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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

_CURTISSAEROPLANE AND MOTOR CORPORATION

CABL-E

"CURTISAERO"
WESTERN UNION CODE

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Women in industry Service
Washington, D. C
To:
From:
Subject:

Mary N. winslow
J. D. Russell, Director of Training.
Women in Industry Service.

General aeroplane building,- divided in the following
occupational divisions.

1.

METAL
Machine Work
abCdefgh-

Lathe
Screw Machine
Punch Press
Milling Machine
Drill Press
Filing Machine
Shaper
Power Sewing

Bench Work
a- Filing
b- Bending
e- Acetylene Welding
Brazing
eSoldering
f- Cable Wrapping
g" Splicing
h" Soldering
i- Goner Riveting
jSoldering

Finishin6
abcde-

Enameling
Plating
Doping
Varnishing
Painting

W 00 D
Machine Work
abcdef-

Band Sam
Rip Saw
Sticker
Nailing (Mach.)
Belt Sanders
Trimming Mach.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Bench Work
abcdef-

hand Routers
Gluers
Nailers
Markers
Sanders
Blockers

Propeller
abedef-

Hand formers
Copper Tippers
Glueing
Filling
Varnishing
Finishing

Sheet #2

2.

W 00 D

(Cont,d)

Assembling

Epecial

Panel
Fuselage
Aileron
Elevators
Rudder
Hull Cover
Final Wing
Final Small Parts
Shipping

Timekeepers
Metal Inspectors
Wood Inspectors
Tracers
Typists
Factory Clerks

We train females for all the numerous activities enumcrated above.
To take these in detail would require
a great amount of time. However, we will endeavor to
explain a few below.
(a) Panel or wing assembling.
(b) Process.
1.

The two beams are laid side by side about four feet
apart on a jack; the webs (nose center-and-tail) are
then "strung" and fastened with screws, nails and glue
in their proper places, designated by the blue print;
the guide wires are later strung throughout the general
structure, gauges and forms being used to ascertain the
accuracy of the assembled panel.

2,

Blue print reading.
Some 25 lessons are used covering sketching, originating
third view from two views given, applied mathematics,
use of meaauring instrurents, such as micrometer, be
protractor, scales, etc.

3.

V4omen operate the regular types of machines used formerly by men. In some cases attachments are added, not
because a woman is the operative, but to facilitate more
rapid production.

4.

Trainees receive 25 per hour while learning. Upon promotion from training 27t per hour, increasing when up
to production to 30/ and 35ç an hour, and advancing in
relative proportion to rates paid to men for jequal anount
of work performed, viz.: If a woman does 75 the mount
of work produced by a man, she is paid pro rata.

5.

Pictures from this plant must plss censor.
Faurote, care of this Corporation for same.
Very jr

3 1113111


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Write Fay S.

ours,

IFECTOR OF riING.
I have an article on "Tra ning Women to Build th Aeroplane", which you coul
e to advantage When publishing
pictures.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

ove-ber 1,1916.
iInsaeil,
Director of Training,
Curtis, JAorpplane Uorpor_tion,
Buffalo, how T
dour “r.
.01-iming to ,:onduct
Tlie •o.xi In Industr;,,
1.
aa educLAIonal e ,Irpaigli on the subject of aLndirds of work for
are partioul_r1;.r interested in tIA) trairdngandlub'Jonah.
If
..titation of ViMilen for men in industrial izocesses.
could send us an, facts, indiridu:a instilnees or statistics on
the foil wing subjects fro:n your experiences in the 7raininc
DepLrtFent we will be verz' grateful
In -A_t jrocesses have
omen for en?

oi been 2.b_Le to substitute

G n ou Give LS two or three e.::u 91os of the traininG given women before the:- t 1E0 over tile job
formerki done
0-n ;,-ou give as ex. T:Tles of adju,:tments of machiner
or net ods of work tlklt have been ra-de in (JUbstituti:.z
Do uoraen receive the sz)...a pay 7/11en the, perforl the
3,z1..a work furierly, dune bzy- !-on? If not, c_m
te12..us the reason?
:.orkinc in
Can you send ls an. jictures of the wonen ,
your pint, or can . ou toil us where we could
secure the for our ase?
Thanking you in ,.dvz.Ince for _iv thinc, you a

bo z...ble to

do ,or us,
Very sincerol

1.11r, N.
,01.11;

inslor,
VI E.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

My ;.leA• Mr. iliert
writ.
)
f yur
the re-:)rtf,

recuent

Viet: 11:ol Kleeck

ett7r yf Aut,L1A !Ott.

yLAL tr

hvIrm 2entr. trtini - in the.textile
Kleeek vil7 be

t,,,ke the

ud xith

r) t, xi . VIn

Mr. R.*. 11,
In InlYurtr1-.1
C
,frt

4ftergency,

CHAIRMAN

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF SECTION:
PERCY S. STRAUS, CHAIRMAN
JOHN GOLDEN
C. R. DOOLEY

COMMITTEE ON LABOR

H. E. MILES

(INCLUDING CONSERVATION AND WELFARE OF WORKERS)

OF SECTION

SAMUEL GOMPERS,CHAIRMAN

SECTION ON INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

FOR

THE WAR EMERGENCY

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON WELFARE WORK
L. A. COOLIDGE, CHAIRMAN
ADVISORY COMMISSION, COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
WASHINGTON, D. C.

,.u.c.;ust

:do,

1910.

;.;is Lary Van Kleeck,
Women in InduAry Service,
Department of LaLor,
Roon G04 Ouray Buildin,
n.l.
'•

17'

rleeck:

In the r.iattr o t-.e Textile Industries, I
.;Lver,.:.1 letters from companies on training and betterment
work, and sh 11 be glad to submit them to you and to take up the
It has boon
matter of textiles as a whole whenever you wish.
because
ally
princip
yet,
as
so
do
to
impossible for this Section
_h it
(althou
very
limited
is
trade
the field for action in that
ii the
ize
a2,J;lal
tL
had
have
is none time less in-ortant) az.d we
mgchine trades.
Briahton Mills, Passaic, ITew Jersey,
of fror. rei,Jrt; I have not seen th. .
.
law.
I
about the best
I a..3 enulosin herewith cop of their stz,.nt from
..ent on Trai.linc and Welfare; also coy of a stateme
Lass.
Lowell,
J. W. Price, 76 West 6th Street,
Vary truly N. ours,

H71.71B,
Thwls.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1

76 nest 6th Street
Lowell, Mass.
August 2, 1918

Ir. H. h. Kilos
Dear bir:
If

were in charge of training help in a cotton mill, My

plan of , roceedure would be as followss
I

would pick out a trained operator on any unit in the mill,

give him or her as the case might be, one or two weeks of the right
kind of training in the art of

teaching.

Then

this operator would be

able to go back to that unit, train green help, and also keep up production.

This would appeal to the mill agents.

The part your depart-

ment could play in this would be to have a Aan place it before the
agents of mills, and then train the operators to become teachers.
This, to my mind, is the only way that training can be
carried on for a textile mill.
i have read of the vestibule school and no doubt it has
worked out with good success When the units are small, but let us take
a card room in a mill and say we wish to train operators for it.
To start dith, a man runs b pickers; this ,.ould require a
space of 55 feet wide and 15/Ifeet in depth.

Then we have a in tend-

ing 16 cards; this moans u floor space of 50 X 46 feet . Then there
are drawing sheiNte-sl-aiad fly ftaAes; that would mean a building 151 X 45
feet; also the fact of buying the machinery and its cost.
have given you, in the beginning, the only way which

I

So you see

find is the best

way to train help in a textile mill.
4il1 be glad to hear more from you and do anything
help out this work.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Yours truly,
(Signed) P. H. Price

I

I

can to

The nun by 'TWnloh New Workers ire Trtined at Brif-htJn

ln a t xtile

?basal°, I. J.

ll most of the orations 4re unskilled or semi-skilled,

and a worker wilt: Is olncidered efficient riust So Lel (1) to operate powerdriven maohinery, (..) to keep the uacnine swiplied with material on whioh to
work, (3) to remove the finished produet, (4) to keep the meehine he free from
lint

nd dirt as possible, and (5) to prevent or correct deflicts.

uality and

production are the inseparable aims of all effort, and amininum Jf waste is
an essential of profitable produot.ion.
The eupply of labor for textile .ills has been obtained previously in the
time-tionored fashioa of "stealing" from saunar sills and when necessary
putting an untriAined recruit on a frame with a trained worker or near one,
dere tn.,' learner got wt he could op Observations, supplemented by the instruction the wNoti4r Was able or felt inclined to give.
1:) or friends/i:. between worker
to

in 0480 there maa relation-

nd learner this !ethod preyed emseessful

limit of the worker's ability to impart, and his knowledge of the

beat methods.

But such instruction takes the tinras k.nd attention of a worker

whose wage depends on his production, 1)ota amount and quality.
It is working a hardship to the operative to
worer and of coarse mrong practices

titl( him to break in the new

v,rpetuated in this way.

%.ilies the problem is complicated by the need of training many new eper4tives,

it IMMO advisable to put these beginners in groups by themselves with an
ezoellent worker of each siepz,rVlent in charge as teacher.
is not concerned with proo.uotion for herself, and

30

44 a tsaaher, she

can give her whole attention

and effort to tne training of the learners in her school.
_ince the conditions in Brighton dills did not allow for a sedarute
training roes, or "vestibule school", as it is oalled, tne training piss place
in sash depart:lent on a


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

ruup of muohlmass designated the "school".

For these

schools, teaehers were °twain who had records of suooessful ant responsible
performance of operations, uud posse .sed the L4bi11ty to give their knewl•Ogre
iit

to others.

pre paid the highest rate they ever received as workers, and

in addition, Li substantial bonus for each learner who makes good in her first
month as a regular worker.
Most of the Skilled operwions in the mill are now beinv done by women, :1:1d
they are the learners in the schools for the most r)art.

They are hired by the

laJor department and assigned to the sohools 411 they rieuest or seem physically
qualified.

A sill girl oun not handle a loom, or a large girl do well at

spooling.
Alen they are first put into the echools they are under the close supervision of the teacher.

Here they are tauent to operate their machines and are

trl.ilied in skilled hal* metiens mall the habit of correct practices is well
formed

k

standard of 4Uality is established.

then the teacher decides twit only practice is needed to develo;) 9411
and :speed, she aerranges with the foreman to put the learner on machines in the
department

ere workers huve left or uro

bsent.

2iie learner's production is

1 14id by the learner &mos pli:an explained later.
sured now, and she is :
The natant of tae operation wiling learned makes the first period longer
for some jobs than for otners.

inding„

or instaimee, does not re airs a long

period of instruotion, vinile 4oth lOwisting and weaving ire 1.4111104 only ater
weeks of inutructia.
In the carOlv r,n, there kire Vz4o teozners, au, for all processes from
piokers to druw frukAri,

;JICI

one for slubbers, Intermediates and fine frmia.

The tetIchlr of the first group Ooon not have

ee9,ar4te siehwil but gives

instructions to oevinners on these ausehinee and matehes their methods and pro.
gross until they are


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

to do the job well.

-3Learners for
of the teacher.

guframes,are

first tr4ined us doffers awier the direction

The best of these are °notion for instruction on a machine as
vsoanny.

411 there is

instruction and pructioe are inseparasle mire und

the production record of the learner is credited to her

AS

WM

as she tends the

meoCiae without the towhees 41d.
In the spinning ciftonrtment, the teacher has six or eight sidus on whioh
sae muy train her learners daring the we

or two in wnioh they aoaalre dex-

terity in piecing ends and oleaning rollers.

The plan here allows the very

newest learners to work together on two or three sides until they ure over the
first awkwardness.

Then they are Oven one elde eaoh to be responsible for.

SuAl one, at her own puce, eau progress through stages of two and three side
positions, until she is ready for four sides.

lihe is then given a four side

position in the depiirtment for eight days, snd if she is able to keep up the
ends and keep the machine clean, she is graduated as a regular worker.
in the sivoliqg_destttrent, u similar graded responsibility is allowed
the beginner wiw is exlowted to keep Up ends on only four to ten spindloo during
Lue first day while she is learuihus to use the Barber-‘jolmun knotter, Nnd to find
louse ends

by the end of a
when

Gan tend l5 spindles the second day and ?erhaps 25

uickly.
wee..

her production

in another week 35 spindles will inorsti3e her speed und

an4ws site

cAould handle b0 spindles or a fall worker posi-

tion, she is allowed to try it.

or eight days she must accomplish the same

amount expected of workers, before she can es considered
In

h

regular worker.

the wartliy 44.1)artent, teacher and learner work on one machine for two

or three days, and then the teachcir leaves the learner to Jperute it herself,
while the teacher starts another learner or rorks at a maohine nearby,

The

learner knows she is to cull on the teaoher for help or informution, but footle
pride in her „i.oility to ran the machine herself.

Her production in oreAited to

her as soon as she assumes responsibility rot a machine and her progress is

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

-4shown by the gruded k):ia4t-A system.
In the wihdinn deoartuent, u duy of instruction and u week or two of
supervision Rnd encouragement under tiie embed banus system are usually enough
to train OeciLnere.
in the ,twiptink Asuartmsut, a much longer geriod uf Instruction Is re 4 uteed.
Usually two or three weeks of tooneral work on all frames in a school section
must precede the assignment of a learner to one machine.

The learner Is still

ander the supervision of the teacher until she iths made Grade 4 eight times.
Learners in the ligialac, deob,rtent, are trained in a similar manner, 2rI4
reuire about the sumo length of time for instruction and practice.
The departments named hre the largest in the mills, and have need of most
new workers in

h

year.

The few learners in the other depirtments are trained by

reollur workers and the foreman.
'.?() explain olearly the git4ed Ovnus ,sotem, introduce* to encwurage learners,
it is neeessury to state the principle of soientific munaginent b;i which the
task and bolus system war

in these mills.

work is very carefully estimated.

"task" or assicnmeat for a day's

If the worker accomIllishes this amount,

ne receives a percent of his day's pay ia addition to it.

If he does more than

the tusk, the percent is taken on that larger output,

:...ant-v.1 Is nwres-

,)ondingly larger.
:X.tring the time the learner is receividg instruction, ,a2d 011K:tieing an
the school maohines, she receives a flat rate of daily pay.
84A,

This pay is not the

or learners ell all oder,ftions, out is the ro,,ular flat rste pay whizn any

worker, who did not make

bonus

on the operation, would receive.

s soon as the

learner is assigned to a Hatiohints, her productiun anti its !%ulity are oredited to
her.

