The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis _CURTISSAEROPLANE AND MOTOR CORPORATION CABL-E "CURTISAERO" WESTERN UNION CODE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Women in industry Service Washington, D. C To: From: Subject: Mary N. winslow J. D. Russell, Director of Training. Women in Industry Service. General aeroplane building,- divided in the following occupational divisions. 1. METAL Machine Work abCdefgh- Lathe Screw Machine Punch Press Milling Machine Drill Press Filing Machine Shaper Power Sewing Bench Work a- Filing b- Bending e- Acetylene Welding Brazing eSoldering f- Cable Wrapping g" Splicing h" Soldering i- Goner Riveting jSoldering Finishin6 abcde- Enameling Plating Doping Varnishing Painting W 00 D Machine Work abcdef- Band Sam Rip Saw Sticker Nailing (Mach.) Belt Sanders Trimming Mach. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Bench Work abcdef- hand Routers Gluers Nailers Markers Sanders Blockers Propeller abedef- Hand formers Copper Tippers Glueing Filling Varnishing Finishing Sheet #2 2. W 00 D (Cont,d) Assembling Epecial Panel Fuselage Aileron Elevators Rudder Hull Cover Final Wing Final Small Parts Shipping Timekeepers Metal Inspectors Wood Inspectors Tracers Typists Factory Clerks We train females for all the numerous activities enumcrated above. To take these in detail would require a great amount of time. However, we will endeavor to explain a few below. (a) Panel or wing assembling. (b) Process. 1. The two beams are laid side by side about four feet apart on a jack; the webs (nose center-and-tail) are then "strung" and fastened with screws, nails and glue in their proper places, designated by the blue print; the guide wires are later strung throughout the general structure, gauges and forms being used to ascertain the accuracy of the assembled panel. 2, Blue print reading. Some 25 lessons are used covering sketching, originating third view from two views given, applied mathematics, use of meaauring instrurents, such as micrometer, be protractor, scales, etc. 3. V4omen operate the regular types of machines used formerly by men. In some cases attachments are added, not because a woman is the operative, but to facilitate more rapid production. 4. Trainees receive 25 per hour while learning. Upon promotion from training 27t per hour, increasing when up to production to 30/ and 35ç an hour, and advancing in relative proportion to rates paid to men for jequal anount of work performed, viz.: If a woman does 75 the mount of work produced by a man, she is paid pro rata. 5. Pictures from this plant must plss censor. Faurote, care of this Corporation for same. Very jr 3 1113111 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Write Fay S. ours, IFECTOR OF riING. I have an article on "Tra ning Women to Build th Aeroplane", which you coul e to advantage When publishing pictures. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ove-ber 1,1916. iInsaeil, Director of Training, Curtis, JAorpplane Uorpor_tion, Buffalo, how T dour “r. .01-iming to ,:onduct Tlie •o.xi In Industr;,, 1. aa educLAIonal e ,Irpaigli on the subject of aLndirds of work for are partioul_r1;.r interested in tIA) trairdngandlub'Jonah. If ..titation of ViMilen for men in industrial izocesses. could send us an, facts, indiridu:a instilnees or statistics on the foil wing subjects fro:n your experiences in the 7raininc DepLrtFent we will be verz' grateful In -A_t jrocesses have omen for en? oi been 2.b_Le to substitute G n ou Give LS two or three e.::u 91os of the traininG given women before the:- t 1E0 over tile job formerki done 0-n ;,-ou give as ex. T:Tles of adju,:tments of machiner or net ods of work tlklt have been ra-de in (JUbstituti:.z Do uoraen receive the sz)...a pay 7/11en the, perforl the 3,z1..a work furierly, dune bzy- !-on? If not, c_m te12..us the reason? :.orkinc in Can you send ls an. jictures of the wonen , your pint, or can . ou toil us where we could secure the for our ase? Thanking you in ,.dvz.Ince for _iv thinc, you a bo z...ble to do ,or us, Very sincerol 1.11r, N. ,01.11; inslor, VI E. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis My ;.leA• Mr. iliert writ. ) f yur the re-:)rtf, recuent Viet: 11:ol Kleeck ett7r yf Aut,L1A !Ott. yLAL tr hvIrm 2entr. trtini - in the.textile Kleeek vil7 be t,,,ke the ud xith r) t, xi . VIn Mr. R.*. 11, In InlYurtr1-.1 C ,frt 4ftergency, CHAIRMAN EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF SECTION: PERCY S. STRAUS, CHAIRMAN JOHN GOLDEN C. R. DOOLEY COMMITTEE ON LABOR H. E. MILES (INCLUDING CONSERVATION AND WELFARE OF WORKERS) OF SECTION SAMUEL GOMPERS,CHAIRMAN SECTION ON INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FOR THE WAR EMERGENCY OF THE COMMITTEE ON WELFARE WORK L. A. COOLIDGE, CHAIRMAN ADVISORY COMMISSION, COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE WASHINGTON, D. C. ,.u.c.;ust :do, 1910. ;.;is Lary Van Kleeck, Women in InduAry Service, Department of LaLor, Roon G04 Ouray Buildin, n.l. '• 17' rleeck: In the r.iattr o t-.e Textile Industries, I .;Lver,.:.1 letters from companies on training and betterment work, and sh 11 be glad to submit them to you and to take up the It has boon matter of textiles as a whole whenever you wish. because ally princip yet, as so do to impossible for this Section _h it (althou very limited is trade the field for action in that ii the ize a2,J;lal tL had have is none time less in-ortant) az.d we mgchine trades. Briahton Mills, Passaic, ITew Jersey, of fror. rei,Jrt; I have not seen th. . . law. I about the best I a..3 enulosin herewith cop of their stz,.nt from ..ent on Trai.linc and Welfare; also coy of a stateme Lass. Lowell, J. W. Price, 76 West 6th Street, Vary truly N. ours, H71.71B, Thwls. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 76 nest 6th Street Lowell, Mass. August 2, 1918 Ir. H. h. Kilos Dear bir: If were in charge of training help in a cotton mill, My plan of , roceedure would be as followss I would pick out a trained operator on any unit in the mill, give him or her as the case might be, one or two weeks of the right kind of training in the art of teaching. Then this operator would be able to go back to that unit, train green help, and also keep up production. This would appeal to the mill agents. The part your depart- ment could play in this would be to have a Aan place it before the agents of mills, and then train the operators to become teachers. This, to my mind, is the only way that training can be carried on for a textile mill. i have read of the vestibule school and no doubt it has worked out with good success When the units are small, but let us take a card room in a mill and say we wish to train operators for it. To start dith, a man runs b pickers; this ,.ould require a space of 55 feet wide and 15/Ifeet in depth. Then we have a in tend- ing 16 cards; this moans u floor space of 50 X 46 feet . Then there are drawing sheiNte-sl-aiad fly ftaAes; that would mean a building 151 X 45 feet; also the fact of buying the machinery and its cost. have given you, in the beginning, the only way which I So you see find is the best way to train help in a textile mill. 4il1 be glad to hear more from you and do anything help out this work. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Yours truly, (Signed) P. H. Price I I can to The nun by 'TWnloh New Workers ire Trtined at Brif-htJn ln a t xtile ?basal°, I. J. ll most of the orations 4re unskilled or semi-skilled, and a worker wilt: Is olncidered efficient riust So Lel (1) to operate powerdriven maohinery, (..) to keep the uacnine swiplied with material on whioh to work, (3) to remove the finished produet, (4) to keep the meehine he free from lint nd dirt as possible, and (5) to prevent or correct deflicts. uality and production are the inseparable aims of all effort, and amininum Jf waste is an essential of profitable produot.ion. The eupply of labor for textile .ills has been obtained previously in the time-tionored fashioa of "stealing" from saunar sills and when necessary putting an untriAined recruit on a frame with a trained worker or near one, dere tn.,' learner got wt he could op Observations, supplemented by the instruction the wNoti4r Was able or felt inclined to give. 1:) or friends/i:. between worker to in 0480 there maa relation- nd learner this !ethod preyed emseessful limit of the worker's ability to impart, and his knowledge of the beat methods. But such instruction takes the tinras k.nd attention of a worker whose wage depends on his production, 1)ota amount and quality. It is working a hardship to the operative to worer and of coarse mrong practices titl( him to break in the new v,rpetuated in this way. %.ilies the problem is complicated by the need of training many new eper4tives, it IMMO advisable to put these beginners in groups by themselves with an ezoellent worker of each siepz,rVlent in charge as teacher. is not concerned with proo.uotion for herself, and 30 44 a tsaaher, she can give her whole attention and effort to tne training of the learners in her school. _ince the conditions in Brighton dills did not allow for a sedarute training roes, or "vestibule school", as it is oalled, tne training piss place in sash depart:lent on a https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ruup of muohlmass designated the "school". For these schools, teaehers were °twain who had records of suooessful ant responsible performance of operations, uud posse .sed the L4bi11ty to give their knewl•Ogre iit to others. pre paid the highest rate they ever received as workers, and in addition, Li substantial bonus for each learner who makes good in her first month as a regular worker. Most of the Skilled operwions in the mill are now beinv done by women, :1:1d they are the learners in the schools for the most r)art. They are hired by the laJor department and assigned to the sohools 411 they rieuest or seem physically qualified. A sill girl oun not handle a loom, or a large girl do well at spooling. Alen they are first put into the echools they are under the close supervision of the teacher. Here they are tauent to operate their machines and are trl.ilied in skilled hal* metiens mall the habit of correct practices is well formed k standard of 4Uality is established. then the teacher decides twit only practice is needed to develo;) 9411 and :speed, she aerranges with the foreman to put the learner on machines in the department ere workers huve left or uro bsent. 2iie learner's production is 1 14id by the learner &mos pli:an explained later. sured now, and she is : The natant of tae operation wiling learned makes the first period longer for some jobs than for otners. inding„ or instaimee, does not re airs a long period of instruotion, vinile 4oth lOwisting and weaving ire 1.4111104 only ater weeks of inutructia. In the carOlv r,n, there kire Vz4o teozners, au, for all processes from piokers to druw frukAri, ;JICI one for slubbers, Intermediates and fine frmia. The tetIchlr of the first group Ooon not have ee9,ar4te siehwil but gives instructions to oevinners on these ausehinee and matehes their methods and pro. gross until they are https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to do the job well. -3Learners for of the teacher. guframes,are first tr4ined us doffers awier the direction The best of these are °notion for instruction on a machine as vsoanny. 411 there is instruction and pructioe are inseparasle mire und the production record of the learner is credited to her AS WM as she tends the meoCiae without the towhees 41d. In the spinning ciftonrtment, the teacher has six or eight sidus on whioh sae muy train her learners daring the we or two in wnioh they aoaalre dex- terity in piecing ends and oleaning rollers. The plan here allows the very newest learners to work together on two or three sides until they ure over the first awkwardness. Then they are Oven one elde eaoh to be responsible for. SuAl one, at her own puce, eau progress through stages of two and three side positions, until she is ready for four sides. lihe is then given a four side position in the depiirtment for eight days, snd if she is able to keep up the ends and keep the machine clean, she is graduated as a regular worker. in the sivoliqg_destttrent, u similar graded responsibility is allowed the beginner wiw is exlowted to keep Up ends on only four to ten spindloo during Lue first day while she is learuihus to use the Barber-‘jolmun knotter, Nnd to find louse ends by the end of a when Gan tend l5 spindles the second day and ?erhaps 25 uickly. wee.. her production in another week 35 spindles will inorsti3e her speed und an4ws site cAould handle b0 spindles or a fall worker posi- tion, she is allowed to try it. or eight days she must accomplish the same amount expected of workers, before she can es considered In h regular worker. the wartliy 44.1)artent, teacher and learner work on one machine for two or three days, and then the teachcir leaves the learner to Jperute it herself, while the teacher starts another learner or rorks at a maohine nearby, The learner knows she is to cull on the teaoher for help or informution, but footle pride in her „i.oility to ran the machine herself. Her production in oreAited to her as soon as she assumes responsibility rot a machine and her progress is https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis -4shown by the gruded k):ia4t-A system. In the wihdinn deoartuent, u duy of instruction and u week or two of supervision Rnd encouragement under tiie embed banus system are usually enough to train OeciLnere. in the ,twiptink Asuartmsut, a much longer geriod uf Instruction Is re 4 uteed. Usually two or three weeks of tooneral work on all frames in a school section must precede the assignment of a learner to one machine. The learner Is still ander the supervision of the teacher until she iths made Grade 4 eight times. Learners in the ligialac, deob,rtent, are trained in a similar manner, 2rI4 reuire about the sumo length of time for instruction and practice. The departments named hre the largest in the mills, and have need of most new workers in h year. The few learners in the other depirtments are trained by reollur workers and the foreman. '.?() explain olearly the git4ed Ovnus ,sotem, introduce* to encwurage learners, it is neeessury to state the principle of soientific munaginent b;i which the task and bolus system war in these mills. work is very carefully estimated. "task" or assicnmeat for a day's If the worker accomIllishes this amount, ne receives a percent of his day's pay ia addition to it. If he does more than the tusk, the percent is taken on that larger output, :...ant-v.1 Is nwres- ,)ondingly larger. :X.tring the time the learner is receividg instruction, ,a2d 011K:tieing an the school maohines, she receives a flat rate of daily pay. 84A, This pay is not the or learners ell all oder,ftions, out is the ro,,ular flat rste pay whizn any worker, who did not make bonus on the operation, would receive. s soon as the learner is assigned to a Hatiohints, her productiun anti its !%ulity are oredited to her. To encourage her at this time, since she would find it hard to come op to the uonus reodrements at first, a eroded task scheme was wcwked out with smiler bonus peruents„ also graded to correspond with the tasks. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis d. figures, the first grade task is oonsidered A,thoat going Into detail made if the learner does about 70/1 of the regular task, And a Grade 1 bones of one-fourth the full percent Is added to the day's pAy. Grade 2 task Is 80i, of the full task and, whoa e4raed, orings ta worxer 4ne-half the fall percent on the day's pay. Zimde 3 is 90;=, and the 4)a'as for it Is three- ..,uarters of the full percent. Grade 4 is the regular task by the leAraer ms it is 4,1 ';Ae kiJrkor. nd on be exceeded -he learner then receives the full batluE percent on the woe done. (The above in tIble fora) Grad* 1 task is 704;, of full task and earns 1/4 full bonus. g tmwA o Grude 2 " "9Q ss ss s 3/4 " the the Grle4 About a west for each grads would be 4 rail- allowance an& most operations, but many will skip whole tmvadiately. 1/2 for Qost learners i.des :And get to grvde 4 almost Thls grade (which is pr4of the learner can meet reitiren4nts set for workers) mast zJe reached eight times 'while the le4rner remains in the soho.J1, before he la gmJaated into the dep4,rtment as t. worker. time made If the full th.0 is there in little dancer tnat tne learner will make a poor worker in the department. An allowance of five weeks is considered long enough for the average learner under the above conditions. ':,Lok of mnohines et which to dut learners i nre ready to try the graded tasks, may keep Rome in the schools longer than is neoessary. Ithers will show themselves ocntent to Arty on the flat rate or Eetting tne small bonuses of the graded tasks. This may Os accounted for by two facts: (1) If the learners are young girls, they may have to give all their money to Welsh parents; (2) the learners may Oft MeniaA14 Or piVeigully incapable of moliting the re.imirements of the operations. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis -6Some reward, attractive to auch iris, will have to be 'offered to get effort and interest from the first group. In one dop,..rtment, made up mostly of young girls, the uonus re uirement can be met by Vie early as 330 or 4 o'clock. ulok attentive girls MI These girls are then allowed to go home if they do not wish to do mare than Wm) task. in these hot days tne department is almost deserted by 41J0 each day. But here the work is largely hand work. In other departments the machines ;last run tue fall number if h..;ure to keep up the supply of material for departments dependent on it. The matter of defiolent aollity, however, is. istake in hiring or placing. A,t the present time there is u tendency to take anyone who applies, in an effort to prevent vacancies. But there is u likelihood thLt people out of work at this time me, have proved themselves u0dosirable elsewhere, or are the -Ind *he do not IMMO good on a job or stiok to it. .imy mill or factory desiring to maintain its standard or to plaoe these newcomers wilere they will not have too much re aired of them, must devise some way to deterline the ability of the applioants and to Astro them wisely, even though the mill does plan to train thdm. In accordant.e with the plan at Brighton Mills, the learner is a =ember of tad school, under the supervision of the toucher, but not at the disposal of the foreman, until she nal' oompleted the uourse of instruction and prov-d her ability to meet the recular bonus reluircnent. Very careful daily recordis of the work of all learners is kept and clo3ely followed by the 24ucational Director, wha informs the foreman when the learner is ready to graauate into the department. During the first week when the learner is in the school, she is notified to attend a class for Deginners in wnioh she Is told the story of cotton wed shown the eotton in its various !,rooesses throuch the mills. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Her work in the .7whole plan is explained and she is shown the machines and operatives who ase her output. Jamples of tue mills' cloth are shown and tnsir use illustrated by diotures and samples. The uses of tne government stuff are sa44, us definite as possible. 42 exhibit of defects is shown her, also sunkass olif waste :4nd their small value in aol4parison with the e ual witight of cloth. %earners seem inter- sated In this instruction, with the samples L6id irActures. The olass is oondneted by the Sduoational Director at present, who plans to enlarge the scope of this instruction to include instruction of a more general nature, to include lessons In zelish if necessary, in reading, writing and ate details of this' sohemit will fit into any plan for Amerio4nlyttion. Jurinr this first week it might be found possible to give simple tests th, t wolld show the ability of the learner or her Ineawity for learning the job assigned to her, or any job in the mill. In the class period, the mill policy and standards can be explained, the right attitude developed toward uality and musts of all kinds. mations can es enoauraged mid difficulties settled, If may have orison. Tue ;Emotion or turnover is olosely rotated to any plan for le.srners, and Is largely concerned with tue interest and contentment of beginners. It is desirable to tell the lehrner truthfully two rate of p.4y she will get while a learner, as w• 11 as to let her know what othbr operatives at the same work can urn after six maths or year of expOienoe. hen the learner or wokker is leaving - "ouitting" - it is advisable to get the reason for her going, 4 and sometimes at transfer is possiele frow one dep4..rtsent to another, from one kind of work to another, less difficult or more suitable. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (9ined) 311sabeth W. MCE441 Xd.usational Director. - for tr;,...inin4L -=..)V the into tr.:9 wort t•-(.) vitl.,71-. so *!-,en the ne7..„, c • t. ni.11i3n „men foxy fe* recta, r.cYz.,-...i';)iy tmetw. in the next thv.ie Thi.e., in e?Ite of the 1,tpi;ilic9..tis.4-,. nir.s z',Driths. i-.0"tar..1 a minimuin of interference *ii, '.!..-.;11.1i_x the crettion of new workeri, t'lf.) iustriec. • irorkoni, iiu;),)ly th, in lartoly .. rii..y or t:it).;1 .1 • °lice in or ier to An..1 the trainir4 work must De beun be of Iny real uee. The SUCCOPS of the whole p1(.tn, ktnti of Iry that ;;Q.,i; Do • of coarse, absolutely ieptIndent u?o,1 tho tlevelo?Lan,_ o.f* ‘n ry efficient, ,..nct complett: .A,:ministn.t.ion, in or-ex- t..-) to enforce thEi „ikaf.-. :or trlinin ; an_ ae to Jemand, ta I for pl%,ing th• necessmry men The AviJion women in tat,, industriar. TrfsinIne anA D - lution ha, •.‘n 1.1,;pro riution of only 4150,000, which is entirely ina...leuate for its work, unless utie is thb ,thPr existink- zwencies in the maalner outlinti above. then thf- .3%.)ropritttion ro,y well prove not. to be sufficient, t.lut i.'.vfm i. b:diev3d. t..tt it' re,,,ult,a etre lamely ar-0 ).1-1-nuptly shown by trainiL, the il...ediate urgent by the in:Liction of =No:iv...4n into the industriee , f;olfficier.:,t fun 1:.= wi 1.1 ..)43 sa.,Je 31 t.,,ble thp, ero ..er proseeu of' tho aork. Mr. Syerly approve: of the for,:oirl,:. for inluritties https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis far concer:ie but rail ffie:Are to t'lkc- 142 wit,fi the WAr firther Aiers,tion 4rectel Policio:.. toipard S6ptclmoer 26, :-.AJGGSTi:5 DRAFT .)F jF TJ jj1 :.iECP„:.TAR1 jF LA.IOR Dr. Williux 4cAndrJr, Actink- Superinterciant of Devrtment Ne* York, N. Y. My de..r Dr. McAnr, aw: tht Yau r.1re a,k4ed for our opinion of optinint: tri-tde clsse6 to wodlen Ahich mtv been you point :..ut you receivin )rcinized for ziin only, fra:a women for inotruction litot hitherto provideJ for cUils ,!, of manta then, J-Id 9-1.,,t you nave v.,,nieF! schoo1,7:. ttl:t , the v?ir ,oe:- an woon in accipd.tioi.6 to thich they hori n-A. hitherto peen trd.ni:,. is very 4esir.,,:ie if tho :A3ciJion Lo openinv. oimetie8 lepend upon Ahether the , ork ooniftione ,Lrf, t,uch fo he,ithful for wo,aen odcl:Ht opportunitiob t;)r 4 r.illinc:. If ttle3o oppartuniti-i,' F ) of N60, an,!outatuell lo in thu Yprk, trio Deo,:rtIent of Eluc,ttion wiii oe renlerir4., public -,Jrvioe ;-,01 4 o th-J .,rvi to th9 oc,r induArief if it A,ko, .v ileAltreiy bott :n chince for tr,iLin, °or )c.,n -nu evenin. It flulr)al iYisdaa, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The organization of se2ar,Ate cl,..i.sseb for unnuce6 ry i policy of ..ouctful rrE,r, No7zion worki toet!,r trv: Sincerely youre., Secret:.xy, r)eiy,xtalent of LAbor. SAdtomber 12, 1.1'8. My dicir Mr. Nilholm: tdkin_ with y.yti i'otat the puulic.tion of •al articie centerin/., ArounA tho training of */en workers, there h.ve been devalopmunts in 2y relition L. th_t ,ibjeot, aspecIA/y my 4.p1) iltment on In imdort nt c.omititteo ehicli is conerint it, which Itoula mkJcl it iA„)6ji010 1%)1 At) L_ oritu on it 4t this time. I at Irry so cry to hive to chine the arr.J1;:ehuent, but you 41.11 rL,co,ni.ye that in in offici,11 ?oeition rime c.,nnot be In ;.1. position of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in public U30 of vaterin.1 it Urrler the circumst•-ince.,, 1 think it better to llopt +ha -ritc ilv,1 dim Ally I the rticie 010U12 t 11.; •ng,:c33o,tiofl Nritttm by :y:,t1. Sincerely y,:ur:, Mary V .i c.eece, Lrcor, v,ollin in Arviustry .aorvice. Don:,id Wilhelm, CO*:AOS C Ub, Washington, D. C. to you, but https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The mistake in your and Miss Anderson's joint letter to Mr. Johnston was corrected by hand by Miss Anderson before mailing. You discovered the mistake in the carbon coy-not having seen the original. Carbon now corrected A.P.L. A wo • Copy INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIA_ION OF MACHINISTS Washington D.C. Jyly 15, 1918 Miss Mary Van Kleepk In Charge of Women s Branch Miss Mary Anderson Supervisor in Women's iiranch My dear Misses Van Kleeck and Anderson: This is to acknowledge your letter dated July 6, relative to the problems presanted in the plans for training women workers for industrial service, contents of which have been read with much interest. In reply beg to say, I have written to our business representative, Mr. Kelton, Philadelphia, P in order to secure from him some additional details in connection with the plans which are being promulgated by Mr. Miles, and also, requesting an expression of opinion from him regrading this subject. soon as I receive further data 1 shall be very glad to discuss th's question with you again. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis As Witn kind regards, i remain, Very truly yours, (Signed) Wm.H. Johnston International 2resident. • 11“ ,t U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR U. S. EMPLOYMENT SERVICE WASHINGTON IN ANSWERING REFER TO July 30, 1918. No. Miss Mary Van Kleck, Director, Vornan in Industry Service, Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. Dear Madam: Mr. Clayton has directed that the attached memoranda be sent to you, thinking that they may be of interest. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Very truly yours, Private Secretary. •rov.1 t . 6r1i4A 0 AirlaPV0r:;Cr...,ij.i elementary C.. b or I.RipIC[af:';11.` of ilr:,..neheu of ".-ork tund 7:ra1l41ng to be furnifihed fr6c f3l1o7in6 tLe JreC(lth1it est by the 3riticih .1/4;.ovorn;aent, by ,Icrieultura Colle l ts v.h& Inctitutet.,, to render women fit to undsrtt.:Ice certain branhh ok of ..grioultural and ram, thin year, to faAiliariEql thcA with the use of implements and leandlidg igachinery, and givc clawentaxy knowle. ge of Irttriour branchep of work, in order to 'in the confidence of thc Punier:, and eluip them efficiently for performine their labou r. In View Of the latenetiu of the date, it ir suggor ted that 2. . olpt arrwementr. should be made by Collee.er une, Aprrioltural 2raining Centree, to provide throughout the country, Olort dr&ctioal 03ur8cu of aaAruction ane denonstration, accompanied by field I-ork and ractive on the Fart of the women girl to cover management of horses, care of ptock, rering of poultry with spg nrodu ction, raising of vegetablee ane fruits, dairy work, in crrarl orier, buttr cheeve cafrlein ma;r1, bottling prorervin ng of !,erishuble food tituffe, poultry game Mull, driving ofcanni traotorr, tind training in handling taid Kererally running of rarm machinery. :he training arrwwomente to covor;1. of Ishort epecial c:ourvet of instluction, oemolictrtAion _And field work at ,,4ricultura3. Colleees Traii.ind Centre,. 2. eL6in., out of special instructors to ourticukas dikAricts whcre 4tamen can bt, %tweed in lurgc groups for instruction 1.rt4ctite Purnishing special Inetructorv to omen: duoutionul Centres, hre ordinurily no training in ,gricultural Lnd earm work iu given. o. Taking ticivantfie :)f facillities ofrerd by .'xperimoutal Yam': Patitsetc. to add to the number of centres where training can be furnirhed. The training will not only enable 0.rlti and roman to topt their ability fr the work, but xill alto t(,ft their phylical fitnes ant' strength , thereby vafeguurding neainrt phylioal breakdown or injury after work on Yam, or in othiir brancher of EDrk has ct,..rtfd. Arrangemonti. for ecuring suitable girls and women to take training to be organitxd throuKh the omen DiViEqon of the the U. "crvioe, in cooperation with rSate Coilmittees of th(. Dutional council uf efenoe, 'omens Colleges, .ducational Centre:, pubii0 sohJolP, and public) tesociatione of —ommen tl-trouzhout the 'tutes. ;iris wid 'omen to be trainload in the several 'tater in accor with the rural in6ustries operated within them, ,r1(, in consb dance nhnce with ..griculture re4uiremcb.te and shortage of DWI pover , The diclocation uprooting of women by unneq:c.rarily moving them about to be rigorous/7 avoided. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis c'igned 4 4 6 ) Memorandum on the Provisioh of a Supply of Womens Labour for the 1Whter branches of Agriculture and Farm Work to supplement Man Power and effectively increase production of a larger Food Supply. Necessity for Mobilisation. OS The diminished rate of Food Production amongst the Allied Nations and seriously lessened food supply owing to inclement weather. Great Britains food supply last year was considerably less than anticipated, owing to a poor harvest caused by weather conditions; French crops were fifty per cent below normal, and the Italian yield was poor. Australia's grain yield for this year is nearly 19 million bushels short, and owing to bad weather and lack of sufficient Farm Labour, there was also a shortage in Canada. Submarine sinkings and incendiary fires caused by enemy aliens have also depleted food stocks. Lord Rhondda, British Food Controller, on behalf of Grt Britain, France and Italy, has just sent the U.S.A. an urgent appeal for immediate larger food supplies for this yecTTs consumption, as owing to increasing scarcity of staple articles of food, British rationing has again been decreased in amount; the French have also cut down their bread rations. David Lubin, U.S.A. expert representative on the International Institute of Agrichlture, has just issued a public statement clearing that Europe's crops this year will be smaller than last year, that the Allies dekend on the U.S.A. for the bulk of . this year's food, and that extraordinary measures must be adopted in America to meet the situation, i.e, placing new large areas of land under cultivation, and the mobilisation of women for Agricultural work of all kinds. A Deputation representing two million American Farmers is arranging to meet the President to present the serious situation and the gravity of the Labour shortage, as there is great danger not only will Orops be smaller than last year, but mush less land will be under production, and farmers will be forced to dispose of their live stock Precedents for Mobilisation of Womants:Lict,‘-OU`i- .or Land work. In Grt Britain, last yeqr, 258,300 women were land by the Government in all capacities, the the employed on number for this year is being largely increased; the Government is now training women to drive Farm tractors; the prejudices and opposition of the Farmers has disappeared, the health of the women workers shows no trace of strain or impairment. In France and Italy, women are undertaking both the heavy and light branches of Farm and Agricultural work, with the aid of a few old men. In theemergency demand for farm labour last year in Canada, women of all classes rose to the occasion and volunteered in large nilmbers for work on the ladn, acquitting themselves successfully. Under the auspices of Vassar College, and the Womens Land Council, an experiment was tried with units of women workers on the land at Vassar Farm, ..the Mt Kisco and Bedford Village Agricut tural Camps, and through small units for fruit picking. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • # 2 tability and efficiency These demonstration lessons as to the adap proved very satisfacof American women as workers on the land, Curtis of Westchesjit tory, Testimony has been given publicly by Mr Bedford Farmers the Farm Bureau, by Mr James Wood President of many other as to and , farm t frui ard Orch Club, Mz. Gent of the working on the n the practical ability and success of the wome eased number incr an vStous farms, there are many degmlois for of women for work this year. women have proved their Throughout other prrtions of the country, land of various kinds. desire and ability to perform work on the Title of proposed Woemns organisation The U.S,A. Womens Land Corp. Administration of the Under the supervision of the Woemsns Division onsal Commandants U.S.A. Employment Service, assisted by Divi through funds paid be to for subdivied zones. Their salaries raised locally. Department of Labour. A minumum wage to be fixed by the U.S.A. ly trained expert women ough thor be to The Divisional Commandants Womens Land Corp All candidates for enrolment in the U.S.A. ess before being fitn ical phys to must be medically examined as accepted ur for the following The National Land Corp will furnish labo work Branches of Agriculture and Farm of the Butter cheese casein making; work in many Dairying. 5,000 creameries. k. Milking by hand or machine. stoc live of Care there one and a half million /Poultry farming and Egg production; A. producing no poultry U.S. the farms in or eggs. fowls, turkeys, geese Pig rearing. ing grading. Fruitgrowing,large and small; picking pack g potatoes,and beets udin incl Market gzrdening truck raising. for sugar. ng bottling. Fruit and vegetable canning, drying,canni Canning of fish,poultry game. nsplanting, Lighter forms of farm work such as;- planting,tra machine, with ng, cultivating, thinning, weeding, hoeing, mowi ng, etc. maki e n, fenc hay raking and pitching, shocking of grai Recruiting for the Corp. The members of the Corp will be drawn from , professional women of the leisured classes, College students women, and workers, trade union and seasonal working girls and e Committees can be recruited through Woolens Colleges, Womens Stat Women, of of the National Council of Defence, Local Councils Union and e Trad mens y s,Wo unit Club Comm the Mother Union, Rural Labour organisations. through the All registration of Land workers to be effected the National of es itte ns Comm Wome U.S.A. Employment Service and Council of Defence. Training Arrangements. use of Afrangements for preliminary training in erUniv ugh thro out implements and elementary work to be carried the with , eges Coll sities, State Agricultural Colleges, Womens e Agricultural Departments. collaboration of the Federal and Stat g the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Tnstrnction to he 41urnished free of &large, followin Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis I 6 3. Competent Instructors and Demonstrators to also be furnished to Camp units. All ihstruction to be furnished free of charge, following the precedent set by the British Government. To avert unnecessary dislocation and moving of Wbmens Labour about tie country,efforts shall be made to train women and use their labour strictly in consonance with the Agricultural Industries carried on within the several zones and subdivisions ltural conthroughout the country. Where unsuited to local agricu ditions, no *omen shall be employed. and Strict attention shall be paid to the accomodation provided to general housing and sanitary arrangements. s Where Labour conditions demand massing of large groups of worker ,Camps In particular districts,during the Summer and Fall months shall be formed with qualified Captains in charge of the units, who shall be responsible for arrangements connected with the labour administration of the Camps and the arrangements for the of the women workers. A uniform of bloomers and Overalls with a distinguishing bage to be adopted. Employers cooperation. To avert prejudice and opposition, and secure the intelligent cooperation of Employers, of every kind, with the cooperation of Mr Creels publicity Committee, information shall s, be disseminated broadcast amongst National Farmers organisation s,as Grange and ies, Societ State Agricultural and Horticultural to the nature and practical utility of the Womens National Land Corp. ment The cooperation shall also be secured of the Farm Manage x Bureau Farm and tion, Bureau, Office of Markers and Produc g meetin in ness To increase efficiency elasticity and prompt of the ation the cooper requirements in outlying rural districts, Post office Department should be secured Immediate steps shall be taken to put the above organisation in operation in readyness for the Agricultural and Farming requirements of the Nation in securing an ample food supply for home consumption as well as for distribution to the Allied Nations. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Signed. ZI Date. A https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FUR IN IA .UTIPA (OliiZIIFT ON f0 iN2UST1FS 7- )E0d1OTE 1RAINING FOR iTMEW ener'il 1. Short Dmrn Aoii(E' three wek- of tr.ininr !-A-h-mes 4 in ThntF, !!n: -ivte 2. L-onf',rrnc,,tg.,,r,,-tel in tr9inin h c thr F..Me -ith 1 oikr's:.- in woncn , citieA to s'ir,cuE.3 4 , \ ' /‘ on_ Ln- f.)1<, for :rK-: qen in in 4c f- t, 6..hin, ton :_rly in k) Women': igntralce into iniu,;try (1) 1-rent ni,cthol, of in.'u,!tion; 1,r%inin,; (r; -mport,nce of mcre (a) Technical trinin, for ,,.omen in skilleo occupation: to uphold exi,tint• waEe tr-Anin, to (b) proc!uct in secure c,reftter Laccurlcy 6,1fety for thF tver; the (3) And mo:A im)ortz...nt of hll - to woman a skilled, ine,emient lAoriccr. (b) Need for tr,iinin6 sa.,3 seen in th6 U. S. Em-,loyment 6ervice; (c) Ty)es. of war emergency cl.re ,umT-r lessons lerned from them: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (d) New }nes of Fchool. cl&.sse neee to proierly e,ui? women workers in the induotries; (e) Ap:iointment of speciA committee to formulte a progr7,m to promot 4*. Working proeram for the uolii,iiittEe :fi4ht such lines (a) invectiLation -z oy Committee on Women in U- t ,of inlutri!31 comlitions in a particular indutry or 21ant to dicover an:1 show naed for tr•Anin,s to (1) Em?loyers; () Labor; (7) Alblic (D) Or ] peo,)1e. paich will (1) iLly t,,) the St Voc-,tibnal Ljuc-ti,.;n f r = Fcderal 3oards for in rf,i; (a) Etblihing co-o:erative schome for (b) Develo:Anc training; curriculum s-ti:ftctory (c) Workinc out to and ap2rove,1 by all three 6rouPs,if the federL1 States Joar-JE do not meet the ue-t (f-1 to 4: in e7tablishine experimntal cles un,Jer -2rivate .lirection anl control, until. they are milli. to tr:ke over these classes: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3. (c) To aid and encourage experimental training chisses in already existing trade 9.chools, ';uch as the School for LirlE thr:Aigh: (1) investigation9 of inustrie amd rEport on 00,Qrtunitie'F; and kindE c)f triniriL which c'Ailci be estapliAle:4 (€7.) :y!ckik. fro official agencies F,uch Gouncil or WorEn in inAv,try. clasEeFL, ?ublic, .ition of on ,0;) ebli&hed in ' ,choole. or by ty7JeE of 2riv-Ae ortnizA.tionu; (e) Fre;u.7nt confrEnces thi. thos-a touching field: To 1:int_in b of procedure .0 the or.; of c..ch will fit into th, whole probr.2m of :Jo.men "or their new t!3eks. TO t benf.fit c'f the 3:1c,-;eri:nce nd criticism of All in thie field. 0 E U ON fHE _ _ C04:MITTEE ON IN iNELO? A 77.C, ' .•• . . ._4AL TRi,IiLik iN I The Aigcestion that the Lommittee on Wownn in in.0 tri deveio a proLram for voctionFA , trrAnin; in the iniW.tries in- volves severl ilv,ortnt consi2erations: 1. Trt.ininp is not ,(!istinct ject which c.,In be morkei out alonL n tr•et cAl,_ Hfl - 1 Line out.d'ie the in sutry. ProgrAaq 'or tr. inine intim-)te t'irst h n] knovler2te of the im,u:try. The „erEons Aho , 10 cu:h cr (g) (h) mu:t vi it , .21 - ctu„,y c refully: P r;:cezes Ste?s of ,;:lv,neemnt iachine anJ their reuira1, 3nts on the worker, lechnie-.1 knowledge rejuired tpet up :tni run tht a chine; Type of kil1 reuireL:, Aind o4" su)lement-ry know1e1t7e or trAnin6 hich t%culA increase the inttlliEenc,. or 6.ffici,ncy of the ver.)rker; Aetho.la of ;ro4.uction, Working con:Utione. . ThP 'n-sons who are llowed to 3e n!, the time nece1=7.'ry to become qdeluately inform ed on these points must )e able to show: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ficie1 reason for being thre; Ju tificetion for takin, the time of emoloyer, forewoman n: worker, (o) and mut be in a Do,Ativn to m,Ake suggeFtion3 which have officiA force. 4. The following agencieo are sup_o5e! to be or are workik on .7)Eue :)a-,.se of the trinin,ii problex: ti7m 1 L!u( tion; 1. fhe FE5rd ior.! for the The IrcAninE D€--rtmtnt of '-'itbor, The Comiitteo Df the Louncil of )n tae ir-Anine. of Workers for the WAT Emeri,- ncy; 4. The wolen „4::ritc. in thf nut2i1 ervicp .7-cti.,n of th,, ne' LIDA 1rg: V.Ir 3r-- Jai— a u !_ri 144,W f,ric; WoL6nle, Lou.mittee of thc. 6. -Ale C')uncr_ o' 4_11r.u, h tne W.rEmer.i:..ncy Summer u1Lh Soh; L. 7. Ih f Thri-tiLn 8. :h - Y.,unL Lhri,ti-n tion. Thc u thE Women in iniu-tryt us iti n n:: ' Lho foaLlitL.,,, on .uthorit the' in_Al_tries — thc Committ6e or, laor of the Council of Nill'on 1 1.efenEle Dr ri Committee of the Department of L._)or7 Wh into whi-t indurtrieo we go? (b) W1v) 3b=11 decide into what imlubtries 40 0? shull'Jecide https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (c) Sh511 we Eo into the Industrie: under the su c2ervieion of the Orinnce De rxtment" By whb.t _Authority? (1) Gan we follow us k r. Miles on the fix._un,1- th no i71ving a,!elu, Ite consideration to the triining of woren into tilt.= inAi- tries where he h9.s 6 •tThlished trdinine cl (e) EV6 .,re we to fit in with the woman k-4,Ellt of -tiv_ ,r .1 11,=,r invcAstir-tin,7 of womenlr: rork (f) Wireir,_, will w ,4%er hs 1AarL nt of bc,-rvice of the W 1111.,?re ho hul in The (omAex n -ncy, trtrit of LDr? uch th-- tnt=r th: field? itu thn is 0)Vi3113 A the mare menti -m of the m2ny t_.E encies rare_ -ly in the field. True, they 5k1 com'Anect 11.ve not touched thi= The .ue-tion is -- Wh-t the problem and :Aish a s-fe for wolLen. Several thini- (-) There should be of 11 these the best w_y to t t of prorm for 1,oc 7,1 n I inin, out (1, rLy; om:nc-'n 5y which thf rc ,re could _et i_otother for t.:)nference; (1) To letermine wherE- each n :o the mofd. Prid thus ,:void indefinitE, ov -q-L.,:dne; (2) To try to agree on ;- com,on :; . licy of ,r,cedure, inter7station, nd uAder -A in .inL of htw' mein by tr.inint, (5) to eL,t blish certLin 3tlinrc.ls to which the v,J•iou= woricRrs in the field shoul., me_ urr_ u (4) 10 ..:,,,termine what wthols are to oe ...ur --ue . in =tu,.lyin& n Lnutry witn a vier to develo iri dr(vr,im bior tr.inin6. tiv- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4. (5) To weigh, 4iscuss an criticize the 9uggesti.-ms -,reenteu in such a conference a: to metho(ts of tr-ininE women; (5) To _letermine on b,:sis for •Alehing the proErnm agreed u.00n. uRANTED 1. Th2.t women are entc.rinc, into :11 kinl= of new occu' tions; both unertn 1 in an_ unskilleri, with but little of the technic-1 knov.1e invo1ve 4 in the ,k111,i pccu_ ,tion; YPith )11t, little o,),ortunity to ucquire thi- b. c'4.T.und -nd with litt'le ccur ry n re - r ei ti n the im ort n r11 .- 1'ity in the mon3tcrLAIs rtitive -.Tb L 'uch trlininc for women in the In,u6tries is PA., present not being done a e uately by any of the agencieE ,le'1n'teri to to it; 3. ihat suth trining shcul(1 oe 0.ven the women workers: WHAT IS THE MEANS OF ACCO24;11SHINC THIS END? 1. 3y hettrUng ud -11 the agencies ,J11 working out together common , ,olicy? 2. iy 1.unchinz under the direction of the Comalittee on Women in iniu-try, in co—o_r-,ti,-)n , ith these :.„g encies, ?rsErFm for tr ininL women for the %?...r NO. 131 SECTION O UDUSTRIAL TRAINING FOR THE WAR EMERGENCY. EXECUTIVE COMUITTEE OF SECTION Percy S. Straus, ChLirman H. E. Miles, Chairman John Golden C. R. Dooley 107 Council of National Defense Building, D St. Near 17th, Washington, D. C. HOW-TO-START-TRAINING-IN-A-FACTORY As Developed in the Curtiss Aeroplane Company, Buffalo, N. Y. but Applicable to Any Indtstry by Frank L. Glynn * ESTABLISHMENT. Survey of Plant by Conference General Manager. Plant Aanagor Assistant Plant Manager. Breakdown froia Pay Roll showing relative importance of departments. ORGANIZATION. Director of Training Reports to General Manager as to policies Plant Manager and Assistant as to operation. LOCATION 1. Separate floor space in Factory about 60 x 200 ft. For the location of such activities as could well be brought together as a separate training unit. 2. 3. * Separate floor space in departments, the training for which had best be kept ip department. "Tagging" of machine or other shop units for training identification when it is necessary to distribute school throughout department and have instructor circulate. Note: This latter method requires even a more definite control by the training director than the other two, as the training identification is likely to be lost and importance become insignificant. This method is least satisfactory and should be resorted to only in exceptional cases. EQUIPMENT. The equipment was transferred from the regular production departments to the training department. Note: At first there is likely to be objection to this on the part of superintendents and foremen, but it can readily be seen that machines and appliances must be furnished by them anyway under the usual method of breaking in help. No difficulty, however, of this sort was experienced, as those in the Curtiss aompany fostered and helped the establishment of the work in every way. DEPARTMENTS OF TRAINUG NOTE: These fluctuated from week to week according to the needs of the production manager based on develotment or changes in production. Mr. Glynn inaugurated and developed the Curtiss Training work and is now with the Training and Dilution Service, U.S. Dept. of Labor, 604 - G St., Washington, D. C. