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/P c /T Wages and Demographic Characteristics in the Work Clothing Manufacturing Industry, March 1972 U S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics 1975 Bulletin 1858 Wages and Demographic Characteristics in the Work Clothing Manufacturing Industry, March 1972 U.S. Department of Labor John T. Dunlop, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Julius Shiskin, Commissioner 1975 Bulletin 1858 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, GPO Bookstore, or BLS Regional Offices listed on inside back cover. Price 70 cents. Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents. Stock Number 029-001-01378-7 Preface This bulletin summarizes the results of a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of wages and demographic characteristics in the work clothing manufacturing industry. The survey, made in March 1972 at the request of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment Standards Administration, was primarily designed as a pilot study. Its purpose was to test the feasibility of collecting employee job and demographic characteristics data, particularly in industries paying significant numbers of employees hourly rates at or near the Federal minimum wage. Data were collected partly from the employer and partly, with the employer’s assistance, from the employees. A summary of the survey findings is contained in the Employment Standards Administration’s report, required under Section 4 (d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act, and submitted to Congress by the Secretary of Labor on January 31, 1974. The study was conducted in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. Edward J. Caramela of the Division of Occupational Wage Structures prepared the analysis in this bulletin. Field work was directed by the Bureau’s Associate Assistant Regional Directors for Operations. Bulletins available from the Bureau’s program of industry wage studies, as well as the addresses of the Bureau’s regional offices, are listed at the end of this bulletin. in Contents Summary ............................................................................................................................................. Labor force c h a ra c te ristic s................................................................................................................ Sex, occupation, and r a c e ........................................................................................................ Age ............................................................................................................................................. Education ................................................................................................................................ Family s t a t u s ............................................................................................................................ Length of service ..................................................................................................................... Commuting time to work and mode of tra n s p o rta tio n ........................................................ Industry characteristics ............................................................................ L o c a t io n ..................................................................................................................................... Size of estab lish m en t................................................................................................................ Unionization ............................................................................................................................ Weekly hours worked and overtime provisions .................................................................... Method of wage p a y m e n t ........................................................................................................ E a rn in g s................................................................................................................................................. Earnings trends ........................................................................................................................ Earnings by industry characteristics............................................................ Earnings by labor force characteristics ................................................................................. Page 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 Tables: Average hourly earnings: 1. By selected characteristics . . 7 Hourly earnings distribution: 2. All non supervisory workers ....................... 8 3. By occupational category .................................................................................... 9 4. By selected c h a rac te ristic s........................................................................................10 5. By travel time to work ............................................................................................ 10 Annual income distribution for 1971: 6. Employee and family spending unit comparison . .1 1 Establishment practices: 7. Weekly hours w o r k e d ................................................................................................ 11 8. Method of wage payment ........................................................................................ 12 Appendixes: A. Regression analysis ............................................................................................................ 