To encourage her at this time, since she would find it hard to come op

to the uonus reodrements at first, a eroded task scheme was wcwked out with
smiler bonus peruents„ also graded to correspond with the tasks.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

d. figures, the first grade task is oonsidered

A,thoat going Into detail

made if the learner does about 70/1 of the regular task, And a Grade 1 bones
of one-fourth the full percent Is added to the day's pAy.

Grade 2 task Is

80i, of the full task and, whoa e4raed, orings ta worxer 4ne-half the fall
percent on the day's pay.

Zimde 3 is 90;=, and the 4)a'as for it Is three-

..,uarters of the full percent. Grade 4 is the regular task
by the leAraer ms it is 4,1 ';Ae kiJrkor.

nd on be exceeded

-he learner then receives the full batluE

percent on the woe done.
(The above in tIble fora)
Grad* 1 task is 704;, of full task and earns 1/4 full bonus.
g
tmwA
o

Grude 2
"

"9Q

ss

ss

s

3/4

"

the

the

Grle4

About a west for each grads would be

4

rail- allowance

an& most operations, but many will skip whole
tmvadiately.

1/2

for Qost learners

i.des :And get to grvde 4 almost

Thls grade (which is pr4of the learner can meet reitiren4nts set

for workers) mast zJe reached eight times 'while the le4rner remains in the soho.J1,
before he la gmJaated into the dep4,rtment as t. worker.
time

made

If the full th.0 is

there in little dancer tnat tne learner will make a poor worker

in the department.

An allowance of five weeks is considered long enough for the average learner
under the above conditions. ':,Lok of mnohines et which to dut learners

i

nre

ready to try the graded tasks, may keep Rome in the schools longer than is
neoessary.

Ithers will show themselves ocntent to Arty on the flat rate or

Eetting tne small bonuses of the graded tasks.

This may Os accounted for by

two facts: (1) If the learners are young girls, they may have to give all their
money to Welsh parents; (2) the learners may Oft MeniaA14 Or piVeigully
incapable of moliting the re.imirements of the operations.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

-6Some reward, attractive to auch

iris, will have to be 'offered to get

effort and interest from the first group.

In one dop,..rtment, made up mostly of

young girls, the uonus re uirement can be met by Vie
early as 330 or 4 o'clock.

ulok attentive girls

MI

These girls are then allowed to go home if they do

not wish to do mare than Wm) task.

in these hot days tne department is almost

deserted by 41J0 each day. But here the work is largely hand work.

In other

departments the machines ;last run tue fall number if h..;ure to keep up the
supply of material for departments dependent on it.
The matter of defiolent aollity, however, is. istake in hiring or placing.
A,t the present time there is u tendency to take anyone who applies, in
an effort
to prevent vacancies.

But there is u likelihood thLt people out of work at this

time me, have proved themselves u0dosirable elsewhere, or are the -Ind *he
do not IMMO good on a job or stiok to it. .imy mill or factory desiring to
maintain its standard or to plaoe these newcomers wilere they will not have
too
much re aired of them, must devise some way to deterline the ability of
the
applioants and to Astro them wisely, even though the mill does plan to train
thdm.
In accordant.e with the plan at Brighton Mills, the learner is a =ember
of tad school, under the supervision of the toucher, but not at the disposal of
the foreman, until she nal' oompleted the uourse of instruction and prov-d her
ability to meet the recular bonus reluircnent.

Very careful daily recordis of

the work of all learners is kept and clo3ely followed by the 24ucational
Director, wha informs the foreman when the learner is ready to graauate into
the department.
During the first week when the learner is in the school, she is notified
to attend a class for Deginners in wnioh she Is told the story of cotton wed
shown the eotton in its various !,rooesses throuch the mills.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Her work in the

.7whole plan is explained and she is shown the machines and operatives who ase
her output.

Jamples of tue mills' cloth are shown and tnsir use illustrated

by diotures and samples.

The uses of tne government stuff are sa44, us definite

as possible. 42 exhibit of defects is shown her, also sunkass olif waste :4nd their
small value in aol4parison with the e ual witight of cloth.

%earners seem inter-

sated In this instruction, with the samples L6id irActures.
The olass is oondneted by the Sduoational Director at present, who plans
to enlarge the scope of this instruction to include instruction of a more general
nature, to include lessons In zelish if necessary, in reading, writing and
ate details of this' sohemit will fit into any plan for
Amerio4nlyttion.
Jurinr this first week it might be found possible to give simple tests
th, t wolld show the ability of the learner or her Ineawity for learning the

job assigned to her, or any job in the mill.
In the class period, the mill policy and standards can be explained, the
right attitude developed toward

uality and musts of all kinds.

mations can

es enoauraged mid difficulties settled, If may have orison.

Tue ;Emotion or turnover is olosely rotated to any plan for le.srners, and
Is largely concerned with tue interest and contentment of beginners.

It is

desirable to tell the lehrner truthfully two rate of p.4y she will get while a

learner, as w• 11 as to let her know what othbr operatives at the same work can
urn after six maths or

year of expOienoe.

hen the learner or wokker
is leaving - "ouitting" - it is advisable to get the reason for her going,
4

and sometimes at transfer is possiele frow one dep4..rtsent to another, from one

kind of work to another, less difficult or more suitable.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(9ined) 311sabeth W. MCE441
Xd.usational Director.

-

for tr;,...inin4L
-=..)V

the

into tr.:9 wort

t•-(.)

vitl.,71-.

so *!-,en the ne7..„,

c

•

t.

ni.11i3n „men

foxy fe* recta, r.cYz.,-...i';)iy

tmetw.

in the next thv.ie

Thi.e., in e?Ite of the 1,tpi;ilic9..tis.4-,.

nir.s z',Driths.

i-.0"tar..1 a minimuin of interference

*ii, '.!..-.;11.1i_x the crettion of new workeri,
t'lf.)

iustriec.

• irorkoni,

iiu;),)ly

th,

in lartoly

.. rii..y

or t:it).;1

.1

•

°lice in or ier to

An..1 the trainir4 work must De beun

be of Iny real uee.
The

SUCCOPS

of the whole p1(.tn, ktnti of Iry

that ;;Q.,i;

Do

• of coarse, absolutely ieptIndent u?o,1 tho tlevelo?Lan,_ o.f* ‘n
ry

efficient, ,..nct complett: .A,:ministn.t.ion, in or-ex- t..-)
to enforce thEi „ikaf.-. :or trlinin

; an_
ae to Jemand,
ta I for pl%,ing th• necessmry men
The AviJion

women in tat,, industriar.

TrfsinIne anA D - lution ha, •.‘n 1.1,;pro riution of

only 4150,000, which is entirely ina...leuate for its work, unless utie is
thb ,thPr existink- zwencies in the maalner outlinti

above.

then thf- .3%.)ropritttion ro,y well prove not. to be sufficient, t.lut

i.'.vfm
i.

b:diev3d. t..tt it' re,,,ult,a etre lamely ar-0 ).1-1-nuptly shown by trainiL,
the il...ediate urgent

by the in:Liction of =No:iv...4n into the industriee
, f;olfficier.:,t fun 1:.= wi 1.1 ..)43 sa.,Je

31 t.,,ble

thp, ero ..er proseeu

of' tho aork.
Mr. Syerly approve: of the for,:oirl,:.
for inluritties


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

far

concer:ie

but rail ffie:Are to t'lkc- 142 wit,fi the WAr

firther

Aiers,tion

4rectel

Policio:..
toipard

S6ptclmoer 26,
:-.AJGGSTi:5 DRAFT .)F
jF

TJ
jj1
:.iECP„:.TAR1 jF LA.IOR

Dr. Williux 4cAndrJr,
Actink- Superinterciant of
Devrtment
Ne* York, N. Y.
My de..r Dr. McAnr,
aw:
tht
Yau r.1re a,k4ed for our opinion
of optinint: tri-tde clsse6 to wodlen Ahich
mtv been
you point :..ut
you
receivin
)rcinized for ziin only,
fra:a women for inotruction litot hitherto provideJ for
cUils ,!, of
manta
then, J-Id 9-1.,,t you nave v.,,nieF!
schoo1,7:.
ttl:t , the v?ir ,oe:- an woon
in accipd.tioi.6 to thich they
hori n-A. hitherto peen
trd.ni:,. is
very 4esir.,,:ie if
tho
:A3ciJion
Lo openinv. oimetie8
lepend upon
Ahether the , ork
ooniftione ,Lrf, t,uch
fo
he,ithful
for wo,aen odcl:Ht
opportunitiob t;)r 4 r.illinc:. If ttle3o
oppartuniti-i,'
F
) of N60,
an,!outatuell lo in thu
Yprk, trio Deo,:rtIent of Eluc,ttion wiii oe renlerir4.,
public
-,Jrvioe ;-,01 4 o th-J
.,rvi to th9 oc,r induArief if it A,ko,
.v ileAltreiy
bott :n
chince for tr,iLin, °or
)c.,n
-nu evenin.
It

flulr)al

iYisdaa,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

The organization of se2ar,Ate cl,..i.sseb for
unnuce6 ry
i policy of ..ouctful
rrE,r,
No7zion
worki
toet!,r
trv:

Sincerely youre.,

Secret:.xy,
r)eiy,xtalent of LAbor.

SAdtomber 12, 1.1'8.

My dicir Mr. Nilholm:
tdkin_ with y.yti i'otat the puulic.tion of •al
articie centerin/., ArounA tho training of */en workers, there
h.ve been devalopmunts in 2y relition

L.

th_t ,ibjeot, aspecIA/y

my 4.p1) iltment on In imdort nt c.omititteo ehicli is conerint
it, which Itoula mkJcl it iA„)6ji010 1%)1 At) L_ oritu
on it 4t this time.

I at Irry so cry to hive to chine the

arr.J1;:ehuent, but you 41.11 rL,co,ni.ye that in in offici,11 ?oeition
rime c.,nnot be In ;.1. position of


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

in

public U30 of vaterin.1 it

Urrler the circumst•-ince.,, 1 think it better to llopt
+ha -ritc ilv,1 dim Ally I
the

rticie 010U12 t

11.; •ng,:c33o,tiofl

Nritttm by :y:,t1.
Sincerely y,:ur:,

Mary V .i c.eece, Lrcor,
v,ollin in Arviustry .aorvice.
Don:,id Wilhelm,
CO*:AOS C Ub,
Washington, D. C.

to you, but


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

The mistake in your and Miss
Anderson's joint letter to
Mr. Johnston was corrected
by hand by Miss Anderson
before mailing.
You discovered the mistake in
the carbon coy-not having
seen the original. Carbon
now corrected
A.P.L.

A

wo

•

Copy

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIA_ION OF MACHINISTS

Washington D.C.
Jyly 15, 1918
Miss Mary Van Kleepk
In Charge of Women s Branch
Miss Mary Anderson
Supervisor in Women's iiranch
My dear Misses Van Kleeck and Anderson:
This is to acknowledge your letter dated July 6, relative
to the problems presanted in the plans for training women
workers for industrial service, contents of which have been
read with much interest.
In reply beg to say, I have written to our business
representative, Mr. Kelton, Philadelphia, P

in order to secure

from him some additional details in connection with the plans
which are being promulgated by Mr. Miles, and also, requesting
an expression of opinion from him regrading this subject.
soon as I receive further data

1 shall be very glad to discuss

th's question with you again.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

As

Witn kind regards, i remain,
Very truly yours,
(Signed) Wm.H. Johnston
International 2resident.

•

11“

,t

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
U. S. EMPLOYMENT SERVICE
WASHINGTON
IN ANSWERING REFER TO

July 30, 1918.

No.

Miss Mary Van Kleck,
Director, Vornan in Industry Service,
Department of Labor,
Washington, D. C.
Dear Madam:
Mr. Clayton has directed that the attached memoranda be
sent to you, thinking that they may be of interest.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Very truly yours,

Private Secretary.

•rov.1
t

.

6r1i4A

0 AirlaPV0r:;Cr...,ij.i

elementary C..

b or
I.RipIC[af:';11.`

of ilr:,..neheu of ".-ork tund

7:ra1l41ng to be furnifihed fr6c
f3l1o7in6 tLe JreC(lth1it est
by the 3riticih .1/4;.ovorn;aent, by ,Icrieultura Colle
l
ts v.h& Inctitutet.,,
to render women fit to undsrtt.:Ice certain branhh
ok
of ..grioultural
and ram, thin year, to faAiliariEql thcA with
the
use
of implements
and leandlidg igachinery, and givc clawentaxy
knowle. ge of Irttriour
branchep of work, in order to 'in the confidence
of thc Punier:, and
eluip them efficiently for performine their
labou
r.
In View Of the latenetiu of the date, it ir suggor
ted that 2.
. olpt
arrwementr. should be made by Collee.er une, Aprrioltural
2raining
Centree, to provide throughout the country, Olort
dr&ctioal 03ur8cu
of aaAruction ane denonstration, accompanied
by field I-ork and
ractive on the Fart of the women
girl to cover management of
horses, care of ptock, rering of poultry with spg nrodu
ction,
raising of vegetablee ane fruits, dairy work, in crrarl
orier, buttr
cheeve cafrlein ma;r1, bottling prorervin
ng of !,erishuble
food tituffe, poultry game Mull, driving ofcanni
traotorr, tind training
in handling taid Kererally running of rarm machinery.
:he training arrwwomente to covor;1.
of Ishort epecial c:ourvet of instluction, oemolictrtAion
_And field work at ,,4ricultura3. Colleees
Traii.ind Centre,.
2. eL6in., out of special instructors to ourticukas dikAricts
whcre
4tamen can bt, %tweed in lurgc groups for instruction
1.rt4ctite
Purnishing special Inetructorv to omen: duoutionul Centres, hre
ordinurily no training in ,gricultural Lnd earm work iu given.
o. Taking ticivantfie :)f facillities ofrerd by .'xperimoutal Yam':
Patitsetc. to add to the number of centres where training
can be furnirhed.
The training will not only enable 0.rlti and roman to topt their
ability fr the work, but xill alto t(,ft their phylical fitnes
ant' strength , thereby vafeguurding neainrt phylioal breakdown
or
injury after work on Yam, or in othiir brancher of EDrk has
ct,..rtfd.
Arrangemonti. for ecuring suitable girls and women to take
training to be organitxd throuKh the omen DiViEqon of the the
U.
"crvioe, in cooperation with rSate Coilmittees of th(.
Dutional council uf efenoe, 'omens Colleges, .ducational Centre:,
pubii0 sohJolP, and public) tesociatione of —ommen tl-trouzhout the
'tutes.
;iris wid 'omen to be trainload in the several 'tater in accor
with the rural in6ustries operated within them, ,r1(, in consb dance
nhnce
with ..griculture re4uiremcb.te and shortage of DWI pover
,
The diclocation
uprooting of women by unneq:c.rarily moving them
about to be rigorous/7 avoided.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

c'igned

4

4

6

)

