{
    "name": [
        {
            "role": "creator",
            "namePart": [
                "Kim, Hee Soo"
            ],
            "recordInfo": {
                "recordIdentifier": [
                    "14560"
                ]
            }
        },
        {
            "role": "creator",
            "namePart": [
                "Matthes, Christian",
                {
                    "$": "1979-",
                    "@type": "date"
                }
            ],
            "recordInfo": {
                "recordIdentifier": [
                    "4244"
                ]
            }
        },
        {
            "role": "creator",
            "namePart": [
                "Phan, Toan"
            ],
            "recordInfo": {
                "recordIdentifier": [
                    "10327"
                ]
            }
        }
    ],
    "note": [
        {
            "$": "<p>An earlier version of this paper was circulated under the title\ufeff \"\ufeffExtreme Weather and the Macroeconomy\ufeff\"<\/p>",
            "@type": "public"
        }
    ],
    "genre": [
        "article"
    ],
    "abstract": [
        "<p>\ufeffWe investigate the impacts of severe weather shocks on the U.S. macroeconomy over the past sixty years. Using a smooth transition vector autoregressive model, we find robust evidence of time-varying effects. While negligible at the beginning of the sample, the impacts become significant at the end, where an increase in the severe weather index reduces aggregate industrial production and consumption growth rates, and raises aggregate unemployment and inflation rates. The effects are persistent up to 20 months. Our findings suggest limited adaptation to increased severe weather in the U.S., at least at the macroeconomic level.\ufeff<\/p>"
    ],
    "language": [
        "eng"
    ],
    "titleInfo": [
        {
            "title": "Severe Weather and the Macroeconomy",
            "titlePartNumber": "Working Paper 21-14R"
        }
    ],
    "identifier": [
        {
            "$": "https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21144\/wp21-14",
            "@type": "doi"
        }
    ],
    "originInfo": {
        "issuance": "multipart",
        "sortDate": "2021-08-11",
        "dateIssued": "August 11, 2021, revised October 13, 2022"
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    "recordInfo": {
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            "605005"
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        "recordUpdatedDate": "2026-02-25 13:32:17",
        "recordCreationDate": "2021-08-18 23:47:07",
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    "classification": [
        {
            "$": "E23, Q54",
            "@authority": "jel"
        }
    ],
    "typeOfResource": "text",
    "physicalDescription": {
        "form": "electronic",
        "extent": "45 pages",
        "digitalOrigin": "born digital",
        "internetMediaType": [
            "application\/pdf"
        ]
    },
    "location": {
        "url": [
            "https:\/\/fraser.stlouisfed.org\/title\/working-papers-federal-reserve-bank-richmond-3942\/severe-weather-macroeconomy-605005"
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        "pdfUrl": [
            "https:\/\/fraser.stlouisfed.org\/docs\/historical\/frbrich\/wp\/frbrich_wp21-14r.pdf"
        ],
        "textUrl": [
            "https:\/\/fraser.stlouisfed.org\/files\/text\/historical\/frbrich\/wp\/frbrich_wp21-14r.txt"
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    "relatedItem": [
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            "@type": "parent",
            "recordInfo": {
                "recordIdentifier": [
                    "3942"
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            },
            "titleInfo": [
                {
                    "title": "Working Papers (Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond)"
                }
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            "name": [
                {
                    "role": "creator",
                    "namePart": [
                        "Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond"
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                    "recordInfo": {
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                            "521"
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    "accessCondition": "For more information on rights relating to this item, please see: https:\/\/fraser.stlouisfed.org\/title\/working-papers-federal-reserve-bank-richmond-3942\/severe-weather-macroeconomy-605005"
}