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis -Each month, however, the employment office furnished the training department with an estimate of the help which would probably be required for the two ensuing months. This formed a basis for the training derartaient to work on, as tu the numbers and kind of training to be emphasized durinp• that _period, and resolved itself into the employment office giving the training ,department an order for help, and the employment manager was only tot) pleased to cooperate in every way. The departments which have been operative thus far are: 1. :.lachine Work Screw :;lachine lilling Hand Feed Power Feed Drilling Single Spindle Double Spindle Shaper Punch Press Lathe 2. Filing Hand Machine 3. Drill Grinding 4. Tool Crib 5. Cable Work Wrapping Splicing Lipping Soldering 6. Sheet :dotal Riveting Soldering 7. Propellor dork Shaping Tipping Brass Copper Linen https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8. Acetylene and Other Gas Welding Brazing Soldering 9. Woodworking Strut dork Beam Work_ Panel work Wing Float 10. Doping 11. Final Wing dasemhly 12. Sewing Panel Covering Power achine DEPIIRTMNTL RELATIONS 1. Employment Office. Kept the training department filled to its capacity, drew the trained people from the training department, placed them on production in the factory for which they were trained, and maintained close daily .contact with the training department through exchange of daily reports. It is necessary for the employment office to jmen the training department moving. 2. Time Keening. The record of attendance, punctuality and time of all persons in training was reported daily to plant manager and training director by the regular time clerk. 3. Accounting. Rendered to the training director a weekly report as to cost of salvage, ,expense, wages of learners, instruction, supervision and administration. Note: i sample sheet of weekly report may be found herewith page 7. MANAGELIENT. The training director rendered a daily and weekly report to the management summarizing operation of training department, embodying number received, rejected, promoted, returned, and entire operating cost of department. instead of having the ten persons Likewise do it under instruction. as employed was another operative recommenda high instructor upon the get to wanted tion of a foreman who rid of him and disliked to take him back even as a workman. These were exceptional aases and were quickly remedied by the selection of other operatives who more than made good. The difficulty lies not .:ith instructors but 4th obtaining directors for original layout of plan and organization which can be done in from one to three days, with the later general direction loft to the production manager of the factory and the Lseration of the training department to the instructors selected from the regular factory force. OPERIJIuN 1. Instructors. The instructors were preferably those taken from the actual production floor. Experiments were made with persons having had teachers training and experience in teaching activities closely related to the Curtiss work. They were employed by the training department and first put on production until they were thoroughly familiar with the work, then they were taken over for actual instructiOn. It was found that their sense of 2. The Learner. production was low and that they apThe learner is taken in from academan from proached training largely office, taught the the employment more taught ic point of view - that they he is best fitted, which for activity parts, of the construction of fibre than of production floor the to and promoted and approached the problem as "getting office, production," by the employment training It is highly advisable to rather than g=Tnliti'acotfoolz refer persons of doubtful physique training." or health to the First id departIt is strongly recommended that ment for physical examination to be the most practical type of person be employud, with factory experience as a back- sure that the person is physically adapted to the work for which he ground - providing, of course, that he or pro, the has would like to be trained. suggestion she is amenable to y and tJ ability personalit per point of view, 3. Lenp.th of Day. to not only "do the job" but also "1g The length of day is the same impart the information" and eliminate au that of the factory itself. all mystery. 4e found no difficulty in finding 4. Tools and Equipment. an abundance of ME121.y_ qualified instrucThe tools and equipment are tors employed in the various shops on an identical with tnose used In the They were the exceptional hourly basis k itself. we were factory ly mistaken and occasional persons we found instance, For in judgment. 5. Methods of Construction. that a graduate of a foremost technical The Oethods of construction college, who was an excellent producer, and operation are the same as in the lacked teaching ability, apparently enfactory production. deavoring to do the work of ten people https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis -4- 6. Product. Instruction is obtained from the regular production of the factory for which the operative is being trained. There should be no preliminary "initiation" or "symbolic" work, although salvage parts may be used to advantage as a minimum in extreme cases for the instruction which is Introductory to the training room as in acetylene welding. 2. Clothing. Uniform: It was found that a "two-piece" garment with complete waist was most satisfactory. It can be made in any factory so that trousers button to waist. Trousers should be full and have small elastic to fit at top of shoes or ankle, thereby securing a good "hang" instead of turning them 71tp and having them slopping down continually. The waist should have close fitting neck, can be turned under and left which RATES open or buttoned, and half sleeves, There is a difference between the Special sleeves sho.41d be provided beginning or "learning period" wage for welders, brazers, and others the and department, rate, in training promotion, engaged in similar operations "production wage rate after involving hazard, which may button So long as the learner knows that on short sleeves. By having a the wage rate will be increased autotwo-piece suit it it unnecessary matically upon promotion, and that for a woman to furnish her shirtpromotion depends upon "coming up to Lnmediately this involves production", then just so much will the sex suggestion which should be learning period be shortened and the eliminated. The two-piece suit "production gait" acquired. This elimran enables theuniXorm department inates all need of discipline. to fit each half of the alit to the Here again is the importance of the girl instead of the girl to the instrmotires "production sense" intensisuit. Nothing is more suggestive fiedA than the uniform that doesn't fit. Every instructor should also be a The first uniform, costing peacemaker. about $3.50, is protided by the company without charge and a replacel!'e are at war and this "army behind the ment made when necessary, but if the army" must acquire such speed of producemployee wants two uniforms at once tion as never before known. than the second one is provided at cost. wholesale PERSONAL RELATIONS employee leaves the 7hen the This caused many adjustments and is the company then a unifotm service cf of supreme significance to those who before the employee must returned be contemplate the induction of women into receives her employeent release slip. manufacturing. If the women are Caps with rubber nal (cloth for patriotic enough to give up their homs cooler weather and net for summer) must factory the factory, then for the should be furnished with each uniform. addition in them provide carefully for This is a very important element, to legal requirements, especially for safety, as a women's These. relations may be stmmed up as hair is likely to catch in moving follows: machinery, even a small motor hand drill. Besides, this eliminates 1. Personal Supervision. much difficulty as the hair may otherThis required a woman supervisor wise become loosened and constantly with a factory and production p6int in the way of the individual. of view. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In some cases large restaurants -3_ Aprons are provided for such activities as may soil the form rapidly or permanently,-a rubbernid apron in the machine Flop, for instance. Girls like to wear silk stockings and high-heel shoes or slippers, The stocking shauld be of cotton and the shoes have low heels. Otherwise the employee will become greatly fatigued, as the high heel places the body in an unnatural position and one cannot work to advantage standing. This waw the cause of many women warning to change over to a "eitting job." rearing of jewelry is not permitted. 3. Rest Rooms. Each largq department has its rest rtdm for its employees, with a matron in charge. Admission is by special pass from the forelady, for proper regulation. It is best to have sevral such r roams in a large factory rather than one, as more convenient in an emergency and also preventing a great deal of wandering around the plant which otherwise would develop rand. cause a waste of time, and. confusion. 4. Rest Periods. Each female employee is allowed a rest period of not less than fifteen minutes each morning and each afternoon. In some cases large restaurants are provided and the lunch hour of the men "staggered" with that of the women do that they eat separately or "staggered" by departments. In other cases "canteen" stands are found in various sections of the factory where service is given in selling various kinds of food, etc. It is always best tc have one of these for men and another for women. 7. Safety and Sanitation. A very great percentage of women now entering industry are doing so with little previous factory experience, if any. Constant attention as to safety and sanitation must be given so as to have the newcomer feel thkt the medical department or nearby hospital or company physician is a First Aid rather than a Last Aid. A scratch from fine wire may cause blood poison evAlly with a more serious injury. Every effort must be made to acquaint the girls and wemen of the large service the First Aid can render. 8. Sex Relations. In many factories sex difficulties have arisen and tended to decrease production. If the women are properly inducted 5. Drinking Water. into industry through training, This is providdd by drinking founproperly supervised by a matron on the tains. In the warmer months the water production floors, properly dressed is iced by having the feed pipe coiled in a uniform garb, all difficulties in the bottom of ordinary wooden, metal automatically disappear. lined boxes in which ice is placed. 6, Luncheon. It is the practise of the factories obtaining the best results to serve at least hot soups, tea, coffee, or milk at the lunch hour. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In some cases large restaurants -5- Aprons are provided for such activities as may soil theuniform rapidly or permanently,-a rubberoid apron in the machine shop, for instance. Girls like to wear silk stockings and high-heel shoes or slippers. The stocking should be of cotton and the shoes have low heels. Otherwise the employee will become greatly fatigued, as the high heel places the body in an unnatural position and one cannot work to advantage standing. This wav the cause of many women warning to change over to a "sitting job." rearing of jewelry is not permitted. 7 Rest Rooms. Each largq department has its rest rtdm for its employees, with a matron in charge. Admission is by special pass from the forelady, for proper regulation, It is best to have several such r roams in a large factory rather than one, as more convenient in an emergency and also preventing a great deal of wandering around the plant rhich otherwise would develop rand.cause a waste of time, and confusion. 4. Rest Periods. Each female employee is allowed a rest period of not less than fifteen minites each morning and each afternoon. 5. Drinking Water. This is providdd by drinking fountains. In the warmer months the water is iced by having the feed pipe coiled in the bottom of ordinary wooden, metal lined boxes in which ice is placed. 6, Luncheon. It is the practise of the factories obtaining the best results to serve at least hot soups, tea, coffee, or milk at the lunch hour. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In some cases large restaurants are provided and the lunch hour of the men "sta:ggered" with that of the women o that they eat separately or "staggered" by departments. In other cases "canteen" stands are found in various sections of the factory where service is given in selling various kinds of food s etc. It is always best to have ohs of these for men and another for women. 7. Safety and Sanitation. A very great percentage of women now entering industry are doing so with little previous factory experience, if any. Constant attention as to safety and sanitation must be given so as to have the newcomer feel tbel# the medial department or nearby hospital or company physician is a First Aid rather than a Last Aid. A scratch from fine wire may cause blood poison equally with a more serious injury. Every effort must be made to acquaint the girls and women of the large service the First Aid can render. 8. Sex Relations. In many factories sex difficulties have arisen and tended to decrease production. If the women arc properly inducted into industry through training, properly supervised by a matron on the production floors, properly dressed in a uniform garb, all difficulties automatically disappear. -6- The operating capacity of the entire training department is two hundred and fifty persons at one time. The training will turn over about once a week on an average thus providing trained workers at the rate of 10,000 a yeqr or loss as th.3 factory necas. Contrast this with a condition found in one of cur largest war products plants where the factory needed two thousand trained workers a month and the training department was producing only at the rate of 100 a month. The Curtiss accomplishment shows that a lafge comprehensive plan and service is readily feasible if only the factory management insists upon it. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FLrXIBTLITY The usual custom and tradition of operation schools as a whol is on an annual basis with all instructors contracted for on an annual salary. These conditions must be entir ly forgotten in intensive training of factory workers. The basis element in a training department is its flexibilit: A section for training may operate for one week or two weeks or months. It must be conditioned upon factory needs. This means that the instructor can best be taken from the depart ment for which the training is required and when the quota of trained people is filled, the instructor goes back on the regular production floor and assist; not only in production but also in following up the people train No. /30 Section on Industrial Training for the Nar EMerancy txecutive Committee of Section Percy S. Straus, Chairman, H. E. Miles, Chairman John Golden C. R. Dooley 107 Council of National Defense Building, P St., near 17th, N.W. Washington, D. C. August 12, 1918. BEWARE OF BAD TRAINING ROOMS' A year ago a representative of the British Ministry of Munitions said that some manufacturers seemed to think that they had only to set up a training room or department and look for miracles of accompliehment. Three or four instances of bad training have recently appeared. One great airplane factory put a manual training teacher from a great city in charge. . This man persisted in teaching Aorkers to make nail boxes ard "school projects," to practice with hand tools, many of which the several operators would never use, etc. Said he, "Never mina speed. The Government has the money. What it wants u. accuracy." His pupils loaf in the training room and Later loaf in the factory. His successor will increase production 20 to 40 per cent. Another director of training with almost a natimal reputation was given a great deal of machinery but he cant get aaay from the slow methods of general techinical training. He plans to deliver from 80 to 100 all around mechanics into the factory monthly. But the factory wants 1,000 skilled workers monthly and 2,000 other workers monthly, part of them semiskilled. Every training department should be developed with the employment oifica needs in mind. An expert has been sent to readjust this training department who (in a less conplicated factory) at the end of 90 days was - ,000 workers annually. training at the rate of 8 A third factory with 7,000 workers has had a training roam for five weeks in which it trains women, mostiy yang girls, on astonishingly simple operations that could be taught anybody anywhere. It needs operators on difficult power machines and in the tool room. The foremen have been set against training for those departments. An hourts inepection of the plant followed by a general meeting with lantern slides opened the minds of 100 foremen and euperintendente and the factory will now train for these difficult places. Officers and managers should visit the training departments frequently, speak to trainees and see that the department is perfect In spirit, speed and accuracy. No training room could hurt you of the payroll, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A pod one is worth 20 per cent No, 129 Sect ion on 'Industrial Training for the rrar Emergency Executive Committee of Section Percy S. Straus, Chairman, H. E. Miles, Chairman John Golden C. R. Dooley 107 Council of National Defense Building, D St„ near 17th, N. r. rashington, D. C. August 9, 1918. WAR SERVICE FOR 1Vr.FN WHO ARE OVFR DRAFT AGE and. for the "Old Men." Men past the draft age can often render as valuable service as any in warproduction, In New Haven (the Boardman Trade School), a painter age 60 quickly learned to be an adept machinist. tt. Says the superintendent of a factory in Torcester which has one of the best training departments in the country, "I recently hired a man 65 years of age, who has been a pattern maker, a mill wright and a stone mason, He came to m.e and said he had always had a Te put him to work in hankering to learn the machinist trade.' the Training Department and he is showing wonderful progress. His training in these other lines has given him a good course in mechanical work, and we believe that in a short period we can make a first-class instructor out of him to help us in training others who are not so quick to grasp the trade." In Bridgeport, a laundry shirt ironer age 45 or more in three days was running a screw machine and producing 25% faster than estimated by the makerof_the machine. At the end of a week he was taking the machine to ,pieces to get thoroughly acquainted with it. He was soon getting 60 an hour in regular production. An enameler (and foreman) of the same age was doing as well on a companion machine in the same training room, but he stayed a month in training so as to qualify as foreman in a screw machine room. A farmer about 68 who had had mechanical training as a youth came into the training rooms of one of our war factories the other day and quickly qualified for skilled production, A Cincinnati firm, finding it difficult to get boys, has substituted old men with great success. They find these men more dependable, readier to accept responsibility, never absent nor late, and glad, most of them, to have gotten steady employment in a high class institution. vhile many old men should be used as in this company, it would be an utter misapprehension of their value not to realize that a very great percentage of these older men can be made quickly to equal younger men in skilled wor'k. England and France give special attention to training the older men wha have been merchants, professional men, etc. for very skilled production, tool making etc. Every man past the draft age should consult an expert in modern shop practice and training and immediately prepare for superior service. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis No, 127 SECTION ON INDUSTR/AL TRAINING FOR THE WAR EMERGENCY. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF SECTION Percy S. Straus, Chairrran, John Golden C. R. Dooley H. E. Miles, Chairman 506 Council of National Defense Building, D St. Near 17th, N.W. Washington, D.C., July 24, 1918. BRITISH EVERIENCE quotation from Mr. Ben. Ho Morgan, Special Advisor on Training and Dilution, British Ministry of Munitions, London. "By the process of dilution we have been able to place in munition works about 950,000 women to do work from the heaviest labouring unskillI ed operation to the highest grade of tool-room non-repetition work. pre-war our destroyed entirely do not hesitate to say that women have ideas as to what constitutes "skilled" work, When in the early days of the War women were trained to turn out 18 pdr. H. 13, Shell and equal the production of male labour many thought that such work amounting as it does to little more than manipulative de:cterity, was about the limit of the capacity of women who had not received a regular course of Engineering (mechanical) training. After a few months workshop experience, hover, women are today building the greater part of one of the best High-Speed Engines in the country, each woman setting her own tools and work, and able to machine any piece of work that the tool she is on will take. v/Omen are building guns, including the fine fitting work on the breech mechanism, and the cutting of large screw threads up to a shoulder. They are doing most of the work in some shops on 3-1/2 ton Army Lorries and will do practically the whole of it if the war lasts much longer including chassis erection and testing. They are doing important work in marine engine building, turning connecting rods, propeller shaft liners and doing practically all in 13011.3 cases, of the marked-off drilling. The Aero Engine, as you well know, is a very fine piece of mechanism and at the outset was considered a tool room job throughout. In some shops women are today doing the greater part of the work turning on Centre Lathes to half a thousandth, milling webs of Clerget Cylinders on a booker Miller without stops and setting up their own jobs and working again to half a thousandth limit, boring cylinders on a No. 9 Herbert and similar work an a Gisholt, setting up their own jobs turning and finishing test pieces in various metals to a 5,000tholaking tools and gauges cf all kinds to fine limits; all varieties of bench fitting to drawings and marking-off work of every description. Locomotives work, steel constructional work, boilers, bending, drilling, and rivetting, women are doing magnificent work both in regard to accuracy and output." https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 Note: In shell 80% women operatives on and semi-skilled men on prevent shall factories needed on other work in production British Government contracts require shells under 4,5ft, with less percentage of women larger sizes, This requirement in the U. S. would from bidding away great numbers of skilled men other factories, In the production of fuses and trench tools, grenades, etc., women are doing 60% to 80% of the machine operations, according to their types. In Enfield and other light arms, women are doing 2/3 of the work. Also a considerable part in the production of the breech mechanism for heavy guns, and light parts on gun carriages, etc. In aircraft work, motors, and planes, wonen are doing a great part of the work and producing in one factory or another every part used, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Likewise in motor trucks and in tool room and precision work, H. E. Miles, Chairman. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A1:3t 21, 1918. liso Mury 3;:r14uff.()r, 1 35 Sol*h 111r6 Street, Ay ie!.1r ,Jurir1:7 )A1.3- Vn Kleack' roc, Li t feN r.! 7nnt mm.n ,L.ers. This 4ork is .11113r thn ,3iroct1on of Crietin chin, ton, re,ct jy n1 ea..A.oy- into fact .rioA ;1_9 ve'Lfirc exacutive Fiehor, Council h your Lett tr to her qbc,ut !- )varnxent 2o1r9es f.2r )f .5,14 le+ 11th, f w - men to fJr ,tosence f N-ti ,flaL Defenie, loth C. n1 D. otr.3eta, .t mi, ht he Aet, for you t. write Floh•:r 13pecific infortion which yAl V,Iry truly vurs, Van AleOCk. 133 South Third Street, New Philadelphia, Ohio, August 11, 1918. Miss Mary Van Kleek, Woman's Bureau, United States War Department, Nashinfrton, D.C. My dear Mies Van Kleek, I have heard that under the supervision of the government there are to be given courses for the training of women to go into factor ies as welfare executives and employment managers. All you please send me information in regard to this work in which I am very much interested or refer meto the department where I may secure such information ? https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Yours truly, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 nAri: ,1 4 11--1 • ' 111 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WOWN IN INLUSMY CJc Au3u8t 5, 191e. My dear Nies Allinson: Should your committee decide to speciali e on the problems of training woren, I cuggest your letting in touch wit* Mr. J. V. Johnson, Chief Instructor of the rright-Martin Aircraft Corporation, Hew' Brunswick, New Jersey, an that cerTany is working out intem3ting plans for the training o7 women in several of its plants under the direction of Mr. Johnson, He has written us, and I had an opy.ortunity to talk with hir a short time ago in Philadelphia, so that if you shouli decida to o there, an if you have not already ret him, I shall be slad to give you a letter of introduction. Sincerely yours, Director, Women in Inlustry Service. Miss May Allinson, Comrittne on Women in Industry, Council of Natinnal Defente, Washington, D. C. ".0MXN IN INDUSTRY 8RRV101 July 26, 1918. My dear Mrs. Swant Since the receipt of your letter nf Julr lflth rhtch yru nert , o. have been awaitinry; the arrival of the Bulletin It must have lone as9 r7r. it 'nu I shall be nuch interested in sting send me a seconl err?, at thio ,%11-nss, u' Thi Boor 504-, v/nehi.n ,;ton, The (luections which yrr tr" rd:Iirsr, a* course7. for trairilc7 and esl'ecially the offerinq rf longer An1 women jr the mechanical trales arc so intmro'.3tLrg that NrAd like vary nuch to have an opiortunity to tallf thon over rather that to ttempt to write aboiit them. The questior nf which there should trainirr!, wrimmr for fte rachine trades is one in ational Ass,liatirr be conference both witn emrloyers and in the Intern of Machinists. If you are planning to be in Washington at any time with you. in t'-e new- future I shall be very glari to talk https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Sincerely yours. Director, roman in Industry Service. GENERAL COMMITTEE RD COUNCIL OF ORGANIZATIONS LEA DE 4 AND CHILD D. WALD WE FOR WAR SERVICE (CO-OPERATING WITH WOMAN'S COMMITTEE. COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE) .ARY E. RiCBMON AOSS S ELLEN LOUISE AD EE STRIAL MOBILIZATIO MRS. FLORENCE KELLE MRS. ALEXANDER KOH UT /000 PRODUCTION Miss HILDA LoINES CLEARING HOUSE FOR WAR WORK VOLUNTEERS CLEARING HOUSE FOR WAR TIME TRAINING FOR WOMEN CHAIRMEN FOR THE BOROUGHS WILLARD STRAIGHT. MANHATTAN EDWARD DREIER. BROOKLYN DAVID R. RODGER. QUEENS CHARLES E. SIMONSON. RICHMOND BRONX MRS. MRS. MRS. MRS. MRS. MISS MRS. MISS MRS. CHARLES L. TIFFANY, TREAS. AMEY ALDRICH AUGUST BELMONT VIRGINIA GILDERSLEEVE HENRY MOSKOWITZ CHAIRMAN OF CLEARING HOUSE FOR WAR TIME TRAINING FOR WOMEN MRS. JOSEPH R. SWAN 4 EAST 39TH STREET TELEPHONE: VANDERBILT 5876 CHAIRMAN OF CLEARING HOUSE FOR WAR WORK VOLUNTEERS MRS DISTRISUTION, CONSERVATION MISS MABEL H. KITT REDGE EDWAINMCVICKAR P4 -1 PROTECTION OF THE YOUNG MISS STELLA MINE MISS SARAH C. WE LLS July 10, 1918. RECREATION MISS LEILA NEWCOMB MISS VIRGINIA PO TT ER JUL TRAINING FOR WAR WORK MISS EMILIE J. H UTCHINSON WAR FINANCE MRS. COURTLAN DT BARNES WORK FOR ALIEN MISS MARY E. DREIER EMERGENCY SEA VICE MISS GRACE P ARKER REHABILITATION AND RE-EDUCATION MRS. RIPLEY HITCHCOCK Miss Mary Van Kleeck, Ordinance Department, State War and Navy Building, Washington, D. C. My dear Miss Van Kleeck, We sent you a few days ago a copy of the bulletin gotten out by the Clearing House for WarTime Training for Women of the Council of Organizations for War Service, the plans of which I had talked over with you before you went to Washington. We are very anxious to have your frank judgment and criticism on this bulletin. We, ourselves, feel conscious of many defects in regard to clearness of arrangement, typing, etc., which we plan to rectify in our next bulletin to come out on September first. In this second bulletin we shall hope to go further into the question of needs for different kinds of training. We are getting material for this from Mrs. Neale of the United States Employment Bureau, Mrs. Crocker of the Municipal Civil Service Comission, Committee on Industrial Training for the War Emergency of the Advisory Commission of the Council of National Defense and the Federation of NonHave you any other Commercial Employment Bureaus. suggestions as to sources of information regarding This coming bulls tin needs for training at this tiwn will list all permanent or emergency courses for women relating directly or indirectly to war work to be given in New York City. Another question upon which we would very much like to have your judgment is in regard to the training of skilled women mechanics. The present tendency so far as we can gather is toward relegating women to the more unskilled processes. How far would you feel that it is wise at this time to advocate longer training courses in mechanics 41100 345 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .74 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis for women, than are offered in the vestibule schools, etc.? Do you think skilled women mechanics will be needed, and if so, have you any idea as to the length of time it would We are considering drawing take to train them? attention to whatever openings there may be for courses to develop skilled women mechanics but we are doubtful as to how far it is well to advocate women taking such courses, if we find them, in view of the uncertainty of the need for women skilled mechanics in the future. owing We would appreciate ever so Et what you think on these points and criticisms or suggestions that you have to make in regard to both bulletins. Yours very sincerely, Chairman Clearing House fbr WarTime Training for Women. NS RR https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 21, My de .t 3-13. Mr. Nichols: In my new work in the Women -Ln Industry Serviss I .1%3.31 have a new and athle intcrTi- t work of the ctmrittcs aircirted 4-- u f e 7, , 0, Ttsdr1 v 7,1 7 c,irrs. 7orren c I:Ain 3 I ""1113A let re ler1-4 the p,..e:3-t vAteful tc yc ttt f Vis if tt901 a ro- ,!nmrceidAtions, aid T. slit> 111 7,111 Alao to ;Ave you .'