Memorandum on the Provisioh of a Supply of Womens Labour
for the 1Whter branches of Agriculture and Farm Work to
supplement Man Power and effectively increase production of
a larger Food Supply.
Necessity for Mobilisation.
OS

The diminished rate of Food Production amongst
the Allied Nations and seriously lessened food supply owing to
inclement weather. Great Britains food supply last year was
considerably less than anticipated, owing to a poor harvest
caused by weather conditions; French crops were fifty per cent
below normal, and the Italian yield was poor.
Australia's grain yield for this year is nearly 19 million
bushels short, and owing to bad weather and lack of sufficient
Farm Labour, there was also a shortage in Canada.
Submarine sinkings and incendiary fires caused by enemy aliens
have also depleted food stocks.
Lord Rhondda, British Food Controller, on behalf of Grt Britain, France and Italy, has just sent the U.S.A.
an urgent appeal for immediate larger food supplies for this
yecTTs consumption, as owing to increasing scarcity of staple
articles of food, British rationing has again been decreased in
amount; the French have also cut down their bread rations.
David Lubin, U.S.A. expert representative on the International
Institute of Agrichlture, has just issued a public statement
clearing that Europe's crops this year will be smaller than
last year, that the Allies dekend on the U.S.A. for the bulk of .
this year's food, and that extraordinary measures must be adopted in America to meet the situation, i.e, placing new large
areas of land under cultivation, and the mobilisation of women
for Agricultural work of all kinds.
A Deputation representing two million American Farmers is arranging to meet the President to present the serious situation and
the gravity of the Labour shortage, as there is great danger
not only will Orops be smaller than last year, but mush less
land will be under production, and farmers will be forced to dispose of their live stock
Precedents for Mobilisation of Womants:Lict,‘-OU`i- .or Land work.
In Grt Britain, last yeqr, 258,300 women were
land by the Government in all capacities, the
the
employed on
number for this year is being largely increased; the Government
is now training women to drive Farm tractors; the prejudices and
opposition of the Farmers has disappeared, the health of the
women workers shows no trace of strain or impairment.
In France and Italy, women are undertaking both the heavy and
light branches of Farm and Agricultural work, with the aid of
a few old men.
In theemergency demand for farm labour last year in Canada,
women of all classes rose to the occasion and volunteered in
large nilmbers for work on the ladn, acquitting themselves
successfully.
Under the auspices of Vassar College, and the Womens Land Council, an experiment was tried with units of women workers on the
land at Vassar Farm, ..the Mt Kisco and Bedford Village Agricut
tural Camps, and through small units for fruit picking.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

•

#

2
tability and efficiency
These demonstration lessons as to the adap
proved very satisfacof American women as workers on the land,
Curtis of Westchesjit
tory, Testimony has been given publicly by Mr Bedford Farmers
the
Farm Bureau, by Mr James Wood President of
many other as to
and
,
farm
t
frui
ard
Orch
Club, Mz. Gent of the
working on the
n
the practical ability and success of the wome
eased number
incr
an
vStous farms, there are many degmlois for
of women for work this year.
women have proved their
Throughout other prrtions of the country,
land of various kinds.
desire and ability to perform work on the
Title of proposed Woemns organisation
The U.S,A. Womens Land Corp.
Administration
of the
Under the supervision of the Woemsns Division
onsal Commandants
U.S.A. Employment Service, assisted by Divi
through funds
paid
be
to
for subdivied zones. Their salaries
raised locally.
Department of Labour.
A minumum wage to be fixed by the U.S.A.
ly trained expert women
ough
thor
be
to
The Divisional Commandants
Womens Land Corp
All candidates for enrolment in the U.S.A.
ess before being
fitn
ical
phys
to
must be medically examined as
accepted
ur for the following
The National Land Corp will furnish labo
work
Branches of Agriculture and Farm
of the
Butter cheese casein making; work in many
Dairying.
5,000 creameries.
k. Milking by hand or machine.
stoc
live
of
Care
there one and a half million
/Poultry farming and Egg production;
A. producing no poultry
U.S.
the
farms in
or eggs.
fowls, turkeys, geese
Pig rearing.
ing grading.
Fruitgrowing,large and small; picking pack
g
potatoes,and beets
udin
incl
Market gzrdening truck raising.
for sugar.
ng bottling.
Fruit and vegetable canning, drying,canni
Canning of fish,poultry game.
nsplanting,
Lighter forms of farm work such as;- planting,tra
machine,
with
ng,
cultivating, thinning, weeding, hoeing, mowi
ng, etc.
maki
e
n, fenc
hay raking and pitching, shocking of grai
Recruiting for the Corp.
The members of the Corp will be drawn from
, professional
women of the leisured classes, College students
women, and
workers, trade union and seasonal working girls and
e Committees
can be recruited through Woolens Colleges, Womens Stat Women,
of
of the National Council of Defence, Local Councils
Union and
e
Trad
mens
y
s,Wo
unit
Club
Comm
the Mother Union, Rural
Labour organisations.
through the
All registration of Land workers to be effected
the National
of
es
itte
ns
Comm
Wome
U.S.A. Employment Service and
Council of Defence.
Training Arrangements.
use of
Afrangements for preliminary training in
erUniv
ugh
thro
out
implements and elementary work to be carried
the
with
,
eges
Coll
sities, State Agricultural Colleges, Womens
e Agricultural Departments.
collaboration of the Federal and Stat
g the
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Tnstrnction to he 41urnished free of &large, followin
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

I

6

3.

Competent Instructors and Demonstrators to also be furnished to
Camp units.
All ihstruction to be furnished free of charge, following the
precedent set by the British Government.
To avert unnecessary dislocation and moving of Wbmens Labour
about tie country,efforts shall be made to train women and use
their labour strictly in consonance with the Agricultural Industries carried on within the several zones and subdivisions
ltural conthroughout the country. Where unsuited to local agricu
ditions, no *omen shall be employed.
and
Strict attention shall be paid to the accomodation provided
to general housing and sanitary arrangements.
s
Where Labour conditions demand massing of large groups of worker
,Camps
In particular districts,during the Summer and Fall months
shall be formed with qualified Captains in charge of the units,
who shall be responsible for arrangements connected with the
labour
administration of the Camps and the arrangements for the
of the women workers.
A uniform of bloomers and Overalls with a distinguishing bage
to be adopted.
Employers cooperation.
To avert prejudice and opposition, and secure the
intelligent cooperation of Employers, of every kind, with the
cooperation of Mr Creels publicity Committee, information shall
s,
be disseminated broadcast amongst National Farmers organisation
s,as
Grange
and
ies,
Societ
State Agricultural and Horticultural
to the nature and practical utility of the Womens National Land
Corp.
ment
The cooperation shall also be secured of the Farm Manage
x
Bureau
Farm
and
tion,
Bureau, Office of Markers and Produc
g
meetin
in
ness
To increase efficiency elasticity and prompt
of the
ation
the
cooper
requirements in outlying rural districts,
Post office Department should be secured Immediate steps shall be taken to put the above
organisation in operation in readyness for the Agricultural and
Farming requirements of the Nation in securing an ample food
supply for home consumption as well as for distribution to the
Allied Nations.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Signed.

ZI

Date.

A


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

FUR
IN IA .UTIPA
(OliiZIIFT ON
f0
iN2UST1FS
7- )E0d1OTE 1RAINING FOR iTMEW

ener'il

1. Short

Dmrn Aoii(E'

three wek- of tr.ininr !-A-h-mes
4

in ThntF,

!!n:

-ivte

2. L-onf',rrnc,,tg.,,r,,-tel in tr9inin
h
c

thr F..Me

-ith

1 oikr's:.- in
woncn ,

citieA to s'ir,cuE.3

4
,
\ '
/‘

on_ Ln-

f.)1<,

for
:rK-:

qen

in

in 4c f- t,

6..hin, ton :_rly in

k) Women': igntralce into iniu,;try
(1) 1-rent ni,cthol, of in.'u,!tion;
1,r%inin,;
(r; -mport,nce of mcre
(a) Technical trinin, for ,,.omen
in skilleo occupation: to uphold exi,tint•
waEe
tr-Anin, to
(b)
proc!uct
in
secure c,reftter Laccurlcy
6,1fety for thF tver;
the
(3) And mo:A im)ortz...nt of hll - to
woman a skilled, ine,emient
lAoriccr.
(b) Need for tr,iinin6 sa.,3 seen in th6 U. S.
Em-,loyment 6ervice;
(c) Ty)es. of war emergency cl.re
,umT-r

lessons lerned from them:


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(d) New

}nes of Fchool.

cl&.sse

neee

to

proierly e,ui? women workers in the induotries;
(e) Ap:iointment of

speciA committee to formulte

a progr7,m to promot

4*. Working proeram for the uolii,iiittEe :fi4ht
such lines
(a) invectiLation -z oy Committee on Women in

U- t

,of inlutri!31 comlitions in a particular indutry or 21ant
to dicover an:1 show naed for tr•Anin,s to
(1) Em?loyers;
() Labor;
(7) Alblic
(D) Or

] peo,)1e.
paich will

(1) iLly t,,) the St

Voc-,tibnal Ljuc-ti,.;n f r

=

Fcderal 3oards for

in

rf,i;
(a) Etblihing
co-o:erative schome for
(b) Develo:Anc
training;
curriculum s-ti:ftctory
(c) Workinc out
to and ap2rove,1 by all three 6rouPs,if the federL1

States Joar-JE do not meet the

ue-t (f-1 to 4: in e7tablishine experimntal cles
un,Jer -2rivate .lirection anl control, until. they are milli.
to tr:ke over these classes:


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.

(c) To aid and encourage experimental training
chisses in already existing trade 9.chools, ';uch as the
School for LirlE thr:Aigh:
(1) investigation9 of inustrie amd
rEport on 00,Qrtunitie'F; and kindE
c)f triniriL which c'Ailci be estapliAle:4
(€7.)
:y!ckik. fro official agencies
F,uch
Gouncil or WorEn in inAv,try.

clasEeFL,

?ublic,
.ition of

on ,0;)

ebli&hed in

'
,choole. or by

ty7JeE of

2riv-Ae ortnizA.tionu;
(e) Fre;u.7nt confrEnces
thi.

thos-a touching

field:
To 1:int_in b
of procedure .0 the or.; of c..ch
will fit into th, whole probr.2m of
:Jo.men "or their new t!3eks.
TO
t
benf.fit c'f the 3:1c,-;eri:nce
nd criticism of All in thie field.

0

E
U
ON fHE
_
_
C04:MITTEE ON
IN
iNELO? A 77.C,
'
.••
.
. ._4AL TRi,IiLik iN

I

The Aigcestion that the Lommittee on Wownn in in.0 tri
deveio

a proLram for voctionFA , trrAnin; in the

iniW.tries in-

volves severl ilv,ortnt consi2erations:
1. Trt.ininp is not ,(!istinct
ject which c.,In be morkei out alonL

n

tr•et cAl,_

Hfl - 1 Line

out.d'ie

the in sutry.
ProgrAaq 'or tr. inine

intim-)te

t'irst h n] knovler2te of the im,u:try. The „erEons Aho
,
10

cu:h

cr

(g)
(h)

mu:t vi it ,
.21 - ctu„,y c refully:

P r;:cezes
Ste?s of ,;:lv,neemnt
iachine anJ their reuira1,
3nts on
the worker,
lechnie-.1 knowledge rejuired tpet
up :tni run tht a chine;
Type of kil1 reuireL:,
Aind o4" su)lement-ry know1e1t7e or
trAnin6 hich t%culA increase the
inttlliEenc,. or 6.ffici,ncy of the
ver.)rker;
Aetho.la of ;ro4.uction,
Working con:Utione.

. ThP 'n-sons who are

llowed to 3e n!, the time

nece1=7.'ry to become qdeluately inform ed on these points must )e able
to show:


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

ficie1 reason for being thre;
Ju tificetion for takin, the time
of emoloyer, forewoman n: worker,
(o) and mut be in a Do,Ativn to m,Ake
suggeFtion3 which have officiA
force.
4. The following agencieo are sup_o5e! to be or are
workik on

.7)Eue :)a-,.se of the trinin,ii problex:

ti7m 1 L!u( tion;
1. fhe FE5rd ior.! for
the
The IrcAninE
D€--rtmtnt of '-'itbor,
The
Comiitteo Df the Louncil of
)n tae ir-Anine. of
Workers for the WAT Emeri,- ncy;
4. The wolen „4::ritc. in thf nut2i1 ervicp
.7-cti.,n of th,,
ne'
LIDA 1rg:
V.Ir 3r-- Jai—
a u
!_ri 144,W f,ric;
WoL6nle, Lou.mittee of thc.
6. -Ale
C')uncr_ o'
4_11r.u, h tne
W.rEmer.i:..ncy Summer u1Lh Soh; L.
7. Ih f
Thri-tiLn
8. :h - Y.,unL
Lhri,ti-n
tion.
Thc

u
thE

Women in iniu-tryt
us

iti n

n::

' Lho foaLlitL.,,, on

.uthorit

the' in_Al_tries —

thc Committ6e or, laor of the Council of Nill'on 1

1.efenEle Dr

ri Committee of the Department of L._)or7

Wh

into whi-t indurtrieo we go?
(b) W1v) 3b=11 decide into what imlubtries 40 0?

shull'Jecide


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(c) Sh511 we Eo into the Industrie:

under

the su c2ervieion of the Orinnce De rxtment" By whb.t _Authority?
(1) Gan we follow us k r. Miles on the fix._un,1- th
no

i71ving a,!elu,
Ite consideration to the triining of woren

into tilt.= inAi- tries where he h9.s 6 •tThlished trdinine cl
(e) EV6 .,re we to fit in with the woman k-4,Ellt of -tiv_
,r .1

11,=,r invcAstir-tin,7 of womenlr: rork

(f) Wireir,_, will w

,4%er

hs

1AarL nt of

bc,-rvice of the
W 1111.,?re

ho

hul

in

The (omAex

n

-ncy,

trtrit of LDr?
uch

th--

tnt=r th: field?

itu thn is 0)Vi3113 A the mare menti -m

of the m2ny t_.E encies rare_ -ly in the field.

True, they 5k1

com'Anect 11.ve not touched thi=
The .ue-tion is -- Wh-t
the problem and :Aish a s-fe
for wolLen.

