{
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            "namePart": [
                "Han, Pengfei"
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            "namePart": [
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    "abstract": [
        "<p>\ufeffMobile payments are reshaping the global payment landscape, with some developing economies leapfrogging advanced economies in adoption. We build and estimate a dynamic model of sequential payment innovations \u2014 progressing from cash to card to mobile \u2014 to explain this pattern. The model matches cross-country payment technology adoption patterns and shows how advanced economies early success in adopting card payments dampens subsequent mobile payment adoption. Extending the framework to a two-sided market with price coherence, we show that payment externalities justify policy intervention: promoting mobile payment adoption and usage (e.g., via subsidies or price differentiation) enhances welfare, especially in developing economies.\ufeff<\/p>"
    ],
    "language": [
        "eng"
    ],
    "titleInfo": [
        {
            "title": "Technology Adoption and Leapfrogging: Racing for Mobile Payments",
            "titlePartNumber": "Working Paper 21-05R"
        }
    ],
    "identifier": [
        {
            "$": "https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21144\/wp21-05",
            "@type": "doi"
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    "originInfo": {
        "issuance": "multipart",
        "sortDate": "2026-02-12",
        "dateIssued": "Revised February 12, 2026"
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        "recordCreationDate": "2021-03-03 16:24:44",
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            "@authority": "jel"
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    "typeOfResource": "text",
    "physicalDescription": {
        "form": "electronic",
        "extent": "68 pages",
        "digitalOrigin": "born digital",
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            "https:\/\/fraser.stlouisfed.org\/title\/working-papers-federal-reserve-bank-richmond-3942\/technology-adoption-leapfrogging-racing-mobile-payments-600743"
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            "titleInfo": [
                {
                    "title": "Working Papers (Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond)"
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    "accessCondition": "For more information on rights relating to this item, please see: https:\/\/fraser.stlouisfed.org\/title\/working-papers-federal-reserve-bank-richmond-3942\/technology-adoption-leapfrogging-racing-mobile-payments-600743"
}