makers Coal handlers Cornice w orkers Curbstone setters Curbstone setters helpers Draftsmen d riv e rs Drivers with single team Dynamo men Dynamo men s helpers Engine cleaners Engineers chief Engineers hoisting Engineers stationary Engineers stationary as sistant Engineers steam roller Firemen Foremen carpenters Foremen cornice workers Foremen electric lighting Foremen electric lighting assistant Foremen laborers Foremen linemen Galvanized and sheet iron workers Gardeners Gas holder riveters Granite cutters Ground men electric light ing Hod carriers H ostlers Inspectors electric lighting Iron workers ornamental Iron workers ornamental helpers Iron workers structural Iron workers structural helpers Laborers Laborers building Linemen Machinists Machinists helpers Masons stone Molders Molders helpers Oilers Painters Patternmakers Pavers Pavers Belgian block Pavers cobblestone Plumbers Rammers Belgian block Rammers cobblestone Rammers paving Repairmen electric light ing ders slate Low est Aver age Low est f m Aver age Low est Aver age at J f i WAGES UNDER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CONTRACT Table 749 II SUMMARY OF WAGES PER HOUR OF EMPLOYEES ETC Cont d B A L T I M O R E Concluded Public by city or State Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms High est High est Occupations Aver age Hi Low est Aver age Hi i j o Low est Steam and gas fitters Stonecutteis Stone setters Tappers waterworks Tinsmiths Tool sharpeners Trimmers electric lighting Watchmen W ire m en Aver age Low est WU M MM W High est BOSTON Blacksmiths Blacksmiths helpers Boiler makers Boiler makers helpers Bracers Bricklayers Bricklayers sew er Calkers iron Calkers wood Carpenters Carpenters helpers Cement finishers Cement finishers helpers Coal handlers Cooks Draftsmen Dredge crane men Dredge runners Drillers stone D rivers Drivers with double team Drivers with single team Dump m en Engineers hoisting Engineers stationary Eiremen Foremen blacksmiths Foremen bricklayers Foremen carpenters Foremen dredge runners Foremen laborers Foremen machinists Foremen masons Foremen painters Foremen pavers Foremen track m e n Gatemen Glaziers Harness makers Hod carriers Horse feeders Horse shoers Hostlers Laborers Laborers building Lathers Machinists Machinists helpers M ason s Masons stone Masons helpers M iners Oilers Painters Painters decorative Pattern makers Pavers Pipe layers Plasterers Plasterers helpers Plumbers P lu m te s helpers i j i tfi f m f 371 44i I BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR T a b l e II SUMMARY OF WAGES PER HOUR OF EMPLOYEES ETC Confd BOSTON Concluded Public by city or State Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms High est High est Occupations High est Rammers paving Riggers R o c k men Spikers Sprinklers street Stonecutters Sweepers street Timekeepers Tinsm iths Track men Watchmen Water boys Wheelwrights W ire men Low est Aver age ft Low est Aver age ft ft o Low est Aver age NEW YORK CITY A sh and garbage lifters a apha lt mixers x Blacksmiths helpers Boiler makers Boiler makers helpers Boiler setters Boiler setters helpers Bracers Brass finishers Bricklayers Calkers iron Calkers wood Car cleaners Car couplers Carpenters Carpenters helpers Cement mixers Cleaners Conductors Coppersmiths Coppersmiths helpers Curbstone setters Curbstone setters helpers Derrick m en Derrick men s helpers D iv ers Divers tenders Dock builders Draftsmen Drillers Drivers Drivers with double team Drivers with single team Drivers with team and truck Elevator constructors Elevator constructors helpers Engineers hoisting Engineers locomotive Engineers stationary Engineers steam roller Engine hostlers Engine wipers Eiremen Firemen locomotive Foremen blacksmiths Foremen elevator con f t i a I 89 I ft ft ft j i f t ft s j Foremen iron workers as sistant Foremen laborers WAGES UNDER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CONTRACT T able II SUMMARY OF WAGES PER HOUR OF EMPLOYEES ETC Cont d NEW YO RK C I T Y Concluded Public by city or State Public by contractors Private by contractors or nriiis Occupations High est Foremen linemen Foremen machinists Foremen steam fitters Foremen sweepers street Galvanized and sheet iron workers Galvanized and sheet iron workers helpers Gardeners Gatemen street railway Harness makers Hod carriers Holders on H ostlers Iron workers structural Iron workers structural helpers Joiners Laborers Laborers building Linemen Machinists Machinists helpers M asons Masons stone Masons helpers Molders Oakum spinners Painters Painters shop Painters helpers Pavers Belgian block Pipefitters Plasterers Plasterers helpers Plumbers Plumbers helpers Hammers Belgian block Jiggers Riggers helpers Riveters Rivet heaters Rock men Roofers slate Sawmill m en Sh ipsmiths Shipsmiths helpers Shipwrights Snow shovelers Spar makers Steam and gas fitters Steam and gas fitters helpers Stokers Stonecutters Sweepers street Switchmen Telegraph operators Ticket agents Timekeepers Tinsmiths Track men Train dispatchers Watchmen Wire men Wire men s helpers Woodworkers Lowest Average High est Low 0 43f 36f 47 i High est Aver age 0 Low est A ver age 0 40f f f f f is l I i f a f f P H IL A D E L P H IA Asphalt layers Asphalt mixers Blacksmiths Blacksmiths helpers A1 752 Tabus BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR H SUMMARY OF WAGES PER HOUR OF EMPLOYEES ETC Cont d PHILADE t P HI A Continued Public by city or State High est Coal handlers Drillers stone helpers S t Engineers chief Engineers dynamo Engineers dynamo assist ant Engineers stationary Engineers stationary as sistant Engineers steam roller Easteners shipbuilding Firemen Fitters iron setters ship building Foremen blacksmiths Foremen bricklayers Foremen carpenters Foremen dockbuilders Foremen iron workers structural Foremen laborers Foremen linemen Foremen machinists Foremen painters Foremen plasterers Foremen purifiers gas works Foremen stokers Galvanized and sheet iron workers Gardeners Gardeners helpers Granite cutters Hod carriers Inspectors electric light ing Iron workers Iron workers structural Joiners Laborers Laborers building Linemen Machinists Machinists helpers Masons stone Meter inspectors gas works Millwrights Molders Oilers Painters Pattern makers Pavers Belgian block Pavers cobblestone P ile dritere Aver age High est Cornice workers Bock builders Drivers with double team Drivers with single team Dynamo men Low est i l High est Low est Aver age j ili i I is SIX to Carpenters Carpenters helpers Aver age St Boiler makers Bricklayers Bricklayers sewer Bricklayers helpers Low est Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms i WAGES UNDER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CONTRACT T a ble II SUMMARY OF WAGES PER HOUR OF EMPLOYEES ETC Conc d PHII j AOEIj PHI A Concluded Public by city or State Public by contractors Private by contractors or firms High j Low est est High est Occupations High est Plasterers Plumbers Plumbers helpers Pump m en Purifiers gas works Hammers Belgian block and cobblestone Riggers Riveters Steam and gas fitters Steam and gas fitters helpers Stokers Stonecutters Stonecutters helpers Stone setters Trimmers electric light in g Watchmen Weighers gas works No 7 Low est Aver age 0 Aver age Low est I 39 j 27 Aver age I i i f f REGENT REPORTS OF STATE BUREAUS OF LABOR STATISTICS PENNSYLVANIA Annual Report of the Secretary of Internal Affairs of the Gommomvealth of Pennsylvania Vol X X III 1895 Part III Industrial Statistics James M Clark Chief of Bureau 256 pp This report treats of the following subjects Black and tin plate 47 pages statistics of manufactures 150 pages silk manufacture 22 pages strikes and lockouts 22 pages B l a c k a n d T i n P l a t e s This part of the report consists of a history of the tin plate industry in general an account of its development in recent years in the United States a description with illustrations of the largest tin plate establishment in Pennsylvania and statistics showing the extent of tin plate manufacture in the State There were in operation during 1895 in Pennsylvania 10 black plate works and 17 dipping works for which returns are shown In the 17 dipping works 557 persons were employed The average number of days in operation was 244 and the total amount of wages paid was This makes an average of 337 92 per person for the 244 days or 1 38 per day The black plate manufacturers employed 2 474 persons who were paid in wages during 229 days of opera tion This makes an average per person for the 229 days of or 1 87 per day Por the entire tin plate industry in the State there was therefore a total of paid out in earnings to 3 031 persons for an average time of 231f days a per capita for skilled and unskilled laborers of 413 03 for the year or 1 78 per day The following statement shows the number of black plate works and dipping works in the various States in 1895 NUM BEE o r B LACK PLATE A N D DIPPIN G W OEKS IN TH E U N IT E D ST ATES IN 1895 B Y STATES State Black plate works Plants DDipping works Hot mills Plants Pennsylvania In d ian a Maryland Illin o is Missouri Mip higan Nftw Ynrlr Virginia Wftst Virginia a On of the dipping works did not report the number o f tinning sets 754 Tin ning sets 2 a REPORTS OF STATE BUREAUS OF LABOR PENNSYLVANIA 755 S t a t i s t i c s o f M a n u f a c t u r e s The statistics relating to manufac turing in the State cover 51 industries representing 381 establishments The presentation consists of a series of seven tables showing a com parison of figures grouped by industries for the same establishments for the years and 1895 under the following heads Average number of days in operation average number of persons employed aggregate wages paid average yearly earnings average daily wages o f employees value o f manufactured product average annual product per employee The following statement summarizes the statistics of manufactures for the years considered ST ATISTICS OF M AN U FA C TU R E S FOR TH E Y E A R S 1892 TO 1895 Year Estab Average lishments persons Aggregate 1Average 1 yearly consid em wages paid 1earnings ployed ered Value of product In 1895 36 of the 51 industries representing 294 establishments had increased days o f operation over 1894 Eleven industries representing 83 establishments had a decrease while 4 industries representing 4 establishments worked the same number of days The average increase over 1894 for all persons employed was 16 days and the average decrease as compared with 1892 9 days Iu 1895 there was a general increase in employment the excess of the persons employed in the 381 establishments over 1894 being 18 654 Notwithstanding this increase there were still 9 925 fewer persons employed in 1895 than in 1892 An analysis of the detail tables shows that 31 industries representing 304 establishments employed 123 436 persons in 1892 and 112 307 persons in 1895 a decrease of 11 129 in the number employed and the remaining 20 industries representing 77 establishments employed 17 414 persons in 1892 and 18 618 in 1895 an increase o f 1 204 leaving a net decrease in 1895 over 1892 as above stated of 9 925 persons or 7 04 per cent In 24 industries representing 255 establishments and employing 102 233 persons the average daily wages were lower in 1895 than m 1892 in the remaining 27 industries representing 126 establishments and employing 28 692 persons the wages had increased over those of 1892 The net average decrease per day 1895 over 1892 was 11 cents As satisfactory returns of product were received from only 162 of the 381 establishments a separate series of comparative tables is presented gi ving the product of these 162 establishments the corresponding value aggregate o f wages yearly earnings and persons employed General statistics of iron and steel manufactures for the year 1895 are presented in a series of 67 tables or one for each branch of the 756 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR industry and a final table summarizing tlie data The various branches considered comprise the production and manufacture of iron and steel including pig metal The tables show the average number o f persons employed number o f days in operation aggregate amount of wages paid total product and value of product for each of 1 528 establishments These establishments employed in 1895 a total of 185 496 persons receiving an aggregate of in wages or a per capita of The average number of days in operation was 286 which makes an average daily wage of 1 67 The total value of the manufactured product was S i l k M a n u f a c t u r e This consists of a statistical presentation o f the number of spindles and hand power and Jacquard looms and of per sons employed amount of wages paid and value of product for each of the 65 silk manufacturing establishments in the State These establishments employed in 1895 a total of 13 815 skilled and unskilled laborers receiving a total of in wages or a per capita of 295 50 for 48 weeks of operation Salaries of clerks sales men officials and members of the firm are not included in these figures The gross value of the product during the year was S t r i k e s a n d L o c k o u t s Duringthe year strikes occurred in Pennsylvania that came to the knowledge of the bureau In these strikes 17 113 persons were actually engaged The following statement shows by industries the number of strikes and the number of persons engaged s t r ik e s a n d p e r s o n s e n g a g e d b y in d u s t r ie s Each strike in each establishment is considered separately whether part of a general strike or not So also when one establishment has several strikes it is regarded as so many separate establishments Thus the number of strikes is made to equal the number of establishments Industry Coal m ining Carpet weaving Boiler m aking Blast furnace Pig iron manufacturing Hosiery m akin g Woolen and worsted goods Cigar making Woolen goods Cotton and woolen goods Upholstery manufacturing Iron and steel works Foundry and machine works Electric street railw ay Ironworks Strikes Persons engaged Industry Cotton worsted and jean s Cotton and silk goods Cabinetmaking Worsted woolen and cotton goods Cloaks and suits Cloth weaving Chenille weaving Worsted goods Chenille and upholstery manufacturing Cooking utensils Brickmaking Shoe manufacturing Drivers of milk wagons Strikes Persons engaged O f the total number of strikes 109 were inaugurated for an increase of wages 19 against a reduction of wages and the remaining 23 for various other causes Ninety eight strikes or 64 9 per cent were ordered by labor organizations 33 or 21 8 per cent were not so ordered and of the remaining 20 strikes the returns were incomplete Fortythree or 28 4 per cent of the strikes succeeded 70 or 46 3 per cent REPORTS OF STATE BUREAUS OF LABOR PENNSYLVANIA 757 failed 32 or 21 2 per cent succeeded partly and in the cases of the others the results were doubtful In 114 strikes the returns indicated that 9 017 persons were involved who were not actually engaged as strikers but who were prevented from working on account of strikes The average duration in 143 strikes where the time was reported was 31 8 days In the 151 estab lishments where strikes occurred 134 or 88 7 per cent of the establish ments were closed for longer or shorter periods of time 13 or 8 6 per cent were not closed and for the others this fact was not reported upon Estimates of actual loss to strikers were received from 132 or 87 4 per cent of all the strikes In these there were 15 109 persons engaged whose loss in wages etc amounted to or an average of 60 46 per person In one strike no loss to strikers was reported As regards loss to operators estimates were received from 89 establishments These showed a total loss of Sixteen establishments reported no loss RECENT FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS Bulletin de VInstitute International de Statistique Tome VIII 2e Livraison Luigi Bodio Secretaire G6n6ral xi 346 pp This volume is almost entirely devoted to a reproduction of the report presented by E Levasseur on behalf of the committee on statistics of education concerning the statistics of primary education in all the civilized countries of the world This committee was appointed in 1889 and made a first report in 1891 at the session of the Institute held at Vienna The present is a second report made accord ing to the same plan in which the effort is made to complete the infor mation thus given and to include countries concerning which information could not be obtained for the former report The report consists of two parts In the first primary education is historically and statistic ally treated of in each country separately The second is an attempt to make a general comparative study of the subject of primary educa tion in all of the countries based upon the information given in the first part Bulletin de VInstitut International de Statistique Tome IX 2e Livraison Luigi Bodio Secretaire General cx 314 pp This volume gives a report of the fifth session of the International Statistical Institute which was held at Bern Switzerland August In addition to the report of proceedings the list of mem bers committees etc it embraces the following papers which were read at this meeting 1 Die Einkommensverteilung in alter und neuer Zeit The division of incomes in ancient and modern times by G Schmoller 2 L 6tat d mograpliique de la Roumanie d aprfes le mouvement de la population The demographic condition of Roumania according to the movement of population by C Crupenski 3 Taxation in the United States with suggestions for establishing a form for comparing the taxation of different countries by Edward Atkinson 4 L echange international des bulletins de recensement concernant les strangers Rapport fait au nom de la premiere section The international exchange of census bulletins concerning foreigners Report made in behalf of the first section by H Rauchberg 758 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS L echange international des bulletins de recensement eoncernant les etrangers Motion presentee au Bureau de FInstitut Inter national de Statistique The international exchange of census bulletins concerning foreigners Motion presented to the Bureau of the International Statistical Institute by K T von InamaSternegg F von Juraschek and H Rauchberg 6 Statistique internation ale des valeurs mobilieres International statistics of personal property by A Neymarck 7 La long6vite dans les families Longevity in families by L Yacher 8 Les causes des regularity statistiques The causes of statistical regularities by W Lexis 9 Sur un certain nombre de professions qu il est particulierement desirable de voir figurer sur les nomenclatures professionnelles des differents pays Concerning a certain number of occupations which it is particularly desirable should be included in the nomenclature ot occupations in the various countries by J Bertillon 10 Trois projets de nomenclature des infirmites Three plans for a nomenclature of infirmities by J Bertillon 11 Nomenclature des accidents The nomenclature of accidents by J Bertillon 12 Zur Frage einer internationalen Berufssparkassenstatistik The question of international statistics of the occupations of savingsbank depositors by K Rasp 13 Statistique de la production du mouvement international et de la consommation des metaux pr cieux Statistics of the produc tion international movement and consumption of the precious metals by 0 F Ferraris 14 International military medical statistics by J S Billings 15 La statistique agricole Rapport fait A Fassemblee generale au nom de la troisieme section Agricultural statistics Report made in behalf of the third section to the general assembly by Th Pilat 16 La statistique agricole Rapport fait A la troisieme section de la session de Berne Agricultural statistics Report made to the third section o f the session at Bern by Th Pilat 17 La statistique du tonnage des transports a Finterieur Rapport fait au nom du comity des transports a Finterieur Statistics of the tonnage of internal commerce Report made in behalf of the committee of internal commerce by E Cheysson 18 La statistique des transports Finterieur Supplement au rapport de Yienne en 1891 Statistics of internal commerce Supplement to the report of Yienna in 1891 by J Borkowsky 19 Les registres de population Rapport fait au nom de la premiere section Registers of population Report made in behalf of the first section by E Nicolai 760 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 20 La statistique des divorces Rapport fait au nom de la premiere section Statistics of divorce Report made in behalf of the first section by E J Yvernes 21 Le premier recensement de la population de PEmpire russe qui doit 6tre fait en 1897 The first census of the population of the Rus sian Empire to be taken in 1897 by N Troinitsky 22 L 6ehange des publications statistiques The exchange of statis tical publications by E Nicolai 23 Le d nombrement general de la population en 1900 Rapport pr6senty au nom de la premiere section The general census of population in 1900 Report presented in behalf of the first sec tion by L Guillaume 24 Die Erhebungsperiode der Handelsstatistik The periods for the collection of trade statistics by T Geering 25 Comparability des statistiques du commerce Comparability of statistics of commerce by W A Verkerk Pistorius 2G La statistique commerciale internationale Rapport fait au nom de la deuxieme section International statistics of commerce Report made in behalf of the second section by A E Bateman 27 La statistique des salaires des ouvriers industriels Rapport fait au nom de la quatrieine section Wage statistics of industrial workmen Report made in behalf of the fourth section by K T von Inama Sternegg 28 Essai de statistique internationale des produits agricoles Essay concerning international statistics of agricultural products by P G Craigie 29 Observations et experiences concernant les d6nombrements repr6sentatifs Observations and experiences concerning represent ative censuses by A N Kiaer 30 La statistique internationale de la consommation de Palcool Rap port fait au nom de la quatrieme section International statis tics of the consumption of alcohol Report made in behalf of the fourth section by G E Milliet 31 De la protection de Penfance et plus spycialeinent de l assistance aux enfants trouves en Italie et dans quelques autres Etats The protection of children and especially the assistance of found lings in Italy and some other states by E Raseri 32 Statistique des forets Question redig e sur la proposition de la Society Nationale d Agriculture Statistics of forests A sched ule o f inquiry prepared in accordance with a proposition of the National Agricultural Society by E Levasseur 33 Des mythodes k suivre pour Pytude des diffyrentes classes sociales Methods to be followed in studying the different social classes by J Bertillon 34 Les progres de la statistique en Roumanie et la ela tion du service d anthropometrie The progress of statistics in Roumania and the creation of the service of anthropometry by Gr P Olanesco FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS Sur Putilite de la publication d un compte rendu annuel interna tional de la statistique du mouvement de la population Rapport fait au nom de la premiere section The utility of publishing an annual international report on the statistics of the movement of population Report presented in behalf of the first section by G von Mayr 36 Internationale Jahresberichte fiber die Bevolkerungsbewegung International annual reports concerning the movement of popu lation by G von Mayr 37 organisation d une statistique internationale du chomage The organization of international statistics of nonemployment by 0 Moron 38 Reorganisation internationale de la statistique du travail The international organization of statistics of labor by H Denis 39 I organisation internationale de la statistique du travail Rap port sur la proposition de M Denis fait au nom de la quatrifeme section The international organization of statistics of labor Report concerning the proposition of M Denis made in behalf of the