13 B. Scope and method of survey and definition of terms ....................................................15 W ages and Demographic Characteristics in the Work Clothing Manufacturing Industry, March 1972 Summary White women who operated sewing machines domi nated the labor force profile of the Nation’s work clothing manufacturing industry, according to the Bu reau’s March 1972 study of the industry.1 The typical worker, age 20 to 44 years, with at least 9 years of schooling, was employed in the South.12 As wife of the household head, she most commonly provided 20 to 40 percent of her family spending unit’s total income. When the wages earned were tabulated against such demographic characteristics, average pay advantages in this work force clearly fell to white men who were heads of households. Also related to higher than average earnings levels were location of plant, occupation, and unionization. Overall, the 66,708 nonsupervisory workers covered by the study averaged $2.14 an hour in March 1972.3 Whites, comprising about nine-tenths of the work force, averaged $2.15 compared with $2.02 for Negroes and other races. Women, accounting for nearly nine-tenths of the workers, were employed mainly as sewing machine operators and averaged $2.10 an hour; men averaged $2.48. About one-sixth of the workers had earnings at or slightly above the $1.60 an hour Federal minimum wage in effect for manufacturing establishments at the time of the survey. This proportion applied consistently to each of the “typical worker” characteristics described earlier. Earnings and demographic data (e.g., age, sex, race, educational status, and family position) are presented in this report both for the entire United States and 1 See appendix B for scope and method of survey and definition of terms. 2 For purposes of this survey, the South consists of the following: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. 3 Hourly earnings data in this bulletin exclude extra payments for work on late shifts and premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends and holidays, as well as the value of room, board, or other perquisites provided in addition to cash wages. separately for the South, where three-fourths of the work force was employed. Labor force characteristics Sex, occupation, and race. Women comprised nearly 90 percent of the industry’s nonsupervisory work force in March 1972. Occupationally, they accounted for 95 percent or more of the operatives (e.g., sewing machine operators, assemblers, pressers), trainees (apprentices and learners), and office clerical workers; and between 35 and 40 percent of the skilled crafts and laborers.4 Negro and other races5 constituted 10 percent of the workers, typically women employed as operatives, both nationwide and in the South. Age. About 60 percent of the nationwide work force were between the ages of 20 and 44; an additional 30 percent were between 45 and 64. Virtually all the remaining workers were under 20 years of age. In the South, the proportions were about the same. The distribution of workers by age groups showed a somewhat different pattern by race. Slightly more than 80 percent of the 6,393 Negroes covered by the survey were between the ages of 20 and 44 and 13 percent were between 45 and 64. For whites, Jhe proportions were practically the same as those cited for the industry as a whole. Education. Nearly 70 percent of the industry’s nonsu pervisory work force reported the completion of 9 to 12 years of education, slightly more than one-half of these 44,762 workers had finished high school. An additional 17 percent of the workers had 8 years of education, most of the remainder, between 5 and 7 years. The proportion of workers completing 12 years of school did not vary significantly by sex; however, a 4 See appendix B for occupational classification definitions. 5Hereinafter referred to as Negroes, for purposes of brevity. Slightly more than 90 percent of the “Negro and other races” are Negroes. higher proportion of Negroes than of whites completed high school (48 to 35 percent, respectively). Formal vocational training programs were completed by some what less than 10 percent of the work force. Family status. Employees in family units at the time of the March 1972 survey made up 90 percent of the work force. Single individuals (those unrelated to family units) comprised the remainder. Slightly more than 60 percent of the 59,739 em ployees in family units were wives of family heads.6 Of the others in family units, female heads of households comprised an additional 18 percent, and male heads of households 10 percent. The remainder considered in family units were such persons as dependent or nonde pendent sons and daughters or grandparents. Length o f service. About two-fifths of the industry’s work force had at least 5 years of service with their current (March 1972) employer. As illustrated in the following tabulation, a significantly smaller proportion of Negroes than of whites had 5 years or more of service: Percent of workers having length of service Years of service: Less than 1 ........ 1 to 2 ................ 2 to 3 ................ 3 to 4 ................ 4 to 5 ................ 5 to 10 .............. 1 0 to 15 ............ 15 to 20 ............ 20 or m o r e ........ All 23 15 10 6 5 19 9 6 7 Female 23 15 9 7 4 19 9 6 7 Male 21 11 17 5 6 20 5 6 9 White 22 14 9 6 4 20 10 7 8 Negro 32 16 14 10 8 16 1 2 1 NOTE: Because o f ro u n d in g , su m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y not equ al 100. Commuting time to work and mode o f transportation. Nearly 90 percent of the nonsupervisory workers re ported that one-way commuting time to work required 30 minutes or less. Trips of over 30 minutes but less than 60 accounted for virtually all remaining workers. This commuting time also typified a somewhat higher proportion of workers in metropolitan areas7 than in smaller communities (15 and 10 percent, respectively). Similar comparisons were not possible for the South. Driving alone to work or else sharing driving in a carpool arrangement constituted the dominant modes of transportation, applying to 65 percent of the work force. Those paying a driver as carpool passengers accounted for most of the remaining workers. 6That person recognized as head by other family members. See appendix B for further definition. 7Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget through January 1968. Industry characteristics Work clothing manufacturing establishments covered by the survey employed 66,708 nonsupervisory workers in March 1972—about the same total as recorded in the Bureau’s February 1968 occupational wage study of the industry.8 The 365 plants within scope of the current study were primarily engaged in the manufacture of such apparel items as dungarees, overalls, and industrial garments, washable service apparel, work pants, work shirts, and other work clothing. Location. The South-the only region for which data are presented separately—employed three-fourths of the industry’s nonsupervisory work force. Nationwide, plants located in metropolitan areas employed about one-fifth of the work force; the proportion was oneeighth in the South. Size o f establishment. Survey establishments ranged in size from about 20 workers up to nearly 1,000. Plants employing 500 workers or more accounted for nearly one-fourth of the industry’s work force. The remaining three-fourths was about equally divided between plants with less than 250 workers and those with 250-499. In the South, similar proportions were employed by each plant-size group. Unionization. Nationwide, slightly more than one-half of the work force was in plants where collective bargaining agreements covered a majority of nonsupervisory workers. Union and nonunion establishments each em ployed one-half of the work force in the South. As illustrated in text table 1, the proportions of workers in establishments with agreements varied some what by race, and considerably by size of community and size of establishment. The major unions at the time of the survey were the United Garment Workers of America (UGWA) and the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (ACWA), both of the AFL-CIO. Weekly hours worked and overtime provisions. The employees covered by the study averaged 40 hours of work during a specified 1-week period in March 1972. (See table 7.) Nationwide, weekly hours worked averaged higher in metropolitan than in nonmetropolitan areas (41 and 39, respectively); in the South the average for all workers, regardless of community size, was 39 hours. A distribution of employees by hours actually worked, however, reveals a wide variation. For example, 8 See Industry Wage Survey: Work Clothing, February 1968 (Bulletin 1624,1969). Text table 1. Percent of employees in work clothing manufacturing establishments operating under labor-management agreements Size of establishment Size of community Item Total Metro politan areas United S t a t e s ................... W h it e ..................... Negro and other . . . . South ............................. W h it e ..................... Negro and other . . . . 54 55 44 50 51 38 40 41 36 NOTE: — - — Under 250 workers 250-499 workers 58 59 46 55 56 44 34 35 29 21 23 — 60 61 59 58 57 64 500 workers or more 77 78 — 73 74 — D a sh e s in d ic ate d ata th a t d o n o t m eet p u b lic a tio n criteria. one-fourth of the employees worked less than 35 hours during the week, a similar proportion worked more than 40 hours. Only about one-third of the employees actually worked a 40-hour week. Overall, about two-thirds of the workers were in establishments with formal provisions for payment of daily overtime, typically after 8 hours a day. As illustrated in text table 2, the proportions of employees in establishments with such provisions are much higher in union than in nonunion plants. The Fair Labor Standards Act applying to this industry requires IVi times an employee’s regular rate for hours worked in excess of 40 in a work week. Method o f wage payment. Approximately four-fifths of the industry’s production workers9 were paid under incentive wage payment systems. (See table 8.) Slightly over nine-tenths of the operatives were paid on an incentive basis (most commonly individual piece rates), as were three-fourths of those employed as trainees. The two remaining production-oriented occupational groups—craft workers and laborers—were generally paid on a time-rated basis, as were virtually all office clerical workers. Similar relationships for all categories were found in the South. Earnings Earnings trends. Straight-time earnings of the 66,708 nonsupervisory workers covered by the study averaged $2.14 an hour in March 1972. (See table 1.) Production and related workers (96 percent of the work force) averaged $2.1310 —16 percent higher than the $1.84 recorded in the Bureau’s February 1968 survey of the industry.11 During the period between the Bureau’s May-June 196412 and February 1968 study, average earnings in Nonmetro politan areas the work clothing industry rose by 29 percent, about the same as the Federal minimum wage for manufacturing establishments (28 percent—from $1.25 to $1.60 an hour).13 Also, during that period, percent increases in average earnings were greater for workers in the lower paid segments of the industry than in the higher paid segments. Thus, relative wage advantages held by men over women, union workers over nonunion workers, and similar relationships, narrowed. These changes were 9The terms “production workers” and “production and related workers” are synonymous and relate to all nonsuper visory employees except office clerical workers. I °The straight-time average hourly earnings in this bulletin differ in concept from the gross average hourly earnings published in the Bureau’s monthly hours and earnings series ($2.14 in March 1972). Unlike the latter, estimates here exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Average earnings were calculated by summing individual hourly earnings and dividing by the number of individuals; in the monthly series, the sum of the man-hour totals reported by establishments in the industry was divided into the reported payroll totals. Estimates of the number of production workers within the scope of the study are intended only as a general guide to the size and composition of the labor force included in the survey. They differ from those in the monthly series (74,400 in March 1972). Planning for the survey required the assembling of lists of establishments considerably in advance of data collection. Thus, establishments new to the industry are omitted, as are establish ments originally classified in the work clothing industry but found to be in other industries at the time of the survey. Also omitted are establishments manufacturing work clothing but classified incorrectly in other industries at the time the lists were compiled. II Op. cit., BLS Bulletin 1624. 12 See Industry Wage Survey: Work Clothing, May-June 1964, Bulletin 1440 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1965). 