{
    "name": [
        {
            "role": "creator",
            "namePart": [
                "Conzelmann, Claire"
            ],
            "recordInfo": {
                "recordIdentifier": [
                    "18780"
                ]
            }
        },
        {
            "role": "creator",
            "namePart": [
                "Salazar-Miranda, Arianna"
            ],
            "recordInfo": {
                "recordIdentifier": [
                    "18781"
                ]
            }
        },
        {
            "role": "creator",
            "namePart": [
                "Phan, Toan"
            ],
            "recordInfo": {
                "recordIdentifier": [
                    "10327"
                ]
            }
        },
        {
            "role": "creator",
            "namePart": [
                "Hoffman, Jeremy"
            ],
            "recordInfo": {
                "recordIdentifier": [
                    "18782"
                ]
            }
        }
    ],
    "note": [
        {
            "$": "<p>\ufeffAn earlier version of this paper was circulated under the title\ufeff \"\ufeffLong-term Effects of Redlining on Environmental Risk Exposure\ufeff\"<\/p>",
            "@type": "public"
        }
    ],
    "genre": [
        "article"
    ],
    "abstract": [
        "<p>\ufeffClimate change amplifies environmental hazards, including extreme precipitation and heat events. These hazards are further exacerbated by urban design features like impervious land surfaces and insufficient tree cover. While the enduring socioeconomic impacts of redlining\u2014a policy that systematically denied financial services to specific neighborhoods\u2014are well-studied, its long-term effects on vulnerability to climate risks remain under-explored. Using a boundary design methodology, our study examines 202 U.S. cities and reveals that neighborhoods that were redlined in the 1930s-1940s by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation face disproportionately higher risks of both current and future flooding and extreme heat. These heightened vulnerabilities are at least partly due to diminished environmental capital in the present day\u2014most notably, reduced tree canopy and lower ground surface permeability. Our findings underscore the persistent and far-reaching influence of historical redlining policies in shaping unequal climate risk exposure.\ufeff<\/p>"
    ],
    "language": [
        "eng"
    ],
    "titleInfo": [
        {
            "title": "Long-term Effects of Redlining on Climate Risk Exposure",
            "titlePartNumber": "Working Paper 22-09R"
        }
    ],
    "identifier": [
        {
            "$": "https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21144\/wp22-09",
            "@type": "doi"
        }
    ],
    "originInfo": {
        "issuance": "multipart",
        "sortDate": "2022-11-19",
        "dateIssued": "November 19, 2022, revised September 14, 2023"
    },
    "recordInfo": {
        "recordIdentifier": [
            627657
        ],
        "recordUpdatedDate": "2026-02-25 13:28:01",
        "recordType": "item"
    },
    "physicalDescription": {
        "form": "electronic",
        "extent": "35 pages",
        "digitalOrigin": "born digital",
        "internetMediaType": [
            "application\/pdf"
        ]
    },
    "location": {
        "url": [
            "https:\/\/fraser.stlouisfed.org\/title\/working-papers-federal-reserve-bank-richmond-3942\/long-term-effects-redlining-climate-risk-exposure-627657"
        ],
        "iiif_manifest_url": [
            "https:\/\/iiif.slf.digirati.io\/presentation\/item\/627657"
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        "pdfUrl": [
            "https:\/\/fraser.stlouisfed.org\/docs\/historical\/frbrich\/wp\/frbrich_wp22-09r.pdf"
        ],
        "textUrl": [
            "https:\/\/fraser.stlouisfed.org\/files\/text\/historical\/frbrich\/wp\/frbrich_wp22-09r.txt"
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    "relatedItem": [
        {
            "@type": "parent",
            "recordInfo": {
                "recordIdentifier": [
                    "3942"
                ]
            },
            "titleInfo": [
                {
                    "title": "Working Papers (Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond)"
                }
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            "name": [
                {
                    "role": "creator",
                    "namePart": [
                        "Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond"
                    ],
                    "recordInfo": {
                        "recordIdentifier": [
                            "521"
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        }
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    "accessCondition": "For more information on rights relating to this item, please see: https:\/\/fraser.stlouisfed.org\/title\/working-papers-federal-reserve-bank-richmond-3942\/long-term-effects-redlining-climate-risk-exposure-627657"
}