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. . MR • . ~: ) ·.w~J,.s telling · you ~h~t we\ contemp~ated
the· last ~JJD.e we met. Now ·I am ell.mm.ating pa.r t of
what we contempla.t~.d ,. namely the bills . . · · · ·
Y~s .
. . MR •. ECCLES:
.
MR. BELL:
·
Bu.t if you want bills any time in the
------ihr~e months, .then your two billion dollar . contemplated
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financing in June could be reduced. .
. H.M. JR: Well, the thing that i .would . like the .
· ---a.dvic·e ·of yo.u. gentlemen on. is this . Should we make .
this issue - we woul~ like to -decide that this morning seven hundred fifty million or a billion in ·the light
of what Mr . Bell says.
· - · ·
MR. ECCLES:
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Well, I told. Dan some time· ago thAt \I
' fig~red that any market issu~ ought to be a. btl1ion . or
. over, that with the size of the financing job that it
seemed to me · inadv~sable to make market o.f ferings of
less than a billion. :
H.M. JR: · How do ·t he other members of the Board
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feel?
MR. DRAPER:
·r
~gree with that, Mr . Secretary, ·
MR. SZYMCZAK: . One billion . .
MR. ECCLES: I wanted to say this . W'i th .reference
to· New York, Mr. Sproul - I .didn ' t kno~ of. this m~~ting
until yesterday. We had talked ~f a meet~ng Wednesday
or..Thursday, and ·nan calle<l up ·yesterday a~ternoon, and ·
I ~ot ~edia.tely in touch w~th New~9rk, an~ Mr. Spr~ul
sa1d ·it ~ould be ~bsolut&ly l.lD.possible for hJJD. ~o b~
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here tods.y, that he had several .very ~p·ortant m~~ tlngs,
and that he would serid Bob Rouse down, and Rouse took a
plane . and~'
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~.M . ~R :
Grounded.?
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_MR. ECCLES:
Newa-r lf.
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He fina.ily got. ground~d oyer . at
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- 5 ·HEr is right ·at · home . ( !l~ght.er . ).
MR. BEll. :
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H.Jt.JR: We~l, . ~ will ~.Xplain a~ we -.go alo~g w~y
I push~d th~s up a 1~ ttle b~.t . .J don ' t 6-'re very
much, Dart. Do yo~ care -whether it is a ' b1llion or
sev~n . fifty? ·
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MR. BELt.:
H . l!~1R:
MR.
billion .
I would like to ·. have a bilJ:,_i on.
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George; do you care?
HAA.s:·
;H.M. JR:
No, sir."
I think r'·would. prefer the
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Piser?
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MR. PISER:
Yes .
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H.M.·JR: · How about you, Goldenweiser'? ·
MR •. GOLDENWEISER:
·
once? .
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H.M. JR:
MR.
May I stick my neck out again
Just ·qnce mor·e?
GOLDENWRI S E~ :
Onc-e more .
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It will be a pleasure~ (Laughter.)
H.M. JR:
.·MR.. GOLDENWEISER: What I think. is that you -ought
not to put any limit .or any allotments. Just announee _
your issue a-nd se·e what you .get. I thin~ this is a gqod
·
- issue to ·try t hat ·out ·on· :and"r·eally' find_· wher_e. the
·aeman4· ~or that is·sue is , and you won ' t get to alarming
them m~ch . · You~ay ' get ~billion · and-a half .instead 'of
a billi·on, ·-but I think it is a .good 'time to switch over
from·· the. easy' money ~ r elatively l~ttle d~and fo·r .money,
p~ychology of the thirties , to- this present .si ~ua~ion · ..
~~ere you will need all the money. you c~ ' p?ss1bly get;
_ a!ld \~ s oon as you get on · the ?asi~ of gethng all the
money you can get, _the b~tter . 1t w1ll be
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H.-M. JR: I think they . call that table
do~ ' t th~y? (Lau ghter . )
MR. GOLDENM~ISER:
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~-takes ,
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So · ~ neck is out~
_-H~M.JR: · Well, ~et . me
we get - yo~ say a b1ll1on
~ gr..ea t . dea~_ mor~J ~nd it is
have 1t h1t you r1ght back
now .
just ask you this.• Supposing.
and. a half. We might get a .
f!- -. six months i-s.a._ue . You would
1n ~~e face six month~ from ·
MR. GOLDENWEISER: ·Well, you will still be he·r e .
There will still be the '. market, ·and there· will still be
your res·o·u rces and our resources. There wJll -be ·no ·
difficulty about refundi~g it over . I can '·t conceive
myself, and that is ·maybe a lack of my pnagination, '
but I can't conceive. of · this ·T reasury having,S:ny d_iff iculty about raising all the-money it w~ts at· any
time in your lif?time •
.hfR. ECCLES: .I agree with that _last statement .
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MR. GOLDENWEISER: · In war time ·_ certainly. It was 1
very d~fferent when you were fighting a depression
a~d you had a hostile element .ef anti-New Dealers to.·
contend -with who ·would have -been very glad· to put you
in the hole when you first c~e here, ·and you had that
to fight. That was an ·entirely different situation.
You are ·now at. war, and that makes an· entirely dif-ferent pic~ure .
H,M.JR: W~l). , the only .difference in what you say
and what I ·think is this. : I would b~ ·wi lling t _o do
that Ol'\ _a long issue . · I mean, wh~n I get around_ to . . · _
talking five . years or twenty_yeaTs, I would be w1l~1n~
to leave it · wide op~n and take all. the money that 1s 1n
.sight, but I don't thin~ I would want to do that now,
......Goldenwei s er.
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All right, sir.
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H.M. JR: _BUt· I mean· late r · on·, when ·.we ·g:et around
to it~ and it won ' t be t?o f~~off; we can get together
· and f1·nd .. out more .about 1t.- / But I think · at that time
we wil~ leav e ·it ·open at both ends and take - all -they
wi l l give . us~
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. MR. SZYMCZAK:
~yo~ Doctor? .
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I think you . agree with that, don:' t
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MR. _GOLDENWEISERi: -
Y~s ,
. 't
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that is all right • .
. H.M: JR; ' I ho~e - to ·be ready with the · h~lp of you
gentlemen to do th1s in· May . Dan· ha.sn ' t fi gured on
i ncreasing the bills, but that doesn ' t mean _that ·that
isn ' t open also .
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_ MR. ECCLES : You might do this , inst~ad- of' trying
t his bill i ssue twice in April as it was tali(ed~ ·! . have ·
thought that as a compromis e to Doctor Goldenweiser's he P,iscusse.d this s~e idea with us , and it is·. rathe r · ~
diffi cult to ar gue against that. point of view. · Tt was
one .. that we ·a lways. use d in the last war in· financi ng .
I mean , they never took l~i ts . _They took what t hey . 1
could. get. They always took it and they al ways allotted accord_i.ng to ·districts . The. t was two t hings they
did then . No~, i~stead of ·taking a billion now, we
might_, it seems to -m:e, g~v-e .cQn~idera tion to taking ·
what you want of this issue now in.stead of putting it
out twice . ~ If you wa.n·t a. billion and· a. half, make one
offering and -don't make tw9 bites of it .
It is a.
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'lot of trouble. and ex.p ense,. and I woul,d certain~y think
that if you are figurin g a bill~on .and a. half for. t~e .
month of April -tn this iss.ue,. ·I woula.n: ' t t~k·e two b1tes
of i t . I would taKe one bite and put a billion and a.··
hal f out or -two billion out. · I wouldn ' t be afraid of ·.
a two b:illion short issue. of this so~t . It, mea.ns very
littl e in this present ~oney situation. I~ i~n ' t· lik~
you have got
secondary ma.r.ke~ problem _ l~ l.t . It ·lS
the · sort of an i'ssue· ·that you want t he bankS to take.
It i\ a ~ort tha.t · they need ,to take ~ b~ca.use _ they have
~ot so l1ttle short-term . ~a.~er and 1t lS' the so:t of-an
1ssue · that ytould give flu1dl ty to the r.eserve p1cture
any
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. likew~se, and I ·would sooner see us mak~ one bite
of th1s than two bites. I don ' t know whether you
want- you only ~igured a 'billion and a half is what
rou ne~~ this month, ~o just ·take a bill1Jn· and · a half
1n one 1ssue.
· MR. WILLIAMS: It would cal+ for same educ~tional
~ e{fort thoug~, because the boat leaves on!l once· and
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if it is to be · pr·ope~ly distributed--
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MR. _ECCLES: But if you are going to send out
your notices several days before hand, the thing t o do
is to do the p~blic.ity that you expect to do through
the pres·s and to the - through the ciztculariza.tion
that you expect to ~o , a~d then leave it open for three
days. If you gave a couple of days notice and ·then ieft
it open tw? or thre~ ~ys S? that . everyone ~~ a chance
to ~et the1r subscr1pt1ons 1n, that ought to take care ·
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of 1t fully.
H.M. JR: Well, supposing - let me tell you what
we had in mind doing here . We t hought in ~ircularizing
this time that we woul~ circularize Wednesday night /
all corporation s that employed over five hundred peoEle ·
and all states, · c·ounties; and municipalit ies. .• You might
say, ''Well, why cio it on this kind of 11 a se·curity? It
isn 't -particular ly designe·d for them. That is-perfectl y
true, but we thought we ought to make -a start ?n getting
to these people. We have ~repared a.lette~ wh~ch I.
would like to ·read .to you, . and then 1n connectlon WJ._th,
that, .iri the circular, we t)lought we would ~efer these
people not only to their banks , but to the 1nvestment .
bankers and to the stock·-exchange dealers, and get them
interested in doing this, because in some cases these_ ·
offerings are somewhat in' conflict with the ba~ ' s own -·
interests and with the investment bankers and the stock
exchange houses really inte~ested and wanting to help,
we think we are just overlQoldn~ a bet . As a matter of
f~~t, we have got th9m do~sta1rs now. We· sent for
tliem ,lat~· last nlght. · We. wanted to -.talk ~o you _about
that . Let me read you th1s thing. This 1s the. same ·
kind of lett~r which would go to these corporat1ons .·
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It would· be either. a letter or ."a telegr~ • . Well this
iS· the s~e thing. This would be thE! city, ·county,- or
distri-cts.• tt.The Tr~asury Department -" thi s woUld be
on their 4e.sks· Thlirsday morning ~f we go tl¢ough with
~~s . ' "T~e Treas~y Depar~ent expects ' to make a pub- .
l1c offer1ng . of about 'X' m1llions of .dollars of
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. T~easury c~rtifi~a ~es ef -in.debtedne·ss on :Monday, April ·
~ s·1xth .
T~e cert1f1cate to be · offered at par will b'aar .·
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interest rate ~blank' payable by cqupon •. lmturity will
be about 'blank ' months.
Municipalities ·have indicated
the desire to invest ·.·c urrent accumulation of funds in
·this type of secu.ri ty. I ·am calling this · issue to. ·your
att!3ntion since it occurred to me . that your. state, city,
county, ~-r district' may ·wish to obtain some of these
securities on direct subscription. If you ~ill tele. ~ra~h me not later than F·riday evening~ April third, ,
1nd1cating your interest, I s~all be glad to have sent
you before the. offering date compl ete details- ·of the
terms . of this . is.sue and see t }fat you are adtised about
subsequent offerings of Government securities·.. As ·the · ~
new offering may be open only one day~1· prompt action is
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. n~c.~s~ary if you wish to participate.
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MR. ECCLES :
Why. do you only leave it. o·pen one d.ay-?
H.M. JR: We}l, that . is a . little arg~ent b~t~~en Dan
and Jlle, and we said' .onl y .one ~? we could clos~ ~t.11 lf we
w.ante'd to, but we coul d leave 1t open • . We s.a1d, It
may be ope~ only one."
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.MR.· ECCLES:
.Ill . JR :
H.• 11
oh; I th~ught _you said it would. be .
No
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MR • .ECCLES : Tha:t. is all r.ight . · Well nqw, this -is
the so~t ·of. a letter that you would expect to be sent
out .to all o.f these · cor~ora~ioris?
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H. M, JR:. Yes.-
\m. ·.ECCLES:
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And it ·_woul\i be sent out f rom. wher~?
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~t ~ould· b~ .ei ~her· a 'letter or a -telegram.. \\rel l,. this .
1s the· .same t.h 1ng. Thls would be the city, county, pr
districts. -,he Treasury Depavtm:ent -" this l'{Gul~d ·.be
on their desks Thursday morning if we go through with
this .. "The · Tr.e asury D~partment expects to make a public offering of -about •x• millions of -dol lar s of
T~easury · certifi?a~es Qf·- indebtednes~ on Mondai, April '
~tn . T~e cert1f1~ate to be -offered at _par w1ll bear
fnterest rate '-blank' .payable by coupon~ Maturrty will
.be about 'blank ' months. · Municipalities have -indicated
the 'desire to· invest CUrPen·t acc.u mulation of funds in
this 'typ·e of security. I. ·am 'caliing this issue 't o you~
attentiop. since it occurred -to me that: your. sta.te, city,
c·ounty, o-r distric t may 'wish' to obtain s om~
these .
securities on d~rect sub.scri.p tion . If you will . tete. ~ra~h m~ not la t?r than Friday evening, April third,
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1ndicat1ng your 1nterest, I shall .be glad to have sent
you befo-r e the. offering date complete details of the
tez:ms of this is.sue and see t}fat you are ad~is-ed about
subsequent offePings of Government securities . As .the
new offering may be open ·only one dayfl1· prompt action is
n~cessa~y i~ you wish to participate .
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1ffi. ECCLES:
Why . do you only leave it open one day'?
. K. M . JR~ W~ll, .that .is a·_little argument between Dan
and me , ahd we said only -·one .so we - could close it if. we
wan. ted to; but we could le·a ve it open. We said, "It
may be ope~ . only on·_e ." .
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MR. ECCLES: ' Oh~ I thoughf_you said i t would. be .
H.M. JR.:
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No,. "lt . may be .-" :
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MR. ECCLES:· That. is all right . · Well-now, tf1is is
the sort of : a lette.r that you would . expect to be sent
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out to all o_f these corpora~ions?
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H.M. JR:. Yes .
MR.
~CCLES :
And it w oui~ be :sent out f rom wher.e?
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H.:M; JR: . -Here.
MR.
ECCL~: .
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Y0 u have got your list?
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H.M.JR: . ~ll ·ready.
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out?
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At least I hope so.
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MR. ECCLES : What would the Reserve Banks
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H.M.JR: Then tll.e plan is, · these names woul d 'go
· to the Reserve Banks tonight with a· number;· and as
.these telegrams came· in·, we woul d s.end them the nuin.bePs so that they could mail from the various Reserve
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Banks the circular-Nffi. ECCLES:
What t~legrruns do you mean?
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H.M. JR: Well, this calls for a telegraphic
answer. A~ the telegrams began _to flow in, we woul d .
notify the twelve Fe.d eral Reserve Districts . ·We could ~
use a :r:tumber .instead of a name ·to save tim_e .· They
w.oul d have all of t}?.ese, and they w9uld mail ·tne cir- 1
cular Saturday night to these people who said that .
they were interested. · They- would have ·it Monday morning .
MR. ECCLES: In: other ·word.s, t hi's lett.er now :would
go out immediately? ·
H. M. JR: We are planning,. if you· people th?ught it
was e.ll .. right, that it would g.o out Wednesday n1ght .
}Jffi. ECCLES: And th~ ·corp_oration .t ha ~ i s interested
in : it ·would be expected to · wire~ H.M;jR:
To wire back .
'MR. ECCLES: And you would send that out to the
Reserve Eanks so the ~ircular -could 'Qe sent .· to. those
concerns that are interested in the offering~
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That is right .
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tffi. BELL: - So they would have the official circular Mond·a.y morning the same as a l l ·banks.. .
MR. ECCLES.: Yes; and in this letter /would .you
expect to put in th~ terms? You don ' t?
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: H.M. JR : Viel l, the way the. letter was written
we had to put in som~thing·, so we said~ certifi.cat~s
woul d be effered at par, · and would bear interest rate
· at whatever ~he interes~ rate is., payable by coupon.
Then we ~ay, ~he maturity will be about six or seven
months," · or whatever it is . We would tell them h·ow
much the coup~n wou~d be , . B;nd then leaving it- -
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1iR. ECCLES :
Leaving the period--
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H.M. JR:
MR. BELL :
•• • open.
Everythin-g there except th~ maturity
d_ate .
MR. ECCLES£ Well, I feel that the whole question
is , who do you want to reach with the. issue . If you
want to _.reach the corporation, th,en, of course , the
thing to do is to send the -letter out.. I feel this
security s hou~d .be. designe·a more for the banks than
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. the corporation·, because ·-i·t ios a money marke t security,
and · I expect that the·· banks ··have got, if anything, to.o
many long ~securities, - that they have got to do some
financing, and that they shoulc} do it in 'so' far a~
possible with bills and . cert if~cates and short bonds .
In other words· that is the field that we . s~ould rely
~pon the banks' for·, . depending upon the corporati?ns ~d
1ndi~iduals and other funds for ·other types of f1nanc1ng . ·
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MR. BELL: So they would have the official circular Monday morning th·e same as al l banks .
MR·. ECCLES :· · Yes, and in this letter would ~ou
expect to put in the terms~ You don' t?
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: H.M.JR :· Well, the way. the letter was written
we· had to put in something, .so we said, certii:ica t~s
woul d be offered at par, and would bear interest rate
at whatever the interest rate is , payable by coupon .
Then we say, ·~~e maturity will be about six or seven
months," or whatever it is . We would tell t hem how
much the coupon would be , ~nd then leaving it-MR. ECCLES :
H.M. JR:
MR. BELL:
date •.
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Leaving the period--
• • • open .
Everything there except
th~
maturity
MR. ECCLES: Well, I feel that the whole question
is, who do you want to reach with the issue ." If you
wa~t to reach ~he corporation, t~en, of course , t~e
th1ng to do · is to send the letter out . I feel th1s
security shoujd be designed more ·for the banks than
the corpo~ation , be6ause it ~s a ~oney.market ~ecurity,
ana · I expect that the· banks ··have got, 1f anyth1ng, too
many long _securities , . that they have· got to do some ·
financing, and tha·t they should do it in 'so· far as
possible with bills and certificates and short bonds .
-· ~n other words , that is the field that we shoul~ r.ely
upon the .banks for , depending upon the corporah?ns ~d
individuals and .other fun ds for other types of f1nanc1ng.
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Now, the value . of . havi~g this t~e of security in
the banks, of course, .1s t~e flu1dity- tha~ it gives
to the market . It makes much more effect1ve the existing res.e :ves, so that .a bank. can ~djust i 1;self quickly
and readily to any .changed s1tuat1on or any movement of·
fund~ . We all feel_.in the Reserve System pretty strongly
that the banks should have a substantially larger amount
of ~ short term p~per , whether it is certifieates or bills . ·
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Now, . the .Nevi York market, of course, ·will take
bills 1 ~ncl Chicago to· some extent . As I thought, this
was designed primarily - to get a ·lot of the banks
outside of the two money markets that will not ·bid on
bills because they don ' t want a discount security,
but that would take a coupon short issue . Now, in \
order to meet that, I would like to suggest t~at we
increase the allotment of the banks from the fifty percent of their present capital and surplus to a hundred, .
because you want th~ to take this issue . That is , if
you do . Then that we likewise give allotments up to
say ~p to twenty-five t housand. I
more· than ten thousand,
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Full ·amount .
MR. SZYMCZAK:
MR . ECCLES : Yes, up to twenty f~ve . The idea
being that if we could get as many banks throughout
the countr.y that have got some of the - got reserves ,
and if vie could get this - · and that don ' t - do not are no~ accu~tomed to buying short- term paper, ·if we
~et· them to come in - and we need to sell them on the
1dea, because the banks thropghout the country haye
not .taken short- term paper . The rate ha~ been low,
and it has been largely bills , and they J~st haven't
been in and I think this is the type of 1nstrument
that we' ought to get just as widely distrib~ted as
we can among the fifteen thousand banks .
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Now, the value of havil;g this t.Yl'e of security in:.
the banks, of c purs~ , l S the flu1dity that· it gives.
to the market.. It mak'es ·much more. effective the exist.:.
ing reserves., .so thB. t a b8J1k can adjust itself ,quickly
and readily to ·any changed situation or any movement of
funds. W~ all fee~ 1n t4e Reserve System pretty strongly
· t~a~the bahks should .h ave a substantially larger amount .
~short term paper,. whether it is certificates~r bills •
. Now, the New ~ork market , of' course,· will ·take
bills; ~nd. Chicago to some extent .. As I thought, this
wa~ designed primarily - . to get a lot of the banks
outside of the two money markets that will not· bid on
.b ills because they don't want ~ discount security,
but that vmu~d bike a coupon sho.r t iss:ue. Now, in . ·
. order to mee t that, I would like tq suggest that we .
· incre'B.se the allotment of the banks from the fifty percent of th~ir prese·n t capital. and surplus to a hundred,
because. you want them to ~ake this issue . That is , ' if
you · do. Then that we likewise give allotments up to
more than· t ·en t ~ousand , s~y up to. twenty-five thousand.
MR. SZYMCZAK:
FuJ.l amount .
Ml:L ECCLES.: Yes , up to· twenty five. _The idea
being that if we c·o uld get as many banks throughout
the country tllat have gpt some of tb,e - got reserves,
a.nd if we c.oU:ld get this - · and that don't - · do not are not acc~~tomed to buyi~g short- term paper, ·if we
get them to come in • and we need to sell them on the
1dea, because the banks thro:ug~ou~ . the _pountry have
not .tak en short- t.erm pape: . The rate ha.~ been low~
and it has been largely bllls , and they J~St haven t
been in and I think this is the type of 1nstrument
-·· that we' ought to get just as widely ·distributed a.?
\we can among t he fift.eeri thousand banks .
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292
. - 13. Could I i~terl;'upt you a minute?
H.M.JR:
¥R·
-r
ECCLES:
H!M.• _JR:
:eal~ze
r
Yes .
·:,
I a~ee.. with ~veryth~ng th&t ·you say, and ·.
-~ beln~ ~ncons~stent, but mf excuse for my
be~n-g inconSlstent ~s tha,t I want to start the machinery'
-~ goin~ to int~r.est the corporations . I want to. '~tart the ·
.
m&ch~_nery _go·~ng.,
!- mean, for getting the 'investment bank. ers and the stock exchange houses inte.r ested. They
haven't had much notice . I want to make ~- mistakes now •._
\
~~
· MR, SZYYCZAK: Cou'ldn' t you br.ing that. up to a hundr'ed ·
and fifty million in that case and still increase the
amount for the. banks .
H. M.JR:
\
Couldn't I do what?
MR. SZYMCZAK:
MR • . ECGLESf
,,
A hundre·d and fifty million:·
You mean a bil lion, and a half.
.
.
.. MR. SZYMCZAK: .A billion and a half, yes .
I
H.M.JR: ' That is why I brQught this in at this time ,
·'Qecause Ma.r r·ineP-..r-ai sed tnEf questiqn of ma~ing it . a, billio~
9;nd a half, and I wan t ed t.o explain everyth ing that I had
in my· mind. I realize· I al!l being inconsistent, that I
shouldn't go after the corpor.ations , but what we are very
anxipus to find out - now, from this letter, I don ' t
know ·wh~ther .·you have seen · the - report yet, but from the
preliminary r~port that. we_·~ent out to people wh? hold
the F· ~d G Bonds, and w~ .find that only -: what 1s the ·
percentage who w~uld use curre~t funds?
MR. BELL:
H. M. JR:
I
I
'"'I
Twenty-nine.
No, I mean would_ sell securities.
MR . BELL: Well , there was forty- nine percent that
woul&. use · idl e balances ·twenty-nine percent .would u~e
current funds, and -about ten percent would liquidate ·
securities. ·
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292
13 - ·
H.M.JR:
Could I interrupt. you. a ·minute? '
· MR. ECCLES:: . Yes .
.
.
. H~M. JR: ·I agree with everything that you say · and
I :eal~ze I ~ bein~ inconsistent, · but my excuse f~r my
betng 1ncon.s~stent lS that .! want to start the maChinery
.going___to int~rest : the corporation~·· I want to. start tlfe
~~nery~gotng, !- mean, for gett1ng the investmebt bank. er~ a.r;d the stock ex?hange houses interest'ed • . They
haven t had much not1ce . I .want. t~ make my. mistak~s
now •. .
.
. MR., SZYliCZAK: · Couldn't you bring that . up to a hundred ·
and .fifty million in that case ·and still increase the
amount for the banks .
H. M. JR:
\
Couldn't I do what?
A hundred and fifty million:·.
MR. _SZYMCZAK:
'·
MR." . ECGLESf You mean a billio.n and a half.
MR.
A billion and a half, yes .
SZYMCZAK:
H.M. JR: · That is why I bro.u_ght this in at this time,
because Marrine r-ffised ±he.questiQn of making it .ll: billion ·
and a·ha~f, and I wanted to ; expl~~n everything that I .had
ih my mind. I realize· I am being iriconslstent, that I
shouldn't go ~fter the corporations, bu't what we are very
anxious to find out - now, from this letter, I don't
know ·whe:ther you ·h ave seen the report yet, ·but from the
preliminary r~port that. we ~ent o~t to people ·wh? hold
the F· and G Bonds, and we ftnd that only - what 1s the
percentage' who would use curre~t funds?
·MR.
BEL~ :
Twenty-nine.
H.M. JR: · No, I mean would sell securities.
MR. BELL: Well the~e was forty- nine percen~ that
. would use · idle Qalan~es, twenty- nine pe~cent.wo~ld use
.currant funds' and a~out t .e:n percent would hq~.tdate
securities.
.··
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MR •. GOLDENWEISER: To do wha t?
.
'MR. ·~Ell: To . buy an add1 tional fifty thousand of
F and G Bonds. · ·
·
.
/
H. M. JR: . Which I think is good, and on t he strength
of that on .J uly 1 we · propose to increase the amo~t to
~ hundred thousand.
.
.
.........
~
Now, this .thing, ·what we are try ing t~ do here , and
up.less yo~ people feel ve.ry s.trongly . about . it , I would
. like .to do i~ , · this calls for a tele gram back £rom the
corporations and the. cities and c·ounties to me and it
wi ll give·. us some indication how they feel , ;Yo~ . see , so
t hat when we come to the tap issue s and so fDrth and so
.on, we-will know bet t er where we are!
\
MR. ECCLES:
H. M. JR:
Wel l; I --
'
.
I wanted to explain- it.
) tffi. ECCLES:
In other words--
.
/
R.M. JR: I wanted to explain i t .
.
MR. ECCLES:
·
.
i n other words--
H. M. JR: . You can say to me-, "Morgenthau , you are
wrong and you .inustn ' t do this," ~ and if -you feel viol~ilt
about~ . I won ' t do it .
MR. ECCLES: No, I am not saying that because I
.
think that in you·r aiU1olince:p1ent you mad·e this point, and
I think there is something in it. There are corporati~ms.,
certainly who prefer - which prefer a .coupon .;._a shor~
term coupon issue to a discount securi·_ty. Now, th~t .1 ~
what was · said and there are s ome of them. There l1kew1se
are some that woul d possibiy prefer a marke~ .is sue rather
~han a non-negoti abl e issue , s1;1ch ~s ·was proposed •. There
1s so~ marke t like l y fQr th1s W1th the corporat1ons.
I do think ho~ever that the cor.porations that will take
some of thls would take th·e short-term t,ap issue that ·wa·s
/
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293
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MR• GOLDE:NWEISER;
'MR. BELL :
To do what.?
To buy an additional fifty thousand of
F ·and G Bonds •
/
H~};f-.JR: Whlch ·I thirlk is good, and on the strength
of. that on July 1 . we propose to increase the amount to ,
a h.J!_nWed thousand.
·
.
-
.
.....""""'
. Now, this t~ing , what w·e _are trying to do here , and
. unless you peopl~ feel very s.t rongly .about it I would
like· t.o do it, this. calls for a telegram back ~t-rom the
corporations and the cities and counties to me and it
will give us. some indication how they f~el , yo~ see, so
tha. t wh.e n we come to the tap issue·s and so forth and so
on~ we .will know better where we · are!
MR. ECCLES :
H.M.JR:
I wanted to explain it.
MR. ECCLES:
R. M.JR:
' ·
Well , I --
In other words--
I wanted to explain it .
MR. ·ECCLES:
In other words-- ·
H. M•.JR: ·. You can say to me, "Morgenth.au, you are
wrong and you .mustn ' t do this," ~ and if. you feel viol~nt
· about , I won't do. it..
MR. ECCLES: No, I am ·not saying that becau~e I
think that . in your annolincement yqu made this point, and
I think there is so~ething in it . There are corporations.,
certainly who prefer - which prefer a.coup?n ~a shor.~
term coupon is sue to a dis count security. Nqw, th~t . 1 ~ .
what was said and there are some of them. Ther.e hkeWl.se
!re some that would possibiy prefer a market issue ~ather
~nan a no~-negotiable issue, s~ch ~s was proposed •. · There
1s some mark~t, likely, . for th1s .w1th . ~he corporat1ons.
· I do .think, however, that the cor.porat1ons that will take
·some of this would take the short-term tap issu~ that was
...
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294
- 15 -
...
.)
discussed if· that .were avgilable, but that not being
ava~lable, they will take this . ·
Now, · I wo~ld . like to suggest that you go to a
billion and a half , that you send out - send your letter·
out to the· qo.r poration, that you increas·e th ~e allotment'
o~ th~ hanks up to the hundre~. I mean, you c~n do both ·
~~re. Do w~at you are propoS1ng here and let tlr~ corporB:tlens come .1n. . I ncrease your allotment tcf"the bank-s to
the hrindred percent and to the ~enty- ~ive · thousand.
Now, -you .g et you_r distribution ·:- I me·an, if you
· put it· up high enough. You would ,get your distribution
to the s~ll banks through ~hat twenty- five thousl¢d, and
by the hundred percent they-would get a little better
allotment than otherwise • . You would l~kewise f~nd Ol.\t
· this way just what interest the corporations : h~ve, ana
- they would likewise have .an opportunity to get .what they .
want of this issue , or at least get - you would have a .
·- chance to · cqme in on it., and you would find out what t.he
demand was for short issues from the corporations.
~
.
H ~M. JR:
That
i~
.
right. .
/
MR. ECCLES: You would find out.
H.M.JR: I ~ow." Well; I will . tell you what i would
like ·to do . That is 'why .!' called this meeting this morning.
Would it be convenient for you gentlemen to come back
tomorrow morn_lng at ten- thirty? ·
.. MR.· DRAPER:
That is Wednesday.
H.M.JR: Vfuat are you ·doing tomorrow?
MR. ECCLES: We have got all the Reserve ·Bank-H.M.JR: What time?·
MR.
ECCLES:
\
.
·
•••
peop 1e coming in here :
Nine o'clock.
MR. DRAPER:
Coming in at· nine and going. to s.pend
the _day there:
/
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' - 16 ~· ECCLES:-
think · in
~he
I will tell you, . I could ·cpme pver, I
aftern<;>on.
·
'
H.M.'JR: -No, we would like to do -it in . the forenoon
~d get i~ 'out, wo~ldn-'t you, Dan?
' ./
.
· MR. BELL:
We would li;ke to get it started.
I
MR. ECCLES: What this meeting is-- "'-.,.
H. M.JR:
Can you. give us an
ho~r?
.
"
MR. ECCLES: The War Department are usi~g the
Reserve Banks in connection with making ~dv~nces to these
sub-contractors , and, they have gotten a dir~ctive o.ut .to
. their field men in conjun·ction with . the banks, -and we._
have called a meeting,. so we could gc_> over with our field
people t:Q.eir p~o gram of ~king these advances'.··
.\
. MR.. DRAPER:
Couldn't we come over about eleven o' clock •.
'MR. SZYMCZAK :· Yes, I
kn~w,
but we start at nine
o'clock.
.
MR. DJ;V.PER:
thirty.
I think you could, any time after ten-
MiL ECCLES: I could pos ~lbly' get away and leave you
there, .·Ernest.
MR .. · DRAPER:
Any time ·a'fter ten- thirty.
MR. ECCLES;· Let-'s make · it eleven·.
H.M~·JR :- We wouldn it take mor~ than. a half hour· ·
Jl.R. DRAPER:
help us a lot .
If that is· a~reeable to you, it ·will
\
· ~.M.JR: You have al~ays been ver,y kind.. I will
adjust nwself .
. _ ·
·
MR. ECCLES:
We can ·adjust anyt~n·g else except that
J
_2 96 :
- 17
.)
these fel lows are ·here.
.
:MR • .DRAPER:
.
I f the chairman agrees,. it is ·a ll right.
MR:• .ECCLES: You ·can come over, Matt, .-arid we will
leave Ernest .over there.
~
it:
H. M.JR: We will say eleven and then we will settle
This gives us time to digest t~is, natn
.
MR. ·BELL: . Yes.
H. M. JR:· Does that give us time enough?
MR·• . B,ELL:
H.M. JR:
Plenty .
Could ·Allan be down here then?
.
MR. DRAPER:
\
'.
Yes.
,MR • .ECCLES:
anyway?
say?
Well, what is tomorr-ow? I s :he coming
You talked to him yesterday, Dan . . What did he
MR. BE:LL:
/
-
We l l,_ I qidn't -"'-
, . :MR. ECCLES:
You rem,ember that other meeting . you
we r e . talking about?
·
.,MR. BELL: I am going to have the other meeting
Friday , .but, he. isn't going ·to be . there .
'
MR. ECCLES:· He can't make t t?
MR. · BEll: Yes, he only .w.a nted somebody _to· come for
him, Les Rounds , who knows the operating progr~ .
..
.
.
MR. ECCLES: He is liere on that financing for the .
War Department tomorrow. ·
··
Rouse will be here tomorrow mornin~ in
c~se yo~ want~d him ove r ·here~
'MR •.. DRAPER:
/
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MR. ECCLES: · Allan .says on this thi.ng ·you can get
him on · th~ phone . I think· it may be. well for Dan to
talk to ·h1m on the phone. , He can do that · or I Ctll talk · .
to him, ~d I . don·• t" think it· will be necessary for hi m
to come down.
/
. H.M. JR:
Is there any difference? Here in the
feel it shoul d . be a· half ~ pe_rcent .' Is ther.e
any confl ict' between that and you fellowst'
·~ Treasury
we
MR. GOLDENWEISER:
Is it six m~nths ,~ Mr . Secretary? .
He would :settle tha.t--
H•.M. JR:
. MR. ECCLES:
H.M. JR:
We all
feel ~ pretty
strongly..:\
••• -saturday mo.r ning.
'·
~. ECCLES: , • • •
about that, that it would be much
better to say a half of one _percent and thep. f.ix the · · ..
maturity than t~ fix· the ~aturity and then adjust the
rate, that to say ·four tenths or forty-five: hundredths
·
1
-just ish ' t a good selling talk.
H. M. JR: Well, do I . understand the Board is for .a
half a percent? ~
. ..
MR. ECCLES:
That is rignt . .
.H.M.JR:
Erid~y
And the length would be settled either
night or Saturday morning.
,
MR . ECCLES:- That is ri'ght."
MR: BELL: We would say in this letter, though, that
the
IIlB. turt ty
would be ·9:bout six months.
·MR. ECCLES: Th.a t is righ_t . Well, I will tell Y?u,
you } an't give -you simply can't give much :?f a prem1um
on · this • . We are figuring that one ?r two ~h1rty- second~
~-s the · most ~hat you_ can possj,bly g1ve on 1_t -c_n -acmn~,nt
of the shortness ~f the ma~urity .
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MR. EC~LES : · Allan says o~ this. thing yoh can get
him on the plion.e . I think it may be well for ·nan· to
talk .t o him. on the phone·. He can ·do that or I em ta.l k
to him, and I don't . think it will be ne ce s·sary · fo.r him
.to come down·.
.
/
H.M. JR:. Is .t .here any diffe~en.ce? Here in the
a percent. Is t here
. any conflic.t betwe·en. that and you fellows?
"-.
·T~ry we feel it -should be a half
. - MR. GOLDENWEISER:
. H•.M.JR:
He would settle- that--
. MR. ECCLES :
·H. M. JR:
Is.. it six months,)fJI' . S.e cretary? -
We all feel~ pretty strongly-~
\
• •• -saturday morning.
'·
MR. EC.GLES: , • •• about that-, that it would be much
bett'er . to say a half of one percent and then fix the..
matur-ity than t~ fix the maturity and then ad just the
rate , . that to say four tenths or forty- five hundr·e dths
· jUS~ isn't a good S~lling - talk.
.
H.M. JR : We.ll, d.o I understand the Board is for a
half a .percent?
'
MR.• E'CCLES: · That is right.
. H. M.,m: And the length wou~d he settled either
Friday. night -or · Saturday morning~
MR . ECCLES:
MR.:
,
That is right.
BELL : We would .say in this letter, though, .t hat
would be -~bout six months. ·
the ' ~turity
.
'(,MR. ECCLES:
-· you ~an't ~lve ?n this •.· e are
1s .t he · most ~hat
of the shortness
Th.a t is right . w~~l, I will t.e11 you,
you simply can' t g1ve much of a premium
figuring tha~ .one ?r two ~hir:y- second~
you can p_oss1bly gJ,Ve on l:_t c.... aC'C"Ount
o.f the ma~urity .
I
298
.. 19
H.~.JR~ · Q:tir boys ·a ayl,f they had t~ do' it today,
they would say a half percent, six months, arid it would
be somewh~re between two and three thirty~ seconds .
.
.
MR. EC9LES : That·i~ right. I would ~gree on that ,·
especially lf .you are go~ng to put a billion and a half
out.. ·
___./
- H . M.~ ' How abo~t you, Piser? .
'
MR. PISER: I figtired it would be about -two thi'rty.seconds for six months.
MR. ECCLES: Don ' t you fellows feel that at six
I!lOnths , ·even with . two thirty-.seconds, e~pecially if they
put a billion and a half, that that isn't - that it would
be preferable to give it a couple of thirty- seconds ·
rather. than price i.t . ~t any .closer? · . ' · . .
H.M.JR : · Yes , -that is all right. I like your sugof one i ~sue for. Apri l. I like that . ·
.
g e~tion
..MR. · ECCLES: Well, I think so, because you can the.IY
take care of both the bank picture here, especially lf
you arrange . this . al lo t:m~nt and so forth, and t9-ke car~
: of· the other, I thi~., if you do that.- If -you take
two piecemeal bites, seven hundr~d . fifty, then it .just
doesn ' t see!Il to me to fit the p1cture at all • .
H.M. JR: -I like_it, but I want to sleep o.n it.
Dan, what did you want to do. now? .
MR. BELL: .Well, then ·v,e will settle the preferre~ ·. -allotmenF tomor row, 'too .
:
R~M.JR : Th.e questidn of preferred allotment and the
question of that hundred percent reserve - h~~dred percent
for the banks.
~. BELL; Yes-.
li.M. JR : . We wlll ·settle that' all tomorrow.
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H.M._JR: . Our hoy~ say if th~y had.' to do it \ oday,
they. would say a half percent, s1x months , and it w:6uld·
be somewhere between two _and three thirty-second·s .
·
MR •. ECCLES: . That is .right. I would agree 6n that
especially if you al'e goi-ng to put a billion and a half'
out .
·
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H. M. JR: ~ How ·about you, Piser?
MIL PISER: _ I figured it wquld b.e about two th.irty·. second.s for . six months.
·MR. ECCLES:. Don' t you fellows feel that at .si:x .
riionths, · even with _two thirty- seconds, especially if. they
put a billion and a half , that that isn ' t - that it would
be preferab1e to give it a couple of t!).irty- seconds ..
rather. than price it. at - any .closer?'
. . '. .
.
.
H. M.JR: Yes , :that is al l right . I- like your sug-ge~tion of one i~ sue for. Apr11.
I like that. ·
MR. Ec·c~s': Well, I think so , becau.se you can then
take care of both the bank picture here , especially if
you arr·a nge this al lot.;m~nt .and so forth, and t~ke care
of the· other, I think.; if ypu Q.o that.- If .-you take
two· piecemeal bite s, seven hundred ··fifty, then it just
doesn 't see_!Il ·to me to fit the picture a_t a,ll. .
. H. M.JR:
I like· it, but I want to sleep on it.
.
Dan, wh:at _did you want tp do no.w?
.
MR. BELL: .Well, then 'we ·w ill settle the preferred ·
.allotment- tomor.row, ·.too.
·: :
_H~M. JR: ·. Th.e q~estion of preferred allotment and the
g_'Uestion of that hundred percent re~.erve - hundred· percent
fQr. the banks •
·· .
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MR. BELL:· ·Yes-.
H. M. JR:
•
f
We will set.tle :that' .all tomorro:w •
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MR. BELL:
Yes, that . is. ail.
.
.
I ha v~ nothing else.
Jam. SZYMCZAK:: . Increa,sing the amount from five to
twenty- five, too •.
/'
MR. BELL: . Well, that is preferred allotment .
~
·
MR. WILLI~: I wou~d· like to raise . a questioft,
Dan, as to whethe:r some h1nt ought t o be gi v'en in the
preliminary l ~t er to preferred allotment. A lot of
people, especially the sma11 count?'J-hank - .he ha-s been.
used. to .lri~ls,. and ~e. ha9 gOf· some questions in hi~ mind
as to b1dd1ng, and 1f he can get some idea as to what he
can be s~re of, · I think i~ will generate-.H. M. JR : . It is .a good point.
MR. WILLIAMS:
H~M. JR:
•••
favor~ble
\
re sponse .
I said that last ni ght.
'·
J. think .lt is a
good point • .
. ·· MR: BELL: . I think what we ought to dC? , . if we deci,de
to - whatever we decide to do with respect to allotments,.
we ought to . announce that. .Thursday morning also. · We '?Till
either say · that ·we w~ll stick tq the bases .set out . in our
D~cember . 3.._ press sta:tement . or we wi'll abide by t!lose
except for the panks, which w~ll be a hundred pe.r cent •
And twenty- fiye percent - twenty~five
.MR. ECCLES:
.t housand.
·
MR. BELL:
Well, that wasn't in our bases·.
I
H.M.JR:· The twenty-five. thousand was.
•
MR.·; BELL:
..
~
'
•
J
Oh, yes, that· is right.
MR. ECCLES:
You could make the twenty-five a part--
MR • .W:U.LIAMS: . That will generate thei r curiosity am.
get the
~elegram
. ln.
.-
.
300
. - 21 -
t.s
MR. ·ECCLES: If you want ~ w.i de distribution, that
the ..way to get' it.
.
r
.
.
MR. ·BEtL:. That is right.
.
It could · go in the lette·r ·. ·: .
.
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MR. FISER: -In the letter you would also say,
wouldn't you~ that ~t wou).d be a . single iss.ue of a bil. ~ lion and a· half?
·
.
~
.
MR. ECCLES:
~t
I
·~
is right ~
1
H.M~ JR: . I think the let-ter would practically nave
everything that the Circular would be. It would be a non•
technical circular •.
~ ~
MR. ECCLES: Except .you leave it wide ·enough t hat
you could. change it· if .you. wanted to, but you wouldn"t.
'.
.
.
.
H.M.JR: I :would .like to put· the twenty- five thousand
in so the fellow knows he isn't _going to have to bid and
get nothing.
·
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.. MR. ECCLES : That is ri ght . Well, I th ~nk if you
do that I would feel a billion and a half, twenty-five 1
thousand, a hundred percent with the banks, in the letter,
r..think you· .h ave ~got a much better--.
H. M.JR: Le.t me· just' ·see -how the other Board member.s
feel. · How do you feel, Draper?
·MR •. DRAPER£ I think that is fine, Mr. Secret ary. I
would like to ·see the ·drive· - if you have t he drive on
the corporations., I would li·ke. to see the amount raised.
MR. SZYMCZAK:
For
bank ~ ?
MR. DRAPER:
What is that?·
MR. ECCLES:
The amount of ·the of fering.
'MR • .DRAPER:
The .amount 0f the offering ~ra~sed.
·-
H.M.JR: · well, I don't . ~ike to go ·to the market more ·
/
•,
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"!
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!ffi. ·ECCLES: -~f you want
is the
w~y
to · get 1t.
MR. ·BEI:.L:
300
'
21
a ~ide· ·. distributio~.
that
·
. .
That . is. righL
it .could go in the letter.
.
.
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MR. PISER: · ~n t .he letter you would also say,
wouldn ' t you, that 'it wou;I,d be a . single is-sue of ·a. billion and a half? ·
~
~ .
MR . ECCLES: Tha.t is right •
. H.M. JR: I think the letter would pra.·c tical1y' have
everything· that the circular ~ould be • . It would be a nontechnical · circ~lar.
MR. ECCLES: ~cept you leav~ it wide enough · tha~
you c·ould change it. if .yoU: wanted to, but you \'!Oul.dn' t •
\
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.
H.M. JR: I would .like to put' the twenty- five thou·sand
in so the fellow ~nows he isn't going ~ o have to bid and .
get ~othing.
MR. ECCLES: That is right • .Well, I ih ~nk if y9u
do that I would feel a billion and a half, twenty- five
thousand, a hundred: percent with the banks, in ~e letter;
I thiiik _you .h ave · got a J!lUC~. bette:t;- .
. .
feel.
H. M. JR: Let me just see how the other Board member.s
How do you feel, Draper?
· MR. DRAPER£ I think that is- fine, Mr. Secre tary. I
would like to ·see the ·drive - if you have the drive on
the corp or at i.ons, I would l~ke to see the amqun t . raised;
.
.
MR. SZYMCZAK:
For banks?
MR. DRAFER:
What is that?
MR. ECCLES:
The amqunt of ·the of fering.
MR. DRAPER:'
The amount of· the offering-'raised~
H.M.JR :
,_
.
Well, ·I don ' t . like t<? go to the ..market more ·
'
'
I
301
·- 22 than once a month~
.
'
That · is. pretty often •.
MR. D~ER: . ~ .did~' t ' me.a n more offerings;. I meant · · . ~
have t~J.s . of~er1ng,. +nstead of having ~e sev·en hundred .
f1fty or a b1ll 1on .dollars,-to have it at least a billion
and a half . · ,
·
t?
~
_ MR. SZD:fCZ:AJC: A billion and a half, ·-a.._ hundred
percent, cap1tal surplus for banks and rai-se it from
five to twenty- five· thousand. ·
·
GOLD~WEISER:
· MR.
MR. ·WILLIAMS: Yes .
. MR. GOLDENWEISER:
Secretary .
Yes·.
..
That seems all.righ~ to· me , Mr. ,
.-
'·
H . M. ~ : Well, if· you gent lemen don 't mi~d comtng
back at eleven t9morrow, we wil l ~ettle lt then.
'
.
.. MR •. ECCLES: Yes, that is O.K. · You sa·id a moment
ago · about··the ·se·r ies · G, raising it to·· a hundred. I hope
you won't do that but will· give us a chance to talk· on
th~t issue·• · We ·discussed· that some a while ago in co.nnection with these m~ket issues~ - I mean these nonmarket issues and- - ·
H.M.JR: Well, the only ht~:i·ry is ·that' - on account
of the p~inting, but w~ will wait . .
MR.• ECCLES:
~ w~uld like a . chance to -discuss thaL
H.M. JR: . All· r-ight, O.K•.
MR~ ECC·LES: Bevause up to the present I kJ;low: our.
Reserve s,rstem as. a whol~ have been opposed to 1ncreas1~g.
the series, that that didn't ·meet the whol~ ~arket, and
it was sweetening beyond what ~as necessary.
~.M~;R: Well',. all rlght. · · The. fir~t answer · w:e got ,
as a matter o£ curiosity, was from ,.charles Evans Hughes who
'
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/
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·'
_3()2
. - 23 -
said .he would be~ very glad . to take another fifty fuousfmd
out of · current · earning~ .
'
llR. BELL: . Out ·or the sale of seouri tie -~.
.
- ·YR. EQCLES:
li~uidation.
of
/
Anybody that can take it out of current ..·
tax thing goes into e~~ct lias got
.
~earnings a·fter this
to -be ~retty ·good.
H.M. ~R:
Liquidation of securit.i'es.•
· · MR. ECCLES:
MR. ·DRAPER:
you
That ·is more like it.
Yo:u ought to frame that' l~tte.r.
H.M. JR: Then we won' t dq anything on F and G until
Y:our day in court •
' ·
h~ve
MR. ECCLES: O.K.
H. M. JR:
~at
you all.
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.
.J
'3 03
March 31, 1942
2:12 p. .JII.
HMJr:
Hello.
se.c ret·a ry
Knox:
H~llo, Henry.
HMJr :
How are.- you?
K·•~ /
I'm fine.: ·
m~Jr:
Frank, I have tor the President the last two br
three weeks been. working~ as you may or may not
know, on_ the loading ot ·these Russia·n 'shies . ·
.
"
No, I di dn't know lt, but I'm 'glad to hear it,
Henry.
K:
/
HMJr:
WelL, we've made rea l · progr ess now until, ·oh,
'K:
Well.
HMJr: .
And March 30th ~e actually loaded -three hundred
and ·rorty-twq .
...
•
\
March 23rd we put · a hundred and thirty-nine ca re_
'·
K:
I
m~Jp:
Now, lihat I wondered.., if I could get a little sort
of view behi-nd .the curtain once thef3e. things _:are
load~d~
I ·meari; are they lyirig around s om~where
· -after they lea:ve Phil-ad e1ph1:a, or are th~y really
moving to Russia.
K: -
.You, mean the shi p s themselves?