fourth section by B Cheysson 40 La machine 61ectrique a recensement Experiences et ameliora tions The electrical tabulating machine Experiences and improvements by H Rauchberg 41 La comparaison entre les statistiques du commerce des differents pays The comparison of statistics of commerce of different countries by A E Bateman 42 Organisation et developpement de Toffee du travail en Angleterre Organization and development of the labor bureau of England by A E Bateman 43 La crise du revenu The income crisis by E Oheysson 44 La monographic de commune Monographs of communes by E Oheysson 45 Conference sur les lois statistiques Address on statistical laws by G von Mayr 46 Conference sur Phistoire de la demographic Address on the his tory of demography by E Levasseur Minimum de Salaire Enquete Mai 1896 Rapport presente au Gonseil communal au nom de la Commission fflenquete par M le Bourgmestre President Ville de Bruxelles Travaux Publics 180 pp In May 1896 the communal council of Brussels appointed a commis sion of which M Buis the mayor was made president to make an investigation of the subject of the advisability of adopting a minimum wage scale for all workingmen employed by the municipality and as a part of such inquiry to determine to what extent this principle had been accepted by other public bodies in Belgium In accordance with these instructions the commission sent out 762 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR schedules of inquiry to the provincial administrations to the adminis trations of communes having a population of over 8 000 to organiza tions of employers and workingmen and to certain private employers who had done work for the city of Brussels The information thus obtained was supplemented by statements showing the actual wages paid to employees in the different services of the city and a calculation o f what would be the financial results of the application of a system of minimum wages The replies o f each body or individual making response to the schedules sent are given separately As regards the provinces a r6sum6 of the information given shows that 8 provinces make some sort of provision concerning the minimum wages to be paid workingmen employed either directly by them or by contractors working on their account O f these 6 stipulate expressly the minimum wages to be paid and 2 require the contractors to state in their bids the minimum wages that they will pay Four provinces require the contractors to submit regular accounts of wages paid by them and 3 require them to insure their employees against accidents All of the 8 report that they have received no complaint concerning the working of the system either from the contractors or the working men and but 2 have experienced any abnormal financial results a slight increase in the cost of certain work being in each case noticed The returns from the communes show that 47 with a total population o f have provisions concerning the minimum wages that must be paid workingmen engaged on public work and that 39 with a total population of have no such provisions Five of the latter how ever announce that such a measure will probably be introduced within a short time Of the 47 with minimum wage provisions 38 indicate the rate of wages that must be paid either by themselves or by con tractors working for them The other 9 require the contractors to indicate in their bids the lowest wages that they will pay to their em ployees If this rate is deemed too low their bids are not considered Twenty four communes require the contractor to keep a special record o f wages paid and to furnish other information to the administration Seventeen communes have fixed the maximum duration of the workingday the others have no provisions on this subject Eighteen com munes require the contractors to insure their workingmen against acci dents All of the communes except two from which information was obtained declare that they have received no complaint concerning the workings of the system and all save one report that no abnormal finan cial effects have resulted Seventeen of the communes however have as yet executed no work under the regime of minimum wages In making reply to the circulars sent to them 2 provinces and 16 communes gave the schedules of minimum wages adopted by them From these statements it has been possible to compile the following table showing the minimum wages per hour paid by each in most of the 763 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS principal occupations in the building trades In constructing this table unusual occupations and those for which but a single quotation could be secured were omitted Omissions on this account however were veryfew in number M IN IM U M W A G E S PER HOUR IN THE PR INCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN THE B U ILD IN G TRADES P A ID B Y CER TAIN PROVINCES A N D COMMUNES OE BELGIUM Occupation Com Prov Com Com mune mune ince mune Braine TourHai J umet lenaut Comte nai Stonecutter Plasterer s helper Carpenter and joiner s 044 helper Locksmith Locksmith s helper Driver Plumber Plumber s helper Lead and zinc worker Lead and zinc worker s helper Zinc worker Slater Slater s helper Slate roofer Slate roofer s helper Roofer Roofer s helper Blacksmith Marble worker Paper and tapestry hanger 058 White washer Com mune Anderlecht Com mune Alost Excavator Paver Paver s helper Mason Mason s helper Stonecutter Painter Glazier Carpenter and joiner Dri ver Blacksmith Marble worker Filler in masonry Paver s helper Occupation i Com mune Verviers Prov ince Bra bant Com Com Com Com mune mune mune mune Rout GendNiers Menin brugge velles Com mune Grammont Com Com Com Com mune Com mune mune mune mune BerCharle Herstal Schaer Dison chembeek Anvers roi The replies received from the associations of employers and employees are much less interesting in character and need not here be considered The information concerning workingmen employed directly by the city of Brussels showed a total of 1 570 persons employed of which 800 were credited to the city gas works 344 to the street cleaning 764 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR department 299 to public works proper and the remainder to other services Of these 7 received in wages less than 2 francs 0 39 per day 17 from 2 to 2 50 francs 0 39 to from 2 50 to 3 francs 0 48 to from 3 to 3 50 francs 0 58 to from 3 50 to 4 francs 0 68 to from 4 to 4 50 francs 0 77 to from 4 50 to 5 francs 0 87 to from 5 to 5 50 francs 0 97 to 1 06 and 12 over 5 50 francs The most prevalent wage rate was that from 3 to 3 50 francs 0 58 to or slightly over one third of the total number of employees being found in that class while 606 or nearly two fifths received from 3 50 to 4 50 francs 0 68 to 0 87 Eleven hundred and thirty four workingmen or 72 per cent of all employed therefore received from 3 to 4 50 francs 0 58 to 0 87 per day On the basis of this information two calculations were made in order to show the extra expense that would be caused to the city under two different systems of minimum wages The second calculation showing the result if all employees worked eight hours a day only and all receiv ing less than 4 francs 0 77 per day had their wages increased to that amount indicated that the extra expense to the city consequent upon its introduction would be francs Travail du Dimanche JEtablissements Industriels non compris les mines minidres et carrieres Yolume I Belgique Office du Travail Ministere de PIndustrie et du Travail 1896 lxiii 503 pp The present report is the first of a series of volumes under prepara tion by the Belgian labor bureau the object of which is to determine the extent and character of work performed on Sunday in all indus tries The investigation when complete will consist of five parts giv ing 1 the results of an investigation concerning Sunday work in industrial establishments other than mines and quarries 2 the same concerning mines and quarries 3 the opinions and advice of the councils of industry and commercial and industrial associations 4 Sunday work in large stores and 5 Sunday work in foreign countries Germany Austria Switzerland and England Only the first of these the present report has as yet been completed In this report information was obtained from 1 459 establishments or divisions of establishments representing 268 different industries and employing 119 477 working men and women O f the 1 459 establishments 12 employed 1 000 or more working people 34 from 500 to 999 75 from 250 to from 50 to from 10 to 49 and 542 less than 10 employees O f the 119 477 employees or 78 07 per cent were males of which 84 762 were 16 years of age or over and 8 513 under that age and 26 202 or 21 93 per cent were females o f which 13 163 were 21 years o f age or over 9 127 between the ages of 16 and 21 and 3 912 less that 16 years of age FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS 765 In the analysis of the material collected the Belgian bureau has first made a division of the establishments into two classes those carrying on regular and those carrying on irregular Sunday work Within each of these a further threefold division has been made 1 The work of production proper 2 the work of repair cleaning and maintenance and 3 the work of guarding transportation and shipment The report contains six general tables one for each of these branches These tables give for each establishment separately the character of the industry its location the total number of employees and the num ber employed on Sunday according to sex and age periods and the per cent of the total number of employees thus employed These tables it should be remarked are not mutually exclusive as the same estab lishment may and usually does figure in all six tables O f the 1 459 establishments considered 513 or 35 16 per cent show no Sunday work while in 946 or 64 84 per cent such work is carried on In these latter 183 or 19 34 per cent exhibit regular Sunday work 516 or 54 55 per cent Sunday work at irregular occasions and 247 or 26 11 percent both regular and irregular Sunday work According to the nature of the work done 675 or 71 35 per cent work on Sunday in productive operations 500 or 52 85 per cent at repairs cleaning etc and 109 or 11 52 per cent at guarding works transportation and shipment The sum of these establishments of course exceeds 946 as the same establishments engaged in more than one kind o f work If distinction be made also as to whether work is regular or not it is found that o f the 946 establishments working Sundays 308 or 32 56 percent work regularly at the operations of production 143 or 15 12 per cent regularly at repair etc and 74 or 7 82 per cent regularly at guarding transportation etc and that 462 or 48 84 per cent work irregularly at operations of production 392 or 41 44 per cent irreg ularly at repairs etc and 41 or 4 33 per cent irregularly at guard ing etc I f the percentages be calculated according to the total number of establishments investigated whether pursuing Sunday work or not it will be seen that 21 11 per cent of all work regularly on Sundays in the operations of production 9 80 per cent at repairs etc and 5 07 per cent at guarding transportation etc and 31 67 per cent irregularly at production 26 87 per cent at repairs etc and 2 81 per cent at guard ing transportation etc The reasons for Sunday work were not always stated It is of inter est however to know that of the 308 establishments pursuing regular Sunday work in production 119 or 38 64 per cent carried on such work the whole 24 hours on account of the nature of the work which was such as to demand continuous operations The best example of this is that of blast furnaces In 189 other establishments work was carried on during a part of Sunday only and in 91 of these the work was due 766 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR to the fact that one of the shifts of work extended over from Saturday night into Sunday morning There therefore remain 98 establish ments or 31 82 per cent where Sunday work had no relation to main taining the continuity of work In 462 establishments where work at production was carried on during certain Sundays of the year only the desire to take advantage of certain seasons of the year was responsible for 76 establishments or 16 45 per cent doing Sunday work In regard to the frequency of Sunday work in those establishments where irregular Sunday work was carried on in 110 or 14 42 per cent of such cases Sunday work was practiced on 26 Sundays or over in 244 or 31 98 per cent on from 10 to 25 Sundays and in 409 or 53 60 per cent on less than 10 Sundays In a great many of these cases the whole establishment would not o f course be in operation as during week days The following table is intended to show the extent to which the entire force was employed ESTABLISH M ENTS W IT H SPECIFIED PER CENT OF EM PLOYEES A T W O R K ON SU N D A Y Regular work Per cent of employees at work on Sun day Irregular work Repairs Guard Repairs Guard Produc cleaning ing trans Produc cleaning ing trans tion main portation tion main portation tenance shipment tenance shipment Less than 5 per cent From 5 to 24 per ce n t From 25 to 49 per cent Not less than 50 per cent Nftt st fl t p d T otal In this table the most interest naturally attaches to establishments with regular Sunday work Deducting the 15 establishments not reporting the per cent of their employees at work it will be seen that o f the 510 remaining 133 or 26 08 per cent employed on Sunday at least 50 per cent of their employees that 104 or 20 39 per cent employed from 25 to 49 per cent 127 or 24 90 per cent from 5 to 24 per cent and 146 or 28 63 per cent less than 5 per cent of their force Turning to the question oi the number of working people employed on Sunday it is found that 77 798 or 65 12 per cent of all the employees covered by the investigation were never employed on Sundays while 41 679 or 34 88 per cent were occupied all or occasional Sundays O f this last number 13 651 or 32 75 per cent worked every Sunday or 35 30 per cent every other Sunday in order to complete the shift and 13 316 or 31 95 per cent occasional Sundays only In relation to the total number o f persons investigated or these percentages are 11 43 working every Sunday 12 31 every other Sunday and 11 15 occasional Sundays In regard to the nature of the work or 89 17 per cent of the 41 679 workingmen who were employed more or less on Sundays were FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS 767 engaged in the operations of production 4 062 or 9 75 per cent in the work of repair cleaning and maintenance and 451 or 1 08 per cent in the work of guarding transportation and shipment It will thus be seen that the great majority or between 89 and 90 per cent of those working on Sundays were engaged in the operations of production It has been seen that 13 316 persons work only occasionally on Sun days In the cases of 1 699 of these the frequency of Sunday labor was not determined Of the remaining 11 617 persons 950 or 8 18 per cent work 26 Sundays or more 4 352 or 37 46 per cent from 10 to 25 Sundays and 6 315 or 54 36 per cent less than 10 Sundays With this class therefore Sunday work is comparatively infrequent To obtain precise information concerning the extent of Sunday work it is necessary to carry the analysis to the number of hours worked on Sunday The most important class of Sunday workers are those who are employed regularly on that day This class numbers 13 651 Of these 12 011 are employed in the operations of production Among these it is found that 3 523 work the same number of hours each Sunday and 8 488 a different number of hours on alternate Sundays In the first class 917 work at least 12 hours 1 521 from 6 to 12 hours 1 022 less than 6 hours and 63 a number of hours that could not be determined In the second class 3 869 work alternate Sundays 6 and 18 hours 900 alternately 7 and 17 hours 1 603 first 6 then 12 and then 6 hours and 2 116 in some other combination Of the 1 422 employed regularly in repair cleaning and maintenance work 106 were employed at least 12 hours 644 from 6 to 12 hours 652 less than 6 hours and 20 a number of hours not determined Of the 218 employed in guarding trans portation and shipment service 32 were employed at least 12 hours 94 from 6 to 12 hours 47 less than 6 hours and the remainder a number of hours not determined Among the 14 712 workingmen who are employed alternate Sundays in order to complete the shift the great majority work 6 hours or until 6 o clock in the morning and the remaining workingmen various hours from 4 to 12 In regard to the 13 316 workingmen who are employed only occasion ally on Sundays after deducting 536 whose hours of labor could not be obtained it is found that 4 398 are organized in shifts which for the most part work first 6 and then 12 or 18 hours on alternate Sundays 1 590 at least 12 hours when working 3 320 from 6 to 12 hours and 3 472 less than 6 hours 768 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR In the foregoing no account has been taken of the sex or ages of employees The facts regarding Sunday employment have been pre sented in the following table in such a way as to bring out these elements NU M BER A N D PER CENT OF EM PLOYEES W O R K IN G SU N D A Y B Y S E X A N D A G E Sex and age Employees working every Sunday Employees Employees working alter working occa nate Sundays sional Sundays Total Per cent Num ber Mft lA Ifi yf a rs nrnvfir ft Females 21 years or over Males under 16 years Females 16 to 20 y e a r s Females under 16 years T o ta l Per cent Num ber Per cent Num ber Per cent Num ber From this table it will be seen that 88 27 per cent of those working Sunday were males 16 years of age or over and 5 85 per cent were males under that age On the other hand 3 55 per cent of those work ing Sunday were females 21 years of age or over and 2 33 per cent were under that age It must be remembered that the work performed on alternate Sundays is really more in the nature of work Saturday night as it is usually terminated early Sunday morning than Sunday work proper There remains one other element yet to be considered in treating of Sunday work that of the industries in which it is prevalent The significant results of the whole investigation from this standpoint are brought out in the following table wherein is given the extent o f Sun day work in the 68 most important industries In this tabulation there are included all industries in which over 10 establishments were investigated or those employing more than 700 workingmen The table thus restricted relates to 1 069 establishments and 102 952 employees or 73 27 per cent of all establishments and 86 17 per cent of all employees comprehended within the investigation A special feature o f this table is the column wherein has been shown the per cent of hours worked of possible hours of Sunday work in order that the relative prevalence of Sunday work in the different industries can be easily discernible This per cent was calculated in the following manner The total number of employees in each industry was multi plied by 24 in order to give the maximum number of hours of possible work For each establishment the number of persons working on Sun day was then multiplied by the number of hours that they worked The sum of these latter amounts was then divided by the first amount rep resenting the possible capacity In the case of irregular work the factor of the number of Sundays worked was also taken into account 769 FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS P E R C E N T O F R E G U L A R S U N D A Y W O R K B Y IN D U S T R IE S In calculating the per cent o f hours w orked o f possible hours o f w ork in the last colum n o f this table 24 has been taken as the possible hours o f w ork for each employee Production Industry Manufacture of sulphuric acid and related indus tries Manufacture of steel Manufacture of matches Sizing of woven goods Manufacture of arms Manufacture of candles Bread and pastry baking Manufacture of bolts and screws Brewing and m alting Manufacture of bricks Manufacture of brushes Manufacture of carriages and wagons Manufacture of h a ts Carpentry and joinery Boiler making Manufacture of lime Manufacture of cement Manufacture of shoes etc Manufacture of glass and glassware Cabinetmaking Iron puddling and rolling Cotton spinning Woolen spinning Jute and hemp spinning and weaving Linen spinning and weav in g Copper and bronze foun dry Iron foundry small arti cles Iron foundry and cast steel w orks Manufacture of iron cast ings Manufacture of gas Gauze lead and zinc working Ice making Printing and lithograph ing Manufacture of laces rib bons and braids Iron and steel plate roll in g Copper and zinc rolling Wrool washing and singe ing Laundry w ork Manufacture of machin ery metallic construc tions railway cars and supplies Manufacture of small ma chinery accessories and too ls Masonry and ceiling work Marble sawing and cut ting Horseshoeing Flour milling No 7 Repair Guarding cleaning main transportation tenance shipment Per Per Estab Per Per lish Em cent of cent of cent of estab cent of ments ployees estab em em consid lish lish ployees consid ered ployees ments work ments work ered work work ing ing ing ing Sun Sun Sun Sun days days days days i L Per cent of Per hours Per cent of worked estab cent of of pos em lish ploy ees sible ments work hours work of ing ing work Sun Sun days days i I BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR P E R C E N T OF R E G U L A R S U N D A Y W O R K B Y I N D U S T R IE S C o n eluded In calculating the per cent o f hours w orked o f possible hours o f w ork in the last column o f this table 24 has been taken as the possible hours o f w ork for each em ployee Production Industry Paper and pasteboard mak in g Preparation of phosphate of lime Preparation of hair for hats Manufacture of china and porcelain W ool preparation Ironing linens Cotton and linen twisting Flax retting and breaking Soap making Wood sawing Locksmifching and stove manufacture Sugar makingand refining Manufacture of tobacco and cigars Leather tanning and cur rying Tapestry and decorating Dyeing of threads and woven goods Garment dyeing and clean in g Cotton weaving Woolen weaving Manufacture of mixed woven goods Cooperage Manufacture of window glass Manufacture of men s and women s clothing Manufacture of zinc Per Estab Per Em lish cent of cent of ments ployees estab em consid lish consid ered ployees ments ered work work ing ing Sun Sun days days L9 Per Per cent of cent of estab em lish ployees ments workwork ing ing Sun Sun days days Per Per cent of estab cent of em lish ments ployees work work ing ing Sun Sun days days Repair Guarding cleaning main transportation tenance shipment i Per cent of hours worked of pos sible hours of work PER CENT OF IR R EG U LA R S U N D A Y W ORK B Y INDUSTRIES Manufacture of sulphuric acid and related indus tries Manufacture of steel Manufacture of matches Sizing of woven goods Manufacture of arm s Manufacture of candles Bread and pastry baking Manufacture of bolts and screws Brewing and malting Manufacture of bricks Manufacture of brushes Manufacture of carriages and wagons Manufacture of hats Carpentry and joinery Boiler making Manufacture of lim e Manufacture of cement Manufacture of shoes etc Manufacture of glass and glassware Cabinetmaking Iron puddling and rolling Cotton spinning i O i I I FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS P E R C E N T OP IR R E G U L A R S U N D A Y W O R K B Y IN D U S T R IE S Concluded In calculating the per cent o f hours worked o f possible hours o f w ork in the last colum n o f this table 24 has been taken as the possible hours o f w ork for each em ployee Production Industry Woolen spinning Jute and hemp spinning and weaving Linen spinning and weav ing Copper and bronze foundry Iron foundry small arti c le s Iron foundry and east steel works Manufacture of iron cast ings Manufacture of g a s Gauze lead and zinc work ing Ice making Printing and lithographing Manufacture of laces rib bons and braids