Several thini-

(-) There should be
of

11 these

the best w_y to t t

of

prorm for 1,oc 7,1 n I

inin,

out (1, rLy;
om:nc-'n

5y which thf rc ,re

could _et i_otother for t.:)nference;

(1) To letermine wherE- each

n :o the mofd.
Prid thus ,:void indefinitE, ov -q-L.,:dne;
(2) To try to agree on ;- com,on :;
. licy of ,r,cedure,
inter7station, nd uAder -A in .inL of htw' mein
by tr.inint,
(5) to eL,t blish certLin 3tlinrc.ls to which the
v,J•iou= woricRrs in the field shoul., me_ urr_ u
(4) 10 ..:,,,termine what wthols are to oe ...ur --ue . in
=tu,.lyin& n Lnutry witn a vier to develo iri
dr(vr,im bior tr.inin6.

tiv-


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4.
(5) To weigh, 4iscuss an criticize the 9uggesti.-ms
-,reenteu in such a conference a: to metho(ts of
tr-ininE women;
(5) To _letermine on
b,:sis for •Alehing
the proErnm agreed u.00n.

uRANTED
1. Th2.t women are entc.rinc, into :11 kinl= of new
occu' tions; both
unertn 1 in

an_ unskilleri, with but little

of the technic-1 knov.1e

invo1ve 4 in the

,k111,i pccu_ ,tion; YPith )11t, little o,),ortunity to ucquire
thi- b. c'4.T.und -nd with litt'le
ccur ry

n

re -

r ei ti n

the im ort n

r11 .- 1'ity in the mon3tcrLAIs rtitive

-.Tb L 'uch trlininc for women in the In,u6tries
is PA., present not being done a e uately by any of the agencieE
,le'1n'teri to to it;
3. ihat suth trining shcul(1 oe 0.ven the women workers:
WHAT IS THE MEANS OF ACCO24;11SHINC THIS END?
1. 3y hettrUng ud -11 the
agencies ,J11 working out together

common , ,olicy?

2. iy 1.unchinz under the direction of the Comalittee on
Women in iniu-try, in co—o_r-,ti,-)n , ith these :.„g encies,
?rsErFm for tr ininL women for the %?...r

NO. 131

SECTION O UDUSTRIAL TRAINING
FOR THE WAR EMERGENCY.
EXECUTIVE COMUITTEE OF SECTION
Percy S. Straus, ChLirman
H. E. Miles, Chairman
John Golden
C. R. Dooley

107 Council of National
Defense Building,
D St. Near 17th,

Washington, D. C.
HOW-TO-START-TRAINING-IN-A-FACTORY
As Developed in the Curtiss Aeroplane Company, Buffalo, N. Y.
but Applicable to Any Indtstry
by Frank L. Glynn *
ESTABLISHMENT.
Survey of Plant by
Conference
General Manager.
Plant Aanagor
Assistant Plant Manager.
Breakdown froia Pay Roll showing
relative importance of departments.

ORGANIZATION.
Director of Training
Reports to
General Manager as to policies
Plant Manager and Assistant as
to operation.
LOCATION
1. Separate floor space in Factory
about 60 x 200 ft.
For the location of such activities as could well be brought
together as a separate training
unit.
2.

3.

*

Separate floor space in departments,
the training for which had best be
kept ip department.
"Tagging" of machine or other shop
units for training identification
when it is necessary to distribute
school throughout department and
have instructor circulate.

Note: This latter method requires
even a more definite control by
the training director than the
other two, as the training identification is likely to be lost and
importance become insignificant.
This method is least satisfactory
and should be resorted to only
in exceptional cases.
EQUIPMENT.
The equipment was transferred
from the regular production departments to the training department.
Note: At first there is likely
to be objection to this on the part
of superintendents and foremen, but it
can readily be seen that machines and
appliances must be furnished by them
anyway under the usual method of breaking in help.
No difficulty, however, of this
sort was experienced, as those in the
Curtiss aompany fostered and helped
the establishment of the work in every
way.
DEPARTMENTS OF TRAINUG
NOTE: These fluctuated from
week to week according to the needs
of the production manager based on
develotment or changes in production.

Mr. Glynn inaugurated and developed the Curtiss Training work and is now
with the Training and Dilution Service, U.S. Dept. of Labor, 604 - G St.,
Washington, D. C.


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-Each month, however, the employment
office furnished the training department
with an estimate of the help which would
probably be required for the two ensuing
months.
This formed a basis for the training
derartaient to work on, as tu the numbers
and kind of training to be emphasized
durinp• that _period, and resolved itself
into the employment office giving the
training ,department an order for help,
and the employment manager was only tot)
pleased to cooperate in every way.
The departments which have been
operative thus far are:
1. :.lachine Work
Screw :;lachine
lilling
Hand Feed
Power Feed
Drilling
Single Spindle
Double Spindle
Shaper
Punch Press
Lathe
2.

Filing
Hand
Machine

3.

Drill Grinding

4.

Tool Crib

5.

Cable Work
Wrapping
Splicing
Lipping
Soldering

6.

Sheet :dotal
Riveting
Soldering

7.

Propellor dork
Shaping
Tipping
Brass
Copper
Linen


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8. Acetylene and Other Gas
Welding
Brazing
Soldering
9.

Woodworking
Strut dork
Beam Work_
Panel work
Wing Float

10.

Doping

11.

Final Wing dasemhly

12.

Sewing
Panel Covering
Power achine

DEPIIRTMNTL RELATIONS
1. Employment Office.
Kept the training department filled to its capacity,
drew the trained people from
the training department, placed
them on production in the factory
for which they were trained, and
maintained close daily .contact
with the training department
through exchange of daily reports.
It is necessary for the employment office to jmen the
training department moving.
2. Time Keening.
The record of attendance,
punctuality and time of all
persons in training was reported daily to plant manager and
training director by the regular
time clerk.
3. Accounting.
Rendered to the training
director a weekly report as to
cost of salvage, ,expense, wages
of learners, instruction, supervision and administration.
Note: i sample sheet of
weekly report may be found
herewith page 7.

MANAGELIENT.
The training director rendered a
daily and weekly report to the management summarizing operation of training
department, embodying number received,
rejected, promoted, returned, and entire
operating cost of department.

instead of having the ten persons
Likewise
do it under instruction.
as
employed
was
another operative
recommenda
high
instructor upon the
get
to
wanted
tion of a foreman who
rid of him and disliked to take him
back even as a workman.
These were exceptional aases and
were quickly remedied by the selection of other operatives who more
than made good.
The difficulty lies not .:ith
instructors but 4th obtaining
directors for original layout of
plan and organization which can be
done in from one to three days, with
the later general direction loft to
the production manager of the factory
and the Lseration of the training
department to the instructors selected from the regular factory force.

OPERIJIuN
1. Instructors.
The instructors were preferably
those taken from the actual production
floor. Experiments were made with persons having had teachers training and
experience in teaching activities closely related to the Curtiss work. They
were employed by the training department
and first put on production until they
were thoroughly familiar with the work,
then they were taken over for actual instructiOn.
It was found that their sense of
2. The Learner.
production was low and that they apThe learner is taken in from
academan
from
proached training largely
office, taught the
the
employment
more
taught
ic point of view - that they
he is best fitted,
which
for
activity
parts,
of the construction of fibre than of
production floor
the
to
and
promoted
and approached the problem as "getting
office,
production," by the employment
training
It is highly advisable to
rather than g=Tnliti'acotfoolz
refer persons of doubtful physique
training."
or health to the First id departIt is strongly recommended that
ment for physical examination to be
the most practical type of person be employud, with factory experience as a back- sure that the person is physically
adapted to the work for which he
ground - providing, of course, that he or
pro,
the
has
would like to be trained.
suggestion
she is amenable to
y
and
tJ
ability
personalit
per point of view,
3. Lenp.th of Day.
to not only "do the job" but also "1g
The length of day is the same
impart the information" and eliminate
au that of the factory itself.
all mystery.
4e found no difficulty in finding
4. Tools and Equipment.
an abundance of ME121.y_ qualified instrucThe tools and equipment are
tors employed in the various shops on an
identical with tnose used In the
They were the exceptional
hourly basis k
itself.
we
were
factory
ly
mistaken
and
occasional
persons
we
found
instance,
For
in judgment.
5. Methods of Construction.
that a graduate of a foremost technical
The Oethods of construction
college, who was an excellent producer,
and operation are the same as in the
lacked teaching ability, apparently enfactory production.
deavoring to do the work of ten people


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-4-

6. Product.
Instruction is obtained from the
regular production of the factory for
which the operative is being trained.
There should be no preliminary
"initiation" or "symbolic" work,
although salvage parts may be used to
advantage as a minimum in extreme
cases for the instruction which is
Introductory to the training room as
in acetylene welding.

2. Clothing.
Uniform: It was found that a
"two-piece" garment with complete
waist was most satisfactory. It can
be made in any factory so that trousers button to waist. Trousers
should be full and have small elastic
to fit at top of shoes or ankle,
thereby securing a good "hang" instead
of turning them 71tp and having them
slopping down continually. The waist
should have close fitting neck,
can be turned under and left
which
RATES
open or buttoned, and half sleeves,
There is a difference between the
Special sleeves sho.41d be provided
beginning or "learning period" wage
for
welders, brazers, and others
the
and
department,
rate, in training
promotion,
engaged
in similar operations
"production wage rate after
involving hazard, which may button
So long as the learner knows that
on short sleeves. By having a
the wage rate will be increased autotwo-piece suit it it unnecessary
matically upon promotion, and that
for a woman to furnish her shirtpromotion depends upon "coming up to
Lnmediately this involves
production", then just so much will the
sex suggestion which should be
learning period be shortened and the
eliminated. The two-piece suit
"production gait" acquired. This elimran enables theuniXorm department
inates all need of discipline.
to fit each half of the alit to the
Here again is the importance of the
girl instead of the girl to the
instrmotires "production sense" intensisuit. Nothing is more suggestive
fiedA
than the uniform that doesn't fit.
Every instructor should also be a
The first uniform, costing
peacemaker.
about $3.50, is protided by the
company without charge and a replacel!'e are at war and this "army behind the
ment made when necessary, but if the
army" must acquire such speed of producemployee wants two uniforms at once
tion as never before known.
than the second one is provided at
cost.
wholesale
PERSONAL RELATIONS
employee leaves the
7hen
the
This caused many adjustments and is
the company then a unifotm
service
cf
of supreme significance to those who
before the employee
must
returned
be
contemplate the induction of women into
receives her employeent release slip.
manufacturing. If the women are
Caps with rubber nal (cloth for
patriotic enough to give up their homs
cooler
weather and net for summer)
must
factory
the
factory,
then
for the
should
be furnished with each uniform.
addition
in
them
provide carefully for
This
is
a very important element,
to legal requirements,
especially
for safety, as a women's
These. relations may be stmmed up as
hair
is likely to catch in moving
follows:
machinery, even a small motor hand
drill. Besides, this eliminates
1. Personal Supervision.
much difficulty as the hair may otherThis required a woman supervisor
wise become loosened and constantly
with a factory and production p6int
in the way of the individual.
of view.


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In some cases large restaurants
-3_

Aprons are provided for such activities as may soil the
form rapidly
or permanently,-a rubbernid apron in
the machine Flop, for instance.
Girls like to wear silk stockings
and high-heel shoes or slippers,
The stocking shauld be of cotton
and the shoes have low heels. Otherwise the employee will become greatly
fatigued, as the high heel places the
body in an unnatural position and one
cannot work to advantage standing.
This waw the cause of many women warning to change over to a "eitting job."
rearing of jewelry is not permitted.
3. Rest Rooms.
Each largq department has its rest
rtdm for its employees, with a matron
in charge.
Admission is by special pass from
the forelady, for proper regulation.
It is best to have sevral such r
roams in a large factory rather than
one, as more convenient in an emergency and also preventing a great deal
of wandering around the plant which
otherwise would develop rand. cause a
waste of time, and. confusion.
4. Rest Periods.
Each female employee is allowed a
rest period of not less than fifteen
minutes each morning and each afternoon.

In some cases large restaurants
are provided and the lunch hour of
the men "staggered" with that of the
women do that they eat separately
or "staggered" by departments.
In other cases "canteen" stands
are found in various sections of the
factory where service is given in
selling various kinds of food, etc.
It is always best tc have one of
these for men and another for women.
7. Safety and Sanitation.
A very great percentage of women
now entering industry are doing so
with little previous factory experience, if any.
Constant attention as to safety
and sanitation must be given so as
to have the newcomer feel thkt the
medical department or nearby hospital
or company physician is a First Aid
rather than a Last Aid.
A scratch from fine wire may
cause blood poison evAlly with a
more serious injury.
Every effort must be made to
acquaint the girls and wemen of
the large service the First Aid can
render.

8. Sex Relations.
In many factories sex difficulties
have arisen and tended to decrease
production.
If the women are properly inducted
5. Drinking Water.
into industry through training,
This is providdd by drinking founproperly supervised by a matron on the
tains. In the warmer months the water
production floors, properly dressed
is iced by having the feed pipe coiled
in a uniform garb, all difficulties
in the bottom of ordinary wooden, metal
automatically disappear.
lined boxes in which ice is placed.
6, Luncheon.
It is the practise of the factories
obtaining the best results to serve at
least hot soups, tea, coffee, or milk
at the lunch hour.


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In some cases large restaurants
-5-

Aprons are provided for such activities as may soil theuniform rapidly
or permanently,-a rubberoid apron in
the machine shop, for instance.
Girls like to wear silk stockings
and high-heel shoes or slippers.
The stocking should be of cotton
and the shoes have low heels. Otherwise the employee will become greatly
fatigued, as the high heel places the
body in an unnatural position and one
cannot work to advantage standing.
This wav the cause of many women warning to change over to a "sitting job."
rearing of jewelry is not permitted.
7

Rest Rooms.
Each largq department has its rest
rtdm for its employees, with a matron
in charge.
Admission is by special pass from
the forelady, for proper regulation,
It is best to have several such r
roams in a large factory rather than
one, as more convenient in an emergency and also preventing a great deal
of wandering around the plant rhich
otherwise would develop rand.cause a
waste of time, and confusion.

4. Rest Periods.
Each female employee is allowed a
rest period of not less than fifteen
minites each morning and each afternoon.
5. Drinking Water.
This is providdd by drinking fountains. In the warmer months the water
is iced by having the feed pipe coiled
in the bottom of ordinary wooden, metal
lined boxes in which ice is placed.
6, Luncheon.
It is the practise of the factories
obtaining the best results to serve at
least hot soups, tea, coffee, or milk
at the lunch hour.