HMJr:
The ships
~hems~l vee.·
-
K.:
·~~
Well , I tell you, the fellow that can tell youof'
.that is our frien d Jerry Land. He hae ch~rg e
tne - di~patch of all the merchant vessel ~ , _you
know. He'e · kind of a shipping czar.
'
'W ell, no, but_ does he
know whe.t
once they get to sea?
K:
I
.
\
happen~
to them
Oh,· ot course he does.
.
/
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·2
m~Jr :
Oh, do.es
K:
Oh,. sure.
HMJr:
Oh, l thought that was you .on account or convoys.
};\~?
. ·\.
-
K:
/
Well ·, w~ woul·d probably have to tell him where
. .a . particular convoy was , but even though .when i t
departed ~nd under what circumstances and what
route 1:t 1 s roll~wing and all that s o-r-t_ of t.hing, ·
he 1 d have ~o· kn9w that beoau se he ha.s to know
abou-t - the turn-around.
·
HMJr:.
It. would. be Jerry Land. He knows l<ihere - tha.t
they I Ve not been hung Up 8.nywhere Or anything
else?
K:
Yes, h e ought to; I .should think he woul d . I
have never inquired , but he being the .s nipping \
administrato r or -t he who;J..e c ountry , he ~ertainly
spould.
H14Jr :
Well, ·I'll call h1rn.
K:
Hli.Jr :
K:
! can't tell ·you a thing about i t , because I
don ' t want to know about convoys. That ' s on e
~
of the ·things that a leak will ·be very da ngerous ;
- and when I don't know it, then I can ' t be the ·under· even· a.. suspicio~· of having talked wher~ I ·
shouldn 1 t.
·
Well, all I \otant to know is, a r e they moving ;
and he's the rna~ t o tell me •
. Oh;· they 're moving.
i can guara ntee you that .
HMJr:
Well, I. ....
K: .
As a matter or fact , there's damn little submarining
go ing on up there, ..b ecause a lmost a ll of them are' ·
ri'ght over here on our Coast.
HMJr:
Yeah.
K:
They.' ve abandoned S\lbmar1nes around England and
\;ut · fn the North Atlantl~.
1
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F!MJr:
.•Yeah.
I
K:
' 1 a .some up
W.ell, they haven 1 t abendo~ed
there
there
but they don't do muoh.
Hl4Jr:
N<? .-
,-
K:
HMJr:
K.:
As a mat.ter ot tact, all the submarin,e sinkings
· are nqw almost ·entirely concentrated along our·
Coast.
·
'
r
see.
I
And -I thi.n k we 1 re getting that pretty w'ell 11 eked . .
· I got a great boost last Friday: I called up ·the
British . .. ..
HMJr:
Yeah .
K:
Admiral Dorling.
HMJr:
Yeah.
K:
.... . and I t 'o und o.u t that he wa s getting a hundred ~
OS-2U' s - that' s a two-seated bo~ber .....
HMJr:
Yeah.
K:
..... and I .s aid, "Now, if I coul d onlY. have thos.e
hundred shine for sixty. days alo ng t,he. Coa st,
we' d give Mr. H1tl er . someth1ng t o t hink about.. "
t,~Jr:
Yeah.
K:
And .he said, 11 Let me s~e w.h at I can do ." In an
hour he call e d me back .a nd ~aid, "You can · have
the hundred."
HMJr:
K:
·-tl_NJr:
-.
K:
·\
'·
\...
_ Built here 1n U.S.A . ?
.
.
Yes. Yes. They 're being shi pped out at the rate
C?f eight a day.
Good heavens!
.1\nd ~e 're g.e tting them now. · We're already putting
tnem into commi sston.
/
306
.)
HMJr:
Who makes those?
K:
I
HMJr:
I see.
K:
Vought Sikorsky • .
HM~
Oh, it's one - it's a boat~
K:
No, it can be either - either .pontooris or
whP.els. ·It' a the t ype of shi p we use on our
crul-se;rs . and ba~tle·ehips.
·
th~nk tha~ Sikora~~
plant.
/
--
HMJr:
.- Oh, yeah .
K:
It' s a two- seat~r. observa~ion pl ane ; . f ortunately
. for thiS ·business Wfth
slow rate of' soeed of \
abou t - it can go down to a hundred .miles an hour,
which is a good deal sl9wer than most of' t ·hese fast ships, and carries two 300-pound depth
chargee. It cari · dive, eo it ~1 11 1 be a very
useful ship, and I think it will hel p us trernendously in .this patrolling of the water right
along the Coast. It will fly about a · thousand
I
miles, so it·' s ·g ot a· p retty go6_d ·radius. Is
that all?
HMJr: ·
Well, · okay.
K:
That'll help_ like the devll.
HMJr.:
~ighto
K:
Uh 'huh. All right, Henry. If · ther e ' s
further I can tell you, let. me know .
HJ~jJr:
Thank you.
K.:
Goo d-bye.
a
~
..
Thank you.
All right.
\
/
any.~hing
'•
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.
_307
~llll, lMI
/
., -~: Patt•nn:•
lt the Seoret&J7'• NqUelt,
I .a tonad1, to 70u hernl.t ll
-. a oop7 :of Kr ~ . lokton ~-~ l$te1t report oouoen:iD& the tru,ont.-
tion -altuattoD
~•o1Te4
1D
~
aonMnt of LeJUl-\Leue aaterl&l
tor ·au~1a trca Ph1l,aclelph1a:•
\
,_
Sln~•·lT JOUPI.
t~i w.~S.~ Kw
.-B. S. not~, .
-pJi1Tate SeoPetaPJ.
Honorable -Robe,t
f
P~ ~attePIOD•
.thlclt~ s·e oPet_., of -•~,
Wuhington,
~.c
..-
~~7J.~.C- L-_- ~:.,.- ~
Jillr lilA
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F
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March 31, 1942
2:37 p.a: ·
\
HMJr:
·o kay.
Op erator;
All r1gh:t.
HMJr: .
-'Hello.
/
_.
James
c~
HellO.
·~
..
Go ahead,.
I
.,
~
HM~r .:
Yes-.
C:
Hello.
fll~Jr :
·
Morgenth9:u.
Mr. Secretary?
..'
Yes.
·c. I. o.
'·
C:
This 1s James Carey, Secret·a ry of the
HMJr:
We're bo.th ' a couple of secretaries.
C:
Yes, sir, that's ri ght.
HMJr:
Yeah. ·
C:
\'/ell, this is the reason I cal;ted you, Mr. ·
Morge.nthau.
I
Ye.s :
, C~:
I understand that the broadcast ."Star Parade" ,
that's number e~venteen .•. .'.
HMJ:r:
· Yes.
C:
.'.. ... tomorrow night.; ...
HMJr :
Yes.
•.•: ~.has a pretty porrible section i n it abQut
C:
labor.~.,.
•
Oh,. really?
\
.
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I
,
.
And I was wo~dering if it had been ·called to.
your attention, because' I know how much work
309
- 2
:
has been P:U.t into 1our whole pr.o gru. ; ..•.
Y·e all.
~ •. • •• building up the relationship or t he labor
. mdvem.ent.
HMJr:
'·
·~
C:
I am. advised that the · Federation 1e just as
.disturbed a.s .we are about 1 t. ~
HMJr:
W~ll, I ,~
it's the first J'vi hea rd.
for it right away.
I' i l send
.
..
. C:
··....._
I wish you would .
HMJr:
It-'s number seventeen?
C:
Yee, · sir.
HMJr:
Weil, I'll send tor 1t.
.
'·
And 1 t goes on tomorrow ni ght.
And it has- a r ef erenc e
t o . la))o ~?
C:
HMJr :
Oh, yes; · ·And it' s a pret ty ·terri bl e pi ece . I
tnlnk you'll· r e cogniz.e it i mmedia t ely ·as soon .
as 1~ opens .
. ·weil, . I I m ever so muon obliged t o you, and I ' 11.
send for it a t once .
C:
I'd appreci a t e t hat.
HMJr~
And I'll let · you know what we db about i t .
C-:
That'll
HMJr :
.Thank· you.
C:
Thank you.
~e
.ti ne ;
\
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310
Jl,
p.m.
\ Mai."Ch
4~2E!
'
"
HMJr:
Hello.
Jaines
Carey:
Hell.o~ Mr. S~cretary.
HMJr:
~
Hello, Mr. Car.ey .
tor me.
/
I had them play that record
·Yea, 'sir. ·
HMJr:
He].io. -
8:
Yea, si r.
An~ I
I
didn ' t care ~or it.
0
C:
HMJr:
Uh huh.
'·
So 1 t 1 e out to almost eight hundred radio
stations; but we 've sent o~ t a telegram and
we've· killed lt.
C:
Well, that 1 e ··fine.
th8. t.
·HMJr:
No~1 ,
C:
.T hat ' s right . · ·
HMJr:
And a€! tar as I 1 m concern_ed• I d'O n '·t want any
.c r edit; and I think t~e lees sai d the better.
C:
·I think eo'· too.
hawev er.
·
Hi~Jr:
o~
I mean; I t h i ilk ·the lees said - I mean
course, it you want 'to tell M~ . .Murr9:y, ·? r
course:- but do.n' t you think yourself th-e less
··said the better?
I certainly
a:pprec~a te
we're not givit:lg any reasons
el·s e. · ·
Oh, I do.
HMJr,:
:
''-....._
c~
HMJr:
19~2
or
anything
We c·e.rtainly appreciate 1 t,
.·
v ery detin1 t ely.
)3eca:~se the Sori ppe_:Howar.d people know all ·
abou t i t , and they ' re going to as~ . why' an?
,•
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•y
311
' - 2
so torth .aird
ElO
on·.
C:
Uh: huh.
ID~Jr:
And ·we'll simply s ay, ~Well, we want to do 1t
ove r a~~3:-n. "··
Oh, I think that's the way to do it.
~
-But I wanted you to kno~ .I've had 1t killed.
C:
I
. Gee, I appreciate that.
HMJr:
Yeah.
C:
Okay.
HMJr: ·
'rhank you tor ·br1ngin'g 1 t t .o my a tten t.i on·,
becaus~ I never would h~ve known any thi~g
about 1 t.
. C:
Thanks a l qt.
Well_, I'm gl ad I di d t hen. - Okay .
sir.
HMJr !
All right.
C:
.Good-bye.
\
Thank ·you,
/
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. 312.,
TREASURY DEPARTMENT
I~IER OFF'ICIE COMMUNICATION
.
)
.
~AR 31 7942
J
/
..
At taohect . to . th1s me_morandum are table 8
.
.-Showing (1)' the number of agents . qualitied. to isirue ~
__........--- Def.ense Sav~ngs Bonds, Ser.1 es E, at the cl~ of
business on ~oh 2g, .classified by 'type ot agent~ ·
by Federal Rese·rve pis.t ricts, and (2.) ~e numbel' of- ·
such agent.s on . selected dates since ll:aY 7,. '1941 •
• !> '
I
.
. 2. Agents.,_ oth_e r t~n · post o.f tices, _ qua~ified
to issue ~ries E savings bonds numbered 20,7-90 .oh ·
March: 2g,. an inc_rease ot 129 since. ·March ~· .
3. . On ~oh ·2s,· there we~~-- 931 corpo~ations
.\
qualified t9 issite Series · E .savings bonds on payroll.
allotment plans i~ accordance with the instructions·
·.contained in· your telegram of Dec~mber 27 to. th~ .
Federal Reserve Banks. Tnls represent.ed· an increase
of ~6 ?OrPorations ov~r last week.
·
(
..'•
.
..,-·,
...
A:ttachmerits.
,,
...:
--....
\
I
-·
>
(
.
· · · ----~-
('!)
'
••
~
. ..
~
Number of agents qualif.red ~o, issue Series E
Savings Bonds , May 7, 19~1
{o da te
~-
. ....
~·
I
'
~
.
~
~
I
•
Class i f i c a t i on of the · number of a gent s qualif ied t o
l ssue Ser ies E Savings Bonde , on Ma rch 28 , 1942
.
\
· ·
/
Banks
Corporations and association~:
federal R~6e'rtre D1str~c·t o!;
.
"
New York • ••• •• •.• .. •• ... ••
Philadelphia ••• •• •• .• ·.••••
Cleveland . • ... .. .. . . ......
R1ollmond •............... . . ..
Atlanta . . . ~ .............. .
Chioago . .... . ...... . ; .... .
St~ Louis ••• ••. •• • •.•• • •• •
Minneapolis •• ·_. •• •.•• • • • •• •
Kansa·s Ci ty •• ; • • •••. ! • • • • •
D&.llas . ... .. ......... ., .....•
San Francisco • .•• ; ..•...• ,
Sub~otal. .. . .· • . . . . • . . • •
.
. Post ·a rti e es • •....... .. .. . ••
.
'
Gra nd tota l . ... .' .... \ ~... . •
j:Oep t
p ost o f f 1.cea .
'
Total
/
837
1,167
853
1,185
1,028
1, 03q·
2,361
1,390
1,283
1,784
862'
551
14,331
245
257
116 '
389
196
164
481
163
60
195 .
124·
242
.\2, 632
228.,
423
124
349
146
190
. 281
77
84 ,
209
244
_140
66
67
204
52
41
27
300
46
7
24 '
63
34
2, 695
931
2
·3.
- .3
66
--
--
.:.
14: 331
2, 632
Off1.c e of t he S e c retary \ o f ·the Treasury ,
D1.v1. s 1.on o f Reaear.ch a nd St a t1at1ca .
1J I n accor dan ce with te1e gram~ f Decemb er 2 7 ,
.. Y \.
.:
.
BOston • •• • •• .....• . • . . ..••
-·
:Bu ildi ng : "
:
:
:
:
a nd
: C
: Other : I nvee t - : All
: l oan : r edi t :corpor a - : ment
: others
:a s aoc i a-: uni ons :tiona 1/: i ndustr y : Y
: . t 1ons :
:·
:
:
. 2 , 695
931
1
17
-
.
14
68
.
-
1,~97
2
1
7
8
_2.
1,984
1,420
. 1,411
3,468
1, 685
1,437
2,220
·1 ,305
1,17]_ -
13 ~
20,790
-
-
17
8
28
..
-
3
6
9
1:
'
66
1, 391 ··
1,999
'
· ~
135'
r
].8~208
~_L998 '
Mar c;.h 31 , 1 94-2
1 9~1 •
'
/
1.rJ
- ~
/
~/'
,.
'\
••
.-. • :%
•
rO
' Q)
...!:11
cd
)
~~
~
...ct
\j
~~
Q)
.
~ ~
()0
! Q)
f
44
rl)
'\
~
11
~·
'
\
.J.·
'
~~
·.
,.
0
"
1 • · '#
-<'
\
r
•
;
~
..
.J '
-e:.
~
• c:d
r
\
:i1
Classification ·of the numb.e r of ag'~nt~ . qualified to
t -s sue Series E Sav1.ngs Bonds , . o-n M~rch ~g, 1942
(
TREASURY DEPARTMENT
INT~R
OFFIC~ COMMUNICATION
'
)
. '
.
\ DATE
TO
seoretar.y~
: · . ~nthau
FROM
Mr. Baa
. , .(
'
"!
MAR-3 1 1942
•
Subject: · The oJ{egG~ pl~dge oaapa1gn tor regular 1nvestaent
in. Detense 'Savinge Benda.
.
. There. is evidence- that the pledge campaign in Oregon
has not inter.tere~ With the ~ayr9ll - allotment plans.· Ae ot ·
·. March ~1, 19~2, 100 percent ot Oregon tirins employing 500
persons or more had installed payroll allotment plans. The
comparable average tor the country is only 75 per~en~ • .
. Sixty-tive peroe~t ot Oregon. t1rms employing trom lOO
to 499 persons had installed payroll allotment plans, ~her.eaa\
the average tor t~e country was only 49 percent on March 21.
MQre than 29,000 · or the 155,000 Oregon pledges whioh
have been tabulated indicated participation in a payroll
allotment plan.
The pleCige ·torm used in· Oregon provide·s space tor
i ndicating whether or not the employee is ·already purchasing
D.e fense bonds systematically unde.r ~ payroll savings plan.
A copy .ot .the pledge torm . is attaoh~d hereto.
.
At~ achment
.·
\
I
'/
,
-·
. (Print)
.
'.
-----~-·
----.!---- -·---·
.
- (GI.,..
(iii.wi;~~~
. ~)
.
.
.
-
--------------····--------------------------------------------------··
- ----.
~·..a-'*)
(0\J')
.
($\a..)
1
'
'
savl.ngs 'b\nds on hand ~
E
(In thousands. of p ieces)
.;/
March .l 6
r
"'
'
.
17
300 :
26,569
lg
300
26,721
3b0
. . 26,g61
300
26,902
none-clo·s~d
26,74o
19
160
20
259
· 21
162
22
none-closed
· none- cl'osed
312
300
21+
129 .
300·
25
. 186·
26
211
300
27,102
27
181
300
27 , 221
2g
132
none-closed
29
none-closed
none-closed
23
..
.
Stock on hanq
at close . of
daY
26 , 1+13
Number of : Number of p i e ces :
manufactured · :
piece-s sold :
. :
· .tP,1s daY
· this daY :
300
.'
I
26, 74o
I
'
'
300
I BM
del1v'e r1es
this
:
~
•\
I
I
650
6oo
.;
-.
26, 728·
'.
26,899
750
27,013
I
.
27,089
/
\. 6oo
,. ..
27,089
26,732
I
357
cretary or the Treasury;
.
/
D1v1s1on ·of Re~earch and Statistics .
!( Includes stock 1n .hands of (1) Fede~al Re~erve Banks and branches, (2) fest ottioes,
,
. (3) Federal ·Reserve Bank 1ssu1ng agents, and ~l+) Treasu~y vaults in Washington.
30
... Number of :
.: . this dasold· .:•
I
I
r
.J
.
I
271
1~
. '17 .
p ~eo ea }
....
Stock on hand
at clo se of .
de.
of pi e ces :.
ma.nufactured
thi s da
300 .
NuJT~ber
.
pH~oe s
Jlarf3h 16
·'
(In thousands of
-
.
300 .
...
..
. 19
1~
300
160 .
300
;.
.,.
.
'
26,56_9
26,g61'
..-
..
21
162
n~rie-olosed
26,7~
22
none-closed
. none-cl.o sed
26, 7~
23
312
300
2.6, 72g
300
26,g99
•
2~
129 .
,
1 ~6
25
J
27
211
"
lgl ·
2g
132
26
2.9
-.
none-closed
.
300
..
,.
I
.I
27,013
300
~ ··
6oo
. •\
!I
'
750
-J
L
27,1.0 2
I
300 .
27,221 .
none- closed
27 ,0g9
~
.
~7,0g9
rione- ol osed
)
I
6oo
. /•
\.
-7
26,732
357
or ~e secretary or the Treasury,
.
.
and Sta tistics
Division
./
,.
. of Research
Includes etoo.k _1 n hands of (1) Fedel'al Reserve Banks and branches, (2) rost Qtt~~ea,
'( 3) P'e4e'ral Reserie Bank issuing agents, p.nd (~) Treasury vaults 1n Wa~ngton.
30
·y
650
. .
26,902
25~ '
·-
I
26,721
20
300
·\
26,~13
:
·1S
IBil
deliveries
this
:
I
\3J Fe4eral. .Keserve tsarut -· ~s~~ng ·agen-c;s, ana.
\.,.J
·J.·_reaeur.r -vauJ.-va
l.D wa~~~n.
('\
UNITXD ST.A~ SAVINGS BONDS
J
Comparative Statement of Sales DuriQK
\
Last Twenty- four Buqi~ess Days of .Mat:ch. Februar,y and Janua.'V
.
(March 3-30. Februar,y· l-28. January 5-31)
- Oil Basis of Iasue- Price
(Amount• in ·thousands of dollars)
/
. .
Sales
Item .
:
:
March
:
, ·series
Ser ies
~
~
- Poet Offices
- Banks
Seriea ~ - · Total
Seriea l - ~
Se~iea G - !anka
Total
ottic~
Source :
llote:
19~
'
309,225
J8,:t61
l66.2b1
$5.13_.~~.6
:
:
:
:
:
: lebru.e.ry : JanU&1'7
:
• 77.769
2J1 1 456
:
, ·
• .86,938
Jll 1 0~1
397.989
'51,820
.
2~J.~21
$193.._2_00 .
~45.228
_4z8.~o
Allount of Incr~ae
-: ~- Percent·a «e of -b.or..-e
or Decrease (-)
:
or Decreue (-)
Marob
: J'eb~17 ~
Karch
.: 7eb~l7
onr
:
over·
:
over
a . onr
lebrua.ry : · Januaq : hbraarz : Ju!!l'l
-
12. ~2~
-· 58,29<>
- 16z.J62
- _10.~
- 25.6
72,260
.224.132
---
88,764
13,659
86.890
- 225,~
- 20,
4l.J48
-
- 22.~
- 26.
-~
- · J 6.2
- 28. 3
- 1'4. 0
~41
-$189.314
-t?8z. lt4z
-~
- 29.~
623,64~,
-· 9.169
I
ot the Secretary o:t'th·e -Treasury.- -Diviaion of Reaearch and Statiatica.
/
- .l5.:.Q
lfa:r~Jlr,~.
All figures are depoaits with the· Treasurer of th~ thited .Statea o~ ac~oU'nt of pr~ceeci.
of aales ot United States savings bonds .
/
'
71gures have ·l!een rounded to nearest thousand an·d will not neceuari~ add to totala. ·
...
I -~.~
D~1y
0n
Sa1ee - March, 1942
of Issue Price
~aeis
(~~ thouaands . o~
Date
-
\
Xarch 19~
• • • . 5,811
2,975
\. 2 ,·
3
/'
4
~
7.
9
10
11· .
12
13
. 14
16
17 .
18 .
19
20
21
'23'·
24·
. 25
26
•:
:I
I
·27
28
30
Total
Post Office
Bond Sales
Series li: -
..
.
.,
..
'
i
'
I
Series
li:
.
• 15,868
8;45.9
3.3.95 . . . 8,833
. 3;869 '-'
10,448
10,6.96
4,179
11,586
3•48o.
i8,636·
4,967
2,~o4
. 5. 719
10,002
3.156
2,686
8,114
'
~.682
10;594
6,616
2,797
4,464
13,1~a
2,967 ' .
6,38
,2;55?
7.097
·. r.·9 u
2,559
...::
13,306
J,510
2,662
7.998
4;362
'13,955
2,'297
5.330
3,003
7,9'82
3,045
9.393
.
8,149
2,515
5,212
2,~,
4. ~15-15
115.841
Bank Bond Sales.
·Serie-s l
Ser.iea G
.
$ 2,043 , $ 8,726
1,629
8,7~
2,658
1_2,558
1,6SO
. 11 ,870
10,825
1.,759
. 1,586
6,'328
8,488
3.944
4,162
1,365
'1,533
7,287
. 1,133
5.5o4
. . i,065 .
;,007
1,102
4, 745
1, 415
8,693
'
. 1,015
2,561
i,201 . . 9.433
1,019
5.527
'
1,511
5.524
1,122
3,714
1,953 .
8,199
3,604
900
2,207
9.076
2, 002
6,391
. 1,315
5,05G
674 ' 3. ~49
dollars)
\
Total
Series ~
All' Bond Sales
Series l
s'e riell
. ·. • 21,678 . • 2,o43 • 8,726
.18,868
. ll.,.4Y., . . 1,629
8; 780
. 2-,658 :' 12.551
24,048
12,·228
ll,STo.
23,998
' .14,317 . 1,680 .
14,875· . . ' 1;759'
10,125
23,279
. 15•o66
. 1,586 . : 6.32~
19,499
.
jl,o68.
23,6o4
3.9"
. 4,162
11,246
1,365
8,523
18,823
13,158
. 1,533 .. 7,287
i4, 750·
10,800
1,133
5.~
16,666
. 13,276
1,o65
,~Q07
,]115 ·
1.102
9,413
12, 463 ..
17 ,'658
1,415
23 ,301
.8.• 693
1,015
·9.961
9.351
2,~1
1;201 · . 9. ~3
17',731
9.:650
. 1,019
10,470
14,457
. 5.5?]
16,,817 .
20,341
1,n1
5,'524
10,66o
1,122
12',·833'
. 3. 714
24,107 . . 18,317
1,953 .
8,~
7,628
9,833
900
3.
19,265
10,985
2i207
,..9 .·076
17,785
~002 _ .. 6,391
. 12., 43~
14,519
. 1o·, 6,
1.3~,
. 3.
7. 700' .
9. 734 .
67
$ 26,636
,,,.,.
I
of t~e Secretary of. the TreasU%7, Division of Researcl;t and Skatistics.
Source: All fipree are depodh vi t.h t~ heaaurer- of the .United States on account of proce~-• ·of
.aalea of ,United States sarlngs bonda.
'
.· .
.
· · · .·
~11UZ•• have been ro~ed to neareat thousand and. w111 'not neceasar117·add to totala.
¥. .
.
Off~ce
G
. '·=
bo~a .
aalaa of-United Statea eaTings
/
l i prea haYt been rowlded .to nearest tholiaand
and will not neeeuarily. add to
totalt.
I
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Stat e~ent .of
to ~he
Randel ph E·. ··Pau·l , Tax Adviser
Secretar.y of the Treasu~ .
' . ~ Be~or,e· · th~ Ways ~cl .~eans Cp~tte.e or' t he
House .of ~epres~ntat 1ve-s O!J. Mandatory Joi nt Ret ur ns
'
.
\.
· March 30 , 1942
.
.
MANDATORY JOINT RETURNS
/
....
· The que ~ tion ol' requ·tring husband and wi fe ,.. who are
livi~ t-?gether . to file ~ j oint return and compute t'he taK
up~ the~r comb1ned t:J.et 1ncome s has been fully de{>ated·
over the past year . The Tree.sury Depa,rtme.n t . ha.s given . .
carefu_l study to al~. aspect.s . of ·this question. It has
r~~?hed the ~ onclusJ.on tha~ a mandatory jo_~nt ret~rn pro-·
v1s1on, appl-1 cable to all 1nc~me .of huspand and vnfe who
are. living tog~ther , shou-ld be enacted .into law ~
.oTHER MATTERS PERTA,INING TO 'F-AMILY
'
nwor:m
\
In connec·t ion with ~m·r study of the ta..xation o-f. fantily
income , we have · re - exrunined carefully the entire problem ·or
. the exempt ions a.I).d <jredits al lowed under the income · ~ax for
- the purpose of laking intt:. account the family status·. . In
vi ew of .the· increases in tax rates whi ch th~ · pre?ent situ. ation has-.. necessitate d, we. feel that in· some respe·cts the:;;e
exemptions and credits are now inadequate .. We therefore
· sugg~st to· the Committee that to ·achieve e. more . equitable
distrib~tion of .the t~L burden; i~ would be de si~able to
·enact t~e following chang.e·~·:
..
1
.
.
l . · Med.ical Ex.p enses-.- A.· C.eC.uction shoul~ be alll"lwed
fo!' extrao·~ d 1nary f!ted1cal · expense~ ~hat e.re .1n ex c es~ of '
a specif i ed. pe-r .cent·age of the fam1~y~ s net . 1ncome . .Lhe .
amount allo'wed under· such a deduct1on should·; however, be
limited ~o some specified maximum ·aroo~nt.
,
2·. Credi-t for Dep~nc1ent Childz;en- ...The c.re~.i ~ !?r
.uependent chlld.ren should be rev1sea. 'Eo allow a. C.L ed1 t for .
children b~_tween the . ages of 18 and 21 who a-re 1n attendance
at school.
1
3 . ·Additional Credit Where Wife . Earns Income--Where
the wif.e wo\'ks .out sHle the home , add1 t1onal housefiqld . .
exp'enses usu~aly are incurred vrhich ·are not present where ·
'
30- 89
.,.. . ....
.·
.
:323
. '
- ·2
·the wife is abie ·to devote her full .t i me to tie maintenance
cf the. ·home·~ For thi~ re ason, It is suggested that e.}l
additional -cre~i t h? P.rov: ided as follows : .
. ·
.
.
.
Th~re sho~ld be ~~owed as a credit a.ga1nst the
tax upon the .fatn1ly a.n a.rnoun.t equal to 10 per•cent
of . the wif~ ' s earnings. Such credit, however, . <
· ~h~uld. not . e:x;ceed $100 .
' --...,
..
..
a
A similar credit should be allovv-ed 'whepe "Oersoli
occupying· the status of he&d of the ,f cmily, ·.such
i s a . widoi, works. .
. - cOo ....
\
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/
THE WHITE HOUSE
/
·
·,
WASHINGTON
·-.......,
.March · 23 , 1942 .
M~ORANDUM FOR
·.l,.
H. M• .Jr.
•
Here is a .suggestion from a good
friend of ours:
\
'·
11 I have a suggestion as ·t o how to
handle ·the muss existing in rega r d .to the ·
filing · of Joint tax returns . I am for
them , includin~ earned or unearne.d in9ome .
Can' t you sell H. M. a bill of good s t0
overcome the Doughtop., et al, objections .
~Y. providing that where ~ spouses have
earned !ncomes , · an additional exemption of .
$1500 or the reabouts , shall be allowed for
the home . ·This · seems to me to be d:>vio:usly .
just; since if. both husband and wife work,
somebody ordinarily ha::r to be hired to do
the cooking, etc. Doesn't this fully meet
·· your objection wfth respect to the ear ned
income situation?"
0
F. D. R.
~·
I'\
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.·...·
/
.
':
...
THE WHITE HOUSE
/
WASHINGTON
.March 23 , 1942.
-
ME)1gi0RANDpM FOR
H~M .
'l .
J'r .
Here is ·a .sugge·stion from a good
friend qf ours :
,_
"I have a suggestion as to how to
handle the muss existing in regard .to the - .
filing -of joint tax returns . I am for
.. them, including_ earned or unearned · income .
Can ' t you sell H. M. a bill of goods t -o ·
overcome the Doughtop, et al , · objections .
by providing that where both spouses have
.· ea:r:ned· incoine~s, an additional exemption of
·0 $1500 or thereabouts , shall be allowed -for
the home . This seems· to me to be obviously·.
just , since .i f both husband and wife work,
somebody ordinarily has· to b~ hired to do
·t he cookin-g , etc. Doesn 1 t · this fully · meet
your objection with res pect to the earned
income situation?"
..F . D.R.
·,
.G
\
/
.
'•
'
. !
·'
TH E WH ITZ HOUSE
WASH INGTO N
Karch .31, 1942
'
Dear Henry:
.---/'
-
.
· Thank you for sending me a
copy of your _letter to Senat·o r
~homas.
Affectionately,
\
r
\
.-
..
.'
.
TH E WH I T!: · H O USE
WAS HINGTON
.llarch 31,. 1942
Dear Heney;:
~
'
Thank you for sending me a
copy of your letter to Senator Thomas .
Affectionately,
\
•
I
•' .~
.·
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}.J
~·
:
.
•
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I
..
·~
·-~
326
· TREASURY DEPARTMENT
·,
\
oAn
TO
I'll ON
· Harry White .
$ecretary Yorgenthau
Please talk to me about · this.
\
·r
/
..
'
Ma~ch 19, 1942
..t ·
/
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' ·
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· ··:·
-
...
.·:···:.
.·.·.
.
.
329
.TREASURY DEPAR·TMENT.
.
PROco~ENT ~~VISIQN
WASHINGTON .
\ .
llareh
31~ ·
1942
•~e.. report~ concerni~ the tonnage of meta~ •
trOll the mills yesterday giTe~ us th~ folloilng totals according to ~o~a ~o wQich consigned:
I
~hipped
2943 tons
·Philadelphia
r
New York
1157 tons
·Baltimore
1384 .tona
5184 tons
Total
. '
.
......
~
\
'
-
.
.
The &boTe informatlon has been furnished to
George ~aas .together· wit~ the information as to ~xpected
requiroents for each of ~he port.s ··f or the month of .
!pril ·and certain other infor~tion as to .tonnage in
· transit representing shipments from the mills prior to
March 30th.
··
· ·
I
\ .
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.·
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.s . .
••
330
•
•
TREASURY DEPARTMENT
.
.
PROCU~ENT
.
. DfViSION
.
.·...
\
WASHINGTON .
-·
/
'
llaroh' Sl, 1942
'
·JlEIOU.NDUll TO THE ·SECRETARY:
..
The new: cODIIIli.ttee ~on Shipping ·,xpecta .t o s.tart
operatiDg j~t. aa .quickly' as t~er have an over-all ·_- ·
. picture of ava1lable ships. .Y r. Le-.ris W. Douglas,
Chief Advisor, War Shipping Administration, is ~xpect- \
ed to have a· tentative picture br·. the end of this_ ·~eek,
and the plan is to establish schedules of av~lable
·.
shipping for 'two months in advance from which ~llocations
of spac.e can: be· made according to urgencr. of requirements
and freight movements .to the ports regulated o~ that basis.
v·e~r
This sounds veey hopeful
great help. ·
.
and
I think it will be of
~·
~th-vtck'
tor of Procurement
' \
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331
TREASURY DEPARTMENT
. . .
~
INTER OFFICE COMMUNICATION
.)
TO
Secre~ary
f"ROM
Mr . Fol ey
DATE ··sl•
Morgenthau·
/
For your information, ther.e is at tached
~ '
'
a copy of the preliminary report and recommendations on prob'lems .of evacuation of citizens and
aliens f r om
milita~y
..
•
areas made by the Tolan Com-
mi ttee (Select Commi ttee of the· House Investigating
\
National Defense Mi gration).
' .
Some of the items which should be of
'·
particular int.erest are marked in red.
\
.'
·.
.· Unjon Calendar No. 684
77th Con~, 2d Sa!aion
·
Houae Report No. 191
------
.
NATIONAL DEFENSE
_MIGRATION
'
REPORT .
/
OF THE
'
SELECT C~MMITTEE . INYESTIGATING
. __NA-TIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
.H'OUSE~ OF REPRE-SENTATIVES .
SEVENTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS
SECOND SESSION
FURSUANT'· TO
H. Res. 113
A RESOLUTION TO INQUIRE FURTHER INTO THE INT•ERSTATE MI GRATION OF CITIZENS, EMPHASIZING
THE PRE.S.ENT AND POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE MIGRATION
CAUSED 'BY THE NATIONAL
DEFENSE PROGRA:M
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Preliminary Report and Recommenda~iona on
Problems of Evacua tion of Citizens and
Aliens From Military Areas
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MARCH 19, 1942
SE_e_
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>;6, 7J, 10 , 1'1, /~ i9, :ro
rrs
UNITED _S TATES
GOVERN!IENT PRINTING .OFFICE
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SELECT COM MITTEE I NVESTIGATI NG NATIOl'\AL DEFE:\SE
MIGRATION
JOliN B. ·roLAN, Calllornta;G'IIofrmu ·
JOHN J. SPARK'MAN, Alabama
CARl, T, CUR11S, N~braska
LAURENCE F. ARNOLD, llllno.is
OEOROE B . BlqotP'E R. Ohln
llonRt K. LA>CR, Sta.flii_rulo{
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CO NT ENT S
'EE INVESTIGATI NG .KAT!Ol\AL DEFRNSl·:
MIGRATI ON
)]JN B. ·roLAN,·CalltQrnta;GiloirtMn
.CARl, T. CURTIS, NebraskA
oois
OEOROE B. BENDER; Ohio
nonRT K. LA~ H. Staff Dir<cW(
aa
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Introduction ___ - - ------------------ __ .: _____ -- -----~- - - c-- -- -- :- -7
Chronology:
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Letter February 13, from Pacific coast delegation to President
·Roosevelt ______ --.------·--~ ---- ------------- - ----.-_- _-- ---- __
Recommendations of the Pacific coast delegatio)} regarding atien
enemies: and sabotage ____ c ______ , ___ ___ ____ ______ __ ___ --- • __ _
Initiation of survey .and _hearings by ~Ject House CO!pmittee on Na·tional Defense M1grat10n ____________________ ____ ~- ____ __ __ _
Exccuti~e ord_c~ of February 19, authorizing the Secretary of War to
prescribe m1htary areas _________ • __ ____ ____._____ ____ ______ __ : _
Telegram of February 23 from committee to the President, the Secretary of the Treasury, the .1\ttorney General, the Secretary of War,
ar1d Speaker Rayburn urging· establishment of a regjonal allenproperty·custodian o.t)Jee for the Pacific coast area ___ ___ ___ ____ __ _
Telegraphic re ply of February 26 fromth!) Secretary of the Treasury to
the committee chairman concerning .problems imvol\•ed in resettlement of persons evacuated from strategic areas __ _____ _____ : ____ c
Telegram of March 6 from the Secretary of the Treasury to the ·committee chairman outlining program being worked out ·by Federal
R~crvc Bank of San Francisco to deal with the property of evacuees
from Pacific coast military areas ____________________ __ ______ _ _
Telegram of February 28 from tbe committee to Presldent·Roosevelt
urging that appoit\tlnent of ali.el) property custodian and alsb coordinator for enemy alien problems precede, or at least coincide, with
lffillouncen\ent of evacuation order________ ______ ___.__________ _:
J>ubai·cat.ion on March 2 of Public Proclamation No. 1, designating and
cstablish.ing military areas in the Western Defense Comtr.and· from
· which certain persons or classes of persons, including Japnnese,
Gcrn•.an, or ItaLian aliens, might be excluded, or have their actions·
regulated or t:estricted __ ______ _____________ - ~·- __ - _- ----------Organization ou March 15 of a wartime civilian-control administration to be known as the civilian affairs branch of the General Staff,
and to ·supervise {.he problems attendant on the C\"acuat.iou ___ _- __
Aonouucemont on March I 6 of the extension of the enemy alien
control program I ,000 miles inland froQl the Pacific coast, and
designation of military areas in four more States_----- __________ _
H. R. 6758,-a bill.to provide a penalty for. violation of restrictions or·
or~~rs with respect to · persons entering,. remain itig in, or. le~ving .
mthtary areas ·or zone~. ·-reported. out of House Commtttee on
l\~ili~ar.v Affail:s, March 17__ ___ ______ :----- - ----· --- -- - ------ Evacuatlon
of the· Japanese:
,
Statistics o·u J apanese citizens and .aliens __ - - --~~-------- ---- - ---.Evacuation· policy ___ -·- __ ________ _. ___ :---------------------....-_RescttlemGnt: Americanization or 'deportation _______ _------- - . -- Property cust.odianship ______ ~ _____ ·- _----- ------ ----- --- - ------~I'Jcpt.ion ~nters_.__________ -·-- -·-.-------- --- -.-----------------1
Evacu~tr;~ o'fa~':~~~-~ndltaiia~- aficns:-- -:--------- ~---- - ~ -- - -- -.---Number arid distriout.ion of 6erman ·and I talian aliens _-----------Evacuation of
aliens _______
-- --- - ----------- -_
S . Summary---- German
__ __ • ___and
____Italian
__ _________
_, - _____________________
ummary of recommendat ions _____ __
._------ --------- --------->----Ill
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Pace
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CONTENTS
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. Appendix A. Telegram·of Maroh 19 ad~ to the governors of aU the
Western States Which migh.t serye as evacuation areas for enemy alie 118
i;;!ae~e~~e~;e:r::~~n~-&iii."w~-Ki~;~<iwiA.:a&l)rie~:n: ·
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A;:ndixteQ.- E:<t-ec"U'ii~e "O"rrle~· ci~e"aiJ,ig ;·ile- w~-~~tioil il~iil'i-iCiBS~ed
· March 19. ••• - ----- -~-- -- -------------- . ~"- ---:---- --~--:-------
31
~ stati~ n!) ·acta of sabotage occurred m Ha~au pn December 7, 1941,
,NTS
r;j______ ---------- --·-~-- .:-
82
Pace
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:oast delegation to President
~t-d~i~i&uo;-;;g&rdLDi-&u~;;
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aleci ii~U&e ·coiiilnii~-o~ -N"a:
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,t-izing-il1e &1ieiaiy-or·w;; io
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;e-;;iO iiie-.P~;;i<ieilt.; the ·sec-re:
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~eneral,
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the Secretary of War
~shme·nt Of a region·al alien~
10 coast area.._. ___ ." __ • ____ ;
he Secretary of the Treasury to
pr?blems· involved in r~ttle;egJc areas ____ ••• ____ ••• _. __
'Y o! the Treasury to the combeing worked out by Federal
I '1\utli the property of evacuees
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.m·it~- iO -P~e-;;id(;J;t ·R;;;;~;eli
erty custodian and also coordiede, or at least coincide, with
~lli&t'ion · N"o~ -( -c!esii~ati~~g~&~Ci
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stern Defense Comll'.and fron1
persons, including JaplUlese,
xcluded, or have their actions·
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~i;m-a:n~;;;;i~oi &Ctmrni8i'r8~
-s branch of the General Staff,
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mt on the evacuation ____ __ _
xtension of the enemy alien
from the PacUic coast, and
nore States..•••• •••••••••••
for. violation of restrictions or·
ing,· remainitig in, or leaving
ut of 'House, eommittce on
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'tation
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I Italian aliens. _•••• _. _~ •• _
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CONTENTS'
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March 19 ad~ to the governors of all the . .
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light serve as evacuation areas for enemy all~ns
~:Wo;.-s&m \V.;;;a- A:.- Gab~eisO~~ · 27:.
tage occurred in Hawaii on Deeember 7, 1941,
;:;1~-r-cire"at.iii8·;'b.; &-r"&i~&tioii-s'O&;.~CG;ueii . 31
Illig-
77Til CoN~} 'IfOU.Iittt
eiJSeaaion
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o-,. RBPIU'.SENTAIDES
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Ruce '
No: 1911
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· Mr.:_sPARKMA~, ·from
the· ~ect. Commitw~. Investigating Naiional
D efense ~gra.tion,· sub~tted' the foll.~wing
PRELJMIN:mY REPORT
IPursuan~ to H.'Res. 113, Z7t~ Cong., 1 ~t ~-1
INTRODUCTION
In Lhe f?llowin~ br~ef pre~iminnfy .tep?rt thi~ ~~tte.e presepts to
Congress 1ts findmgs. and rceommflrrdat10ns )V'Ith respect to the prQblems of evn~uation of
~ita.ry zones on the ·wes~ coast established
by the Executive order oftbe President of Fe.bruary' I9: Thcs.e findings and recommendations are made as the result of a. s1kvey m-a,de by
the five members· of_this committee in the three Fncific Co.ast States.
:rhe committee is p1aphing aJinal comprehensive r~por.t on this..SubJCCt at an early date.
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This preliminary report is divided as follows: The events from Decc~ber 7 untiJ the apperu:ance of this report are O~!lnized iii a section
wluch pr~sents chronologJ.Cally statements and actiOns of Membei'S of
Congresli,. and of the. military and civilian agencies chat-ged with re- 1
~ponsibility for evacuation. The remainder of the report is divid-ed
mto a discussion, first, of the evacuation of the J~~:panese and, secon<;l,
uf .t.be evacuation of th<5 I talian and German aliens. The section on
~he Japanese is, in turn, divided into ~·Statistics on· Japanese eltizellS
and aliens"; "Ev:acua.ti~n.. policy"; "ResettlemQnt: Americanization ,
or ~eportntion"; "Property cusoodianship, reception centers, Fllde~al
a.ss1stnnce." Tho section dealing with· the Germans and lt~lians m. clud~ a (Jiscussion of the number and distribution of German and
Italian ~ions OQ the west coa.St· tind throughout the country, and the
~vacunt10n of Italian and Getman aliens from areas in the Western
Defense. Command.
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With the attack-on Pearl1larbor on December 7, as the Nation's
anger ~ose against .the Japj!.nes0 ,. ,t hose of Japanese· origin fi;JS~~ing in
th-c Umted St.ates were alSO' the object of some resentment. W~thin a(ew days,
moreover1 the formal
declarations of :a state •of .war w1th the
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No~il.-:-=-Oo Mareh 18 1942, the President o( the United States'i.a.Sued an or?er
cstabhs.h111g in the Office for Emergency Management ~he Wa~ Relocat~on
Autbo~tty
a1;1d defining ita functions arid duties. · The text t?f this Executtve
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order
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reprinted In full at the end of this ,report; see· appendix C, page 32.
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tBE8ENTATIVES· {
No. 1911
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,.k
ered
BBl'Oft
to pe priDted
mmitte~.. ~v~t~ting N a.tion'al.
~tted the following
·. .
r REPORT
(1th Cong., l st set!&.],
JTION
eport ·this co:mmi-ttee jlres~uts io
ations with resP.~t t-.9 the probles on the west coast establis4ed
nt-of February 19. These finds the result -of a _sw·vey made by -· ·
t the three Pacific 0oa8t States;
npreherisiye report on this.'s.ub\S follows: The even'is from Derep9rt are o~anized iii ~a section
ents and act10ns·of. Members of.
riliau agencies· charged with relainder· of the .report is divided .
on of the J.a,panese and, second,
}ermrui aliens. The section on
~'Statistics on J apanese citizens .
Resettlement: Americanization .1 •
3hip, reeeptio.n. centers, Feder!ll
t the Germans and 1talians in.d distribUtion of German and ·
ll'o ughout the counf_ry, and the
ens from n.reas in the -Western
ll Dece:mbeP 7, as t he Nation's
I Of J apanese O
rigin' resi.din~ in
of some resentment. Withln a
tions.of a state of war with the
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Axis Powers 61'6&tied-a ~laae of peniODillmowu U.fli!lW)' aliena. l'or M
least a month thereafter, however, the temper of the American peoP.le
remained .relatively calm toward t hese groupe the.~ midst.
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. M~whilQ the Fed\'ral Bl;U'eau of In~es~~ion was ·~tive in .
.rounding up ·th~s~ enen;ty· aliens (German; ·Italian, .and JaP&neae).
CQlll!idered. mos,tl mmled,iately ~ro~s. Tp~ nuda were made
with the a~~ of uifonnatton. supplied by'~be .milttary.and naval inte}.
ligence. servtees, and ofter;t wtth the eoUabora~1on of local police officials.
Edit:onal comment pr.alSed these ·prevent •ve measures, and tb.ert :
appeared-no widespread· demand for wholeS&le evapuation.
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· Following tho appearance of the Rob~rts ·r~port on January 25 the·
public temper changed ·noticeably.' -By the end of J anuary, a 'con- .
si(lerable press demand appeared for O!acuat ion of aliens, and especially of the J~,tpanese .from the w~st coast. . On Janu~ 29, Attorney
'General Biddle annoUnced' the creation. of certain llihi~ military
areas in the three' coast States from whtob all en~y abens were'to
be evacuated by February 24. A few htm4red living in especially
vulnerable areas were to be evacuated on F ebruary 15. · To ~upe.rvise
these evacuations, a Coordinator. of E nemy Alien Proble.ins, Mr. Toni
C. Clark, was appointed by the AttOrney General.:
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. Thi.s anno~c:mentwas followed_by an iticrea~e ir;t newsP.O.P.er storie5
and press oomments. The ord er ?4lled for evacuatto~ oflimtted areas
and affected. less than 10,000 persons along the entire coast. M!Mit
of the e.vacuees moved only short .distances, usually: douQ!ing up with.
relatives in oth~r P4tf.6 of the city or jn. nearby places. An assistance
fund of $500.,000 '.Vas ear~arke!f by the Federal S~curity -~e!lcy·, but
·only a very small part of tt drawn upon for hardship cases n~mg from
this move.
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On Mondl\y, February. 2, a meeting of the enti:r~ we~t coast congres-.
sional delegation was held in the office of 1'enator Hiram Jo~nson of
California, nnd ns a rest4t two ~mmittecs were appointe~ by Sjl¥aror
Johnson. One of these, headed by Senator Rufus C. Holm!l-h, of
Oregon, was to consider immediate plan~ for an im2regna.ble defense of
the Pacific coast. The other; headed .by Sena tor Mon C. Wallgren, o(
Wnshing'ton, was to deal with the_·q ul'stion oi'enemy alien and sa~tage
control in· the same area.
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United States was tho widespread reports In magazines and newspepe111 of ln>tanCM o(,J18bo,e ~wb:.
Jepanc.<e resldentoof Bawallwer~all~ly rupon.•lbleon December 7. Tho Roberts.p'~~"'*ltue"i.IA
any 'statements with respect lo such sabolage but only with ·reprd lo esplonace.
~ml! !l<nNe
reQelpt &I telegrams !rom the Delegate rc~tlng the Territory_fl Bawall In Co118J1'SS,In :p.;.,dlx Jl. •
Samuel w. KJog. and also ll'om the cblet ol palloo or Bonolnln. • heso telecramlns ap~ thlsoommJtiM
p. 32. Doth or tliem deny the reparto or sueb sabotage. Be.causoolthcse oonAI~Inl repa •
to tbetrut
ba..'roqucsted tho War and N'avy Dopartmenta and tho ~partment o!Juatloo to lol= ~'!..tiD'IIIIft
~cts In this regard. Tho problems tePrtSelltetl b:r tbe evacuation of the Japanese co
~~~
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apprOximately 1 percent of the popnletlon or the 3 Pacl11c Coast States. Tbo total
37~
0.:~
at tho 1940 Ceosu.• numbered 423.330o! wbll'h 167.VOS, or 87 p<lr'C)ellt, were Ja~
Ja~
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or 23.6 percent, were Japanese alletu. It ts clear from tbese;ftgurea that, wbereas tbe mov!'t~n1~Dltode
!rom the cooslal artl!\S on the mainland 'presents manj prob~s. thlieo In no way com,_. • rromtbt
with the dlfllcultles wbieb 1\'ould be Involved II It wereaerioualy proposed to e.-.cuate t~~&JapanG!e
ltawallan ISlands.