Iron and steel plate rolling Copper and zinc rolling Laundry work Manufacture of machin ery metallic construc tions railway cars and supplies Manufacture of small ma chinery accessories and tools Masonry and ceiling work Marble sawing and cutting Horseshoeing Flour m illing Paper andpasteboard mak ing Preparation of phosphate of lime Preparation of hair for hats Manufacture of china and porcelain W ool preparation Ironing linens Cotton and linen twisting Flax retting and breaking Soap making Wood sawing Locksmithing and stove manufacture Sugar making and refining Manufacture of tobacco and cigars Leather tanning and cur rying Tapestry and decorating Dyeing of threads and wov en goods Garment dyeing and clean ing Cotton weaving Woolen weaving Manufacture of mixed woven goods Cooperage Manufacture of window glass Manufacture of men s and women s clothing Manufacture of zinc Repair Guarding cleaning main transportation tenance shipment Per Per Estab Per Per Em cent of cent of lish ployees estab cent of estab cent of ments em em consid lish lish consid ployees ployees ered ered ments work ments work work work ing ing ing ing Sun Sun Sun Sun days days days days Per cent of Per hours Per cent of cent of worked of pos estab em lish ployees sible ments work hours of work ing ing work Sun Sun days days I i BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR From this table it is possible to see at a glance in which industries Sunday work is comparatively the most frequent or prolonged As regards regular Sunday work the industry having the highest per cent o f hours worked of possible hours of work is that of the manufacture of iron castings followed in the order named by those of the manufacture o f sulphuric acid and related industries manufacture of window glass manufacture of zinc manufacture of gas iron and steel plate rolling preparation of phosphate of lime manufacture of steel bread and pastry baking flour milling and manufacture of candles In other industries the proportion of Sunday work seems to be quite small Of irregular Sunday work the proportion appears to be small in all indus tries Work of this sort is most prevalent in sugar making and refin ing brewing and malting flax retting and breaking iron puddling and rolling horseshoeing and garment dyeing and cleaning Fourth Annual Report of the Government Labor Bureau of New South Wales for the year ending February Joseph Creer Superin tendent 11 pp This report deals mainly with the subject of the unemployed and the work done and expenditures by the bureau in securing work for the people and providing relief where needed It also contains statistics o f immigration from other colonies and foreign countries The following extracts taken from the report give a general summary o f the operations of the bureau during the year ending February The number of unemployed registered at the bureau was 14 062 or 487 more than the previous year of which 5 450 were married men with 11 755 children depending on them Single men registered amounted to 8 612 The total number assisted and sent to work for the year amounted to 20 576 or 4 196 more than the preceding year and 6 514 more than the number registered during the period This is m a i n l y owing to the large number of passes issued to country places to applicants who have not been registered in addition to those who have been registered during previous years The average daily attendance of unemployed at the bureau during the greater portion of the year has been very large Many months it averaged daily from 1 500 to 2 500 but it has fallen off considerably during the last few weeks only from 300 to 500 attending The following table gives a comparative statement of the number of persons registered and the number assisted during each year of opera tion of the bureau PERSONS REGISTERED A N D ASSISTED 1893 TO 1896 Persons Persons regis Increase assisted Increase and sent tered to work Year ending February Total a Decrease a FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS 773 The expenditures incurred on works in aid ot the unemployed for the twelve months ending February 1896 is set down at s Id This was used in the prosecution of public works such as grading road construction forest thinning etc the payment of railway and steamer transportation the furnishing of rations special grants to municipalities for necessary works and to benefit local desti tute unemployed Fifth Annual Report of the Department of Labor of New Zealand for the year ending March Hon R J Seddon Minister of Labor xxxiv 46 pp This report like that for the preceding year deals with the condition of the labor market assistance rendered by the department m finding employment for persons out of work and wages and employees in rail way workshops and factories the effect of certain features of the factory inspection and shops acts and reports of factory inspectors In addition to these topics the present report touches briefly upon the effects of the truck act industrial conciliation and arbitration the servants7registry offices foreign immigration cooperative works and publishes the minutes of the proceedings of the board of conciliation Much space is devoted to the operations of the employment bureau of this department During the year 2 871 persons obtained employ ment through this bureau 1 880 of whom were married O f the total number 708 were sent to private employment and 2 163 to Government works Since the organization of the department June men have been assisted and these with their dependents make a total of 53 579 persons who have been directly benefited by this branch of the labor department during the five years of its existence The number o f factories registered under the factories act increased during the year from 4 109 to 4 647 and the number of factory hands from 29 879 to 32 387 This increase is partly due to a more complete registration of small establishments The other topics treated in the report are of local interest DECISIONS OF COUNTS AFFECTING LABOR This subject begun in Bulletin No 2 will be continued in successive issues deal ing with the decisions as they occur All material parts of the decisions are repro duced in the words o f the courts indicated when short by quotation marks and when long by being printed solid In order to save space immaterial matter needed simply by way of explanation is given in the words of the editorial reviser DECISIONS UNDER STATUTORY LAW E m p l o y e r s L i a b i l i t y R a i l r o a d C o m p a n i e s Texas Central By Co v Frazier 34 Southwestern Reporter page 664 Suit was brought in the district court of Hamilton County Tex by Etta Frazier widow of J W Frazier for herself and minor child Freddie Frazier against the Texas Central Railway Company to recover damages for the death o f her husband From a judgment in her favor the railway company appealed the case to the court of civil appeals of the State which ren dered its decision March and affirmed the judgment of the lower court The opinion of said court was delivered by Judge Key and the following containing a statement of the facts in the case is quoted therefrom On the 15th of April 1893 a freight train was wrecked on appellant s road near the town of Aquilla in Hill County Tex one result of which was the death of appellee s husband J W Frazier who was employed and serving as a brakeman on said train That appellee was the wife of J W Frazier that the minor Freddie Frazier was their only child that the wreck occurred at the time and place alleged and that J W Frazier was a brakeman on the train and received injuries in the wreck which caused his death in a few hours thereafter were clearly shown and these facts are not disputed But appellant s contention is that the testimony fails to show the alleged negligence of the engineer and fails to show that said engineer if negligent was other than a fellow servant of J W Frazier for whose negligence appellant would not be responsible It is also contended that the death of Frazier resulted from one of the ordinary risks of the service in which he was engaged and therefore that appellant is not liable As to the question of negligence on the part of the engineer it may be that if we were trying the case as jurors we should reach a differ ent conclusion and return a different verdict but after a careful con sideration of the statement of facts we can not say that the verdict is without evidence to support it By the verdict under consideration twelve men presumably disinterested and honest have decided that on the occasion in question the engineer did not exercise all the care that a person of ordinary prudence would have exercised and that decision is not so clearly unsupported by testimony as to justify us in setting it aside 774 DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR 775 The act approved March defining who are and who are not fellow servants declares that all persons engaged in the service of any railway corporations foreign or domestic doing business in this State who are intrusted by such corporation with the authority of superintendence control or command of other persons in the employ or service o f such corporation or with the authority to direct any other employee are vice principals of such corporation and not fellow serv ants with such employee Laws 22d Leg p 25 The evidence in this case shows that Neal the engineer had authority from appellant to direct the deceased who was head brakeman to put on the brake and that it was the duty of the deceased to obey such direction This made the engineer a vice principal under the statute above cited and the doctrine of fellow servants does not apply As to the question of Frazier s assumption of risk it is sufficient to say that while it is true that he assumed the risks ordinarily incident to his employment as brakeman such assumption would not shield appellant from injuries resulting from its negligence and under the court s charge the jury were not authorized to find for the plaintiff unless they found that the engineer was guilty of negligence in the respect charged and that he was appellant s vice principal E m p l o y e r s L i a b i l i t y R a i l r o a d C o m p a n ie s A n n u l m e n t o f S t a t u t e b y A d o p t i o n o f C o n s t i t u t i o n Grisswell v Montana Gent By Go 44 Pacific Reporter page 525 This case was originally brought in the district court of Cascade County Mont by Charles G Crisswell against the railroad company to recover damages for injuries received while in the company s employ A verdict was rendered for the plaintiff and the defendant appealed the case to the supreme court of the State which rendered its decision November and affirmed the judgment of the lower court Said decision was reported in 42 Pacific Reporter page 767 and was published in part on page 433 of Bulletin No 4 of the Department of Labor issued in May 1896 Subsequently the supreme court granted a rehearing in the case upon the question as to what effect section 11 of article 15 of the State con stitution had upon the statute section 697 of the Compiled Statutes of 1887 on which the former decision in the case hinged Section 697 of the Compiled Statutes of 1887 reads as follows That in every case the liability of the corporation to a servant or employee acting under the orders of his superior shall be the same in case o f injury sustained by default or wrongful act of his superior or to an employer not appointed or controlled by him as if such servant or employee were a passenger The material part of section 11 of article 15 of the constitution of the State is as follows And no company or corporation formed under the laws of any other country State or Territory shall have or be allowed to exercise or enjoy within this State any greater rights or privileges than those pos sessed or enjoyed by corporations of the same or similar character created under the laws of the State 776 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Upon this rehearing the supreme court rendered its decision April reversing its former decision and declaring that section 697 was annulled by section 11 of article 15 of the constitution The opinion of said court was delivered by Judge Hunt and in the course of the same he states in effect that section 697 of the Compiled Statues is to be found first as section 20 of uAn act to provide for the formation of railroad corporations in the Territory of Montana passed over the governor s veto on May 7 1873 Laws Mont 1873 ex sess p 93 et seq and that an examination of the various sections of the act taken in connection with its title above quoted showed that the act applied to domestic railroad corporations only The judge then continues and the following is quoted therefrom Holding therefore that section 697 applied to domestic railroad cor porations only what effect did the adoption of the constitution have upon that section No comment is necessary to demonstrate that a rule of liability by which a domestic railroad company may suffer heavily for negligence of an employee where another but foreign rail road corporation can not be made liable at all for like negligence is the imposition of a burden upon the former and not upon the latter Whether the legislature of the State may impose such different bur dens is immaterial to the question under consideration Without deciding that question it may be here assumed they can Still our examination will not go beyond the point of ascertaining whether the constitution by section 11 article 15 supra has annulled section 697 or whether it has extended it so that it has become applicable to all railroad companies foreign and domestic The learned counsel for the respondent argues that section 11 is self executing We agree with him in that contention but not to the extent he would apply the doctrine of self execution The prohibition lays down a principle o f protection to domestic corporations that at once upon the adoption of the constitution and the admission o f the State became a sufficient rule by means of which the rights and privileges possessed by domestic companies were and are protected against legis lative or other discriminations extending the possession or enjoyment of rights or privileges to foreign corporations greater than those already possessed or those that may be attempted to be granted by any future action To this extent the provision was completely self executing and no legislation was required to give the prohibition full force and opera tion Oooley Const Lim p 99 But we can not assent to respondent s position that the object of the constitutional provision was to establish uniformity with respect to the two classes of corporations by making laws that were appli cable only to the domestic class at the time of the adoption of the constitution extend to the foreign class in order to make an equal liability for all or that the clause does establish uniformity by so oper ating upon such Territorial laws As said the inhibition at once by itself prevented the discriminations but there is no affirmative languagej and no intent by the words used to extend to foreign companies the burdens rights and privileges imposed or granted by law to domes tic corporations In this respect legislation must be had to affect such corporations by force of law By section 1 of the schedule of the con stitution all laws enacted by the legislative assembly of the Territory and in force at the time the State was admitted into the Union and not DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR 777 inconsistent witli the constitution should be and remain in full force as the laws o f the State until altered or repealed or until expired by their own limitation This provision is likewise self executing By it rights were preserved It operated of itself to keep in force a system of laws for the government of the State unless such laws were inconsistent with the constitution But as to any such repugnant statutes it operated as an effective repeal for when the constitution became the fundamental law acts in conflict with it yielded and when the question of a conflict is presented to the court and the conflict clearly appears the statute must be decided to be inoperative and void Cooley Const Lim p 58 As the supreme court of Illinois has very recently said by way of repe tition of one o f its earlier decisions The understanding with all persons is that a law passed either before or after the adoption of the constitution which is repugnant to its provisions must be held to be of no valid force and precisely as if it had been repealed before the performance of the act Washington Home of Chicago v City of Chicago N E 893 From these views it follows that the prohibition clause against any discrimination against a domestic corporation is self executing as a prohibition but not as an affirmative imposition upon or securement to foreign companies of the rights or privileges expressly only accorded by the State laws to domestic companies It also follows that by sec tion 697 a greater burden was put upon appellant than was placed upon a foreign company of a similar character The statute therefore being inconsistent with the constitution was annulled by the adoption of the constitution E m p l o y e r s L i a b i l i t y R a i l r o a d C o m p a n ie s F e l l o w S e r v a n t s Gulf 0 and S F By Go v Warner 35 Southwestern Reporter page 364 This action was brought by Charles C Warner against the Gulf Colorado and Santa Fe Railway Company to recover damages for injuries received by the plaintiff while in the employ of said com pany Judgment was given for the plaintiff in the lower court and the defendant appealed to the court of civil appeals of Texas and said court certified the case to the supreme court of the State which ren dered its decision April The opinion of the supreme court was delivered by Judge Denman and contains a statement of the facts in this case and a clear and definite interpretation of the fellow servants act o f 1893 chap 91 acts of 1893 which repealed the fellow servants act of 1891 chap 24 acts of 1891 and upon which the result of this action hinged Said opinion practically in full reads as follows The court of civil appeals have certified to this court a question and explanatory statement as follows On the 7th day of October 1893 appellee an employee of appel lant at that time while engaged with his duties as switchman in the railroad yards of appellant in Cleburne was injured by a car passing over and crushing his leg The car that inflicted the injury was being pushed by a locomotive in charge of a switch engineer who was an employee of appellant and while switching was being done by a switch crew of which both appellee and the switch engineer were members BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR The switch crew consisted of a foreman the engineer the fireman and switchmen The foreman directed the switching as it was his duty to do The engineer had no authority or control over the switchmen The switchmen were in the transportation department and the switch engineer in the mechanical department The yard master employed and discharged the switchmen and the master mechanic employed and dis charged the engineers The duties of an engineer require skilled labor and the duties of a switchman do not On motion Was the switch engineer a fellow servant of theswitchman who was injured under the provisions of the fellow servants act of 1893f The act referred to as far as it affects the question certified is as follows An act to define who are fellow servants and who are not fellowservants and to prohibit contracts between employer and employees based upon contingency of the injury or death of the employees limit ing the liability of the employer for damages S e c t i o n 1 Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Texas That all persons engaged in the service of any railway corporation foreign or domestic doing business in this State or in the service of a receiver manager or of any person controlling or operating such cor poration who are intrusted by such corporation receiver or person in control thereof with the authority of superintendence control or com mand of other persons in the employment of such corporation or receiver manager or person in control of such corporation or with the authority to direct any other employee in the performance of the duty o f such employee are vice principals of such corporation receiver manager or person controlling the same and are not fellow servants o f such employee S e c 2 That all persons who are engaged in the common service o f such railway corporation receiver manager or person in control thereof and who while so employed are in the same grade of employ ment and are working together at the same time and place and to a common purpose neither of such persons being intrusted by such corporation receiver manager or person in control thereof with any superintendence or control over their fellow employees or with the authority to direct any other employee in the performance of any duty of such employee are fellow servants with each other Provided That nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to make employees of such corporation receiver manager or person in control thereof fellowservants with other employees engaged in any other department or service of such corporation receiver manager or person in control thereof Employees who do not come within the provisions of this sec tion shall not be considered fellow servants Gen Laws 1893 p 120 It will be observed that the caption of the act declares its purpose to be to define who are fellow servants and who are not fellow servants and that section 2 completely accomplishes such purpose by first defin ing who are fellow servants and then declaring that employees who do not come within the provisions of this section shall not be considered fellow servants This section divides all employees into fellow serv ants and nonfellow servants and gives the distinctive characteristics of the former but not o f the latter The purpose of the statute was accomplished by limiting and definitely determining the employees who should thereafter be classed as fellow servants for whose negligence the employer should not be responsible to another fellow servant and it was unnecessary to deal further with such employees as did not come DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR 779 within this statutory definition of fellow servants for the employer would be responsible for their negligence whether they be termed agents vice principals or otherwise The distinctive characteristics prescribed by the statute as essential to be found concurring and common to two or more employees in order to constitute them fellow servants are First They must be engaged in the common service As here used service means the thing or work being performed for the employer at the time of the accident and out of which it grew and common means that which pertains equally to the employees sought to be held fellow servants and therefore common service means the particular thing or work being performed for the employer at the time of the accident and out of which it grew jointly by the employees sought to be held fellow servants The members of a crew running a train though each be in the per formance of different acts in reference thereto are all engaged in the common service for they are jointly performing the thing or work of managing the train for the employer but they would not be engaged in the common service with the members of a crew running another train for the employer over the same road for one crew would be jointly performing the thing or work of managing one train while the other would be jointly performing the thing or work of managing the other train We therefore conclude that the engineer and switchman were engaged in the common service Second They must be in the same grade of employment Grade means the rank or relative positions occupied by the employees while engaged in the common service This definition however