• o:inii hel: • illthlatry Service oan Ortnee 5itnr Director, '4' an in industry Frorvica. Mr. L. H. NI.chole, Cormission on tv.lining Clmc Activitieo, street, N. 7i.,leteenth C. vanhington„ 411. WAR DEPARTMENT is-0rie COMMISSION ON TRAINING CAMP ACTIVITIES RAYMOND B. FOSDICK CHAIRMAN LEE F HANMER THOMAS J. HOWELLS JOSEPH LEE MALCOLM L. McBRIDE JOHN R. MOTT CHARLES P. NEILL BRIG. GEN. P. E PIERCE. U. S. A JOSEPH E. RAYCROFT WASHINGTON APRZO 1914 L W. PRENTICE SANGER EXECUTIVE SECRETARY https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .1,-- April 15, 1918 Miss Mary VanKleeck Women's Division, Ordnance Dept., War Department 6th & D Streets Washington, D. C. My dear Miss VanKleeck: Attached herewith is a copy of the final report of the Committee embodying all the suggestions made at the last meeting and submitted to the Commission on Training Camp Activities on April 3d. The Commission approved the report and its recommendations, and referred it for action to the Executive Committee. The Executive Committee is now considering it, but I believe a report will be sent to the Secretary of War within a day or two. Mr. Fosdick has requested that this report be printed in pamphlet form as part of an educational campaign in connection with the recommendations. The report before being printed will be slightly expanded, and the appendices incorporated in the body of the report. other changes will be wade. Very sincerely yours, 0 j4dit443.L0 Office Manager T.J-if„r:E II No °C1 OL1 au, Ai 2, 13) 12 No, LAN> tv.wele-r- T;iiiCtt-lAl Atz), - e N\ores kiu ?. ActcSoiki 34- (:) \ tuS A)t- , ki -SADA) y CS GOYA on) (--0-‘ ‘ ‘erl`kcitt.) kJ-v-43;j . AAQ \-1 6(coi ottioax- kJ .% s.% 0 A3 C v.‘si btu y €.3 A,'%-\ %otos y e$ Nb oft,1 N 0 A.) LoVe o_S Aciraikey Ni SCrls JO ock.9A.n. ycs ioNly Aio Ye-5 y u.r se_S PJ n n AAe — Ni es tro "'nu_ rse S 0 N N 101- 2,3 4_ a% -a g, 2,2 — 22 16-11 — A30 D yes o,t>e N — 09, o k ki $42.% N — Avy \Au.k.5dvi M https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ye-A- r NO y \ es rs ye N MONa. tl10 ( .2Ab 1y i4k Sirk5 N a35--`332 lb-0— 0-o ftJO Cou_ASter ,)rs ,o0 NJ° Ac\— JO eS Yes Y SOCVS 1.3 0 ?/ 1 4) W,c_V• uci\e_ CoikicessiDA „ . e \ \'t I 2,i 1 szco oikse -1 ) 251 MO Nct-kolocA k C0 10 k 14k.t..teAsc y -1/4-1.‘ \dt'-A)A\-/ \I"JL)A.‘ 7 5 rs rc-c e-s v•S tu 0 N0 AO IML U._ N., .16,Nr IONS C ^"ctit . tu 4.\--.1 R-) \ C2-4 /Lk Nen,,,ter ptAccmid.).sr,L,LS\Ne_1131 , NA/dckstuoYli% cfzti e rodo 0Sci.A.> 4t 9 I6 1 I0 1) 1 Irse /4.0,1_1- c A k- tikur lu 0 P40 i6 o , N 3 vregto-N3eNc. \f e- "Jo / es N.) 0 e-s It) P IQ i1/4)0 Ai Q, NO/u 42_ ,0 n--3z 'Jo t,-) N0 — cix • c\R, y e_ e_s N0 No /Q 0 160 — iCo IC o —iCo \ No Couctg ‘ e.,.) WeiN1- tss S (JO N 0 1n-1.41 c— eS eS I rdry kg_citcQz 11 ycs O https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ly-irs yt-s Os yrs )SS )11-S "Drs No ‘f es 'yes N es kt yrs ISycs 1•.) 0 - 7 szo /V 0 1C1•10 15 - y es 1 I, AA0A-1 ON1y -No IL 'VS e_ o r rertA N oft) e No 3\ oyes ,„„ v,vvcrTAA // 1 43 0 4-i-" •rw rls ARNO itesiitttoo Aplepasat of -mos La 4.11tary Goes* .abjecti auk ito vl tics. oa Oar Soporbeait AVM, ,itik SAWA seam alrealky asplaysi thirty-two Motional era, sal &Wm& lima tosisiss assys shim lietialte ter their sAverrialese the tagssative isiostleit hos arise* as to What rioalii dosesio, mew present osudition* aid with loss with those a Assn* Issitemy for the worse it steps aro not Was le soot less. that NO Or toe alternative, be adagotsis either *at MIMS Noll In satirely debarred from carve; avid nil work *awn dime bair aims w est a brood ipilversal air the esplessisit sag osparvis/ANi Mos assraittoo empolshal Alatimoo 11141111,1111 loccotigato Oda yroblas et lie 011111.401114a fAA 540841/14111161110., 17 1110 egailidi It'MN wean ho ifelltilia• Afitivi ties* bug ton oarottally Offib- oirtats Shot wawa can arm aliessitagosso- Um • traateg amkiwit a fast WA* is asimptratiii Iv the es. parte.* ot arca* ;.ritioa• ,iith 1110 aser aril* ark the call of imilasa tleserals la ihissao ter as savoy of 11411010118 moo it will be isereaaingly accessory te Imo nes tor active amyl's at tho treat by Whatever mew are possible. le ore being ihostiaolly :art wales* by the xamilah earl levee* be.. ems us sob aspieylaii to sash as odes* sea la soft ter shish some an better elasoss cortalabbesse et sok ebb* vast be &sae la VAAP sumps. Mir More are fatal, shish isms ON MAMA thorstere possiliarly adavimple la view et Sae faU... tic issei ttee hos obashiset the lelea et excluding women from mpost in the ems, ant has sielittei the other alternative. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Caliabillas oases vosa so to Mots* sae adopt a Weal ississei U. for the ornament of women In tillit!:x? c!..01; without a plan . met bo eutficiontty extonclia VJ Include mot only the leuvonsoflenplsysd or others to be employed in tho cmr)e, teteleo, dam it becomes nosolOWer, isso „mite" Stagg. or inweed• aiiisig Ifs . tioh a pies palbee and mot be enit Sulle edieet la SID Oribleilly *I OM. lott aneki be otop *IF SW as eseaslin avlies• Ihe Swilling. MINN eiehinelen tign with the lair sort be kept in seal tonnaletlas a pelioy. A- S Awe are vemrs,s ,rork Jr cameo- osiklAged im groovy Imo or the anigemel Amy anti Hattlanal Guard kiebding owe in one se neve of ths Pougrring awns& of worm Laundrise„ peat amilleeis, telephone operators, nurses, cleave eat Mae- etOMMINSOMP., rafting, els* As tem seemi a% it II upsets" thet • neve s serrsapemithisk, goother prelthen with Ala le sopa. how & lefilt se pilaw vesnottne be eiplegoi, ammo la new eepeviPidAnt anti sem et ewe vonos, and thele• ne plan bee !lee hem orielleist to Ineltde the esuntry aa roam amp, the tekishine operat3rs Need far in inostiaelly by the telelenne saipanisa • ant ave leveseeset tonperview. The names are 01.10OW 4oder geeemenset save, In the other doses et esployulett, h,iineverg lase attention is 111 te Fhe weithre et the wollisio. Comittiehe are meet eanioue at Clamp sksymelt, mem, Moo Aare neeirty MO now eve wades lameYiss, ether please bt Ile imp. the poet ezoblefieet Ube nun hie teen es iittle attempt sit ennervisias lot several seem hare eines to ii4Skt'hors boors/ *NM WO tees able te gain free WOW to the asp mmiger the pretext nfogissasido shaman? tho sit atlas* is & neasee Mk the mesa ortrao7741 w - :soi At ea. seldieve• At Osor)conditions we &lee esmtem. in ow et the asps Ile atfoal n has not yet deveiopod Into 640 & seams etalmo as !IIllbe tie Imps; imiumil• https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis -6- Conditions are mad in trsining camp where private concessions exist, etl. eitner for aussememt purposes or for doing l*undry work, In practical control over concessionoperation it proves impossible to exercise adequate Aires, take no precaution no employ women because they attract tra4so and to keep our endeeirables. included Recommendations on this matter will oe with other recommendations to follow. one-hold of the camps Attention is Galled to the fact that in over ted. inadequate housing facilities are repor In these oases the women are not of Om hest character. forced to live in boarding houses, often In many in such hoarding houses %re higher localities the rates for board and roows per cent d h. MA40 to pay. About than girls working for such loges &vel s transportation to ami from their place of the women in all the samps require made either by Government official* or by of work. Frequently, no attempt is the oharactor of the wesser.'s lodgings. krivate concessionaires to ascertain duty is lacking. Supervision over the women Who are off as adequate supervision over It may be said in general that there is . A emasary of reports received the employment of women in the military dews (inhibit A) and shows that where by the Committee from the camps is appen4ed rous possibilities. vmditiol)s are not yet serious there are dange Row to ers uard both themselves and the soldi take :tare of thee* women and to aafeg iately. is a problem Oki& mmet be met Immed ttee has agreed upon tne follow. In view of the aheve facts, the Commi ing principles: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ing Gasps In the positions maimed i. The slaployment et Amen in train rsoorized. above is necessary. This fact must be nment to take the responsibility for Z. Obligation rest* wen the Gover camps. Just as it provide* for the care of *OMR employed in its tha military service, as met it accept men who have beim drafted in -4pUse 1.11041nsib11ity f•no the ve.M•re of the ISM who are SEIMIff 00111111,* t to be oranniant. 3. Se Una Os sinkin military canoe system. natienni Intl aukos Wm.* 4. Se semi should be amployet iw eserui mod wir Ma low elsoulA as saer,:dred to estsaliek astiaitstr the MUanlits sisatel, phiraisat, mad sigial Masse bettpie do Is emplopert. the mow iambi settely Moot: as to the pest reseed of the apnlissit Wen reeirsawadte bar ter eapbspent. S. Definite stelliWill akiP the incrioas °lama sit week, seastri hours of labor, wages, age Units, eta. Moult be stated. Num ' us 6. The policy wet iaoluda aisquo, simpramidem supervision as both 2Nte amphireee, lielpitateirtadir. of the wet be smossloeibr the OrSammessk sad net or sigr piths* • 4Mmadslation. T. 0011041FaStins in marse ofadansage Ulnae MillaLitial to sesepierei Is Iseelitoilmarasesessyr. mge of the viotheSs Ns wow shoal& be esnt Se Whe positiame settl oilequate Weft bake wen nrovidod to Metes thee. 121 forzialatini osepeiheoetvo OMR *Or tho suplimeatt st usiolt, oemittse tame to ether heilliaerant oviattries to ses Ibmw law bed la the 4mer1once of 440*5 litteia see *PM the • Aed 301ation. In ,Itg to 1915, Mom item NOWA Mar ellsoillimialls lark. Inder the Owe leek at Wile datah use mists in the jolted itatee. Ilen it Was Swan* irsossmir Sck segisise &Lithe vows se emptsgeit IS loptest into one mat Mem as the "Paome's fdiptes.. Ain in 1,17 the gessmarist dial.* upon the subetituilielt eli MOM Seidler* in certain oodasations at Minh low, tho MoonVal Umiak Imo assempla into the t garys Agar Aalciliary Coon." This 04014.6 Ina nowt for the payout of se-ordieettne all =now s 0141111111MMelle already in eparolbea, sot a strict orambeitisa Mew saillim https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis sue Wets& lesseto lies the sweet of messes of the lesso.e -5- Army Auxiliary Corps: It Is under military authority, officially recopillsed as a branch of the War Office. At the head of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps is a Chief Controller - a woman - who is responsible to the Adjutant General at Army Re4dgearters. lhe corps is *dminister ed on Army lines. 144 only is this the solution of the problem at the emplement and supervisiee of omen in military work, but the fact that the corps is actually a recognised part of the war machine is an inspimtion, and women of the highest type are attracted into war service. A brief report on the Women's Arny Auxiliary Corps attAohed hereto (exhibit 10 is well worth reading. Secammend4tions The Committee reonomemds the adoption of the folioqing plan: I. the organisation of a Women's Reserve Corps as a branch of the Shr Department and reporting to the Seeretary of Whr. Us organisation of this corps should parallel that of the lemen es Army Auxiliary Corps in England. It should have its own offic ers, with ranks corresponding to those in the Semen's Army Auxiiiery Corps. Members of the corps should be subj4ot to military law and should at all time oh* the general routine orders and 14.0%1 standing ordAre. ambers while on 4y13' should be umder attho rity of the officer in commend of the unit in Which they are working and, when off duty, under the supervision of the .on officers. 2. iii women employed in military camps should be enrolled se nom hers of this corps. Recruiting shield be done by ths corps , which may avail itself of existieg ANOMOiOS for this service, such as the United States Riplerment Service and others. 3. Stations should be established for the instruction and train ing of newly enrolled workers for a short period before they are plowed in active service. Women to serve as officers should be recruited and trained in special officers, training caft.;s. 4. An official uniform for members of the lemees Reserve Corps should be adopted, together with suitable insignia, simil ar to those ',worn by members of the Women's Arnr Auxiliary Corps in England. 5. Tor women already in service at the amps, it Is Imperative that housing facilities be eonstructed immediately. 6. Rages and heirs of labor shoul4 'clop stAndardised for each type of wort. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7. The miaboms age liutt for women acoopted for such military serviee should be 21 years. 8; Statutory provision should he made for insuring the mmabers of the corps while in the service of the United States. The Was Risk 'neuroses Doreen is preparing on amadoont to the ihr Risk Inman., dot which will allow it te include such 414 The practice of greeting eemesesions near the camps to private individuals or to firms should be abolished. Cent:Amiss. already grouted lathe sumps should be withdraws end all work in the wipe should he done hy the Government. No more concessions should be pasted within ouermaitiee outitds of cumps. It is the opinion of this Committee that the above plan is ths best one suited adequately to meet existing conditions and at the same time te admit ef ,writirti on. It is a plan which can be extended to inchude LL os *Ike may be sent to Fr,ince for war work, as well as those implored Ls the dome sad the tacteriers in this country. selves is obvious. tile effect on the women them- It will diznify their work of the Army organisation. w recognising it as it part /t will engender an esprit de corps conducive to efficiency Kind self-centrol, and give them• keener sest in helping the causiiIe. Furthermore, hy doing WWI with the had oonditions resulting from lack of supervision, wmen of the higliest type will be attracted into war service. The obvious advantage of the comprehensive plan 10.4ther than special recomrenlations for individval problems is that such plan once organised in skeleton could be applied at once to individual problems pressing for solution. Machinery would be set in motion which could be expanded indefinitely to meet an alrost inmvitablo increase in the umber of women la oar wwrk. This will relieve overburdened Government offioials fres fur- ther consideratten of individual cases. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis AmmINWOMUJImild lowatttoo emu not tee at:m*4 sipboolso Ms used for the imsattsto osmotrsottms is the 411tar7 Oaks of ~pato *ming tor the mom oliammit thowobs, mrspeolok to Olio fessittee is sot yet wobor ot gem awn oulawred wr to state tho moms 4, taw bassives It is oolftlotod Sot there will be fres IV to 500 ve0More is mob et Oho dwips. lho oomutruotion oi /lousing Maltase is tho trsisiMe 4111Pes ovum of the soot temporary Obirootor, rill %mks *bout tro aereise noel is elm* so sato that Ow Government lan after& to loSIP as tiso of is hosissimgoosetrostiarka. SOMStruotion of auj housing should, ent omwoo, bo soosmiesitadt Tyg the mio tlQU of a pa/Av./ for the intellig sigpooldotas of Us mom the we to bow Atomood• https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis air0/00th1117 LIT.:ILLIRY CORPS OF ENG T .C. 0.1/ L. Sumary, II. Deductions from English Experience. III.Possibility of Adapting Scheme to our Needs IV, Elaborated Abstract of the Vh.A.."