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In some cases large restaurants
are provided and the lunch hour of
the men "sta:ggered" with that of the
women o that they eat separately
or "staggered" by departments.
In other cases "canteen" stands
are found in various sections of the
factory where service is given in
selling various kinds of food s etc.
It is always best to have ohs of
these for men and another for women.
7. Safety and Sanitation.
A very great percentage of women
now entering industry are doing so
with little previous factory experience, if any.
Constant attention as to safety
and sanitation must be given so as
to have the newcomer feel tbel# the
medial department or nearby hospital
or company physician is a First Aid
rather than a Last Aid.
A scratch from fine wire may
cause blood poison equally with a
more serious injury.
Every effort must be made to
acquaint the girls and women of
the large service the First Aid can
render.
8. Sex Relations.
In many factories sex difficulties
have arisen and tended to decrease
production.
If the women arc properly inducted
into industry through training,
properly supervised by a matron on the
production floors, properly dressed
in a uniform garb, all difficulties
automatically disappear.

-6-

The operating capacity of the entire
training department is two hundred and
fifty persons at one time. The training
will turn over about once a week on an
average thus providing trained workers
at the rate of 10,000 a yeqr or loss
as th.3 factory necas.
Contrast this with a condition found
in one of cur largest war products plants
where the factory needed two thousand
trained workers a month and the training
department was producing only at the rate
of 100 a month.
The Curtiss accomplishment shows that
a lafge comprehensive plan and service is
readily feasible if only the factory
management insists upon it.


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FLrXIBTLITY
The usual custom and tradition
of operation schools as a whol
is on an annual basis with all
instructors contracted for on an
annual salary.
These conditions must be entir ly forgotten in intensive training of factory workers.
The basis element in a training department is its flexibilit:
A section for training may operate for one week or two weeks or
months. It must be conditioned
upon factory needs.
This means that the instructor
can best be taken from the depart
ment for which the training is
required and when the quota of
trained people is filled, the
instructor goes back on the regular production floor and assist;
not only in production but also
in following up the people train

No. /30
Section on Industrial Training
for the Nar EMerancy
txecutive Committee of Section
Percy S. Straus, Chairman, H. E. Miles, Chairman
John Golden
C. R. Dooley

107 Council of National
Defense Building,
P St., near 17th, N.W.
Washington, D. C.
August 12, 1918.

BEWARE

OF

BAD

TRAINING

ROOMS'

A year ago a representative of the British Ministry of Munitions
said that some manufacturers seemed to think that they had only to set up
a training room or department and look for miracles of accompliehment.
Three or four instances of bad training have recently appeared.
One great airplane factory put a manual training teacher from
a great city in charge.
. This man persisted in teaching Aorkers to make nail boxes
ard "school projects," to practice with hand tools, many of which the several
operators would never use, etc. Said he, "Never mina speed. The Government
has the money. What it wants u. accuracy." His pupils loaf in the training room and Later loaf in the factory. His successor will increase production 20 to 40 per cent.
Another director of training with almost a natimal reputation
was given a great deal of machinery but he cant get aaay from the slow
methods of general techinical training. He plans to deliver from 80 to 100
all around mechanics into the factory monthly. But the factory wants 1,000
skilled workers monthly and 2,000 other workers monthly, part of them semiskilled.
Every training department should be developed with the employment
oifica needs in mind. An expert has been sent to readjust this training
department who (in a less conplicated factory) at the end of 90 days was
- ,000 workers annually.
training at the rate of 8
A third factory with 7,000 workers has had a training roam for
five weeks in which it trains women, mostiy yang girls, on astonishingly
simple operations that could be taught anybody anywhere.
It needs operators on difficult power machines and in the tool
room. The foremen have been set against training for those departments.
An hourts inepection of the plant followed by a general meeting with lantern
slides opened the minds of 100 foremen and euperintendente and the factory
will now train for these difficult places.
Officers and managers should visit the training departments
frequently, speak to trainees and see that the department is perfect In
spirit, speed and accuracy.
No training room could hurt you
of the payroll,

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A pod one is worth 20 per cent

No, 129
Sect ion on 'Industrial Training
for the rrar Emergency
Executive Committee of Section
Percy S. Straus, Chairman,
H. E. Miles, Chairman
John Golden
C. R. Dooley

107 Council of National
Defense Building,
D St„ near 17th, N. r.
rashington, D. C.
August 9, 1918.
WAR SERVICE FOR 1Vr.FN WHO ARE OVFR DRAFT AGE
and. for the "Old Men."

Men past the draft age can often render as valuable service as
any in warproduction,
In New Haven (the Boardman Trade School), a painter age 60
quickly learned to be an adept machinist.
tt.

Says the superintendent of a factory in Torcester which has one
of the best training departments in the country, "I recently hired
a man 65 years of age, who has been a pattern maker, a mill wright
and a stone mason, He came to m.e and said he had always had a
Te put him to work in
hankering to learn the machinist trade.'
the Training Department and he is showing wonderful progress. His
training in these other lines has given him a good course in mechanical
work, and we believe that in a short period we can make a first-class
instructor out of him to help us in training others who are not so
quick to grasp the trade."
In Bridgeport, a laundry shirt ironer age 45 or more in three days
was running a screw machine and producing 25% faster than estimated
by the makerof_the machine. At the end of a week he was taking the
machine to ,pieces to get thoroughly acquainted with it. He was soon
getting 60 an hour in regular production.
An enameler (and foreman) of the same age was doing as well on a
companion machine in the same training room, but he stayed a month
in training so as to qualify as foreman in a screw machine room.
A farmer about 68 who had had mechanical training as a youth came
into the training rooms of one of our war factories the other day and
quickly qualified for skilled production,
A Cincinnati firm, finding it difficult to get boys, has substituted
old men with great success. They find these men more dependable, readier
to accept responsibility, never absent nor late, and glad, most of them,
to have gotten steady employment in a high class institution. vhile many
old men should be used as in this company, it would be an utter misapprehension of their value not to realize that a very great percentage
of these older men can be made quickly to equal younger men in skilled wor'k.
England and France give special attention to training the older men wha
have been merchants, professional men, etc. for very skilled production,
tool making etc.
Every man past the draft age should consult an expert in modern shop
practice and training and immediately prepare for superior service.

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No, 127

SECTION ON INDUSTR/AL TRAINING
FOR THE WAR EMERGENCY.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF SECTION
Percy S. Straus, Chairrran,
John Golden
C. R. Dooley

H. E. Miles, Chairman

506 Council of National
Defense Building,
D St. Near 17th, N.W.

Washington, D.C., July 24, 1918.

BRITISH EVERIENCE
quotation from Mr. Ben. Ho Morgan,
Special Advisor on Training and Dilution,
British Ministry of Munitions, London.
"By the process of dilution we have been able to place in munition
works about 950,000 women to do work from the heaviest labouring unskillI
ed operation to the highest grade of tool-room non-repetition work.
pre-war
our
destroyed
entirely
do not hesitate to say that women have
ideas as to what constitutes "skilled" work, When in the early days of the
War women were trained to turn out 18 pdr. H. 13, Shell and equal the production of male labour many thought that such work amounting as it does
to little more than manipulative de:cterity, was about the limit of the
capacity of women who had not received a regular course of Engineering
(mechanical) training. After a few months workshop experience, hover,
women are today building the greater part of one of the best High-Speed
Engines in the country, each woman setting her own tools and work, and
able to machine any piece of work that the tool she is on will take. v/Omen
are building guns, including the fine fitting work on the breech mechanism,
and the cutting of large screw threads up to a shoulder. They are doing
most of the work in some shops on 3-1/2 ton Army Lorries and will do practically the whole of it if the war lasts much longer including chassis
erection and testing. They are doing important work in marine engine
building, turning connecting rods, propeller shaft liners and doing practically all in 13011.3 cases, of the marked-off drilling. The Aero Engine,
as you well know, is a very fine piece of mechanism and at the outset was
considered a tool room job throughout. In some shops women are today
doing the greater part of the work turning on Centre Lathes to half a
thousandth, milling webs of Clerget Cylinders on a booker Miller without
stops and setting up their own jobs and working again to half a thousandth
limit, boring cylinders on a No. 9 Herbert and similar work an a Gisholt,
setting up their own jobs turning and finishing test pieces in various
metals to a 5,000tholaking tools and gauges cf all kinds to fine limits;
all varieties of bench fitting to drawings and marking-off work of every
description. Locomotives work, steel constructional work, boilers, bending,
drilling, and rivetting, women are doing magnificent work both in regard
to accuracy and output."


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2

Note: In shell
80% women operatives on
and semi-skilled men on
prevent shall factories
needed on other work in

production British Government contracts require
shells under 4,5ft, with less percentage of women
larger sizes, This requirement in the U. S. would
from bidding away great numbers of skilled men
other factories,

In the production of fuses and trench tools, grenades, etc., women
are doing 60% to 80% of the machine operations, according to their types.
In Enfield and other light arms, women are doing 2/3 of the work.
Also a considerable part in the production of the breech mechanism for
heavy guns, and light parts on gun carriages, etc. In aircraft work,
motors, and planes, wonen are doing a great part of the work and producing
in one factory or another every part used,


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Likewise in motor trucks and in tool room and precision work,

H. E. Miles,
Chairman.


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A1:3t 21, 1918.

liso Mury 3;:r14uff.()r,
1 35 Sol*h 111r6 Street,

Ay ie!.1r
,Jurir1:7 )A1.3- Vn Kleack'

roc,

Li t

feN r.!

7nnt mm.n ,L.ers.

This 4ork is .11113r thn ,3iroct1on of Crietin

chin, ton,

re,ct jy

n1 ea..A.oy-

into fact .rioA ;1_9 ve'Lfirc exacutive

Fiehor, Council
h

your Lett tr to her

qbc,ut !- )varnxent 2o1r9es f.2r

)f .5,14 le+ 11th,
f w - men to

fJr

,tosence

f N-ti ,flaL Defenie, loth
C.

n1 D. otr.3eta,

.t mi, ht he Aet, for you t. write

Floh•:r

13pecific

infortion

which yAl
V,Iry truly vurs,

Van AleOCk.

133 South Third Street,
New Philadelphia, Ohio,
August 11, 1918.
Miss Mary Van Kleek,
Woman's Bureau,
United States War Department,
Nashinfrton, D.C.
My dear Mies Van Kleek,
I have heard that under the supervision of the government there are to be given courses for the training of women to go into factor
ies as welfare executives and employment managers. All you please send me
information in regard to this work in which I am very much interested or refer
meto the department where I may secure such information ?


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Yours truly,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3

nAri:

,1

4

11--1

•

'

111


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

WOWN IN INLUSMY CJc
Au3u8t 5, 191e.

My dear Nies Allinson:
Should your committee decide to speciali e on
the problems of training woren, I cuggest your letting in touch
wit* Mr. J. V. Johnson, Chief Instructor of the rright-Martin
Aircraft Corporation, Hew' Brunswick, New Jersey, an that cerTany
is working out intem3ting plans for the training o7 women in
several of its plants under the direction of Mr. Johnson,

He

has written us, and I had an opy.ortunity to talk with hir a
short time ago in Philadelphia, so that if you shouli decida to
o there, an

if you have not already ret him, I shall be slad

to give you a letter of introduction.
Sincerely yours,

Director, Women in Inlustry Service.
Miss May Allinson,
Comrittne on Women in Industry,
Council of Natinnal Defente,
Washington, D. C.

".0MXN IN INDUSTRY 8RRV101

July 26, 1918.

My dear Mrs. Swant
Since the receipt of your letter nf Julr lflth
rhtch yru nert , o.
have been awaitinry; the arrival of the Bulletin
It must have lone as9 r7r.
it

'nu

I shall be nuch interested in sting

send me a seconl err?, at thio ,%11-nss,

u'

Thi

Boor 504-, v/nehi.n ,;ton,
The (luections which yrr tr" rd:Iirsr,

a*

course7.
for trairilc7 and esl'ecially the offerinq rf longer
An1
women jr the mechanical trales arc so intmro'.3tLrg
that

NrAd like vary nuch to have an opiortunity to tallf thon

over rather that to

ttempt to write aboiit them.

The questior nf

which there should
trainirr!, wrimmr for fte rachine trades is one in
ational Ass,liatirr
be conference both witn emrloyers and in the Intern
of Machinists.

If you are planning to be in Washington at any time

with you.
in t'-e new- future I shall be very glari to talk


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Sincerely yours.

Director, roman in Industry Service.

GENERAL COMMITTEE

RD

COUNCIL OF ORGANIZATIONS
LEA DE
4

AND CHILD
D. WALD

WE

FOR WAR SERVICE
(CO-OPERATING WITH WOMAN'S COMMITTEE.
COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE)

.ARY

E.

RiCBMON

AOSS
S ELLEN LOUISE AD EE
STRIAL MOBILIZATIO
MRS. FLORENCE KELLE
MRS. ALEXANDER KOH UT

/000
PRODUCTION
Miss HILDA LoINES

CLEARING HOUSE
FOR WAR WORK
VOLUNTEERS

CLEARING HOUSE
FOR WAR TIME
TRAINING FOR WOMEN

CHAIRMEN FOR THE BOROUGHS
WILLARD STRAIGHT. MANHATTAN
EDWARD DREIER. BROOKLYN
DAVID R. RODGER. QUEENS
CHARLES E. SIMONSON. RICHMOND
BRONX

MRS.
MRS.
MRS.
MRS.

MRS.
MISS
MRS.
MISS
MRS.

CHARLES L. TIFFANY, TREAS.
AMEY ALDRICH
AUGUST BELMONT
VIRGINIA GILDERSLEEVE
HENRY MOSKOWITZ

CHAIRMAN OF CLEARING HOUSE FOR
WAR TIME TRAINING FOR WOMEN
MRS. JOSEPH

R.

SWAN

4 EAST 39TH STREET
TELEPHONE: VANDERBILT 5876

CHAIRMAN OF CLEARING HOUSE FOR
WAR WORK VOLUNTEERS
MRS

DISTRISUTION, CONSERVATION
MISS MABEL H. KITT REDGE

EDWAINMCVICKAR
P4
-1

PROTECTION OF THE YOUNG
MISS STELLA MINE
MISS SARAH C. WE LLS

July 10, 1918.