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Oetw'll E 1 wamo. at
We wish to paint out here that tho committee board t<:stlmony !rom Athtomeyt _ , to tb~r lmol!ltdll
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California, and others. ur~lng that whereas th~re bad been JliO ~abelage on t ewes
IIUcb sabo~
np to the time ol,tbelr teetlniooy, they·belloved that tbla oonstltuted ntelo ~18 ....-II)AD)' o! our I*>
In the future. Attorney General :Warren wooton to sa.y; 'Unf9~a f,· oweverb
ontry are or
and Sj)mo or our authorities and, 1 am afraid. many or our-peoplalu other.~':~ t !~tht ~ieor!no~D~ol
oplnlon that because we bave110 aabolagc and no !llth-eolumn actlvltlee In "'i'iat J,' view thit"ibat Is tbe
the war that, perhaps, that means that none have beoln planned lot ua. But ba e e other ra«or tltatiM
most ominpus sign In our whole situation, It convlnoee me more' than par oaps any· t lit
iJ1rb0r
sabotage that wo arc to get, tho ntth-eolwno activit if~& that wo aro to get. an!Nl!med l~ aD 00 r t1Jo16iotbor
was timed and JU$t like the iMas!oo or France and or J>Mmarlc and of orwa:v an
&'8,'/s
·-•ost
r..n
of the United States i.s.Su~ au order
Management the War Relocation
uties. The text of this Executive
eport; see appendix C, page 32.
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claas-of perao~.u•nemy aliena.· 'F.oia, ~
~. howe~er, the temper of the American people
Um toward these gl'OUps ln their midst .
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deral B~u of Inveetjga~ioq wil.8 aclJve in.
nemy aliens (German, ·Italian, .and. Japanese)
q.ed,iBJ.ely . d~rowi. The~¥~, ~de were. made
11ation supplied by th~ military and naval inW[ten with the collabora~ion of local police offlcials.
3raised these_ pr~enttve measures, and there
;ad d emand for· whQlesale evacua,tion.
p.pance th e R obe-rt-s report on J anuacy 25, the·
)d noticeably. ' ~ ·the .end of J.anuary, a conld appeared for evacuatton of a.liens,·and ·espef from the .weet coast. On J anuary 29, At~rney ·
/Un~ed ~e cte.ation. of certain li~~ed 1.!Jlilitary
1ast States from wbtch all enemy~ were to
>ruary 24. A few hundred living .in especially
(to b~ evaCu.ted on F~hX:U¥Y 15.· To supervise
Joordmator o't E nemy Alien P roblems, Mr. Tom
ted by, ~e Attorney G eneral.
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; wa.s followed by an increase in newspaper stories.
T he order called·l or evacill!>tion of limited areas
n 10 ooo'' persons alo.1;1g the entire coast. M9st
d oniy sho\'t_dista.nces,· usually doui;>Tiilg ~p-with.
is of the city or in nearby·placee. An ass•stanco
·earmarked by the F ederal S~curity· A~e~cy, but
~ of it drawn upon for ho.rd¥Up .cases arl9mg from
of
ary 2, a-meeting of th(l entire w~t coast congres. held in the ·office of Senator Hlrf¥0 Jo~so; of
esUlt two committecs··were app<>intcd by &,nator
tesC, h eaded by Senato,r ~Ufus C. Hoi.IDan, of
ler immediate plans for an tm_pregnable defense of
b.e other,~ headed by. Senator Mo~ d. Wallgren,.of
with the 'question of enemy alten and sa~otage .
.r ca.
eol
r public
an~olllsm to•ardd ~DS_!f Ja~~~1~,!'.,:,~{'~~~~
ld rol)9rts ID ~lnes an newspe,...rao
berts ' tdoesno(mll<e
·e aUe«e<!Jy rupctnslb~on D1 .~!.\, !2-~o~e ;'~'eomml118 hID
sucb Sabotage but o..,y w ... ··-~ ~"I
c· ...- tbe HoDOnlble
~\legato representing the ~rrltory of Hawa I 1n on.,._,
odli Jl,
1 Ula chief ot pollee of Honololu..
~=
~~P:'mmlt(ee
J10rla of such aaJ>ot.age. B~~o n'fustlce-'0 Inform uses to lbe tn»
ry Depat;tdlenta and.Ulo uaper.meo o
tl><rweet coestlowht
liDS f!ll)r~ted by Ule evacuation o! Ula J~oceoWoo
u\atlon or !Iawali
o'polatlon of Ule 3 Paclllc 'Coast, St.&tes.J ~ &'lbJsnwnber,37.»1;
•.380ofwbldl167.003, ~f. 811JUOOD=t.~:r'w~erees Ule movement or Ja~
Ions. It Is clear 1rom wese
••
y cbmpoire In mi«Jd-•
alolaod Pr-nta 1D&Dtl'.'!!!.,v~1l'o :~1:0 tba JapaneSe rrom !be
fT:-
:J>.=
lbeiDvolvedlfltwere-.....-..
cl
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fro Atto y Oueral Earl Want!~-'
11 Ulc eommlt~ hcatd testimony m tb '!~t coest 10 tbelr nowlflcl&l'
at whefCBS there hed been no aabotag&O!' 8
tee against sueb sabo:li:
r¥. tbey ~Ueved that this. ~nsut!~~~-~!'!t'::ever DlADY ol our poop•
&I W~n'l\'eotOiltosay. , . • . , , _ " rU! ftbeeount,.YareoiU>t
1, I am afraid, many ol onr peoplel!l-otber P8
siDC&tbt bdtnniJIIcl
, Sllbotace an\1. no llrUJ~umednaclotlvltles ~uW'u.\~ wr., that that~~~
tiS tbat none bave belen I'!ann
r us.
ba ii!IY otber r•ecor lba
e situation. Tt eoov1noee .me more tban per PIed 1 t ut~ PeA~I HW>o<
llrtbo()Oiwnn acUviUes that we are to J!.Ot.fareN ~Y ~ all or tiJOM>otber
vwcn or Pranoe and or Denmark anu 0 o•• .
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.. , On Febt:tJ&r-y;l 3, 1942,· ~e.Jo...llD.~iug)e~.-d att.e.ched'l'eOO~
.dation.s- were ~tn Preiidt:nt Rpoi8velt ~ the. P~o ooae& dele-
gatiqn. These re;C)Ommenda~tons ~ven.tuated m.the President's Executive ot:der otr;f~'e~f'Uan' .19. ·
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..Hon. F'luNX~~ D~ ao~IIY.J:LT~
Pruitknl of
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Unikd 'Statu,
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'FultuAar 13, 1942,
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WlliU ·H ma.e,' Waallillflon, D . C.
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MlL PuamDT: !JY ~ion of the · Mem~ o.f Conire- from 'he
Pacific Coaat States-of Calife rrua, Orego~, and WA~lh.innon, we eubqdt ·herewith'
the recommenda tions which were Wlllnimousfy· adopted by· the members of the
Pacific. coast delegat ion present·a t ·a meeting held this m~lng.
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Realizing the ·serfousrie88 of t he Japaneee·merlace along the entire Pacific coast .
the Members of Congrees from .tha t area baveTe8pOnded to ·the insistelltl d~~
for prompt action in ~dling t~ pro~lem by holdirig sev.eral meetin811 at which
the entire matter was thorougbly dl8Cussed· with tho Attorney General and
·members of Ills staff, as well as ·representatives of the War a nd other(depa.rtments
of the Government. To arrive a t a · satisfactory solut.lon of the ·problem of
handling not enemy a liene ~one, but •!so dialoyal and .sub~e('Sive citizens ·aa well,
has not been. easy. However we believe that the program suggested in theee
rccoinmendations will effectively a ccom.J1lish our pu~ 'to safeguard· the ~elfare
and securitr of our p~ple and th e Pacific coast area.
·
Eliminatn1g the qu·e stion of citizenship and basing qur procedure upen the
quest.ion of loyalty alone, we feel that an effective means of reaching our potential
enemies can be attained.•• By utilizing the military authoritr of the A:rmy to
effect the .Partial. or complete eva.cuation of strategic
to be determined. in
size, scope, and 19cation by the military authority, we (eel that the Arniy or the
Department of ~ustice may rightf ully rtl!JlOVe any Qr all Jl(lrsoris 'If hOm they may
select from such areas and p rohibit theit return. This might require the principles
or mart.iallaw, it might ihconvenience to great~r or lesser enent many loyal and
patriotic citizens, but we tee]. the critical nature of the situation and its latent
su~ver5ive potentialities a re so compelling as to jW!tuy .the tl\lfing of extreme and
drastic measures.
.
··
·
We are of the opinion that a COII\plete program c:alling for tlte evacuation, removal, resettlement, and rebabiJitation.'o f undesirable persons~ be effectively
carried out -without delay provided the various agencies df the Government will
· immediately cooperate in the utiliiation of alt available facili~es at tlieir disposal,
and realizing,a.~ do we, the seriousness oHhe present situation, if they will devote
a competent staff to the exclusive work or developing a.full solution of the problem.
We therefore urge, Mr. President, that you· initiate: the steps necessary to
.accomplish the P\1rpose of these recommendations .by calling upon such agencies
.or the Go\•ernment as are able and capable of aiding in this program and directing
them to utilize such facilities as are available to· them in order that our ends ma y r
be-attained·and the people of the Pacific coast as well as of the eritire Nation may
be 8..$Sured that no steps looking to the safety and securi,ty of this Nation· from
attack from within 'has been overlooked.
•
·
· By direction of the Pacilic coast delegation we s ubmit herewith the . recom·
·mendations adopted this morning.
Very 'sincerely yours,
-..... RUFUS B. HOLMA.N.
MoN C. WALLOllEN.
DEAR
areas,
CLARENCE L EA.
HARRY ENOLEBRIOBT.
RICHARD WELCH.
JoHN M. CosTI!!LLO:
HoMER D. ANo.r.:L!> .
RECOMMENOATIONS OF THE P ACIFIC ' CoAST DELEGATION
ENiu.u£s AND". SABOTAOE .
REGARDING ALI SN
We recozfunend th~ imme~gte e~~;u~tion of all personS" of j~panese lineage
·an~ ~ll others, aliens and citizens alike, whose presence shall be d_eem~ dangerous
·or lDJmical to the defense of the United Sta.;es, from all strategic .areas.
.I.n 'defi!Jing said strategic .areas we reeommend t.hat such ~reas in~lude &!1
m•htary mstallat.ions war indust-ries water and ·~wer-plant mstallatlons, oil
fields-and refineries, t~ansportation a nd other essential facilities, as well a!! adequate
-;protective areas adjacent thereto.
·
It
3
UIINU MIGRATION
~Uel!-d
~~~llliiWn
BooseveJ.i by the .llacifio ooaat deleIS eventuated in
th_&j)pfisid~nt's Exej:lu.: ·
Faa'BU.pl~ .13,·1942.
~D.C.
.
ion of the Memb8ra of dongrl!aiJ-trom the
(l!SOn, ~d Waalrln,Ron, we aubmit he~~th
olis!Y,dadol;lted by the m.embers o( t.be
lng ue, tliia momtng.
·
•· '
med!lce along the ent-ire Puiflo c:oUt ·
rea haveTeepOnded to the insisten~d.emandl
o~,lem by h~lciln.g several meetinga at' which
discll4884 With the Attoeey -General and
entati.ves of the War aqd other departmenl:s
./'
a sa~aotory solution of the ' problem ~
&!so dWoyal ~d subversive ~tbena as. well, ·
ellev_e that the program suggested iD these
m_elisb our purpose to safeguard the welfare
~effie coast area.
·
·
nship ~~ ~&sing our procedure•. upon the
an elfect1ve· means of reaching our 'potential ·
ng the military authority --of the Army to
tion of strategic arelljj, to t>e detenni.n ed iD
~ry authority, we feel that· the Ariny or the ..
relJlove any or-all persona whom they may
ir- return. This miglit require the pritilliples
• to greater or lesser extent many loyal and
tical.nature.of the situation and its latent
U_iD.g as to justify .the taliing. of e~lll}le an!f
lete program calliDg for the evacuation,.re•n. of undesirable persons -can be' effectively
1e various {1ogencies of the -Government will
m of aU. available facilities at theiJ; disposaly
of ~be present situation, if they will <levote
of developing a full solutlbn of the problein.
that you initiate the steps necessal'Y to
amendatioits' by calling upon ·such agencies
able of aiding in this program and directing
·allab!e to them in order that our' ends may
Sc·coast as: well as .of the entire Natio.Jlmay
1e·satety•and security of this Nation from
d.
. .
.
ielegation we submit ·b'erewith the recom-
'
--... Ruvus B. HoLMAN.
'
MON C. WALLOBE"-
·
CLARENCE LEA;
HARRY ENGLEBBtOS:T• .
RICKARD WELCH.
JoHN M. CosTELLO;
HOMER D. ANGELL
CoAsT
, Nl)"
DELE~TION
REGARDtrio ALiEN
SABOTAGE
;uation of all personlf .of Japanese lineage
whose' presence l!hall be d'eemed dangerous
:i S.t_ates, lrom all strategic areas-.
.·
recommend that such areas ·include all
water and power-plant installationa, oll
>ther essential-facilities, as well as adequate
4
We fUrther recommend
that IUOh lftU be~ •
e_zpeditloeaJ
I
•
~
.
until theY 'ahall en.cic:nn~ -~be·entbe ~ -~ ot tb8 BtMee ~ ~ • 1
Orelt:on, and W,Mhingtoo,·~~Dd the Territory Of~ :
-·-..
We.make these recommendatlo.nil iD otder that no elf.Uen loca~ in a tra
area, may eloalt hi8·dialoyal)or s~~versive activity ~der tluimantt& iill~ cit~
':i
abfp alone a!id (urther to· guaran~ J:'~Oil to- all loyal persons' allen
clt~n alike, whose ·safety may be en
red~y.IOme wanton act 0, sabo~ '
. After the.le_tter '?f- the west coast deleptton ,vent tp the President
representa~ons ~er.e made I:? tne ~l~t ltQuse Co~Jl!Ilittee on Nation~
Pefense ;M1grat10n that an unm~a'te survey of .the current situation .
on the -Pa~ific coast' seemed des1rable to the several Federal agencies .
charged with handling _the evac~atio~ inclu~-ing: the War .and Navy ·
Departments; the Feder:l Secunty Agency;' and 'the DepartmentS 0 ( .
. Agriculture and J~stice. The C?rnmittee:s mandate fro'm C<>nfP'ess 88
the Select Conpmttee to lnvestJg~te Nattonal D efense ¥igration and
. its previo'us hearing experience were theught to m11-ke it the proper
body for such a quick ·sur\r~y. It .'!Vas ~lieved ~hat i't would . he
valuable to have public hearmgs begm bef'ot.e the evacuation of the
24th, so t.bfl;t local comm~tics could vQice ·their a~'titl.tdes toward tlie
developi~g proble~. The several Federal agencies P!~ged their
cooperation:
- .
.
·
·.
. Hearings opeJ?.ed i~ San Franciscl? on Saturday, February 21. That
afternoon the comnut~e mnt.Lt. <;}en. John L. D eWitt·at: the Presidio
for an executive_scssion. The Coordinator for Enemy Mien:.Control
Tom C. Clark, testified on Monday, ~ebruacy 23. .
.
·'
Subsequent hearings were. held in Portland on F~bruary 26, Seattle
on February. 2& a.qd ~tu·cb 2,-and in Los Angeles 'on March 6 and 7.
Three members of the comniittee returned to SD.il Franci~ for a
conference with the Assistant Secretary of Wa~John J. McCloy, on
Monday, March 9. At- the request of · the VQordino:tor, Toin C.
Clark, who spoke as the representative of .General DeWittr, we have
designated two members of the committee's staff to ren;Iain OJ} the J
coast to obser\re the progress-of the evacuation program.
..
Throughout )this series of hearings the committee took t-estimony
from all interested groups who signified · a desire to be h~~:d _and
from publi~ officials,_Federal, State, and _lOcal, who _were 9ualifi~
to throw hght on problems conileet.ed. Wtth evacuat10n. ApproXImately 150 witnesses were heird.z · This extensive teS'timony wilJ ·be
orgamzed topically and summarized in the final report on' this ~ubject
which your corrutJittee hOpes to present: by April 7. In .this _preliminlfry ropot·t we present the highlights Qf our finllings together ·
with our iinmcdiato .recommendations.
.
On February ·19, the publication dlay of the Presldent:s Exec~t:~
order, the chairman of this committee, in a press inte(Vlew! pom"""
out the parn.Uels between the order · and the recommendatiOns pre' Amon~ these wltne..'<Sell v.-ere Gov. C~ll>crt L. Olson or Calllorola and ~ov. Ar:tbur B. LanglieoJ ~asb·
. lngt<>n; MayorsAngeloJ. Ro.ssLol San Francisco, R. Earl RUoyorPorUand, Earl MUJikln or ~~~~
P. Cain or Taoorria, and Fletcher Bowron or Los Angeles; also, tho mayors. ell)' m~tMfc\:
_•nlei w J)ullel.
Mayoi Rossi or San Francisco wa!locoompanlcd by a panel'w blcb Included Pollee
~ell ..,d
Mr. Florenoo M. McAuiiiTe, cl!lc! or l.ho !\!orale SerNioo or l.ho San Francisco CivUian ~~fonail'lol)lems
Mr. Leland Cutler, chairman or tM Subcommittee or the Moralo&rvlce on Racial~ 8 Tostlmooy n:
In San·Fran_elsco. · Attorne:r GjlDerol Worren or California Blso appeared In $an l'rall
·
Qallloiola.
also taken from tho California Joint immigration Com.l)11ttoo, American Lealon or tho Sla'& 01
In o11
the State Federation or Labor, tbo Nath·e Sons or the Golden West, and l.he Oallloml~.s~alapao:!!fineriCIII
four bearing~ lhe committee took testimony !rom aul.horlzcd ropf'OS6Dt.atlves of t ..., a lllltleil. groops
Cltlz.cns League and other groups repre.o;entlng the Japanese, the Gennan, 6tld lt.allan.com~t
.. •
and Individuals repres.nting the Catbolle Cburcb_and var ious Protestan~·ehurcl:>eo.
1
/
:·
TIONAL DIIIWi Ml'ORA'nON
. 1'
~
.
.
I that IUCh areu De eaJarpd u ~tfOael ' ·
• "tbe enUre lltrateglc area cl the States
~~
J..
t
, ·and the T~&ory of AlMka: :
.
.,...,
nendatlo1111 In order that no cif.iien; lOcatedin. a atra~
yal or eubvenlve activity under the Jll!Ul'tle of hfa eitlzeni
to gu~f.e:e protectl~h. to all loyal P81'80!1f, alien and
~Y may be ep<tangered by eome wanton act of aal>otage.
viously made to the Pre8i{ient by the Pacific coast deleption: -The
order follows: .
·
·
·
.
'
the west coaat dele,ption went to the Presid1lnt
made"'t? the ~l~t.~o~ Committee on Na.tionai
aat an unmed1ate survey. of the current situation
~eemed 'desirable to. the ·several Rederaf agencies
1g-t.he evacuations in~lu~ing the War and Navy
~rat Security Agency, ~nd t\le .Departme.nts of
ee. The committee's mandate from COJWess as
e to Investigate National, Defense Migration and ·
experience were thought tp make it thtyproper
ick ·survey. I~ was l>eli~ved thftt...:it"Would ..be
blic hearings begin before the evacuation or the
mmunities CQWd voice their attitudes· toward the
Tne several, Federal agencies 'p\edg~~ their
San Francisco on Saturday; ].?ebruary 21. That .
ttee met Lt. Gen. John: L . DeWitt at the Presidio
.o n. The ~ordinator for Enemy .Alien..Control,·
ied on Monday, February 23.
.
gs were h,eld in Portland on February 26, -Seattle
March~. and in "I.os AngeleS on March.6 and 7.
lie' comm1ttee· returned to ·S an Fnncisco ·for a.
Assistant Secretary of Wa~ _John ·J. McCloy, on
At the request of . the voorclina.tor, Tom C.
the representative of General DeWittr, we have
1bers of the·· committe!l'S s~ff to remain on the ~
progress of the evacu~tion pr.ogr~.
.
· 'I
eries ·of hearings the commtttee took teSt~ony
groups who :;ignified a · desire to be ~~Jd .and
, . Feder!l-1, 'Sta~, and }o.cal, wh~ .we.re qua.lifi~· ·
•roblems connected wtth evacuatton. Approxt> were h:ea:rd.~ This extensive ·~rilE>~Y.~. be
nd summarized in the final reP.ort on this· ~u!)Ject
tee hopes to present by April 7.. In ·thts. prepresent the highlights of our. findmgs toge'ther
recommendations.
.
'.
;he publication day of the Pre~ident~s' Exec~t!~~
of this committee, in a. press mterVIow! pom~
tweeri the order and the ·recommendatto~s prel
oov. Culbert L. Olson ·or California and Gov. Arthur .B. Lail«l\1 ~r ~::';
>fSan FraoeiScoJ R. Earl RUey or PorUand, Earlli~Uilklo or ~poli~ cblels.
Los Angeles; also, the maydoedrs, Pelt~ m~~fflb!':tos·W. Dullea,
•as a«::mpanjed by a panni which lno1
o1 ce
Council. &Dd
1
lcf or the Morale &lwloo or the Ban PranclsCOR
C!~~~~~~nal
probJel)l!
I the Subcommittee or the Morale S<l(9loo o.o ""'
Testlmonr.•ao
Ole{al Warreo or California also appearodl In Sao Fr~~iai&ol California.
rolot Immigration Committee, ADW C8D LelriOD
Sl te Qrange. In ell
be NaUve Sons or the Golden West, and t~o paur~ J~pa~~cse-Ameri<&D
>Ok testimony from authorized r3tesootat v!J~uan commUDltleS'. groups
1
ll' Bowron or
u
1
~ 8'~~~ b"hgu~~~~:lo~~·pJ~t.::i~urc~. ·
-:-·
.
Ou.a
.
· "WuEai!is the auecesafq.l i>~uti.on of the war ,€quires every )lOiaible pro.
tootion .against espionage and against sabotage to ~ational de.fenee material"'
national defense prem~ and national defeni!Q. utilities &8 defined in section .;
. act of April 20, 1918 '40 · ~:~~. 533, as amended by the act·of November 30, 1940,
54 Stat. 1220, and the act of August 21, 1941, 55- Stat.• ilal! (U. 8. C.; title 50,
sec. 104) : ·
.
. f h. .
h .
·
.·
.
.
· Now, thereforll, bv. v1rtue o ~ e a~t onty vested ID.)Ile as President o_f the
United States, .and Commander m Cb1ef of the Army and Navy, I hereby au- ·
tborue apd direct the Secretary of War, .and the military commanders who be may
from'. time to time designate! whenever he ~r .anY: ~esigna~ ~ommimder deelllll
s.uch action necessary or desiJ'{Ible, ,~ prescn~ military areas m such plllees and
·of such extent as he or thll. appropr1ate mtlltary commander may deterliline,
from which any or all pe1110ns may be excluded, and wi.tJl respect to :ivliich the
.right of any person to enter, remain in, or leave shall be--subject to wb:atever
restrictions the Secretary of War or the appropriate mi)_itary commander may
impose in his discretion. The Secreta-ry of War is hereby authorized w provide
for residents of any st~cb. area ·who are llXClu!;led therefrom, such tr.anspor:tation,
food, shelter, and other accoiD.II)?dat!o.ns as mJ~oy be necessary, i.n the judgment.
of the Secretary of War or·tbe satd mditar.y commander, and untll other arrange!pents are made, to· accomplish the purpose or this order. The deSignation of
military areas in any regioQ or locality shall supersede de~~ignations of p~ohibited
and restricted areas by the Attorney General under the proclamations or December
7 and 8, 1941, and shall s upersede the respons ibility..and autjlorjty of the 'Attorney
General under the said p rpclani.a tions in respect of s uch prohibited and restricted
areas:
(
E~Ctn'Jn
.
'
,~UTHORIZING,,l'lUl _§.ll!)IIIITART OF. WAR TO PR.li:8C.JUBIJ:· lULlTART ARIJ:AS
.
.
.
.
.
,On· February 23, following the San Francisco hearin~, this committee had become. convinced of the need for the establishment of a
cust:odinn for t~e property, of evncue~, a. recomm~ndntion .made
earlier by certa.m .members of the Califorruo. delegatiOn. It there11Po.u dispatched ;Jle following .~legro.m to Speak~r Rayburn, witlJ
cop1es to the President 'tlte Secretary of the Treasury, the Attorney
General, and tbe·Secretary of War:.
.
We urge the immediate establis hment of a regional alien-property custodian
office for ~he Pacific coast area. We have learned of numerous sacrifice sales b~
·
II. nrpt. 1911. 77- 2 - ·2
.
.
.'
"\."
.
I hereby furt her autb.orize'·and direct tho Secretary of War"lmd ~he said mili~y
commanders to taKe s uch other steps as.be or the appropriate 1J1.ilitary commander
may deem advisable ·to enforce compliance with the restrictions applicable to
each military area hereinabove authorized to be designated, inch~ding tbe·use of
Federal troops and other Federol agencies, with aut hority to accept 'assil(tance
of State and local agencies.
I hereby further authorize and direct aU. executive departments, independent
~tablishruent.s, and other Jt'ederal agencies, to assist the Secret~try of War or.
the said military commanders in carrying out .this Executive order, including
the furnishing of medical_ aid, hos pitalization, food, clothing, transporta tion,
uro of land, s~, and ·o ther s upplies, equipment, ut illt.ies, facilities, and services.
This or<Jer"!ftall not be coos~rued as modifying or )imiting in any way the
authority ~eretofore granted under Exeeuti\re Order No. 8972. dated· Decentber
12, 1941 , nor shall it be construed as limiting or modifying the duty and responsibility of the Fed eral Bureau of Investigation with respect to the investigation or
alleged acts of sabotage or the duty and responsibili~y of the Attorney Gene~al
and the Department or Justice lmder t he proclamatJOns- of December 7. and 8,
1941 , prcscribi11g regulations for the conduct and control or alien enemies, except
as such duty and r~sponsibility. !s superseded tiy t he designation of .m~itary areas
hereunder.
·
FRAN KLIN D. Roos&VELT.
Tn~: \,\'mT.& HousE, February.19, 194t.
.
\
1
.
.
..
5
~ WGRATION
Pacific coast delegation. The
0BJ)BB
TO PU8CBIBII: KILITAII.Y AUA8
~he war requ~ eYery possible pro.:
!Otllp .to national delenee material '
renee utilities 88 defined in section .4'
led by t;he act or November 30 1940'
941,. 5ti Stat. 655 (U. S. c., title so;
.-1
.
.
.
.t y vested in me as Preaident of the
the ~~Y and Navy, 1 hereli~ authe military eommanders whn be may
)f. any designated commander deems
ibe rqilitary areas in such pllices and
a.llltary commander may determine
uded, and witli respect to which th~
: ·Jeave sball be subject to whatever·
?.P.I'OP!'i&te military co.mmander may
War 18 hereQy authonzed to provide
J~ed therefrom, such trat18portation
may -.be necessary; i.n the judgm!3nt
c~IIIII18!lder, and until other arranges or this order. The 'designation. of
supersede designations or prohibited
under the proclamations of December
!ibility and authority of the Attorney.
.act or such, prohibit~ and.restric~ed
war
ecretai'y or
lind ·the srud military
the appropriate milifury commander'
' with the restrictions applicable. to .
o be designated, including the use of .
with authority to accept "assistance
efecutive departments, independent
, to assist the Secretary of War or.
out this Executive order, including
ion, food, clothing, t ransportation,
ment, utilities, facilities, and services.
d}fyi!lg or )imiting in any ~ay the
1e Oroer. No. 8972, dated December
or mod_ifying the duty and responsi-·
, with respect to the .investigation of
•ponsibility of the Attorney General
•roclamations- of Decembe.r 7 and 8,
and control of alien enemies, except .
by the designation- of military areas
FRANKLIN
D.
ROOSEVEIII'.
Francisco bearings this com1eed for. the es~ablis~ent of a
tees, a recommendation made
alifornia delegation.. It tliereI.Ill to Speaker ·Rayburn, with
of the Treasury, the Attorney
a· regional alie~-property- custodia
arned of numerous sacrifice sales b~
NATION~ DBnNu MICDATIOX
6
aliens; thill 'ofllce eluiU!d ' have exillted before· tbe eYIIDUa&ion of Feb
· ·
It mUSt b8 functioning before additional prohibited u.a are evacuated~ 1&.
t
witnesees before this commit~ have urged thie action.
• · any •
Citizeii8 who ~y ~evacuated wfil req~ llbnilar proWotlon 'for their propert
.
y, ·
arid legialatiop ID&f be needll(i'to)Mlt up IIUCb custodlauahip.:
It is our lmpre8s1on.that the need for.an alien proper:ty ~on tlie .
but one example of.a ~eneral need for adv,~mce ~for the civilian
b~
· whiCh ·artl accompany.IDg the evacua~n of_aliellll and will aceomJ)any a:;>futll!'&
~vacuations. The Army f after designating strategic areas, needa the lanned
888istuce of the civilian:~encies of the Fed~rai 'Government in bandling tb~ aetualevacuation and in tesettling- the evacueee. The 'nMd for advance planning And.
coordirul,tion-of all civilian ~enoree concerned with evacuation J)'roblems ex!m ·
now.
.
, . ·•
.
. On February 26.t. the chairman of th.is c6IIUI:iittee receiv~ the foll~w-
plg reply 'from the ~creta.ry of the Treasuzy:.
.
Your tele~ of Februai'y 2~ has been carefully ~udied by thi,s .Departmen't·
We are in agreem~t that there 18 a gel'!eral n·eed·~<!r careful P~I!Ding ~\h res~
to the resettlement of persoii8, bot'h ahens and 01t1zens evacuated from.strstegiit
areas arid that the problem is one In which the F~erlll...Govemment sllolild assume
a major responsibility. While the Treasury Department stands ready to handle
·any pro.blems withi'! its proJM:r spb.e re ot l>pe~tion, ·~.am.sure that :you will agree
that the problell!S mvolved in national -defense IDigration are primarily social
problems envisaging the uprooting of a large ~ent of populations from an area
and the transplanting of this gr<>up in a new locality: . Tile problem is very similar ·
to that inv·olved in . the Dust Bowl migratioq or in the resettlement of famili~
· moved from submarginal land. ~S· we see it, the sam~ 'Problem wou\d be raised if
the Army decided to.clear a substan't ial area of all of·its inhabitants in order to use
the ground for maneuvers, munitioils dump, or a 'firing raqge. I n any such ca5e
the inhabitants of t~e area o!l s~ort notice woi11d have. to; be resettled in new ar:e&ll,
find new employment, and .hqutdate at forced sale then: Immovable property. As
w.e see it, vesting title· in .the Uni~ States Oovt!rnmeitt of .the property of tbe
groups being"rescttled would only further complicate an alrea<ly a.ggrava'\00 social
problem. Moreover, as you pQinted out in your telegtam the problems inv.olved
are not confined to aliens but undoubtedly will involve lhttted States citizens·SS
w.ell. · It is the view of the Treasury Department that the so-cial problems involved in any such resettlement problem should be handled bv 'one or morl) departments
of the Federal Government. handling similar- social proble~ or, if n~ be, a new
agency -created for the purpose of dealing witlil the problems of national "defel):'le
migration.
On March 9 tlie chairman of this ~mmittee received the following·
telegram from the Secre.tary of .t he Treasury: ·
The Federal Reserve Bank· of San Fral)~iseo is working out a program tO~eat ,
with the property of evacuees from the Pacific coast military areas substantiallyas outlined below.
·
Scope of the problem: The evacuation on s hort notice pf tens of tb~u~ds of
persons .Irom military areas on the Pacific coast rai~· serious problem:s Ul connection with. the liquidation of their proP.CrtY holdings and the protect19~ of theproperty of such persons. against fraud, forced sales, and ·unscrupulous credliors.
Obyiously, the emergency will eause financial Ross tQ the group mvolved.
owever, the following program is intended to accord to, this group reasonable protection of their property interests consistent.-with the war e_ffort.
.
· Ugal authority: Since the program is one basically to ass1st the evacuee tn t~ll'
liquidation of his property, it is expected that in most insta.nces the evacoee will
voluntarily av.a.il himself' of the· facilities afforded by this program. boverok
mental sanction,s will be necessary to deal w.ith creditors and. others w o ~
unfair advantage of the evacuees. Tbero is ample legal aut~or1ty now Jftedt!j
the military au thorities and in the Treasurx I;>epal'tment wh1oh can. be 0~·n·
1
.
to euch west coast agenc-y to deal ·w ith this problem· without necess1ty
. .
.
led
ing furt.her legislation or ·new Exeeu't ive orders.
Administration of program: Tbe nature and urgency of the SJtu_at1on, _coup i·
with the large volume of transactions.that will require pr!)mpt, handlinf 01~~ed
ti~tes t.he progr~m's being ~ministered by an agen?Y on the west coas c ntrof
w1th full authortty to act wlthout.refere·nce ');o Washin~ton,_ T~~ over-all CX:itics.
of all aspects. of the evacuation must obvious:!~ rest 10 the mi11tary autho
ot
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ll'IONAL .DJ:J'IINSB MIGRATION
~ have eDted bel9te the ev_acuaUon •of Feb~.,}~
,(ore additioll41 prohibited. areas are evaeuated.. Many
mittee have 1lf88d this aet1on:
.
1'
acuated wm require llimilar.protectlon for their property .
,eded to aet up euch.oUlltodianahlp.
'·•
t tlie need f~r.an alien property CU8i9dian Qll' the eoaet •
eral need (or adv}lnoe P.lMul!n8 for the civilian prol)ihe evacuatioao(alfeni and will acoompany any futW&
1, alter d~tbi8 etrateglo areae,. needs the plAnned
~eiei of thtl :Iledelal Government in handling the actual
ling the evacuees. The 'nQI!d for advance Planning and
&n agenclee concerned. with evaeuation .problelll8 exun.
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~chairman of this co~ttee received:the followreta.ry of the Treasury:.
·
u&ry 23 has' been carefully 11tudied by this Department· ·
; thereJS a general need for careful pl&nnl!l~ wi~ret!peet
reons, both aliens and citizens evacuatejUI'Om-strategic1111! one fn which the Federal Govemment.'8hould.a.ssliine
While the "rreaaurv Department stands ready to handle
>roper sphere of OPeration, Lam sure t~t you will agree
ved in national ·defense migration are primarily social'
uprooting of a large se~ent of ~Rulations, from.a';l a!ea
;his gt'Qup in a new locAlitY.. , Tlie,problemJs ~cry 8111~1~.
Dust Bowl migratioq or m the resettlement of. f!Ullilies
land. "-s we see it, the same 'Problem woul<l be raiSed if
r a substan~al area of all of I~ mhabitants in order to use
'8, munitions dump, .or.a firing range. In ~~;ny such case
a on short notice would have tb be resettled •n new areas,
1d liquidate at forced sale their immova.bl~ property. All
1 the United States Govdmment of the ~roperty. of t~e
tUld ouly further complicate an already·!'l!grava~ SOCial
you pointed out. in your telegram ~h~ problemsyn•olved
s but undoubtedly ~fl involve Unl~d States OI~IZens as
Treasury :0epartment.that the SOCJ&l problems rnvolved
roblem should be handled bv one or ~Of!! departments
:~'t han.dling sim. .ilar social problems or, tf n~ed b~, a new
urpo!ie of dealing With ~he problems of nnt10nal defense
e
.ai~~n of thiS committee received the follc;>wing .
cretary ·of the Treasury: .
3ank' of San Francisco is working out a. progr~m tot!!ll'l cuees froin tlie ~.acific. coast lnilitary. areas su stan I T
: The evacuation on short :notice ?1 tens of t~ouS!In~ ~:
-eaa on the Pacific coast ralSeS ser10us probl~?In!l m.f U.e·ion of their property holdings and the. protect1on o.
; against·fral!d, for~d sales, and ·unscru.pulot~redB~~:
y will cause finantaal loss to the. g~oup mvo ~ ~lile proram is intended to accord to. th1s group reas 11
inter-ests con~isj.ent· wi~h t~e tar e.tr~~~e .evacuee in the: the program IS o_ne b11;51c& Y ? a:•s
the evacuee wilf
ty it is expected that m most ms . nces
·
Govern! ~f ther facilities affc;>rded by tlus pdogtb: whd seek
0
, necessary to deal. w1th cred1tors an .
w vested irr
evacuees. Tqere is axnple legeJtau~~0h1 ~:be delegated
md in the Treasurx Depart~e!lth w tiC ecessity of obtsin•Y to deal with this problem w1 ou n
·
new Executive orders. . .
f t11 situation couple?
gram: l'he nature and urge~ c)' o
e h dlio ' necess•f transactions that will requ1re pr~~pt, es~ocoas~ cloaked
1g administered by an agen?Y o~ eThe over-all cootror
t without reference to Washm~totnl ,_ Ttary authorities.
1cuation must obviously rest m te m1 1
.
1
Subject to' ~ oveNID
by the Armt, tbe cUrect ~~ for tbe
eseGUtion of the ~ ~ Of tbe pl'Opt.m ab,ould be )))&lied 111 til& Federaf
J!ieerve Bank of BaD FriulolleO, which 'bill litazil!h dftloee iii"'toe Angeles Seattle
and Portland. The ·Federal. Ree\iiiVe bal& will be in a j:loeitlon t<i ob~ tJie ~
operationpf othe(Government apn~·-d all well-kno~ ·and ~rieneed tndlyiduai.B and iilstitu+ioJl.ll. in. ~ varioua~oomm~nitles~throughout the west ooan
area. The eooperation, together }ritli. ~ !!etablished lhf.elnity and ability of the
Fpr&l.·Resel'Ve bank, wilf enliSt the oon1idence' o! an of the Alfecti!d 'gro~pe and
discourage gouging by oreditore or-other eell-eeeldng in~
•
. The Federal Reserve ·b ank wlU also ~ork in close liaiaQn with the Federal
Security Agenc.v..> tlie f!nited States Department or A8!1c~lture, and.other Federal, ·
State, and l~C&I· public agenoi,-:s t~t- call. be of 88818tance ,in dealillg-wffiltbe
·roperty durmg the ~u~ of 1ta liqu,l~tlo~. These agtnClOB will undoubtedly
~ Called upon l>y the military authont1es to handle other aspeet8 of the evacua;. ·
tiqn probl!!m, euch ~ the transportation· and resettlement ·of ·the evacuees, and
their' reemployment m new areas. .
.
The Fede~ Reserve ~ank pf San ~nclsco, w.h:ich is the fiscal agen't of the
·Treasury De{lartment, ·wm be clot~ Wlth ample authority to ~ee
. ute th~ l?rogram. The Tteasury Department will lay down the broad. princtples·and ob eo1
pves· of such P.rogram as well aa the general procedure U,.. be followed. The
department will also fumis~ the San Francisco Bank ·by airp)ane. with the
requisite number of ·trained e~rts to assist In working out the details of the
program in the field ~nd to .participate in' its execution.
sootroi
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OUTLINE OF
~
PBOO~M
A. Properly staffed offices unde.r the d~ection of the San Francisco Federal
Reserve B.ank will be opened at once in the local communities from which evacuees
will be moved.
.
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B. Announcement will be n1ade throughout the area by. the Federal Reserve
Bank of San Francisco tllat itS represen~tives in "t.hese offices 4re/repared to
assist «}Vacuees with the problem of liquidating their property :an protect~g
tbem against ·those·seeking to take unfair advantage: of their plight.
C. These representatives will assist in putting tbe evacuees jn a position to
obtain buyers, lessees, and other users of their property on faii l:e.rms. In cases
where the evacuee is unable to select his own agent to dispose of his propertY, tlie
Federal Reserve bank will be prepared to act as agent for the evacuee under
a power·of attorney or s imilar arrangement and take steps tQ liquidate the prop.
ert.y on fair terms.
"·
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(
D. Evacuees thre4tened by creditors will be encouraged to come to the representatives of the Federal Reserve bank for advice J\nd guidance. The Federal
Reserve banli representatives will also cliscuss the 'matter with the creditor with
the view to 'working out a fair set~lement and limiting the remedies that .may be
PUfl!ued· by the creditor who threatens unfair &ctio.n . By and large the mere
existence of thi~ program of_ helpin.g evaQuees will eliminate or (orest.all most of
·
·
·
tbe sharp pract1ces that are now feared.
E. In some cases the proP.erty of the evacuee may be such that its real value
can· only be· -realized at a fut ure time· f!. g. , Japanese novelties. In suclt cases
the bank's representative will assist the evacuee in arrangillg.Jor the storage of
such property, if that is the wish of the evacuee.
·
F. On a~ricultural'propertill.S' the bank's ~epresentativ~, with the_ asSiStance of
representatives of the United States Depar.tment of Agnculture, WJll atte~pt. to
· arrange for the leasing or sale of such property or if need be for. the g.rowmg of
.
the crops, with a view to preventing their l<>$ thro'ugh inattent1on.
G. The Federal Reserve Bank of Sari Francisco and its representative will be
cl~a~ed w._ith adequate authority. to cop~ with prc;>blems arising o.n the basis of
e~1st~ng. Circumstances. 'Phe program w1ll be fle:nble ~nd at.all t1mes t~e .bank
will attempt to keep m~tters OD' volur;~tary bas1s, satiSfactory to ·th~ evacuee.
. _\\'here these efforts fail it may be n.ecessary for the bank's repr!!sentat1ve to step
1!1 a!!d·f;ake tJ:te prope~y over for the purpose of obtaining a fair and reasonable
liqUidatiOn.
: ·•
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·
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It is expected that the setting up of this program and the accordance to t?te
evacuees of facilities for the liquidation of their property shou!q S~:eatly expedite ·
the d?parture on a volu'ntary basis of the evacuees from the .nnhtaty a~.
T~. progr~m is being put inflo efft>fct at the: req.liest of tile .~rotary of·,~ar
anFu!d 'rtll be calTied out.under the general direction of.tb.e local military autllon~Jes.
I authority· baa been delegated to the Federal Resen~e Bank of San FranciSco
t() carry out such a program.
_
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~; ~
direCt ~~·for the
1111
puld be Plai!ed' ID th& Fedenif
ee, Seattle
~itlon to crtain tb8 00.:
ch ~ces Iii .Loli AD
be lD a
all well-ltD;o~ &lid ~rienoeil fntmm~nitl~ -throughout 'tlie west ~
~edalliDoff.ettrity and.abUity, ·Of the
,.
. f tne alf~ groupe and
..~m~
.,~ . . . .,.,~:~-=~~..~ ,-.
1
. ~eo~t$Cid~J>!:~~:?'.d~
.~~~~~~~-.
p~~
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· ;,_By
reprQSentat.tves of those ·states.west o~ the Mississippi!and eastof-th~
Sierras &!Jd On8eades 'sliould be polled' fol"'an expression ot op.iriion .
, as to ~s l'Csettl.ement of evacuees. .<;'onsequently, the. t()lcgram
sbo"''ll ~n appendL"< .A.J. page 2?, was sent .f;Q ~be Goy¥nors of ·15'
Western ·State;o. R~pues to_thts telegrll:lll, re~etved from· 13 Governors, ' are pubh~h~d. m the same .a.p~end•x-, pages ~f to 3i, inclusiv~.
· · ~~the comrmt~e. procj~eded ~th •tststud'y-iitthe evacl:lation\>roblem 1t w~s ~!·rongly unpress_ed w1th t~e ue~ f9r a pet;I.JUin~nt, e-xp~ri-'
enced, ClVlUO.n co~rdiuator: summ.ellt t.estllll.Ony bad· o.lso been
received to ·indicate ,the desirability of lo~l boarcls which cOuldcertify the loyalty of the ·great bul~ of the I tali&Jt and Gennan alieus ·
most of whom were !)ver 60 y«>a.rs of ago ahd parents ·or America~
citizet1S ~( good: s~anding)..n ~~~ ·com!uu~ity. In ~ny cases 'they
h~ be~u d~ln.yed_ m, sccur~ng c1t1zepslt_lp l:ly ,th~ ~~cese1ye slowness ·of
!l,atu!~hzn.ttou machLIW~Y m sot~e west co~t: CQ~ln;UnJh~s or.by'their
ma biliL:y to po~ t)le_ litert~((y • te~ts. Havmg these J?OIIlls m mind,
the ch.aiTnmn· of the com.rmt,tee diSpat-ched the foUowmg tei'bf,'Tam to
:President R oosevelt on·F.ebruary 28 nnd cop!~ to Speaker Rayburn
aud .other interested offi~als:
\ ,.
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lieeo, ~hich is the fl8jlal age~t of the
ample authority to execute the pro~own the proad principles anq objeo,
eial. p~ure to be followed. The
ancLSco Bank by airplane with the
1st In w~rking out the details of the·
;s execution.
1
'BOG RAM
'ection of the San Francisco Federal
>cal communiti~ froD;I which evacuees
out· the- area by th~ Federal Reserv;
tivea in these offices are ·J)rep&red. to
fating their propertrand protecting.
dv~ntage of,_their phght.
· · .
uttmg ·the evacli.ees .in a. position to· ·
.eir property on fair· terms. · In cases
n agent to dispose of his pi'Ql)erty, tlie
act as agent· for .the evacuee under
and take steps to liquidate the prop.
My underst.a nding that evacuation order is imminent. Think.it imperati~e .
that appointment of alien property custodian and all!o coordinator [or enemy
alien problems precede or at least coincide with announcement ot orde~~ ' Unnecessary to indicate to you that coordinator shO\lld be e1tperienccd a.dmlnistra1or
trained in handling community and family r;elationsh1p problel\15, including
welfare, hel.llth. resettlement. > Coordinator:s jol;> will ~nclude reemployment e:nd
agricultural problems. Ur~e · atso that. coord!inator's office'l sta~t at once making
plans for creating boards !ilmilar to present enemy alien helir!ng Ooards OI)'COmparable local machinery for examining lo.yalt:Y of ltalian and Germsn.aliens and
certification of stat1-1s. Coordinator. should keep local officials. informed of
developments and consult them as Jar as possible:
·
..
be encouraged to' come to the repreadvic(! aqd guidance. The Federal
the matter with the creditor with
1d limiting the remedies that .may be
'a ir action. By and large the mere
es will llliminate or fOfllStall mo.s t of ·
IS
program and the accordance to the
eir property sli<,lUld greatlt expedite
1CiJees from the military area.
die reqllest of the Secretary .of War
:tion·of the !Qcal military authorities.
era! Reserve Bank of ~an Francisco
ita .he~ lit San· ·
a dispbsi~i~n,~o· sugges~ tb~t tJi.es~ pe~le s~ouldJ~ti roove.d ..if:Jo:d
the R~cki~.
It seemed to this .commLt~o essential that the publi .
··
»rk fn ofciee l.iaiaOn with the Federal
oent-of ~culture, and other Federal
~ of U8i8tance ·in de&Unirwt'tll'the
.. • Theee agencies will undoubtedly'
iO handle other aspects of the evacu&o'
.nd reset.tlement of -the evliCuees, and
cuee may be such that its real value
, Japanese novelties.' In such C84es·
1euee in arranging -lor the- storage of
cuee. . ,
-epresentativ~ with the assistance of
ment of Agriculture, will attefnpt.to
ty or. if rieed be for -the growing of .
)S5 through 'inattention.
ncisco and.its representative will be
lth problems ari$lg on' the basis of
16 flexible and at all times the bank
basis, satisfactory· to the. evacuee.
for the bank's"representative to step
J6 of ob'taining. a fair an<I reasonable
t.he tiiDe··th~ <l,C)rtunittce ~ad ·comp~
J:;ran.cisco and Po.ttland· it. haq.: beoom~ ~nt th~ ~~818 tb8
g,rea.t majo.rlty of. the witn088e8.wet:e in favor of immedl&t.e evaeuat'
they had no definite ·proposals as-to ~be Fel~ation sitet,. th ;:n
It i» the committee's 'Ullderstn.ridiug that. arrangements are being ·.
WOrked Otlt: fo~ embodying th~Sf? }.'ecommenqatiO.JlS in· tl. m~re. pe~
manent rstn.bhshmeh.t ·no-w bemg developed- for the coord111ator s
office.
·
·
On ~larch 2, General De Witt; pursuant. to tl1e t\uthority conf~rred
on him by t.he President's Executtve order of February 19, pubbsl~ed
· public proclamation No . .r•.which rends as follows:
, ·
·o~u.. aTEns
HE...
PuuLtc
PaocLAMA~tON No. I .
WEsT.E1'\N o ·EFENsE ·coMMA.No AND
F~~aTa AR~r,1~"'
: Preridio of San ·Fra nci8t;Q; CalifoNna., M:arch.S, . ,.,.
To: The people within the States of Arizona, C alifornia, Oregon, .\llQ Wasbm'gioo,
and the ~ublic Generally:
·
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WHEREAS, By Yirtue .of orde.r s issued· bv the War E>epartmeut on Dw
eoo':tibe!.,.11'
·t941', that portion of the United States 'lying witb.in the -States of as 11&- 0 '
I
•
~MD....... ~
~~~~~ia.n~- ~
7PU:-Mcl ~.1Qll- 118 ~ ~e .p:::;moi~ ·
.
l
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ommittoe #.&~ ·c9lill)lp,te«t ita .1c!U'inis. ·at Saii~ •
p.d· it ~m~· ~})Uent tli.at w:li&~ the'
~itneesawm:e in favor.of immediate evaeuawon
lroP._QSals as-te•tbe .relocation
T.h~ .,V88
aim..
st that these. Pe9j?,le .sh.Ould~ b~Jnov~ ·~~e):oiul
~ed tO t~s coinojittee 'esscntiaT.tb&t the public
Kf States west-.o f tho, Mississippi! and: east. of· the
~hould be po}1ed for an expression •!>f opinion
nt of ev~uees . <;fon~~ue'ntly, t..ij~ .telcgra!ll
':J. page- 2?, .. was ~ot. to ~he Gove.rnors Q.( 15' ·
Illes .!;'0 this telegram, .te¢etved from !~overthe same ap~ndix, p&gdl27 ~ t~n'el'usi.Ye.