gives us no certain means of determining whether given employees are in the same or different grades for it furnishes no test by which their respec tive ranks or relative positions in the common service can be ascer tained In the absence of a statutory test the grade would have depended upon the test which might have been adopted by the courts such as authority one over the other order of promotion skill in the service compensation received etc We are of the opinion that the legislature anticipated and settled this difficulty in the construction of the word grade by the use of the clause neither of such persons being intrusted with any superintendence or control over their fellow employees etc as explanatory of what was meant by the clause in the same grade thus adopting the most natural test of grade in the construction of the statute authority one over the other while engaged in the common service Probably the most serious difficulty in arriving at the conclusion that one clause was intended as merely explanatory of the other is the fact that the explanatory clause does not immediately follow the one it explains but this objection is removed when we consider that in the original section as enacted in 1891 the qualifying clause immediately follows the words same grade and was evidently intended to explain their meaning Since the engi neer had no authority or control over the switchman and vice versa while engaged in the common service we conclude that they were in the same grade of employment Third They must be working together at the same time and place While at indicates nearness in time and place it does not demand an exact coincidence as to either but only that it shall be sufficiently so to afford the employees a reasonable opportunity of observing the conduct o f each other with a view of guarding themselves against injury there from We are of the opinion that the engineer and switchman were working together at the same time and place at the time of the accident 780 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Fourth They must be working to a common purpose By this is meant that the acts required of each in the performance of his duties at the time of the accident must be in furtherance of the common service We are of the opinion that the engineer in managing the engine and the switchman in performing his duties both having in view the switching of the cars were working to a common purpose When these four distinguishing characteristics are found concurring and common to two or more employees they must be held fellow serv ants under the statute otherwise not It is urged that the proviso adds as another distinguishing charac teristic that they must be in the same department A proviso may be inserted for the purpose either of adding something to or of insuring a certain construction of the preceding language of the statute This proviso bears upon its face unmistakable evidence of having been inserted for the latter purpose It says Provided nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to make employees fellowservants with other employees engaged in any other department or service and to complete the idea we may add the words than the common service above specified The words department or service as here used merely means a subdivision of business as running a train clearing away a wreck repairing a track etc and if employees are at the time o f the accident engaged in the same subdivision of business they are also engaged in the common service as we have hereinbefore construed that term In other words the proviso was merely intended to insure the strict construction above given by us to the words engaged m the common service In so far as section 1 of the act bears upon the question of who are fellow servants and who are not fellow servants we can not see that it adds anything to sec tion 2 It merely selects a certain class o f employees who are nonfellow servants under the terms of section 2 and declares that they are vice principals It results that we must answer the question certified in the affirmative W e ig h in g C o a l a t M in e s C o n s t it u t io n a l it y o f S t a t u t e Harding et al v People 43 Northeastern Reporter page 624 William Harding and another were convicted of a crime in the circuit court of Yermilion County 111 and brought their case before the supreme court of the State on a writ of error Said court rendered its decision March and reversed the judgment of the lower court The facts in the case are given in the opinion of the supreme court delivered by Judge Cartwright which reads as follows Plaintiffs in error were indicted and convicted for a violation of the act requiring the weighing of coal at mines in force July 1 1887 as amended by act in force July 1 1891 Some of the counts upon which they were found guilty charged them with a failure to weigh all the coal delivered from the mine and others charged them with not keep ing a correct record of the weight of each miner s car The portion of the act under which the prosecution was had material to the same is as follows S e c t i o n 1 That the owner agent or operator of every coal mine in this State at which miners are paid by weight shall provide at such mines suitable and accurate scales of standard manufacture for the weighing o f all coal which shall be hoisted or delivered from such mines DECISIONS OP COURTS AFFECTING LABOR Sec 2 All coal so delivered from such mines shall be carefully weighed upon the scales as above provided and a correct record shall be kept o f the weight of each miner s car which record shall be kept open at all reasonable ho urs for the inspection of all miners or others pecuniarily interested in the product of such mine The person designated and authorized to weigh the coal and keep such record shall before entering upon his duties make and subscribe to an oath before some magistrate or other officer authorized to administer oaths that he will accurately weigh and carefully keep a true record of all coal delivered from such mine and such oath shall be kept conspicuously posted at the place of weighing S e c 5 Any person owner or agent operating a coal mine in this State who shall fail to comply with all the provisions of this act or who shall obstruct or hinder the carrying out of its requirements shall be fined for the first offense not less than fifty dollars 50 nor more than two hundred dollars 200 for the second offense not less than two hundred dollars 200 nor more than five hundred dollars andfor a third offense not less than five hundred dollars 500 or be imprisoned in the county jail not less than six months nor more than one year Provided That the provisions of this act shall apply only to coal mines whose product shall be shipped by rail or water The constitutionality of this act is challenged by plaintiffs in error and this is the only question that will be considered although the application o f the statute to this case is disputed and questions of variance and o f error in giving and refusing of instructions are also raised It is objected that the act is in violation of section 2 of article 2 of our constitution which provides that no person shall be deprived of life liberty or property without due process of law because it singles out operators of one class of coal mines and imposes restrictions upon them not required to be borne by operators of other mines or by persons engaged in other business and also by interfering with the right o f employer and laborer to contract with each other The Con solidated Coal Company had owned and operated the mine where plaintiffs in error were employed for six or seven years The greater part of its product was shipped from the mine by rail on the Wabash Eailroad and sold in other markets All the coal so shipped was cor rectly weighed on scales of standard manufacture by the company at the mine before being dumped into the railroad cars and a correct record was made of the weight of each miner s car and that record was posted and kept open at all reasonable hours for the inspection of the miners or any person interested During this time the company had also furnished the Wabash Eailroad Company with coal for its locomotives which was delivered at the mine into tenders of the loco motives as they stopped there for coal There were about 250 miners employed and the average output of the mine was from 700 to 950 tons of screened coal per day The miners were paid 55 cents per ton for screened coal About the last 100 miners cars that came up in the evening of each day would be placed on the storage tracks for the pur pose of coaling the locomotives during the night and the next day This last coal was not weighed but each miner was given the average weight of the cars sent up by him and weighed during the day as the weight of his last car crediting him with the average weight of the cars mined by him that day that had been actually weighed By the act under consideration its provisions are applied only to coal mines whose produce is shipped by rail or water and the learned attorneygeneral and counsel for the people construe the provision as making 782 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR the law applicable to each mine where the major portion of its product is so shipped However that may be it is plain that the act not only singles out the operator of a mine and imposes restrictions and bur dens upon him as to the use and enjoyment of his property that are not imposed upon other branches of business similarly situated and conducted but it divides the operators of mines and only applies its provisions to those whose product is shipped in a certain manner In the various constitutions the phrases due process of law7 and the 7 law of the land7 are used interchangeably sometimes one being 7 employed and sometimes the other but they are synonymous and the meaning is the same in every case Cooley Const Lim 353 In Millett v People N E 631 it was said of this phrase And this means general public law binding upon the members of the community under all circumstances and not partial or private laws affecting the rights of private individual or classes o f individuals 7 7 citing James v Reynolds 2 Tex 251 Wynehemer v People 13 N Y 376 Vanzant v Waddel 2 Yerg 269 And the same declaration was made in Frorer v People N E 395 where the statute prohibiting engaging in keeping a truck store was held unconstitutional and in Braceville Coal Co v People N E 62 where the same conclusion was reached as to an act to provide for the weekly payment o f wages by a corporation The right to enact such a statute does not arise out of the police power where much latitude is allowed in determining what may tend to insure the comfort safety or welfare of society and it is not author ized by section 29 of article 4 of the constitution providing for laws to secure safety to coal miners Millett v People supra Each person subject to the laws has a right that he shall be governed by general public rules Laws and regulations entirely arbitrary in their charac ter singling out particular persons not distinguished from others in the community by any reason applicable to such persons are not of that class Distinctions in rights and privileges must be based upon some distinction or reason not applicable to others In Braceville Coal Co v People supra it is said And it is only when such distinctions exist that differentiate in important particulars persons or classes of persons from the body of the people that laws having operation only on such particular persons or classes of persons have been held to be valid enactments 7 No possible reason or distinction affecting any 7 interest justifying the division of mines made by the act has been sug gested except that it might be intended to reach mines in which the larger number of miners were employed But this is not the division or distinction made and does not in any manner follow from such divi sion It is not the language or purport of the act and if such had been the intention of the legislature it would certainly have been made manifest by basing the division or distinction upon the number of miners employed The act applies equally to the owner of a small mine where the product may not exceed a carload per day and the owner of a mine such as that of the Consolidated Coal Company The distinction is based solely upon the fact o f the product being shipped by rail or water and counsel have been able to suggest no reason why the legislature should require the product of such a mine to be weighed in the manner specified and not that of another mine where the prod uct is sold on the spot The distinction between operators who sell their product at the mine to some shipper who ships it away to the market and those who themselves ship their coal by rail or water is purely arbitrary Any reason that would apply to one calling for a restriction upon the manner of doing business would be equally appli DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR 783 cable to the other and special burdens and restrictions upon one class not imposed upon the other constitute an arbitrary deprivation of rights As the act makes that an offense if committed by a person engaged in one branch of mining which if done by persons in another branch of the same business is lawful without any reason for distinc tion between the two we must regard it as unconstitutional In Millett v People supra and Eamsey v People N E 364 where provisions similar to those of the act now under consid eration were held to be unconstitutional and void the general right of the laborer and employer to contract in regard to the price of labor and the method o f ascertaining the price was asserted and the rule was laid down that any restriction upon that right is a deprivation of both liberty and property within the meaning of the constitutional provision In view of the discussion of the principles involved in those cases no extended statement of them will be necessary here This act makes it an offense against the law for the employer and laborer at any coal mine at which the miners are paid by weight to determine upon the weight of any miner s car or any lot of coal by any other method than that pointed out by the statute A failure to weigh a car and to keep a correct record of the weight renders the operator liable to the penalties prescribed by the act although he and the laborer may have agreed upon the weight of the car or contracted for other methods of determining the weight This is well illustrated by the facts of this case The last cars that came up in the evening of each day designed for coaling the locomotives would not be weighed until the coal was dumped into the tenders so that the miners could not obtain the weights until the next day and they wanted them the same evening For this reason and at the instance of the miners it has been the custom for six years to give each miner the weight according to the system above stated When the company attempted to change this system and weigh the coal the miners objected and insisted upon the custom of averaging weights No objection was ever made by any miner to this manner of arriving at the weight instead of weighing the cars on the scales Here was an arrangement amounting to a contract between the parties with which all the contracting parties were satisfied and the testimony upon which plaintiffs in error were convicted came from miners who left during the miners strike of 1894 and were not again employed by the company It seems that a law which deprives men engaged in the business of mining from contracting with each other for the purpose of ascertaining the weight of the coal mined or the amount due them in any manner mutually satisfactory can not be sustained That such is the effect of this law is the contention of counsel for the people and it is only upon the assumption that the law does so control the power to contract that a conviction could have been had in this case for as already seen the parties had contracted otherwise This act takes away the freedom of contracting by the parties for the ascer tainment of the weight of coal except by a certain method and in our opinion it is unconstitutional The judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded with direction to the circuit court to discharge the defendants Judgment reversed DECISIONS UNDER COMMON LAW C o n s p i r a c y B o y c o t t s Oxley Stave Go v Coopers International Union of North America et ah 72 Federal Reporter page 695 This case was brought in the United States circuit court for the district of Kansas by a bill in equity filed by the Oxley Stave Company against 784 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR the Coopers International Union of North America Lodge No 18 of Kansas City Kans the Trades Assembly of Kansas City Kans and various individuals named who are officers and members of such organ izations and also against all other persons who may be members of either of said organizations their agents attorneys etc to enjoin them from inaugurating and maintaining a boycott against the use of packages casks barrels etc made by complainant by means of certain machines constituting part of its plant The circuit court rendered its decision March and allowed the injunction asked for The opinion of said court was delivered by District Judge Foster and the following is quoted therefrom This brings us to the question whether under the allegations of the bill which is verified and the other evidence presented the complain ant is entitled to the relief prayed for The material allegations of the bill are but partially controverted by the defendants Indeed they are substantially admitted Much testimony was offered to show that bar rels hooped by machinery were not as serviceable or as valuable as hand hooped barrels It also appears that there is some little difference in the price of such barrels that a skilled workman can hoop 14 to 16 barrels per day by hand and that the hooping machine does the work o f about six or seven men and that boys or young men from 16 years upward are employed to some extent in operating the machines All o f this cuts but little figure in the case Whether the work of the machine is better or worse than the hand work is not material The barrels are made and sold as machine work and a price fixed accord ingly and the customer must decide whether or not he will buy them and the complainant in operating the machines in its business is engaged in a legitimate enterprise and defendants had no legal right to demand that it should cease operating them There is some testi mony tending to show that the reason the packing companies had not made contracts for these barrels for this year was not on account of the threatened boycott but because they preferred hand hooped barrels The purchasing agent of Fowler Sons Co Limited Robert MeW hit taker however testified that a committee of the Coopers Union and Trades Assembly notified him if his company purchased machine made barrels they would boycott the contents of the barrels and that such notice would tend to make his company very careful about purchasing machine made barrels The manager of Swift Co testified that his company was buying hand made barrels on account of the threatened boycott Thefollowingisacopyof the resolution of the Trades Assembly on the subject and indicates the purpose of the defendant associations To the officers and members of the Trades Assembly greeting Whereas the cooperage firms of J R Kelley and the Oxley Cooperage Company have placed in their plants hooping machines operated by child labor and whereas said hooping machines is the direct cause of at least one hundred coopers being out of employment of which a great many are unable to do anything else on account of age at a meeting held by Coopers Union No 18 on the 31st of December 1895 a com mittee was appointed to notify the above firms that unless they discon tinued the use of said machines on and after the 15th of January 1896 that Coopers Union No 18 would cause a boycott to be placed on all packages hooped by said machines the 15th of January 1896 and at a meeting held by Coopers Union No 18 on the 4th of January 1896 DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR 785 delegates were authorized to briu g the matter before the Trades Assembly in proper form and petition the Assembly to indorse our action and to place the matter in the hands of their grievance committee to act in conjunction with a committee appointed by Coopers Union No IS to notify the packers before letting their contracts for their cooperage Therefore be it resolved that this Trades Assembly indorse the action of Coopers Union No 18 and the matter be left in the hands of the grievance committe for immediate action Yours respectfully J L C o l l i n s Secretary Coopers International Union of A A Lodge No 18 T James Cable president of Coopers Union testified as follows Unless complainant ceased using the machines That the boycott would be declared by the Coopers Union upon the contents of the tierces and barrels hooped by machinery meaning thereby that the members of the said Coopers Union and of its parent association the Trades Assembly would thereafter cease to purchase or use any of the commodities that were packed in machine hooped tierces or barrels No one can question the right of the defendants to refuse to purchase machine made packages or of goods packed in them or by fair means to persuade others from purchasing or using them If that is all that is implied by a boycott as insisted by defendants it is difficult to see where they violate any law although it might injure the complainant s business It has been decided however that while such action would not be unlawful by an individual a combination and conspiracy to accomplish the purpose would be an illegal act In Arthur v Oakes 11 C C A Fed Mr Justice Harlan says It is one thing for a single individual or for several individuals each acting upon his own responsibility and not in cooperation with others to form the purpose of inflicting actual injury upon the property or rights of others It is quite a different thing in the eye of the law for many persons to combine or conspire together with the intent not simply of asserting their right o f accomplishing lawful ends by peace able methods but of employing their united energies to injure others or the public An intent upon the part of a single person to injure the rights of others or of the public is not in itself a wrong of which the law will take cognizance unless some injurious act be done in execu tion of the unlawful intent But a combination of two or more per sons with such intent and under circumstances that give them when so combined a power to do an injury they would not possess as indi viduals acting singly has always been recognized as in itself wrongful and illegal The term boycott has acquired a significance in our vocabulary and in the literature of the law The resolution of the defendant asso ciations says unless complainant discontinue the use of said machines on and after January that Coopers Union No 18 would cause a boycott to be placed on all packages hooped by said machines Just what action would be taken the resolution does not state It does not say the defendants would not purchase the packages or the goods packed in them but simply says a boycott would issue That term implies that a general proscription of all articles so manufactured and the goods packed in them would be inaugurated and maintained by the power of these assemblies wherever they could reach It is fair to pre sume from the resolution and other testimony that the defendants 6329 No 786 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OP LABOR were determined to use all means short of violence to make the pro scription effective That has been the history of such proceedings in the past and such is the meaning imputed to the use of the word boycott It has become a word carrying with it a threat and a menace and was evidently so intended by this resolution