_.C. ( ( ( ( "Tommywacks" a. History,*.. b. Recruiting, c. OrganizatIon, d.dAccommodations, ( a. Necessity for comprehensive scheme, (t. Certain anticipated difficulties negligible, ( C. Effect on Soldiers, ( d. Effect on women themselves,— ( e. Reasons for sucess, Page 1 u 2 2-3 3 u 3 u 11 3 3 3-4 " 4 ( a. Advantage of comprahensive plan capable of in( definite expansion, ( b. Relief of Government officials, ( c. Trained women now available, ( d. Opinion of some women already in war service,----- " ( a. History, ( b. Recruiting, c. Organization, ( d. Lccommodations, 4 4 5 5 " 6-7 " 7-9" 9-11 " 11-12 I a. dIV Compiled from several typewritten reports, newspaper and magazine articles etc. and the data arranged and classified by Eleanor Bushnell Coolie February 1918. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis I. SUMMARY. WOMEN'S AiMY LUXILIARY CORPS( 7.A.A.C.) History, A. A. C. were the Voluntary Aid DeThe precursors of the tacAment and the Women's Legion (1915). These funlished cooks, Women's Legion. motor drivers, help for tie Ministers of Munitions, etc., etc., who were recruited through Labor Exchanges. a. Object. r Army Recognition. Object: To release men; to improve cooking and cleaning in hospitals and convalescent homes, etc. First experiment, August 3, 1915. 'Athin five weeks 100 woks were accepted. Thereafter no question about value of women over men. 1916. Recognized by Army Council Instruction which defined position- pay and condition of service under officer commanding aamp. First employment in regular camps, Apri1,1916. Mess of 500 1st regular camp experimantlofficers. Over 6000 cooks and waitresses supplied later in 200 camps. 400 women released nearly one-half battalion. Extraordinary economies effected. Charter for service at home and abroad, June, 1917. Experiment a sucer.-s after three months 1918. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis All W. A. A. C. (domestic) members begin service as assistants, regardless of previous training. Often rise quickly. A girl of 22 is responsible, in one c321r, for the whole mess service for 22,000 men. Extraordinary economies have been effected by the substitition of women for men. In 1917, government decided on substiution of women for soldiers in certain occupations at French Bases. : 1 1.A.A.C. officially recognized for that service. Co-ordinating of existing agencies, not easy. Grave consideration of every proklem involved, precedeu completion of W.A.L.C. charter, June 1917. Strict organization effected, under military authority. Housing most difficult problem. No woman employed tntil suitable accommodations provided, by military officers, assisted by administrators. Higher standard housing than for man. After three months' trial, the experiment of empleyiniz women _n camps both at home and abroad has proved a complete success. NOW recruiting at the rate of 10,000 a month. (End of Historyl b. I!& Recruiting jystem. 11'1 Procedure: Registration at recruiting center attached to Labor Exchanges. Examination by travelling Lledical Boars. 4.xamination by selection committee as to suitability for - -60 kinds of jobs available. work chosen, there being Training for service. Training in Depot Hostel, in drill, discipline, duties, privileges,etc.,etc"; such Hostels all over country. Inoculation, vaccination. Uniforming, etc. Drafting away, in groups of 20 or 30, to camp or town, supervisor. always in charge of instruction. during Full pay for candidates. The procedure of the Army in search of women workers, given under " Recruiting " in body of paper. Procedure for c. Organization. Organization and Administration The organization of the W.A.A.C. includes the Chief Oontroller, responsible to Adjuntant General, 'aeneral Army Headquarters. Deputy Chief Controller Lrea Controller,supervises arrangements for the Corps in districts. Unit Adrainistrators,in dharge of hostels. Deputy and :tssistant Deputy Administrators :-11 corresponding to officers in the ..rmy 2orewomen and Workers correspond with other Arry ranks. Relation to Arny. Pay. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The Corps is administered on Arm7 lines. to discipline and are subject to rules of orders, wnich never conflict. All engage to submit C. and general armu 20 pounds yearly, board -nd lodging; Scrubbers, (Lowest grade) Cooks and 26 pounds yparly, board and lodging; domestics, zrom unskilled to hichly s _Lied 20/ to 40/ weekly, with 14/ deducted if labor , living in hostels. 1:iniruy, age - home :,rvice, 18; service abroad, 21 -3- Insurance. Sick Benefits. All subject to Insurance Act and entitled to full pay for three months if sick or injured,and part pay after three months. The relation of the W.A.A.C. to the Army is sham in more detail in quotations from " General Instructions No.1", under " Organization and Administration." d. Most difficult problem. Principles eStablished, Reports from the front, Accommodations( Housing) The bOst difficult problem in connection with the W.A.A.C. is that of housing. The system is as yet undeveloped as to grouping and number of huts in camps,or of houses rented for officers, and living quarters. Decisions are based on local needs and supplies. Certainsrinciples have, however, been definitely established. No women are employed until suitable accommodations are provided for them. All hostels, however small, A.A.C. supervisor. are in charge of a Great attention is paid to the welfare of the women, both by Army authorities and by the officers of the W.A.A...C. Some camps have three or four houses, accomodating 15 or 20 women. The largest camp contemplates 500. Enthusiastic letters from girls in France describes the housing arrangements, but they do not suggest any standardization of arrangement as yet. Deductions from Ehglish Epprience. Comprehensive scheme recognized as a necessity. Certain anticipated difficulties found negligible. Effect on soldiers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis a. In England, a comprahensive scheme for the employment of women in the Army both at home and abroad wLs early recognized as an urgent necessity. The organization of the V1..':.0. has proved a complete success, demonstrating either that some of the anticipated problens were negligible, or offering a practical solution of them. Among those of the former class, "the sex difficulty b. has not been anything like what was predicted. -he women have been hard at work and absorbed in their jobs, and the men have respected them". The ppinion on this score is practically unanimous. The fear that the Army muld resent giving up their jobs to women proved groundless also. ipprehension as to the effect on the spirits of the men proved unnecessary also. Instead of being depressed that England had been "reduced" c. to sending women to France, they were greatly stimulated to recognize a vast army of resources hitherto untapped. d. The effect on the women themselves is to dignify their -4- Effect on women themselves. /ieasons for the success A. of the work by recognizing it as a part of the Army organization, to du corps conducive to efficiency and selfengender .ZW. control, to give them a sympathy for the soldier at the front, and a keener zest in helping the cause. '.,!he marked success of the experiment in meeting thh ree. • be due to definite organization of the maining problems seems to women themselves in the %A.A.C.; careful selection and training of both administrators and workers therein; definite organized relation to the British -army; The maximum of liberty out of working hours(under direction of supervisors), consistent with itab eipWlainre ; co mforta p housing Departm entblthrough ada ministrators, always in advance of the arrival of units; extreme care in the selec'ion of women administrators for marked qualities of leadership rather than for arbitrary governing ability, and for the creation of genuine esprit de corps; special training for all grades of menbership preparatory to service; strict attention to the women's welfare by Atmy authori, all ties, and careful supervon over their subordinates 11' of practiCal who have employment womel. the grndes of the Corps; themselves; recognition o f the been through the mill women as 111 responsible wlorkers who must not be treated as children; a qpirit of equality according to cvacity and a sense of responsibility and enthusiasm which can only be maintained at a maximum organization; co-operation and unity of training horo by tugh and opportunity. Possibility of Adaptilw Schene to our Needs. Application to our problems. The possibility of adapting the W.A.A.C. methods to our awn needs in solving the problems of the status and control of women in caqps( and elsewhere in war work) naturally snggests itself. The .e does not seem to be any valid objection to the serious consideration of such adaption, in view of the success S_the English system, the similarity of the general problems • and the flexibility of the organization- which could be involved, fitted to our special requirements. The obvious advantages of a comprehensive plan, ratter than a. special recommenations for individual problems, are, that a comprehensive plan , once organized in Skeleton to cover the matter of Enlistment or Recruiting, ,Idministration and Housing principle and practice at once, to individual could be aDplied for solution, and machinery would re set in pressing problems Relieves governexpanded indefinitely to meet what is be could which motion ment officials of increasing use of women for war work, thus relievto be an bound consideration of Government officials from further consideration overburdened ing special cases distressing individual cases. of constantly pressing. Advantage of comprehensive /Dian. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis —5— ra ined women now available. Opinion of some women already in war scrvice. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Trained women are already available for the skeleton organization, who might continue at their present civilian work, while giving a part of their time to the development of the organization and the establishment of the training centers, and thus oe ready to function when the demamisbegin to pour in for women workers in great numbers. Personally, I feel taht there are already enough women engaged in mar work under the Government and outside of it, to justify their organization as a distinct body, and my conversation with a numoer of them justifies the conclusion that they would welcome such recognition of their part in the whole scheme, and be glad to assume any further responsibilities, that would be entailed by such organization. Reapectfally submitted, Eleanor Bushnell Cooke ( Mrs. Morris Llewellyn Cooke,) The Brigilton, Washington, D.C. February 7, 1918. • THE WOMEN'S ARMY AUXILIARY CORPS History. Women's Legion. The precursors of the in England were the Voluntary Aid Detadhment and the Women's Legion( W.L.), the latter organized in 1915 by La4y Londonderry, to provide cooks, motor drivers, and members of Signal Corps. Later, help for the Minister of LiUnitions, 0 canteens, and MI a:riculture wz_s furnishedip and finally, a motor transport section. These were recruited through regular labor exahanes. The oiject was to release men anC to improve cooking and cleaning and introduce economies in hospitals and convalescent 2irst Experime_t homes. The first experiment was sending of twenty Women's Legion coo_=s, on l'iugust 3rd, 191b, by Miss Barker, to the Dartford Convalescent Camps. Three weeks later, sixty cooks were sent to the 3astbourne convalesce= home, releasinc; sixty men. Two wedks later, twenty cooks went to Epsom. TherL.after ther was no question about the value of women cooks in convalescent camps and hospitals. Qbjects. Army recogon and contrSl. In 1916 an Arrq, ,, Council Instruction defined the positi.on, pay and conditions of service of domen's Legion employees. At first they were under orders of the officer commanainc the capp and engaged to serve twelve months, or for the period o: the war Odlidhever less). The first employment in regular camps was inaugurated in First employment in regular April, 1916, to care for the mess of 500 officers, and two k camp s months later a large contingent was sent to the South of England. In July, 1916, an Army Council Instruction formally sanctioned the employment of cooks and waitresses of Women's Legion for officers mess, when men could be released, and later the :.L. supplied over 6,000 cooks and waitresses in 200 camps Dpr officers a nd sergeants' mess-s and cadet battalions. Also, for Canadian and Results. Australian hospitals. 400 women released nearly one-half battalion of men, and the number steadily increased. All the superintendents, some witn three years' trainin:in and cookery laundr:: domestic science, vork, and several wdth a Promotions. university education, had to begin tneir career in the Legion as assistant cooks. Some rose quickly, e.g., One girl of twentyilemarkable econ- two is responsible for tne wnole service of a rest ca:-..r.p of 22,000 men. In many cases the economy resultilv from the use of women omies effected. is extraordinary. r:hereby tie daily mess aharge was reduced and finally 9d. a head, and 100 ppunde saved from 2/6v to for the benefit of the men in general. a result the wages of the women cooks were raised from 20 pounas a year to 26 pounLs a year for the lowest grade, and the office expenses from public fuIds were reduced. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • a • -7- TEE AIMENtS AillY AUXILIARY CORPS (W. A. A. C.) History, continued. Principle of women in canps established 1917. Charter In 1917 as a result of several conferences, it was decided in princ41e that women should be employed in substitution fcr soldiers in certain odcupations at the Bases and on the lines of communication in France, at safe distances behind the firing line. An Army Council Instruction was issued accordingly authorizing the employment of the W. A. A. C. for these purposes. The problem of co-ordinating and extending the variausexistinc organizations for the coiliprehensive scheme deed anureent necessity, was not an easy one, and needed close examination. 2very aspect of the problem was carefully considered and the full Charter for the organization of the W.. A. A. C. was finally completed at the end of June, 1917. They were strictly organized and placed under military drill, with definite regulations for all activities. .our women were supposed to release three men. 'hen it was decided to employ women in France,one of the essentials was to find suitable accomodations for them. This was not always easy. Naturally their hostels and amaps had Co-operation to be self contained, within reasonably easy distance from the milittry officers place of employment, and a somewhat hier standard was required and W.A.A.C. than for the men. However, the military authorities co-operated with the ladies sent to secure quarters for the Corps, and preliminary arrangements were so rapidly carried out that it was possible to send out the first party of women at the end of April. In its substitItion of women for men in over sixty kinds of work, in increased economies and efficiency in the domestic departments, and in overcoming what seemed insurmountable obstacles, the eLperiment of three months has proved a complete success. Now recruiting at the rate of 10,000 a month. Results. Further details of the system can be found under the headings, "Recruiting System", "Administration', "Accommodations", and "Conclusion". B. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Recru.iting. The W.A.A.C. is augmented through the voluntary enlistment of women in its various activities L.nd by the DemaAs made on the 7:ar Office from the General Headquarte:s of the BRItish Argy. This procedure in the first case can best be given by quoting the following letter October 12th, 1917. • .0 THE MULTI'S AR:11Y AUXILIARY CORPS (W. A. A. C.) Recruiting (Continued) Bristol, (England) Kannich Wincombe Lass Emma Gay, Letter giving enlistment and training plan. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis There are now Recruiting Centers all over the country, Attached to the various Labor Exchanges where Women desirous of enlisting in our Corps may give in their names. They then go before a traveling Iledical hoard, which periodically visits large towns for the purpose of examining recruits. There is also a L;election Committee which decides whether a woman is suitable for the branch of work she wishes to tahze up. These branches are most various and include Clerks, Storekeepers, Sailmakers, Cooks, 'aittesses, and all kinds of domestic workers; also motor drivers, electricians, orderlies. 'then a prospective member is passed "fit" by the ..ledical Board, and the Selection Committee are also satisfied, after a day or so, she is "called up" and posted to a depot hostel, where she will undergo a short period of training in drill, discipline, etc. This period varies in duration according to the demand by the various units for her class of work. Lventually she is drafted away to work with some regiment, either in the camps on Salisbury Plain, or to a town. 11!.he Depot Hostels are all over the country and ;he women are trained by forewoman, who correspond t. the i1. C. 0.'s (non-commissioned offi^Prs) of the Iden's Army. There are also training schools, where inexperienced cooks, waitresses, etc. may undergo a course of instruction. The women receive full pay during their instruction. The clerks and shorthand typists are usually employed in the Orderly rooms of the Regiment, waitresses in the officers' and sergeants' messes, cooks replace the men in the cook houses, motor drivers go in the A. S. C. or R. F. C., storekeepers in the ,uartermasters' Stores, and sailmakers are also attached to the Royal Flying Corps. Suitable quarters are invariably provided for the members in the unit to which they are attached, and each draft is under a forewoman of the category to which they belong. The women may join for service at home or abroad, but in the latter case they must be over 21 years of age. :or home service only, the minimum age is 16. Yours very truly, LI. C. Ross, Clerk W.A.A.C.No. 3436 A.A.C.Clifton, ,ristol Depot Hotel On entering hostels women are solemnly enrolled and their agreements are signed before a military officer. Juring the three weeks' more of less of training, they are inoculated, vaccinated, uniformed, taught elementary marching drill, and • •IP -9THE WOMEN'S APIY AUXILTAPY CORPS (vv. A. A. C.) Recruiting (continued) 3 weeks' Hostel training, etc. "Drafted over" tj.ven lectures on their duties and privileges. Here they form associations and friendships which are invaluable in the service in France. They are sent abroad in parties of from 30 to 6C, under one of their own supervisors, only when their administrators have arranged with the Army authorities for suitable accommodations. The procedure of the 7,ritish Army authorities seeking women workers is briefly as follows: General Headquarters informs the Tar Office of a definite place to be filled. The War Office requests the Director General of National Service to obtain women. The Director General so Procedure of British Army seek- instructs the local committee under him to invite applications by advertisement, by personal application, or at recruiting women for meetings of the Corps. The Selection and Medical Boards then positions select suitable applicants and assign them to Hostels for training, whenever such accommodations are available. C. Officers and their functions Relation to Army Pay Duration of service Insurance sick benefit https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Organization and Administration The W. A. A. C. organization includes a Chief Controller who is responsible to the Adjutant General at Army Headquarters; a Deputy Chief Controller; Area Controllers who supervise arrangements for the Corps in districts at home and abroad; unit administrators, in charge of Hostels; deputy and assistant deputy administrators. The controllers and administrators correspond to officers in the Army; the forewomen and workers, to other ranks in the Army. The service covers over 60 varieties of domestic, technical, mechanical and clerical work. The Corps is administered on army zetted as controllers are detailed for The Chief Controller (France) is under General at General Headquarters. Area to Stair at Base or other commands for lines. Officials wageneral (staff) duties. orders of the Adjutant Controllers are attached W. A. A. C. purposes. Pay for scrubbers is 20 pounds yearly, with board and lodging; for cooks and domestics, from 26 pounds a year, board and lodging; from unskilled to highly skilled labor, 20/ to 40/ weekly, with 14/ deduction for board and lodging if in hostels. Grants are allowed for uniforms, and service is for a year, or the duration of the war (the longer period). Service can be given either at home or abroad (minimum age, at home, 18; abroad 21). All engage to submit to proper discipline. fill W.A.P.C. are subject to the Ilsurance Act and if sick or injured are entitled at home full pay for three months, reduced from that time, I 4 is •• -10- TIE WCMEN'S ARMY AUXILIARY (17. A. A. C. ) Organization and Administration( continued) and abroad to the same, with free medical treatment. Abstract of According to General Instructions No. 1, when on duty all menbers obey orders of officer commanding unit, or office in charge of unit. Off duty, they are under the supervision of their Controllers, Administrators, and forewomen. The C. obey general voutine orders -,nd local standing orders. Administrators rill not issue any rules which contravene these orders. Persons not belonging to the Corps are not admitted into 7. A. A. C. camos or hostels, excepting on duty, or with pass. Military c camps or barraCks ar out of bounds for all grades of W.A.A.C. except on duty, or with pass. "General InstrucThe Salute is"Ma'am". tions No.1 " much abbreviated. The uniform is always worn unless by se:ocial permission. Members off duty will not associate with officers otother ranks of the British Armies in France, except with those holdinc rank comparable with their own grades, except by special permission. /. A. a. C. members are subject to military law, under command of the officer commanding the unit. The Chief Controller grants to the Administrator power of handling minor breaches of discipline. All serious breaches of discipline are reported through regular channels to the Adjutant General. Orders are republished in all local standing orders at stations where the W. A. A. C. are employed. (The "General Instructions No.1", frcm which the above is abstracted, is signed Adj. Gener'l. 5gt. Gener'l. G.H..Q. 6/1/1917.) Uniforms. gnia. L. A. C. uniforms include great- coat and skirt, or one-piece frock, stockings, shoes, leggings and hat, differing in detail according to grades. The insignia include Shoulder-st/aps inset with colorblue for headcivarters, orange for aCiministrators, the colors differing for AdministratJrs, - domestic, clerical, mechanical, and miscellaneous sections. Corps badges are worn and the fleur ae lys and rose in different numbers and arrangements indicate the grades of controllers c.nd administrators. Much of the success of the W.L.A.C. plan uuponds on the to dun Success tact and personal influence of the Administratcbrs in charge of tact and influence hostels or comps. They vary in grade from Administrators and of Administrators. Deputy Administrators to unit Administrators, according to the size of the hostel, and are carefull:, c osen for their training https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • I.' WCIUM'S ARM! AUXILIARY CCU'S (W. A. A. C.) OrTanization and Administration( continued) Their previous training Qualities chiefly sought. Instruction of Administrators. Success due to recognition of women as responsible workers. Liberty. Privileges. Esprit de corps. and experieice. They comprise ex-house mistresses and housekeepers in sdhodls and large institutions,women trained in welfare work, and superintendents of schools organized by the Minister of Munitions;university women and those mho have gained experience in canteens zmd Girls8 Clubs. The qualities chiefly sought in them are that they should have been used to dealing with girls;have helped to organize ganes a:.d women's work; and above all, that they should have tact and strength of Character. In order to fit them better for their special work, all the grades of administrators and controllers receive instructions their duties. The cemrse inbefore being sent out to take i cludes lecttres on organization and administration,accounts and rations, insurance, travaling hostel equipment, official returns,reports and correspondence,and hygiene, and they are required to visit Army record offices and W. L. A. C. hostels already established in England. Another reason for the success of the 7. L. A. C. is the recognition of the fact that its members cannot be treated as Children; they are carefully cnosen in the first instance and are doing a responsible work. For this reason a great deal of liberty is wisely given to them and the rules and regulations are not unnecessarily stringent. There ar. certain restrictions about entering cafes in France, and occasional roll calls at hostels, but the Administrators may sanction inviting men to public recreation rooms in hostels, and much liberty is given out of office lours. Women with genuine qualities of leadership must in, spire their subordinated; the credit and honor of the Colps has proved the principal deterrent and incentive. It is notable that the woman of the Corps below the grade corresponding to Arnv- officers are treated in exactly the sane way Y.° class distinc-There id no feeling of class distinction. A cook at 26 pounds a tion. year ill, for social purposes of the Corps, on an equality with a dhotthand typist earning 37/ to 39/ a week. All possible c consideration as given to keeping friends together,put the Equality of principle of equality based on capacity is established in the capacity. Corps. D. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Acco mmodati ons(Hous ) L. L. C.,"the main difficulty In planning for the that arose lay in the question of accommodations far the wamen. It was essential that no women should be employed until suitable https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 • -12TEE WOIEN'S AR= AUXILIARY CORPS ( W. A. A. C.) Accamodationsthousing) cont. accommodations could be made available. Modifications and adaptations of the arrangements prepare soley in accordance with the requirements of the troops had to be effected for the benefit of the women, and recruires careful consideration. Tt was necessary to have a hi -her standard of housing for the women than for the men. .;,s yet the system is undeveloped and there is no definite grouping as to number, rhich is dependent on the local needs, beginning with small hutted camps of 3 or 4 houses - 00, accommodating lb or 20 women. The largest contemplated is ) and. there are now housing arranganents for 4000 women in France, to be employed by the Aruu there. The principle and practice is definitely established, however, that no parties are sent out until the War Dqpartmmt has arranged, in co-operation with W. L. A. C. administrators, for suitable quarters, adn that each hostel, however snall, is in charge of an administrator responsible for the comfort and well-being of the inmates and for their discipline outside of office hours. A. A. C. girls in Frmce describe with getters from enthusiasm their enviroment and the kindness and courtesy shown them by the Army. One speaks of their recreation room as "a veritable lounge, with a clock anU a little table and long-lie-down arm chairs, and linoleum dn the floors." Another of "sixat table white tablecloths, crockery wIth sweet blue patt-rn on it"; anot.:er of"getting used to Army blankets without sheets and tables without cloths, and good plain food,if somewhat coarse;" - th roses, and she adds, another of an officer in a garaen fillea w l "It is very pleasant inoeou no. I very much appreciate the kindness of the men who are instructing us. They take our coming here to help in the right spirit, and help us all they can. The Eillglish men seem to look up to us here. I trust the members of the W. A. A. C. will strive to keep up the standard of the Corps." Others who are night telegraphers"appreciate being billeted in a hat apart, for quiet." Respectfully suumitted, :leanor Bushnell Cooke Mrs. Morris Llewllyn Cooke, The Brighton, WaShingtoh, D.C. ieb. r, 1918. P&jiIN INDUSTRY SERVICV July 22, MY do.ir tfr. Jci%nston: frhA!* yor fr your letter of July 37th. talkir- with you the v)otn; of Orinance Manufacturer% District to r.peak on At th- Snos 4 1"17.114:, 1114 Vilec w (1-, 1 .'oblanz Distric he sums evening. w-Iner's C:uni.ince Office. Mr. Frop the po;_ht of view of rrac 4 ioll -sthodv of trAring he has many useful wresfions to Fmk,. f - t is, however, increasirgly clear that the Irternational. Aseociati.) P11 4 of v.acAl-iists has ah important problem to work 1.'n connection with the Introduction of ,siomen, which n‘msns i-evi- table in the near futl/ro. Coistructive plans on the part of the Machinists' Union Twilri he the best reAns of gual-ding vAinst the dana;ers or ill-crnsiored and i,Aiecriminate trainino, of women for work in machine shers. Vies Andersor and I wwld both be glad to confer with you a% any time fl:; tLi: subject, and we sheuld appreoiste it if you ould icep us informed of any mctior whic' tho rachinists may be tak- trg with refeionee to the introduetion of women in important maelii.ne centers. Since .ely ycurs„ Director, Women in Industry Service. Mr. William H. Johnston, Washington, D. C. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis itNAT AFFILIATED ERATION WITH LABOR OF II 31ittrrnational iAngoriatin of fliarlitnints TV OF ATrTA. FOUND INTERNATIONAL (41EAAU RTERS: WM. H .461P/4 JOHNS"f • N.ONTERNATI OF J-J AY 5. 1885 MCGILL BUILDING NAL PRESIDENT lAva• FICE OF THE PRESIDENT anilingtott. 01.. July 17, 1918. Miss Mary Van Kleeck, In Charge Women's Branch In Industrial Service, War Department, Washington, D. C. My dear Miss Van Yleeck: The following is copy of letter received from Business Aunt, Mr. Kelton of Philadelphia, which I am sending for your information. Any comment cr sug7estion you have to offer will be very much apprecisted. "yours of the 15th received in reference to Industrial training and reed with much interest. I have never met this Mr. Miles nor heard of the Vestibule school; this is sure some surprise and I would like to know where it is located as I believe it should be investigated. I met Miss Van Kleeck and Miss Ander3on some time ago, but would like to r;eet them again for some information on this matter, to think that .a Government official would try to undo all the work we have done in Philadelphia is some surprise. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis We sure cio have to watch these one dollar a year men. I shall write you as soon as I get in touch with situation." Sincel-ely and cordially, r.,brnati6K-esident