~cpeded w.ith it&' study of tlie -evs:cuation -prob-
ij>ressed wit}~ the ne~dJor a pennart~t, experi,~
(inator. Sufficient ·testimony had ' nlso. been'
the desirability. of loc~l ~ards which .could
.be great: bulk of the Itahan ·and ~rman aliens,.
1ver 60 years of age· and parents o£ American
ling jn. !the cortimuttity-, •In many:. cases they'
eci1ring citizenship by the exce.sSive slowness of
ery 4t some we5t coa~t c.Ommuriitjes or by thflir
lit&rac~ tests. · Having these points in' mind
oiruni ttee dispa.t~be<P the following ~telegram w1 ·
n·Pebruary 28 and copies t.o Speaker "Rayburn
fficjals:
•. · , .
'. .
t evacuatio!) order is i.m minent. Think it ,imperative
o property ·c ustodian al)d also coordinator for ,enemy
r at 'least coincide wit.h an.no{rnecmen.i of order. UolU that coordinator should ~ exJl:(lrienced adriiinistrator
tmunity . and fainilv r:elAtionship prob)eq~S, includit!g
ent.' GOordinji.tor's" job. will iM!~~e reompl!lyme.n t ~nd..
frJe ·also that coordinawr's office' start at once makmg'
Similar to present enemy .alien Maring boards _qr com·
or exatriining loyalty of' Italian· and Germ~n ahens and
cOOrdinator should ·keep local officials ·informed of
thCm as far As poSSible.
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,•s 'unde~tandiug
t.ha.t a.rr~nge11;1ents .are being ·
<lying th!)Se .recomn'len.dat10ns tn a m~re ,pe;·
~ n!)\v' being d,eve)ope<t f9~ the c_
oord1Jlator s
!l.l De.Witt, pursuant~ to the authority conf~rred
mlr's Executtve order of February 1_9 , published
fo. ~.which. reads as follows:
PUBLIC
'P,ROS(I.A.ll.o\'l'1j)N 'NO.
l ·
ft..ttig4g ·
STERN. DEFENSE ••CO.M~IAND AND F~uax:
Preaidio of San ' Prancia~Q, Califorma.. , arc
· •. ·
e su;.tes of Ari:~ona, Califorui~~o,· Oregon, a,Qd Washnl'g1OQ,
raUy:
.
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•
·· December ti,
orders ifl8.ued by the War pepa.rtmout onf washiJJ~n,
, United States 'lying withm the 8 tates o
(
01ego~, Oalifom~ Mo;i~ ldaho, i!evack. t!,.c.b. au.d ArUont. aild the Tern':.
of Alaska· liM been --..tllllbei:l. a& tbe W'Mfem Defellae Collimad .tld
.. :fpted ae a Tbea~ of _O~ratioDB, U!lder lilY OOIIllllaod; aDd .
· .
.
WPRJ:AS, Jry Elll!lut••~ Order No. 9066, dateji Feb~ 1~1H2, the President'
of tbe:Uni~
au~~ an~ directed the Seoftltary of· war and tbe Military
eommandel!l ·~hom he may· 11'01!1 tim-e to time desig)l&te, w,henever he or any
.such designated coJJ.ml&lldeF cJeem.lauch·action ~or desirable, to ~re.eti~
uillit4r?·ilrea8 in sucll p!Aoes and c5tt~uch extent•ae he or- the appropriate~
· eommander.m&y d4!termipe1 from whi_ch any or all penona)nay, be excluded filii
'with respect to•wliillh the. n~t ~t ~ny penon to~enter, .rei:Datn In; or leave 1
be ~ubjeet tq, whatever ~etione, t.he .Seore.t ary of War or the appropriate
Military' Commandm: IJ!AY unpoee .f~:~.hia discretion; an~ ~-.
.
W~tt11EAS1 The Secreta-ry of War on Fel>ruary 20, !~designated the under- .
. si~ed as tile Military COmmander 10 carry out the duties and res'porisibillt.ies
im~by S&id Executive Ohfe~for that·portion of the-United States embraced
in the Western Defense Command; ,and , ,
,
• WHEREAS, The Wes~rn Defense €ommand embraces tbe entire P~ific (;Ciaat
of the United'StatfS w.hich &y lts g~graphicallocation is par:ticuliu:ly .subject to
attac~, to attempted mvaston l;>y the armed forces o.f natiQIJS with 11·hich the
United States i!l no;w at war, and,•il)! connection therewith, is s'ubjeet· to es"pionage
and «ct4! of sabotage,. the~by requiting, the adoption of militarv measures necessary to establish safeguards agJlinstr sue~ 'enemy o~iatlona:
•·
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Now THEREFORE, I, J. L. DEWIn, Lieutenant General, U.S. Army, bv \tirtue
_of t.he authority vest~ in me by the President-of. the United' St.ates and by the
Secret.a.ry of War and. my powers and prerogatives as Commanding General•of the
.West~n Defense Command, do hereby doof4re that:
1. The present situat\ori requires as a matter of military n~ity t)le estab.. lisbruent irl the terfitor;Y embraced by t.be Western Deferuie Coinmand-of Military
Areas arid Zones thereof as defineEI in Exhibit I, hen!to attached, and' as generally
.
·
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shown on 'the map attached hereto and marked Exhibit'2.
2. MiJit.a ry Areas· Nos. .l and 2, ·as partillularly described and gen~r&Uy sho"XJl
hereinafter and in Exhibits 1 and 2 hereto,· are hereby designated and esta,blishe<l.
3. Within Military Areas Nos. 1 and 2 there. are established .Zone A- 1, lying
wholly within Military Area No. 1; Zon!!S A- 2 to A-99, inclusivC).some of-which
are in Military Area No. 1, and the others in 1\.filitary Area No. 2~ and ' Zone B,
comprising all that part of Military Ar..ea No. 1 not included within Zones A-'-1 t-o
A-99, inclusive: all as more particularly described and defined and generaUv .
shol\•n hereinafter and in Exhibits J and 2. _ · ·
·
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~\Iilitary Area No. 2 comprises all .t)lat part of tl)e,-States of Washington,
Oregon, California, lind Arizona which is not included within ·Military Area
No.),~. and is shown on the map (Exhibit 2) as· an u~haded area.
.
4. l:iuch persons or claslSe.s of persons as th_e situation may· require will by
subsequent proclamatiop be excluded from all of Military Area :llro. 1. and also r
fr~m. sue~ of·those zooos herein described a.a Zones·A-2 to A- 99, inclusive, as are
w1thin Mthtary Area No. 2.
·
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Certain persons or classes Q( peisons who are qy subsequent proclamation.
ex~ludc:d from ' t~e · zones last •al)ov.e mentioned may be permitted, upder certain
r~u!a_t.ons and .rest-riction~ to be :hereafter prescriqed, to enter upon or remain
lnthin Zone B.
. ·
T~e.designation of· Military Are4 ?io. 2 as such does not contemplate. any
prohi!>1t10n or regulation or restriction except; with respect to the zones established
therem.
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!i. An_y.. Japanese, German, or It.alian alie~, o~ any -person of Japanese Ancestry
~ow resrdent in Military Area No. 1 who clianges his place of habitual residence
I.SU h:erebl' required to obtain and execute a "Oba11ge of
idence· Notice!' a.t any
. mted .~tates Post Office w1tlun 'the States of Washingt-on, O~egon, California,
· and Artzona. Such notjce must be executed. at any such, P~ Office not; m~~e
than ~ve nor less than one day prior to any such change of restdence. N~thmg>
conta1ned herein shaU be construed to affect t!te existing regu~ations of ~be. U. .S.
Attor_ney Ge!}eral 'which require, aliens· 'of· enemy nationalities to obt.am. tra.vel
peri!UI,s, from ~- ~. _Attorneys a.na to notify the.Feder!'-1 Bureau of Inveshgatton
an6d tlte Co~JSS,i~ner of Immigration of-any 9~ange. m perm~n~nt address..
· The dt:!lng,nat1on of prohibited and restriCted a"!as w1t-hm :the Wei!tern
D~rense . qomm11tid by the ,Attorney General of the rl1n~ted States under the
f.roclamat1ons of D'ece~ber'7 and 8 1941 ~nd tlie instructions, rules, and regulahons -~ibed by him with respe~V to s~c~ prohibited and restricted areM, are
ereby adopted and con tinued in full force and effect.. ·
·
States
'
ebalt .
._R e s
.·
NATl~AL D~J'QU
~_At. DIIDNd lriiQBATI~
.9-fty ol the Fede,al_Bureau ~v~~.wijh ll!epeol
~~of eeplouap ~
t
~ ~~ bJ
. . ,- J. L. ~- W:l'l'l', •
• .
•
-.
J
• J
•
Yp -.re
~~.,..,.ala
•
•
u. 8. Army
CinmnG~iag.
ication of this ·Order there remained a num~
e public and PJ.:eSS wh\hed to see d.a.rified. The
the COQrdinaoot:l Tom 0. Olarkt .at the time of
'pearance on 'Febr:uary 23, to nold himself in
~ . in Los ~ele«. : An invit:a.~ion was issued
lppe,~ at the~ Angeles hearpig on M•h 7.
~ Wlth the Assistant sec;etary of W!IJ','Mr.
~ISCO on March 9.
.
·
· . • ,. .
15, General De Witt announced the org~ation
a-control !ldniinistration to be -.kneWii as the
of the General Staff. It was reported that "the
ew offices in all areas from which Axis enemies
!supervise the myriacFproblems attendant on the
il."
.
.
.
.
. .
.
oendetsen of the War Department General Staff .
the new unit as assistant. chielof staff responsible
•• ;Eiis ]:leadquarters '.will be in San. Francisco.
e.ase a,nnouncing .t his develppmept reported that:
n will be Lt. Col. I. K. Evans, deputy assistant· chief of
br~nch.; Capt. Albert H. Moffitt, Jr.; executive office;
j<>l coordinator, as ohi'ef df the c~vilian staff; ana WallAce
; the civil-affairs. branch include:
.onal director of the F~rm Security -Administration, in
icQltural prop.e rty.
)Ordinator of agencies for the Depar,tment of A'griculture,
oeation authority.
"
·egional director, Office of Emergency Management, head
istrative services.
··
.dna! direcitor Federal Security Agency, heading Army'a
nent and matters of health and welfare.
..
~~f statisti,~ian for research, Bureau of tbe Census, di~tor
OPERATIONS .Dn[ISION
ss, War Department General .Staff, headillg. operations
mal Work Project!} Administration directorfor 11' Wtstern ·. .
n reception center division.
.
.
Boeke!, office •of provost marshal; Fourth Arm~, heading
nd licensing.
·
·.
" ·
on under Lawren~ M. Benedict.
· · . .
.
under W. R. Thomas, \Jr., Office of Price Admm!Stration.
Capt.<Phillip J. "Sinnott of Fourth' Army.
. ..
gineers will ha; e charge of th_e cons.tructlon and equtproent
•
PBOTECTtON UNIT
rve b4nk is in chayge of _P.roii"rty protect~on, John Lawlor,
.ry of. the Treasury, will direct conser~a'tion ~f all prorY
'• including busin~. residential, and !DtangJble lUllie ·•
rch 16 General DeWitt announced the extellSI~n8
n con,trol program 1,000 .miles inland {rom
'
MlGBAl1'10i.
11
pacific coast.·whieh!~· d~ted·· as military areas in 4 more S~tes
IdahQ, rdontana,. N e~acia, and Utah, and set apart 9~ more pJ:Ohibit;d
zones. · Evacuation: orders W8f8 reserved for later _proclamations:
on March 17, the Bouse. Coinmittee on Militag A:ffairsi-eportecLouf
a.oR. 6758.~~ch had been introdueled by Mr. ~tello on M&rch 10:
·
:fbe bill.as reported to the :~ouse reads:
). BILL To provide& penaltY for ~doDofrellrldiODiorordfn·wltb ~to ~ealeriJii. remaJA.
,
lug ID, 9r leaYinl ml\ltaoo ,_or..,_
Jn it enoded by Uae Sef'IIJU and- HOtl# of
·
.·
Repr;uml41.i~ of the Uni~ StaiU ·of
America in Congrt&3 a,.~mbled, That .whoever shall enter, rewaln io, leave, or com·mit any ac~ in any military_ area or uiilitary zon~ which hASbeen prescri~ under
the .au,thonty of an Executive o~er of the President. by the Secretary of War, or
.by any. military commander designat,ed by the Secretary of .War, c:Ontl'&ry t.o the
restrictiQDS aJli)Iicable to. any spc!l. area or zone or con~rar~ ~ th.e order of the
Secretary .of War or any such mili~ry commander, sliall, if 1t &pM,ars t~t he
knew or should have known of the existence and extent of ~pe restnc.tions or order
and tliat his act was in violation thereof, be guilty of a ~emeanor and upon
conviction shall be liable to a .fine of not to exooed $5,000 Qr t.o imprisonment for
.
··
not more.than one year, or both, for each -offe0l!6.
In submitting the report ¥.r. Costello made the following remarks:
The necessity for tqis legi$lation. arOse from t he.fact Ulat the 'safe conduct ~f the
war·requires the .f ullest pos.sible P.r9tection against either espionage or sabotage to
national defense material, national defense.premises, and national defe.nse t~tilities.
In order to provide· such protection it has been deemed a<!visable to remove certain
aliens as well as citizens from areas in which war production. is joC"ated and where
military activities are being conducted. To make :such removal effective, it is
necessary to provide for penalties ·in .t he event of amy violati'On of the orders or
TestrictiMs which may be esiablished, as weU. as to enforce curjews1 where t~
may be required. The passage of this legislation will not oqly provide for tile
prqtection of the military areas or zonl!S, but a:tso be a means for )>.reserving the
safety and security of the persons who are to be removed.
' ·
At the time of the presentation of this hiii, the· first mo~ement. of
evacuees tmder General DeWitt's evacuation order seemed imminent.
This committee is presenting the lollowing preliminary report with
the understanding that it intends to make a final report to Congress
~~·it.hin the Mxt 3 weeks, if possible. T~ls preli.minary report is
mtcndcd to state.the situation as we now.sce it. pending the effects of
the first movement of those affected by th~ order. As soon as possible /
after this. pending evacuation, the collllliittee proposes to matte · a
more comprehensi-ve reps:>rt which will cover in detail the findings of
the co.mmitt.ee' in its four west ·coast hearings and summarize ana
analyze its testimony. At the close of this prelimin'ary report ean be
found our present conclusions as to the basic considerations ·which.
must govern the evacua.tion anc} rel:\ettlement of these groups. We
have pl!lced special emphasis in this prelipljnary report ~pon t~e
evacuat1on of Japanese because the problems presented by ~~ell'
movement are q~.ost immin~nt according to the military authont!es.
The committee wishes to acknowledO.e at this time the full cooperat1on
which it has received from Lt. Gen. J L. D eWitt and all other military
and naval authorities with whom we have had contact, from other
members o! Congress, from- public offi~ials, Federn:l•. State, !\nd local,
an_d from mte.rested groups directly concerned w1th the pf9blems
raiSed by evacuation in each of the three_west coast Sta~.
•
...
11
;.military areas in 4 more S.t atee
and set-apart 9~ ot()re prohibit';!.
18l'Ved fo~ later .Proclamations;·
ee on Military ·~airs J;ePOrted out ··
led by Mr..Co&tello on M&roh 10.
r~!
...~..
'
·
: ; ; : : :: : nepect to
.
.
•
.
.
•
penoaa'eo.terlllc. remala-
.
.
1 ~· o/ 1M Vr~~ St4tu·of
ve[shall.e!l~· remain in, leave, or ciom4
yzone which has·been prescribed under
•·President, by the Secretary of War or
v tl;le Secretaz;y of War, cc>ntrary to ihe
1r zone or contrary to the order of the
ommander, sball, ·if it appears that he ·
l8 and extent of·'tb'e testrictions or order
~ guilty of a miSdemeanor and upon
;() ex~ $5,000 or to imprisonment for
offense.
1~ello made the (ollowiligrem~ks:
'Om the fact 'U lat the safe conduct ~f. the
. aga~ either espjonage or sabotage to
.prem188S, and national defense utilities.
oeen deemed &4visable to remove certain
oh war production is. located and where
To make such. removal effective, it is
event of any violation of the orders or .
":eU. f!S·to ~nforo~ oudew.s, where they
lglslat•on will not only provide for the
but also be a means for preservi.Iig the
l to be removed.
>f this bil):, (be first movement Of
rttcuation order seemed imminent.
following prelimbiary .report with
o make a final report to Congress
.ble. This prelimin:ary report is
e now see it. pen9.ing the effects of
by.the order. As soon aspo'ssible
• committee propos~ to make a
vill cover in detail t4e findings of
·ast b earings and summarize and
~ of ~his preliminary report can be
;o the basic considerations which
~settlement of theSe groups. We"
.h is preliminary report upon the
.he problems presented by their
•rding to the military; authorities.
gc at this·time the fuli cooperation
J. L. D eWitt and all other military
we have had ·contact, from other
>fficials, Federal,' State, and local,
.}y 'co]lcetned with tl;le -pr9bloms
1 three west coast Stat~
__
l2
.
~·~e i~6,947
-.
I
.
STATISTfOS<>N JAPANESE' .
~d
u. :4
.
·Japanese, citizens
aliens living in the
S.ta.tes ~~ril: l, 1,~0, 11V,3&4) or 9.2:5 pereen~ llve· in th!i>rohihl~
a'lld restncted military. ~n~ procl&liD~. by -General DeWitt • Tb6 .
three west coast ,Sta~, California, W ~n, and Oregon ~n ·
112,353 Japanese pra.ctlcally an of whom· a.re'loca.ted·in zone 1 ff4jn ,
which a:ll Japanese nav~. been ordered vaea~. · Measures announr:f
to date.. tl!erefore - p];!)Vl~e for the . evacua.t~on o~·~~:pp~ximately. 8S.5' .
percent of .all Japf!Jl~ m th~ country and restnctions on the move- · .
ments of an \\dd1t10nal t percent. Of-th6~ to be moved 71 000
~erican citizens and. 41,000 are aliens. As a. resUlt of' rest~~
· t10ns, legal .and o~erw,I~, · ~he Japanese ha~e remained concentrated
near.tbe pomts of ~tgrat1on where they'w~re originally brought 'to
provide a cheap agn cultura.l labor supply. SiXteen counties 'fo
. example, on ~he west coast eonta~ ~3 ~0~~r three:..quarters ~f
the Japanese m the country. Sp,ectaliziilg m the production ot fresh
vegetables req~ring immediate. ~ccess to mnl'kets they·have remained
clos~ to ~he .ma]or west coast Cities. One-third of all the. Japanese in
Cahforn~a., ~r almost ·one-quarter .of all the Japanese in ·the United·
. Stat~, hve ·m Los Angeles County: Mu;lt~10m~b County (Portland)
con tams one-half of tlll the· J1tpanese hvmg m Oregon and King
qounty (Seatt.l~) t~vo:-thirds of aU living. in Washing~on. 'Tlie largest
smgle commumty 1s 1n Los Angeles which contains 23 321 of whom
-14,595 are <?itiiens. Next i~ · order of total numbe; or' Japanese
comes Seattle witli 6,975; ~an Francisco with 5,280· Sacramento with
2,879; and New York City with 2,087. Of the oth~r citi~s '~lth o"er
a thousand Jnpanese, f~ur were in Californin:.., Oakla.ncl, Berkeley,
s.~ckton, and Torrange·; the filth was P ortland, Or.eg. Seven other
C!tles lla~l ~v~r 500' Ja.pane~e; TnC?ma, Wash., was the only one out:
s1de Cnhforma. The 10 Cities w1th over 1,000· ~apnnese contained
47,779, or 37.6 percent of the total ~rQup in the country. ApprO:-a- J
mately .the same p ercentage were alie.ns ih these 10 cit.ies as fo.r tl\e
cott?try ns n whole, 40.3 percent. Foreign-born outnumbered the
nat1ve-born Japanese only in New York City, where npproximntely
1
70 percent were aliens.
•
. As a result of the nels restricting immigration the hlgfi ratio Qf
m~es. to . females nfl).ong recen t immigrant ~oups has remained.
Tlus 1s mQrc marked in the alien group. Jn California 62 percent
were male~. The. c_orresponding· figures for Washington and .Ore~on ·
were 65 percent and 60 percen.t, respectively. Selective immigratlOII
from the T erritories and posSessions has c<>ntributed to an excess of
males among the citizen group also; though the disparity is not. !10
great as among the aliens:· ·.
As a result of selective !Qrces a.ffecting their participation in indus.try
and tr~de the Ja.panese are highly CQncentratcd in .a few industn.es.
In Caltforni~, alm~~t ~0,000, or 50 p ercent, of the gaWully occup1ed
are .engaged m agncul ture. During th.e pas.t year alien an.d Am&·•ean
Japanes~ produced ~42 percent of all truck crops grown in tl!e State.
Just a httle under 20 percent ?f th e gainfully employed are .engaged
1
1 California,
all
Oregon, Washington, ·Arizona, Utah, Ne.-ada, Idaho, tmd Montana.
.·
. :·
:o~.U.
13
J))JftNSJI · MIGBATION
TISTI~t. ()N J~~~li'.
·.
'
neae, c1 lZ6D8 anu twen&L vmg m the United
17,864, or 9.2;5 'pe~t Iiv~ iJl th~rohibited .•
. r.on~ p~&lDled J>y General DeWittl The
s, Califorrua, W ashiJigtQn, and 01'1lgon contain
•icallY.. all of whom are located in zone 1 from ·
e been ordered-·vaoated. Measures announced.
ide for· the .evacuatioQ of appro:~:upately 88.5
t,~ the country and restriction~ ·on the move~ percent. Of .those to· be mo':ed 7.},000 a~e
I 41,000 are aliens. AB a Tesult of. restricrise, ·the J~panese have remained concen,trated
igra.tion where they' were originaJ).y broug!lt to
~ultural labor supply. Si,xteen co~ti~ for
coast c6J).tain 93,200, or three-qmifters of aH
untry. Spooializmg in the production ot fresh
tmedio.te access to markets 'they have remained
; coast cities. One-third of all the Japanese in
me-quarter of il.ll the Japanese in ~he. Unit~d
•eles County. Multnomah OoUJ;~ty (Portland)
;u the Japanese living in Oregon, apd King .
;birds of aU living.in Washington. The largest
L· Los Angeles' WhiCh CoUtaiJiS 23,321, Of ~VhOm
Next in ·order of total mnnbet: ()f Japanese
75· San Fro.ncjsco with 5,280; S1,1.cramento with
City with 2,0&7. Of the other' cities with o\ler
four were in Califomin: Oakhtnd, Berkeley,
~e·; the fifth was Portland, Oreg: Seven. other
pnnese; Tacoma, Wnsli., wa-s the only one ~ut-:
10 cities with over 1 000 ·Japanese contnmed
t of the total ~rou·l? ir{ the coun.try. ..~pprox1~
entage ·were ahens tb these 10 ctttes as fQr the.
40.3 percent. Foreign-born outnumbe~ed the ..
only in . New Yor~ City, wher? approxtmntely
'nets r~tricting immigration the· hlgli xnt~o or
ong recent immigrant. grouP.s h.as r~tnamed.
in the alien group. In Ca~tfornm 62 percent
responding figures for Washmg!A>n .and .Ore~on
iO perellnt, respectively. .Selecttve IDliDl~ratJof
md possessions has contrtbute.d to .an ~xcess- o
zen group also, though the d1sp.anty ts not !lO
tiens.
.
·
. · · · d try
'v-e forces a.ffecting tlieir parti_ciP.atJOn 1!1 m u~.
·se are highly concentrated m a few mdustu.es.
· 20 000 or 5.0 percent, of tbe gainfully. occupted
ture. During the past year alien ~d Amert~~
~ percent of a.ll .truck cFops grown m the S C7Cd
percent of tbe gainfully employed are cngn.,
1
oo; ArizoDJO, '{]tab, Nevada, Idaho. and Montana..
tlle
. .. in ~et.ail and! lwiw~esile tnde, mB.irily ih
aistribut.ion of vegetables.·
frUit of whom about· 6,000 are enNed in fttail and· 1,900 in
Jioles8l~ trade. Tile U.nite<h- Citizens ~~eration (Ja,p~) eeti. !ate<~ ~t the thousand· Jii:p&nese retail stDres .in Los Angeles do 75 ·
~nt of · the tOtal re~ 'fruit.:~~4. vege~ble business. Next in
JDlportance ranks'· domesti~ 'serT1ce ·m which 4,400. are engaged.
.Ainrost 2 400 are emJ?,loye'd m the hotel and ~taurant ind~try.-· The
United Citizens Federation, estiJ:na~ that 80rpercent of the JaJ?anesecontroll~d rest~!-'llJ'!IDtB an~ nr percent of the ·..Tapanese-oop.trQlled
Hotels cater to white ~encans.
, "
·
.
. In w~n, 30 percent of all gainfully empl6y:ed Japanese were. .. .
in agciculture ·iJi 'COmJ;>a.red with 50 percent m .Calif~rnia. In trade,
retail ·anti wholes&Je', an addition& 20 percent · were employed.
Thirteen pere~nt wete employed m·t;he hotel and restaurant ipdust;ties.
Appro~a.~ly 5 1percent were engage.d m t~e laWidry and cleaning
industry railroad express, and domest1c serv1ce. ........_
In Lo~ An~eles ap p~rpent are engag~· .m w~olesale and retail trade,
18 perc~nt !ll ~~?~tll!'er 11 percent m" hotel and res~urant, 10
percen.t m domestiC serVlce. ..
· .
. .
.
- Snu Francisco hitS' the oldest Japanese CQmmunity in the country,
but'its inbabitan~s hav~ been severely.Umited m ec~nomi~ OP,pOrtunitY,.
Approximately 40 percent of the gairifl!liY occup1~d .~e ~ domest1c
·.'service, 18 percent m wholesale and retatltrnde, 10 per~t mlaundry
and cleaning esta,blishmentst.7 percent in_ hotels and !estaurants, .~d
5 perce.nt in professional n.no related semces. .
\
• ana
.EvACUA:TION
.
·'
H. Rept. 1911, 77-2-~
'
' .
All witnesses before the committee .were unani.mous in the view
that military considerations must ~e ~ara.mount in !;\SSessing . the
need for and the cliaracter of evacnut1on. These w1toesses were
equally opposed to cruel and arbitrary measures that would violate
principles of equity and the constitutional guaranties afforded by our
democratio government.
·
Tbis committee does· not deem its proper province to encQmpass a /
judgment on the military need for the pre;>?Dt (~d anJ: ~ubs~quen~)
evacuation orders. In tiJ:ne of war 't he military authont1es are obli~ated to take every nec~ary step and eve.ry precaution to assure tl}e
mternal safety of the. Nation; The need for these safeguards appears
the more pr68$irig when .w.e consider that present-day warf~e has
developed the fifth-cohunn techbiq,tie in unpreced.ented fashion. It
is. naive tO ~agine that the enemy powers will not exploit these te4mques to the fUll. The tragic events. of Pe.arl Harbor have created 1!1
the public mind a consciousness,· whatever. the characte~ of the eVl.. dence;.th~t .the da1;1gers from internal e~~~~s cannot be Wlored. .
·
Recogruzmg the .duties and responstbibt1es of the military,· ~his
committee is also impressed with'the funda.II?-en~~ fact th~t w~t1~e
does. not automatically . s~Jspe~d. the Constttut!on. Just1~e ~s s~tll
admmistered by the courts ·of oilr land and martial· law .has~~ ]Ust!-flcntion only when ·these courts are removed by the practtcal ~ngenctea
or warfare. Cases of l'ebellion br inva.Siori permit a SUBP.6Ill!lOn of .too
·\nit of habeas corpus under the Constitution, and perhaps tt reqw.res
.
~-----
.
PoLIOY
.
-
14
13
1m the~1ti.sf!ributio~ of vegetables
I eunrid m retail &lid 1 900 iri ·
(Ja_pan~) · e&tiatailstoree in Los Ang81es·do .75
.d v•~ble ousineas. Next in
,'in which' 4 1400 are engaged.
~,and reetaurant industry.- The
t.nat 80 percent of the Japanesetent · of ' the Japanese-controlled · / ·
!_m8 Tederation
t'
'
' .
lmlully emploY,edJapanese were :
>ereent in.Califomia. In trade,
U 20 percent were employed:
ehotel and restaurant industries: .
~e:a in ~e laundry and cleaning
1t1c servtce.
. ·
·
~~in wholesale and retail "trade;
nt irr hotel and restalll'ant, 10
nese OO.minunity ·in the co~~.
limited in economic oP.portunit~.
lnfully OCcUpied are lit domestiC
etail trade, 10 percent in la!Jndry
nt iii ho~ls and restaurants, ~a
se.rvices.
Po~tcY
ee .were unanimous in the view ·
be paramotmt ·in asse8sing the
Ca.ution. These· witn~es were
u-y measures that would violate
tional guarantieS afforded by our
yroper province to encompass· a
present (and any subsequent.)
the military· authorities are obli-·
~d every precaution to assure the
teed for these safeguar<ls appears
lr tha.t _present-day warf~re has
te in unprecedented fashion. It'
owers will not exploit these techl of Pearl Harbor have created ia
tatever the character of the evil en!IDlies cann9t be i~ored. .:
:msibilities of the military, this
e fundamentlll fact .that' wartime
Constitution·: Justi~e ~s s~ill
id and martial law bas 1ts :~ustffi
noved by the pril.etical ~xigencies,
rasiori permit·a suspe!U!lon of·,the
l$tituticin, and ·perhaps It reqwns ·
lEI'
,e
•
........_.
~
4
no stretch of" Qle' l~~na'ti!lll Of. of ~ law tp pJ&c& within the· l&~ ,.
cattlgdry t he. recent predatory I,DCU1'8l01l8 o! enemy: submiuinee a.nd
· a.irpfanes. ~ut susP,ension of ~ writ doe& no\ abrogate .. the fiCi.i1 •
and fpurteen~ . amendme~ts, whtch. provi~e for due pioeeea and ·
eq~ J?rote'ction . of th~ laws. ~ve~ &ljens are guaranteed certain·
protections afforded by the Constitutto,n'l- . · .
· --"-1
._The most complicatlng factor in the present situation is that twothirds of the Jap,!Ulese ordered to. eya.cuate fn>m desiglialed tnilit..__
areas are citizens
the JJ:nited States ~Y. virtue of their birth in~ .
l~nd . - ·Tlie Executive order of the Pres\dent empowe~ the military · .
to d~ignate strategic areas and to PJ"9hibU. or limit the presenile of
pe!SO~ . in such areas do~ J?.Ot declare tliat ~ ;a~te of martial 'taw ·
• ~XIS~ in these areas. It ts sil~t o~ the constitution~ rights of citi- zens. It .was frankly an exped1ent tmpelled -by the cntical situation :
on the west.'coast. · Under ,our form of govern.riieQ.t, any questioll8
. raised
to the constitut~onal status of persons affected must ultimately be resolved by the courts.
--.....,_
.
Various arguments were adduced in t estimony before the committee
why th e Japa~ese, both . citizen and. alien, should \>e evacuatedlrom
the. west coast. . Mos~ common!y; .it was. .said ~t _ho~ogeneity of
r&Clal and cultUl'al traits made 1t .tmpossible.to distmgutsh between
the loyal and the disloyal. - ~w e~orcell?-ent offici8Js wer~ particti18Jily concerned- l~t enr~ed _pubbc seJ?.ttment and 'possibly · mob
actiOn, occasioned by reverses m the Pacific 'Y{ar theater, would work
injury to innocen t an~ guilty alike. Pro~tion .for J~panese · residents as well as for the whole Nation was said to_require \he immediate evacuation of all Japanese.
.
~
Witnesses also pointed out that evoouation o f alien J apanese a.I.one
would disrupt family relationships ~d create n'uin_t>rous. P,ro~lems__of
dependency. Some professed a belief that the aliens (I!iset), being
elderly and adjuste<l to their status ~ perp,etual noncitizens 'in our
land, constituted less a q~eniice than the. American-born (Ni~i);~hQ
resented diScriminatory treatment -at the hands of fello_w Ameri~-The ·economic importance of the .Japanese to certam west co&St
areas lll).d. occupations was readjly admitted. In . agriculture fol'
example the Japanese are expei:t vege£able growers and marketg&rd_en·
ers. Tliey have been a major so.u rce. of fresh food supply for the large
west coast cities .and have given employment to .large nup!bers of
worktlfS, both in rural areas and · in . urban produce ~ark~ts- . But
however se.tious the disruption to the econoniic lif~.of th~ regto~, tt w&S ·
generally a:gre~ thp.t t hese dislocations are not gen~rtcally different
from other economic repercu~ions of war, and that m ~y even~ the
safety of the Nation is the prime and !fundamental reqUJ!!tte. . :
There is one special ~pect of the demand fo~ evacuatton w~ch _the
- committee discusses }ate\- in this preliminary report. At th1S P~tnt,
how_ever, we wish t? o~serve that witnesses. in ~a:ch of o~,four hearbe~
testified to .the eXIStence of groups and mdtvlduaJs who have en
taking advantage of this situation to _their own gam. The Japanese
have, of course, -accumulated considerabl~. property)_ both realuland
person~. This cannot fail to be a temptation to certam unscru~ 0UC·
persons and, as stated below, the committee .h8!'1 heard .anum _er 08
.witnesses testify that no adequate safeguardA _have ex1Ste~ forth85
.
property of Japanese awaiting evacuation. The comnuttee
o!,
as
7)
1
\.
.~
J •
' /
l'!IONAL. DPDU ~~
15 . .
~t.ion ot: of ~ law to place within the latter
~~tory UlCU1'8lODII of eoemy aubmarine.S and - -· tlierefore been pro~pt w recommend 88 an immediate and
<DSion of this writ does no~ abrogate the fiftli
n~ty the aypomtment of. Federal. custodial offieera for the _pro'hdmenl ts, wEhich ~vide for due proee. and A
tAlction of evacuated proper.tiee. '1'his . recommendation as well 18
e awa.
ven &liens are guaranteed certain
others ~ows direCtly. f:ro~ the eonsid~ration that ·by Federal order
l the. Constitution. . .
tJiese people and ~ell' children are bemg uprooted frOm established
fulg f~tor in the preeent situation is that twohomes and occupations.
a ord6red to evacuate from designated milita
Witnesses be~~re the committee who .e ntered objections to the
fle United States ~y virtue of their birth in
eomp!ete evac~a.ti~~ of th~ ~apa~es~ as.a group ~eld that·tbis decision
order of the Pre&ldent empow~ the mirtary
con~ed ~ mVIdtous rao1~ d1stmc~on. Moreover, thousands' of
~ and to Pf9hibit or limit tlie ~,>reeen~e of
Amencan c1ttzens '!ere descr1bed as bemg treated)>n· a par with and
1 does not declare that a state of martial 1
·in ~me cases .worse ~&;n •• tec!mical enemy. aliens. Recognitior.i and · .
It is sil~t o~ the constitutional rights of cftr
!llam~a~ce o~ race distmct~ons were sa1d to create unnec
an expedient unpelled by the criticill situation ·
m.ternill dissensiOns .and
mto th.e hands of
Axis
(!n~ our form of gove.r nment, any.,.qu'iletioll8
wtsh to. ~pread th~ 1deol~gy of a ro,c1al war. At the sanie <time ilontitut!onalstatus of persons affect~must ulticentr~t~:on· of pu~lic sent1men~ an~ attention upoR_the Japanese as a
·. the courts.
.
group, ttl was pomted out, will grve a freer hand to subversive and
w:ere.~duced in t~timony before the committee
disloyal elements among the other. alien populations whose physical
th C1t1zen and. alten, should be evacuatedlrom
and cult~al rharacteristics permit rea.dier participation in the general
Jt. eommon!y .it was. said that homogeneity of
- commllDlty.
.
·
a1te made 1t tmJ>(?sslble. to dis~4tguish between.
·S_e~er~l witnesses indicated to the coiJllllilttee . the importan_ce- of
doyal. Law enforcement officials were particucons1dermg the cffec~ vpon the Japanese Government and the people
enraged public sentiment and possibly· mob
of Japan of any pohcy taken by the American Government repre_reversea in the .Pacific war theater woui<i work
seD:tatives or advoc~ted by the American people towru:d the Japanese
od ·guilty alike. Protection for J~panese resircs!dents of the Uruted States. They urge that we bear in mind the
he whole Nation Waf} said to require the immer~!~rocal treatment ot American citizens., whether militarY or
l Japanese.
ctvilian, 'Yho are now held by th~ Japanese or who may lie captur~
ted out that evacuation of alien Japanese alone
by them m th~ future. These Witnesses also advanced the argument
relations_p.ips and create numerousyrobleiDll of
that such act10n as was ~ken. here might be used fot propag!lJlda
lrof~ a belief that the aliens (Issei), being
purposes b;y the Japanese m thetr attempt to reach. the people of Asia.
to thell' status .as perpetual noncitizens' in our
The _comnut~ee notes these arguments while believing that there. are
a q~~ace t.ban the American-born (Nisei) who
?th~. more ~ed.iately compelling considerations for employing a
ry treatment at the hands of fellow Americans.
JUdtcious attttude· toward tlus whole matter.
ortance of the Japanese to certain west coas~
A p~found· sense ?f certain injustices and constitutional doubts
ns was readily admitted. In agriculture for.·
~tt;endmg the evacuatton of tJ_te Japanese cannot shaKe the COUlmittee
10 Jts belief th~t Iio alternative remains. The decision of' the military, ,
are ~rt vegetable growers and market garden·
a major source of fresh food supply for the large
wh!'-tcver the influence brought to bear by public demand, is a prima
. have given employment to .large numbers of
facte· aclmowledgment that threats of espiOnage and sabotage are' real
al areas and in . urban produce markets. .But
and prcseg_t and not wholly preventable by the constituted authoritieS.
isruption to the economic lif~ of the region, it was
We cn.n~ot <foubt,. and everyone is ngrecd, that t.be majority of.Japa• ·these dislocations are not generically different
nese. Cttl~en~ and .aliens n.rc loya! to this country. But the. innocent
repercussions of warl and that in any event. the
ten m tins ~rme of wnr wtll perforce suffer for the guilty one. Every
.s the prime and tunaamental requisite.
~pre~n.tat1ve of the Japanese appearing before the committee pledged
I ~peet of the demand for evacuation which tho
e willmgness of citizens and (!.liens alike to faithfully obey the
.at:e"r in this preliminary report. At this p~int,
G?vru:nment evacuation orders. We earnestly hope that every effort
bserve that witnesses in each o{ our four hearlll~
be made by the Federal Government to protect the property and
mce of groups and individuals who have been
ves of these peOJ?le, and to rcset.tle them in normal and productive
this situation to tlieir own gain. The Japanese
ways of liv.ing.
rmulated considerable property) both real an~
lt fail to be a temptation to certain unscrupulous.
R ESETTLEMENT: AMERtCANIZA~ION on DEPORTATI?N
d.
below,
the
commit~e
\las
heard
a
number
of
Ul
·
t no adeq· uate safeguardA have existe~ for the
b f t llll4tely, there arc two alternative national policil'.s wliich may
. .
"'h
tt has
e , o11o~ed .with this large group of ncople, alien and citizen. One
Je awa1tmg evacuation. · .L e commt 88
altemattve ts deportati?n; the other is Arnl'ricnnization. Obs~vers
urgentr
uZ
·pl~y
llill
1
th~
Powers~
,
. 16
~· MnfBATION
*Wll!.~9DJy
aoieiio~~"
lntnfea
~e
evacua• .lor tltOt:!e who.wtahed to retunl to J apan.•
· .
· The inca.rceratio~ of the JaJ?&Dese for -the.·duration of the war~
o~y' end ~ y;~olesale d.eportati~n. The ~tenance (jf all-Japanese
alien and mtizen, in· enforced 1dlen~ Will p~ve not only a · coatl '
waste of the taxpayers'.money1 but it automatically implies deport!.
tfon, since.we cannot ~xpect this group to be loyal to. our Government
or s~pathetio' to our ·way of: life thereafter. : .
: _ __ ·
·
· Likewise, ·the use of ·thes;e people. Ul\d~ g\lard for agtj'cul- .
tural gang labor leads ultim~!>telY to depo~tton. The danger of
· :vigilantism will be ever P!e&ent. The effeot :epon the B]!irit' e8peci~y
of those who are o!tizens .~ot}ail to be ~jurious. The legality of
such a procedure lS of course highly questtonable. ( 'l'he social and
. ecop.omic co~q'!len~es of ~nforced. lab?~:, wbieh comj)etes with thi>se .
who seek thetr liviilihood m th~e callmgs,. will be the ·recreating of
many of the p~t labor ills •frol!l .whi_ch we are just reooverin_g. Any
subsequent ~cultural depression will lead to an outcry .for Japanese
deportation similar to :that which led to the repatriation of thou8andg
of Mexicans m the early thirties. ·
·
.
Serious constitutional questions are raised by 'the forced detention
of citizenS againSt whom no individual charges are l9(lged. Such detention inust lead lo~ically to an attempt to·wlthdrft.w citizenship and
ultimately to deportation of all ·membe~ of the-group. . If tbe Nation
believfll! as the eon'rmittee does that we must live with these'{>eople as
loyal citizens when the war is over, then ever-y consideration should
. be given to the queation: ·. Wha~ is~ becom~ of tbese people a(te~ ~eY.
enter the receptiOn center? As the date. for the flrst large-scale, longdistance moves draws near, this question increasingly · d.emands a
~
· .
· . ·
,11
satisfactory answer.
.
The Americanization of Japanese presents problems parallel to th'?se ,.
involved in the Americanizing of any w:ell-m~~ated group·of alien
immigrants having the common cu.Stoms pec~ar to. the homelan~.
The difficulties of 'this·process are accentuate;d by thetr low .e~ponuc
sta£us on arrival in the new countr-y. In the case of the Japanese, a ·
racial barrier militated against physical assimilation and . marked
them as a group apart..
.
. :
Nev:ert~eless, the pro~ of America~tion and a?C_~tatlce w1thin .
the Amert~n comrpumty has go~e forward, especially amo~g: the
native-born children of·thil aliens permanently excluded from mtiZen·
ship. Today two-thirds of all Japanese are citizens. .Jlowever, these
citizens may be divided into .those who have received part or all
their education in Japan (Kibei) 'Yho n\)lllbe! 10,000, and thoseKi'J>el .
have never returned to Japan (Nisei) -numbermg 60,.000. Some G
were said by witnesses to have been turned against the .Japan~e overnment by· their visits there, but the committee h~rd consu!erab~e
testimony that a'Qlong 'the JPbei are the most dangerous elements m
the Japanese comniunity.
.
88 well · a8
liderati()n that by 'Federal ol'der
being uproo~ Jro.m established
,
.
advocat~(t the deportation .~f any Ja~. 'He .favorea ..voluntar;r
l'his . recommendation
-.
.
~
tba~ the P~-~~ Amerieania~
an inereasmg · ra~ ~ the first World
Ina custddill.l
88 an immediate and'~~tr
hll
ofliceni for: tlle ~pror
NA'l'IOR~ D. . . . . . MI. . . .
'
who· entered :objections to the
8!1 a group held. that this oecisiori
1C~6n. Moreover, thousands· of'
~ing treated on a par with, and .
enemy aliens. Recognition and .
~ere said to cr6f!,te unnecessary
16 hands of the Axis Pow.er8 whO
.
iial ~· At the same ti.lne con- · ~
~ttention upon the Japanese 88 a
.
l:a freer hand ·to .subversive and
alien populations whose physical
eadier participation in the gener!U
.
1e coi:ninittee the ,importance. of
•.nese Gov~ment and the people
lie American Goverruilent ieprepcan people toward the Japane§~e
ey urge that we bear in mind. the .
citizens, wheth.er military or ·
a.panese or wlio may be captllfed
O!SSes also advanced the argurpent
e might be used for propaganda
t,empt to. re4Ch the poople of Asia.
Its While believing that there.are
: cOnsiderations 'for employing a
, matter.
tstices and constitutional doubts
mese cannot shake the COU)mittee
.ns. The decision ofthe military,
ear by- .public demo.I).d, is a prima
,f espwno.ge and-sabotage are real
ble by the constituted authorities.
greed, that tbe majority. of Japathis country. But the_innocent
suffer fo.r the guil~y one. Ev~cy
ring before the co~ttee pledged
~ns alike to faithfully obey tlie
e earnestly hope tha~ every effort
ment to protect the property and
~ them in normal and P.roductive
.
t/
ZATI~N OR D EPORTA;Tl~N
• II wa.s bls contention that be wa.s tbc au'tborlzed spokesman ot a meable JIOliP ot aJleDs In~=
but when be was "'quested by the ()bllll]]jttee to supp)f (publlelJ' or prtv.atelJ') tbe n""tl 0
ship bo rolused, saying !boy teared reprUals.
.
-
.tive national policit>.s ·wliich rjtay
f people, ~ieD: an~ citizen. One ·
r is AmerJcamzo.twn. Observers
.·
·~
.. :
..
)
.j
17 .
L'I'IOWAL DUDD ~ca4'D;Oif
~ of Amerioaniauo~ baa been ~iag forward.
~ the fint World War. 9DJy one wi ''
~ &!11 Ja~. He favored .volun~
~~
- ....
who wiahed to reQu:n to Japan.a
pi the Ja~eee lor the duration of the war--can
deportati~n. The ~tenance of all Japan
enforced 1dleneea will prove not onl a ..;...~
n' money1 but it automati.~ implit! d~
~t- ~ ~up to b;e loyal to our Govel'llDient
.
·.
.
\1' 'JI&Y of life thereafter.
l
&l tJies,e people under ann~ gUard tor agricul~ ult.imately to deportatton. The da.liger of
rer present. The effect 11pon the _spirit' especially.
1 'ty
us.~
. The
zen.e ~ot .fail to be injurio
ial and
of co'Urae ~hly questionable . Th
.with those .
lei! of ~9rce(l labc?r, whi~h cor;n
\hood m these ca!lings, will be e recreating of ·
lOr ills from which we are just reooverinE Any
ral depression will lead to an outcry for J~panese
o that which led to the repatriation t>f thousands
·
·
·
.
arly thirties.
mal $}Uestions are raised by. the forced detention
hom no individual charges are lodged. Such d.r
~~y to an attempt to withdr&.w citizenship and
ltion of all members of the group. If tne Nation
tittee does that we must live with 'these people as
the war is over, then every coiuri.deration should
.ion: What is to become of these· people after they
.enter? As tlie date for the first·Jarg&-Seale; longws near, this qtiestion increasingly demands a
oi
ion of Japanese presents problems·paraUet'to those
ericanizing of any well-m~rated group·of alien
the cominon cu.Stoms pecuhar to the homeland..
1is process are accentuat.ed by their low .economic
the new:<?Ountry. .In the~ o~ the Japanese, a
:..ted agaiDBt phystcal asstmilation and . marked
·
,.
rt.
process of Americaniza tion and acceptllhce within
nunity has gone forW-ard, especially among the
1 of the aliens permanentl,r excluded from citizenbirds of all Japanese are citizens. ;tiowever, these
ided ·into those who have received part or all of
a.pan (Kibei) 'YhO number 10,000, ·a nd those 'Yh~ .
to Japan (Nisei) nt1mberinJ 60J<OOO. · Some Kibei
;es to have been turned agatDSt the Ja.pane_se Gov.sits there, hut tbe. committee heard considerab.le
ng the Kibei are the most dangerous elements m
·
mnity.
10 was the autborlled 1pokesm~ or a al-ble crouP .or ellehJ lor~•~
the oommJtc.,e IAIIUPP17 (Jl<tblklY or prlva~l'l tbe nam• o """'
•
•
•
arecl Ai)fiMII,
1
The ~eri~~n ohhe Japeneae, like that of other ~t
ups increases with tbe leqtb of reaideooe and t.b.e lola of
~th the homeland. The Ja~M& are cumparati.vely ~t comera.
The first generatio~ .of citi.zeDa ia just coming to ·maturi~, For ~
roost ·part tJiese CitizenS hav~ no.t Yt!t eu~ed to ~e econoDUC
headship of the bousehqld, wliich l8 .still controlled •by alien parent..
With the war breaking up commercial and cUltural relations witli
Japan evacuation may push the younger citizen .ge~tion forward
if the 'opportunity W pro~e ita loyalty and develop ita capabilities ia ··
.
rovided by an adequate resettlement program.
. P Two barriers to ...Americaniiatio';l ol the JaplUle&a have long existed:
Firs~, the EXclusion Act by whi~. the ~en parents were ~enied ·
citizCnship; and second, the dual Cltizenshill of Japanese born m the
United Stat.es or its Territories and posseBBtons. The former barrier
has thrown the alien back upon the Japanese Government, . through
the bperations of the consulates. This relationship has Deen reenforced by tlie pr~ence on the west ooast of large numbers of mercantile e.stablisbnienta and bankil tying the commercial groups in the
Japanese:-American. co~unity to Japan. This in. tu:n has-1~ . to
- the practice of sending children to Japan ·to be educated m preparation
for trade and ba'nk.ing. Thus, the leadership of the business community has fallen to those in close touch. with the homeland and to
their children whose ~ucation and COJDl!l~rcial position has .~.ected
them toward tho mamtenance of dual Citizenship. -Oommuruties of
Japanese farmers have been more .free of these influences, but the
need to secure · financmg of their crops bas combined with s~g
peasant ties of language ·and kinship to keep these JWal people. in
touch with Japan. The successful operation of \he evacuatton
reception centers as a means toward Americarii.zing the Japanese
depends upon a thorough understandin g of these l.ines of force in
.