In Thomas v Railway Co 62 Fed the court says But the combination was unlawful without respect to the contract feature It was a boycott Again the court says The combination under discussion was a boycott It was so termed by Debs Phelan and all engaged in it Boycotts although unaccom panied by violence have been pronounced unlawful in every State of the United States where the question has arisen unless it be in Minne sota and they are held to be unlawful in England The court further says Boycotts have been declared illegal conspiracies in State v Glidden 55 Conn 46 8 Atl 890 in State v Stewart 59 Yt 273 9 Atl 559 Steamship Co v McKenna 30 Fed 48 Casey v Typographical Union 45 Fed 135 Toledo A A K M Ry Co v Pennsylvania Co 54 Fed 730 and in other cases From these authorities we reach the conclusion that complainant is entitled to the relief prayed for The labor saving machines which modern invention has brought into every industry in life excite our wonder and admiration but our enthusiasm is subdued by the thought that the machines must largely drive the skilled laborer out of a field he has spent years to fit himself for and upon which more or less depends the means of livelihood for himself and his family and yet it is a hopeless task for the laborer to contend against the use of machinery wherever it can be utilized Labor can only adjust itself to the con stant progress made in all the mechanical pursuits and it has been well said that despite all the inventions to save hand work there never was a time when the laborer was paid better or had greater advantages than he has to datf The injunction will be allowed as prayed for by complainant C o n s p i r a c y U n l a w f u l C o m b i n a t i o n s Elder et al v Whitesides et al 72 Federal Reporter page 724 This case was brought by a bill in equity filed in the United States circuit court for the eastern district of Louisiana by Elder Dempster Co of Liverpool England owners of certain steamboats against William Whitesides and others citizens of Louisiana The bill alleged the existence of an unlawful combination and conspiracy on the part of the defendants to prevent the loading or unloading of complainants steamboats at Gretna La except by such labor as might be acceptable to said defendants that such combination and conspiracy absolutely prevented complainants from loading or unloading their steamers at said port of Gretna by other than the said defendants and their confederates An injunction was asked restraining the defendants from continuing their said com bination and conspiracy The court rendered its decision March and granted the injunction asked for DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR 787 The opinion o f the court was delivered by District Judge Parian ge and the following is quoted therefrom The defendants have been granted all the time which they have requested to present their side of the case The argument made by their counsel may be divided under four heads He urged First that there is no allegation or proof of any overt act committed by the defendants against the particular vessel mentioned in the bill second that a court o f equity can not enjoin crime third that no damages have actually been inflicted upon the vessel and fourth that the proof of conspiracy is insufficient In a recent case decided by the United States circuit court of appeals seventh circuit Arthur v Oakes 110 C A Fed 310 in which Mr Justice Harlan was the organ of the court all the law points made by the counsel for the defendants have been passed upon clearly and distinctly In speaking of combinations and conspiracies Mr Justice Harlan said uAccording to the principles of the common law a conspiracy upon the part of two or more persons with the intent by their combined power to wrong others or to prejudice the rights of the public is in itself illegal although nothing be actually done in the execution of such conspiracy This is fundamental in our jurisprudence So a combina tion or conspiracy to procure an employee or body of employees to quit service in violation of the contract of service would be unlawful and in a proper case might be enjoined if the injury threatened would be irremediable in law It is one thing for a single individual or for several individuals each acting upon his own responsibility and not in coopera tion with others to form the purpose of inflicting actual injury upon the property or rights of others It is quite a different thing in the eye of the law for many persons to combine or conspire together with the intent not simply of asserting their rights or of accomplishing lawful ends by peaceable methods but of employing their united energies to injure others or the public An intent upon the part of a single person to injure the rights of others or of the public is not in itself a wrong of which the law will take cognizance unless some injurious act be done in execution of the unlawful intent But a combination of two or more persons with such an intent and under circumstances that give them when so combined a power to do an injury they would not possess as individuals acting singly has always been recognized as in itself wrongful and illegal 7 The justice cites approvingly the language of another court as follows uThere is nothing in the objection that to punish a conspiracy where the end is not accomplished would be to punish a mere unexecuted intention It is not the bare intention that the law punishes but the act of conspiring which is made a substantive offense by the nature of the object to be affected State v Buchanan 5 Har and J 317 The justice further said The authorities all agree that a court of equity should not hesitate to use this power injunction when the circumstances of the particular case in hand require it to be done in order to protect rights of property against irreparable damages by wrongdoers That some of the acts enjoined would have been criminal subjecting the wrongdoers to actions for damages or to criminal prosecution does not therefore in itself determine the question as to interference by injunction If the acts stopped at crime or involved merely crime or if the injury threatened could if done be adequately compensated in damages 788 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR equity would not interfere But as the acts threatened involve irrep arable injury to and destruction of property for all the purposes for which the property was adapted as well as continuous acts of trespass to say nothing o f the rights of the public the remedy at law would have been inadequate Formerly Mr Justice Story says courts of equity were extremely reluctant to interfere at all even in regard to cases o f repeated trespasses But now there is not the slightest hesi tation if the acts done or threatened to be done to the property would be ruinous irreparable or would impair the just enjoyment of the property in future If indeed courts of equity did not interfere in cases of this sort there would as has been truly said be a great failure o f justice in this country So far as the question of jurisdiction is concerned it is clearly settled both by Arthur v Oakes supra and by the decision of the United States circuit court of appeals of this the fifth circuit Hagan v Blindell A Fed 696 In both o f those cases the jurisdiction depended entirely as in the case at bar upon the diverse citizenship o f the parties and the equitable powers of the court The decisions above referred to clearly dispose of all the law points raised by defendants counsel The proof of conspiracy is made out by the affidavits offered by complainants The only proof offered by the defendants is their affidavit which confines itself to a denial that they interfered with the complainants or prevented the loading of the vessel Niagara or caused damages to the complainants This seems to be in line with the argument of their counsel and to be based upon the theory that the jurisdiction of the court depends upon unlawful overt acts having been committed against the particular vessel mentioned in the bill and upon actual damages having been caused the complainants prior to the application for the injunction There is no denial of the agreement or conspiracy to do the unlawful things charged in the bill which conspiracy is the gravamen of the case The preliminary injunc tion must issue E m p l o y e r s L i a b i l i t y F e l l o w S e r v a n t s Southern Pacific Co v McGill 44 Pacific Reporter page 302 Action was brought in the district court of Pima County Ariz by William McGill against the Southern Pacific Company to recover damages for injuries sustained while in the employ of said company Judgment was rendered for McGill and the company appealed the case to the supreme court of the Territory of Arizona which affirmed the judgment of the lower court The court however granted a rehearing and as a result o f the same rendered a decision February reversing the judgment of the lower court The facts of the case were as follows McGill hereinafter referred to as the plaintiff was a section fore man in the employ of the defendant company He was directed by the roadmasi er to go to a point on the track 6 or 7 miles west of a section called Pantano and there to grade and lay a track in order to raise an engine which had been derailed He went there with his men and tools and worked part of a day when the civil engineer in charge directed him and his men to get on the work train They did so and DECISIONS OP COURTS AFFECTING LABOR 789 the train started and had not gone over three quarters of a mile when it collided with a passenger train and the plaintiff was seriously injured about the head The charge was made in the complaint that Barrett the conductor of the work train ran the train negligently and with want of care and attention to his duty and so caused the accident The opinion of the supreme court was delivered by Chief Justice Baker and contains the following The following instruction was given to the jury for the plaintiff The court instructs the jury that the conductor of a railway train who commands its movements directs when it shall start at what station it shall stop and has the general management of it and con trol over the persons employed on it represents the railway company and is not a fellow servant with a section foreman in the employ of said company If the jury believe from the evidence that John Barrett was the conductor of the train upon which plaintiff was and had the powers just stated regarding such train the court instructs the jury that Barrett was not a fellow servant with the plaintiff This instruction was not altered changed or modified by any instruc tion subsequently given and being objected to and duly assigned as error constitutes the pivotal point in the case There is an endless diversity o f opinion upon this fellow servant doctrine in the decisions o f the various courts in this country The cases are too numerous to cite and it would be an idle effort to attempt to reconcile or distinguish them I can do no better than to deduce one or two propositions appli cable to the facts at bar which the decided weight of all the cases authorizes 1 A person entering upon the service of a corporation assumes all the risk naturally incident to his employment including the dangers which may arise from the negligence of a fellow servant 2 That the master s liability does not depend upon gradations in the employment unless the superiority of the person causing the injury was such as to make him principal or vice principal 3 The liability of the master does not depend upon the fact that the servant injured may be doing work not identical with that of the wrong doer The test is the servant must be employed in different depart ments which in themselves are so distinct and separate as to preclude the probability of contact and of danger of injury by the negligent per formance of the duties of the servant in the other department In the case at bar the plaintiff and Barrett the conductor were brought together at the same time and place and closely associated in the discharge of their respective duties The very work which the plaintiff engaged to do necessitated the constant use of a train such as the one in use at the time o f the collision to transport laborers tools materials supplies etc to the place of operations and he must be held to have contemplated its use when he accepted the employment He was at work when riding upon this train in going to and from the point where the wreck occurred just as much as he was when he was actually engaged in raising the derailed engine Both he and the con ductor were engaged in a common purpose and object the clearing of the track and the raising of the fallen engine The labors of both contributed to and were intended to effect that immediate and present result Both had a common master That there was some gradation some difference in the work of the two is not the test The departments must be so distinct and separate 790 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR within themselves as to preclude the probability of contact and of danger to one servant in one department by reason of the negligence o f another servant in another department This can not be said of the plaintiff s and Barrett s employment The plaintiff s labors constantly exposed him to the dangers of running and moving the work tram and he must be held to have assumed the risk of such dangers The giving of the instructions quoted was reversible error since upon the facts the conductor of the work train and the plaintiff were fellow servants The judgment is reversed and a new trial is ordered E m p l o y e r s L i a b i l i t y F e l l o w S e r v a n t s Northern Pacific R R Co v Peterson 16 Supreme Court Reporter page 843 This action was commenced by Peterson in the United States circuit court for the district of Minnesota fourth division to recover damages for injuries sustained while in the employ of the railroad company The facts in the case were as follows The plaintiff a day laborer was employed on an extra gang amount ing in numbers to thirteen men with one Holverson as foreman at a place called Old Superior a station on the line of the defendant s road Holverson had power to employ men and also to discharge them The men were taken each morning on hand cars to the place where they were to work during the day and when the work was fin ished were brought back The members of the gang themselves worked the hand cars Holverr son generally occupying a place on the front hand car and taking care of the brakes He always went with the gang superintended their work even if taking no part in the actual manual labor and came home with them at the end of the day s labor When the accident occurred Holverson held his accustomed place on the front hand car at the brakes and Peterson was on the same car While going around a curve in the track Holverson thought he saw some object in front of him and applied the brakes suddenly in consequence of which the car was abruptly stopped He gave no warning o f his intention and the rear car was following so closely that it could not stop before running into the car ahead the result of which was that the first car was thrown from the track throwing the plaintiff Peterson off the car and injuring his leg by having the rear car run over it Upon these facts the jury returned a verdict in favor of Peterson and the case was taken by the railroad company to the United States circuit court of appeals for the eighth circuit upon a writ of error Said court affirmed the judgment of the court below and the railroad company then carried the case on writ of error to the United States Supreme Court which rendered its decision April reversing the judgments of the lower courts and ordering a new trial DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR 791 The opinion of said court was delivered by Mr Justice Peekham and the following is quoted therefrom The sole question for our determination is whether Holverson occu pied the position of fellow servant with the plaintiff below If he did then this judgment is wrong and must be reversed By the verdict of the jury under the charge of the court we must take the fact to be that Holverson was foreman o f the extra gang for the defendant company and that he had charge of and superintended the gang in the putting in of the ties and assisting in keeping in repair the portion of the road included within the three sections that he had power to hire and discharge the hands in his gang then amounting to thirteen in number and had exclusive charge of the direction and management of the gang in all matters connected with their employ ment that the plaintiff below was one of the gang of hands so hired by Holverson and was subject to the authority of Holverson in all mat ters relating to his duty as laborer Upon these facts the courts below have held that the plaintiff and Holverson were not fellow servants in such a sense as to preclude plaintiff recovering from the railroad com pany damages for the injuries he sustained through the negligence of Holverson acting in the course of his employment as such foreman In the course of the review of the judgment by the United States cir cuit court of appeals that court held that the distinction applicable to the determination of the question of a coemployee was not whether the person has charge of an important department of the master s serv ice but whether his duties are exclusively those of supervision direc tion and control over a work undertaken by the master and over subordinate employees engaged in such work whose duty it is to obey and whether he has been vested by the common master with such power of supervision and management Continuing the court said that the other view that has been taken is that whether a person is a vice principal is to be determined solely by the magnitude or impor tance of the work that may have been committed to his charge and that view is open to the objection that it furnishes no practical or cer tain test by which to determine in a given case whether an employee has been vested with such departmental control or has been so lifted up in the grade and extent of his duties as to constitute him the per sonal representative of the master That this would frequently be a difficult and embarrassing question to decide and that courts would differ widely in their views if the doctrine of departmental control was adopted is well illustrated by the case of Borgman v Bailway Go 41 Fed W e are of the opinion therefore that the nature and character of the respective duties devolved upon and performed by persons in the same common employment should in each instance determine whether they are or are not fellow servants and that such relation should not be deemed to exist between two employees when the function of one is to exercise supervision and control over some work undertaken by the master which requires supervision and over subordinate servants engaged in that work and where the other is not vested by the master with any such power of direction or management 4 U S App C C A Fed 182 The court thereupon affirmed the judgment It seems quite plain that Holverson was not the chief or super intendent of a separate and distinct department or branch of the busi ness of the company as such term is used in those cases where a liability 792 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR is placed upon a compauy for the negligence of such an officer We also think that the ground of liability laid down by the courts below is untenable The general rule is that those entering into the service of a common master become thereby engaged in a common service and are fellowservants and prima facie the common master is not liable for the neg ligence of one of his servants which has resulted in an injury to a fellow servant There are however some duties which a master owes as such to a servant entering his employment He owes the duty to provide such servant with a reasonably safe place to work in having reference to the character of the employment in which the servant is engaged He also owes the duty of providing reasonably safe tools appliances and machinery for the accomplishment of the work neces sary to be done He must exercise proper diligence in the employment of reasonably safe and competent men to perform their respective duties and it has been held in many States that the master owes the further duty of adopting and promulgating safe and proper rules for the con duct o f his business including the government of the machinery and the running o f trains on a railroad track I f the master be neglectful in any of these matters it is a neglect of a duty which he personally owes to his employee and if the employee suffer damage on account thereof the master is liable If instead of personally performing these obligations the master engages another to do them for him he is liable for the neglect of that other which in such case is not the neglect of a fellow servant no mat ter what his position as to other matters but is the neglect of the master to do those things which it is the duty of the master to perform as such In addition to the liability of the master for his neglect to perform these duties there has been laid upon him by some course a further liability for the negligence of one of his servants in charge of a separate department or branch of business whereby another of his employees has been injured even though the neglect was not of that character which the master owed in his capacity as master to the servant who was injured In such case it has been held that the neglect o f the superior officer or agent of the master was the neglect of the master and was not that of the coemployee and hence that the servant who was a subordinate in the department of the officer could recover against the common master for the injuries sustained by him under such cir cumstances It has been already said that Holverson sustained no such relation to the company in this case as would uphold a liability for his acts based upon the ground that he was a superintendent of a separate and distinct branch or department of the master s business It is proper therefore to inquire what is meant to be included by the use o f such a phrase A leading case on this subject in this court is that of Railway Co v Ross 112 IT S 377 5 Sup Ct 184 In that case a railroad corporation was held responsible to a locomotive engineer in the employment of the company for damages received in a collision which was caused by the negligence of the conductor of the train drawn by the engine of which the plaintiff was engineer This court held the action was main tainable on the ground that the conductor upon the occasion in ques tion was an agent of the corporation clothed with the control and management of a distinct department in which his duty was entirely that of direction and superintendence that he had the entire control and management of the train and that he occupied a very different position from the brakemen porters and other subordinates employed DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR 793 on it and that lie was in fact and should be treated as a personal representative of the corporation for whose negligence the corpora tion was responsible to subordinate servants The engineer was per mitted to lecover on that theory These facts give some indication of the meaning of the phrase In the above case the instruction given by the court at the trial to which exception was taken was in these words 4 It is very clear I 4 think that if the company sees fit to place one of its employees under the control and direction of another that then the two are not fellowservants engaged in the same common employment within the mean ing of the rule of law of which I am speaking That instruction thus broadly given was not however approved by this court in the Eoss case Such ground of liability mere superiority in position and the power to give orders to subordinates was denied What was approved in that case and