13The Federal minimum wage for manufacturing establish ments engaged in interstate commerce was $1.25 an hour at the time of the 1964 survey; was raised to $1.40 on Feb. 1, 1967, and to $1.60 on Feb. 1, 1968. Text table 2. Percent of workers in establishments by daily overtime provisions and labor-management contract status United States Provisions Total Union Non union Total Union Non union Workers in establishments with no daily overtime p ro vision s........................... 33 8 64 38 9 67 Workers in establishments with daily overtime p ro vision s........................... After 8 h o u r s ................ Other than 8 hours ........ 67 61 6 92 90 2 36 26 10 62 57 5 91 89 2 33 24 9 partly the result of the upward adjustments in the Federal minimum wage between the two surveys. Between the 1968 and March 1972 studies, however, the Federal minimum wage remained at $1.60 an hour, and as illustrated in text table 3, the 1964-68 pattern was reversed. The industry’s higher paid workers in 1968 recorded greater percent increases in earnings over the next 4 years than their lower paid counterparts, and in most cases, by March 1972, surpassed the relative wage advantages held in 1964. Earnings by industry characteristics. Plants located in the South employed three-fourths of the industry’s work force; workers there averaged $2.09 an hour, compared with $2.30 for those elsewhere. South Nationwide, workers employed in metropolitan areas averaged a higher wage than those in the smaller communities, $2.17 an hour compared with $2.13. In the South, however, this relationship was reversed, workers in nonmetropolitan areas held a 9-percent wage advantage over those in the larger communities. Larger plants paid more than smaller ones. Plants employing 500 workers or more paid an average of $2.22 an hour—4 percent more than those employing 250499 workers ($2.13), and 6 percent more than those employ ing fewer than 250 workers ($2.10). Labor-management contracts were identified with higher wages. Establishments with a majority of their nonsupervisory workers covered paid an average of $2.26 an h o u r-13 percent above the $2 average for Text table 3. Earnings relationships of production workers1 in work clothing manu facturing, by selected characteristics, 1964-72 Average hourly earnings May-June 1964 February 1968 Percent increase, 1964 to 1968 M e n ....................................... Women ................................. $1.61 1.40 $2.03 1.81 26 29 $2.48 2.10 22 16 Union ................................... N o n u n io n ............................... 1.48 1.38 1.87 1.82 26 32 2.26 2.00 21 10 Metropolitan a r e a s ................... Nonmetropolitan a r e a s ................................. 1.48 1.86 26 2.17 17 1.41 1.84 30 2.13 16 Characteristic Average hourly earnings in March 1972 Percent increase. 1968 to 1972 Plants with 250 workers or more ................ Plants with less than 250 w o r k e r s ....................... 1.43 1.85 29 2.16 17 1.43 1.83 28 2.10 15 United States, except South ............................... South ................................... 1.53 1.40 1.88 1.83 23 31 2.30 2.09 22 14 1 D ata fo r 1 9 6 4 and 1 9 6 8 relate to e arn in gs o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s o n ly ; 1 9 7 2 data relate to e a rn in gs o f all n o n su p e rv is o ry (p ro d u c t io n a n d clerical) w o rk e rs in the in d u s tr y . It is e stim a te d , ho w ever, th a t th e in c lu s io n o f clerical w o rk e rs in th e 1 9 7 2 d a ta had an u p w a rd in flu e n c e o n e a rn in gs levels o f n o t m o re th an 2 cen ts fo r a n y sin g le ch ara cte ristic in th e t a b u la tio n . workers in nonunion plants. At the time of the March 1972 study, about one-sixth of the 66,708 nonsupervisory workers in the work clothing industry earned within 5 cents of the $1.60 Federal minimum wage. (See table 2.) As illustrated in text table 4, however, the proportion of workers earning at or slightly above the minimum wage varied consider ably within selected categories. Overall, earnings for most of the remaining workers ranged from $1.65 to $3 an hour; the middle half of the employees in the total array of earnings fell between $1.75 and $2.39 an hour. Earnings by labor force characteristici Whites in the survey averaged $2.15 an hour—6 percent above the $2.02 recorded for Negroes. The wage advantage held by whites varied considerably by sex, with white women averaging 6 percent above Negro women ($2.11 and $1.99) and white men 15 percent above Negro men ($2.52 and $2.19). Overall the average differential between men and women amounted to 18 percent in favor of men ($2.48 compared with $2.10), who made up slightly more than one-third of the work force. For five broad occupational groups, separate earnings data are also presented covering the study’s nonsuper visory work force. Operatives and kindred workers— typically women sewing machine operators, comprising 83 percent of the survey’s work force—averaged $2.11 an hour. These operatives earned slightly less than the $2.15 for laborers, custodial, service, and other unskilled workers. Craft and technical employees (mostly men) had highest average earnings at $2.60 an hour, followed by office clerical workers (virtually all women) at $2.30. Trainees and apprentices were the lowest paid employees studied, averaging $1.71 an hour. In the South, average earnings levels for each occupational group providing comparisons were slightly lower than industry levels. Nationwide, earnings of individual workers varied widely within the same occupational group. (See table Text table 4. 3.) Except for trainees, hourly earnings of the highest paid employees exceeded those of the lowest paid in the same category by $2 or more. This resulted in a substantial overlap in earnings between workers in occupations with dissimilar skill requirements and pay levels, as illustrated in the following tabulation: Craft and technical employees Laborers, custodial. service, and other unskilled employees ... 3,255 4,071 Average hourly earnings . . , $2.60 $2.15 Under $ 2 .0 0 .................... $2.00 and under $2.20 . . . . $2.20 and under $2.40 . . . . $2.40 and under $2.60 . . . . $2.60 and under $2.80 . . . . $2.80 and under $3.00 . . . . $3.00 and o v e r ........ .. . . . 