:the Japanese-American CO:D¥Dunit7.
With the outbreak of war, tradmg with Japan has ceased, overseas ~
banks have J:.>een taken over by the alien property custodian, remittances to families in Japan are cut off. Evo.cua~n may accelerate
the removal of ·tho narrow limits of the Japanese mercantile com- 1
munity. It may throw .up new leadership among the Japanese:Americans and place a premium upon professional training or manual
.
skills. .
But at pt'esont there is no ~urance tbo.t plan~ for resettling t~e
evacuated Japanese in self-contained communities will lead to· Amencanization. To 'date tlie ·committee has been unable to secure from
- anyone charged with responsibility a clear-cut statement of the status
of tho Japanese evacuees, alien or citizen, after they pass through the
· ·
reception center~
To date the committee. has encountered a general dispositio~ to
treat the Japanese, whether citizen or alien 1 o.s a grouJ.>, and to subJect
even the citizens to a scrutiny not a~liea to the ahen German and
I talian. The evacuation order of General DeWitt, for example, places .
grcator restrictions upo'n the residence of Japanese citiz~ns t~an upon
Gennan and Italian aliens. I.t is not clear wheth~r .thts mean~ t~at
plans exist,.either in the .Aimy or in the civilian agenctcs no'! a.ssiStt.ng
the Army, for the segregation of all Japanese for tho duratton of the
war.
COD*'
.'
·--•••
.~
.1 •
18
17
pgdence' and the loa& of con~'
8 WJJ;lpai'atlvely ~t oomen~.
oommg to mat.~ty•. For_the
et. ~ed to tlie economic
till controlled· by alien pal'Qtits.
ial and cultural r•tione with
ager citizen gen~tioli forward
&.l)d develop its ~abilities iS
~ese have long eXisted:
we alien parents wer-e denied
:eiliJQi.J.> of Japanese born in the
~ons. Th~ former l?arrier
.Japanese Go.vernment, tJi!'ough
biB relationship has been .reen-.
:Oast of large numbers of ~er
g the com.Jilercial groups in the
,pan. This in . turn haS:"led to
m 'to be educated in preparati9n
aadership of the business' com•uch. With the homeland and to
)Inmerci.8J. ~sition has' directed ·
1l citizenship. Communities of
ee of these influences, but the
pps ·.has combined· ~h ~trp~g.
.- to ·keep these nira.l people m
operation of. the evacuation ·
·d Americariizing the Japanese ··
ding of -these l,ines of forc,e in
with.J apan has ~eased, overseas
~iien pro.perty custodian1 remit·ff. Evacuation may accelerate ·
· the. Japanese mercant~e comadership among the Japaneseprofessional tr~ining or manual .
tee that plans for resettling the
commUnities will lead to Amenhas been·unable 'to secure from ·
clear-cut statement of the status
.zen, .after they pass through _the
lDtered ~ general d.ispositioD; to
alien, as a gro'i.r(>, and to subJect
pylied to the alien· German amJ .
teral D eWitt", for exO.tnple,_places
e of Japanese citizens than upon
·t clear whether this .means that
b.e civilian agencies now assisting
Japanese
for the duration of the
.
.
Preferably' the' loy!llty and dependability of au ...~
add citizen alike, would be ~xa:dlined at the ~tion eeoter ' ll.1l
w.ould be followed by al'r&ng~ente ,or jo~ pl8cement outeid~ 0
prohibited are~ .of ~11 persons certified. HdWever if large li • be
·
ef these Japanese e-yacuees ·~ooome wards-of tbe-F;ieral OOve~en~
adequate plan mus~ oo mad~ for resettlement communities
'
impOrtant element ip t he planning of 'reseftlemeht will be the 000~ An
tional census o~ evacu~~· Only one-fou.rth of ~he toia.l Japan~
evacu~s are ~culturahsts. Of the re~amde~J ~any are proprietOr8.
of- hotels, lodgmg houses and mel,"(lantil~ ·estl!ol>lis~ents la e 4Dd
sm~~:U, o~ ~l~rk~ and <:Il1ploy~ ~f su<:h'family firms. R~~ement
9on,unurut~es wtll req~ a dtversifice..tiOn of tasks and a development
·of new skills by retra.mmg._ lndustnal or 4~dicraft shops should be
cOnsidered· in plans for such communities. In order that they do
not become potential sweatshops evet'Y effort should be made ·to
·emphe.Siz_e skilled ~raftsmanship or the use...._of small multipurp(>se
power-dr1ven machmes.
.
.
I t seems probable that mnny of -the''agricult ural g'roups will not
ret~1rn to the west coa.st. Already efforts, ~re being· ma~e. to prevent.
t he1r return by the emrctment of local ordinances denymg them the ·
right to lease or own land. Whether or not these efforts are successful
it seems proba.b.le that quite :a number · of the agrio.ult urists will
.develop land in the new r esettlement areas, provided .they can fin·d
la~d suitab~e for their intensive type of ~cultut'e, which they .will
be reluctant . to leave· ·when. the oppQrtumty to r eturn · to normal
civilian life is presented to them. . In .a ddition to plans for ~imiz
ing the output of these resettlement communi~ies toward the foodfor-victory anti war-production programs, these-.communities sho~d
be used as experiment stations in agriculture) and for t ho development
of new handicraft and machine-made products.
To .insure a ma.ximum of traffic between these. communities ·and.
t he out.side. world , free access should be accord·ed to all religioUs
orgnniz~,tions, as well as to public officia.Is in agriculture and -vocational cdu·cation. Because of the importnnc~ which education plays
in Americanization, every effort ··ought to be made to sustaiq. the
schooling of the children in these comm!lnit ies:
~i ttl!'l or no thought has h'ecn given to the welfare of evn~11ated
children. Tbesc children should be fi ttecl to assume a place tn the
average Amet·ican community. Children of. senior hig~ school and
college a~e· !?l~ould be ,giv~n opport\n~ ity for study op.t;sidl} the ~9:pan~e.
commumty m prcparat.Jon for , the1r ret,uril to nornial partwtpatiOn
in) he average Americnn community when. 'the war bas ended. :BI!-cause of local community resistance,· this may ·be difficl!-it for htghschool students; it should .prove feasibie fo r those of collE-ge age.. .
To summnl'ize: Plnns fo.r resettlement depend upon a determm~·.
tip~ ~o Americanize the Japanesc-Am.t>.rican: co~uni~y: . The mere
deruston to rese'ttle does. not ~owevcr, insure Amencaruzatwn. Th~ .
communiti~s ·will ,I'C.fJUir~ .th.c m!l-ximum ~n. ._fiexible m~agcmen-L .. ~
~nd crstn,ndmg, and m frecdo~ compatible Wlth th~ I?a~ontil sr.cunty,
1f they are to produce families equipped to return to hfe m the !1-verage
American conununity a.fter the war.
~
' ·
·
; ·
ali , .
{'t
~like that. of other~~
:
-------}
'
·.
=·
oyalty aJWl ~bility Of all J~ '
ould be ~xatllined .t. the reee~tion.
19
,ali~
. 1~
•Y arrangement& for job placement outeid ·
all persons eertified·. llmvever if ID- e 9 tue •:
<aeu~es beCome wards of the Federa~e.nl:llllbers ·
!t be mad~ "for' ~ttlement oonununr:ment;
n ,the plannmg of r'ellettleinent will be the · · ~
•acu~. OlllY one-fourth of 'the futaf J~cc~pa
turali8ts. · Of the remainder man ·are.
P.!lJlese
11otl~ imd mel'el\ntile. establishnients P.jPnetors
l employees o'f s~eh family' firms ·R~~e and.
qu_~ a div~rsifiea~ion of•tasks and ·a develo::::~
~m~g:. 1Jidustrial. ?r l}.nndieraft shops.shou1d b
t..for S~C(h eommum.tres. In order .that the de
~al sweatsll?PS. every' effort should be
~
~~anshtp or th e use o'f. small t?uliipurp(Mie
:tfe
fe that many. of -the agricultural groups will not
~oast. ~ady e~orts ~re being made to prevent
enltCtment of local ordinances .denying 'them the
1land . . "YVhether or not these efforts are successful
that ~mte a ~umber · ~f tlie agriculturists will
~ · ~e~ res~ttl~ment ~ens, provided they can find
tell' ·mtens1ve type of ·agricultlll'e, ··which they will
11.ve wh~n . the opportunity to ·r eturn to norm'al
nted to th em, . ln.addition to. pla.n s for ma."(imiz,. .
Lhese res~ttlemen_t communities toward the fOodr-producttOn programs, these conununities should
mt stations in ngricultt,ire, and for tlie development
.nd machine-made .products. ·
.
:.i.rnum of traffic between these oommunities arid
free access should be acCorded to all religious.
tell as to public officials iri agriculture and vocaB ecause of.'the ~portanc~ whi~h education plajs ..
1, every effort ·ought to be made to sustain the
tldrmi in these. commQnities;
u~bt ha~ l ieen given to the wellare of e~n.cpated
aild_ren should be fitted to. assume a place in the
community. Chiiaren of senior ·high school a-nd
•e gi~en opportunity for study outside the Japanese.
pn~ation for their return to normal participation
en can coinmunity whel\ the war has ended. Be-munity ·resistance., ibis may ·be difficult for high·
should-prove feasible for those of college age.
Plfi:ns fo~ resettlement 'depend upon 'a 'determiM-.
:e the J apanese-American : community. . The mere
doc~ notJ howc.ver, insure Aniericanization. ''fh~
:e.q utre trre m.!lxim'um in- flexible management.. m ·
l u_1 freedo~ compatibfe with the national sectmty;·
!Ce families equ~ppcd ,to ·return to life·rn the average
· ·
·
·.
·
tty n.f.ter the war.
~ttl~ment. wiU e.D®uitt.er
. ~rious d~?ult~es in t.lieir sea~ for satisfaetory lpd, w:ater for driblt;,ng and -J.rngatro.n purpo~,. <llrma~••llle4ll8 of trans~r~tion: communicati.Pn, apd ~owe_r suP.P~Y· : :'Tp.e avf!oil"b~lity of such faeilities will·
yary, .of course, Wit~ the. stz!'l of tht} C?Dl.ID,_unity to .be created. And the
size of the coDl:lnuntty will ~.e..Peterr;nme9 _m ])IU't b'!, the reapciQ.se ·of the
pqblic and thell' rep~~tatives to the gret't~ .o~ ~aller risks involved
in proposals for ce~t1fying th e loyalty and reltab11ity of members of the
Jafanese commuruty.
'
. ·
·
t 'is our intention to explore the Pl'9blems·of resettlement in greater
d~tail in our final rep.ort.
· ·
,
/ ··
·
·
. . . Tfu}ee Jl.U_blic' officials •cb&nred with,
. .
'
PROPERTY
.
C usTODIAN'SHIP
.
.
Responsibility for the conServation· of the property ·ana pro~rty
rig~ts of e~aeuees mus~ be ~q~arel~ ~umed by th~ederal Government. R espect for this pnnciJ.>le 1S dictated not otily by .standards
of equity, but by ordino.ey· bl.:lsmess sense. · The cost ·t.O the Federal
Government for res.e ttleinent will be appreciably decre~d if tlte
- assets of. the evacuees can be tr!'nsferred to th e new location without
~.
~
.
. In the absence of such a policy, ~.abuse has occurred and nio.n:y
mstances were brought to the attention of the cororilittee. A t.YPical
·practice w~ the following: Japanese w:ould be visit-ed by. inc!J.viduals
representing ~hemselves· as F . :B. I. agents and advised tlta.t n.n order
of immediat-e eYacu·ation · was forthc'omin,g. A few· hours later ~
different set of individuals would cn.ll .o n th e Japanese so· forewarned'
and offer ~- buy up their household :~~4 otliet ·~quipment. Under
these conditions the Japanese would aceept offers at a fr~ction of the
worth of. their possessions. R efrigerator:s were thtlS" r-eported. to have
been sold f~r ~ low .as $5. It was u~on the report of s.uch.abuses that
~he colDID1ttee n.s 1ts first act upon reaching the coast urged the
Immediate appointment of a. propeity custodian.
The urgency of :this step has already been recognizeq by emJ?oweripg
the Federal Reser.ve banks to assume certain responsibilities upon
.grant of the power of attorney by the evacuee, or by assuming the
[)O\yer. to act on behalf of the evacuee wii't bout such authorization·.
Th!-$_St~p ffi!\-Y serve to preyent such abuses as have occurred, providing
energetic s~eps are taken to advise th'e Japanese as to their rights.·
The commtt~ee, however, believes that .t he measure is only one of
many ~teps needed. The- corruni..ttee Wishes to stress the necessity
for ~avmg· ample local agents of the prop.erty ctistodian, empowered to
act ~mmediately t.o conserve the property, who can avoid as far as.
po~tOfe ·the·red tape of securing approval from some far-distant point
,
efore they can act.
. \ The mechanism to protect the' _property of- the evacuees must be.·
nsed on the recogn~tion of two important factors: First, ~y far' the
1a~e~t assets ?f. the Japanese are in .the _fonn of farm property; land,
build1.ngs, cqmpmerit, and above ·all·, growitng crops.· One-qt;tarter of
~II gainfully employed in Califomia, for instance, are either farmers or
arm managers. I t would appel).r, therefore, that some agency in the.
b
(
/
20.
~I ~ttJement
w;ill eJle()unter
~actor;y l~d; water !or dl:iDk-
~
of
raila~~ty.
trarutporta~ion1 i<om~
of such facilit1es· ~ill
ipl;umty to be cre,ated. And·the
li:l .in ,put·by the response of the
:re.~ .or ~aller riskS involved
nd reliability of members.of the
>Ienis o<!:'e8euiement jn grea~r .
t~lAN8B~.P
of the proper~ 'and property
sumed by the Federal Governicta~ 'not only ,by .standards
,.nse. v The cost to the Federal
appreciably decreased if the
ed -to the ne:w location without
s abuse has occurred and many
o of. the coiDiilittee. A typical
1;>e visi~d by in4j.VJduals
ants and adv1sed tftat an order
oming. .A few. hours · l~ter a
on the Japanese so· forewarned
.~: ptl)et ~quipment. Under
ceept offers at a fraction of the
;oi:S were thus reported to have
n 'the report of such ab'\1868 thJlt
reacbirig the coast urged .the
cu.stodian, .
been recognized by em{>oweri,ng
.e ce.rtain responsibilities upon
e evacuee, or by assuming the·
ee }Vithout such· authorization.
uses as have occurred, providing
h'e Japanese as to their rights.
at the measure is only one ..-of
Wishes to stress the necessity
t>p.ertyctistodian, e~powered to·
>·e rty, who can a.vo~d as. far. as.
val from·soine far-distant pomt
~ould
p~:ty of- the evacuees must be.·
c't ant factors: First, l,>y far the
be fonn of farm pl'(Jperty,.Jand,
"'rowing crops. One-quarter of
~instance, are either farmers or
,refore, that some agency in t~e
.·
I'
/
.'
NATIONAI! . D'&dNSil l.IIGRATiON
~'l'IONAL DIII'DI811 lllllGB:Aft05
.
.. .
.
.
21 .
.
mierests ·of na~io~al 8ec~~y;· ~d tlie1.: wouJa" ~t ~e moved if theGovernment were. m a ~ttton to. fulfil~ Its obbgation of ~ting
between th~ i.nnoee~~:and. t~e~lt\UJty.
·
. ·
,
Under sue~ e:ondttlO~ tt f~U:ows that .the..J»St of t~lij)Ortt.tion for
the familY, and tts ~ovable eqwpmen~, sliould !>a hom': by :the Government. From the ttme the evacuee leaves his hom~ en route to a
designated reception center ·or resettlemC!lt project he_· should . be
conside~ed the ward of the Gov:~ent, which ~all be responsible for
his health and safety. F~,es ·s~oul~. be moved as units', and
insofar as possible· commun1ty groups sho.u ld be preserved. In view
of the problems of health, family organization, etc., it would appe{\1'
that the actual evoo.uatio'n should be under the direction of a perma·
nent, e:-.-peri~nced, civilian director.
'ulture abould be·~··to work .
·
Reserve ba:ob.on propertY m·agrield~pera.
rted ·to 'the-COIDDiittee that some J
enter7
1 before remo~ their b.wfdings · ap.~~ s~ebj' forfeited tlunr right lfu tb~
tmga~on
ce_s all surrender 9f \eases should ·be r!J~"!cnt
Klian
..-. h inizedb
·. · to ·see
· that the·ng·
. hte of the· }.:C.a
..,.,...,.,
ave een ·
"1
llsehexn~or
rese~ti~t envi~e the ~ttl
?n agncliltural pro)~te:· As far as . . . e-
l8
d live@>ck should oe deferrecf . til'final
' poss~ble,
't wiiP·· 'ble to determineun
· tesettle
1
~ possi
how much
~
new location. In this ·way ~ cost to the F d . 1
~blis~ B_!lch families can b~ kept to a
era
s esttm~tron th~ conn~tion between pro ~,ment reinfore_es the ~eed for a 'direc~ :Y
ha.ses ·of the forth~mmg evac\lation. Provisl:
the care of. gt'Owmg crops. Iri these .ca8es th
;enan.ts should_~av~ the complete return, less th:
~re and har:vestmg. Lack of a ·plan to preserve
mg crops h_as already. resulted in' :a reduction or
d plantmg !ll Los Ange~es. Qo~~y; according to
It was estimated that m prohtbtted ares·No 33
te $~.50,000. Mqva~le"o.ssets there are valued at
cres m t he t~rmal area the crop loss is estimated
t<?tal value of .$323.,000, Such losses in vital. food
e tolero.tea.
·
of the Federal Government does not end ~;th
mnal custodian. Th~re is the responsibility for
·~lue of land and Cf?P~· Some-system of Vf\lua•
t.uted to make up defictts. · Constderation should
>iiltment Qf vruuatioh· boards with represen~ti.on
of
llliik
NuMBER AND
DIST~UBUTION
OF
GER¥~N
In the tliree. wef:!t coast State$ there are a total of 5~78 Italian
nationals distributed ns.foll!)WS: 52,008 in Ca.lif~mia, 3,910 in Washingtqn, and 1,960 in Oregon. The largest community on the west'
coast is San Francisco, where there are 12,000. In nearby Oakland
County there are 7,300: The third 'largest group is in' LOs Angeles, ·
with 6,7.31. Over 36,000 are over 45 years of age. The ove~helming·
!llajor~ty, ~7.5 percent are ?Yer 25 years of-age. Of the 28,000 males
m Ca.hforma 6,400 are 1m agnculture, of whom 3,701) are farm opera.tot:a;
4,500 are skilled or semiskilled w,orkers, 4,800 are laborers,· and 7,600
nrc unemployed or without oCC\lpations. .
.
There are approXimately 22,000 German nationals on the· w~t · \
coast. Of these, approximately 17.,000 are. in CaliforzVa, 2,000 in
Oregon, nnd 3,000 in Washington . . More ·persons fall in..,the age
group 55- 64 than in any other 10-year iuterva~. All but a few- ·
9 percent- are over 25 years of age. The largest single occupational
cat.egory is agricul tme, in which almost 20 percent of the ma,les are ·
mgngcd. About a third are classified as no occupa~on or unemployed. Approximately 20 percent are skilled or semiskilled workers.
.Two important differences are to be observed as between these
~nt.ionnl groups a:nd the Japanese. First, these are not communities
m the same sense as the Japanese. Generally-speaking these groups
are the remainder of a much ln.rger group, who have become citizens.
~1terncy tests have been lin important factor in preventing naturo.ltznt.ion. The Gei'mans and ftali11.ns do not have the orjginal stratificnti?n of the immigrant'grouP. such as the Jtipanese which bas been
kept mtact by legal and social restrictions.
· ·
. The second important distinction is in the matter of occupa~ional
dtstribution. Whereas the Japanese have only ·one main economic
bnse, vege_table production and distljbution, the Americanizati?~ of
~e?.oml generation Italians and -Germans hll!s. permitted the. o-ngma.l
tmmi~rnnt group to become absorbed in a. great variety of oc~upll;~io~s
and mdust.ries. The 1talians on .the west coast are heavily rep:resented in ngriculture and fishing, tw~ 'industries which immigrant
groups usunlly enter in large numbers.
The anti-Fascist nnd anti-Nazi refugees who came over in the last
rew years are distinct trom the ea.rlier group occupationally. They
REcEPTro·N C .ENTERs
·esettlement of. the Japanese ·ev~ees have been
~owever1 · a' reception center hils been located in
· Thi~ ~ill sene as .a gatht}ri.Qg p9in~ !?r evactrees.
:ecept10n centers will serve two funct10ns: First, .
racuees it ~~l.be possible to ·organize more effec-'
ettlement proJects; second , such centers can be
:va(}uation sites when certain areas are evacuated
.ttlement ~ave b een made. Under present plans,
the evacuee 'up to the reception center'; at-that
llrector with. reset~ement ·plans is supposed ~
.
FEDERAL AssisT.~NcE
.~
' .
:leration -goyerning the evacuation procedure .is
racue~ IJ.l'e loyaL to .this' country; that they are
.e of. the Goveriunent's inability tO separate thosehose who are not; tha~ they are being moved_in the
\
,
.
.,
AND ITALIAN ALIENS
( •
-.l
·<14
/
...
2.3
~4_TI~AL DZ."N~ 1 MIGJ!ATION
!ONAL DJJFBNB11 1MIGRATION .
~uala andid' prpfessT~~ who are~ to adap~
·d raJ>id
~p,eration·~· f :t~~ ~t~iiat-ti~n ma~ery.
Jl oo~ .~ns. , ~!' ':w~1 a JUglily .ur-banized • • • • an v.iding · increased ·f,8cilitiel!,
are trymg. to reestablish. themselves'.ii the
IIltcy. The committee :.is .infonn'ed that th
nti-Nazi ref~ in the city of LQs Arig6jl'e
jill on the enttre west coast. ·
es
· '
. ()p ITALIAN AND G~BMAN ALI~NS
,
·
fee~· .German arid Ithlian aliens will be less
~
the Japan:!iili~or~ to present inpro ~ th~t the
ons of second generation·
. ~m ' m .t his ~U:Dtcy, ·be. treated differently ·
at~ens. The military o~ders settin~ up pros.tricted area 1-B on.the west coast'will reql!iJ'-e
ian a.Jiens be evacuated from area bkl>ut
rill t:estrict but not prohibit. their -presence ~.ements by Mr. Tom C. Clark, civilian coorf the .general evacuation order, indicate that
111.1'8 of age as well as those with immediate
'orces, will be .exempt from the order. · ~
instituted for G.erman and Italian aliens on
liroot· Nation-wide import because the.r.e are
se aliens in other parts of the country.
rly people, 50 to 60 years old, on''the average,
families, and 'frequently one of more'of their
armed·services of the United S~n.tes. Inability
lindered many of- the~ from acquiring citizencase presented to th.e committee w115· an alien
n Monterey. One of her sons· was killed at
•wing day li. second son enlisted •in the United
1t. a p.olicy .of e.'temptio1is, . the widow would ~
ome in Monterey, where she has lived for .the '•
not doubt.'that fifth-c~lumn elem ents have iri
h.eir way among. the Germans and Italians ns
?ariese. We belie~e, ho:Weve~, that adequa~e
e elements among tlie I talians and German~ _1s
.ble policy providing exemptions in hardship
"'
··
infirm and those with sons in the ar!"£ied for~.
many thous~nds of aljens who today are ~echn1ther than citizens becau·se of delays Ill the
re.
· ·
.
•f .. the
nigrn.tion and Naturalization Serylce
committee- .testified that the San F~an~ISCO
s-12 months behind in actip.g upon apphcatlOm
than a thousand p ersons in that office st
~ause there is lackmg 'sufficient pers~mnel ~
1 Alame.de. County, Calif.; na~urahza~100 cnse
ehind The division of functwns· and pf rovemd Federal offices bus also' prevente.d smooth
I
. nu
The
pro ating these· ~ple as·enemy aliens.
·· evache tragic .hardships o.iid iili ustioes Q(, .ev¥.ua~ion.
most eVident
in ~he present plight of Germ~~ e:nd l~an antt-Axis~ref'!gees_o? tne
st coast. MS:py of tbese are,m . ~he. pro_cess of beC4?~ ·Clt,lZ~ns,
.w~ch rocess has been lepgthened m the case of·enemy aUens sm~
;e
.Although anxious to prove their l<?yalty and 1-.? j~in in. the
· ht agai.ilst the .A.xi~. these Pel?J>le are bemg ~lassed ·m th~. s~.e
6s~tus with the enemy _they hay~, 6ed. _Eng~and has r~l;ved tills
anomalous situation thro.ugh spec181 bearmg 'boards -cr~tcil to grant
e.~emptions fro!D the enemy ali.en sta~us upon individual e~amination:
Persons 5o. exempt carry certifi~ates stamped: "Refuge~ from Naz1
oppression.", }
· . . .
·.
, ' ·
To effect a)lexible1>ohcy m the evacuat1~m o! 9.erman a_nd It~han .
aliens the committee recommends that speCial ctvilian h~rmg boards
, . be established by the Director of the War Rese.t tlement Board. These
hearing boards shoul4 includ~· loc~! citizens. Jh~Y: shOuld ~xamine ·
all cases of German· an<;l ·Italie.n aliens on an mdlVldual ba-stS, .both
before and after evacuation.. Consideration should be given to the
various factOrs that .make evacuation an undue hnrdship and that.
demonstrate the allegiance of the aliens ·to their adopte.d land. Exempt persons should be properly cert~~- Decisio~s. shoUld o'f
course· be subject to approval by th e .mihtary author1t1es and. the
Federal Burcau··of Investigation.
.
.
.
.
. Having in mind tl),e fact that many evacuat1on cases cou1~ be
eliminated by ·e},1>edjting no.turaliza'tio.n. .procedure, the co~t~e \
recommends that the personnel and fnciht1es of the Bure'?-u of ~gration and Naturalization be increas·ed, and tha~ persons Ill a~.v!lnced .
sta~es of naturalization be grant~d a grace penod fo~ eomplet10n of
thctr citj7;enship, upon · ce1;ti.fic~tion by t~e loc!il hearmg boards .. .
(
For persons evacuated, an mtegro.ted pubhc empJoyment sen•1c_e
and welfare _program is essential. Specia.I ~u_nds should be. appropnated by th~ F ederal Government and admm1ster.e-d by- tpose !1-uthorities which tile Director of theW ar.Resettlement--Board hns des1gna~ed
to assist evacuees in need. The facilities of the employment serv!ce
should be gcar~d to finding jobs and referring applicants af~r ''erlfication .of employer deman~s. .
. . ..
.
No ·evidence ·was presented to ~he collliDlttee that .Italum. and Ger:
!Dan aliens constitute. a major resettlement probl~m: Provtd~d. there
IS adequate Federl11 assistance ·and protectJ?n. lt IS D;Ot antl~lpated
that there will be special hindrances to fittmg them 1nto new commun.ities. To a much greater extent than: the <!apanesc,_ t~ey have
· become assimilated into the normal .Amencan ways of. hvmg. · No
prpposnls have been made to segregate German a?d Itaha!l evac':lees
ill, -special coinmunities, nor has there been roarufest any orgamzed
opposition to receiving these people ·in other areas. .
are
w!r.
S:UMM·ARY·
d ·
th 1 t
In general, the problem which we have. S?!fveyed urmg · 0 as
few weeks divides into two parts: the evacuat1on of Japanos~,. whc_ther
citizen or· alien · and the evacuation of Getman and Itahan ahens .
.t
.
1
.·
\
··
.. .
•••
'
I
~·-
~.te of
Will be ar t?utwe1g)ed Q~ th~ Jl98ts of
NATIONAL DEFENSE
MIGRATION
ion machineu-. · The costa of
outweighea bf t,he ~ts of .
s.
.
~ eVIj4~&tion are 'Qlost e;yident
wan anti-Axis refugees .on tne
J>JiOcess of becon:\ing citizens,
tl!.erc&se _pf enemy ~ens' since
he,ir loyalty and, tQ join in the
ll'e be~_g ~la.ssed in th~ $~e
I. _jngland has respl#d this
willg boards created to·grant
~ upon individual examination.
11(amped: "Refugee from Nazi
11'
'
cun.tion of Ger,man and Ita.fian
special ci~an' hearing boards
,1.r Resettlement Board. These
!tizens. They should examine
s on n.n individual basis, both
n-ation should be given to the
1 lin undue hardship jl.nd that :
as to their adopted land. Exertified. D ecisions shoUld of
e .mili~ary authorities an<L the
ny evacuation case!! co4}d be
ion ptocedw·e, the committee.cilittes of the Bureau of Immid, and that persons-in advanced
grace period for completion of
r the 'local hearing' poards.. .
~ed public employment .servte.e
ecial f.unds should ~e. appropnadministered by- those author;ettlement-Board has designa~e!f
ities of the-employment.serv1ce
referring. applican~ after ver~ommittee that 'i talian and Germeilt probl~~· Provid~~ there
•ro~ection, ·tt 1s ~ot ant1c1pated
to fitting thein tnto new com, than tpe Japanese~~ t~ey hav.e
American ways of. JJvmg. · No
;e German and Ita:ftan pvac~tecs
-e been .manifest any' orgaruzed
u other areas.
!Y
have surveyed. during the last
evacuation ofJapanes~, wbc_ther
of German and It-alian ahens. -
MIORATloN
Each of these mass ~~O.~ein~nts of :people f.rom certain P bib·"-~
a{'eas on the west coast ts assertedly made necessary h th ro .. 1 ~
p~obl_em ~f qefendin_g_the coast ~m at.U,.Ck. Never heJore i:ltili~h~Y
8
t<>,ry _has th1~ 09untry undertaken such a ·moving of' its r · ' 18:
Th~ evac~attons of Fe~ruary 1,5 a:nd 24 offer no real basis fu~dents:
piiriSOII Wlth the movemen~ about to be earned out since' the combers involved were rela~ively small,· the m()ve ·was m~de by individUJlli
· families, and the distance to the new destination wft.s short · ua
I~ is _well, ~herefore, .that the Army, ,with -itS _equip~~t and orgaruz~~otton· fox: mass m~)Vement, s~ould be c?arged ~1th t4e new largescale evacuat10n., It ts encouragmg to thuy co;nrili.ttee that General
· De'Y\"it~ propos_es ~ postpon~ the mov.~ent. o~ Gt!rtnans and Italians·
until hts orgamzat10n has gamed ~enerrce 'Wtth ·the Japanese It is
.e.qt~ally encouragin~ that ther~ is no mtention to evacuate all \Japanese
on the.sa.me ~ay, smce a parttal movement will provide eicperience·tor
later evacuat10n of other areas.
·
''--..._
.
· The ~x:eva.iling demand fo~ speedy evacuation_.is the ruJ.4tg f~ctbr in
the dec1s1on to crea~ recept10n cen~r.s. Ide~lly, t~e evacuees.should
be moved . from thetr present loca_t10n ~ ~herr ultrmate resettlE!ment
area. . There seems to be ·a growmg opm10n that· such resettlement
will. requir~ a considerable p~riod of time for tho cboi~ of si~ the
ta~g of t1tle, the const~uct~on of .adequate commumty facilities of
all kmds, an~· ~he d eternunatJOn of _what groups shall comprise those
new commumt1es. Speedy evacuatiOn must, tl)erefore; b!l tied to the
completion of adequate temporarY. shelte~ · and facilities for accommodating all Japanese- ·evacue~. Because of possible delays in ~ter
movement to' resettlement areas,· .care must be taken to render. the
receptiop centers habitable f~r n considerable numo~r :of families for
·a, period of weeks or even· of some months.
,
·
·
Now that Presidential authority has be.en conferred on the nlllitary
to carry out wholesale evacuat-ion, and now that ·public opinion as - ~
voiced by the press and elected public o·fficials bas gone on record for ,.
the complete evacuation of all Jo.pn.nese . from ,design!l>ted military
. areas the question of permitting any o·f this group to return to the
prohjbited zones for the duration of the wnt: may be considered closed:r
The immediate problems_are those of safeguarding their pri>_Perty, providing adequate facilities for transporting them to receptiOn centers
and caring for them in these temporary quarters, and developing a
plan for their r.esettlement. Many of the essential details of)hc
programs noted ·above remain to be worked out. Indeed, th~ committee's opinion' is tlrat·niost of the .job involved still lies ahead. The
machinery for temporary mo.v ement .of these p~ople is still being organized; the machinery for permn1,1ent resettlement has not yet been
created.
·
If the Japanese evacuation ·c.reates serious questions, it is beca~se
an entire group out of our population is being bodily t•emoved, famtly
by family. This is in the nature of o.n exodus of a people. 'fhe
numbers involved are l_nrge, but tlicy a1·o by no me.ans as large, .for the ·
· whole country, as those· who will be involved if we generalize t!!-C
~urrcn L tr~atment of the Japanese to apply to all Axis a!iens· and t~etr·
urimcdiate families. Indeed; this c<>mmittec is pfcpa~d !-0 Sfl:Y t lllt ·
any such proposal is out of the question if we intend to wm tlus war.
·There. nrc 1_11 the three Pacitlc- Coast Stn.te~ about 85,000 .GeTha~~
and Italian ahens, of !I~ averag~ age _approaching_ 60 years ol_d. T k~ .
average length of residence IJl th1s comitry 1s 24 years.
a ·
-
~ -
!ONAL DZFI:NSE MIGRATION
to~rt\:ICr wit.h such . ci~ize~ .mf?:Plbers pf t·heh- 'faJX?ilies' as woplq n~ to. move, with tbc,J!l fo1·. £:~1y reaso~1 • they llllgh~ n'Wilier 1.4~ 90q: .
To roove.tltis ~t,!PtSIU'ts}qe the prohiot~d areas }Vill t9:X the f;;cllities ·~
of public ~en¢1Cs ,even tliOqg~ t11ese :P~raons remam !1-t. h~rty t<Yn~.ovo · . .
,\rit.b a. Jnl)l.imum of restnction outs;ide the prohibJtcd· areas. .To
tb.e5e·
f9.r
the war would.be a major /
undertakmg, ~sp001ally because .of the age ~f the evacuees. .
. ·· ~
Taken against -the background of tbe nattonal problein implied, .this·
becomes· 0~1 ev~n 1U!lr.o Ull.J,ll~nngeable proposal,. Th.~•;e· are 3qo,.~O
G~rmon aliens 1.11 tlus coun try and 675,000 Italian ahens, or aoout a
niillion combim•d total. .Toge~her with. their imm~iate ; elatives who
nrc citizens they are an army m th emselves. It IS doubtful whether
our WJll' eff'o r.t 'could bear the consequen ces of shifting them nll'f.rom
their presen t resiclonccs to n ew s~~tlements, even on a voluntary basis,
Their incorcccat~o'n .for tbe dm·a tton of the war is unthin,kable 't o( this
coJJUllittee.·
·
-~
·
This Is a Nn'tion·of alien peoples. Side by side with tlie'Unna~uralized Germans nnd Italians aTe 923,000 uo.turali~ed Germans and
929 000 nn turnlizcd Itaijaus. Their children in turn number in t he
roill'ions. By blood and by m arriage. they are. •·elatea to these tiJiens .
and tho aliens' cit izen chilclr(m a.~ well as to millions of other citizens.
Thrre nrc approximately 7,000,000 P!li'SonsJp fam ilies qf whom at least'
1 parent was born in G e.rmany or Italy. Surely some,Jilore \vorkable
met.hod exists !or determining ,t he loyalty and reliability of. ·these
people thnn tho uproo ting of 50,~.trus tworthy persons to rcm.o ve 1
dnogerous iudi,·iduaL. Yet a· gene1·alization of the treatment now
· being proposed for Get·mal~ and Italian 11liens on the Pacific 'coast \
lends on~Y. to this logical concfusion; Mn.I?ng SP,ecial ~xceptions for
those above th e age of 70 or of those ho.vrnu children m the ·armed
forces 1 is no n.dcqnate s ubstitute for a weif..dev.eloped program for ··
rcmovi11g those individuals c01isidered dan gerous by competent F ed- .
ern! n.ut.lLOrit ies, 'and of allowing all others to- r emain. If there are
certain stra.togic areas · which require s pednl attention, w.c b elieve it
b~st ~o e,·acuatc everyone resident there and allow visi~ors .only on
pernut.
.
.
The committee present.s the following .conClusions jn th~ form of
l'CCQll1ffiOlldn.tions . It will UC observed that 'several of these have
already been'm~de, in whole or in part, in colplll®ic.o.tions made from ·.
the west coast to yarious responsible Fed~rol 6Hlcinls. Recommenda- .
tions made prior to ot~· t·etum w'ere sent with s uch dispo.tch because
we .were of the opinioh tbat -a ·ct·iti~l situation required imme4ia.te
nctton. It is our opinion, as sot. forth in t his preliminaJ.:.Y report, that
ronny of the preparations for operation of recep t ion centers, t~>nd most .
· of the plai1s for rt-settlem on t of the ;Tapnnese ni·e still in .the p~per
stage, The preparat ions as to .evacuating of G ermans and I~ha~s ·
are ~q~tolly'dela:yed. We believe that·s ug()'estion!l put forward m thts
prchmmnry i·eport could expedite the devo~opment of such,Plans. We
expect to report. on the. furtbN' pt•o()'ress
of the program
tn our final
b
.
· .
··
·
·.
rPpor t .
f rom1 certam
·
. proh'b·~~.~
..loveinents
· · . rtedlof ""':i~·
)8 asse
y r:m ee.neeessa
b
! 'l""U
1e_cons~ from attack. • Ne"v:!b }' th~ ·~ilitaty
undertaken sucli a l~ovi ' e ~re.
m ~ts his-··
1
I
&ruary· 15 ·and' 24 offer·no %~fb ~ rf1dents.
ment about to be carried out . aststlr com;
•· 1
..n h ,
, smce ue num
~lye Y Sillu..u, t e move wa8'niad b • d' .
•
tee to the new destinntion Wl\8 sho ~ m l'l'ldual
that the- .Army with it,cJ .
· r ·
·
VeJil_J:ni, ~ould be charged !..I~hptli~r:~!}d ~r1 eiicoura.gmg to this comriiittee that 0 arge.
1tpon': the mo:v.ement.\ol'G~rmans and I:!.lleral.
as g!l-med ~erienee with the Japan
1~
18
1't ther~ is no mte~ti9n to evacuate all
t ·
a partial' movement <Vill provide exp · pan~
~r areas.
e~for
~d fo! speedy ev~uation is the ruiing f~ctbr in
lception cen~rs. Ideally, the evacuees should
resent loca.tiOn tc? .~heir ultimate resettlemen·t
be . a ~q~g ?PlJllOD that su~ resettlement.
1ble p~nod of twe for the choice Of si~ · th
st~uct~on of adequate commuriity ·facilities of
'ffilnatiOn of .what gfoups shall comprise those
1edy e.vacuat 10n must, theref~re, b~ tied. to the
3 tempora.17: shelters an~ facilities for accomevactteEl$. B eca.use. of possibl~ d(]lays later.
tent areas,· car~ .must b e taken ·to render. ·the
able for a considerable pumber of 'families for
en. of some months.
.
·
Ll author~ty has·been confe"red on the'niilitary
evacuation, !lnd D?~ .t hf1._t ·public opinion. as
l _elected public officuils has gon13 ~n· record for
on of all Japanese from ,d esign~ted military
permit~ing, any. of this group to return to the
• duro.t 10n of the wat: may be considered closed.
IS are those of safeguarding their P.roperty pro:
.es for trlinspot:tmg them to reception c~nters
1 these temporary q.uarters, a~d developiJ1g a
ment. Many of the essential details o( the
remain to be worked out. Indeed,· the commost ofthe )ob involved still lies o;head~. The '
ry mo.vement of these people is still being or. for p ermanent resettlement has not yet been
-inco.rcera~o
j:·
in
:uation creates serious' questions, it is oecause
mr population is b eing bodily removed, family
th e nat ure o{ an exodus of a people. The
trge, but t hey are by n6 m eans. as large, for the
>e who will b e involved if we generalize tl~e
c Japa.iuise to apply to ·all Axis aliens"and the~r
ndeed, this committee is· prcparec:l to say that
tt of the question if we intend ~win this'wor.
·ee Pacific Coast States about 8~,000 Ge~·roa.n
~average nge approaching 60 years old. Thcu·
tdencc i~ this . country is· 24 years. Taken
~he du~atlQn o~
SuMM,\R Y
oF R Eco~i ~ENDATioNs
Th~ eommittep is in full agreen~ent with t he· President':s Exedorder of F cbrunry 19, 1942. Tl1e desiglllation of areas to be
('VIlcun.ted is n military matt.l'l' to be Mcided by . the . Army . The
, I.
llv (•
--.
'Ornoral DeWitt's ••cct>tloos.
\
'
p~1-so~s
26
,.heir famjlies as. wouiq need to.
tbey migb~ nwn"Qer ¥~~9<)~,
ted areas ·Will taX ;tlie facllltles ·~
)!ODS r.eiJla.in at liberty tio move ·
ie the p1:ohibited a.rea.S. ·~To-·
tn Of the War \yoJli.d be 8: rnajOJ;,, ,
~ge of"tbe evacuees.
··
nationaf problem implied, t~
proposal.· There .are 300,000
.
,000 Jt:alian aliens, or ;abOut a
f tlfelr i~edia.te relatives who'
1elves. It is doubtful whether
!llCCS of shifting them all from
uits, even.on a voluntary basis.
t.b e waris
to this
. - untbin;kable
.
?
tde by side with the unnatural.~
100 natUl'alized -Germans and
hildren in turn number in 'the
h ey are r~lated to thes~ ~iens ·
ns to milhons of other mtt:tens . .
ons.in fam.ijjes .Qf who~ a~ least
·.. Surely some moi·e workable
.yalty and reliability .of ·these
;twerth.y per:sons to remo. ve 1
ization of. the treatment now
an· aliens on the Pacific' coast
Ma~g special ·exceptions for
havmg. children in the armed .
a well-dev.eloped program for
dangerous by competent Fed~
•thers to- remain.. If th~re a~e
special attention, w:e bebeve lt .
1ere and allow visitors .only on
ring concltisions. ~ the.form of
ed tbat sev~ral .' of th~e . have
., in COiniDl!!!JPD.tlOllS lllaae from
'ederal '6ffiCia.ls. . Recommendaent with such d~pat<:h _be~use
J. sit~ation re<J.Illl'ed IIDmediate.
in this prelimmary report, th!!ot
n of recep tion centel'!!, a.nd most .
Japanese are still in the p~per
tatmg of Germans and, I~ha~s
, suggestion~ put forward m this
development of such. plans. We
:ess of the program m ?ur final
~lMENOATIONS .
~nt \vitb the'President's Exe<;urhe designation of areas to be·
Th~
10 d<lcided by the Army.
collllJ!itUle conmien& tlie work of the~~ the D.8partment-. f J ·
tice, •the Army and Navy' Intelligence Services and the
U&l}urea.u of Inves~igation on the. eyac~tiori prob1eri.. .. "
.~eral
2 . . The committee recomlnend.S that,. ~~·agency to be'b' .
as the "W~!J Resettlel#ent Boq.rd" be eetab~ed under th~·om 0
~ez:g~ncy M!illagem~nt to coord.in!'~ a~d-~ ~e~e ci~~:~!
a<:ttvrtles connected Wlth the evacuation and r~etttem~Dt 'of e~man
: aliens.
· ·
.
·
.
emy
· 3. This agency should J>e headed by a· civilitin experienced in wei.
fare and r esettlement problems.
.
.
4. Thjs· evacuation mu~t · be considet:e? -as_,a · co_mpl~tely Federal .
problem. I t has been ordered by the military and 1s carried out as 8
ma:t.ter of JEilitacy necessity. I t is esseri'tial, therefore that .the
Federal Government· re<;.ognize its responsibility to· car~ 'for these
people in ·every necessary way. · This includes t he provision of immediate assistance, free t;l'ansporta.tion, medical cm:e., and other' burdens
·attendant upon forced evacuation. .
.
5: Offices of an aliel,l .P!OJ?ert:y custo~i~n should be placed in every
maJOr center from .which ~hens are bern~ cvacua~ed. ·Arrangemen~
should be made With agncultural agenctes to · ha:ndle the lands and
crops of evacuees which. are now under·cultivation. The past e>.-perlence .of the Farm Security Administrat ion qualifies it for thilHask.
6. A system of hearing boards should be constituted by the Director
of the War R esettlement Board with representatives of local and
Federal a~encies, with tlie·concurrence of t he military·authorities, to.·
issue certificates for all Italian and Germa.n aliens whose loyalt;, can
be established beyond reaso.na.ble do.ubt. Final · decisions as to the
return Qf these persons to areas declar ed prohibited should, of course,
rest with · the military.. The emphasis of ~hese boards slrould be ·
toward the early return to civil life of all.certified persons. Responsi_bility for.recommending internment ·should remain as at px·.eseilt with'
existinfi"' enemy. alien hearing boards, to whom the new boaTds would
refer a doubtful cases.
· ..
·
7. Every' effort should be made to resettle the evacuees in such a way
that the process of Americailization can be expedited.
.
I
8. The coriunittee · recommends · that. the D epartment of Justice
immediate~y review · the situation regarding enemy aliens who .are
. awaiting their second ·papers, with a view to expediting their applications.
.
·
.
·
Upon certifiqation of .the local hearing boards, a grace period for
·completion of their citizenship should be. gt:anted. It sho~d be
obserted that all c~es of.enemy alien applicants are now inyesttgated
by the Federal Bureau of Inve!?t:igation .before citizenship can be
gmnted. . ·
·
·
.
~he personnel of the Immigration and Naturalization Se':Vtce should
b~ Immediately increased.
.
F·
an
f'l
Numerou·s other mo.t~rs .hn.vin~ to do with the problem of opera~
rcceptioii centers, undertaking the- relocation and resettl.eroen~·.
these evacuees, and operating of hear.ing boards to dete.rnu~e .w uc .
I tf!lian and German aliens can safely. be trusted .to teside WlthiD t~e
p.rohibi~ed are~s 'Yill be taken up in th~ committee's final report to
be published wtthin tho ne..\:t ·2 ·Or 3 weeks.
h
.·
NATION~ DBI'mNBil MIGRATION
.
-
ids th e work Of the ~y th D '
'
Cld. N-avy Intelligenc~ Seh.icta ~~:dtment ~f J~
ation on t he evactiatio~ yrobl~.~ . ... th~ F()derai .
~ reco~ends th&t., k&!Wlct agency.to b , kn . ·.·
•.tJement Boa.rc;l" be estatilfihed undel' tli'
own
:em~nt to coordin~te an d to de~ . en . c~ for
d With the evacliatioti"'ana·f~e'££t~m~ fCIVil~n
· ,
· . . "
..
-o enemy
1hould be headed by a' ~iviUa.n experienced . · el
mt pr.oblems-'
.
.
mw ion must be conside~~ as a completely; Federal
1een orde!ed by t~e mihtary- and is carried·out' lis a
'f . ~e~sstt~. ~t 18 essen~tal, therefore, that the
~nt rec.o~ze 1ts. r~pons1bilit1 to care for. thes'e
,essary way. T his mcludes the provis~mme
ee tr~nsport~tion, medical care, and other burd ~
~ced evacuatiOn.
ens
a.Iie~ prol?erty custo~ian should be pla:ced in every
_which !lliens are bern~ evacuate.d. Arrangements
1t~ agrtcultural agenetes. .to _h andle the·-l.ands and
~hich_ are now. u_nder ~~tiva.ttqn: · The past eX]>erl'ec~mty AdmmiStratton ~uali.fies it for this task
.earmg boards should be constituted by the Director
.~ement B~ard with representatives of local and
nth the concurrence of the military. authorities to'
tr all Italian and Germa.n aliens· whose loyalty ~n
•ond· reasonable doubt. Final decisions DeS· to the
sons to areas declared prohibited should. of eourse
ita.ry.. The emphasis of ~hese boards' should b~
~tu!D t? civ~ life of all certified persons.' Responsi~dmg 1~ternment ·should remain as at .present with
en hearmg boards, to whom the new boards woul<l
:ascs.
.
.
:hoUld ~e ~a.de. to re"settle'the ev:a.cuees in sucli a. way ..
AmerlCa.Uiza.twn can be expedited.
·
;ee · recommends that the D epartment of Justice
w · the situ'O:tion regarding enemy aliens who are
•nd papers, with a·view to expediting their ~pplic~-
·om
~n · o~ ~he .l~~al hearing boards, a. grace period for
llf cttlzenship should be granted. · It should be
~.es of,enemy alien applicants are·now investigated
:ureau of I nvestigation before c~tizenship can be
£ the Immigration and Naturalization SerVice should
creased.
·
·
·matters having to do with the problem of operating .
undertaking the- relocation and resettl_ement. of ·
d operating of h~aring boards to dete.rmrne _which.
~? aliens can safely be trusted . to resi.de within t~e
1ill be taken up in the committee's final report to
n the next 2 ·or 3 weeks. ·
'·
A,PPE~DIX
A
- "
Thil.followi~ tel~ra.m-iVa8 sen~ by the coJ4mittee to the Govern
of the Stat-es inland.-from the P~ific Coast States.
·
/
..
FEBRUARY ~. 1942.