the foundation upon which the approval was given is very clearly stated by Mr Justice Brewer in the course of his opinion delivered in the case of Eailroad Co v Baugh 149 U S Sup Ct 914 at page 380 149 U S and page 914 13 Sup Ct and the following pages In the Baugh case it is also made plain that the master s responsibility for the negligence of a servant is not founded upon the fact that the servant guilty of neglect had control over and a superior position to that occupied by the servant who was injured by his negligence The rule is that in order to form an exception to the general law of nonliability the person whose neglect caused the injury must be 4 one who was clothed with the control and management of a 4 distinct department and not a mere separate piece of work in one of the branches of service in a department This distinction is a plain one and not subject to any great embarrassment in determining the fact in any particular case When the business of the master or employer is of such great and diversified extent that it naturally and necessarily sep arates itself into departments of service the individuals placed by the master in charge of these separate branches and departments of serv ice and given entire and absolute control therein may properly be considered with respect to employees under them vice principals and representatives of the master as fully and as completely as if the entire business of the master were placed by him under one superintendent Thus Mr Justice Brewer in the Baugh case illustrates the meaning of the phrase 4 different branches or departments of service by sug 4 gesting th a t4 between the law department of a railway corporation and 4 the operating department there is a natural and distinct separation one which makes the two departments like two independent kinds of business in which the one employer and master is engaged So often times there is in the affairs of such corporation what may be called a manufacturing or repair department and another strictly operating department These two departments are in their relations to each other as distinct and separate as though the work of each was carried on by a separate corporation And from this natural separation flows the rule that he who is placed in charge of such separate branch of the service who alone superintends and has the control of it is as to it in the place of the master The subject is further elaborated in the case of Howard v Railroad Co 26 Fed 837 in an opinion by Mr Justice Brewer then circuit judge of the eighth circuit The other view is stated very distinctly in the cases of Borgman v Eailroad Co 41 Fed 667 and Woods v Lindvall 1 C C A Fed 62 This last case is much stronger for the plaintiff than the one at bar The foreman in this case bore no resem 794 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR blance in the importance and scope of his authority to that possessed by Murdock in the Woods case supra These cases which have been cited serve to illustrate what was in the minds of the courts when the various distinctions as to departments and separate branches of service were suggested In the Baugh case the engineer and fireman of a locomotive engine running alone on the railroad and without any train attached were held to be fellow servants of the company so as to pre clude the fireman from recovering from the company for injuries caused by the negligence of the engineer The meaning of the expression departmental control was again and very lately discussed in Railroad Go v Hambly 154 U S Sup Ct 983 where it was held as stated in the headnote that a com mon day laborer in the employ of a railroad company who while working for the company under the orders and direction of a section boss or foreman on a culvert on the line of the company s road receives an injury through the neglect of a conductor and an engineer in mov ing a particular passenger train upon the company s road is a fellowservant of such engineer and of such conductor in such a sense as exempts the railroad company from liability for the injury so inflicted The subject is again treated in Railroad Go v Keegan 160 U S Sup Gt 269 decided at this term when the men engaged in the service of the railroad company were employed in uncoupling from the rear of trains cars which were to be sent elsewhere and in attach ing other cars in their place and they were held to be fellow servants although the force consisting of five men was under the orders of a boss who directed the men which cars to uncouple and what cars to couple and the neglect was alleged to have been the neglect of the boss by which the injury resulted to one of the men This court held that they were fellow servants and the mere fact that one was under the orders of the other constituted no distinction and that the general rule of nonliability applied These last cases exclude by their facts and reasoning the case of a section foreman from the position of a superintendent of a separate and distinct department They also prove that mere superiority of position is no ground for liability This boss of a small gang of 10 or 15 men engaged in making repairs upon the road wherever they might be necessary over a distance of three sections aiding and assisting the regular gang of workmen upon each section as occasion demanded was not such a superintendent of a separate department nor was he in control of such a distinct branch of the work of the master as would be necessary to render the master liable to a coemployee for his neglect He was in fact as well as in law a fellow workman He went with the gaug to the place o f the work in the morning stayed there with them during the day superin tended their work giving directions in regard to it and returned home with them in the evening acting as a part of the crew of the hand car upon which they rode The mere fact if it be a fact that he did not actually handle a shovel or a pick is an unimportant matter Where more than one man is engaged in doing any particular work it becomes almost a necessity that one should be boss and the others subordinate but both are nevertheless fellow workmen If in approaching the line of separation between a fellow workman and a superintendent of a particular and separate department there may be embarrassment in determining the question this case presents no such difficulty It is clearly oue of fellow servants The neglect for which the plaintiff has recovered in this case was the neglect of DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR 795 Holverson in not taking proper care at the time when he applied the brake to the front car It was not a neglect of that character which would make the master responsible therefor because it was not a neg lect of a duty which the master owes as master to his servant when he enters his employment The charge of the court to the jury in the matter complained of was erroneous and the judgment must therefor be reversed and the case remanded with directions to grant a new trial E m p l o y e r s L i a b i l i t y F e l l o w S e r v a n t s Northern Pacific B B Co v Charless 16 Supreme Court Beporter page 848 This was a suit brought against the Northern Pacific Eailroad Company by one Charless as plaintiff to recover damages for injuries received while in the employ of said company The plaintiff recovered a judgment and the case was carried on appeal to the United States circuit court of appeals for the ninth circuit which sustained the judgment of the lower court The case was then brought on writ of error before the United States Supreme Court which rendered its decision April and reversed the judgments o f the courts below The opinion of said court deliv ered by Mr Justice Peckham gives a full statement of the facts in the case and the following is quoted therefrom The plaintiff below was an ordinary day laborer employed under a section boss or foreman to keep a certain portion of the roadbed of the defendant in repair The foreman had power to employ and discharge men and to superintend their work and was himself a workman He employed the plaintiff who with the rest of the men employed in the gang some four five or six was carried to and from his work daily on a hand car worked by the men themselves In August 1886 on the 28th of the month an accident occurred as the men were on their way to their work They were using a hand car with what is alleged to have been a defective brake The foreman had complained of it to the yardmaster a short time before who had prom ised a better one In the meantime and as a temporary makeshift the foreman had provided the car with a brake which consisted of a bit of wood 4 by 4 fastened on the side of the car with a bolt and the long arm acted as a lever and pressed the shorter portion of the timber against the wheel In that way the car had been run for a day or two before the morning of the accident On that day the plaintiff with the rest o f the men in the gang and the foreman started on the hand car to go over a certain portion of the section to inspect the condition of the road They were running the car very rapidly under the direction and supervision of the foreman and had arrived at a narrow cut in the road around a curve when they were suddenly confronted with a freight train coming through the cut in the opposite direction There had been no warning or signal of any kind given by any of the employee on the freight train of its approach and the plaintiff below knew noth ing of the fact that any freight train was expected Efforts were made to stop the hand car and as the speed did not seem to be slackened in time plaintiff became frightened and undertook to jump from the front end of the car when he stumbled over some tools that were on the car 796 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR and fell between the rails in front o f it As the hand car approached him he put his foot up against it in order to prevent its running over him but the impetus of the car was too great and it ran over and doubled him up and wrenched his spine causing him great internal injuries The other hands jumped off the car removed it from the track and took the plaintiff out of danger before the freight train passed by The injuries of the plaintiff were of a very serious nature and his legs became paralyzed and he was rendered a cripple for life He com menced this action against the defendant below to recover damages on account of the negligence o f the agents and servants of the defendant The negligence claimed consisted in 1 The defective brake on the car which it is alleged was an appli ancefor the prosecution of the work on the defendant s road and neces sary to be used to enable the employees to perform their duties and that as such appliance it was the duty of the defendant to see that it was reasonably safe and fit for the purpose intended 2 The negligence o f the foreman in charge of the gang who directed the speed of the hand car and ran it at a hazardous rate of speed when he knew that a train coming toward him was expected while the other members of the gang were ignorant of that fact 3 The negligence of the train hands on the approaching train in giving no signals of their approach around the curve and through the cut although they were near a public crossing and some signals were necessary on that account Upon the trial evidence was given tending to prove the above facts and among other things the judge charged the jury as follows UI think that the case when stripped o f all the side issues and the incidental questions surrounding it resolves itself into just this ques tion for this jury to determine Whether the injury to the plaintiff resulted directly from the negligence of the defendant in needlessly exposing him to the danger of being hurt by a collision between the hand car and the extra freight train at the place where it occurred or whether the injury was a mere accident which was the result of one of the ordinary hazards of the employment in which he was engaged whether it was an ordinary risk of his employment or whether an extraordinary danger caused by the negligence on the part of the defendant whether that negligence was a negligence of the foreman in running the hand car too fast up to a point which he knew to be dangerous and which he did not vrarn the other men working on the hand car of so that it was impossible for them without extreme hazard to their lives to avoid a collision or whether the negligence was on the part of the officers in charge of the freight train in approaching a curve in the cut which obstructed the train from view or passing a public crossing without giving warning by sounding the whistle or engine bell If in any of these respects there was actual neglect on the part of defendant which placed the plaintiff in a situation of extra ordinary danger something clear beyond the ordinary risks of his employment and his injury was not in any degree owing to his own negligence at the time the defendant would be liable to damages The defendant below excepted to each of the above propositions as laid down by the learned judge in his charge and the jury rendered a verdict in favor of the plaintiff which was affirmed by the circuit court o f appeals for the ninth circuit 2 O G A Fed 562 and the defendant below sued out a writ of error from this court to review the judgment DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR 797 Many of the facts surrounding the happening of this accident are similar in their nature to those existing in the case of Railroad Co v Peterson just decided 16 Sup Ct 843 The employment of the plain tiff below the nature of the work and the powers of the section boss under whom he worked are substantially the same as those existing in the other case We may refer to the geneial principles of the law of master and servant applicable to these facts which are set forth in the opinion of this court in that case and which we think govern the case at bar upon those facts In regard to the particular allegations of negligence above set forth it is not necessary in the view we take of this case to express any opinion whether the alleged defect in the brake on the hand car ren dered it a defective appliance within the meaning of the law rendering the master liable for a failure to provide a reasonably safe and proper appliance for the work to be done by his employees There were two other propositions submitted to the jury by the learned judge each of which was as we think of a material nature and also clearly erroneous 1 We think it was error to submit to the jury the question of the negligence of the employees on the extra freight train in failing to give the signals of its approach This failure assuming that it constituted negligence was nothing more than the negligence of coservants of the plaintiff below in performing the duty devolving upon them The prin ciple which covers the facts of this case was laid down in Randall v Railroad Co 109 U S Sup Ct 322 and that case has never been overruled or questioned Among the latest expressions of opinion of this court in regard to views similar to those stated in the case in 109 U S and 3 Sup Ct supra is the case of Railroad Co v Hambly 154 U S Sup Ct 983 It seems to us that the Randall and Hambly cases are conclusive and necessitate a reversal of this judg ment In the Hambly case it was held that a common day laborer in the employ of a railroad company who while working for the company under the orders and direction of a section boss or foreman on a cul vert on the line of the company s road received an injury through the negligence of a conductor and of an engineer in moving a particular passenger train upon the company s road was a fellow servant with such engineer and with such conductor in such a sense as exempts the railroad company from liability for the injury so inflicted We are unable to distinguish any difference in principle arising from the facts in these two cases The question of the negligence of the hands upon the extra freight train should not have been submitted to the jury as constituting any right to a recovery against the corporation on the ground of such negligence 2 W e also regard it as erroneous to have submitted to the jury the general question whether Kirk the section foreman was negligent in running his hand car at too high a speed just prior to the accident Kirk and the plaintiff below were coemployees of the company and the neglect o f Kirk if it existed in driving his hand car too fast assuming it was in proper condition was not such negligence as would render the company responsible to Kirk s coemployee It was not the neglect of any duty which the company as master was bound itself to perform This we have held in the Peterson case and for the reasons there stated While it may be assumed that the master would have been liable if a defective brake had been the cause of the accident yet the defendant below is under the charge o f the judge permitted to be 798 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR made liable by proof of the speed of the hand car if the jury found that Kirk the foreman knew it to be dangerous and that the accident happened because of that speed even though it would have happened if the brake had been the regular kind and in good order The lan guage of the court does not separate the question of general negligence in running a hand car which was in good order too fast from that which might be negligence with reference to running a hand car with a defective brake at the same rate of speed For using in a negligent manner a defective appliance furnished by the master the latter might be liable if a coemployee were thereby and in consequence thereof injured As the master furnished the defective appliance it would be no answer to say that it was negligently used But on the other hand the master would not be responsible for the negligent use of a proper appliance From the language used by the court the company might have been held liable if Kirk were running the hand car at a danger ous rate of speed although the jury found the brake actually used to have been sufficient A dangerous rate of speed was therefore held to be negligence That neglect we hold the company was not responsi ble for Upon the other question of the negligence of the employees on the freight train the error in the charge is not rendered harmless by any explanation given by the learned j udge The difficulty remains uncured The jury might have found from the evidence that this hand car while going at the rate of speed stated could have been stopped with the extemporized brake in time to prevent any danger of a collision in case the proper signals had been given by the hands on the freight train btfb that the accident resulted from their failure to give those signals and that such failure was negligence on their part The ver dict may have been based upon such negligence We hold the company was not liable for the negligence of the hands on the freight train in failing to give proper signals The judgment entered upon the verdict of the jury must be reversed and the cause remanded with instructions to grant a new trial S e a m e n E x t r a W a g e s The Potomac Niagara Falls Paper Go v Crouckett et al 72 Federal Reporter page 535 This case was a libel brought in the district court of the United States for the southern district of New York by James Crouckett and James Hanley against the barge Potomac Niagara Falls Paper Company claimant to recover extra wages The district court made a decree in favor of libelants and the claimant appealed to the United States circuit court of appeals second circuit Said court rendered its decision February and reversed the decree of the lower court Its opinion delivered by Cir cuit Judge Shipman and containing a statement of the facts in the case is given below The libelants shipped in September 1894 on board the barge Poto mac one as mate and the other as seaman and each upon wages by the month The barge left Buffalo in September bound for Parry Sound in Canada On her return trip she was laden with lumber below and on deck consigned to Tonawanda N Y and left Parry Sound on the morning o f September 23 in tow of the tug Segvine The next DECISIONS OF COURTS AFFECTING LABOR 799 morning she encountered a violent gale and after passing Cove Island light the towline parted the barge drifted shipped heavy seas became waterlogged lost part of her deck load dropped anchor in the night near Flower Pot Island and stayed there till morning when the tug came and towed her to a small harbor in Canada called Tubmerry between 1 and 2 miles from the larger Tubmerry port The vessel was tied up near the lighthouse where there was a hamlet of 8 families con taining about 75 people In order to free the barge from water it was necessary to remove the lumber from the deck put on steam pumps box them in and afterwards reload the cargo The captain hired men from the shore to assist in this work but the sailors exacted extra compen sation before they would touch the cargo for the purpose of unloading and demanded and received from the captain a promise to pay extra wages of 30 cents per hour The barge was placed in proper condition and was towed to Tonawanda The extra compensation of each of the libelants amounted to 10 50 The owners paid the extra amount to all the sailors except the two libelants There was no apparent reason for this discrimination To recover the extra wages this libel was brought The district judge in deciding in favor of the libelants was undoubt edly influenced by the seeming unfairness of the claimants in paying a part only of the men in accordance with the promise of the captain He furthermore says If I thought that a decree for the libelants involved a departure from the old and salutary rule that seamen must not expect extra com pensation for services rendered in their capacity as seamen no matter how arduous or meritorious they may be I should dismiss the libel It would lead to gross insubordination and increase the difficulties and dangers of navigation immeasurably if the court should sanction the idea that a seaman may refuse to obey the master s order on the ground that the work he is directed to perform is 4extra and entitled him to additional compensation He thought that the facts took the case out of the general rule because the Potomac was in port at the time in question and says The work was j artlyon the vessel and partly on shore and con sisted in unloading and reloading a part of her cargo No question is made as to the general rule which the district judge stated or that seamen are bound without extra compensation to render extra labor and services to save the vessel aud cargo in case of wreck or impending calamity and that a contract for extra pay made when the ship is in distress or obtained by any unfair practices or advantage taken by the seamen is wholly void Curt Merch Seam 28 In this case the barge had become disabled and was taken to a harbor o f refuge so as to be enabled to prosecute her voyage She was com pelled by stress of weather to stop at Tubmerry in order to gain ability to go to her place of destination We think that the district judge was in error in considering that at the time in question the barge was in port She was neither in her port of destination nor in a port where the voyage was at an end She was in a temporary harbor of refuge where the duties of seamen in relation to the care of her cargo and the safety of the vessel still continued The unloading of the vessel was necessary in order to enable her to be freed from water and to com plete her trip and earn her freight and in her distress this service was a part of the sailors duty It follows that the contract was void The decree of the district court is reversed without costs and the cause is remanded to the district court with instructions to dismiss the libel without costs LAWS OE VARIOUS STATES RELATING TO LABOR ENACTED SINCE JANUARY IO W A ACTS OF 1896 Chapter 37 Free text books in public schools Section 1 Whenever a petition signed by one third or