RECREATION
MISS LEILA NEWCOMB
MISS VIRGINIA PO TT ER

JUL

TRAINING FOR WAR WORK
MISS EMILIE J. H UTCHINSON

WAR

FINANCE
MRS. COURTLAN DT BARNES

WORK FOR ALIEN
MISS MARY E. DREIER
EMERGENCY SEA VICE
MISS GRACE P ARKER
REHABILITATION AND RE-EDUCATION
MRS. RIPLEY HITCHCOCK

Miss Mary Van Kleeck,
Ordinance Department,
State War and Navy Building,
Washington, D. C.
My dear Miss Van Kleeck,
We sent you a few days ago a copy of the
bulletin gotten out by the Clearing House for WarTime Training for Women of the Council of Organizations for War Service, the plans of which I had
talked over with you before you went to Washington.
We are very anxious to have your frank
judgment and criticism on this bulletin. We,
ourselves, feel conscious of many defects in regard to clearness of arrangement, typing, etc.,
which we plan to rectify in our next bulletin to
come out on September first.
In this second bulletin we shall hope to
go further into the question of needs for different
kinds of training. We are getting material for
this from Mrs. Neale of the United States Employment
Bureau, Mrs. Crocker of the Municipal Civil Service
Comission, Committee on Industrial Training for the
War Emergency of the Advisory Commission of the Council
of National Defense and the Federation of NonHave you any other
Commercial Employment Bureaus.
suggestions as to sources of information regarding
This coming bulls tin
needs for training at this tiwn
will list all permanent or emergency courses for women
relating directly or indirectly to war work to be
given in New York City.
Another question upon which we would very
much like to have your judgment is in regard to
the training of skilled women mechanics. The
present tendency so far as we can gather is toward
relegating women to the more unskilled processes.
How far would you feel that it is wise at this
time to advocate longer training courses in mechanics

41100 345

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.74


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

for women, than are offered in the vestibule
schools, etc.? Do you think skilled women
mechanics will be needed, and if so, have you
any idea as to the length of time it would
We are considering drawing
take to train them?
attention to whatever openings there may be
for courses to develop skilled women mechanics
but we are doubtful as to how far it is well
to advocate women taking such courses, if we
find them, in view of the uncertainty of the
need for women skilled mechanics in the future.
owing
We would appreciate ever so Et
what you think on these points and
criticisms or suggestions that you have to make
in regard to both bulletins.
Yours very sincerely,

Chairman
Clearing House fbr WarTime Training for Women.

NS RR


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

21,

My de .t

3-13.

Mr. Nichols:
In my new work in the Women -Ln Industry Serviss

I .1%3.31 have a new and athle intcrTi- t
work of the ctmrittcs aircirted
4--

u

f

e

7,
,
0, Ttsdr1

v

7,1 7

c,irrs.

7orren

c

I:Ain 3 I

""1113A let re ler1-4 the p,..e:3-t

vAteful tc yc

ttt

f Vis

if

tt901 a ro-

,!nmrceidAtions, aid T. slit> 111 7,111 Alao to ;Ave you .'• o:inii
hel:
•

illthlatry

Service oan

Ortnee 5itnr

Director, '4' an in industry Frorvica.

Mr. L. H. NI.chole,
Cormission on tv.lining Clmc Activitieo,
street, N.
7i.,leteenth
C.
vanhington„

411.
WAR

DEPARTMENT

is-0rie

COMMISSION ON TRAINING CAMP ACTIVITIES
RAYMOND B. FOSDICK
CHAIRMAN
LEE F HANMER
THOMAS J. HOWELLS
JOSEPH LEE
MALCOLM L. McBRIDE
JOHN R. MOTT
CHARLES P. NEILL
BRIG. GEN. P. E PIERCE. U. S. A
JOSEPH E. RAYCROFT

WASHINGTON

APRZO 1914

L

W. PRENTICE SANGER
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.1,--

April 15, 1918

Miss Mary VanKleeck
Women's Division, Ordnance Dept.,
War Department
6th & D Streets
Washington, D. C.
My dear Miss VanKleeck:
Attached herewith is a copy of the final report of
the Committee embodying all the suggestions made at the
last meeting and submitted to the Commission on Training
Camp Activities on April 3d.

The Commission approved the

report and its recommendations, and referred it for action
to the Executive Committee.

The Executive Committee is

now considering it, but I believe a report will be sent to
the Secretary of War within a day or two.
Mr. Fosdick has requested that this report be
printed in pamphlet form as part of an educational campaign in connection with the recommendations.

The report

before being printed will be slightly expanded, and the
appendices incorporated in the body of the report.
other changes will be wade.
Very sincerely yours,

0
j4dit443.L0
Office Manager
T.J-if„r:E

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

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,itik SAWA seam alrealky asplaysi

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sal &Wm& lima tosisiss assys shim lietialte

ter their

sAverrialese the tagssative isiostleit hos arise* as to What rioalii
dosesio, mew present osudition* aid with

loss with those

a Assn* Issitemy for the worse it steps aro not Was le soot less.
that NO Or toe alternative, be adagotsis either *at MIMS Noll In satirely debarred from carve; avid nil work *awn dime bair aims w est a
brood ipilversal

air the esplessisit sag osparvis/ANi

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ark the call of imilasa

tleserals la ihissao ter as savoy of 11411010118 moo it will be isereaaingly
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possible. le ore being ihostiaolly :art wales* by the xamilah earl levee* be..
ems us sob aspieylaii to sash as odes* sea la soft ter shish some an better
elasoss
cortalabbesse
et sok ebb* vast be &sae la VAAP sumps. Mir
More
are
fatal,
shish isms ON MAMA

thorstere possiliarly adavimple la view et Sae

faU... tic issei ttee hos obashiset the lelea et excluding women from

mpost

in the ems, ant has sielittei the other alternative.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Caliabillas oases vosa so to Mots* sae adopt a Weal ississei

U.

for the ornament of women In tillit!:x? c!..01; without

a plan

.

met bo eutficiontty extonclia VJ Include mot only the leuvonsoflenplsysd or
others

to be employed in tho cmr)e, teteleo, dam it becomes nosolOWer,
isso „mite" Stagg. or inweed•

aiiisig Ifs

. tioh a pies palbee and

mot be enit Sulle edieet la SID Oribleilly *I OM. lott aneki be otop *IF SW as
eseaslin avlies• Ihe

Swilling. MINN eiehinelen

tign with the lair sort be kept in seal

tonnaletlas a pelioy.
A-

S

Awe are

vemrs,s ,rork Jr cameo-

osiklAged im groovy Imo or the anigemel Amy anti Hattlanal

Guard kiebding owe in one se neve of ths Pougrring awns& of worm

Laundrise„

peat amilleeis, telephone operators, nurses, cleave eat

Mae-

etOMMINSOMP.,

rafting, els* As tem seemi a% it II upsets" thet
•

neve

s serrsapemithisk, goother prelthen with Ala le sopa.

how & lefilt se pilaw vesnottne

be eiplegoi,

ammo la

new

eepeviPidAnt anti sem et ewe vonos, and
thele•

ne plan bee !lee hem orielleist to Ineltde the esuntry aa
roam amp, the tekishine operat3rs

Need far

in inostiaelly

by the telelenne saipanisa
•

ant ave

leveseeset tonperview.

The names are 01.10OW 4oder geeemenset

save, In the other doses et esployulett, h,iineverg lase attention is

111 te

Fhe weithre et the wollisio. Comittiehe are meet eanioue at Clamp sksymelt,
mem, Moo Aare neeirty MO now eve wades
lameYiss,

ether please bt Ile imp.

the poet ezoblefieet Ube

nun hie teen es iittle attempt sit

ennervisias lot several seem hare eines to ii4Skt'hors boors/ *NM WO tees
able te gain free WOW to the asp mmiger the pretext nfogissasido
shaman? tho sit atlas* is & neasee Mk

the mesa ortrao7741

w - :soi

At ea.
seldieve•

At Osor)conditions we &lee esmtem. in ow et the asps Ile atfoal n
has not yet deveiopod Into 640 & seams etalmo as !IIllbe tie Imps; imiumil•


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

-6-

Conditions are mad in trsining camp

where private concessions exist,

etl.
eitner for aussememt purposes or for doing l*undry work,

In practical

control over concessionoperation it proves impossible to exercise adequate
Aires,

take no precaution
no employ women because they attract tra4so and

to keep our endeeirables.

included
Recommendations on this matter will oe

with other recommendations to follow.
one-hold of the camps
Attention is Galled to the fact that in over
ted.
inadequate housing facilities are repor

In these oases the women are

not of Om hest character.
forced to live in boarding houses, often

In many

in such hoarding houses %re higher
localities the rates for board and roows
per cent
d h. MA40 to pay. About
than girls working for such loges &vel
s
transportation to ami from their place
of the women in all the samps require
made either by Government official* or by
of work. Frequently, no attempt is
the oharactor of the wesser.'s lodgings.
krivate concessionaires to ascertain
duty is lacking.
Supervision over the women Who are off
as adequate supervision over
It may be said in general that there is
. A emasary of reports received
the employment of women in the military dews
(inhibit A) and shows that where
by the Committee from the camps is appen4ed
rous possibilities.
vmditiol)s are not yet serious there are dange

Row to

ers
uard both themselves and the soldi
take :tare of thee* women and to aafeg
iately.
is a problem Oki& mmet be met Immed
ttee has agreed upon tne follow.
In view of the aheve facts, the Commi
ing principles:


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

ing Gasps In the positions maimed
i. The slaployment et Amen in train
rsoorized.
above is necessary. This fact must be
nment to take the responsibility for
Z. Obligation rest* wen the Gover
camps. Just as it provide* for
the care of *OMR employed in its
tha military service, as met it accept
men who have beim drafted in

-4pUse 1.11041nsib11ity f•no the ve.M•re of the ISM who are SEIMIff
00111111,*
t to be oranniant.
3. Se Una Os sinkin military canoe
system.
natienni
Intl

aukos Wm.*
4. Se semi should be amployet iw eserui mod wir
Ma low elsoulA as saer,:dred to estsaliek astiaitstr the MUanlits sisatel, phiraisat, mad sigial Masse bettpie do Is emplopert.
the mow iambi settely Moot: as to the pest reseed of the
apnlissit Wen reeirsawadte bar ter eapbspent.
S. Definite stelliWill akiP the incrioas °lama sit week, seastri
hours of labor, wages, age Units, eta. Moult be stated.
Num
'
us
6. The policy wet iaoluda aisquo, simpramidem
supervision
as
both
2Nte
amphireee,
lielpitateirtadir.
of the
wet be smossloeibr the OrSammessk sad net or sigr piths*
• 4Mmadslation.
T. 0011041FaStins in marse ofadansage Ulnae MillaLitial to
sesepierei Is Iseelitoilmarasesessyr.
mge of the viotheSs
Ns wow shoal& be esnt Se Whe positiame settl oilequate Weft
bake wen nrovidod to Metes thee.

121 forzialatini

osepeiheoetvo OMR *Or tho suplimeatt st usiolt,

oemittse tame to ether heilliaerant oviattries to ses Ibmw law bed
la the 4mer1once of 440*5 litteia see *PM the

• Aed
301ation. In ,Itg

to 1915, Mom item NOWA Mar ellsoillimialls

lark. Inder the Owe leek at Wile datah use mists in the jolted
itatee. Ilen it Was Swan* irsossmir Sck segisise &Lithe vows se emptsgeit
IS loptest into one mat Mem as the "Paome's fdiptes.. Ain in 1,17 the
gessmarist dial.* upon the subetituilielt eli MOM

Seidler* in certain

oodasations at Minh low, tho MoonVal Umiak Imo assempla into the t
garys Agar Aalciliary Coon."
This 04014.6 Ina nowt for the payout of se-ordieettne all =now s
0141111111MMelle already in eparolbea, sot a strict orambeitisa Mew saillim


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sue Wets& lesseto lies the sweet of

messes of the lesso.e

-5-

Army Auxiliary Corps:

It Is under military authority, officially recopillsed

as a branch of the War Office. At the head of
the Women's Army Auxiliary
Corps is a Chief Controller - a woman - who is
responsible to the Adjutant
General at Army Re4dgearters. lhe corps is *dminister
ed on Army lines. 144
only is this the solution of the problem at
the emplement and supervisiee
of omen in military work, but the fact that the
corps is actually a recognised part of the war machine is an inspimtion, and
women of the highest
type are attracted into war service.

A brief report on the Women's Arny

Auxiliary Corps attAohed hereto (exhibit 10 is well worth
reading.
Secammend4tions
The Committee reonomemds the adoption of the folioqing plan:
I.

the organisation of a Women's Reserve Corps as a branch
of the
Shr Department and reporting to the Seeretary of
Whr. Us organisation of this corps should parallel that of the lemen
es Army
Auxiliary Corps in England. It should have its own offic
ers, with
ranks corresponding to those in the Semen's Army Auxiiiery
Corps.
Members of the corps should be subj4ot to military law
and should
at all time oh* the general routine orders and 14.0%1
standing
ordAre. ambers while on 4y13' should be umder attho
rity of the
officer in commend of the unit in Which they are working
and, when
off duty, under the supervision of the .on officers.

2.

iii women employed in military camps should be enrolled se
nom
hers of this corps. Recruiting shield be done by ths corps
, which
may avail itself of existieg ANOMOiOS for this service, such as
the United States Riplerment Service and others.

3.

Stations should be established for the instruction and train
ing
of newly enrolled workers for a short period before they
are
plowed in active service. Women to serve as officers should
be
recruited and trained in special officers, training
caft.;s.

4.

An official uniform for members of the lemees Reserve
Corps
should be adopted, together with suitable insignia, simil
ar to
those ',worn by members of the Women's Arnr Auxiliary Corps
in
England.

5.

Tor women already in service at the amps, it Is Imperative
that housing facilities be eonstructed immediately.

6.

Rages and heirs of labor shoul4 'clop stAndardised for each type
of wort.


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7.

The miaboms age liutt for women acoopted for such military
serviee should be 21 years.

8;

Statutory provision should he made for insuring the mmabers
of the corps while in the service of the United States. The
Was Risk 'neuroses Doreen is preparing on amadoont to the
ihr Risk Inman., dot which will allow it te include such

414

The practice of greeting eemesesions near the camps to private
individuals or to firms should be abolished. Cent:Amiss. already
grouted lathe sumps should be withdraws end all work in the
wipe should he done hy the Government. No more concessions
should be pasted within ouermaitiee outitds of cumps.

It is the opinion of this Committee that the above plan is ths
best one suited adequately to meet existing conditions and at the same time
te admit ef

,writirti
on. It is a plan which can be extended to inchude

LL os *Ike may be sent to Fr,ince for war work, as well as those implored Ls
the dome sad the tacteriers in this country.
selves is obvious.

tile effect on the women them-

It will diznify their work

of the Army organisation.

w

recognising it as it part

/t will engender an esprit de corps conducive to

efficiency Kind self-centrol, and give them• keener sest in helping the
causiiIe. Furthermore, hy doing

WWI

with the had oonditions resulting from

lack of supervision, wmen of the higliest type will be attracted into war
service.
The obvious advantage of the comprehensive plan 10.4ther than
special recomrenlations for individval problems is that such

plan once

organised in skeleton could be applied at once to individual problems pressing for solution.

Machinery would be set in motion which could be expanded

indefinitely to meet an alrost inmvitablo increase in the umber of women
la oar wwrk.