This congressional committee holding hel¢ngs concernin-g evacuation enemy
aliens west coast at req!Jest several Federal agencies incl~ng Army', Navy;
JustiC:: Social Secw-ity Board. Many witnesses here urge sending all a).ieDJJ,
Germa~ and Italian origin, all Japanese whatever oitizepship, to areas east of
bOrders California, Oregon, and Washington. ~t is response of f.our State to
this proposal? How tnany of these people could your Sfil!,te assimilate? W.hat
opportunity would there be for employing thelle people in useful work?, Under
what plap would you coDJJider such movement fea.sible? Wpat do you think is
attitude of people of your State towards such a movement? Thankll for prompt
reply, room 203, Benry Building, Seatt!e. .
- The following replies to the tele~a.m addressed to the Governors
of all the :Western States 1 which m1ght serve as evacuation areas ·for
enemy aliens· removed 'from the west' coast tegion had
been received
2
as of the date this report_was presented· to Congress.
•
PHOENIX,
JonN H..ToLAN,
.
:
. 1
.
Chatrman, House InveshgatJng Commttlee pn
National Def~se Migration,
· Seattle, ~ash.:
Amz.,·F~bruary fB.
·
, .
\
t
The enemy alien problem is equally as,foCrious in Arizona as it is in California,
Oregon, or Washington. We ·have repeatedly demanded of -Federal authorities
that these aliens be· evacuated from this State and the :~Vestern defense cowmar:td
has listed 18 Arizona ~reM from which they are to be removed. We. do not
propose to be made a dumping ground for enemy aliens from any other State. We
nc:>t only vigorously protest . but will not permit the evacuation of Japanese,
German, or Italian· aliens to any point in Arizona. I ·cannot .too strongly urge
that such aliens be placed in conce11tration cam{ls ea5t of the Rocky Mountains.
They should be removed entirely from the danger"ibelt·which comprises~ of the·
States ou the Pacific 'Slope.
·
SioNEY P. OsBORN,
Goverrwr ..
STATE OF ARKANSAS,
OFFICE OF Til£ GovERNOR,
-
Bon ..JouN H. ToLAN
· ·
_
· ·Little Rock, February "S7, ·"t9:4l.
'
·
Chairma11, House 'commitue Investigating National Defemse Migration,
SeaUle, lVaah.
.
·
.
Mv P~AR MR. TOLA.N: This acknowledges ~eceipt of your telegram of Febru·
~ry 26m ~egard to the evacuation of enet!JY aliens.from.th~ .west coast area ..
· Our IJ:COple are not familiar with customs or peculiartttes of th~ Japan!)Se.
Thcr~ wtll. n·ot be any way to employ these people in Arkansas. _The onlY, wtr I
can vtsuahze where we can use them at all would be to fence t~em tn concen~ton
camps· under wire fence and guard,s.
··
·
·
·
Id' Ahorlzo oa, Oov. Sidney r. Osborn: ArkanSas, Qov. Homu M. Adkins; Colorado, Oov. R)llph F carr;
a L 0 ov. C hase A. Clark· Kansas, Oov. Payne H. Ratner; l-ilssourl, Gov. Forrost 0. Donnell; ~-.ontana.
?~·· :Eiatn·!O· Ford; Nebra.•ka, Oov. Dwight Griswold; Nevada, Oov. E. P. tarviUe; Now Mexloo, Oov.
~ Miles; North Dakota, Oo\'. 1obn Moses; Oklio.boma, Oov·. Leon 0. Phillips: South Dakota, Oov
:~rn 1h. Bushfteld; Tuas, Oov. Coke Stevenson; and Wyomlnf, Oov. Nels H. Smltb.
arc ~ 10, 1942.
·
. ·
. If ·
#
21- .
(
~TIONAL
DEFENSE MiqRATION
J:i0 11
H.o wu M. ADKINs.
.~OlSE,
I DAHO,
February .t7.·
mis~e to senCI enemy alien~ to Idalio ar · 0.
.
of~rvoirs along.Snake a nd tributarie:a ~~count.or
western coast from eastern section F ·
. ey were
oying this labor. I am fearful such l~ho armel'll. here· &re
t.hat i_f. enemy aliens brought to Idaho t~ woulbe
.d ge_t hu~.
:ler mihtary guard.
.
.
ey
placed an
fr
l
CHAS!
LINcoLN, NBli'IL, Marchi•.
.
8 .to cooperate in·any way we can b
' t 1ve born, are·in n.o ma nner famD.u;::~~t'ht~ple,
er had any of them WithiD. ·our bord 1 ~heir
1 Arkall8&8.
•
.
. era, and 1
JoaN H.
TOLAN,
·
/4,: CLAtur."'
G~verno?oTi'daho.
TOPEKA,
CARSON CiTY,
Bon. JoaN H. ToLAN,
KAN~., March.S.
of our '_'arsenal of democrac.y ," with many vital defense
s; and wath .vast resoJ,uoos for more, must in an·patriotisul
1t ~ppose proposal~ that enemy aliens be sent into this
. as suggested l>Y w1tn~ses before your coml)littee.
mg her advan~ages as a State with strategic mjlitary
esoun!es, great mdustri~ ~pability, and an abundanoo of
uanagement, Ke,nsas bas climbed to an important p)ace in
on.
:my aliens int~ our loyal· Kansas commuhities ;,·ould dis·
atl o_f our war mdustri.es, and ~ould weaken the advantage
Nation as. a~ area w1tb maxunum safety against attack
ge from w1thin.
.
·
similatio!'l. of enemy ali.cns into Kansas life is neither ,a
lpport~amt1es for employmg such people in jobs·for which , .
~r whach t.hey ..could be tr\lsted, .arc almost nonexistent.
·tfi~e, . such enemy aUe~s would have to be cared for from ..
wb!ch arc already too overburdened to permit additions
shaps. u_pon. :our own clt.izens. Safety opera~ion requires
.In vestagat10n keep close .s'uilveillance over enemy aliens.
lout. t he country will make ·an almost impossible·. burden
ened staff or that great organizatiol!, the Federal. Bureau
Governor of Kansas.
HELENA, MoN.T.,
·
~~~ebruary S7.
· .
Chairman, Home Committee, SeaUk, WMh.
we4tigating Committee :on·,National D~~e11ae Migration,·
PA;rNE RATNER,
,
·chairiii(Jn, Houte Commitue.ln11eatigating l'fationo.l Defenae Migratiqn,
.
Seattle, W011l. . : . . •
· ), . ". '
-:.
'~ .
:
Your ~legTam of February 26 reiAtiv}w inovemerit- of aJiens· to Nebraska is
difficult t.O answer as I do not understand just h<nf it is planned to handle tb_em.
The people of}~ebraska would lfot. want ~hese aliens released ..in thili State, but it
· might be possable for them to be kept m camps under guard bu.t where' they
might· do some constructive work. Se;veral flood-cont"'ol and.irdgation projecbi
are under colll!id~rat_i.on !n t~e R~ub~ican River Valle~ in sou~~western Nebraska
and another 1mgation proJect IS bemg: eonstr.u cted tn north,western Nebra6ka.
. You must remember that thes~ aliens, iJ transported-to the Middl~ West, 'IVill be
among strangers who Will distrust them and they will have'to zemain in custo
. dy
of gtiarqs. Neliraska might use a few tholisand on work pro~ts as outlined
but they sl\ould not be adjacent to important defense plants.
·
J?WIGHT GRISWOI.D, 00t1ernor of N~briJIIia,
'.
Ret.el Februar~ 26, thii1k attitude ·pe~?ple this State not oppoqed to · sending
all German, 1tahan, and ~apanese aliens 'to areas ea8t of California, Oregon,-and
Washington under proper supervisiop. Recent .surv'ey by me shows that great
majority people would not employ enemy aliens,- especially Japanese, because
Ncvacla citizens would' not work with them. Only plan I c9r\sider fe8,'3ible this
Stale would be Federal Government concentration camp& and(or designated areas
set aside for groups of them to work under proper supervision and )!uara at Federal Government expense. . People here do not ·want en\)IDY aliens coming into
State promiscuously or .being·allowed to drift to all parts of State witho1.1t proper \
sur\'cillance and supervision.
/
E. P. , CARVILLE.
--
s.• NTA
J OH!>
'·
FE,
N . ME'X., February
Chairman, House Committee ·lnvestigatl:ng"National DefemJe Migration1
·
Seattle, .tVMh.
RCtlll proposal to .move enemy aliens and Japanese of whatever citizenship to
.areas east of California. We in New Mexico take the position -that; as a border
State, New Mexico may become a strategic area an.d we therefore oppose such
migration to New Mexico. New Mexico could.not assimilate any large group of
labor. SincQ)''ew Mexico does not have defense industries we still have a lapor
surplus. A1rd except for seasonal harvest in small areas there would be little or
n~ opportunity for employment.· WQ concur in the desirability_ of moving enemy
ahens from the co86t area but feel such mi8!ation should be desn ed to place them
in inland areas completely away from all strategic defense industry, and outSide
of areas that are now or· may lat.er .be considered strategic areas.
.
' ·. C. R. QuiNTANA, .A aing Governor.
Febniary sa:
.
ommittu ltwe&tigating Defenae Migrati011,
·
·
·
Seattle, Wa8h.
c;eived opinio~ he~e om>osed to importation of enemy
be·used as agracu.ltural wo rkers.
SAM C: FoRD, Governor of MonlaWJ,
Hon·.•JoaN' H.
··
ToLAN
.•
BISMARCK,
N.
DAK.,
•
March 4-
Chairin.an, House' Committee Investigating Nation.al Defense Migration,
·
Seattle, Wash.
Reply telegram 26th delayed owing absence from State. . Nort~ Dakota will
cooperate to t he ·extent of our ability with ·t he Federal Government 10 ever~ mann~r possible. Ollr State now haS some 1,700 enemy aliens interned at Fort Lmc~ln,
Basmarck. Our State cannot assimilat-e any, of these-people. It may be possable
to afford opportunity .for employment but only durif!g ha~vest ~eason. :No
. employment available any other time. Further oonsaderataon will be gwen
YOiir tcl~gran1 as promptly as possible·.
·
·
JouN MosEs, Qovernor . .
·.,
. i
'
sr.
H. TOLAN,
I
,.
~TIONAL
J
DU'IIN811 ~G~TIOH
Q~oiiA OIT'i', 0Jt~., F~ S'T.
./
lb~ 26,Wo~.~-!'1e~ve should be.bronoht ln.'·nd
owu •...,• ....., i!lcllned to .,_ the;;.~ln ·""
o camps.
lr,
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_
I
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t..oN
.....,
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CCIIljle.
··:~11~a~, s. Du.,
February.n,
'ommitJU Imutigating Nat.ionol Dqerue ¥.~ation, .
C
·
BeaUle, Waah
Dakota, do not want evacuated enemy. aliens With: . 0
1 will be Allllimilated in uaeful work.
m \lf
~ARLAN' J. ~'O'BBrli:LD, GODtrrurr,
'
,-
)ommi~e
~
C 'K £Y£NNB.
A,PP_ENDIX B
c. PimLJPS, o~..
WYO.;
Ftb~uary
n.
ln11eatigating National D4ense Migration,
:· On February.21 I wired Attorney . Biddle a!ld .the' war
~t plans ~ye-being ma~e 'to move-we8t coast Japa~ese into
mfo~abon .of any_ kirid rel,atlve to this move has bceo
1-ln fa1m~ to the cttizens of Wyoming we shoUld be fully
·f any such plan.
..
.
.
nirig while .willing t? render every ~istance in our war ·
see to.. the 1mportat10n o,f these Japanese ·into our State.
! D~pa~ment p roceed:'·to evacuate;the Japanese from the
mg ·1t wtU be 1mperat1ve that they be kept under strict
•ision, and Federaf,IJ)aintenance.
. ·
e brought into Wyoming i.n acci>rdance w-ith War·Departtizens fuUy expect that the proper Federal authorities will
State upon the. termination of the emergency." ·
re I have re'Ceived many respt>nses from Wyoming citizens
e unan imous in tJteir supJ>ort of' the sition takcn.in the ,a
•red opinion that. it would be most unwise to send aliens , .
;.·making proper . Federal prov.isions fO!· contl'olliog aod
p
. o
c"cepting .these alieps·on the basis that the State supcr,\Ci:se,
t'd provide the~ With employment. The citizens of our
>pposed to such a plan but will if neceil$ary acc.ept. them
t under Federal control and maintenance and p.rovided
I be removed after the war.
.
NELS H . SwrT.a , Governor of Wyoming:
.Z
Ft_BBUABT 25, 1942.
lioo 'JoaN H. ToLAN,
.
. . ., . nal
·chairman, Be~ Comm!UU :l '"luttpaltng aalw
Son [{rancuco; ·Calif.:
·v
. .. . .
efenu !tf'f"alwn,
··
.
.
.~ Am.ioform.ed your comm.ittee i.s ' in~.~tigatiog fiftb-~olumn activities 1!8
per·
tioeot to west coast evac:uat!on problem apd hope comf!Uttee c~ exten~.heanogs
to include Hawaii. In )USttce to reputation of Hawah and to loyal c1bzens .my
eoDliDuriity press ..stories ~?.other statements ' often fr~m irresponsible S?U~
regBI:ding ti'fth-column act1v1t1es there el_lould be substanttated from authontat!ve
sources· or definitely refuted. If comnuttee not able proceed HonolulU for hearin in person 'lllay I urge colJUilittee ask for statements regarding currentl.stories
of~lleged specific ins~nces of s~~:ch activities from Federal and .'l'erri~~ial offieials
such as Governor Pomdexter, Lieutenant G.eneral Emmons, C?';Dlirandlng !!eneral
arid military governor, Col. Kendall J. F1.elder, hea.d of M1htary Intelligence,
Admiral Claude C. Bloch, commandant, Fourteenth Naval Dist.rict, Captain
Mayfield io charge of Naval Intelligence, Federal Bureau of Investigation Branch
Director Shivers Mayor Petrie, Pollee Chief Gabrielson, Maj. Ge.n. Briant H-.
Wells, United States Army, retired; Roy A. Vitousek,.Chairman, Citize~s Couneil1
Leslie A. Hicks, president, Chamber. of CoQU11erc.e, n~wspaper publishers anq
editors and other qualjfied spo)<esmen for local commumty.
.
DELEGATE S AM KtNO.
MAJICH
Ron. J6BII ·H. TOLAN, .
.
.
3, 1942.
.
Chairman, Select Committee Inve3tigating National Defen3t, .Mtgrat~n,
.
·
··
Son Froncuco, Cahf.:
\
Reurtel appreciate prompt reply, Hiwe phol)ed Honolulu and w'as iofo~ap
community quite concerned a t c-haracter test1mony oO:eced yo_ur c:ommttt.OO
purportedly 'describing conditions in Hawaii. Followi_ng your dtrecttons have
wi.red for statements from responsible officers but believe such rcq_u~t should
more properly emanate .directly_ from committee itself. . }Jon~lulu c1h~ens have
asked me to urge you either hold l]ear.ings io Hon<>lulu or. 1f unablo do so to
designate Federal agency represe~t!ng committ.ce to?..f:\ccept s~vonr .statem.ent.'l
from officials and representative ctttzens. As Hawau IS under _m!lrttal Ia\\ ~nd
military governor is in· cl;larg~; belie.ve mill tar~ in·t~Uigeoce. sect10n of Hawa!1an
Department, United States Army, could act tn thiS, capa.~1ty or .as ~lteroat1vcs
local office of Federal Bureau of Investigation or Un1ted States dtstnct a.ttorncy
at Honolulu. Important point is that such -stateme_ots should be submt~ted to
committee directly and made under oath to COiiUJUt~ 0!' Federal offictal at~-;- .
thorized bv commfttce to act for it. . In matter. of such vttalrmportance to_Ha\V~ll
. believe committee would be justified io requiring sworn statements whtch -wtll
have more weight than· those· solicited by me. ·
D ELEO~TE J{ING.
C
.
Hon . Jon11 ToLAN,
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/
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H,o~OLULU, March 14, 194t.
•
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Chair'll(in, Committee Inve3tigoling Notional Defense M1gralton,
House of Repre3enlativell, Washington, D. C.:
· Pursuant req'uest Delegate King ~vise you there were no acts .of sabo~age
committed in city and county 9f Honolt.tl!l Dece~ber 7.nor have tber~ been any
acts of sabot~e reported to police department smce that dat.e. Poh~ delft[
ment had charge of traffic on Pearl Harbor Road from Pearl Harbor to ono u u
shortly after bombiilg started with several offic~f!l on duty ·ther~. There was-no
deliberate blocking of the traffic during ·December 7 or followmg ~bat date by
unauthorized persons.
W. A.• ChaRtELSON,
'Ch(ef of Police, Honolulu.
31
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NATIONAL D.E FENSE' MIGRATION
.
APPEND~
C .
)4~, p~n-suant ~ ~n ·i!lv~tigatiQn•of the•probl .
attons fro.m mib~ry· are&s ~urrently b · .· ems ·
ttee, Co!}gr~~n T.o!a.D di!JJ>atehed ~~~der
Jt retommendmg the npmediate a · ·. gram
lto~an an.d a coo:dinator for eneJr.ili:ent ~
·fining thetr functions and duties. The ~~r
ars onp~ge 8. oftbis report.
:ext
·
s. the Executnre 'order · of the President . d
ncb follows the · ~es of the nbov.0-~~u~
a-yermanent cooromator.
IOO ~
EXECtiTIV!l. ORDER
RELOCATION . AUTHORlTV fN THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE Of
IT AND DEFINING ITS ··~CTIONS AND DUTIES
to~ity v~ted. in me bJI the Con.stitu~ion and statutes of
est~ent of the Unite~ Sta008 and' Commander·in Chief-of
~d !n, or~er to provt~e for ~he ?emov~Lfrom designated
emo' sl.'s n~y, m the m~e~. of •1;11ti~nal security,
I it! the Office· for F;mergency
Man~ement of the Exi\Cu·
~ot the War Relocation Autho. rity_i at the head
of wliicb
•mted by and .responsible to the 'President.
·
' War Relocatton Authority is authorized and directed to
~ a "progtam for the re~o"al 1 from t~e arflliS designat~
re Secr~tary · of War,or app'topriate mi.lit-ary coqwander
Executt:ve Order No. .9066 of February. 19, 194~, of the
.ons desrgna~ under sucb.E~ecntive Order, and for th~ir
and SUJ>CrVISIOJl.
'
, ,.
!1 j>~ogra~ tjle ~irector shall .have authori,ty to-eessary ev&9uat10n not .undertaken by the Secretary of ..
tary commander, provide for the relocation or such per· .
ces, provide for their needs .iri such manner as may be
!se th!)ir activities. · ·
·
·
~ f~ibl~ and des.irab1e; f!Jr the employment of. such
m ~~ustry, commer~ •. agric.ultur.e, or public projects,
condJttoos of such pubhc·employmcnt, and safegU.ardll!e
iv!'te emJ?loyment of.such persons..
.
: •
1t1on, assistance, or ~ervices of any govc~mn~ntal agen~f·
>ns necessary or de8trable to p~omote effectrvc·exec!lhon
a means of coordinating evacuation and relocation actil'i:Ccret-a ry.·of War with respect to · regulations issued and
.a
t-ions of authority as·he mjly deem necessary . .
personnel, and make such •expel)ditures, including the
mts and the purc~ase of real property, as may ben~·
f such funds as may be made·available to the Autbonty.
consult. with the "'United ·s.tates En1ploymen~ ~!vice·and
)yment and other J?roblems incident to acttvrt~es under
cooperate "ith t-he Alien 'Pr~perty Custodian appoi~t~
)rder. No. 9095.of Mcm;h 11,. 19421 in formulating poh~res
1anagement, and disposal by the Alien P roperly 0ustodran ·
.o foreign nationals removed· unclc.r this order or under
------------------~--------·----'
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33 '
utiv~ Order No. 9066 of Februal}' 19J.. 1942; and may asaiat all other .;ersona ~
~~ved under either of su~h' Executive vfders. in the manage~ent .a nd d~os&l .
of their
propertY. an d . agenet~
. · 'o.f the ..-u!~•.'t""'
.
Departments
~ S tates are duected
to cooperate• ·
6 and a51>jet the D1rector ~ .hi.s actlVlttea hereunder. The Departments· of
with
War and Justic~, . under th~ dll'ection of ·~h(l Sec~tary of ~ara~d tlie Attorney
General, respectively, shall.lllSOfa_r as.copSJsten.t ~tth the JllP:tiOnalujterest provide.
such protective, poll~ and ~~~~tJgat10nal s;ervtcea as the D1rector shall find necessaiY iit connection w1th act1vtttea under thJS order.
· .
.
7 There is established within t)le War. Relocation Autbority the War Relocation
woik Corps. The ,Director shal! Jftovide, by general regulations, for the enlistment in .~uch Corps, for the duratiOn .o r the present war,. of persons removed under
·this order or under Executive Order No. 9066· oi February 101.' 194.2, and· shall
,rescribe the terms a~d condit!ons. of the work to be performeu by such Corps,
1and the eo!Jlporisation to be pa1d.
s. There is establishe~ within. the War Rel~cation Authority _a Liaison Committee. on War Relocation, wh1ch shall .constst of· the Secretary of War, the
Secretary of tbe Treasury, the Attorney General, the Secretary o( Agi"iC}'lture, ·
the Sccre~ry of Labor, the Federal Security Administrator, the Director of'
Civilian Defense, and the Alien Property Custodian, o r their d~ties;. and such
other persons or agencies as the Di.r ector may designate. The LiaisOn vommittee
shall n1eet at .the call of tlie Director and shall assist him jn his- 'duties.
. r9. The Directt>r shall keep the President informed with regard to the progress
made in carryiug·out this o'r der, and perform such related duties as_thc Presiden~
may from time to time assign to him.
·
·
10. In ·order to avoid.'duplication of evacuation ·activities under this order
and Executive Order No. 9066 of February· 1 ~, 1942, the Director shall not
undertake any evacuation activities within-military atreas designated under said
Executive Order No. 9066, without the prior approval of the Secretary of War
or t he appropriate military commanaer.
.
•
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11 : This order does not_limit the authority _granted in Executive Order No,
8972 or December 12, J941; E xecutive Order No. 0066 ?f February 1~, 1942;
Executive Order No. 0095 of March 11; 1942; Ex-ecuhvc Proclamatron No. \
2525 of December 7, 1941; .E xecutive l?roolamation No. 2526 of Pecemher 8,
t941 ; Executive Proclamation No. 2527 of December 8, 1941\· Exccu~ivc Proclamation No. 2533 of December 29, 1941; or Executive I>roc amatiOJ? No. 2537
of January 14, 1942; nor docs it limit the functions of the Federal Bureau of
Investig_ation.
·
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F 'R,\NKI.l!> D. Roo:>£vEL'f
·Tml WmTE Rous e, March 18. 1942.
0
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333 !' /
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.. .· ·T~EASU~Y DEPARn.,ENT .. ·
INTER ·omcE··cohtt.tUNJcAnoN
STRICTLY
.
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CONFID~IAL
.)
DATIE··3 tM ·
Secretary Morgenthau
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H. Foley , Jr • .
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Banque Worms and Franco- German Collaboration
. . .
· Attached ·is.a ·report covering an investigation
the- Fo.reJ.gn Funds Control of Banque Worms~ ...._ I ·
believe t~~ report is worth your reading in its 'e ntirety.
The followJ.ng are some· of th,e significant .facts which· have
been· m1cove;red:
·
,
·
·
1.n 1 h~:J.ted--oy
(a) We now have ._ indisputable proof tliat Banque Worms
has over $6, 500 , 000 in· the United States in liquid fm1ds ~ - all .
. of which are frozen. $2 , 50.0 , 000 is 'held· in its own name and.
-$4 million was conc·ealed in the name of Eas.tern Provinces .
A~riistr.ation, Ltd. ·
'·
(b) 'E astern Provinces Administration, I:.td. , is a Canadian ·
corporation for which Professor Georges F. Doriot acts as ' agent.
Doriot is now Chi~f of the Division of Industrial Mobilization ·
and Production," Quartermaster Co~ps, U. s. Army, with the ·rank
of Lieutenant Colonel. . He admits heing a "front" for the
Worms group·•.
(c) The Wor ms. group, many o.f whom ·have. sub-accoWlts with ·
Eastern Provinces, _Ltd.-, contai;ning substantial funds, now
occupy ·prominent governmental posts in the Vichy government
· and are·., of c~urse; a~ti ve· c?llaborationists.
(d) All of the funds of the Banque Worms in the Uni te.d
·stat_e s have been · effe.c tively i.nnnobili zed by ·the Foreign· Funds
-Control . ·
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· '(e). The Office ·of: ·the Coordinator of I~orma~ion has been
furnished with the'·informa.tion in our _possessJ.on WJ.th referexrce
~o this..~tt.er. .At the app~o~r~ate_ time "!le -will .convey _t}lis
lnfor.matJ.on informally to MilJ.tary IntellJ.gence.
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(;t:) .we are actively continp.ing our investJ.gatJ.on~·
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/
334
Re:
Banqu~
Worms and
Fran'co-~rman )Collabor ation.
On January 8, 1942, Foreign Funds Control initiated
·an inves~igation . of L~zard F:eres, designed to uncover, among ·
other th1ngs, the rela~ionsh1p between Lazard Freres and B~que
Worms, prominent supporte r -of French Fascism.
We now have· indisputa ble proof that Banque Wo~ has
over $6,500 ,OGEYln the United . States in liquid funds, all o!
which are frozen. $2i·mill ion is hel~ in its own name ·and $4
million was conceal ed in the name of Eastern Provinces
Administra tion:,_ Ltd . We have now laid bare the rel~tionship
""'
., between Eastern· Provinces ana. Banque Worms.
As background, it is importan t to realize the immense
.,
.
political power and influenc e ~eld by the -group of French
reactiona ries for whom Banque Worms serves as a focus . These
men, who have assumed a controlli ng role in th~ Vichy governm~nt,
have pledged themselves and the industrie s and services they own
or control to the furtheran ce of French economic collabor ation /
with Germany and the establish ment of German hegemony in Europe •
Included among the industri al enterpris es controlle d by the Worms
group are coal mines~ manufacturing plants, shipyard s and shipping
lines, and banking firms.
The ~ost. important and· infl}lentl .al of the Worms p_a rtners.
'and directors are Hypolite Worms, Jac.ques Barnaud, Mathieu
Goudchaux , Pierre Pucheu, and Gabriel LeRoy-La durie. Of these,
Worms and ·Goudcliaux are old and, so far as is known, p.oli tic ally
. impotent. On the other hand, Barnaucl is Delegate for FrancoGerman economic collabor ation (with the rank of Mi:Q.ister) and
~cheu is Minister of ·the Interior (a post which in France is
p~rticularly powerful because it carr~es with it the direction of
tn.e police).
· Puch~u is a study ia reaction .. He i~ rumored. to have
been implicate d in the abortive Cagoulard -fasc1st plot 1n 1937 7
actively lQOk the sid~ of Franco in the Spanis~ Civil War , w~s a
member of the Fascist Croix de Feu,· and later a member of th~
Parti Populair e Franc~is of Jacques Dori?t, -wh? re?entl! organized
and is ~eading a division ·of. French Fasc1~ts flght1ng w1th t he
German armies on the Russian f r ont . I x:_ h1s present pos~. Pucheu
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is a representative of ~teel ·and banking interests and ha~ ~alled
for exploitation of French North African raw materials by the·
Germans.
· ·
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Barna~d .. reportedly a more intelligent and cultured
man than J>ucheu, is the chief .liaison office·r , both among the
W9~ group _
and between VicAy .France ·and Germany.
~d . .
.
LeR?y-La ur1e 1s probably the most danger~us of tne
three . He, l1ke, Pucheu, was a -member of the Croix de Feu · and
the Part~ Populaire Franc·~ise, -but has· never . allowed himself to
be thrust_ forward. Instead he · has preferred to "ad"Vise" those
/ in power . Baron Guy de Rothschild describes him-as11 the -dominant
personality of· the Worms grou~ and "'v ery danger'ous • He is a
_
friend of the Comte de Paris (the Bourbon PretendeP to the ~nrone
of France) , ·p aul Reynaud_, £ormerly Prime Minister, General Weygand·,
and Rene· de__ Portes, whose wife, Helene de Portes (now dead) was
widely believed to be Reynaud's mistress and to have played a '·
decisive role· in the days just pre.ceding the fall of France and ·
assumption of power by Petain.
In ~ddition, the Worms group has installed a number of
lesser men in the Petain government . · A complete l.i st of these is
attached to this memorandum as Appendix A. Two examples of the
network of associations t hat binds this group together may be cited .
Y~e s Boutrullie~ received his appointment through the influence of
Helene de Fortes, 'and Pal4. Baudoin, though not ~a member of the ·
Cabinet , has shared prominently in Worms councils and. ai ded Hele~e.
de Fortes in influencing Reynaud. Baudoin espouses ajheo - cathol~c~am
which is a blend of mysticism· and Fascist ·discipline, and ·no doubt
r ejoices in the Petain formula of ''Work, Family, Country", as a
substitute for 11 Liberty, E'quali ty, ·Fraternity". ·
· .
It is now clear that Banque Worms, ~earing a European war or a . powerful, determined Left government .on the Popular Front
model, established in the · ye·a rs just prior to the outbreak of war .
in 1939 a number of corporations through. which
Worms ' assets could
11
be held aO"r.ead in neutral countries.. These cloaks" inclu(j.e~:
-.
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336
- 3
1
2
3
4
5
lmafiza
Fininvest
Sofinot
Eastern Provinc-es
Boston Corporation
-
the Netherlands
Switzerland
Luxembourg
Canada
United States
/
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It.was through our 'investigation of Eastern Provinces
.
and its presld~t, P~ofessbr Georges F. Doriot, ·that we were able
to establi_sh-tne fact that Ea:stern Provinces holds Banque Worms '
assets in the United States .
Eastern Provinces Administration was organized in Canada
in l939 with $100,000 remitted by Sofi not . The capital stock,
which has now been vested by the Canadian Ene~ Property Custodi~,
- ·
was entirely awned by Colonel Doriot .
,
d.
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Professor - now Colonel-Doriot was born in France and
became a naturalized American citizen in 1939. He taught industrial
engi neering at .the Harvard School of Business Administration from
1926 to· l940, when he was made Chief of the Division of Industrial
Mobilization and P~oduction, Quartermaster Corps, U. S. Ar~. From
1926 to and includi~g t}?.e summer of 1939, he spent eac·h summer- in
Franc.e as an industrial consultant f·or the many Worms business
enterprises. We have made discreet inquiries among persons who
know Doriot, including Emil Despres of Colonel Donovan's office,
and the composite ·picture indicates that Boriot was, at least prior
to December 7, 1941, isolationist and pro-Vichy. He is also said
to have travelled to France on Fr ench destroyers by virtue of his
import~t contacts.
·Georges Doriot' was personally int.erviewed by Lane Timmons,
a·s sistant to John Pehle, and members o!' the Foreign Funds Control
investigative staff on :March 18, 1942. Doriot wa·s disarmingly frank
about his long and intimate association with the Worms group •. He
s.tated that he knew well all of the Worms partners and that. his
c1osest .confidant was Gabriel LeRoy-Ladurie; although he sald he
had not heard from the latter for over a year . Doriot described
:Barnaud a~ a genuine French patriot who had the interests of France
at ~eart. )Pehle •s .men gathered ~oriot thoug~t that ~u: Pr~sent
ath tude toward Vichy\ FrB,Jice, wh1ch h~ des?rlbed as sllly w_ould
~oon pass away and that our old relat1onships ·would- be reslmleQ. .
'.
336 .
,•
- 3
Imafiza
.Eastern Provinces . .Boston Corpor at.ion -
F-in.inv·~ ·st
Sof~not
the Netherlands
Switzerland
Luxembourg
Canada
United States
/
It was thro~gh our ' investigation of Eastern Provinces
and its pre·s idjnt, Professor Georges F. Dor1ot, ·that we were aM.e
to est.a blj_sllthe fact . that Eistern Provinces holds Banque Worms '
assets in the United St!ltes .
·
Eas.tern Pr.ovinces Administratfon was organized in· Canada
1939 with $100,000 remitted by Sofinot. The ·capital ·stock,
which :P,as now·. been vested by the Canadian Enemy Property Custodian,
·was entirely owned by Colonel Doriot.
- ·
.
~· in
•
\
Professor - now Colonel-Doriot was born in France · and
became a n·aturalized American citizen 'in 1939·. He taught industrial
engineering ·a t .the Har~ard School of Business Administration from
1926 tQ 1940, when he was made Chie'f of the Division of Industrial ·
Mobilization and .P roduction, Quarte~aster Corps, U. S. ArmY· From
1926 to and includi~g t~e summer of 1939, he spent each summer in
France as an industrial consultant for the many· w.orms business _
enterpris e.s. We have made d~screet inquiries among persons who
know Doriot, i~cluding Emil Despres of C0lonel Donovan's office,
and the compos-ite·picture indicat'es that Doriot was , at least pr.i or
to· Decembe-r ?,. 1941, ~solationist and. pro-Vichy • . He is also said·
to have t ravelled to France on French destroyers by virtue of his
important contacts.
Georges Doriot' was personally interviewed by Lane Timmons ,
~~sistant to John Pehl~, and members of the. Foreign ~unds. Qontrol
_mvestigative staff on March 18, 1942. Dorlot was . dlsarm.lt?-gly frank
about his long and inti.InB;~e association with . the Worms group. . He
stated that he knew well all of the Worms partners . and that his
closest · confidant was Gabriel-Le}J.oy-Ladwie, although he sai~ he .
. had not heard from the latter for over ~year . Doriot descr1bed
Barn~ud as ~a genuine French patrio~ who had the interests o; France
at heart . Pehle's men gathered Dori~t thoug~t that ?.U: pr~sent
attitude toward Vi chj\ France, which h~ des~rJ.:bed as · s1lly wo~d
soon pass . away and that our o~d .r.ela:t1onships ·would be resl:mled •
•I
/
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337
- 4
Doriot professed to kno! no.details ?f the col:laboratio~ist · policy
of the Worms group and · ~pl1ed that 1f it existed it must be
because events had left these men ·no choiye ..
.
.
Soon after the fall of France in June 1940 Doriot said
that he wa:s advised of the ~nent arrival of the t~o ·children ·
of Helene de Fortes. The children remained with Doriot for over
'
a year and ~now back- iri France.
~.·
-
al
In answer to a direct question, Colonel Doriot said:
(a) ~e had no doubt that he was holding the stock of Eastern
Provinces. for the real beneficial owners, the partne.rs and
directors of Banque Worms;
·
(b) he felt ·sure that the other "dUIIIIIlY" corporations mentipn~d
~ pr~viously were Worms creatiens.
For example, Doriot was
suddenly notified that lie had been elected Vice-Presidentof Fininvest, the Swiss corporation, -with power of attorney,
and he .naturally assumed that he had been placed in this ·
post by his W~rms friends.
'
•
Over 200 sub-accounts are maintained on the .books of
in Canada and .the assets represented thereby
banks in the United States, .effectively froze~.
These .sub-.acc.ounts were transferr-ed to Eastern Provinqes from
Imafiza in 1939 • .Doriot submitted to us · photostatic copies of
the list of beneficial owners of the:se sub..;accounts. Doriot has
in his pos-session a number of sealed envelopes _bearing numbers ~orre sponding to those-:of the ac.counts.. _(Doriot indi.c atea he ha<L
no objection to our making an investigation of these .envelopes and
his corr-espondence file).. Colonel Doriot said he c.ould not be
sure whether the lists he submitted came in that. form from Holland
o~ had been made up from the sealed envelopes. .
.
Ea~tern Provinces
are on depo~it in
r
.s'
4
Among those listed _as carrying sub7accounts with .Eastern
Provinces are· H. Worll$,. p~ Baudo_in, . M. Goudchaux, and J. Barnaud.
Colonel Doriot stated that so far as he knew, th~ 200 odd sub. accounts were owned by assoc.iates, frie~ds and employee·s of -the
Worms comp&nies. One especially l~rge 1tem, over $600,000 ~~14
in the name of "Miss O'Donnell", was r_evealed by; Colonel Dor1o~
to be t~e propePty o~ ~ - order - of Catholic sisters.
/
'
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t
338
5
Col?ne~ Doriot statea categoric~lly·· that the ' only
ag~ee~ent, ~1tte~ or o~a~, existing b~tween him and his European
pr1nc1pals ~s t~e ve:bal one th~t he w1ll hold in safekeeping the
worms prop.e rty. 1n this. country. W:e have in · our files tw.9 letters
written to· D?r1ot by LeRoy-La4urie concerning the dispos1tion of
Eastern Prov1n~es a~counts. · These letters are signed wit.h only
an illegible SC):'awl, but ''this was readily -identified by Doriot as ·
LeRoy-Ladur-ie-t5 signature. .
~
'
cy
.d
Doriot asserted that it is his intention not t~ attempt
in any· way t _o touch Eas-tern Provinces' assets in this country until
....-· after the war·, as he does -n ot feel that he has _sufficient authority.
This question is one between Doriot, the Worms partners .; and the
depositors in Eastern Provinces, .for there is no doubt that Doriot
has a power of attorney over. Eastern PrQvinces accounts in the
United States ' that would· be recognized by the banks concerned~
\
These accounts are now immobilized by the fr·~ezing control ~a
will remain so.
,
At the conclusion of our interview wlth him, Doriot
stated:
(a) that so far as he knows he is the only financial
representative of Worms i~ thi~ country;
•
(b) that he has no knowledge<of any ·f inancial or comme:cia1
transact1on in this ·h emispher-e, contemplated ·or in process, 1n·
v1hich any of the Worms group have an interest .
a,
nd
(c)
.Doriot .
nd
rn
•
•
that he i~ not· related to the Fascist leader Jacques
To sum up: we have ' no .e vidence that the Vio~ms gro~p,. .
with Doriot,·as a'fro~t, has been able to free an::!. of 1~s f~ds 11;1
the United States for .undesirable uses. Yet, as ~s po1nted out 1n
a report by Colonel ..Donovan' s ·office, "the peculiar usefull;less of
the Wor~ group to the Germans probably lies in the ext~ns1ve
· -internati.enal connections of the WorlllS' t>eopl~ . The ~:mans n?
doubt JlOpe to make ~se o,t thea~ co~ect;t.ons 1n · org,an~z11;1g esp1onage,
political intrigue, .evas1on qf All~ed exc~ange re~tr1~t1~ns, and .
evas-ion of the Allied blockade of strateg1c mater1als . •
..
/
·•)
'
/ I
..
'339
- .6 -
an
lle
rs
f
c
'Phis rep.o rt is based on extensi;ve investigation by ·
our field force, conferences with Doriot and his lawyers a~d
e·xchange of information with Col onel·Donovan•s office. /
We intend -to
as
pu~h
-.
this investigation on all fronts .
___.-/
pt
n.til
rity.
e.
iot ·
\
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.al .
il;l . .
; in
of
t
onage,
ad ·
.
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.
,·
340
-APPENDIX A:
Government ~osts Presently. Occupied by ~or.ms Group Me~bers .
Minister of
th~
Interior
Minister .of National
and E.i:-na:Ilce _
Pierre Pucheu
Econo~
,
Yves Bouthillier·'-
Secretary ·of State for .Industrial
Production & National
·E.quipment
,;
.
Francois L.ehideux
Secretary of State for · communications
Jean Berthelot
Secretary of State for t:tte Presidency
of the National Council
Jacques
Se.cretary Gen·e ral for . Ele.ctric Power
Benoist -Me~bin
Henri Lafonde
Del~gat e
for Economic Franco-German
Relations (with rank and
.
· prerogat ives of Secretary ·of State) Jacques Barnaud
Governor,
Ba~
o£ .France
Yves Breart de Boisanger
.
Se-cretary of State .t·or Labor
Rene Belin
~ecretary
General for Industry
and Domestic Commerce
'Jean Bichelonne
.
v
\
'
,
'
'
. ·'
;
340
APPENDIX· A.
Government ~osts Presentl~ Oc~upied by Worms ~roup Members
Minister of the Interior
'
· Pierre Pucheu
Minister of National Economy
and Finane ~ _
Yves Bouthillier
Secretary of State for Industrial
Production & National
·Equipment
Fr.ancois Lehideux
.
/
--
I
.
Secretary of State for Communications
Jean Berthelot
Secretary of State for t~e Presidency
of the National Council
Jacques Benoist-Mechin
Secretary General f 'or . Electric Power
/
'·
Henri Lafonde
Delegate for Economic Franco-German
Relati ons (with r·ank arid
prerogatives of Secr~tary ·of State) Jacques Barnaud
G.overnor, Bank of ,France
· Yves Breart de Boisanger·
S-ecretary of State .for Labor
Rene Belin
Secret~ry
General for Industry
and Domestic Commerce
.
Jean Bichelonne
1...
.
'
/.
\
/
'.
Treasury .D.e partment
Division of, Monetary Research-
341.
/
s ecretary Mor genthau
H. D. White
___-/
Appended is a decision by the · ~
Legal Division with reference to the
use of free . s:il ver for -indus·trial
purp oses .
The War Pr oduction Board is
pre s sing m~ for an answer because
they wish to complete some contracts.
I don 't· think we should keep th,em
waiting •
.If you approve the idea, the
Legal Division wishes to g et the
opini on of· the Attorney General, inasmuch as this inv·o lve·s an interpretatlon of the President's powers .
under the War Resolutions .
-~
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.
342
ODIERAL COUNa'IEL' ·
;:· .:·::
..·
.
•.
.
..·
.·.
TM:MUIItY DI:~ENT
WASHINGTON
.
Secretary ~rgen~u
To:
.
'-...
/
From: ·Jlr. ·Foley
-.
'
~
The (pestio~ has arisen 'lilether there. ia ·
..
· author.ij" to _permit . t~e use of the a:'f8:ilable_·_ silver
•
stock~~ of the Government ~ industrial defense plants,
·. . . .
'
ooth Go.vernment and pr.iv.ately owned,- in substitution for
copper.
The silve:r · is to be used in such manner that' it
.
will. no~rt
of the product . o~be used .up, but
.
.
:
.
'.
will · be -~de ..·a p~rt_ q~ the ·plant -equipment and 'will- 'be.
re-t urned at t~ termination of the war.
There may be ·
'-' some smidl·.· loss fr9m convEtrs~on ·and ·reconve:rsion of- the
bars of .silver.
The au~ori ty of the Secrttar;r of ._the Treasucy
.
.
to sell silver pursuant to section 4 .of· the Silve~
ll
,/
.,
-· .
.... · The only silver which is con.side~e.d in this connection
is the so-called· •free silver". Section 5 of the Silver
Purchase Act of 1.934 re.q uires
mp.intenance, as se~~ity
fo~outstandlng ·silver · certificates, of silver bullion and
standard si1vet dollars of a monetary value equal _to the .
total face amount .of silver certificates issued both be~o~
and after the pass•ge·of .the Act•
-the
.• ."/
.
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.l.
"
.
. 343
\' . .
~2 .- \
-.
PUr~haae ~t
.Y
of 1984
.~an
.
.
.
be . ex~rciaed ·0~7 when .t he
ma~ket. price .of a~lv~r..i .a
in e:Xce·a~ ot--'i te· monetarr ,v~~ue
.....
.
.
.
or ·silver stocks
excee.
d
25
per
centum
of
the
value
of the
.
.
.
.
.
mo~eta~· ~~ ~of both ·g~ld
and silver, neither of· wh~">C~
condi tiona presentl7 e_x ists..
Howe·v er, the Joint. Resol~
tion ..of December 8, 1941, declaring
a. st~te of. ~r
.
. bet~en
the United"States and ·. the_ ~perial ~vernmenj; :of Japan
{ Joiz:tt Res.olution of De·cember ·a, 1941, · c·. 561, 55 Stat.
'·
795),- provide~J: -
. · . ~* * * the Pr~~id~nt is hereby
authoriz.e d and direet~d ·to employ · the
entire naval and military fore~s of
the United States and the resources of
th~ Government to . carr-y . on war against
the Imperial GOver.nm~nt of Japan; md, ·
to -bring the conflict to a s~ccessful .
.·termination, all Q.f the ·resources · ot . ·
the :·coun-try are herebY ~ledged b~ the ··
Congres~ of the United tates. n~ . ·
·(un:~ersc01'i.ng s:Upplied.}
··
.Ac-t of June '!9, '1934, e-. 67~, see.· 4,
~U.S'.C., 19:4<) ed.,. ti~le 3_
1 ,· sec • . '134b)~ ·
·g(
!
1178,
The .identical J.a~~ is contained in the J~int . Resolution of December 11, 1941, e. 564, 55 Stat. 796, declaring a at..te of war be.tween the United States and t~
.·
Governmeri~ - of ~f'JII&nl, and in the Joint Resolution of
December 11 1941 \ c. 565, S5 S-tat. 797, de·e laring a state.
of/war·. bet~en th~ United states. ~- .the Government of
· Italy.
y
1
.,
48 'stat.
-.
•. '
.•.·.
./
·.·
.
\..___
344
- 3 .)
.
~
......
.
.
That 1anglia~ . is ide:ntical with the langQ.&ge · ·
of· the Joint Res~1utiolis. of J.pril 6,· 19l7, . 4Q Stat. 1 . ·..
.
.
_,
.
.
/.
and December 7;- 1917, 40 S~at. 429, which respectively .
.
deciared ·~·~ ~ of . war to _ e~ist- between the ]Mperial · -~
.
German Government
and the tJni ted States ,and be·~en the .
.
Im~rial
and Royal. Austro-Hungarian
Gove~nt and·
the
.
.
United. States.
That broad po~rs · were granted ·to the President
by the Jolnt .R8solutions of April 6, 1917, and-December _7, ' ·
1917, has been · recognized both by the Supreme -court m d
.
.
the lower Federal ..cour.ts and in proclamations and. exeeu- ·
tive orders issue~ : by President Wilson :during the f~rst
Thus·, the .Supreme Cour~ in ~~ghland v.• "Russell
World War.
.
.
tar Com~any, (1929) 279 U.S. 253, sustained the_ fixing
Qf the. price of coal
.
.
~der .'the Lever Act {Act of August 10,
-~917, c. 53,~ Stat •. 276, as ~end~d),_ and ~n · so doing; .
ci_ted, amO!lg_other ap·plicable
s; 1911,
~~olutio~. of A-p-ril__
sta.~ute~,
as followS':
.
~
the . Join~
--
•!he Joint Resolu~ion of April 6_,
' ~1917, -40 Stat. 1, declaring war with
Ge,rmaiLi clire~ted ·the President to em.plor·
the entire na~ md military ·forces and
'
,.
.
..
345
-' _
..
)
.
.
ple~ed -'a ll the resources
.
.
oi 'the·
· c~untry to- bring the ·conf'li ect to a
aucoesiful 'tel'DlinatioJi•.•
~ ·
.
•
'The Court
in
J
•* * *
that cas-e-- h~ld that
Congres·s~El" t~e Preaide~.t ·_exert
the
/
.
the
war poWer of tbt -~
nation', _and they have wide discre't_ion ~s to the. means · t~
,
be e~ployed successfUlly to c·a rry on~"., See ala~ · ·
....
· v~rgi~ian.. Railway v. ·.1lullens, (i926) 271 u.S-./220, 224." .
. Again in. United States: v. ·Welis, (D. W.D. ·.wash. 1917)
262 Fed·.- 833, the court stated that since 'the Presiden.t ' .
·~s
directed by the Congress to
ca~r.y
and military· forces .to
'on
~-mploy
~r
the entire naval
against the· !Diperial
'.
prosec~ti"on
German . Government, it· was immaterial, in a
fo.r con~p-i~acy. to prevent the-~ enforcement of la:ws relat.
.
'
. ·.
..
·ing to mobilizatior;t of th~ Army, whether the _S elec..ti:ve ·
.
'
Draft-Law· (J.c~ o:t'Jlay 18, .. 1917, c.• 15, 40 Stat • .76) had ._
been pa-ssed or not at the time of . the ~ll~ged conspiracy.
Finally,' in
.
' .
.
U~ted
·2 F.' Supp. 244;
~.
E·.n. va • .1932) '
app;: disin.• (c·.c~.A. 4th, 19~) ·7_0 F. (2~) .
States
.507; c8Jt. denied ·(1934) ·293
:MCint.o sh, (D,
......
u•.s.
586, the ·court, . in an :.· ·
\
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....
,.
:
345
..
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.
4-
'
•....
.)
pledged ill the ~source_e of the· ·
-count·r y to ·bring the 'conflict to &r
sucoe s itul te rain~ ti on. • · · ·
J
/
Th~· Court in the.t · ca~~·hel~ that •* * * the
Congress and -~re~id~n-t exe~t the war power of .the
.'---
nation, and they have wide discretion as to the me·ana to . -
be ·_employe.4
succ.essfullJ fo ~.arry on."· S~e also .
V!rginian ~ilway v. imllena, ( 1926) 271
Again in United States~· v. Wells; (D.•
ri.S/220,
w.:b • .Wash.
224 •·
1917)
262 Fed:·. 833·, the court stated that since the President
Qs directed by the Congress to employ _the entire -n:av~l
and military forces to cal_'r.y on war ag~inst the· Im.per.~al
·.
German Governmen:~, it was immaterial, in a -~rosec1:1ti'on
for consi>iracy t~ p~·eVEmt the· enforce~nt
.
.
.
or_laws·
re:!.at. ..
· 'ing· to mobiliiatio~ of the Army, whether the Selec.~i_ve ·
.
.
.
· Draft -Law (Act ·of Jlayl8, ..1917, c. 15, 40 Stat. 76) had ·
.