more o f the legal voters to be determined by the school board o f any school township or independent dis trict shall be filed with the secretary thirty days or more before the annual meeting o f the electors asking that the question of providing free text books for the use of pupils in the public schools thereof be submitted to the voters at the next annual meeting he shall cause notice o f such proposition to be given in the call for such meeting Sec 2 I f at such meeting a majority o f the legal voters present and voting by ballot thereon shall authorize the board of directors of said school township or inde pendent district to loan text books to the pupils free o f charge then the board shall procure such books as shall be needed in the manner provided by law for the pur chase o f text books and loan them to the pupils Sec 3 The board shall hold pupils responsible for any damage to loss of or fail ure to return any such books and shall adopt such rules and regulations as may be reasonable and necessary for the keeping and preservation thereof Sec 4 Any pupil shall be allowed to purchase any text book used in the school at cost Sec 5 No pupil already supplied with text books shall be supplied with others without charge until needed Sec 6 The electors may at any election called as herein provided direct the board to discontinue the loan of text books to pupils Approved March 7 1 Chapter 86 Bureau of labor statistics Section 1 Section 3 o f chapter 132 of the Laws o f the Twentieth General Assem bly shall be amended by inserting after the word annum in the second line thereof the following And shall be allowed a deputy at a salary o f one thousand dollars per annum in lieu o f clerk hire and by inserting after the word for in the fourth line thereof the following The commissioner or any officer or employee of the bureau of labor statistics shall be allowed in addition to their salaries their actual and necessary traveling expenses while in the performance of their duties said expenses to be audited by the executive council and paid out o f the general fund o f the State upon a voucher verified by the commissioner Provided That the total of such expenses for officers and employees shall not exceed 500 per annum Sec 2 Section 6 o f chapter 132 of the Laws o f the Twentieth General Assembly shall be repealed and the following enacted in lieu thereof Section 6 The commissioner of the bureau of labor statistics shall have the power to issue subpoenas administer oaths and take testimony in all matters relating to the duties herein required by said bureau said testimony to be taken in some suitable place in the vicinity to which testimony is applicable Witnesses sub poenaed and testifying before the commissioner o f the bureau shall be paid the same fees as witnesses before a justice court such payment to be made out o f the con tingent fund of the bureau in advance but such expense for witnesses shall not exceed 100 annually Any person duly subpoenaed under the provisions of this section who shall willfully neglect or refuse to attend or testify at the time and place named in the subpoena shall be deemed guilty o f a misdemeanor and upon con viction thereof before any court o f competent j urisdiction shall be punished by a fine not exceeding 50 and costs o f prosecution or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding thirty days Providedf however That no witness shall be compelled to go outside the county in which he resides to testify 800 LABOR LAWS IOWA ACTS OP Sec 3 Said chapter shall he further amended by adding thereto as section 7 the following Section 7 The commissioner of the bureau o f labor shall have the power upon the complaint of two or more persons or upon his failure to otherwise obtain infor mation in accordance with the provisions o f this act to enter any factory or mill workshop mine store business house public or private work when the same is open or in operation upon a request being made in writing for the purpose o f gath ering facts and statistics such as are contemplated by this act and to examine into the methods of protection from danger to employees and the sanitary conditions in and around such buildings and places and make a record thereof and any owner or occupant o f such factory or mill workshop mine store business house public or private work or any agent or employee o f such owner or occupant who shall refuse to allow any officer or employee of said bureau to so enter or who shall hinder him or in any way deter him from collecting information shall be deemed guilty o f a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof before any court o f competent jurisdic tion shall be punished by a fine o f not exceeding 100 and costs o f prosecution or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding thirty days Sec 4 Said chapter shall be further amended by adding thereto as section 8 the following Section 8 The expressions factory mill workshop mine store business house and public or private work as used in this act shall be con strued to mean any factory mill workshop mine store business house public or private work where five or more wage earners are employed for a certain stipulated compensation Sec 5 Said chapter shall be further amended by adding thereto as section 9 the following Section 9 It shall be the duty of every owner operator or manager o f every fac tory mill workshop mine store business house public or private work or any other establishment where labor is employed as herein provided to make to the bureau upon blanks furnished by said bureau such reports and returns as said bureau may require for the purpose of compiling such labor statistics as are contem plated by this act and the owner operator or business manager shall make such reports or returns within sixty days from the receipt of blanks furnished by the commissioner and shall certify under oath to the correctness o f the same Any owner operator or manager o f such factory mill workshop mine store business house public or private work as herein stated who shall neglect or refuse to fur nish to the commissioner of labor such reports or returns as may be required by the following blank shall be deemed guilty o f a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine not exceeding 100 and cost o f prosecution or imprisoned in the county jail not exceeding thirty days BLANK Name o f firm or corporation Number o f hands employed during year ending December males females apprentices Total amount o f wages paid during the year ending December Total amount of wages paid previous year Any general increase or reduction o f wages during the past year I f so what per cent o f increase or reduction Cause of increase or reduction Any increase or decrease o f business dur ing past year What means are provided for the escape o f employees in case o f fire What measures are taken to prevent accidents to employees from machinery How are buildings ventilated Are separate water closets and wash rooms provided for the different sexes Number o f weeks during past year business was run on full time with full force Number of weeks during past year business was run on short time or with reduced force Number o f weeks during past year business was suspended Number of strikes during year ending December 31 Number involved alleged cause result how many day s did strike continue and what was loss o f wages in consequence thereof was any property destroyed and if so its value Sec 6 Said chapter shall be further amended by adding thereto as section 10 the following Section 10 In the reports o f the commissioner no use shall be made of names of individuals firms or corporations supplying the information called for by sections 5 and 6 of this act such information being deemed confidential and not for the purpose of disclosing personal affairs and any officer or employee o f the bureau of labor sta tistics violating this provision shall be deemed guilty o f a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in a sum not exceeding five hundred dollars and costs o f prosecution or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year No 802 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Sec 7 Said chapter shall he further amended by adding thereto as section 11 the following Section 11 No report or return made to said bureau in accordance with the pro visions o f this act and no schedule record or document gathered or returned by its officers or employees shall be destroyed within two years of the collection or receipt thereof At the expiration o f two years all records schedules or papers accumulat ing in said bureau during said period that may be considered o f no value by the com missioner may be destroyed provided the authority o f the executive council be first obtained for such destruction Sec 8 This act being deemed o f immediate importance shall be in force and take effect from and after its publication in the Iowa State Register and Des Moines Leader newspapers published in Des Moines Iowa Approved April I hereby certify that the foregoing act was published in the Iowa State Register April 24 and Des Moines Leader April W M McFarland Secretary of State M ARYLAND ACTS OF 1896 Chapter 133 Payment o f wages Coal mines Section 1 All corporations incorporated under the laws o f Maryland hereafter engaged in mining and shipping coal in Allegany County are hereby required to pay each and all their employees their wages earned in said employment semimonthly that is to say all wages earned on and before the 15th o f each month shall be paid not later than upon the 25th day o f said month and all wages earned from the 16th to the end o f each month shall be paid not later than the 10th day o f the succeeding month unless said 25th day or lOtn day o f any month shall fall on Sunday or a legal holiday in which case the time for payment shall be extended to the next day Sec 2 Any such corporation willfully refusing to make said payments o f wages at the times hereinbefore specified or willfully withholding said wages from said employees beyond said times shall be deemed guilty o f a misdemeanor and upon indictment and conviction thereof shall be fined not less than 50 nor more than 300 in the discretion o f the court Sec 3 This act shall take effect on or before the 5th day o f April 1896 Approved April 4th 1896 Chapter 147 Seats fo r female employees Section 1 The following section is hereby added to article twenty seven of the Maryland Code o f Public General Laws to come in after section one hundred and fifty one and to be designated as 1 Section one hundred and fifty one A A All proprietors or owners o f any retail jobbing or wholesale dry goods store notions millinery or any other business where any female help are employed for the purpose of serving the public in the capacity of clerks or salesladies shall provide a chair or stool for each one o f such female help or clerks in order that during such period as they are not actively engaged in making sales or taking stock they may have an opportunity to rest Sec 2 Any owner or proprietor as mentioned in the foregoing section who shall neglect to obey or observe the provisions o f said section shall be considered to have committed a misdemeanor and shall upon conviction thereof be fined in an amount not less than ten dollars and not exceeding one hundred dollars for the first offense and in the event said owner or proprietor shall continue to disobey said section he shall be subjected to a fine at the rate o f one dollar a day daily for every chair he fails to so furnish his said employees Sec 3 This act shall take effect from the date o f its passage Approved April 2 1896 Chapter 363 Factories and workshops in Baltimore Protection o f employees from f re N ote This chapter was published in Bulletin No 5 o f the Department o f Labor page 564 and is therefore omitted here Chapter 467 Factories and workshops Sweating system Section 1 Article 27 o f the Code o f Public General Laws title Crimes and pun ishments subtitle Health workshops and factories is hereby amended by the striking out o f section 149A and reenacting the same to read as follows 149A I f any individual or body corporate engaged in the manufacture or sale of clothing or of any other article whereby disease may be transmitted shall with LABOR LAWS MARYLAND ACTS OF reasonable means o f knowledge by purchase contract or otherwise directly or indirectly cause or permit any garments or such other articles as aforesaid to be manufactured or made up in whole or in part or any work to be done thereupon within this State and in place or under circumstances involving danger to the pub lic health the said individual or corporation upon conviction in any court o f com petent jurisdiction shall be fined not less than ten dollars or more than one hundred dollars for each garment manufactured made up or worked upon Sec 2 This act shall take effect from the date o f its passage Approved April M ASSACHUSETTS ACTS OF 1896 Chapter 241 Weekly payment of wages Section 1 No person or partnership engaged in this Commonwealth in manufac turing business and having more than twenty five employees shall by a special con tract with persons in his or its employ or by any other means exempt himself or itself from the provisions o f chapter four hundred and thirty eight o f the acts of the year eighteen hundred and ninety five relative to the weekly payment o f wages Sec 2 Whoever violates the provisions o f this act shall be punished by a fine not exceeding fifty dollars and not less than ten dollars Sec 3 This act shall take effect upon its passage Approved April Chapter 334 Weekly payment o f wages Section 1 Section one of chapter four hundred and thirty eight o f the acts of the year eighteen hundred and ninety five is hereby amended by inserting after the word to in the fourth line the words all contractors and to also by inserting after the word such in the eighth line the word contractors so that the sec tion as amended will read as follows Section 1 Sections fifty one to fifty four inclusive of chapter five hundred and eight of the acts o f the year eighteen hundred and ninety four relative to the weekly payment of wages by corporations shall apply to all contractors and to any person or partnership engaged in this Common wealth in any manufacturing business and having more than twenty five employees And the word corporation as used in said sections shall include such contractors persons and partnerships Sec 2 This act shall take effect upon its passage Approved April Chapter 343 Traversing machinery in cotton factories SECTION 1 No traversing carriage o f any self acting mule in any cotton factory shall be allowed to travel within twelve inches of any pillar column pier or fixed structure Provided That this section shall only apply to factories erected after the passage of this act Sec 2 I f the provisions o f this act are violated in any such cotton factory the owner o f such factory shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty dollars nor more than fifty dollars for each offense Approved April Chapter 444 Suits fo r wages In actions o f contract for the recovery of money due for manual labor two or more persons may join in one action against the same defendant or defendants when the claim of no one o f such persons exceeds the sum of twenty dollars although the claims of such persons are not join t and each of such persons so joining may recover the sum found to be due to him personally The claim o f each person so joining shall be stated in a separate count in the declaration and the court may make such order for the trial of issues as shall be found most convenient and may enter separate judgments and issue one or more executions and may make such order concerning costs as in its opinion justice may require Approved May Chapter 449 Employment o f laborers by cities Section 1 So much o f chapter three hundred and twenty o f the acts o f the year eighteen hundred and eighty four and the amendments thereto as relates to the employment of laborers by cities and that portion o f the civil service rules o f the Commonwealth and the cities thereof as authorized by said acts and designated 804 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR therein as the Labor service shall not take effect in cities o f less than one hun dred thousand population except upon acceptance by the city council o f such city with the approval o f its mayor Provided That the city council o f such cities shall establish rules under which veterans o f the late war o f the rebellion shall be given the preference in employment Sec 2 This act shall take effect upon its passage Approved May Chapter 494 Employment of laborers etc on public works Section 1 Hereafter in the employment o f mechanics and laborers in the con struction o f public works by the Commonwealth or by any municipal corporation therein or by persons contracting with the Commonwealth or with such corporation preference in said employment shall be given to citizens of the United States and every contract hereafter made by the Commonwealth or by any municipal corpora tion therein shall require the giving o f such preference in said employment Sec 2 Any contractor who knowingly and willfully violates the provisions of this act shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars for each offense Sec 3 This act shall not take effect until January first in the year eighteen hun dred and ninety seven Approved June Chapter 546 Examination etc o f stationary engineers and firemen Section 1 It shall be unlawful for any person to have charge of or to operate a steam boiler or engine in this Commonwealth except locomotive boilers and engines boilers in private residences boilers under the jurisdiction of the United States boilers used for agricultural purposes exclusively boilers o f less than eight horse power and boilers used for heating purposes only provided wifch a device approved by the chief o f the district police limiting the pressure carried to fifteen pounds to the square inch unless he holds a license as hereinafter provided and it shall be unlawful for any owner or user o f any steam boiler or engine other than those above excepted to operate or cause to be operated a steam boiler or engine for a period of more than one week without a duly licensed engineer or fireman in charge Pro vided however That every person who has been employed continuously as a steam engineer in this Commonwealth for the period o f five years next prior to the passage o f this act and who files with his application a certificate of such fact under oath accompanied by a statement from his employer or employers verifying the same fact shall be entitled to a license without further examination Sec 2 Any person desiring to act as an engineer or fireman shall make applica tion for a license to so act to an examiner o f engineers upon blanks to be furnished by the examiner and i f upon examination the applicant is found trustworthy and competent a license shall be granted to him Such license shall continue in force for three years unless for a sufficient cause affecting the trustworthiness or com petency o f the person licensed and after a hearing the same is sooner revoked and the said license unless so revoked shall at the end o f said three years be renewed by an examiner o f engineers upon application and without examination Sec 3 All applications for licenses shall be accompanied by a fee o f one dollar and a like sum shall be paid for all renewals o f licenses All fees so paid shall be accounted for by the examiners to the chief o f the district police who shall return the same monthly to the treasurer o f the Commonwealth Sec 4 The members o f the boiler inspection department of the district police shall act as examiners and shall enforce the provisions of this act and the governor of the Commonwealth is authorized to appoint two additional inspectors to act as examiners of engineers under this act at an annual salary of fifteen hundred dollars and their actual traveling and necessary expenses Sec 5 Any person dissatisfied with the action of any examiner in refusing or revoking a license may appeal from his decision to the five other examiners who shall together act as a board o f appeal and a majority o f whom shall have power to hear the parties and pass upon the subjects of appeal The decision of said majority o f the remaining examiners so acting shall be final if approved by the chief of the district police Sec 6 It shall be the duty o f the examiners to notify every person whose names and addresses are known to them and who will require licenses under the provisions o f this act to apply for said licenses and to give such persons a reasonable oppor tunity to be examined within the city or town where they reside or are employed Sec 7 Whoever intentionally violates the provisions of section one of this act shall be punished by fine not exceeding three hundred dollars or by imprisonment not exceeding three months LABOR LAWS MASSACHUSETTS ACTS OP Sec 8 All acts or parts o f acts inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed The provisions o f this act so far as they are the same as those o f chapter four hundred and seventy one o f the acts o f the year eighteen hundred and ninety five shall be construed as a continuation o f that chapter and not as new enactments Sec 9 This act shall take effect upon its passage Approved June M ISSISSIP P I ACTS OF 1896 Chapter 86 Liability o f employers for death o f employees Section 1 Section 663 o f the Annotated Code o f 1892 shall he so amended as to read as follows Whenever the death o f any person shall be caused by any real wrongful or negligent act or omission or by such unsafe machinery ways or appli ances as would i f death had not ensued have entitled the party injured or dam aged thereby to maintain an action and recover damages in respect thereof and such deceased person shall have left a widow or children or both or husband or father or mother or sister or brother the person or corporation or both that would have been liable if death had not ensued and the representative o f such person shall be liable for damages notwithstanding the death and the fact that death is instan taneous shall in no case affect the right o f recovery The action for such damages may be brought in the name o f the widow for the death o f the husband or by the husband for the death of his wife or by a parent for the death of a child or in the name of a child for the death o f a parent or by a brother for the death o f a sister or by a sister for the death o f a brother or by a sister for the death o f a sister or a brother for the death o f a brother or all parties interested may join in the suit and there shall be but one suit for the same death which suit shall inure to the benefit of all parties concerned but the determination o f such suit shall not bar another action unless it be decided upon its merits In such action the party or parties suing shall recover such damages as the jury may assess taking into con sideration all damages o f every kind to the decedent and all damages o f every kind to any and all parties interested in the suit Executors or administrators shall not sue for damages for injuries causing death except as below provided but every such action shall be commenced within one year after the death of such deceased person Sec 2 This act shall apply to all personal injuries of servants or employees received in the service or business of the master or employer where such injuries result in death Sec 3 Damages recovered under the provisions o f this act shall not be subject to the payment of the debts or liabilities o f the deceased and such damages shall be distributed as follows Damages for the injury and death o f a married man shall be equally distributed to his wife and children and i f he has no children all shall go to his wife damages for the injury and death o f a married woman shall be equally distributed to her husband and children and if she has no children