269 714 366 530 248 228 900 1,581 1,130 534 209 156 109 352 Item Total workers Distribution of workers among occupational groups with disparate pay levels is one of several factors accounting for the differences in pay between men and women and Negroes and whites. For example, craft workers averaged $2.60 an hour, and men comprised nearly three-fifths of such workers. On the other hand, trainees averaged $1.71 and were virtually all women. The distribution of workers by race among the various occupational categories further illustrates the point. Of the nearly 1,000 Negro men covered by the study, slightly less than 10 percent were employed as craft workers, compared with about 30 percent of the 6,700 white men. As noted earlier, earnings in some jobs are largely determined by production at piece rates. Variations in incentive earnings for individuals or employee groupings may be traceable to differences in work experience, effort, work flow, or other factors which the worker may or may not control. Percent of employees with straight-time hourly earnings of $1.60 and under $1.65 Characteristic Percent Characteristic Percent All nonsupervisory workers ......................... M a l e ............................................... Female ........................................... White ............................................. Negro ............................................. Family status: Male h e a d ......................................... Female h e a d ..................................... Wife of h e a d ..................................... 16.3 3.8 17.9 15.4 24.7 Age: Under 20 y e a r s ................................... 20-44 y e a r s....................................... 45-64 y e a rs....................................... 65 and over ..................................... Education: Less than 5 y e a r s ............................... 5-7 years ......................................... 8 y e a rs............................................. 9-11 years ....................................... 12 y e a r s ........................................... 13 years or m o r e ............................... 32.5 16.8 11.9 NOTE: — 17.5 17.2 D a sh e s in d ic ate data th a t d o n o t m eet p u b lic a tio n criteria. — - 24.6 16.5 16.0 14.9 — In addition, each of the five broad occupational categories used in this study span a number of more specific jobs with varying pay levels. In the 1968 study, for example, average earnings of hand and machine finish pressers exceeded those of garment repairers by 16 percent—yet both occupations are classified as “oper atives.” Slightly more than three-fifths of the work force were between 20 and 44 years of age in March 1972 and averaged $2.17 an hour. This compared with $1.84 for the under-20 age group and $2.14 for those in the 45-to-64 age group. (See tables 1 and 4.) Educational attainment, between 8th grade and a high school diploma, did not produce any substantial differences in average hourly earnings of the work force. (See tables 1 and 4.) Employees having completed 8 years of schooling averaged $2.13 an hour, compared with $2.14 for those with 9 to 11 years of education and $2.17 for high school graduates. Nationwide, wives of family heads, accounting for slightly more than 60 percent of the workers in family units, averaged $2.11 an hour-about the same as for female family heads ($2.10) but 19 percent less than the $2.61 recorded for male family heads. (See tables 1 and 4.) As illustrated in the following tabulation, the majority of male heads of family were the primary, but not the sole, wage earners in the family spending unit,14 while female family heads were usually the only wage earner, and wives of family heads typically were secon dary wage earners in the family spending unit: Percent o f workers classified as— Family status Number o f workers1 Only family wage earner Male head . . . . Female head . . Wife of head . . 5,738 10,787 37,343 37 75 6 1 E x c lu d e d are 5,871 f a m ily m e m b e r " gro u p . Primary family wage earner Secondary family wage earner 60 22 6 3 3 88 e m p lo y e e s b e lo n g in g to th e " o t h e r 14A group of related persons living together in one house hold and pooling their incomes for major items of expense. See appendix B for further definition. In terms of commuting time, average hourly earnings were higher for workers with a one-way time of over 30 but less than 60 minutes ($2.20) than for those reporting 30 minutes or less ($2.13). (See table 5.) This relationship held in both metropolitan and nonmetro politan areas. For the 45,295 workers who were actively employed in 1971, data were obtained on their total annual wage and salary income15 in 1971, as well as the total annual income (including sources other than wages and salaries) of their family spending unit in 1971. Nearly one-half of these workers reported wages and salaries of $2,000 and under $4,000 in 1971. (See table 6.) An additional two-fifths of the workers reported $4,000 and under $7,000 and nearly all of the remainder reported under $2,000. Male heads of family had the largest average annual income at $5,585 in 1971; female heads of family averaged $3,754; and wives of heads of families averaged $3,439. The wage and salary income for wives of heads of family most commonly accounted for between 20 and 40 percent of the total income of their respective family spending units in 1971. The survey design did not attempt to isolate and measure any of the preceding characteristics as indivi dual determinants of wage levels. Appendix A of this bulletin, however, presents a brief technical note on the results of a multiple-regression analysis in which the singular effects of a number of survey characteristics were isolated to a measurable degree. In several cases there were marked differences between the earnings differentials produced by cross-tabulation (simple regres sion) as discussed in this section of the report, and those derived from multiple-regression. For example, the average craftworker earned 49 cents an hour more than the average operative, but apparently less than one-half (20 cents) of this differential can be attributed solely to classification by occupational group. 