.
· been .passed or
~ot ~ t _the. ~ime
of
~he alleg~~ c~~s_pirac1. •
.Fi~~Ily, in UD.i ted States v. Mcintosh, (.D. E.D • . Va·• .1932)
..
.
.
.
.
.....
'
.·
.
·2 F. Supp; 244, app; di~m.• (C'.'C.A. 4th, 1934) ·7_0 F.(2~) · ..
·fiJ7,
cert. de·~ed .(1934) ·293 U.S. 586, the court~ in ·an :
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346
5- :·
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obiter dictUJI, recQgnized the right
.
of
'
the Go-ve.l'Dlll8nt .
'
. to condemn land b_y virtue of th~ power• granted j,n ·~e
Joint Resolution o:(Apri-1 6, ·1917.
.
.
'
· ~e~sorship o~ t_e~ephone and telegraph line-s..._
.
.
.
.
and submarine ·cab].e_s .wa.s e_stablished by Presi.d ent Wi.l son
pwsu~t - ~~
the -autho,rity of
April 6; 1917, .· sup~.
~e
Jo1nt Besoiution
of
Thus, by Executive Order No •. 2604,
date.d April 28, 1917; he pr:Ohi·b ited · the tr~smission
1>1 ·
\
companies or persons owning, controlli~g, or supplying ' ·
teleg~aph
and
teleph~ne
lines qr submarine cables from
transmitting ~ss~ges without th~. United States and !rom
(
deli~erin~ ~ssages received from s~ch points except :unde~
rules ' and r~~at~on~ estabiis~ed th~ref~r • .The only
~or
authority ·cited
..
the action was:
*
"~ · * the-· power vested. in me under t~e .
Gonsti-tution and by the .Joint ~soluhon.
· p._ssed by. Congress on .llpri~ .?1. . 1~17,
declaring th~ exist~nce of ·a sta~e of
., .
-
wa
. r ·' * * ·*"4/
.
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.
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Y ~ecutive
Order No. · 2967, . dated ~eptember. 26, .1918, ·
Which modified Executive -Order No. 2604, was pred1oated
.
·
·.
.·· ··
upon the . same· ·adtho.l!i ~1·
.··
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347
.. 6 ..·
Exe-cutive -~der · - ~~· 2So5J.~ da~d .lpril.
.
so; ~917-!
.
(
· authorizing: the Se~retary. of · the Navy. ·tQ· take over r~o
~·tati~ns, ·was
stated lobe · is~~e~ upon the authoritr of .
.
'
.
.·
.
the Joi~solution
of ~ongress
dated .April s. 1917 ·"
:·.
and the . Aot_.. to Re~a te Had,i~ _· Co~ica_tions, ~~prove_d .
_.
;
Au~st 18, .1912.
In ~ddition, · Pre~ident Wils~n issued
three pro·c lamations
·.t aking over various
.
.
. . rail and water
- - --
. trari$por~ation systems.
·Pro~l~tiori of Dec~mber
26, :'
'.
.
1917, ·40 Stat. 1733; Pro'Clamation of April ·ll, .1918, 40 ~
Stat·. 1769; ~roclamation of June . 22, 1918;
I
40 Stat. 1808.
.
In all of thos·e .. proclamations t~e President ci~e~ as :.
.
..
.
author.itr for the . act~on taken not only the Act of August ,
49, 1916., emp~wering him to ass~e . CO:D~·rol_ of t~e: systems
of ·transportation, but also- the Joint Resolutions . of
.
.
.
.
:·-
.
.I .
April 6, · 1~17 and ~~ember 7, 1917.-.
.
.
.
··
'
·
.
·§ I rt is ~0 be not~d ·.t ha.t the .. order was ·origi~ally issued
· as~ Executive Order No~ 2585, ·.d ated April· t>, · 1917.~ The . .
two orders are identical except- ·th~t. the latter 'Q!:P.er l.n:serted as . an authority for the act1.on taken the JOtnt- . /
·ResolUtion of .l_pri1 6, 1917•·
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348 .
- '1 -
"'·
. ..
.
'
>
!-.
It .is apparent, · ~erefore, th&t ·the direction
contained . ~ the Joint Resolutlons ot'·~eemP.r 11, i94l,,
•
and Decembe·~ 8, 1941_," a1.thorizi~
and
•
J
/
.
directing the
Preside~to em.Plo;y the resources of the Government t~
.
-
'
ca~ry o~ th~
.
.
.
·~·
.
war, vests .in him broad
~iscretionar,y
(
poWers
co·n cerning · ~e )lse -of .the Government r'e souroes.'. The ·
"resources• of
a - c~~t;y· have
.,.
•
been aefined to include.
"len~~ timber, ~oal, crops, Lnpro:vements, ra.i lways, fa~.:.. ,
\
~
tories, and eve·r ything that goes to ·make ·up i ts wealth " ·
or to r·ender~ 1 t desirable.~ : Je~ferson .· CoUnty v • .Peter,
(Ky~ 19~7 ). 105 ·S-•Yf..- 887,
888.:
~a
in .Mo~r.e-v. ·state. ·
So.c ial Se:c~-ri ty Colllllli~sion,. (Mo. App·•. 1938) i2a s.w. (2d)
391, 3~4; .'the · ll)rd "resources" ..-v~as 'defi~ed as. ,"money or
.
.
any proper'9" ·that
.
ONl .
be converted into supplies,;. me&:ns
. .
of raisiug •onet or . supplies; -~ail~ble ~a~s
or
c~pability
of' any kind."
·. _ Jq conclus.i on., therefore, is t~at. it is within
the: hesident' s ..p~iers ··under the Joint . Resolutions ,· of
Decembfr 8,. 1941, an~ Decembe~ 11,' 1941, to dire.~t tha~. ·
•tree sil:t'er'.' oohta~ed in the· available stocks· of the
.· '
I •
-··
;
..
'
I
-.a -·
·.·•
.
c.
.
.
.
.
. . .. '
~
..
Goyernment _be tranllii~ted. to industrial plants -~ngaged
in -~.efen:se· productio~ for use
.
.
:
by su.ch plants in that ,pry.:
.
auction in a m&nner·wnich
will permit
.
.
-
subatantial~y -all
of it to - ~~rn~d
at ·.~e termination
of the war.
...
.
'"""
;
i,,_,·~l ··.
Genera! Couns*f.
·
-
".
..
.. ,
.
..
-.
'
. . ':
A
\
. L
'
'
'
-·.
.·
(
J
•.•
350
. TR~SURY .D EPARTMENT
INTER~FF'ICE COMMUNiCATION
~?ATE
TO
Secret&r7
~orgenthau·
.
Kar~h
.
31, 1942
··
·sTR'l CTtY· e0NFl DENT 1Al /
Mr. Dietrich ·
Offici~ ealea· of British-o~ed dollar securities under the Tarioua •eatsin.c/ r u a . ri ·19·, 19k>:
·
·
.
, '
tne orders
· uo. of" Shares $ Proceeds of Nominal Value .$ Proce~di- of
Sold
· · Shares Sold · of Bonds St>ld , Bon·d s ·so·ld
16
17
1.8
-·
19
20
•21
\
'·
Sales ·from
.
Feb·. 22,19lc t·o · . · . ·
~. 14,1942
9',847.610-1/6.
Sales from
Feb. :!2,1940 to
Mar. 21, 1942·
9. S47 61Q.ol /6
I
.
281,858,763
45,648,016
31. 4]4,216
45,648,016
37.474,216
\
l .
,·
For · Miss. qhaunoey
·
. "' · ..
351.
T~EASU~Y -·DEPARTMENT - :
INTER..OFFICE COMMUNiCATION
.• .
. .
.
-.
. )
. Secretary ~orgeutban
ro
. ~RO~
Mr. Dietrich
STRI.CTL Y GON_fiDENli AL
O~fi-cis.l sales- of Britlsh-owned dollar securities under the vari6us veat'i ng orders
aince~r: 19, l 94o : ~
$ Proceeds ·of
· Sh'a rea Sold
$ -Proceeds of
Bouds Sold ·.
Totai
~ •. 16
17
is
19
?O
21
'·
Sales from
· Feb •.22 ,194o
to Mar.l4,1942 · 281,858,763
Sales f rom·
Fe.b , 22,194o .
to Ma.r.21, 1942
2811 858,763
)19. 332, 979
~ 37 ,474, 216
319. 332,979
$ proceeds of .non-vested securities sold
.Mar. 9, L942 - Mar . 14, · 1942 --
300,000
$ proceeds of· non-vested secu.ri ties sold
~ept . l, 1939- - Mar. 7 -.~ 1942
244,700, 000
·
$ proceeds of non-ve sted securities sold
· . Sep~ ·1, 1939 - Mar. 14, 1942
·245 , 000 ,000
>-
.
Jan. 7, 1942 - . Cash Dividend on 156 Shares
Jan. 9, 1942 - Partial Liouicl8.ting Dividend
..
9 Units ~sold from
18, 1941 - Mar . _21, 1942 for
11 _Shar es' s .t ock. Dividend sold Aug. 18, .1941 - Mar. ~1·,. 19lil-2 for
56,007 Righ~s so.ld fro~. J~ 24,. 1941 - Mar. 21, , 1~42 for
Aug•.
•
I
• •
.:.
'
245,000 ,000
564;}32·. 9j9
GRANJ:) 'roTAI.
.
319, 332. 979
..
• :.
'·· .
i,
}
'$
.·
61
125
42
123
102,938: .....
.~r*'.· -
. •
TREASU~Y
.
'.
.352 ·
DEPARTMENT
.
.
.
. INTER-9FP'ICE COMMUNIC~TI()N
Secret&r)" Morgen~h&u." ·
TO
·.
Marchz 31 ~ 19\2 ·
DATil
...(""")
'RO~ ··. ~ • . Dietr-ich
.
·
I
STR-1CTl Y C0 NFI 0[ NTI Al ' /
.
'
.
.
Official aalea of British-owned dollar aecuriUea under the · various veat1ng ord.-rs ~inc~· l9>194o: .
.
. $ Pro ceed8' of
$ ,Proceeds of
Bonda Sold
Shares Sold
23 24
..
·25
26
It
27
'28
.
-·
'·
·Sales from
· Feb. 22, 19llo
· to Mar. 21,1942
Sales from
.
Feb. 22, 194o :
to
Mar.?8 11942
/
.
· 281,858,763
37,4741216
3191332.979
371474,216 .
319,·3321919
non-vest~d securities sold
Mar.: 16 1 i942 - ~.
$ proceeds 0~ non-vested
Sept . 1 1 1939 - Mar.•
. $ Pl'oceeds or' non-vested
. Sept • . l!. 1939 - Mar.
21,
.
194~
se~ ties sold
. '600;000
1.4, 1942
245,.000,000
·securities "sold .
21, i942
245 ,·6oo ~ ooo
· GRAND TOTAL
Zi
245 16001000
"564 932) 979
I
·.
~an.
61
25
42
23
319.332.197_2
.
~
$ proceeds of
2Sl,S56, 763
.
38" . . .
7 .1.942 - · CaSh Dividend pn
1
' Jan. 9 1 1942 - Parti&l Liq~?.idating Dividend
9 Units sold fro~ AU&: 18, 1941 - Mar· 28 ~ l9 42 f~~g 1942 fo r
11 Share~tock Divi_dend sold .A.Ui;. 18 , . 19~ -l;·for'
%,007 Right·s sold from .July 24,_ 1941 - Mar.
• .
\."
':.
'
$
15~ Shares
"42
123
.' 102,938
).S .
.·.·
/
61
125
...
'·
./
TREASURY
353 ·
D~PARTMENT
Morgent~
TO
Secretary
FROM
·Mr. Dietrich
Official aalea of .B ritiah-_owned do~ aecuritiea under th'e ..-arioua ..-eat- .
tng orders s1n~U8!7 19, l9llo: ·
·
.
,
•It-
~
No.
Shares
Sold
Df
.
.
'--...,.
$Proceeds of Nominal Value ·$ Proceeds of
Sharea Sold . of :Bonds s·ol.d
l3onds Sold
.>r· 2324 .
, ·25
26 .
27
28
. Sales from
· F~b. 22, 19llo to
Mar,21,1942
Sales from
F.eb,22 ,l9~- to
Mar.28,1942
9,S47.6lo-l/6
281.-,858.763
. ·
9;847,610-l/6 · -281 ,858,763
61 .
125
42
123.
)2...93g
\
..
.'
;3
/
•
·_)
.
'
.~
'
..
.,.
c ..
0
p
T
.nPn"''n
em ft1D
IASHDQ!O• ·
In
J'l)
r~
r.eter
to
.
.
Kal;ch .31, 19lf2
'
.
4cret~ ·of .S~te. prttsente his com~li~ent~
to
/
--.. . . . ,_
the Ronora:ble the Secretary of the ..Tr~a.~ and enc1oaet
copiet. of telegram D'o . 230. date~ 1-lal>oh 31, 1942.• ;t roirL
the
t h6 total ·
. J.mericen Consula te, Bo~baq. I ndia, r eporting
.. .
amount of. United States Trea81ll'y checks "c a shed· by the
~at~onal
'·
Cit,y Bcnk of. New York at Bombay and delivered to
the ConsUl.a~;·
Telegram No-. 6-s-was iransmi tted to the Secretary of
the Treasury 1n th1s ·Departoent 1 s letter of ~~ch 2 , i942.
hom Consula te, :Bo~~:b~,
2JO, Karch 31, 1942~ .
:Ro •.
'
\
.. .
/
'
..
'
c
0
"3 57
P·
y
I
.
\
Bomb"q
Thh te1ecram muot be
paraPbra•e4 before being
Dnt~d Marc~ 31, 1942 ·.
commpnicate~
Rec'd 11&21 a . m.. ·
/
to aDJOne ·
other thta.n . a Governmental ·
a«enc7y
-~
Secretary of State ,
"·
-•
Washington."
-~30 , .March 31,
4·p.m.
-
· ·D epartl!lent'·• 6s to Calcutta.
.'·
:Total amount of United States Treasury ch~cka
'
-
' ·
\·
1
.· .
cashed by ·Na tional C1ty :Ba.nk of. New York a.t :Bomb83'
and delivez:ed to thie Consulate h $41,'312.32.
(
I NFO:Rl4' TREASURY •
DONOVAN ·
WS:B.
·.
,.
. .,
..\ .
.....
358
'
BErn
Liil
This t E:l e:grrun m'l).s t bE~
purnphrusEd be:fore:· be:ing
conn:11.;tn1:cct e:d to anyonE
othq: thc..n o. Gove:rnnmtal
o.ge:ncy .
(BR) .
·
Dnte:d Murch 31~ 1942
/
~
Se:cTEto.ry of StntE 1
1kshingt·on.
1·282, Mo.t>ch 31, 7 p .r.le
.
.
.
·.
...
. ..
· FRANKFURTER ZEIT~TG stc..t e:s l.r.1e:rico.n GovErnmEnt
go.vE proqf of nc..nnEr in nh·i ch UnitEd StatEs fights
.
for rights c..nd frEEdol~l · rThe:n raiddlE 1941 not only
o.sse:ts of Axis ponErs but also of nEutral Eur.ope:o.n
..
countriEs nEr E froze:n .
Ultirnc..te: v c..luE of thEsE ussE:ts
just us quEstiono.bl.E c.s hopEd for
J.nglo-Ar.t~rico.n
vic~tory . _ ,F or S\'Tit z Erland ·thi;s .f'. nErico.n bre:nch of l m"T
crEc..tEd prEcc..ri ous situation.
-·
~
Although country suffErEd
one: billion loss.of cupitc..l through dE~luntion of thE
do llar huge: c..nounts continue:d to flow fror.l Sw:i..tzE.rlc..nd
m1d .. Eur~pe:
thE UnitEd StutEs dm?ing ..fil':'~t no.r y Eo.r.
tb
No -offlcio.l figurES o.vuil'o.bl·E but re:lic.blE s ourc_e:s
EStimo.tEd fiVt billion S'"TiSS t:J'o.ncs YTErE sEnt to
J.r~~}ico..
fi>P. sdttT•
\
This 'I-70·rks out o.t ·1 , 250 ;>wiss
.
fro.ncs pe:.;r:o co.pits: o.nd not only invol:vEs S\'Tiss co.pi to.l.ist~
but Socinlis.t trnd£ unions o.nd the:ir h u rd mrne:d
l
:me:nb ErsJ;lip- .
.·.
/
'
.:
.'
...z..
#1282 ,· Mnrch · 31, 7 p . n ., fron BErn.
m:nbErship contrib'l,ttions .
UnitEd StatE s vFil.l on E /
day clain this . nanty ~s tisuitzErland ' s contribution"
to\'(a·r~lE!'ica.t s
wo.r · for "EuropEan -'-f rEEdon" .
Zuri-Gh
tax officials trho ar E not guid.Ed by sanE ·s Entir.ttntal
...•
r ·Estrictions ·~s politicians havE a.ss Ess Ed risk of loss
and rulEd that for EVEry :;?;1.000 of frozEn
O.SSEtS
in thE
Unit Ed Sta.t Es tax po.y Er t1o.y oonsidEr ~300 as toto.l loss
,,
o.nd,. thereforE ExEnpt of ta.xa.tion .
H:.RRISON
CSB
,_,
·.·
\
:
')
.
I
I
•
,.
.;
'
.:
r
\
360·
IICOKID
Q+BLJGlW(
L.
Fl'om:
Date:
Ankara.
Mar"ch 31. 1942 · /
'"'"'
New York
.Please
ouy 'fot .. our
account · 142,500 ounces fine gold•·
~
•
0
•
~o .be h~ld ~~h you _e~rked fo~~the ~lse of ~re~sing our· reserves.
equivalent~and
Debit our
.dolla.~
accoun ·with the
cable result.
· {Signed)
:Banque Central ~~ J.a·
Republic de. Turkey
}leceived .by teiephone !roin· the F!t~re.l ~s-~·rve Ballk of ·
· .
·
. · llev York, JP.ril 1, 1942, 9:.55 am ·
kma
""""·
'
\
/
'·
THASUiw . DBP~ .
i~
COMIIUNicATION
.
.
.
..
.
.
.• ,
#oe'i
C'9>o;
. TO..
. . S;_~tU'J'
;... t•~.
361
)
DAft
March
31,
llorpatha
D1etrlch
·
CQ N f." f E) E N T ~A L
.
Begiate~~rling .trana'~Uo~e of the reporting- banki8 were u
· Solcl~to ~o-rcial . con~ern•
Jlm'chaaed from COlllllercial COnC!rJll
,
1M2
.
£68,QQO
£-41,000
toll.G~r~& ) .
· '"-\
Open: lll&l'b_t literling held at 4.03-3/4, w·~th ·no reported traneactioDa.
.
N:~
-
.
.
.
..
.
...
For accoun.~ of the Central Bank . of· China, ·the lederal, iieeem llaDk of
York pur~.haaed £ 1,000,000 yeaterda¥ from the llanlc of Xngland at 4 •.03-1/a.
.,
~.
.
I
.
" '
. ' The. c~~an ~1~ ·diecount widen~d to . 1.3 -l/wf, .'b1 the clo••·
·. q_uotation .baa .been 1~ dnring · the past few '-d.qs.
•
The
· ·.
\-
'·
. In New TClrk, clo&illt!;. quotation• for the foreign currencies listed below .
w:ere as followar
·
· .
·.
. · J.rgeptine peso (free} .
»razitian milreis (tree)
-Colombian peso
Mexican peso
Urucua¥an peso· (free)
. Vene.zuelan 'bolivar
Cuban :P.S~O .
.2372
.051~ .
.5775
.2064 .
.5295
.2815
lf.~ pre_mi"q~~ · '
..
.
In order to increaae ~he Stab.iliz&tion lund' 1 gold balance •. we purchased
· .$1, 700,000 in go~d frOJI the General ~d through the New York Asaa.v Office.
TheJ'ideral ll8aern
of lin ,york r~po~ted . that :the' C~ntral . ~ ot
Phil~ shipped $511,000 1n ·gold !rom Chile ~o· t .he ·J'ederal for its ~count, d.i8poait1on
unkn~.
.
. :
. .
.
.
1laDk
· · ~~ Sta~e Depa.rt1118nt f9rw~ded a cable to ua repOrting · ~hat the lew ·
Goldfields ·ot Venezuela, Ltd. shipped '$144,00Q in gold from Vene~la to the
H~ ·York aceney of the Jlo7al !ank of CaDada~ tor ~ale to the New To~)!: .lee~ ott~,e~.
.
· I:n Loiiaon, apot an4 tol'lfard ail•r ~-.1ned at 23-i/~. equiftlen~.·to 42.67~.
..
~· !reaaUI',7'• pdi..ae _price tor foreign ai;J.Y~r was ~changed at 3f¥. . ~.
and Harman• a aettl. . .t price tor to~_eign eilnr was aleo un~d . ~t 35-1/81
;,
did not return.
.,
/
H.~. 'cruiser arrived at MURJdAlf3I on. the 30th, During.lier action
I
· ~DG' ·destroyers, · she was hit b,y a
-
~llledo adl Will req*e dooking." il,ll, '
""'----.
.
.
.
'
destroyer engaged an eileJV destroyer ~hich wa'S hit ~ stopped abou;t
~or.thooeast. of NCRTH CAPE,
••
'
t
•
.
~
•
••
ott b,y
. .the'
. arrival ~t t1ro more ·
of.
.
.
. · 4 Russian sul:Jilarine tQrp¢oed a 'u- boat in VARAKiER FJORD on the 28th/
. ,.
. ..
..
. .
.
.. . ..·
\
.
29th,
lllile.s .
(G~ press adm!ts one -destroyer. lost), .Destroyer .
sultained soJDe above-water damage and" was ilriven
·.
..
.
/2·
lSo
H~M,
·su:tmarine obtained two hits on a north-boUnd ~onvoy
. .
ott the. West coast
_, .
'the 30th.
: of GREECE on the ?8th and · two hits. on a merchant ship south or· GREEPE on
belotr ·
A British .ship was torpedoed south of CEILON on the 21st but h8.s
reached COIDJ&BO, . During. the attaqk on. the convoy to Russia, . one llll!lditllll-siz~
..
British merchii.nt · ship. was .hit .py bomf!s,
. .J, MILWRY
.
.
mmiA• TOUIDOO.Front: . 29tho JaPanese, with Artillery am ai;' ~
. .
. ....}
.: .
:
.
.
· port, atta'oked ·strongly .fr.an .:the southo 0n 'tlie moi'Ilil;lg .of the 30th,. the Chinese
'Chased
.a:!.though
out~bered, were . stni hol~ TOUNGOO
-
:e,
\o
tu:red some mortars
•
and 1Q
o~te:r;--attacks · hail cap-
•
am· ·ma~hine.
guns,
•
North of· TOuiDOO, the Chinese attacldng
't hroiJgh the j~le killed 300 Japanese· in close. fighting~
KroiDON has been re.
~en b,y .the ' Chinese in a ~ise attack,
PllCI:IE Front.:
.
IW
the
~~
Office. ·
trooPs on the "2llflb at P.&liztlm..
~
engaged,
1 .to 42. 671•
JaPe.nese · adVe.nce guard made contact with our ,forwa.r~f·
On the_
.
.
.
.f.I.CtltlDJ' aontlnuas·wiih pari 'o r aur
'*
.
&niOUl'8il
fQrop~>
24th, one J',A. ·heavy anti.;.aircra.fi .battery shot down ~ee e~
.
..
.
~
~ 1'804d.'914 up to 7
1..
··~·
.
Hf.ZAIRB •
3ln · ~ 1C)42.
)
27tlt/28th. eur·CUU<iea were •
J._nf 104 alaa1DgJ
rank. ~_,~
~.
4 ott'ioera aDd l3 o~
,
.,..
. 10 148
~ .. D&val
·
·
eratt
!iY.AII
. H. M. Cruia~ arriv~ .at YIJBlWet .on the 30th. During. ~ ac~
h. During her acticm
· ~ne~e~tro~s;
dockiDg. . H.ll.
destroyEil' engaged an
oPJ!e:d about 150 miles
s~ ~s bit
by a torpedo
destroyer_which
&lleiii;Y
am 'will req~e ~~~ .~. H..Il. ·.
was hit
•
- ~orthooeast .of NCRTH ·QAPE.
.,.
oyer
lost).
,
. Destroyer
.
and stopped about •150 idles
•
0
•
(.German press ~ts ~ne def!~~ier lost) • . Destroyer . ·
some above-water d8111Bge ahd !as drt~ off .bf· t~e arrival of two
be arrival of two more
WIDER FJ<!!D
the 28th/
. ' . on
.
. . . ..
~sslan
A
subDarine
~
~ol)voy · off the West .coast .
.
.
.
H.M, ·subaaJ:ine. obtained two hits on a
0
.
•
•
more
tQ~cied,
a · u-~t :lli VWWER FJORD on the
.
.
.
.
of GREECE on ~ne 28th and two hits _on
t1i of" GREECE on the JQth•
•T
·~T.
·MU.itary1. 172 m;l11s1Dg,
.
.
did llQt retUl'lle
2,
recJ.uire
C'I!!IlR QPP@Pf . '
.·
• Rnal 104
·.10 Ucht Daval. cr,.rt .
U.,
.
not"~-bound 'convoy
.
off tbe.West
.
. ' ..
28th/
\
~oast
.-
a me_rc'hant ship south of ~E on. tlie 30th.
•
•
A British ship was torpedoed south of GEILO.N on the 2l8t .liut has
ti · on the 2l'st but luis ·.
reached
La, . Qne · medi~siz~
CO~l@O. · ~ing_ the attaclC ~n the ?Onvoy- to Russia, one~ lilediUJDoosized
B~ttish merchant ship was hit b,y ·bombs.
3. Jri.IklTARY
mll!MA· rotm:roo .Frbnt:. .. 29~- J~panese,· with Artlller;y
. . aa:i air· {!Up-,
· P<>l't, attacked· strongly fran the south·. bn. the mo!'nipg· ~£ the .30th, the Chi~se
.
r the .30th, the Cbi.nese
runte:t'-&ttacks. had cap-:
1e ·chinese attacking.
KYUNlON has been. re-
•
. a!though outnumbered, were stili hol~ TOUNGOO an~ in ~ounter-e.ttacka had cap.
tured so~ mortars .mX!- ~¥ne guns • . North or TOOOOO, the Ch1Qese at~cldng
.
.
.
through the jung~ killed 390 Japanese in close . .fight~. KYUNlON has been re. ~en _b.Y the· Ohinese in a ~ise_ attack.
Pit~ Front a Jape.nese advance guara lllllde contact with
~ntact with ~ f~-, ·
H of our &1WlUr.ei1 ?orcp:.
rr shot. down. ~ee e~.I
.
."'1.
OUl'·
t~
tt'ooPa cm ~·at PAtOOIE. nibt!nl" co ntlmwa rit.h ~·. of our ar.oure4 toror"'
&llgaged, . On
.
4~ 4lR
t~
24th, one
Cob.fbwed.
O,.,no\., . .
F.A. heavy anti-aircratt: batteey shot down tbree ewa,r
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. of ~DiYiu~c...~· • : ~1Gb baa jut
been 'lalaea: bJ the Office 0~ Faeta
.
.
·Figure~.
.
· ~ .. 1~-lDc torwua
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to .....a~ .·
iDg ft •1 th .creat llltneat. ··
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Youn alncereq,
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lion. APchtbala JlaoLel•h , · .·.
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Director, Ott~ce .f)f Facta and· Fl gvl'ea,
'Walhiilgto~, D.C • .
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364 ..
B&ICU'I'IV• cwnaB or ftB ·, .._,,..,
w-•t••- na:_ . . . , wuuaiDw
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March 28, 1'942
<-
Dear Jlr.
S.ore~t
I aa pleued
to '•end. you t~
•
attached ·o·opy ot
•
"Dhide ad Conquer•. whioh bu j).lat been inued by
\
t~· Ottioe· ot Faeta and Figurea.
-·
. FalthtUlly youra,
· ~~ ~{_~
Archibald M&cL8i•h ~ ·
, J?irector. Office ~t "Facte and Figure•
Bnolo•~•
!be BOuorable
rb. Seoretaz7 ot the Treuury ·
'WuJdD&ton. •• c.
< •
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36.5 ;
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"At the bottom of their hearts the great masses of the people
are more likely' to be poisoned than to.be consciously and delib~rately bad. In the primitive·simplicity of the4' minds they a:re
more easily vic~mized by a large than by a small' lie, since they· '-......
sometimes tell petty lies .themselves but would be ashamed to .
tell big ones.
..
.
"An untruth of that sort would never come into their heads, ·
and they cannot believe that others would indulge in so vast an
impudence as gross distortion. E.ven after being enlighteneq,
they will long continue to doubt and waver, and will still believe
there must be some truth behind it'somewhere. For this re~n
some part.of even the boldest lie is sure' to stick-a fact which
all the great liars and liars' societies in this world know only too
well, and make base use of."
\
'·
ADOLF HITLER,lfein K ampf
. '
~
OFFICE OF 'fACTS AND FI GURE S \
.,W......... D. C.·
.· .:
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'·
The ·storl··ot N-azi' ·Te-rror.-. • • •
..
"Mental confusion, indecisiveness,
Soon after P.ee;trl Harbor, a Nazi broadcast~r to America shouted: ~'British naval . panic," Hitle~ once said, ."these are our
weapo~." 2 The United States is now
cir~les are fin'ding encouragement ·in the
subject to·a total barrage Qf the Nazi stratdefeat suffered by the United States!" 1
Calculated to create distrust -of our egy of terror. Hitler thinks ~ericatis
allies, this Nazi lie, like all Nazi lies, was are suckers. By the very vastness of his
part ·of a va_st strategy of ·terror. . Hitler program of 'lies, lre1i6pes to_'frighten us
-knows that in ord~r to conquer the world Into believing that .the Nazis are invincible. In carr.ying ou.t that program he
~e must 6.rst enslave the ~d of man,
takes .it for granted that decent people .· ·
and toward tha~ end he is carryin,g out a
here-as they have elsew~ere-will say:
p'rog~am of propaganda, blackmail, ~d
"Such e.vil cannot be." ~ut Hitler is
death.. Because he. fears truth' he·. has ~oilg.
· For AmeriCans, reading the
• tned every me.ans of Wiping it off the face
story
of
the Hitler terror, will n~itlier be
of the earth.
.
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1
For sources see end of p:~/Jhlet.
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bllnded nor afraid. .. ~ f~ee .men; they arid -valua~le book, Tlu StratifY of Te;. ~
will say to.Hitler, "Do~'tyull any of your · r~, has sa1~ ~t these ~o~, planted-by.
Hitler~~~ were often passed on ·during .
triCks on UB. W~'re ~to them."
cas_uaJ. con~ersations.
heard today,"
Pre-l.,a.,..,.• r~~etle•
a_yo~g Frem~ wfiispeted to a group
Beio.re Hi~er at~Cks any coimtry, his of friends at a sid~alk cafe,.''~t Hitler
agents carefully sow seeds ·of.hate and~·
has a secret weapon that.will destroy Paris
unity~ turning people against their. own
in 2 ~ut~. This machine iS so tergovernments, .governments against _t4eir · rible that even Hitler 1s afraid to use it."
allies, cbss a~t class.
· ·
By nigh~all each of his friends had told
Before·the invasion of Austria, yourig . ~eral othc;r friends, and the story scion
Nazi~ums were sent onto the streets blanketed Paris.
·~
to' play schoolboy 'pranks on tlie p<>lice. . rile p ..... r.~ae. BoW
and make tPern appear-ridicUlous in the.
· These-rumors and thousands like thein
_eyes o( passersby~· In the early days of
the war~ before France was invaded, m · gradually ac~mplished their purp<)se.
rale was lowered by pr:ofessional weepers,
Circ_ulated dlay after day, worming their
clothed in deep mounling and wailing way into the Ipinds .of Frenehinen, Norloudly; who wandered into ~bways an~ wegians, Danes, Belgiarui, Austrians, \
_onto buses m' Paris spreading' the false .Dutch, Czechs, and Poles, they .created a
belief that French casualties were enor-· feeling of fear and frustration,' a·loathing
mous; Mothers rece~ved mysterious postof the war, and a certainty of defeat.
cards informing them that their sons, at · Having weakened the resistance of IUs
the front, had either been killed or were . enemies, Hitler was quick to find outlets
deathly ill. SOldiers ·received anonynious
for their discont~t.
notes saying · that their wives or sweet:
For most evil, - ~e Jews were to blame.
hearts were unfaithful and had run off Bwiness is b~d? Labor is to blame.
with Britisli soldiers.• Pabn readers and Wages are low? Qapital is to bl!iffie· ·
crystal ga'zers 1n the pay of Hitler gloo~y.· War 1s hell? The British ·are to blame.
predicted tp their dients that in the days Everybody wa~ to blame except Hitler,
to come France would lie prostrate at the the common enemy ~ho wo~d crush
feet of Germany:' . Nazi agents combed
them all. · National unity was destroyed
the goSsip columns of .Paris newspapers
by setting group against group. In ~1for items that could be used as blackmail . gium, · Nazis told the French·speaking
against PJOmin~t personS. Armed with · _ Walloo~ · ·that King LeOpold was pro··""' · scraps of personal dirt, they would force
German and was preparing to sell out
the victi~ to ·act as a Hitler agent, .and
Belgium·to the ~azis; they told:the Fleni· . ·
~elp spread rumors to confuse and.demoris1i that King Leopold had·a sectet treaty
alize the public. Rumors of secret weapwith the Allies and wa.S ready to declare
ons spread like wildfire:. Hitler had elec~aronGennany.'. "Why~~~dFrench·
tri~ rni.J:les, nerye gas, deadly germs that men · die fo,r Danzig?" read elegantly
...... could be dropped oxer ~:entire countryprinted 'propaganda tracts ·mail~d t~
· ~ side.'
. . -.
Frenchmen i.h hand-addressed envelopes.
Edmond Taylo!j. in his authoritative
. S~owly, Hitler tried to deaden the com- *
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...
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ratigy of T eroq,_planted by.
tssed on during
hear~ today,"·
:red to a group _
e, "that Hitler
Udestroy Paris '
line is ~er
raid to use it."
iends had told
the StQry SOO~'
~dslike th~
heir purpose,
woiming their
nchmen; NorlS, Austrians,
they. created a
ion, a loathing
nty of defeat.
;istance of his .
to find outlets
.vere to blame. .
is to blame. ·
l is to blame.
are to blame.
except Hitler,
would crush
was. destroyed
roup. In Bel·ench-speaJcing
X>ld was pro~g to sell out
tolcl the Fleni- .
·a secret treaty
ady to declare
;hould French·ead elegantly
:ts ·maU~d to
sed envelopes.•
!aden the comI ,
I
baclve spirit of the ~~th soldier and
' make him diStrust his British ally. . When
the French first.crossed into .German ter- ·
~itoty, the·Germans retired Without firing
a Shot, l~ving behind placard$ ~d
ters 5;ayi.pg that thc;y had·no. quarrel with
. the french. When · French scouting
planes ~ooped aver the German lines,
the Germans stood ·up and waved handkerchiefs. During ih,e.first _we~ ·of the
war, French soldiers, 9Jlloading barges at
Strasbourg, were-:-1\lddenly blinded by
German 'searchlights. "Do not be afraid,
-French· Kamaraden/' .cried a Gennan
·_ officer thro~gh the'.loudsJ><:aker. - "We ··_
. just turned· on the light so you could -See
better:. We have· had the same work on
·our side and we know how it is." Work~g ,in the glare of . German lights, the .
French acconipJ.ished two nights' work·in
one.D Hitler convinced the French the
WAL could be waged without fighting.
,"Defense" would triumph. Bloodshed
was futile, offensive ffiilitary action
against Germany unnecessary. ·One had
only to-sit and wait, sa~e and snug, behind
the Maginot Line.
Often, .when Gerrr.i~n guns were abOut
to fire, loudspeakerS warned the French
to take cover, even ~ooocirig where the
shells.would l~d.~0 And if the Germans
were so friendly, _why shoul~ one die?
Tile Germans had an answer for tha~, an
a~er calculated to separate the French
from their British ally. '~Frenchmen!"
cried one tract,· dropped over the front,
''We.want nothing from you, neither your
land nor your lives. you don't want to
fire on us; we don't want to fire on you.
'Who are the only -pnes who · want this
stupid war? The Englisl) alone. ' The
English ~ fight onc'e p-tore ~o th~ last
Frenchman. P. s·. This is not propaganda, This is an expose of the facts." 11 ·
pas- .
Comic . strips: were - tossed over the
Magin~t Line, ~icttirlng a French poilu.
and an ~g~ Tonlmy..a:bouuo dive ·mto
~ swimming pOol marked ''Blood ~th:"
At the last moment the poilu dove in; but
the Tommy, Cain)Jy smoking . his pipe,·
w~ed away. "Th~.English ~fight to
the last qrop of French 'blood," said ~e
caption.u Spedal trench mortars shot
beautifully col~red yostcards into the
French lines, bearing· pictures of a
wounded poilu lying amidst the ruins ol-a
town. ·~where are the Tonimies?" read
the simple caption:. Held to the light, th~
postcarq revealed a Tommy-well-fed
·and prospe-rous-courting the poilu's
wife.u
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r•e Defltll ~W
The Germans played monotonously
upon the ·fear of death. "Frenchmen!" ' ·
cried a leaflet, shaped like a coffin, "Prepare your coffins." Tracts shapeq like .
leaves 8wirled over the front. . "Next
spring when the _offensive <;omeS," they
read, "you will fall as the .aut1,11Il1lleaves
are falling Iiow-a~d for what?" u
Night after night during the long winter
of 1 93~40, when the armies of France
and Ge~any 'were lihed up facing each
other, German loudspeakers blared forth
their propaganda: ~lse·lists of French
"prisoners" were periodically anno\lnced;
French dignitari~; visiting the frOnt with
elaborate secrecy, · were· greeted· by · the
Ge1111an loudspeakers ; several m1nutes _
after a French infantry unit arrived at the ·.
front, .the Germans aJlilOUDCed ·.t he name
of every ~ember of the unit, his· home
town, and the names of his officers. This...·
so demoralized the group that it had to be'
''instantly removed."
Hider's war. of nerves in neutral countries, such as Holl~d and Belgium, was
... 5
/
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--.
the Ge@lan
entrap, sumsador to his
nt over some
- ~d finally
of his. office;
well, you'll
1tely sent a
~lin, chief of
:hat·Belgium
rman attack.
.urn added to
tts laurtched
B~lgian de- .
1uld crwnJ>le
m onslaught.
.usly on curblings, and~
4
.
'' .
.. .
. Hitler cannot -lose. ·There will be no
room in_5ou~e~em Europe for those
who ref~ to do bUSinesS with Hitler~ · .A
~~ man .would climb on the .-bandwagon now." 15 . • •
· GermanimportersluredBalkantradeni
into the trap b'y agteeing to buy surplus
products of these nations, in ~change-for
r~te O~·Bbe Tee~
German machinery. At one time more
Hitler's terror was · often less than than 70 percent of the wheat crop in one
subtl~. · The night ]lcfore the invasion of or more of the Danubian countries went
Norway,, . the ~nnan Amb~dor in- . to Germany. On the surface. this ''apvited many pro~ent Norwegians to his peared· to be- a profitable lurangenrent,
. home and show~d them ''Baptism by but once Germany controlled this marke.t
Fire;" a niovie taken during the irivasion· she could c~Ose it at:will; arid. thus pl~ge
these nations into economic· chaos. u . If
of Poland. Bombed citi~, raging fires,
and crushed bodies were picturedjn. bar- B_alk~ bu.s'inessmen · refused to knuck1~
. row..ng de~!I. . Later, over champagne under to l!ider; . the Nazis r~rted ~o
blackmail, 'bribery, and. assassination.
·and·a. midnight supper, the .German Ambassador· qUietly observed that the Poles The price of doing. busmess with Hider ' ·.
could have been spared this tragedy had not only brought economic ~trangula~on
they granted Hitler's. demands. Other but political suicide. To keep in ilie good
nations, he suggested, would do well to graces. of their German masters, Baikan
businessmen were ordered, as ·. a mere
remember Poland's.fate. n
-For years the·Nazis bloodlessly invaded" sta~ter, to adapt themselves-to Nazi ways,
to fi re aU anti-Nazi employees, and to
the Balkans, sending countless German
stop
doing ht~sin~ with Jewish finns and
agents armed with. brief cases and. im- .
20
•
•
peccable manners ~o cultivate the friend- ·Jewish. customer8.
ship of busiJ?.ess and professional men. Tlte FUtft ·Colam••
Countless German commercial travelers
"National socialism were worthless if
abroad were Nazi agents. From 1933
limited
to Germany alone,". Hitler has
t4e Germans w~rked assiduously at their
game, often staying on the job i5 to 18 said, "and if it would not seal the rule of
the superior race <?Ver fl?.e entire WOrld for
hours a· day, rising early and finishing
at
least one· thousand to two thot.isand
breakfast in their hotels while· the other
21
To .extend na~onal socialism,
years."
gUests (doing businesS as usual) were still
he
is
spending
$3ob,ooo,?O? each year to . .
snoozing. Spreading the gospel of Hitorganize
Germans
abroad, ·and to spread
ler, some·agents wormed their way into
German pr9paganda. Directing t:his sub. the confidence of cabinet miriisters, others
versive
activ.ity is the Auslands Organ!~~.; ·
worked on n~papermen, still others on
tion
(G~rma.ns
Abroad) of the NaZi
persons high in financial -or military cirparty,
with
~eadquarters in Berlin, 6oo.
cles. No-layer of society w~ negiected.
agencies in foreigltcountries, and a mem~ifferent words were chanted to differen(
groups, but always the tune was the same:· bership of 4•0?0,0<?0·
.
.· ~ . .
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7'
'the mails, while N~ . ag~ts ~buted·
Belgian flags ~ sWaStikas. · "Keep
~flag," they warned.. "'Y.hen·the Ger- ·
maPs af!iv.e sew i~ on~o your coat: Th¢n
you will surely be well tr~ted.'·' But the .
Germans did not ·arrive ·(or 5 mon~
11
monthS of hidepus_
suspense.
.
.
---.
· ilie maiJs, while N~ agents ·distiibuted·
Belgian flags bearl;ng sWaStikas. · ."Keep .
this flag," tliey warned.. "W,hen·the Ger- ·
~rriv.e sew it onto your coat. 'l)l¢n
you will s\.rrely be
tr~tedY . But the
Germans did not · arrive: ~or 5 m:on~
11
monthS of hideous .suspense.
well
'l'lae O~Bbe Tee~
the German
!Jltrop, sumsador to his
:1t over some
· a.n d finally
of his. office;
well, you'll
1tely sent a
!lin, chief of
;hat-Belgium
rman attack.
urn added to
tts launched
~lgian de- .
,uid cru,mble
m onslaught. ~
,usly on curblings, and in
Hitler's terror was - often less thaii
subtl~. . The night !).e.-fore the invasion of
Norway:,. th~ ~an Amb_~dor invited many pro~ent Norwegians to his
home and show4=d them "Baptism by
Fire,'' a movie tak~ during.the irivasion·
of Poland. Bombed citi~, raging fires,
and crushed bodies were pictured·.ih harrowing detail . . Later, over champagne
. and·a. midnight supper, the .German Ambassador· qUietly observed. that the Poles
could have been spared this ·tragedy had
they granted Hitler's demands. Other
nations, he suggested, would do well to
remember Poland's fate. 11
For years the Nazis bloodlessly invaded'
the Balkans, sending countless German
a·gents armed with . brief cases and impewible manners ~o cultivate the friendship of busit).ess and professional men.
Countless German commercial travelers
abroad were Nazi agents. From 1933
tQ.e Germans wo.rked assiduously at their
game, often staying on the job i5 to 18
hours a day, rising early and finishing
breakfast in their hotels white' the other
gUests (doing ·ousine5S as usual) were still
snooZing. Spreading the gospel of Hitler, some· agents wormed their way into
. the confidence of cabiilet rniriisters, others
worked on nc'._Vspapermen, still others on
persons high in financial·or military circles. No ·layer of societY wAs negiected.
Qifferent words ~ere chanted to differen(
groups, but always the tune was the same:·
•
.: {J
•
"Hitler cannot:lose. -There will be no
room in_5outh~tem Europe for thoSe
who ref~ to do buSiness with Hitler: · .A
~rt man . would climb on the .J>andwagon now. ~>~•
Gennan imP<>rters lured
~der8
into the trap by agteeing .to buy surplus
products of these nations, :in ~change.ioi:
German machinery. At one time more
than 70 percen~ of the wheat crop in one
ot more of the Irant.1bian. countries went
. to Germany. On the surface. this 'ippeared. to be- a profitable arrangement,
but once Germany controlled this marke.t
she could cJOse it at:wili; and' thUs plooge
these nations into economic chaos.". If
B!iik~n bus'inessmen · refused to knuckl~
under to Hitle~, . the N,azis resorted to
'· .
.
.
blackmail, bribery, and assassination.
The price of doing_bm1ness with Hitler , ·.
not only 'brought economic ~trangula~ion
but political suicide. To keep in ihe good
graces_of their German masters, Baikan
businessmen were ordered, as-. a mere
sta~ter, to adapt thernselves·to Nazi wa}rs,
to fire all anti-Nazi employees, and to
stop doing b~ine~ with Jewish firms and
·Jewish.customer5.20
·
.
Balkan
TIJe FlltiJ·Col•m••
"National socialism were worthless if
limited to Germany alone,". Hitler has
said, "and if it would no~ seal the rule of
the superior race <?ver the entire world for
at least one· thousand to two thousand
years." 21 To ·extena na~ional socialism,
he is spending $3oo,ooo,~o? each year to · .
organize Germans abroad, and to spread
German pr~paganda. Directing this subversive activity is the Auslands Organiza:~
ti01i ( G~rmans Abroad) of the NaZi
party, with ~eadquarters m Berlin, 6oo.
agencies in foreigltoountries, and a membership of 4,6?<>,~·
,· .
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Althougl;l' it is-the largest group woFk- . in everyday _Polish ·life. S'tdeten Ger. ing for Hitler abroad, the A.u.slands Or- · : mans in Czechoslovakia actively en~ged
ganization· ftinctions.fu close conjunction in destro~g the Czechoslovakian Re.with th«: Ge$po, the -propaganda min- public. They .adopted Nazi emblems,
istry of.Dr. Goebbels; ~e Labor Front, the . sang Hitler ·songs, ~elebrated Nazi bollintelligence services of the German Army,
days, learned Nazi techniques of treachNavy, and Air Force, and the 'foreign of:ery, and practiced the ~hole _rigffiarole of
fice with its embassies and consulateS in ·Nazi' ·blood.. and terror. · Dissatisfied
all paris of the world.sa . A plinority of Flemings 41 Belgium, as well as ":lembers
pe_rhaps 1~ooo,ooo Ge~ in Poland
of the pro-Nazi R~ party· of Uon
worked for a Hi~er Yictory. . In .si>ecial . Degrelle, resolutely un.d~rmined the Be!-·
German camps, 1o,ooo of these were gian nation; and prepared to cre~te .pilmc
traine~ to guide the invaders to strategic and aid ·the enemy on the day ?~ inspots lVhen . they arrived..• . Posing as · vasioil... Strength-:through-]oy VJSltors
waiters, b~r~, cab drivers, organiZed in
and W andervo.gel (young hitchhik~rs-)
singing societies, drinking clubs, and (:u}.: . outWardly qennan tourists enjo~g th'e
tural groups, they w_ere deeply tQtrenched
sights---carefully )napped the Polish and
.•
••
.
,
~
.
udeten Ger;ely engaged
waJcian Rezi
~blems,
·
d Nazi holies of treachrigmarole of
Dissatisfied
as members
rty. of Uo1_1 ·
ned the Belcreate.panic
: day of in- ·
-Joy visitors
tchhikers)enjoying the
e Polish and
.
During .the battle ·of France, German
bombs· ·and planes w~re equipped with
screaming sirens and whistl~, turning the
battlefield into ·an inferno of ·sound.u
Obsolete planes with 5choollx_>y. pilots, as
well as every outmoded training .tarik in
the Reich, were throWn ipto battle . iri
rome. areas to· convince· the French tliat
resistance was futil~ against such overwhelming odds~ Germ a .n s.- wearing
French .uniforms parachuted behind· the
, • .,..,..r~~etk•
lines to issue false orders, tap military
Hitler. invatl~ only when he feels his-- lines~ and misdirect traffic. Often they.
grolll,!dwoi'k of treacl,tery . has been .well spread panic in the villag~ merely by
laid. . During actual invasion~ the strat- rushing through, crying, "Get out, the . .
egy of terror creates untold confusion and . Germans are· eoming." Seizing Fren~
wave lengths, Germ~ns broad~st false , .
. panic, among both civilians .and soldie~.
Norwegia.n ·coun~rysides · ·with notebook
·and camera and turned their information
· • over to the Gennan Army-.,.
In this coUiitry, the ac.tivities of organizations like the Genitan-American Bund ·
have sef\'ed to embarrass and disgust
~ons o_f .loyal Gennan-~ericans.
Federal invel;ti~tive agencies have demonstrated the· fact that they are aware of,
- ~nd are dealing with, such activities.
', 9
•'.
/
:rying that
00 2Weeks
: otliet Pol.,
ted, feeling
stance was
~
l humanity
. has.·said
)
conquered
[(lving con-.
is itby~ .
sure in huOi:dei', in
.every con~
?erson and
otally snlr
no~t brutal
in Poland.
arid homes,
are inferior
lave· statuS,
:d to break
li~e a·subost~don the
the occupaexes, when
ttives of the
earing arm·
The streets .