This will relieve overburdened Government offioials fres fur-

ther consideratten of individual cases.


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AmmINWOMUJImild
lowatttoo emu not tee at:m*4 sipboolso Ms used for
the imsattsto osmotrsottms is the 411tar7 Oaks of ~pato *ming
tor the mom oliammit thowobs,
mrspeolok to Olio

fessittee is sot yet

wobor ot gem awn oulawred wr to state tho

moms 4, taw bassives

It is oolftlotod Sot there will be

fres IV to 500 ve0More is mob et Oho dwips.
lho oomutruotion oi /lousing Maltase is tho trsisiMe 4111Pes
ovum of the soot temporary Obirootor, rill %mks *bout tro aereise
noel is elm* so sato that Ow Government lan after& to loSIP as tiso
of
is hosissimgoosetrostiarka. SOMStruotion of auj housing should,
ent
omwoo, bo soosmiesitadt Tyg the mio tlQU of a pa/Av./ for the intellig

sigpooldotas of Us mom the we to bow Atomood•


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air0/00th1117

LIT.:ILLIRY CORPS
OF ENG T
.C. 0.1/

L. Sumary,

II. Deductions from English
Experience.

III.Possibility of Adapting
Scheme to our Needs

IV, Elaborated Abstract
of the Vh.A.."_.C.

(
(
(
(

"Tommywacks"

a. History,*..
b. Recruiting,
c. OrganizatIon,
d.dAccommodations,

( a. Necessity for comprehensive
scheme,
(t. Certain anticipated difficulties negligible,
( C. Effect on Soldiers,
( d. Effect on women themselves,—
( e. Reasons for sucess,

Page 1
u
2
2-3
3

u

3

u
11

3
3

3-4
" 4

( a. Advantage of comprahensive plan capable of in(
definite expansion,
( b. Relief of Government
officials,
( c. Trained women now available,
( d. Opinion of some women already in war service,----- "

( a. History,
( b. Recruiting,
c. Organization,
( d. Lccommodations,

4
4
5
5

" 6-7
" 7-9" 9-11
" 11-12

I a. dIV Compiled from several typewritten reports, newspaper and magazine
articles etc. and the data arranged and classified by
Eleanor Bushnell Coolie
February 1918.


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I.

SUMMARY.
WOMEN'S AiMY LUXILIARY CORPS( 7.A.A.C.)

History,

A. A. C. were the Voluntary Aid DeThe precursors of the
tacAment and the Women's Legion (1915). These funlished cooks,
Women's Legion. motor drivers, help for tie Ministers of Munitions, etc., etc.,
who were recruited through Labor Exchanges.
a.

Object.

r

Army
Recognition.

Object: To release men; to improve cooking and cleaning in
hospitals and convalescent homes, etc. First experiment, August 3,
1915. 'Athin five weeks 100 woks were accepted. Thereafter no
question about value of women over men.
1916. Recognized by Army Council Instruction which defined
position- pay and condition of service under officer commanding
aamp.

First employment in regular camps, Apri1,1916. Mess of 500
1st regular
camp experimantlofficers. Over 6000 cooks and waitresses supplied later in 200
camps. 400 women released nearly one-half battalion.

Extraordinary
economies effected.

Charter for
service at home
and abroad,
June, 1917.

Experiment a
sucer.-s after
three months
1918.


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All W. A. A. C. (domestic) members begin service as assistants,
regardless of previous training. Often rise quickly. A girl of
22 is responsible, in one c321r, for the whole mess service for
22,000 men. Extraordinary economies have been effected by the
substitition of women for men.
In 1917, government decided on substiution of women for
soldiers in certain occupations at French Bases. :
1 1.A.A.C. officially recognized for that service. Co-ordinating of existing agencies,
not easy. Grave consideration of every proklem involved, precedeu
completion of W.A.L.C. charter, June 1917. Strict organization
effected, under military authority. Housing most difficult problem.
No woman employed tntil suitable accommodations provided, by military
officers, assisted by
administrators. Higher standard
housing than for man.
After three months' trial, the experiment of empleyiniz
women _n camps both at home and abroad has proved a complete
success.
NOW recruiting at the rate of 10,000 a month.
(End of Historyl

b.
I!&

Recruiting jystem.

11'1

Procedure:
Registration at recruiting center attached to Labor Exchanges.
Examination by travelling Lledical Boars.
4.xamination by selection committee as to suitability for
- -60 kinds of jobs available.
work chosen, there being

Training for
service.

Training in Depot Hostel, in drill, discipline, duties,
privileges,etc.,etc"; such Hostels all over country.
Inoculation, vaccination.
Uniforming, etc.
Drafting away, in groups of 20 or 30, to camp or town,
supervisor.
always in charge of
instruction.
during
Full pay

for
candidates.

The procedure of the Army in search of women workers,
given under " Recruiting " in body of paper.

Procedure for

c.

Organization.

Organization and Administration

The organization of the W.A.A.C. includes the
Chief Oontroller, responsible to Adjuntant General, 'aeneral
Army Headquarters.
Deputy Chief Controller
Lrea Controller,supervises arrangements for the Corps in
districts.
Unit Adrainistrators,in dharge of hostels.
Deputy and :tssistant
Deputy Administrators
:-11 corresponding to officers in the ..rmy

2orewomen
and
Workers
correspond with other Arry ranks.
Relation to
Arny.

Pay.


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The Corps is administered on Arm7 lines.
to discipline and are subject to rules of
orders, wnich never conflict.

All engage to submit
C. and general armu

20 pounds yearly, board -nd lodging;
Scrubbers,
(Lowest grade)
Cooks and
26
pounds yparly, board and lodging;
domestics,
zrom unskilled
to hichly s _Lied
20/ to 40/ weekly, with 14/ deducted if
labor ,
living in hostels.
1:iniruy, age - home :,rvice, 18;

service abroad, 21

-3-

Insurance.
Sick Benefits.

All subject to Insurance Act and entitled to full pay
for three months if sick or injured,and part pay after three
months.
The relation of the W.A.A.C. to the Army is sham in
more detail in quotations from " General Instructions No.1",
under " Organization and Administration."
d.

Most difficult
problem.

Principles
eStablished,

Reports from
the front,

Accommodations( Housing)

The bOst difficult problem in connection with the W.A.A.C.
is that of housing. The system is as yet undeveloped as to
grouping and number of huts in camps,or of houses rented for
officers, and living quarters. Decisions are based on local
needs and supplies. Certainsrinciples have, however, been
definitely established. No women are employed until suitable
accommodations are provided for them. All hostels, however small,
A.A.C. supervisor.
are in charge of a
Great attention is paid to the welfare of the women, both
by Army authorities and by the officers of the W.A.A...C.
Some camps have three or four houses, accomodating 15 or 20 women.
The largest camp contemplates 500. Enthusiastic letters from girls
in France describes the housing arrangements, but they do not suggest
any standardization of arrangement as yet.

Deductions from Ehglish Epprience.
Comprehensive
scheme recognized as a
necessity.

Certain anticipated difficulties found
negligible.

Effect on
soldiers.


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a.
In England, a comprahensive scheme for the employment of
women in the Army both at home and abroad wLs early recognized
as an urgent necessity. The organization of the V1..':.0. has
proved a complete success, demonstrating either that some of the
anticipated problens were negligible, or offering a practical
solution of them.
Among those of the former class, "the sex difficulty
b.
has not been anything like what was predicted. -he women have
been hard at work and absorbed in their jobs, and the men have
respected them". The ppinion on this score is practically unanimous. The fear that the Army muld resent giving up their
jobs to women proved groundless also. ipprehension as to the effect
on the spirits of the men proved unnecessary also.
Instead of being depressed that England had been "reduced"
c.
to sending women to France, they were greatly stimulated to
recognize a vast army of resources hitherto untapped.
d.

The effect on the women themselves is to dignify their

-4-

Effect on
women themselves.

/ieasons for
the success
A.
of the

work by recognizing it as a part of the Army organization, to
du corps conducive to efficiency and selfengender .ZW.
control, to give them a sympathy for the soldier at the front,
and a keener zest in helping the cause.
'.,!he marked success of the experiment in meeting thh ree.
• be due to definite organization of the
maining problems seems to
women themselves in the %A.A.C.; careful selection and training
of both administrators and workers therein; definite organized
relation to the British -army; The maximum of liberty out of
working hours(under direction of supervisors), consistent with
itab
eipWlainre ; co mforta
p
housing
Departm entblthrough
ada
ministrators, always in advance of the arrival of units; extreme care in the selec'ion of women administrators for marked
qualities of leadership rather than for arbitrary governing
ability, and for the creation of genuine esprit de corps;
special training for all grades of menbership preparatory to
service; strict attention to the women's welfare by Atmy authori, all
ties, and careful supervon over their subordinates 11'
of
practiCal
who have
employment
womel.
the
grndes of the Corps;
themselves;
recognition
o
f
the
been through the mill
women as
111
responsible wlorkers who must not be treated as children; a
qpirit of equality according to cvacity and a sense of responsibility and enthusiasm which can only be maintained at a maximum
organization; co-operation and unity of training
horo
by tugh
and opportunity.
Possibility of Adaptilw Schene to our Needs.

Application
to our problems.

The possibility of adapting the W.A.A.C. methods to our awn
needs in solving the problems of the status and control of
women in caqps( and elsewhere in war work) naturally snggests
itself. The .e does not seem to be any valid objection to the
serious consideration of such adaption, in view of the success
S_the English system, the similarity of the general problems
•
and the flexibility of the organization- which could be
involved,
fitted to our special requirements.

The obvious advantages of a comprehensive plan, ratter than
a.
special recommenations for individual problems, are, that a
comprehensive plan , once organized in Skeleton to cover the
matter of Enlistment or Recruiting, ,Idministration and Housing
principle and practice at once, to individual
could be aDplied
for
solution, and machinery would re set in
pressing
problems
Relieves governexpanded indefinitely to meet what is
be
could
which
motion
ment officials of
increasing
use of women for war work, thus relievto
be
an
bound
consideration of
Government
officials from further consideration
overburdened
ing
special cases
distressing
individual
cases.
of
constantly pressing.

Advantage of
comprehensive
/Dian.


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—5—

ra ined women
now available.

Opinion of some
women already
in war scrvice.


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Trained women are already available for the skeleton
organization, who might continue at their present civilian
work, while giving a part of their time to the development
of the organization and the establishment of the training centers,
and thus oe ready to function when the demamisbegin to pour in
for women workers in great numbers.
Personally, I feel taht there are already enough women
engaged in mar work under the Government and outside of it,
to justify their organization as a distinct body, and my
conversation with a numoer of them justifies the conclusion
that they would welcome such recognition of their part in the whole
scheme, and be glad to assume any further responsibilities,
that would be entailed by such organization.
Reapectfally submitted,
Eleanor Bushnell Cooke

( Mrs. Morris Llewellyn Cooke,)
The Brigilton,
Washington, D.C.
February 7, 1918.

•

THE WOMEN'S ARMY AUXILIARY CORPS

History.

Women's Legion.

The precursors of the
in England were the Voluntary
Aid Detadhment and the Women's Legion( W.L.), the latter organized
in 1915 by La4y Londonderry, to provide cooks, motor drivers, and
members of Signal Corps. Later, help for the Minister of LiUnitions, 0
canteens, and MI a:riculture wz_s furnishedip and finally, a motor
transport section.
These were recruited through regular labor
exahanes.

The oiject was to release men anC to improve cooking and
cleaning and introduce economies in hospitals and convalescent
2irst Experime_t homes. The first experiment was sending of twenty Women's Legion
coo_=s, on l'iugust 3rd, 191b, by Miss Barker, to the Dartford
Convalescent Camps. Three weeks later, sixty cooks were sent
to the 3astbourne convalesce= home, releasinc; sixty men. Two
wedks later, twenty cooks went to Epsom. TherL.after ther was no
question about the value of women cooks in convalescent camps
and hospitals.
Qbjects.

Army recogon and
contrSl.

In 1916 an Arrq,
,, Council Instruction defined the positi.on,
pay and conditions of service of domen's Legion employees. At
first they were under orders of the officer commanainc the capp
and engaged to serve twelve months, or for the period o: the war
Odlidhever less).

The first employment in regular camps was inaugurated in
First employment in regular April, 1916, to care for the mess of 500 officers, and two k
camp s
months later a large contingent was sent to the South of England.
In July, 1916, an Army Council Instruction formally sanctioned
the employment of cooks and waitresses of Women's Legion for officers
mess, when men could be released, and later the :.L. supplied
over 6,000 cooks and waitresses in 200 camps Dpr officers a nd
sergeants' mess-s and cadet battalions. Also, for Canadian and
Results.
Australian hospitals. 400 women released nearly one-half battalion
of men, and the number steadily increased.
All the superintendents, some witn three years' trainin:in
and
cookery
laundr::
domestic
science,
vork,
and
several
wdth
a
Promotions.
university education, had to begin tneir career in the Legion as
assistant cooks. Some rose quickly, e.g., One girl of twentyilemarkable econ- two is responsible for tne wnole service of a rest ca:-..r.p of 22,000
men. In many cases the economy resultilv from the use of women
omies effected.
is extraordinary. r:hereby tie daily mess aharge was reduced
and finally 9d. a head, and 100 ppunde saved
from 2/6v to
for the benefit of the men in general.
a result the wages of
the women cooks were raised from 20 pounas a year to 26 pounLs a
year for the lowest grade, and the office expenses from public
fuIds were reduced.


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•

a

•

-7-

TEE AIMENtS AillY AUXILIARY CORPS
(W. A. A. C.)
History, continued.

Principle of
women in canps
established
1917.

Charter

In 1917 as a result of several conferences, it was decided
in princ41e that women should be employed in substitution fcr
soldiers in certain odcupations at the Bases and on the lines
of communication in France, at safe distances behind the firing
line. An Army Council Instruction was issued accordingly
authorizing the employment of the W. A. A. C. for these purposes.
The problem of co-ordinating and extending the variausexistinc
organizations for the coiliprehensive scheme deed anureent necessity, was not an easy one, and needed close examination.
2very aspect of the problem was carefully considered and the full
Charter for the organization of the W.. A. A. C. was finally completed at the end of June, 1917. They were strictly organized
and placed under military drill, with definite regulations for
all activities. .our women were supposed to release three men.