all shall go to her husband if the deceased has no husband nor wife the damages shall be dis tributed equally to the children if the deceased has no husband nor wife nor chil dren the damages shall be distributed equally to the father mother brothers and sisters or to such of them as the deceased may have living at his or her death I f the deceased leave neither husband or wife or children or father or mother or sister or brother then the damages shall go to the legal representative subject to debts and general distribution and the executor may sue for and recover such damages on the same terms as are prescribed for recovery by the next o f kin in section 1 of this act and the fact that deceased was instantly killed shall not affect the right o f the legal representative to recover Sec 4 This act shall take effect immediately Approved March Chapter 87 Liability o f corporations for injuries o f employees Section 1 Section 3559 of the Annotated Code o f 1892 shall be amended so that the same shall read as follows to w it Every employee o f any corporation shall have the same rights and remedies for an injury suffered by him from the act or omission of the corporation or its employees as are allowed by to other persons not employees where the injury results from the negligence o f a superior agent or officer or o f a person having the right to control or direct the services o f the party injured and also when the injury results from the negligence o f a fellow servant engaged in another department o f labor from that o f the party injured or o f a fellow servant on another train o f cars or one engaged about a different piece o f work Knowledge by an employee injured o f the detective or unsafe character or condition o f any 806 BULLETIN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR machinery ways or appliances or for the improper loading o f cars shall not he a defense to an action for injury caused thereby except as to conductors or engineers in charge o f dangerous or unsafe cars or engines voluntarily operated by them Where death ensues from an injury to an employee an action may be brought in the name o f the widow o f such employee for the death o f her husband or by the hus band for the death o f his wife or by the parent for the death o f a child or in the name o f a child for the death o f an only parent for such damages as may be suffered by them respectively by reason o f such death the damages to be for the use o f such widow husband or child except that in case the widow should have children the damages shall be distributed as personal property o f the husband The legal or personal representatives o f the person injured shall have the same rights and reme dies as are allowed by law to such representatives o f other persons In every such action the jury may give such damages as shall be fair and just with reference to the injury resulting from such death to the persons suing Any contract or agreement expressed or implied made by an employee to waive the benefit o f this section shall be null and void and this section shall not deprive an employee o f a corporation or his legal personal representative of any right or remedy that he now has by law Approved March OHIO ACTS OF 1896 Page 186 Factories and workshops Blowers fo r emery wheels etc Section 1 All persons companies or corporations operating any factory or work shop where emery wheels or emery belts o f any description are used either solid emery leather leather covered felt canvas linen paper cotton on wheels or belts rolled or coated with emery or corundum or cotton wheels used as buffs shall provide the same with blowers or similar apparatus which shall be placed over beside or under such wheels or belts in such manner as to protect the person or persons using the same from the particles o f dust produced and caused thereby and to carry away the dust arising from or thrown off by such wheels or belts while in operation directly to the outside o f the building or to some receptacle placed so as to receive and confine such dust Provided however Small emery wheels that are used tempo rarily for tool grinding that do not create dust enough in the opinion o f the inspector o f workshops and factories to be injurious to the operator shall be exempt from the conditions o f this act Sec 2 Any such person or persons and the managers or directors o f any such cor poration who shall have the charge or management o f such factory or workshop who shall fail to comply with the provisions o f this act shall be deemed guilty o f a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof before any court o f competent jurisdiction shall be punished by a fine o f fifty dollars and not exceeding two hundred dollars for each offense or imprisonment in the county jail not less than thirty days or exceeding ninety days or both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion o f the court Sec 3 It shall be the duty o f the inspector o f workshops and factories to enforce the provisions of the above act and to prosecute all violations thereof in any court of competent jurisdiction and all fines shall be collected by the court in which convic tion is had the same to be turned over to the chief inspector o f workshops and fac tories he to pay same to treasurer o f State to be credited to the general revenue fund Sec 4 In all prosecutions brought by or under the direction o f the inspector of workshops and factories for the violation o f the above act he shall not be required to give security for costs but in all cases where the accused be acquitted or i f con victed and found to be indigent then the costs to be paid out of the treasury o f the county in which proceedings are brought the same as the costs in all cases for misdemeanors are paid Sec 5 This act shall take effect and be in force on and after its passage Passed April P age 317 Factories and workshops Sweating system Section 1 No dwelling or building or any room or apartment o f itself in or connected with any tenement or dwelling or other building shall be used except by the immediate members of the family living therein for carrying on any process of making any kind o f wearing apparel or goods for male or female wear use or adornment or for the manufacture of cigars cigarettes or tobacco goods in any form when such wearing apparel or other goods are to be exposed for sale or to be sold by manufacturer wholesaler or jobber to the trade or by retail unless such room or apartment shall have been made to conform to the requirements and regular tions provided for in this act LABOR LAWS OHIO ACTS OF Sec 2 Each such room or apartment used for the purposes aforesaid shall he regarder regarded as a workshop or factory and shall he separate from and have no door window or other opening into any living or sleeping room o f any tenement or dwelling and no such workshop or factory shall he used at any time for living or sleeping purposes and shall contain no hed bedding cooking or other utensils excepting what is required to carry on the work therein and every such shop or factory shall have an entrance from the outside direct and if above the first floor shall have a separate and distinct stairway leading thereto and every such workshop or factory shall he well and sufficiently lighted heated and ventilated by ordinary or i f necessary by mechanical appliance and shall provide for each person employed therein no less than 250 cubic feet o f air space in day time and 400 cubic feet at night and shall have suitable closet arrangements for each sex employed therein as follows Where there are ten or more persons and three or more to the number of twenty are o f either sex a separate and distinct water closet either inside the build ing with adequate plumbing connections or on the outside at least twenty feet from the building shall be provided for each sex when the number employed is more than twenty five of either sex there shall be provided an additional water closet for such sex up to the number of fifty persons and above that number m the same ratio and all such closets shall be kept strictly and exclusively for the use o f the employees and employer or employers o f such workshop or factory Provided That where more than one room is used under the direction o f one employer all such rooms are to be regarded as one shop or factory and every such workshop or factory shall be kept in a clean and wholesome condition all stairways and the premises within a radius of thirty feet shall be kept clean and closets shall be regularly disinfected and sup plied with disinfectants and the inspector o f factories or his assistants may require all necessary changes or any process of cleaning painting or whitewashing which he may deem essential to assure absolute freedom from obnoxious odor filth vermin decaying matter or any condition liable to impair health or breed infectious or con tagious diseases he shall prevent the operation o f such shops and factories that do not conform to the provisions o f this act and cause the arrest and prosecution of the person or persons operating the same Sec 3 No person for himself or for any other person firm or corporation shall give out work to or contract with any other person to perform such work necessary to make such goods mentioned in section one after having received notice from the inspector o f factories or his assistants that said latter person has not complied with the provisions o f section two o f this act which notice shall remain in force until said person has complied with this law o f which notice must be given to the employer by the inspector o f factories or his assistants Sec 4 Every such person firm or corporation heretofore mentioned shall obtain and keep a record of all persons to whom work is given out or contracted for includ ing their names and addresses which record shall be opened to inspection o f the State inspector o f workshops and factories when called for Sec 5 No person firm or corporation shall receive handle or convey to others or sell hold in stock or expose for sale any goods mentioned in section one unless made under the sanitary conditions provided for and prescribed in this act but this act shall not include the making o f garments or other goods by any person for another by personal order and when received for wear or use direct from the mak er s hands and all violations o f the provisions o f this act shall be prosecuted by the inspector with the advice and consent o f the chief inspector o f workshops and factories Sec 6 Any person firm or corporation who shall violate any o f the provisions o f this act shall upon conviction thereof be fined in any sum not less than fifty dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each offense or imprisoned not less than thirty nor more than sixty days or both at the option o f the court such fine to be collected by the court in which conviction is had and turned over to the chief inspector o f workshops and factories and by him to be paid into the State treasury to be credited to the general revenue fund and in all prosecutions brought by or under the direction of the inspector o f workshops and factories for the violation of this act he shall not beheld to give security for costs or adjudged to pay any costs but in all cases where the accused be acquitted or is found to be indigent the costs shall be paid out o f the county treasury of the county in which proceedings are brought the same as the costs in all other cases o f misdemeanor Sec 7 This act shall take effect and be in force on and after its passage Passed April Page 324 State board o f arbitration etc Section 1 Sections 4 13 and 14 o f said above entitled act act passed March page 83 acts o f 1893 shall be amended so as to read as follows Sec 4 Whenever any controversy or difference not involving questions which may be the subject o f a suit or action in any court o f the State exists between an 808 BULLETIN OP THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR employer whether an individual copartnership or corporation and his employees if at the time he employs not less than twenty five persons in the same general line or business in this State the board shall upon application as hereinafter provided and as soon as practical thereafter visit the locality o f the dispute and make careful inquiry into the cause thereof hear all persons interested therein who may come or be subposnaed before them advise the respective parties what i f anything ought to be done or submitted to by either or both to adjust said dispute The term employer in this act includes several employers cooperating with respect to any such controversy or difference and the term employees includes aggregations o f employees o f several employers so cooperating And where any strike or lockout extends to several counties the expenses incurred under this act not payable ont o f the State treasury shall be apportioned among and paid by such counties as said board may deem equitable and may direct Sec 13 Whenever it is made to appear to a mayor or probate judge in this State that a strike or lockout is seriously threatened or has actually occurred in his vicinity he shall at once notify the State board o f the fact giving the name and location of the employer the nature of the trouble and the number o f employees involved so far as his information will enable him to do so Whenever it shall come to the knowledge o f the State board either by such notice or otherwise that a strike or lockout is seriously threatened or has actually occurred in this State involving an employer and his present or past employees i f at the time he is employing or up to the occurrence o f the strike or lockout was employing not less than twenty five persons in the same general line o f business in the State it shall be the duty o f the State board to put itself in communication as soon as may be with such employer and employees Sec 14 It shall be the duty o f the State board in the above described cases to endeavor by mediation or conciliation to affect effect an amicable settlement between them or if that seems impracticable to endeavor to persuade them to submit the matters in dispute to a local board o f arbitration and conciliation as above pro vided or to the State board and said board may if it deem it advisable investi gate the cause or causes o f such controversy and ascertain which party thereto is mainly responsible or blameworthy for the existence or continuance o f the same and may make and publish a report finding such cause or causes and assigning such responsibility or blame The board shall have the same powers for the foregoing purposes as are given it by section 9 o f this act Providedy If neither a settlement nor an arbitration be had because o f the opposition thereto of one party to the con troversy such investigation and publication shall at the request o f the other party be had And the expense o f any publication under this act shall be certified and paid as provided therein for payment o f fees Section 2 Said original sections 4 13 and 14 are repealed and this act shall take effect on its passage Passed April V IR G IN IA ACTS OF Chapter 286 Assignment etc o f claims to avoid effect o f exemption laws as regards wages unlawful Section 1 It shall be unlawful for any person to institute or permit to be insti tuted proceedings in his own name or in the name of any other person or to assign or transfer either for or without value any claim for debt or liability o f any kind held by him against a resident o f this State who is a laboring man and a house holder for the purpose o f having payment o f the same or any part thereof enforced out o f the wages exempted by section thirty six hundred and fifty two o f the Code o f Virginia by proceedings in attachment or garnishment in courts or before jus tices o f the peace in any other State than in the State o f Virginia or to send out of this State by assignment transfer or in any other manner whatsoever either for or without value any claim or debt against any resident thereof for the purpose or with the intent o f depriving such person o f the right to have his wages exempt from distress levy or garnishment according to the provisions o f section thirty six hun dred and fifty two o f the Code o f Virginia And the person instituting such suit or permitting such suit to be instituted or sending assigning or transferring any such claim or debt for the0purpose or with the intent aforesaid shall be liable in an action o f debt to the person from whom payment o f the same or o f any part thereof shall have been enforced by attachment or garnishment or otherwise elsewhere than in the State o f Virginia for the full amount payment whereof shall have been so enforced together with interest thereon and the costs of the attachment or garnishee proceedings as well as the costs o f said action LABOR LAWS VIRGINIA ACTS OF Sec 2 The amount recovered in such action shall stand on the same footing with the wages o f the plaintiff under section thirty six hundred and fifty two o f the Code and shall also be exempt and free from any and all liability of the plaintiff to the defendant in the way o f set off or otherwise Sec 3 The fact that the payment o f a claim or debt against any person entitled to the exemption provided for by section thirty six hundred and fifty two of the Code has been enforced by legal proceedings in some State other than the State o f Virginia in such manner as to deprive such person to any extent o f the benefit of such exemption shall be prima facie evidence that any resident o f this State who may at any time have been owner or holder o f said claim or debt has violated this law Sec 4 This act shall be in force from the date o f its passage Approved February Chapter 351 Protection o f debts due laborers on buildings etc Section 1 No assignment or transfer of any debt or any part thereof due or to become due to a general contractor by the owner for the construction erection or repairing o f any building structure or railroad for such owner shall be valid or enforceable in any court o f law or equity by any legal process or in any other manner by the assignee o f any such debt unless and until the claims of all subcon tractors supply men and laborers against such general contractor for labor performed and materials furnished in and about the construction erection and repairing of such building structure or railroad shall have been satisfied Provided That if such subcontractors supply men and laborers shall give their assent in writing to such assignment it shall be thereby made valid as to them but the payment or appro priation of such assignment by the owner without such assent in writing shall not protect such owner from the demands o f such subcontractors supply men and labor ers to the extent of such assignment Sec 2 No debt or demand or any part thereof due or to become due by the owner of any building structure or railroad to a general contractor for the construction erection or repairing of such building structure or railroad shall be subject to the payment o f any debt or the lien o f any judgment writ o f fieri facias or any garnishee proceeding obtained or sued out upon any debt due such general contractor which shall have been contracted in any other manner or for any other purpose than in the construction erection or repairing of such building structure or railroad for such owner unless and until the claims due by such general contractor to all subcon tractors supply men and laborers for materials furnished and labor performed m and about the construction erection or repairing of such building structure or rail road shall have been paid Sec 3 All acts and parts o f acts in conflict with this act are hereby repealed Sec 4 This act shall be in force from its passage Approved February REGENT GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS The Secretaries of the Treasury War and Navy Departments have consented to furnish statements o f all contracts for constructions and repairs entered into by them These as received will appear from time to time in the Bulletin The following contracts have been made by the office of the Super vising Architect of the Treasury O m a h a N e b r October 1 1896 Contract with J J Hanighen for plumbing and gas piping including marble work plastering and parti tions in toilet rooms in courthouse customhouse and post office Work to be completed within ninety days B u f f a l o N Y October 8 1896 Contract with D H Hayes Co Chicago 111 for erection and completion of extension to post office old building Work to be completed within seventy five days Sioux C i t y I o w a October Contract with E H Briggs Aurora 111 for the labor and materials for the approaches to court house post office and customhouse Work to be completed within ninety working days A l l e g h e n y P a October Contract with the Pittsburg Heating Supply Company Pittsburg Pa for steam heating and ven tilating apparatus for the post office Work to be completed within sixty days O m a h a N e b r October Contract with Mahoney Stenger for external drainage ditch for courthouse customhouse and post office Work to be completed within sixty days W a s h i n g t o n D C October Contract with E F Gobel Chicago 111 for interior finish of basement first and mezzanine stories and all outside windows o f post office building Work to be completed within eight months N e w b e r n N C November Contract with Chafer Becker Cleveland Ohio for steam heating and ventilating apparatus for post office courthouse and customhouse N e w Y o r k C i t y November Contract with George Telfer for intermediate floors etc in certain court and office rooms in courthouse and post office Work to be completed before January N e w L o n d o n C o n n November Contract with Murdock Campbell Company Chicago 111 for the erection and completion except heating apparatus o f the post office and customhouse Work to be completed within ten months 810 RECENT GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS 811 N e w Y o r k C i t y November Contract with D H Hayes Chicago 111 for stone and brick work roof covering interior finish etc of appraiser s warehouse Work to be completed within twelve months R ic h m o n d K y November Contract with the Pittsburg Heating Supply Company Pittsburg Pa for low pressure returncirculation steam heating and ventilating apparatus for post office Work to be completed within sixty days S a g i n a w M ic h November Contract with Charles W Gindele Chicago 111 for erection and completion of post office except heating apparatus Work to be completed within twelve months N e w b u r g N Y November Contract with Sproul McGurrin Grand Rapids Mich for low pressure return circulation steam heating and ventilating apparatus for post office Work to be completed within sixty working days

Rates of Wages Paid Under Public and Private Contract

DATE: November 1896

PART OF:

Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor : November 1896 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor, No. 7, Volume I, Nos. 1 - 100

AUTHOR:

Stewart, Ethelbert, 1857-1936

Download (pdf)

Share this page:

Table of Contents

less

Contents
Industrial Communities
Author: Willoughby, William F. (William Franklin)
Rates of Wages Paid Under Public and Private Contract
Author: Stewart, Ethelbert
Recent Reports of State Bureaus of Labor Statistics
Recent Foreign Statistical Publications
Decisions of Courts Affecting Labor
Laws of Various States Relating to Labor Enacted Since January 1, 1896
Recent Government Contracts

Save & Share

less

Stewart, Ethelbert, 1857-1936. "Rates of Wages Paid Under Public and Private Contract," in United States. Bureau of Labor. "November 1896 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor, No. 7, Volume I," Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor, Nos. 1 - 100 (November 1896) : 33-65. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/3943/item/477558/toc/497740 , accessed on December 11, 2019.

More Information

less