1 5Includes all wages and salaries, commissions, tips, cash bonuses, etc., before deductions for income taxes, social security, health or life insurance, retirement, bonds, union dues, or any other deductions. Table 1. Average hourly earnings: By selected characteristics (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of nonsupervisory employees in the work clothing manufacturing industry, by selected characteristics, United States and South, March 1972) South3 United States2 United States2 Item All nonsupervisory em ployees......................... Male ................................................ W h ite ................................................ Female .................................... Earnings Workers Earnings 66,708 58 986 7*722 $2.14 2 10 2.48 50,446 44 634 5^812 $2.09 2 05 2.40 Negro and other r a c e s ........................... Female .................................... Male ........................................ 60,315 53,579 6,736 6,393 5,407 986 2.15 2.11 2.52 2.02 1.99 2.19 45,088 40,052 5 036 5,358 4,582 776 2.11 2.07 2.45 1.92 1.90 2.03 Under 20 years .................................. 2 0 4 4 y e a r s ........................................ 45-64 y e a r s ........................................ 65 and o v e r ........................................ 4,116 41,634 20,317 641 1.84 2.17 2.14 2,936 32,647 14,612 1.84 2.13 2.06 Age: Family status: In fa mil ies— Male head.................................. Female h e a d .............................. Wife of h e a d ............................... Other family member4 ................. Contributing to family in c o m e ......................... Not contributing to family in c o m e ......................... Unrelated individuals ........................... Education: Years of school completedLess than 5 y e a r s ......................... 5-7 years ................................... 8 ye a rs...................................... 9-11 years ................................. 12 y e a r s.................................... 13 years or m o r e ......................... South3 Item Workers 2.12 - - 5,738 10,787 37,343 2.61 2.10 2.11 4,387 8,558 28,781 2.50 2.03 2.07 2,335 1.97 1,710 1.90 3,536 6,969 1.96 2.15 2,144 4,866 1.95 2.09 6,679 11,191 20,376 24,386 2,557 2.05 2.13 2.14 2.17 2.23 6,018 8,435 16,418 16,801 1,438 Workers Earnings Workers Earnings 63,891 $2.18 48,856 $2.09 3,255 2.60 2,372 2.56 55,467 2.11 43,075 2.07 4,071 1,098 2,817 2.15 1.71 2.30 2,653 2.00 1,590 2.17 Size of community: Metropolitan areas5 ............................. Nonmetropolitan areas ......................... 12,688 54,070 2.17 2.13 6,931 43,515 1.94 2.12 Size of establishment: Under 250 w o rk e rs............................... 250-499 workers ................................. 500 workers or m o re ............................. 25,160 25,834 15,714 2.10 2.13 2.22 16,965 20,116 13,365 2.04 2.08 2.18 Occupation: PrnHurtinn workers Craftsmen, technical, and kindred occupations................. Operatives and kindred o c cu p a tio n s........................... Laborers, custodial, service workers, and other unskilled o c cu p a tio n s........................... Training occupations ................... Clerical o c cu p a tio n s............................. Labor-management contracts: Establishments w ith Majority nf workers covered Either none or minority of wnrkers covered 36,247 2.26 25,024 2.22 30,461 2.00 25,422 1.96 - 2.04 2.08 2.09 2.12 2.15 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for w ork on weekends, holidays, and late shifts, as well as the value of room , board or other perquisites provided in addition to cash wages. 2 Includes data for regions other than the South. 3The South consists of the follow ing: Alabam a, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Colum bia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, M aryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahom a, South Carolina, 4 0ther fam ily members are divided into two groups: those w ho make substantial contributions to fam ily income and those w ho make little or no contribution, e.g., a nondependent son or daughter w ho contributes o nly enough to cover the reasonable cost of room and board. s Standard Metropolitan Statistical areas as defined b y the U.S. Office of Managem ent and Budget through January 1968. Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. NO TE: Dashes indicate either no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. (Percent distribution of nonsupervisory employees in work clothing manufacturing by straight-time hourly earnings,1 United States and South, March 1972) United States2 Hourly earnings' All workers Total Male $1.60 or less ............................. Over $1.60 and under $ 1 . 6 5 .......... $1.65 and under $1.70 ............... $1.70 and under $1.75 ............... 14.3 2.5 4.2 4.1 2.8 1.4 $1.75 and under $1.80 $1.80 and under $1.85 $1.85 and under $1.90 ............... ............... ............... 4.0 4.3 $1.90 and under $1.95 $1.95 and under $2.00 ............... ............... $2.00 and $2.10 and $2.20 and $2.30 and $2.40 and under under under under under $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.50 and $2.60 and $2.70 and $2.80 and $2.90 and under under under under under $3.00 and $3.10 and $3.20 and $3.30 and $3.40 and under under under under under White Female Total Male 2.3 3.0 15.8 2.4 4.5 4.2 13.4 2.2 4.2 3.9 2.3 1.2 2.0 2.2 1:0 1.2 2.1 5.9 1.4 4.4 4.0 3.9 3.2 4.7 4.3 3.7 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.1 3.7 3.3 1.1 1.0 1.9 3.5 1.6 ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... 8.6 8.5 8.2 7.3 11.2 7.7 8.8 8.1 8.3 8.7 8.8 8.4 7.2 12.4 7.6 5.8 5.7 5.1 5.0 5.9 5.7 6.1 5.8 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... 3.2 3.3 2.7 1.4 2.0 5.9 6.4 2.7 2.1 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.7 1.3 1.9 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... 1.1 1.0 .7 .8 .7 3.7 .7 .4 .4 .5 .5 5.6 2.5 2.7 2.1 South3 Negro and other races Female Total 14.8 2.4 22.9 2.5 4.1 4.5 4.1 6.0 Male 6.4 All workers Female Total Male .2 4.6 8.2 25.9 3.0 4.0 5.6 16.0 2.1 4.9 4.5 2.9 1.4 3.1 3.5 Negro and other races White Female 17.7 2.4 Total Male Female 2.1 1.9 2.7 2.4 16.2 2.4 5.2 4.6 14.6 2.0 5.0 4.1 5.2 4.4 Total 27.3 3.2 4.9 7.2 4.1 5.5 _ 6.5 4.8 1.3 4.6 4.3 3.7 3.6 5.2 3.6 5.9 1.5 2.9 3.2 21.7 5.6 3.7 3.0 1.8 4.7 3.9 4.5 3.1 1.6 5.2 5.1 4.7 4.6 1.8 7.3 1.9 4.2 4.1 3.3 3.9 4.2 3.4 1.5 1.3 1.4 4.2 2.1 5.1 5.0 4.2 4.2 3.5 5.6 6.2 4.3 7.0 1.0 7.5 5.6 7.0 2.9 4.7 8.0 3.2 8.3 5.9 5.8 8.9 8.3 8.5 6.1 5.8 7.4 6.0 6.8 3.5 5.5 8.6 8.4 7.6 5.5 5.7 7.9 12.7 7.9 6.4 5.4 8.7 7.8 7.6 5.3 5.7 8.8 8.7 7.8 5.8 5.9 7.8 14.0 7.5 7.4 6.2 8.9 8.0 7.9 5.6 5.9 7.2 5.5 5.8 2.6 3.5 3.4 3.4 2.7 1.4 1.9 5.6 5.6 2.7 2.