'hen it was decided to employ women in France,one of the
essentials was to find suitable accomodations for them. This
was not always easy. Naturally their hostels and amaps had
Co-operation
to be self contained, within reasonably easy distance from the
milittry officers place of employment, and a somewhat hier standard was required
and W.A.A.C.
than for the men. However, the military authorities co-operated
with the ladies sent to secure quarters for the Corps, and preliminary arrangements were so rapidly carried out that it was
possible to send out the first party of women at the end of April.
In its substitItion of women for men in over sixty kinds of
work, in increased economies and efficiency in the domestic departments, and in overcoming what seemed insurmountable obstacles,
the eLperiment of three months has proved a complete success.
Now recruiting at the rate of 10,000 a month.

Results.

Further details of the system can be found under the headings,
"Recruiting System", "Administration', "Accommodations", and
"Conclusion".
B.


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Recru.iting.
The W.A.A.C. is augmented through the voluntary enlistment of women in its various activities L.nd by the DemaAs
made on the 7:ar Office from the General Headquarte:s of the
BRItish Argy. This procedure in the first case can best be
given by quoting the following letter
October 12th, 1917.

•
.0

THE MULTI'S AR:11Y AUXILIARY CORPS
(W. A. A. C.)
Recruiting (Continued)
Bristol, (England)
Kannich Wincombe

Lass Emma Gay,

Letter giving
enlistment and
training plan.


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There are now Recruiting Centers all over the country,
Attached to the various Labor Exchanges where Women desirous
of enlisting in our Corps may give in their names. They then
go before a traveling Iledical hoard, which periodically visits
large towns for the purpose of examining recruits. There is
also a L;election Committee which decides whether a woman is
suitable for the branch of work she wishes to tahze up. These
branches are most various and include Clerks, Storekeepers,
Sailmakers, Cooks, 'aittesses, and all kinds of domestic
workers; also motor drivers, electricians, orderlies. 'then a
prospective member is passed "fit" by the ..ledical Board, and the
Selection Committee are also satisfied, after a day or so, she
is "called up" and posted to a depot hostel, where she will
undergo a short period of training in drill, discipline, etc.
This period varies in duration according to the demand by the
various units for her class of work. Lventually she is drafted
away to work with some regiment, either in the camps on
Salisbury Plain, or to a town. 11!.he Depot Hostels are all over
the country and ;he women are trained by forewoman, who correspond t. the i1. C. 0.'s (non-commissioned offi^Prs) of the Iden's
Army. There are also training schools, where inexperienced cooks,
waitresses, etc. may undergo a course of instruction. The women
receive full pay during their instruction.
The clerks and shorthand typists are usually employed in
the Orderly rooms of the Regiment, waitresses in the officers'
and sergeants' messes, cooks replace the men in the cook houses,
motor drivers go in the A. S. C. or R. F. C., storekeepers in
the ,uartermasters' Stores, and sailmakers are also attached to
the Royal Flying Corps. Suitable quarters are invariably provided for the members in the unit to which they are attached,
and each draft is under a forewoman of the category to which they
belong. The women may join for service at home or abroad, but
in the latter case they must be over 21 years of age. :or home
service only, the minimum age is 16.
Yours very truly,
LI. C. Ross, Clerk
W.A.A.C.No. 3436
A.A.C.Clifton, ,ristol
Depot Hotel
On entering hostels women are solemnly enrolled and their
agreements are signed before a military officer. Juring the
three weeks' more of less of training, they are inoculated,
vaccinated, uniformed, taught elementary marching drill, and

•

•IP

-9THE WOMEN'S APIY AUXILTAPY CORPS
(vv. A. A. C.)
Recruiting (continued)
3 weeks' Hostel
training, etc.
"Drafted over"

tj.ven lectures on their duties and privileges. Here they
form associations and friendships which are invaluable in
the service in France. They are sent abroad in parties of
from 30 to 6C, under one of their own supervisors, only
when their administrators have arranged with the Army
authorities for suitable accommodations.

The procedure of the 7,ritish Army authorities seeking
women workers is briefly as follows:
General Headquarters informs the Tar Office of a definite
place to be filled. The War Office requests the Director General
of National Service to obtain women. The Director General so
Procedure of
British Army seek- instructs the local committee under him to invite applications
by advertisement, by personal application, or at recruiting
women for
meetings of the Corps. The Selection and Medical Boards then
positions
select suitable applicants and assign them to Hostels for
training, whenever such accommodations are available.
C.

Officers and
their functions

Relation to Army

Pay

Duration of
service
Insurance sick
benefit


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Organization and Administration
The W. A. A. C. organization includes a Chief Controller
who is responsible to the Adjutant General at Army Headquarters;
a Deputy Chief Controller; Area Controllers who supervise arrangements for the Corps in districts at home and abroad; unit
administrators, in charge of Hostels; deputy and assistant
deputy administrators. The controllers and administrators
correspond to officers in the Army; the forewomen and workers,
to other ranks in the Army. The service covers over 60 varieties
of domestic, technical, mechanical and clerical work.
The Corps is administered on army
zetted as controllers are detailed for
The Chief Controller (France) is under
General at General Headquarters. Area
to Stair at Base or other commands for

lines. Officials wageneral (staff) duties.
orders of the Adjutant
Controllers are attached
W. A. A. C. purposes.

Pay for scrubbers is 20 pounds yearly, with board and
lodging; for cooks and domestics, from 26 pounds a year, board
and lodging; from unskilled to highly skilled labor, 20/ to 40/
weekly, with 14/ deduction for board and lodging if in hostels.
Grants are allowed for uniforms, and service is for a year, or
the duration of the war (the longer period). Service can be
given either at home or abroad (minimum age, at home, 18; abroad
21). All engage to submit to proper discipline. fill W.A.P.C.
are subject to the Ilsurance Act and if sick or injured are entitled at home full pay for three months, reduced from that time,

I

4

is

••

-10-

TIE WCMEN'S ARMY AUXILIARY
(17. A. A. C. )
Organization and Administration( continued)
and abroad to the same, with free medical treatment.

Abstract of

According to General Instructions No. 1, when on duty
all menbers obey orders of officer commanding unit, or office
in charge of unit. Off duty, they are under the supervision of
their Controllers, Administrators, and forewomen. The
C. obey general voutine orders -,nd local standing orders. Administrators rill not issue any rules which contravene these orders.
Persons not belonging to the Corps are not admitted into 7. A. A.
C. camos or hostels, excepting on duty, or with pass. Military c
camps or barraCks ar out of bounds for all grades of W.A.A.C.
except on duty, or with pass.

"General InstrucThe Salute is"Ma'am".
tions No.1 "
much
abbreviated.

The uniform is always worn unless by se:ocial permission.
Members off duty will not associate with officers otother
ranks of the British Armies in France, except with those holdinc
rank comparable with their own grades, except by special permission. /. A. a. C. members are subject to military law,
under command of the officer commanding the unit. The Chief
Controller grants to the Administrator power of handling minor
breaches of discipline. All serious breaches of discipline are
reported through regular channels to the Adjutant General. Orders are republished in all local standing orders at stations
where the W. A. A. C. are employed.
(The "General Instructions No.1", frcm which the above is
abstracted, is signed
Adj. Gener'l.
5gt. Gener'l. G.H..Q. 6/1/1917.)

Uniforms.

gnia.

L. A. C. uniforms include great- coat and skirt, or
one-piece frock, stockings, shoes, leggings and hat, differing in detail according to grades.
The insignia include Shoulder-st/aps inset with colorblue for headcivarters, orange for aCiministrators, the colors
differing for AdministratJrs, - domestic, clerical, mechanical,
and miscellaneous sections. Corps badges are worn and the
fleur ae lys and rose in different numbers and arrangements
indicate the grades of controllers c.nd administrators.

Much of the success of the W.L.A.C. plan uuponds on the
to
dun
Success
tact and personal influence of the Administratcbrs in charge of
tact and influence hostels or comps. They vary in grade from Administrators and
of Administrators. Deputy Administrators to unit Administrators, according to the
size of the hostel, and are carefull:, c osen for their training

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•

I.'

WCIUM'S ARM! AUXILIARY CCU'S
(W. A. A. C.)
OrTanization and Administration( continued)
Their previous
training
Qualities chiefly sought.

Instruction of
Administrators.

Success due to
recognition of
women as responsible workers.

Liberty.
Privileges.
Esprit de corps.

and experieice. They comprise ex-house mistresses and housekeepers in sdhodls and large institutions,women trained in welfare work, and superintendents of schools organized by the
Minister of Munitions;university women and those mho have gained
experience in canteens zmd Girls8 Clubs. The qualities chiefly
sought in them are that they should have been used to dealing
with girls;have helped to organize ganes a:.d women's work; and
above all, that they should have tact and strength of Character.
In order to fit them better for their special work, all the
grades of administrators and controllers receive instructions
their duties. The cemrse inbefore being sent out to take i
cludes lecttres on organization and administration,accounts
and rations, insurance, travaling hostel equipment, official
returns,reports and correspondence,and hygiene, and they are
required to visit Army record offices and W. L. A. C. hostels
already established in England.
Another reason for the success of the 7. L. A. C. is the
recognition of the fact that its members cannot be treated as
Children; they are carefully cnosen in the first instance and are
doing a responsible work. For this reason a great deal of liberty
is wisely given to them and the rules and regulations are not unnecessarily stringent. There ar. certain restrictions about
entering cafes in France, and occasional roll calls at hostels,
but the Administrators may sanction inviting men to public recreation rooms in hostels, and much liberty is given out of office
lours. Women with genuine qualities of leadership must in,
spire their subordinated; the credit and honor of the Colps has
proved the principal deterrent and incentive.

It is notable that the woman of the Corps below the grade
corresponding to Arnv- officers are treated in exactly the sane way
Y.° class distinc-There id no feeling of class distinction. A cook at 26 pounds a
tion.
year ill, for social purposes of the Corps, on an equality with
a dhotthand typist earning 37/ to 39/ a week. All possible c
consideration as given to keeping friends together,put the
Equality of
principle of equality based on capacity is established in the
capacity.
Corps.
D.


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Acco mmodati ons(Hous

)

L. L. C.,"the main difficulty
In planning for the
that arose lay in the question of accommodations far the wamen.
It was essential that no women should be employed until suitable


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4

•

-12TEE WOIEN'S AR= AUXILIARY CORPS
( W. A. A. C.)
Accamodationsthousing)

cont.

accommodations could be made available. Modifications and
adaptations of the arrangements prepare soley in accordance
with the requirements of the troops had to be effected for the
benefit of the women, and recruires careful consideration. Tt
was necessary to have a hi -her standard of housing for the women
than for the men. .;,s yet the system is undeveloped and there
is no definite grouping as to number, rhich is dependent on the
local needs, beginning with small hutted camps of 3 or 4 houses
- 00,
accommodating lb or 20 women. The largest contemplated is )
and. there are now housing arranganents for 4000 women in France,
to be employed by the Aruu there. The principle and practice is
definitely established, however, that no parties are sent out
until the War Dqpartmmt has arranged, in co-operation with
W. L. A. C. administrators, for suitable quarters, adn that each
hostel, however snall, is in charge of an administrator responsible for the comfort and well-being of the inmates and for their
discipline outside of office hours.
A. A. C. girls in Frmce describe with
getters from
enthusiasm their enviroment and the kindness and courtesy shown
them by the Army. One speaks of their recreation room as "a veritable lounge, with a clock anU a little table and long-lie-down
arm chairs, and linoleum dn the floors." Another of "sixat table
white tablecloths, crockery wIth sweet blue patt-rn on it";
anot.:er of"getting used to Army blankets without sheets and
tables without cloths, and good plain food,if somewhat coarse;"
- th roses, and she adds,
another of an officer in a garaen fillea w l
"It is very pleasant inoeou no. I very much appreciate the kindness
of the men who are instructing us. They take our coming here to
help in the right spirit, and help us all they can. The Eillglish
men seem to look up to us here. I trust the members of the W. A.
A. C. will strive to keep up the standard of the Corps." Others
who are night telegraphers"appreciate being billeted in a hat
apart, for quiet."

Respectfully suumitted,
:leanor Bushnell Cooke
Mrs. Morris Llewllyn Cooke,
The Brighton,
WaShingtoh, D.C. ieb. r, 1918.

P&jiIN INDUSTRY SERVICV

July 22,

MY do.ir tfr. Jci%nston:
frhA!* yor fr your letter of July 37th.
talkir- with you
the

v)otn; of Orinance Manufacturer%
District to r.peak on

At th-

Snos

4

1"17.114:, 1114

Vilec w

(1-,

1 .'oblanz

Distric

he sums evening.

w-Iner's

C:uni.ince Office.

Mr.

Frop the po;_ht of view of

rrac 4 ioll -sthodv of trAring he has many useful wresfions to Fmk,.

f
- t is, however, increasirgly clear that the Irternational. Aseociati.)
P11 4

of v.acAl-iists has ah important problem to work

1.'n connection with the Introduction of ,siomen, which n‘msns i-evi-

table in the near futl/ro.

Coistructive plans on the part of the

Machinists' Union Twilri he the best reAns of gual-ding vAinst the
dana;ers or ill-crnsiored and i,Aiecriminate trainino, of women for
work in machine shers.
Vies Andersor and I wwld both be glad to confer with
you a% any time

fl:;

tLi: subject, and we sheuld appreoiste it if you

ould icep us informed of any mctior whic' tho rachinists may be tak-

trg with refeionee to the introduetion of women in important maelii.ne
centers.
Since .ely ycurs„

Director, Women in Industry Service.
Mr. William H. Johnston,
Washington, D. C.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

itNAT
AFFILIATED

ERATION

WITH

LABOR

OF

II

31ittrrnational iAngoriatin of fliarlitnints
TV OF ATrTA.

FOUND

INTERNATIONAL (41EAAU RTERS:
WM. H

.461P/4

JOHNS"f • N.ONTERNATI

OF

J-J

AY 5. 1885

MCGILL

BUILDING

NAL PRESIDENT

lAva•
FICE OF THE PRESIDENT

anilingtott.

01..

July 17, 1918.

Miss Mary Van Kleeck,
In Charge Women's Branch In
Industrial Service,
War Department, Washington, D. C.

My

dear Miss Van Yleeck:
The following is copy of letter received from Business Aunt, Mr. Kelton

of Philadelphia, which I am sending for your information.

Any comment cr sug7estion

you have to offer will be very much apprecisted.
"yours of the 15th received in reference to Industrial training
and reed with much interest.
I have never met this Mr. Miles nor heard of the Vestibule school;
this is sure some surprise and I would like to know where it is located as
I believe it should be investigated.
I met Miss Van Kleeck and Miss Ander3on some time ago, but would
like to r;eet them again for some information on this matter, to think that
.a Government official would try to undo all the work we have done in
Philadelphia is some surprise.


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We sure cio have to watch these one dollar a year men.
I shall write you as soon as I get in touch with

situation."

Sincel-ely and cordially,

r.,brnati6K-esident