:o the van.vho address
insult them
10
;titution.,
:he brainiest
:ach district
ion directly
n~rdered in
t 25,ooo re>wners, pros noted.· for
:ss food and
the
leSs~ulture than a superior race," Dr. Ley, · thro~ int<)
~r by .guards. Before
the Nazi llead C?f the Labor Fron~; delea~g, the.Gestapo makes them prepare
dared in February :I 940. Where Ger- · for the amval of people. who will live·in
man.S· in Poland receive 8Vi' ounces of . th~.ir homes (Ge?nans unpoited frofi\the'
margarine and I pint of milk - ~ week; _RetCh) .by leavmg the ·keys hanging. on
Poles receive none.. To demoralize the the doorknob.•• They never see their
·Poles, ~lcohol is diStributed to.peasantS in homes. again.
exch_<~n?~ for . ~~· No. class~cal · or
Accor~g to 9ardinal· Hlorid o{ P9- ·
patnouc mUSlC IS . P~~tted. Every .. land, .the Catholic church has ~en pracmon~ent, every d?c~.ent, _every t~c~ · tically .wiped out in western Poland.
·of Polis~ culture IS Etmg ~estroy~d.
Three-quarters of ·the population have
The Po~ pr~ h~~een e~trr~y WI~d · peen deprived of the services of th~
out. Pol~ cannot mmgle wxth Germans church, even on their deathbeds. In the ·
in public conveyances. There is no
archdioceses of · Poznan and G~ezno
longer a sin_gle Polls~ schoo!:" Jews in alone,.63.I churches, 454 chapel$, and 253. ·
Warsaw have been p~cked mto a ghetto convents and· religious edifices· have been
destroyed or dosed."
in the center of the City, surround~d by
·an 8-foot wall, topped by broken glass or
Thus has the "New Order" polluted ·
b.arb~d Wire."
Europe.
.
·
One million. Poles have been s~ipped
T~Utlee Ia Anaerle*
'
into Germany as laborers. Once in Ger· "America is permanently on the brink
many, they must' wear a yellow marker
of revolution," Hitler has-said. "It will
embroidered With a large P . Poles are
be a simple matter for me to produce renot considered citizens of the Reich, but
volts and unrest in the United States, so
are forced, nonetheless·, to pay all ordithat these gentry will have their hands
nary German taxes. In addition, they
full. 11 18
pay a IS percent supertax (for; being "in· Simple matter? That depends on us,
ferior people"), as well as·a ~ percent tax
and on.how well we profit from the lessons
for the. Labor Front (to, which they are
. of Europe. We h~ve seen how Hitler's
not admitted) , and make cortstant constrategy created internal distress .in every
tributions to the Winter Help Fund (in
nation he planned to .attack. We have
15
N eaily
whjch they do not share) .
seen how he undermined civilian morale,
2,ooo,ooo Poles have been lifted·'bodily
separated governments from their allies,
from their homes in the western provset group agai~t group.' We have seen
inces and shipped to the . Governmentthe extent of his subtlety and the depth Qf
General of Poland in the center of th_e
his terror-before invasion, during incountry. These deportati~ns ar~ carried
vasion,·and after occupation.
.
.
out between I and 4 in the morning.
The United States is still intact, but
_The Gestapo surrounds a seCtion of the
Hitler hopes. to destroy that unity, phr~
town without'--frevious w~rning, ropes
cally and mentally. All his tricks are'
off all exits, ·and awakens the inhabitants.
now being directed against us. Our job
Given 3 ...hours to _pack one ~t~e or
today is one of individual awareness, in
parcel, they are locked in tattle cars, and
order to avoid falling into Hitler~s trap.
tlfken t<? .central Poland, food being ·
.11
•' .
'
.,
.,
·
mailing
Hider propaganda wears a ~o~d f~
others. Using huge
lists th
~
faces. It never announces itself as
flooded the· c:c:-untry with p~phl;ts :_ ·
"NaZi." It- ap~ ·wher.e least ex- . cussing ~e '.'Genna.n side," Heavier fare
pected, ~d unoer the most ·innocent · was .dispensed by the American .Fellowauspices, often turt$g up as the ·latest
ship ~qn.Un, ~hich ~ly tried to
funny stoiy told duritig lunch. ·
fOSter·better Gel'Dla:D-Arnerican relations
German .propagandiSts first told th<:
by w,eighty discussions, Ql;lt actwilly prestocy_:_widely circulated some · months
sented ~tier's vi~ in ~gar-coated
aga:-:-ab€mt the EpgliShman, Dutchman, · form to, many loyal, ~cting Amen40
Frenchman, and Greek who were flying
cans.
Although these org~tions no
toward England iii a crippled plane. To
longer. function in the United ~tates,
lighten-1ile load and save the .planer ad-· many of their ideas are stillt>eing spread
vised the pilot, some people would have . by publica~Oil$ and groups, often un.cento~ jump. Both the Frenchman and .. · sciously .and · without· knowledge . of the
source·.
: :putciur,.an ·promptly dove out the door.
••For our countries!" they ~ried. The .
Belere Pearl B•r•.,.
plane still faltered, and ~e pilot called for
one more man to sacrifice his. life. The
For several years b~fore Pearl Harbor,
Englishman arose, his face grave. "Fo~ '
Hitler
propaganda in this .coqntry at- \
England!" he said solemnly-pushing the
tempted to paralyze our thinking-to give
Gre~k overboard." Many people innothe impression that the war was none of
cently· rep~ated this -Story without· realizour
business-; that .no one woulti .dare to ~
ing ~ts aim: to create contempt 'for our
attack
us; that our two oceans would proally, and leave the impression that other
tect us; that,. anyway, Hitler had no inpeople fight his'ba.ttles.*
We must not fall in:to the trap of as- · terest in the W ~tern Hemisphere; that if
we would only refrain from doing anysuming that, since the closing of the Gerthing
Hitler didn't like, Hitler . would
man consUlate$, German propagandists
have been silenced. Transocean N~ws · leave tis·alone; that anyone· who wamed
Service, posing as a. legitimate news bu- · us that Hitler meant what he said was a
warmonger; that anyone who !lrged us to
reau, 'spread Hitler propaganda throughgain time for our own defense' by helping
out North America. The German Lithose who were already opposing Hitler
brary of Information . ~d the German
Railroads Information sent out· tons of
was t~g to lead us into war.
The line·is ·familiar-enough. It Qicfu't
attractively printed ''\vhite books'~ and
fool the American · people. . But it was..
"news letters" of German propaga~da to
picked up.and repeated by maay groups
busine~en, clergym~, editors, a~d
of .AJ;nericans-people who would have
•In this connection, it is significant ·that to Decembeen shocked to learn that they were carber 31, 19<!1, 71.3 percent o£ British Commonwealth
casualtiea (both dead and wounded) were United
rying the Nazi message. ·. - . ·
.
~n~'P troops from England, Scolland, and North
Today
most
of
these
Amen~
~ve
.
.
Ileland; 18.t percent were Dominion troops (Canada,
recanted
publicly
or
in
privat~.
~
few
Aurtralia,. New. ~and, .~uth -~rica); 5·5 percent
~ from India (mcludmg · mariy United Kingdom
tnumble, "I told you so"-and hope .no
troops); 5 percent were Colonials. (British Minist'r1
one will remember ~hat it was they really
oflnformation.)
·
..
I
l2
/
'
~
~ lists, they
IIIlphlets disHeavie:r fare
~ean .Fcllow
bly ·tried to
can relations ·
actually pr~
TH6 . B~JTIS H lt.::.z.
;i-z ~.z-~-~
THE A~ERICA~S ·a2-%·
z_ ) X --Z:. -~ - ~-,. .
'
sugar-~ed
ct.ing Ameri~tionsno
:lited States ,
.
'
~gspread
often_un-cen"""
ledge of the
•earl Harbor,
COl;llltry at~
cing-to give
was none of
-ould dare to
IS would pro-·
:r had no in?here~ that if
1 doing any"iider _would
.who warned
te said was a ·
oWged us to
se l?Y helping
?OSing Hitler
tr.
·h. It didil't
But it was
many groups
woUld have
ey
were car1
teriCan.s h;iVe
tate. Ji. few ·
and hope no
as they really
told. The rest see very welt" and understand very deafly that history has caught
up with the w~rds. they u~tered. - They·
imderstand now the Cynical dishonestY of
the Nazi opiates;· They remem"!Jer the
words which sai~: if the Nazis can't cross
the.2o miles of the English Channel, hQw
can they c~ the 3,ooo miles of the Atlantic? ~ Thete are dead men in the
waters off New Jersey and Hatteras who
can-answer ih~t question. They remember the words which said: "The Western
Hemisphere, by itself, possesses all the
materials necessary for American industry in war or peaece. Large stocks [of
rubber] on hand, plus a growing"synthetic
indnstry, will prevent allY ~eal emergency,
whatever happens in th~ Netherlands 1~
dies and British 'Malaya." The tire rati?ning boards will appreciate that statement now that Singapore . has·· ·fallen . .
They remember the words which said:
the Japs.and the Nazis will leave us alone
if .we'll only negotiate with them, try .to
~et - ~>n weU with . them. Pearl Harbor
knows the answer fo that-Pearl Harbor
and th~ office of Cordell HUll where the
· Axi:s diploma!f bowed and smirked and
negotiated while the bombs fell.
Withjhis strat~gy of .deceit, Hider succeeded in duping' 'm any ioyal Aniericans.
Many rumors, all of _th~ false, were
spread . throughout the country. to .. demoralize not · ·only the draftees but
their p;1rent8 at home. Stoiles were·
culated of epidemics ·in. Army camps,
bad food, and numerous:desertic;>ns. According to rumo~, maneuvers were
heid in loCalities so infeSted with rattlesnakes that thousands of soldiers weredying of snake bites: As in France, post- ' ·
cards ~ere mailed to parents, painting
false pictures of conditions in the campg.
Th!! British, the Jews, and the Roosevelt
A~stration were accused of drivfng
the country into war.
War has only intensified·the -barrage of
' propa~nda: Pay after day, the ·-'\Xis
short · .waves . pour falsehQOds into the
United States. Hitler ·communicates
with his agents.here by these short-wave
broadcasts. Listening to the programs,
they learn the ~urreht ·propaganda line
and immediately .acr upon it, spre~ding
i"uniors·that ~llleave · the impression on
American minds that. Hitie~ .. wishes tQ
leav~. Since the ·war beg1n, German ·
short waves have shouted. of ·. barricades
in the streets of ~shingtoil,' of panic on
the stock market, of exaggerated losse$ a:t
·Pearl Harbor and throughout the Pa- .
cific:1 Gertnan short-wave stories of.
loSses at Pearl HarbOr, "for example, gave
the signal for the llider- agents to spread
cir-
being
W
I
· 13
'
.·
.,
.·~
.
·'
~ors th~t we had lost our- fleet, and
.that our naval officials were tra~tors.
· Hitler· shori-~cive broadcasts ·have
charged that landing of American troops
in .North Ireland was timed '.' to coincid_e .
with RQOsevelt's gradual absorption of
AuStralia and Canaaa." Via short
· wave· Hitl~r tells us that "American for'
.
.
.
eign policy is 'dictated from Downmg
Street rather than from Washingtm1, and
will leave Am
~holding the bag." To
_England, however, he-cries, "The British
'E mpire is dissolving like a lump of rogar
iJl.to Rqpsevelt's teacup." Every sign of
doubt and confusion is magnified a thousand~ fold and sent back over the air.
H~tlet: wantsms ~o believe that:-~
n~OCx-acy. is dying.
~
Our armed forces'are weak.
The ''New Ordet" is inevitable: .
We are'los~ in the Pacific. ·
Our West Coast'is in'sueh gr~e danger there is no point in fighting on.
The BritiSh are decadent, and "sold
us a bill of goods."
.
The cost of the war _
will hankiupt the
nation.
·
Civilia.Q. sa<:rifices ~ be mqre than
we can bear.
Stalin is getting too·strong, ~nd Bolshevism will sweep over Europ.e.
.
.
Wlult Ji~lerWaaU fl• to Be~eve
Our ·.leaders are· incompetent; our
Govein.ment incapable of waging ·
. · To .destroy our national unity, create
war. . .
' .
unrest in all groups of the population, and
Aid to our allies must stop.
aeflect US from QUr major ·purpose-the
Our real peril is the- Japanese, and
de"feat of the Axis-Hitler is trying to set
we must join Germany to stamp
c~pital . against labor, white against
.out the "Yellow Peril."
.
Negro, .Catholic against .Protestan.t,
We must bring· all our troops and
Ch~isti~n ~gainst _J~w. He kn~ws that
weapons back to the United
prejudtce,-lli any form,, plays hts game.
States, and defend only o':lr own
Controlling .the sour~es 'of news in· every· ..
shores.
occupied country, apd often in neutral
· The Chines.e and the British will
nations, he releases only such news as he
make a separate peace with Japan
wants us. to read. H e will try to play
and Germany.
upon our fear:s, raise our. hop·es, confuse
American d~mocr(lcy will be lost
' and bewil~er us. Through .statements .
during the war.
from·"authoritative sources" he will preTo spr~ad these._and other lies; Hitl!!r
··sent false and misleadipg_ pittures, often
will
pull every trick in his black bag. ~ut
· leading' lis to believe that he is weak when
Americans
Will.·not be fooled. ,We know
he. is strong;. napping when he is preparing
that
Hitler,
who acts like a Jerror, is really
to spring.
the most friglitened man on earth. The
His strategy will follow·no set pattern.
Qne line-will b~ pursued today, anotlier . upraised ann, · the shouting voi~e,. ·~he
mighty bluster, all mask a mortal dread
tomorrow.:' But always his broad aims
of
the weapon that makes men, free: the
will b,e the same: to separa._te us.from our
allies by. arousing. distrust of' them; to ' truth. We are amied with the truth, and
we will c~h the tyrant.
create friction within the United States in
...
i
-
orQ.er to divert u8 ~m our true enemythe Axis; to paralyze our will to fight•
..
14
., _
I'
·soar.ee•
emy-.:.
ght.
,Je.
ledan-
:ingon.
d "sold
uptthe.
re than,
nd Bolrope·.
nt, our
waging
:se, ~nd
>stamp
>ps and
United ·
mr own .
.
·,. Polish Ministry of Inforaiation, L9ndon: Th1 Glr• Federal Communicatiom Co~on Monitoring
man Fifth Colum~ in . Pol~~t~d; Car~ J. Hambro:
.Digest : Berlin, 8:·15 p. m. news :broadcast, I?eI SIW1:lt Happttn an ·Norway.
·
cember 15, 1941.
• Wm . .Donovan and E. A. Mowrer: Piftlt Col•rn•
• Hennann Ra'u.,chrung: Tht Voict of :Destruction,
Lessons for America.
P· to. .
• Edmond Taylor: Thtt Stratttgy o{Terror, p. 73·
• Thomas Kernan: France on JU·rlin Ti m1 •
"Polish Ministry of Information, ~ndon: Th1 G~r
'Ibid., p. 205.
.
1 'InteJ7o'iew With Andr~ 'Visson.
man Fifth Column in Poland.
1 Edmond Taylor; "Th~ Strategy of Terror'' (R.eadir's
"I6id.
Digut, September 1940) .
• A:do~ Hitler: Mein K~pf.
-,And~ Visson: Articlc in New York Heraltf .Tribune, .. ., folish information Center, New York: Documents
October to, 1941.
.•
~ and 9 (Extermination of the Polish P1o/)l1 and
1 Edmond Taylor: The Strategy of Terror!)'. 103.
Coloniz;ation by G6rman' Nation<Jls).
'Ibid., pp. 196-~97·
~
"Ibi.d. •
,. Ibid., p. 179·
·
~
11 Cardinal Hlond, Primate of Poland : The Ptrslcu·
11 Ge~an propai-mda leaflet in Library of Congress'
lion of the Catholic ·c hurch in Poland.
War Collection.
11
lbid.
"A..H. Nanacott: War lfttws Had Wing!, p. 57·
-"Demaree ·Bess: "Polan~ in' Chain~" (.Th• .Saturdtl'/
"Wallace R: Deuel: Hitler· ·and Na'V Germany Un·
Evening Post, April 5, 1941) . .
censo'red, p. 7 .'
·
.
.
·'
"'!homas Revei!Ie: Th1 Spoii. of Europ.t.
"Leallets in Library of Congress War Collection.
i! Polish Minis tty of Information, · Lo.ndon: Poland
"Edmond Taylor: Thtt $trategy of Terror, pp. 191After One rear of War; Cardinal Hlond: Th1
• 202.
.
/ Persec.ution of the d atholic. C!tu.rch in Poland;
" Ibid., pp. 20o-201.
Polish .Information C~nt~r, New York: Docu" Life, May t3, 1'940.
"Leland Sto~e: No Other · R~ad to Freedom, pp.
'ments 8 and 9·
n Cardinal Hlond: The Persuution ol ·th• Catholic
203- 220" Edmond Taylor: "How Amerlca .Can Take the OfChurch in Poland.
. fensive" .(Fortune, May 1941).
"Hermann Rausehning: The Voice of D~struction,
"' Ibid.
.
p. 4·
"A~olf Hitler, q..;oted by Otto StraSSer in' Aufbau des
"Henty F. Pringle: "Don't Believe a Word of It !'~
· deutschttn Soz;ialismus.
(Collier's, January 17, 194~).
"Wm. Donovan and E. A. Mowrer: Fifth Column
40 Special Committee .on
Un-American Activities-. Lessons for America; the editors of Fortune: "The
House of Representatives, 67th. Cong., sd ~~eu., on
· War of Neryes: U . ·s. Front" (Fortune, October
H . Res. 282-Appendix, Part II.
1940) .
.
"Fe!deral Communications Commission .Monitoring
u Wm. Donovan and E. A. Mowrer: .Fifth Column
Digests, week of D~cember 115,
r.
L·essons for America.
lg.
ish will
hJapari
be lost
;, Hitl!!r
ag. nut
V'eknow
is really
h. The
1iceJ the
al dread
ree: ·the
uth,and
· D. R. Fiupatrick of
.
1~1 St. Louis P.os~-Dispatch il(ustrated .this
.
.
·.
*
pamphlet as a
contrib~tion
to th1 war
•ff"r~.
U. 1. GOVDM.tlll paUfllfiiO Of'ftCl : 1141 • lo-2'701G-l
15
'.
/
\
/
-.
UNI'nD8rATD~
coORDINA1'0R OF' IMIORMATIQN
-~p.c.
'
March 31, 1942
'•
-.
· The
Honorable
.
-The Secretary of the Treasury washington, ·D• . C...
·
Dear Hpnry: ·
-~·
: · . Attaehed is~the British _MEW
'
Weekly: Propagandc; ·D:4sest..
'.
Sincer~ly ,
.
' ..I
- ~
Willi:m
J. Dono .a n.
.
Enclosure
~
. ..
.·
\
.
.-
J
.
-
·~
MEW Weekly Propaganda Digest
. following".
:is the source for the
.)
.•
Increas~g evidence -that native. gov~rnments-'-
fu.
Nazi influenced o'r OC?Upied countr,ies are growing' moore
COU:'!-ge~us
.
in. at~itud~ toward- conquetors
.
l?clucl~s·~ (~)
Belgium: stopping _cash advances to Be~ium_w ith credit~
j~£arings,_ an~ instead,
in exchange for _Belgium'-'
treasury certificates , taking over
cred.
i ts; ' (b) Slovakia
.
"
. .
decre.e d tha.t shares held_ by foreigners in .~lovakian compani,es must remain dep?sited with Slovaki aJ;l, Natiohal- Bank~
wi.
t hout
consulting with the. Germans on the matter; "(c.)
.
.
' ,,
Vichy . is directing Fr.e nch food into 'French mouths -by
.~
allowing
, as a concession
t o peasants and relatives
,
•
.., v .
.
f ami ly parcels ·to contain r ation2d good s . .
Wi th exception of ~ilan Fai r, wh i ch runs April 2nd
.
.
..
~o 27th, . al+ Ital i an trade f a irs .canc~lled .
Budapest
Internat ional Fair and Florence Artis ans _ Exh ibitio~_ are
' .
also cancelled
aroused in Sweden, .
. ..· Great d iscontent
.
Balkans, a,nd Finlanci by cancellati:on of German· t r ade
.
fair9, for boods had already been shipped .by.these
.·
.
.
countr i es . -Cancellation of fairs caused by : (a) trans -
p~rt shortage; ( b) co~sumers goods sho!t~~e ; (c) da~ers
resulting frbm v·l s itors of doubtful
r~p~ta.ti~n
circulati rlg ··
around
, ..
.
.
In Germany reduction of train trave}. now plac~d on ·
/
'
compu,ls·ory' basis instead· of a voluntary o-n:·
.
Before· ob.!·
.
taining ti~kets ; ~l;t. t'rav.e lers m~·t ·explain re·asori .for
;· <
~
~
~
.
..
.
:368
. 'TREASURY
DEPARTMENT
..
,.
.
r
I~TER O~FICE
:"
.
COMMUNICATION
..-
.. .
DATE
Karch }~, 1942
~
Secretai-y · Morgenthau .
TO
11r. Kamarok
Subject:
Higb.U:.g ht.s or O.C ~ I. Report on German Morale
/
. '
- (The att'aohett' sWID1'ary or _the 60-page report prepared ~by
t he British .c6ilsor~ eon~ains. some o.r the most interestfng -·~
excerpts on German conditions from let ters oited.· in the
·
· report . )
·
·
1 . Germa~. morale began to stirt en during th8 ·a utumn
of . 1940, . from the low level reached ·in Aug ust,. The recog-.
n1t1on or .the difficulties of· the war in the Eas.t ~roug~t
e. growing r.o rt1tude : ..
2. · In Octob~ , the announcement or annihilating
v1.c tories · in Rus'$1'i caused. ·a. new h,igh 1n. morale . _ -
·
'·
~:
3-:- From. November on·, . t he sp ir1 t became. one Of . grim
a~d unhappy . t~m-f..city and resolution.
·
·
4-. . During -the< wint~r, staunch r.e.solut~on began. to be .
replaced by .a spir1·t · or desperate res1stance "K i!l. w.Q:~ch fear
of t he. consequences of ·defeat played ·an important . p~rt.
The ·e~rly summer . - fee~~ng· or g.allant· invincibility
among · the soldiers appears pretty well . to have "otanlshed·. by .
· winter. Information from a Swiss .me.d1oal mission - on th~
Eastern Front mentions the indescribable s·u r f ering of· the
. wounded German soldiers who were dy1ng like flie s from tne
lack or supplies in the t _1ef4·'ho·sp_
1 tal·s and the terrible
cold.
..
··
' 5·
.. · . \
'
..
.,
~
I
...
..
DEPARTMENT
--. ~EASURY
.
369
'
INTER OfFICE COMMUNicATION
.. .
TO
Se~r~tary Morgenthau
FROM. . . .
.Mr.~arck
subject :
DA,..
. March 31 , 1942
~
Summary o.f 0. C. I. · R~~Qt>t on German Morale
.
'____-/
'""
.
.
.(
(This is a~ British· r~port on _Germah mo~ale; ba~ed. .
mainly on censorship interceptions ,of letterP at
Ber~uda.
M~st of· th~se letters w~re .subJect to the . . .
Gemna~ censor. and., .the~_efore, cannot present a complete
P.icture of feeli~@: 1n Germany. While t ·ne German people·.
·have -been ca-r efully schooled in. ·what · they Diay and may · · ·
not say· in letters, . ·nevertheless, ordinary hum~ drum · · ·
t ·roubles and worries are irrepressible . .' ·In · some _ca·s es,
· .' le tters were smuggled out of Germany and posted in
··
neut ral . countrie s , or the German · censor bf mistake
'·
forwarded ·letters WhiCh 1Net'e marked for ' return tO
sen4e.r . On .the whole, · the ·repo rt is 1llumi!:lat1ng.)
1.
r'
'
September
German morai'e a ppeared to reach a low ebb during
the last we.eke in August and the beginning of ·s~ptember,
but it bega-n to stiffen . ~s the autu~n _ progressed.
Recognition ·of :-t he hazards and. g'rimnes s ,'Of the war in
t -h e East . ee~m ~o - have b rought wltp 1t ·.a.. growtng · fortit ude . One- -German ·wrote:
. ·
·
·
.
'
ttThe Easte·rn . Campai gn 1e terrible·. .. I .t is
cert·a 1nly . t he worst ·yet . The Rus s i ans do
not know what honorable warfare 1s.: They
are the b i ggest band of murdere rs. tha t . exi~t.
Thousands 9f o~r brave ·sold1erS'~are .being·
- brutally slaughtered. It is simply 1ndescr1b- ·
able . ·.If you ~an s-till' see the German news. r eels· please- do go ; Many of our. friend.s : have
already fallen ~. It maKes on~ so desperately
sad. . Thi,s . 1~ a question of ou.r. Fatherland
~ we shall figbt to . the la~t man .... ·
.·
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370
2 _;
Ano.ther . wrftea to his brcither :·in Auierica-:
11
2.
.)
You write that y~u believe. that w~· have · no idea '
of the sac~ifiQ~s that the> East is cost.i ng us.
Unfortunately, I mu.Rt tell you that w.e know only ·
too ~ell. Through the radio · we he8r of the
··
fri ghtful battl~s and l 'isten to descriot1m1s of .
the Ea&te~ front · ~ oft~n one cannot listen, it is :/
too gru~~om·e, and our · soldiers when they come
home. are · ordered to: keep their mouths shut. They
say i~ like a living · Hell on the· Russ·i an front .
Every :foot of ground is · fi.e rcely contested an<l
"-.......
our ~oldiers fight resolutely -like lions . against ·
those brutes. But ·Engl&nd will onP. dey !let her
r~ward. :. That is .·the wish of all ·of us - then
o·nly can there be peace. 11
October
. The ijigh~~mm~d communique. of . Octooer 10~nnouncing
gre·a.t vict.or1;es in Russia, created .A new high in German
morale. Headlines in the press of ..October 10 read: 11 Campa1 g'n·
11 The Whole Soviet Front Shattered~"
~n t h e East decided".
Peopl~ wrote a~ though they bel1eved . th~ war !n _the East
w&s virtually over:
·
"-They will fin ish off Russia before tpe winter
begin A. The fact that . all preparations have·
.
been maqe and -that the coming·_ winter will afford
no obstacles reassu res u·s . Then t he most fearful rec-koning ·with Engl and w.ill follow, more
~er.rtble t han . _
a nything in t he· hl .story 9f the
worl~ and rightly too, · for never has a gov~ rn
ment gambled with the lives of millions in · so .
despi~able a fashion. 11
·
.
,
'r
That there are ~till civilized ~erman~ is shown by
another letter, si gnificantly m8rked. by the German Ce!'\SO·r
to be ·re·tur.ne<i to sender, but_·which WE'lS 'forwarded in error:
"·If only 'the war wo.uld soon end. Such, wholesale 1
-~
destruction 14nd ·yet nothing can be done. How ·.c an
such things ·ceme to pass between civ.1lized nations?
I .,bope America does n~~ join in all ' th~s w.a rring;
everywhere ha~r~d spreads and the people mus~
. .·
bleed because things are not l eft in pe.a:ce to take
· their .natural '-c.o urse . Has one na't ion any greater
or le·s ser riiZht to its place in the su·n in this
world than another?" . .
·
.....
.:·
'
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371.
. ·-: .3 3.
November. ·
..
.T.o war.ds the end. of .Octobe.r; · the. letter·s · began _to rev~t
to the familiar strain of. .wil ling sacrH'ice . . Thi's tendency
- becowe~ inqreasingly · marked. throughout November a.nd in .t he
last we~ks, it is characterized by a . gri m and unha~p y spirit·
of tenac ity and re s olution. J. German nurse, wo rkin~ i .n a
hospital -in Hung~ry writes : (!;..
•
-·
/
went to the -,memo rial services on All
Soul:s D~... All the: Germans were there;
the ~rtler Youth sang) - ~ storm troope~·
m~de a speech; · the district lea~er of- tl;le
Ba-c~ka: read the names of those who·. had
·
.fallen an'd the Hitler Youth answered 1.
'Here~' to each name. · They they sang,
'Ich hat·' einen Kameraden' (I had a com- ·
rade ) ... I ·could n~t ~.ee for 'the tears
in' my eyes. Six volunt eers from Verbasz
have 'been killed ..:. a.nd more and m0re · a re
volunteering . Germany and ail ehe stands.
for are at stake. ~~ are a truly united
peop],e and we-must and will vanquish any
opp os~ng power·.
We have no fear. 11
• 11 1.
A new campai12:n was at this time st'a rted a gainst the
Jews. A Mexican : attached :to t h e E~y, described the
situation as follows: ·
11
'
c·
/
It ·has ·been learned, . from a very r .eliable
source that ·in order to 'solve the problem
of new ·lo<\ging for all the J·~ws wl:l<? a re
to 'b e turned out of the . orincioal German
cities, the Reich lunatic asylums hAve
been emptied by a v.ery simple method : . ·
all the· lunat'ics in them" have b een .1t1lled
... The houses -which the Jews are obliged
to leave will be occuo ied by the fri~ndA .
of Herr Himmler~ and will be con s idered
aS their prqpe rty: II
At th:ts time I all. of ,t he _J ews were made to wear :St.ars
of David . - A numb e r o~ nQn-German reports state that this
mov.e excited considerab1e ·sympathy on the part of large
'sectio.ns ot" -tfe noi!-Je~ish pop.ul a-tio~:
. ·
'' /t. man patte.d -~ ~hHd on the hea~, · poi~t~ng
' to its badge saying ' better times soon
coming.' A Catholic priest ·stopped a Jewish
family and p.ointing to the badg e, .said 'Wear
.1 t ,;ith . digni-t -y . ' tf
......
/
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37.2
':"'
. The Censorship i,n~ercepted a repo_r t on oQnci.1t1ons
-1n Germal):(, written . em No_vemb_er .2.5 by a G-erman ,rorking
for ·t h e downfall of the . Hitler , Re gime within -the Reich. "
The ce·nsorship feel·s that .t~is gives an accurate n1cture
o'f cond1 tions • . T~e lette.r was sent from Sw.i tz~rland by .
an e:ngineer relea.s ed from the army·, owing to the intens.1ve
e'ffort s · of GerQtan induet·ri.a llst s.
.
/
"General morale" (in 'Ge.rma.ily) "is sorely
tried b~t unwaver~ng. Up to the present,
" even:-afuong relativea. of the fallen, there
is n·o war weariness. 'There is a general .
-d.-ie-1ncl1nat·io_n t _o think, esp ecially aniong
-·
. the wo ·~)f1ng cla~s~s. Both employees and
. offici·als . ate too. tired for .mental exert ion
. after the day IS WOrk iS OVer; thiS i S part-1-.
cularly the case . with officials after their
en~rvat1ng work .1n the various depart ment~
of the Party. In fa~t the su'Q.tl.e .a nd wellcalculated t -actics of Adolf.·. .Morale i n the
bombed: regions of N·o rth Germany 1e b~tter
than in : South Germany. The results of
England's bombing attacks are lau ghabl e t h eY appear senselesA. ·Only the shipbuilding y-a rds of the North Se a and the coast
of Holsteil'}. have suffered· se riou s damag e, ·
apart from the re s idential qu a rters of theRhineland to,oms - but this has· not a.ffe-cted
m<)rale:. On this point I have n<? g rea~
opinion of the t a ct los · ot the Engl _1 sh,· for
they p rovide a subject of i-nternal prop a ganda
which WOUld ' f.lOt exi st if miiitr:1ry' ObjeCt!:!
·alone were bombed .
tt Strsnge to ~elate, or · perhaps log1cal.l y so,
· - -p eople attack the Hi t _l er reg ime op.enly in ·
Munich without running any danger. qf being
reported ...• Alone the Cflthol1c Chur.ch in
Germany is openly oppos ing Adolf 'in h is home
p olicy. All the others remain on the defensive 'and trust · n0 one. Food supplies at t .h e
moment are stiil sufficient, t h ough for
single p eopl'e, barely enough. .Families st ill
d-<>. well. Certain things are, of cour·se, nonexistent·, .as the capitalists behind the _scene s
have· driven '{>rices up to astronomi cal figures,
for instance every kind of ~ruit, and this
will have a very bad. effect on ~he young, and
discontent ,among the womenfolk ·1e mounting~
clothing orga.n1zat·ions a·re as . bef_ore ,· i.e.,·
w~ngling i .s rife .
The Party bosses are.
.. .
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'·
373
J
5 ...
· des~otic. Shoe'·a are in_conc~ivably ;scarce..
· ¥at erial a are rotten a~d .rations insufficient.
itin spite 'or . everyth).ng, the . man in the street
believes in. the infallibility of' Adolf' . . The
propagand~ 'C onquer ~r- per1 sh ' 1s successful.
11
I+.
..
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/
G9ebbels will ·be. able to master the sit·uation
with lies Jl.Rd strategY, unt11. hunger makes .
i~sel~ ~~t. _Industr;al production i s, whatever may be sa1d ·to the contrary, st ill at its
h eight and in cases .even on the ·incre.ase. ·Have
no.. Anglop ropaganda J.llus~ons about. ~h'is. "
.,
Wint.e r Morale
In different
the ce.n.t ral theme
number of letters
ext'ermination, in
must prevail: ·
11
letters on ' a, variety - of d1fferept subjects~
+s always t~e s a me: '_'Hold .out". A grow.ing
·called· the war a strugg;Le for exl:s~ence . or
·
wbich no m~tter how long ~t maY, ·l ast, Germ·a ny , . .,
Now for th~ third time, we mu~t face ·a. wi n-ter
at war, but what awful suffering s the sol ~ iere
ha ve stlll to endure. · We mu8t stand firm and
hop e that ' l94-2 w1ll bring victqry and · p ea.ce." ·
Extreme. c·a ses ·of Q.ep r ,e·ssi.o.n are more of~en ·to be found in lette r s fr om ol~ people than from .the young .arid middle- age~ .
One letter-wri_t er des:cr i~ed her existenc:e:
T.he war brXngs s<;> much trouble and worry tb~t .
you can ' t settle ·to anyth~ng: , I f you haye a
member of your fam!:lY at the front, Y9U can 't
get the thought -of ' it out of your hea4- ' it is
with you early· in the morn ing and when _you _go
to bed at n i gh·t ·, and if ygu wake UP: duri ng the
night ·the.. f irst thought that enters yo~~ head
is: Where 1s he? .How is he? If only -theY · could
get away · from Rus ~1a t~·is year! ~"
haye \'linter
. An old mq,ther writes: 11 It is frightful to What
a miserable
so ·e arly. Qui~e . soon we shall have Christmas.
11
'thoug?t it is.
11
\
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/
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11
I don •·t k'no. if we ·will decorate the · c"nristma·e . ·
tree. I don't think so~ Who 1s there to· enjoy
it? Let us hope and· pray ·God 't~at H·e may protect our dear soldiers and above all those· who
~~e ·f ·1ght ing against t)1e greA.test ·enemy of
humanity, So~iet -Russia. You cannot unde-r stand
~nd ·woul-d not believe what our poor fellows go /
through. ~t can be described only as inhuman.
I. wi_sh you coul-d talk to a soldier who has
f~ against these beasts - one is horror.str1cken-." . ·
· .
·
·
.
Tow~ras - Ghrist mas, ~ t became an accept·e d fact · that hardly
any "eold'ler. w'o ul_d ·get leave until the end ·of the Russian Wa r. ·
Thts· seems to hav-e-- given rise to meny. heartaches and there _are
a few , open expre.s sions of d~scontent among·. the women:
11
What kind of Christma s will it b~ a~ain, when
one · knows one's dear children 'to· be - in· ·c onstant
danger. George hasn 't been home for a year.
'He wants to ~et home to his dear ones e nd all
of · t~em ' long to g et away from that awfui ·
Russia. I don't think. 1 ts ri ght tha.t they --cenn,ot g et- away if they've b een there· since
the. beginning.
, ..
11 We are so· grieved that . Gerda has lost her
·· fi a nce in Russia. We hav~ always been so p roud
to near of our s0ldiers' successes in·· the war
news arid on the radio, ~ but now it is a tortu-r e
. to u·s •·. · Nothing one can saY. can. bri_ng ariy
comfort to those wh0 are left behind. · Their
lives · are desolate and empty.· Oh, often I .
am so ·s ick of life."
Thet;"e i .s some evidence to suggest th.a t the fo~mer staunch
resolution of the G:erman ..people ' is gi:vfng p~ace t .o !l 8P.~rit
of desperate resistance in which· fear plays an imp ortant part.
A C·hi.l'\.ese obeerv~r )"t'i tee from Geneva:
· "But the mo.rale that keeps ··pe9pl e going is aJ1
unhealthy one, based lnr'gelt_· on f~ar - fear
""'Of the consequences of defeat and the tor:rert .,.
of reve~ge ~ha~ they e xpect will sweep over·
Germany fr~m every quarter of ' the occupied
territories. · It is a ~orale backed up . by
desperat~on which tells .the p eople that, however unpleasant _1t may be, there is no go ing
ba ck'; · it · is eithe:r victory or annihilation •. ·" ·
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375
. ..
Air-raid ·mora~-e has . hardened.. The .Russian) War bas .
caused ·. al;L other f'ears ~·to fade· into the ·backgrpund.. The
~
·people have become more aooustomed ·to air r.aids. ·. There
is ·growing· confidence. in 'tbe ant1::-aircraft deienses ·as
propaganda regardi~g the :nuinber of British bqmbere brought
down ha s · been skill·f ul. . . . ·
.
'
.
There· ls less evidence of genuine fear of air raids
than th~re was last winter,· and: t here is l:ess talk about
helng e~hausted from sleepless nights .
P eople
.
.
~
~
5.
- ·
/
The German Army
.
I'
Practical-l y all comment soeaks of the sacrifice and
heroism . of· t ne German . army.- There seem~ t .o be. l 'i ttle ro om
for doubt of the ·keennes s of youths waiting to be ca~led
into oiit tle. The picture of those e.ct·ually taking part
in 'the war in Ru s s ia fs rather .e different one. It hAs
cha~ged · a g-ood deal from the gallant spi .r ).t .of +nvincibility
of the ·.early summer. Some of the comments a.re:
.
I'
.
'·
"Werner has been in the East since the ·
beginni pg of _September- he 's rather
m.i ser able I'm afraid ... He . must have to
endure har4 times, he was so ·delig hted
to becom.e .· a soldier .''
"Karl-. came back terribly thi n ·from Russia,
and they all 19ok so qld, the a i rmen haye
a fright'tully hard -t;·ime of it. We da red
not spe-ak at all about the· war - they m~st
go throug:tt so: JllUCh in Russia. · The :Belshe- ·
vik. fights like a wild be a st. ··. and those
brutes of women." .
11
The Russians fight like beasts e.nd · ·aava,ges, not human beings."
-·
.
Some inte.resti ng ' information comes f.rom ·a Swiss me<:tical
mfssion of thirty-five doctors . ~h~ w~re sent t .o . the .E a.etern
Front. · It : may b~ reasonably ~upposed tib~t the member.s ~e~e
not · viol .ent~y preJud iced against Germ~:~~y, otherwi se they
wou~.d not have volunteered the ir ser¥-ices ~o Germany.
·
.... .
"We~ave now· received the f.1:rst reports from
urivate sou rc~s ' as to how horribly· the...::.p eopl.e
there .are · dy ing,·~ · writes a .doctor from. the
Bernese Oberland. lfHow the Swiss doctors
~
...
t
.
'
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-·... ::~.
. .
~~
376
a re' _doing nothing. but amputating dey e nd nigh~
in i~credible dens and damp cellars, t er r i ble
wounds and horrible mutilations; ·how the Ge rman
soldiers are dying like· flies thanks to t he
dreadful conditions and lao.k of accommodation ."
~
A Swiss profeseor ·writee:
/
have had a report from a high source of the
Swiss Red Cross Mi ss i on that t he ~re ater number
of thP. sister~ame back ... They could not stand
it on the Eastern f r .&n11. The ' hosp.i t als in the
i nterior may be good , but those behind the front
are indescribably diso r ganized. Operations are
performed without Bnesthe~ ic s. It is oure
butchery. The sl i ght'ly wounded soldiel-~ are lost
because .the most nece ssary medical su pplies are
leok ih~ in the terri ble co l d."
~We
Anothe r · Swiss comments :
"Recently ;r spoke to someone who hE~d intervie.qed a
doctorF which hPs
of
member of the commission
\
.
Al ready returned from Ru ss i A... It ~u s t h~ve been
really f rightful . This mAn hRd thou ~ht he would
be able t o u se mod ern wRr s11rE'ery thet'~ ~nd extend his own knowledQ.'e·, s i nce the GermanA hf:1ve
the reputat ion of being s o very moderPly equlpoed
with the vP-ry latest achievements i n t t is sphere.
But not})ing l ik~ thf;lt was possible, simply because
t he most nec~s&ary· things · were lacrki ~g . Suopli es
were so concentrat•e d on weapons and munition·s ~hAt ·
field hospital needs ~ere not satisfied.
"There was nothing with which to deade~ pa in. He
tells how a doctor sto od .. in a room surrounded b.y
15 shrieki ng soldlers ,· whose arms A.nd legs he had
to: amputat e while they were fully consc i ous. It
was enough to drive ·one crazy ... When I i mag ine
the cold, which s~ck and wounded natural ly feel
· worse than ~e ll people, I can eas~ly unders tand
that a great number of GeFman solaiers who go off
on le·ave (e. g. to F'rance) do not want to go back
again and p refer to commit suicide . "
...
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TREASURYDEPARnMENT
INTER OFF1C E COMM UNICA TION
·~ATa Jlal'O h Jl ·, ' 1942
\
TO
8ecr etar7 llorg entha u .
FROM
llr. lama rck
SUJIUilal"J ot _Intel lige. pce Repo rts ·
SubJ ect:
/
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Malt a
Beau torts ·
Rein force ment s or seven Spit fires , two um
bombers)
(medi
ei!De
Blenh
three
and
( toJ;"pedo ~ombe.rs),
the
is
(This
arriv ed s~elJ ' in · Malta on llaro h 29.on goes
that
,
first time , s~ . tar as our infor mati
and. Evid ently_,
Spit fires have been sent !>uts ide or Engl
the new Brit ish
·
by
oded
outm
been
now
have
the Spi tt.ire s
·Ligh tning s
ican
O'Ty.pho ons and 1Jhb•lwinds.,. and' thf}· Amer
and Must angs .)
(U . l. Ope ution s Repo rt, March 30, 194.2)
.
.
Sibe ria
her a~one,
From the stand poin t or terra in and weat
d be usua lly
woul
1.5l
Apri'
and
15"
h
MArc
th~ perio d: betw een
81be.r ia.
nst
agai
at$ac k
the moat tavora'~le tor a Japa nes.e have.
the
e
abov
.
risen
re·s
Duri ng this pel\'iod-, · temp eratu
the
on
ns
re~a1
still
ice
the
wint er temperatures, . b~t
of.te nan
h'
wh1o
over
ays
highw
d
broa
ting
titu
rive rs, con~
~s
~1ve
the
on
ice
·sive can trav el. On Ap~il 20, the
usu,a lly break~ up and, the gr~und thaw begi ns. .
afte r
Anot her . t.avo rable p~riod is in early May,
oper ation s
,
time
this
at
ver,
· the. sprin g gr~und thaw . _ Howe
es.
oach
appr
nd
grou
a~e ~imited .to the dry
rable ~r
Weat her durin g the 8uam er . ie not .favo
y~n June ,
heav
ngly
easi
~ncr
es
fighting~ Bain tall becom
early Augu st. ~he
reac hing a maximum in. late July_ and
, ·near the rive rs
areas
rive rs become swol len and the 'low
rable · perio d
tavo
.·
!
tin$
The
~ are virtuil~J i8pa 8sab le.
~est
the
·s
i
mber
Septe
tall;
the
in
is
tor oper ation s
me
month a• suam er rains \hav~ subs ided and -t ·he·· ~tre
·
ed.
cold ot w~nter na. not Jet arriv
11
( C.o. I., •The 1Jar This JJeek , Ma.rch 12.;1 9, 1942-).
/
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378
-"-- 'VOICE OF THE CHIEF t
'l'he ·chief .s ays that the •dogs . or- t~ · 8. 8. - ~ovet the positions
of the m111 tary COIIUD8ftders in all the OCCUpied territ.o r14!J t'or
their .ow~ henchmen. -A lready,_ the-y .ha:ve made much · h~ad,ray towards
·this goal 11 ••
••
- •
·
\
IT-his spring ot't'ensi.v e ot the S. S. pigs is i,n .fuil swing .. . . • .
s everal· General Staff ott'lcers haye lost their posts by •slander
·.and the · most -·invali<\ cause·s . • In Norway, Lieutenan~ Colonel von·
Harwig , Chief. ot' Stat't to General von· Falckenhausen; the conquer-9r·
or Norway pas been relie~ed . And •the position or Falckenhausen
himself in Norway has 'been so undermined that he might be obliged .
to go anf day" .
.
·
.
. ~
A similar situift ion exi$tS in the. Protectorate, where Colone~
Long1n, Chief ot' Statt' to Major General Tous·.s aint, the· military ·
ommander there, already has been edg ed out. ttA!1d now Toussaint ,_;· ··
hims.elt' is to be sho~ed: ot'f as military attache · to Copenhag_e n."
·
./
.
The s . s. 1e now gunning t'or Gen·eral von Stuelpnagel , JD1lita-ry ·
commande.r in o_cc~p1ed . France . Earlier chargeq with resp ort'sibtlity . ·
- for all the notorious corruption on the part ot' the. s . 5.: in F:rance-, .
; · Stuelp ~a~el "is . no·w .'Pe.irig made responsible -b y the s·e dog e ~or the
fa1lur~ ot' the 'Paris. antl-aircrat't defenses.
They lament . that
stuel~nagel has · p~rmitted ant~ircrat't guns from France to be taken ' ·
t o Russia. .As a matter ·or t'a.c t , Stuelpnagel did it because he ' · ·
thought .it more 11ilport~nt to protect his comrades fighting in- the
~ as t than the dirty F~e.nch factories which aren't worth mucp anyway~
(This controversy between the Army and the Nazi Party was mention~d
ear~ier in one ·of' the B~iti·sh'· I-ntelligence ~e ports . )
-
.
"Leading in the -libel slander campaign against Stuelpnagel
are Otto Abetz and his:· S.. s . · policema.n ~uhn . The-se t wo s t eal e-yerything the~ ~an lay their ·bands o~ and th~ n .~harge it t ~ t~e Gene ral.
O.n. top of that a ~tcoundrel l .ike Abetz is bold enough ~o charge
Stuelpnage~ with having pursued ' the ·wrong po~ic y towards . the enemy
·
population.
. ttBehi'n d this is·· ·atu_elpnage~•·s refu s al to • .. ki's,s the .rland of'
the brothel _pig Decolle in· Bordeaux, one of Abetz' whores. Surely,
t hat would. have been the .limit . for ~ German gene.raL
11 The tuncounted and cbwardly attacks agaiq st - our-Wehrm_
a cht a re
d irectly z=esponsib~e t'or the: be;d f.rame or mind of our troop e which
· are s h i-fted to the Eastern t'ront . There · i s the terrible cas.e ·o r
t he 23rd Panzer Division, wh1.c h was recalled t'rom Paris and transported. to the Eaat with ba~bed w1re around the door latches . ~
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( Source :
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Federal Communications' Comm1ssion, M~rch 20 , 1 9~2)
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379
I
OF . POSSIBLE I.NTEREB'f
C.O O'Oeration between ·Nazis' and Trotskyites·.
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One of the most ~ontro-versial issues of the purg~ carried
out in Russi~ sev.eral :years. ·a go was the charge that the .Trotskyites in _R uss1a were · working in coop~rat1on with ·the Nazis and
·
the Japan~se. ' The following information appears· to corroborate
Ambassador Dav1es! J~4gm~nt o.f the tr~alS'.
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1. The Office .o f tne .Co<?rdinator .of Information reports
. that "A Group of tor'eign _Trotskyit.e s, linked with the _Socialist
Labor Par~y of. ~e Un~ted States and the Gestapo, has recent~
ap p ~ared as another pro-N.a zi· alien element in J4exic_
o . "'
(C.O.I ~ , "T~e •ar This - Week", March ' l9~26, 19~2 )
In a
2.
mem~rand~
of April 9,
.
19~0, M.R. · ·N1~hols·o~
u.s .. Treasury Attache in -China, -reported the details of t .h e ·
connection ~l:?et"een the Chinese Trotskyites and the Ja panese ~
pupp et., Wang Ching-wei, as follows:
".National Socialist Party (T rotsky ) .
to .Join Wang Ch ing-Wei Puppets~
"On Apr11 let Mr. Chen Tu-siu, leader of the
Nationalist Party (Trotsky geng) lfeceived B
mess~e . to come to a .conference with Wang· Ch1n ~
weiJ: .•. " · "Th e result of their confere·nce is':'
rep orted to be ·as follows:
"(1} ·That tlang· Ching-wei w1i1- gr$nt a mo.n t'hl y
stib~idy of . $200, 0 00 to · the Nttt1ona_
l ,.st .
Party to enable the latter to carry on '1t.s
activi.t 1es. · ·
· " (2)
That' the Nat'1 opal1st 'P arty·• . . should not
participate in· Wang's new regime for. the
t1me being.
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·" ( 5)
That t he secret intell igence i,nformat io-n
·of the .Nationalist · Party should be suppl ie.!i
to iang's Group."
April 9,
(Memorandum of )l. R. NicholsQn to the . Treasury,
194%
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