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 2.7 1.3 1.8 1.7 2.8 2.3 2.1 2.7 7.9 12.2 3.0 2.1 - .5 1.1 2.2 2.1 3.2 3.0 3.3 2.3 1.0 1.4 4.8 6.8 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.7 2.8 2.3 .9 1.3 3.3 3.4 2.2 1.0 1.3 5.2 6.7 1.7 2.1 2.3 3.0 3.0 2.3 .9 1.2 .3 1.9 2.6 1.2 1.8 1.1 1.1 .7 .8 .6 3.4 6.4 2.9 3.1 2.5 .8 .4 .4 .5 .4 1.2 6.1 .3 - - - .5 .5 .9 - .6 .6 1.1 .7 .7 .4 .7 .6 2.3 3.4 1.9 2.1 2.4 .5 .3 .2 .5 .4 .8 .8 .5 .8 .6 2.6 3.9 2.2 2.5 2.7 .5 .4 .2 .5 .3 - - - - - Male Female 8.1 _ 5.8 10.4 _ 3.7 4.1 27.6 8.9 4.1 30.5 3.7 4.7 6.7 6.5 6.6 4.4 3.5 1.2 - 6.9 5.8 5.0 3.0 4.1 2.3 7.7 3.9 2.7 - .9 2.4 .9 2.1 10.6 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .9 - 1.1 _ _ _ _ $3.50 and o v e r........................... 1.8 6.1 1.6 2.3 6.8 1.8 .4 2.0 _ 1.6 5.0 1.2 1.8 5.6 1.2 T o t a l........................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number of w o rk e rs..................... Average hourly earnings' ............. 66,708 $2.14 7,722 $2.48 58,986 $2.10 60,315 $2.15 6,736 $2.52 53,579 $2.11 6,393 $2.02 986 $2.19 5,407 $1.99 50,446 $2.09 5,812 $2.40 44,634 $2.05 45,088 $2.11 5,036 $2.45 40,052 $2.07 5,358 $1.92 776 $2.03 4,582 $1.90 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts as well as the value of room, board or other perquisites provided in addition to cash wages. 2 Includes data for regions other than the South. 3 For definition of South, see footnote 3, table 1. NO TE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Table 3. Hourly earnings distribution: By occupational category (Percent distribution of nonsupervisory employees by occupational category in work clothing manufacturing, by straight-time hourly earnings,1 United States and South, March 1972) United States1 South Production workers Production workers Laborers, Operatives Hourly earnings1 Craft Total employees $1.60 or le ss................... Over $1.60 and under $1.65. $1.65 and under $1.70 . . . . $1.70 and under $1.75 . . . . White technical _ 14.9 2.4 4.4 - 4.2 1.2 - Total Negro and service, other races and other Craft Clerical Trainees employees Total unskilled Total Female 14.5 2.7 4.7 4.2 15.1 2.6 4.7 4.3 22.7 2.9 4.3 4.6 24.8 3.2 4.2 5.1 8.9 1.9 1.0 8.4 61.9 4.3 5.0 4.5 3.7 3.6 6.3 5.5 2.7 5.2 1.8 6.9 5.7 3.0 2.9 2.0 2.9 1.4 2.6 7.4 4.4 4.4 14.6 13.2 6.9 6.2 3.6 1.5 2.4 1.4 White technical employees Female custodial, and employees Total 16.0 2.2 5.3 4.2 16.7 2.6 5.3 4.4 26.9 3.5 5.0 5.4 28.8 3.7 4.9 5.9 6.4 1.5 2.8 1.6 12.9 - 5.2 5.3 4.1 4.3 3.6 6.2 6.5 3.2 6.1 1.2 6.7 6.6 3.4 3.4 1.3 4.5 2.2 2.6 10.4 5.4 8.0 7.6 7.9 5.4 7.5 6.2 6.0 3.0 4.2 7.6 6.3 5.5 3.3 4.5 14.7 15.5 6.9 8.3 .8 34.0 9.9 9.5 15.0 13.8 _ 1.0 1.9 .5 1.1 - 2.8 2.6 - 1.7 6.2 2.9 .5 5.0 5.2 4.0 4.3 3.5 27.7 7.6 9.2 13.3 10.5 7.8 8.3 7.6 5.2 5.4 5.6 14.2 10.0 2.2 15.1 7.6 7.9 7.8 5.5 5.4 2.4 3.0 3.3 2.3 1.1 1.4 1.9 5.8 2.3 5.4 3.5 3.5 2.4 3.2 2.4 .4 2.2 2.4 3.0 .9 1.3 .9 1.3 .9 2.1 2.6 1.0 2.3 5.1 4.2 3.0 4.6 1.3 .6 .3 .3 .6 .3 _ _ _ - under under under under under $1.80 $1.85 $1.90 $1.95 $2.00 .... .... .... .... .... 4.1 4.4 4.1 4.0 3.3 4.5 2.1 .4 4.2 4.8 4.4 3.8 3.5 $2.00 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 and and and and and under under under under under $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 . . . . $2.40 . . . . $2.50 . . . . 7.8 8.5 8.2 5.5 5.4 8.2 13.8 9.7 1.6 12.7 7.4 8.2 8.4 6.0 5.2 7.7 8.0 8.4 6.0 5.1 7.9 6.4 6.5 3.5 5.6 8.2 6.7 6.4 3.9 6.1 $2.50 and $2.60 and $2.70 and $2.80 and $2.90 and under under under under under $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 .... .... .... .... .... 3.3 3.3 2.6 1.3 1.9 3.6 5.3 2.3 4.8 2.2 3.5 3.5 2.8 1.3 1.8 3.3 3.3 2.8 1.3 2.0 1.9 2.2 1.0 2.9 .6 .9 2.4 1.1 3.2 .3 2.4 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 under under under under under $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 .... .... .... .... .... 1.1 1.0 .7 .8 .7 5.2 6.3 2.8 6.0 1.8 .8 .6 .5 .6 .6 .8 .4 .4 .6 .5 1.5 - .4 - 1.9 2.7 .6 .6 1.1 .6 .6 1.2 2.0 - - - .7 .7 .4 .7 .6 $3.50 and o v e r ............... 2.1 5.7 2.1 1.8 .2 _ 2.0 _ 2.6 1.7 5.1 1.8 1.4 Total ............... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number of w o r k e r s ......... 63,891 Average hourly earnings1 . . $2.13 3,255 $2.60 50,122 $2.12 47,711 $2.10 5,345 $2.02 4,849 $1.99 4,071 $2.15 1,098 $1.71 2,817 $2.30 48,856 $2.09 2,372 $2.56 38,529 $2.09 and and and and and 1.8 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts as well as he value of room, board or other perquisites provided in addition to cash wages. 2 Includes data for regions other than the South. - 2.2 - 3.3 2.2 - 3.6 3.5 4.0 4.2 2.6 - .4 .3 - - - 5.2 3.1 employees _ 2.6 _ 2.5 3.2 - 1.5 - 1.1 _ _ - - - - - - 1.6 - - - - - 1.1 1.2 - - _ _ _ _ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 36,519 $2.07 4,546 $1.94 4,180 $1.92 2,653 $2.00 1,590 $2.17 3 For definition of South, see footnote 3, table 1. NO TE: unskilled Female 4.9 4.8 4.0 4.7 3.2 1.8 - Clerical Total 2.1 2.4 2.5 .9 - - 7.4 - and other _ - 16.1 - service, other races 16.5 2.1 5.1 4.5 0.9 - - Negro and Female $1.75 and $1.80 and $1.85 and $1.90 and $1.9 5and - Laborers, Operatives custodial, and Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Table 4. Hourly earnings distribution: By selected characteristics (Percent distribution of nonsupervisory employees in work clothing manufacturing by straight-time hourly earnings,1 and by age, educational status, family status, and race, United States, March 1972) Age Educational status Number of Hourly earnings1 Percent Under 20 Family status Less 20 45 65 44 64 over than 5-7 8 9-11 12 years 5 years years years years or years Other family member2 Vocational 13 more training Yes Male Female head head Wife of Contrib Not con Unrelated head uting to tributing individual family to family income No income All nonsupervisory workers Over $1.60 and under $1.80 .. $1.80 and under $ 2 . 0 0 ......... $2.00 and under $ 2 . 2 0 .......... $2.20 and under $ 2 . 4 0 ......... $2.40 and over ................... Total ................... 9,579 9,771 10,237 11,395 9,357 16,369 66,708 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 13.7 9.8 5.5 6.7 2.7 1.7 6.2 63.1 63.9 67.3 62.4 Number of workers ............. Average hourly earnings' . . . . 66,708 $2.14 100.0 - 4,116 $1.84 $1.60 or l e s s ....................... Over $1.60 and under $1.80 . . $1.80 and under $ 2 . 0 0 .......... $2.00 and under $ 2 . 2 0 ......... $2.20 and under $ 2 . 4 0 ......... $2.40 and over ................... Total ................... 8,105 8,614 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 13.9 9.5 6.1 7.1 2.9 1.5 6.2 $1.60 or le s s ....................... 64.7 51.8 60.4 _ _ 20.7 37.0 33.5 29.4 - 15.0 13.6 10.1 5.6 7.7 9.2 10.0 15.6 19.9 19.4 14.7 14.2 16.9 16.8 30.5 31.5 25.6 31.0 33.7 31.0 30.5 35.7 28.5 39.1 40.5 35.1 38.3 36.6 6,679 11,191 $2.05 $2.13 20,376 $2.14 24,386 $2.17 - 32.8 29.8 30.5 1.0 - 41,634 $2.17 20,317 $2.14 641 $2.12 - 60.9 50.5 56.4 61.3 24.1 38.4 _ _ ~ _ 4.4 5.9 3.0 7.7 8.4 3.8 9.9 6.9 95.6 94.1 97.0 92.3 91.6 90.1 93.1 2,557 $2.23 4,590 $2.25 62,118 $2.13 _ 35.5 38.1 35.3 - 3.5 4.8 2.9 8.1 6.4 9.4 3.4 6.3 96.5 95.2 97.1 91.9 93.6 90.6 93.7 21,305 $2.20 2,032 $2.25 3,803 $2.27 56,512 $2.15 - _ _ _ - - 19.5 8.6 16.7 21.1 15.5 11.6 16.6 16.3 16.2 59.9 54.0 59.5 61.1 59.0 47.4 56.0 3.5 5.3 9.5 10.1 13.4 7.5 9.3 12.0 10.4 5,738 $2.61 10,787 $2.10 37,343 $2.11 2,335 $1.97 3,536 $1.96 6,969 $2.15 _ 59.1 55.3 62.8 63.6 59.1 47.9 57.1 _ _ - - 10.2 11.1 13.1 - 19.6 8.6 17.5 19.7 14.8 9.7 17.1 16.1 15.6 3.1 5.2 11.8 10.3 5,186 $2.64 9,439 $2.11 34,441 1,848 $1.97 3,165 $1.98 6,236 $2.14 64.3 - - - _ - - 9.7 - White 9,202 10,560 8,720 15,114 60,315 17.5 22.0 21.6 15.8 14.7 18.0 18.2 26.9 31.3 32.8 31.2 30.3 6,284 10,982 $2.05 $2.13 18,301 $2.16 62.0 66.6 60.4 36.8 30.7 34.5 30.5 32.4 - - 1.1 - 3,744 $1.84 36,416 $2.19 19,514 $2.14 641 - $2.12 - - 85.5 62.1 96.2 75.9 81.6 - - - - - 12.6 - - - - - - - - 5,218 $2.01 803 $2.15 - - - - - - Number of workers ............. Average hourly earnings1 . . . . 60,315 $2.15 100.0 $1.60 or l e s s ....................... 1,474 Over $1.60 and under $1.80 . . $1.80 and under $ 2 . 0 0 .......... $2.00 and under $ 2 . 2 0 ......... $2.20 and under $ 2 . 4 0 .......... $2.40 and over ................... Total ................... 1,157 1,035 835 637 1,255 6,393 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 - Number of workers ............. Average hourly e a r n in g s '........ 6,393 $2.02 100.0 - - 15.9 15.3 10.9 5.5 7.8 9.4 10.4 29.6 29.4 33.6 27.8 34.5 39.4 - $2.12 Negro and other races - - “ - 34.9 47.4 13.7 26.9 46.2 28.0 32.5 47.1 34.1 80.6 54.0 29.8 41.3 48.2 - - 90.7 - - - - - - - - 85.8 96.1 97.6 64.1 84.3 87.7 - 21.1 45.4 - - - 2,075 $1.99 3,081 - - 5,606 $2.00 - 1,348 $2.02 2,902 $1.96 _ _ _ - - $159 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 Other family members are divided into two groups: Those who make substantial contributions to family income and those who make little or no contribution. 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts, as well as the value of room, board, or other perquisites provided in addition to cash wages. NO TE: Table 5. - - - Dashes indicate either no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. Hourly earnings distribution: B y travel time to work (Number and percent of nonsupervisory employees in work clothing manufacturing by mode of transportation and travel time to work, and percent distribution of workers by straight-time hourly earnings1 and travel time to work, United States, metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, March 1972) Percent Percent Item Number of 30 Over 30 minutes but or less than 60 minutes Number of Over 30 minutes but or less than less 60 minutes 1.3 1,898 100.0 100.0 - 40.9 6.3 - - - - 4,463 100.0 92.4 7.6 10,392 36,104 100.0 100.0 81.8 90.4 16.3 11.1 8.8 14.8 12.2 18.6 14.4 7,504 8,154 8,560 9,493 7,531 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.2 90.5 88.4 90.7 89.7 81.5 18.0 12,828 100.0 87.8 9.5 9.1 11.6 9.3 8.5 11.7 $2.16 10,619 $2.25 1,879 $2.13 54,070 - $2.13 48,344 $2.18 5,482 91.5 54.4 93.7 100.0 87.3 12.7 100.0 88.9 88.0 85.2 86.4 81.4 84.0 97.7 63.7 92.6 32.6 7.4 12,232 43,459 100.0 1,840 100.0 82.6 90.1 15.8 Drives alone or in carpool.......... 9.8 7,355 $1.60 or less ......................... Over $1.60 and under $1.80 $1.80 and under $2.00 ........... $2.00 and under $2.20 ........... $2.20 and under $2.40 ........... $2.40 and o v e r ....................... 9,579 9,771 10,237 11,395 9,357 16,369 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 89.8 89.6 88.1 89.1 88.6 86.4 9.3 10.1 11.7 10.9 2,075 1,617 1,677 1,902 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 9.6 13.1 1,826 3,541 100.0 100.0 Average hourly earnings1 .......... Number of workers2 ............... $2.14 - - 100.0 $2.20 7,361 $2.17 66,708 $2.13 58,963 12,638 100.0 60 minutes 10.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 less 89.4 100.0 100.0 2,589 2,430 5,222 less than 100.0 691 1,892 759 11.0 but or 54,070 84.0 88.4 minutes 14.9 100.0 100.0 Over 30 30 of Total2 12,638 66,708 Number workers Total2 Total2 less Percent 30 workers workers T o t a l ............................... Nonmetropolitan areas Metropolitan areas United States Mode of transportation: Walks or bicycles ................... Uses public transportation ........ Rides, doesn't pay ................. Is carpool passenger (pays driver) ............................. - 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts, as well as the value of room, board or other perquisites provided in addition to cash wages. 100.0 9.5 2 Includes data for workers in addition to those shown separately. N O TE: Dashes indicate either no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. (Number and percent of nonsupervisory employees in work clothing manufacturing by ratio of worker's total annual wage and salary income in 1971 to the total annual income of the family spending unit1 in 1971, United States) Income from sources other than wages and salaries Ratio of worker's annual wage and salary income to the total annual income of the family spending unit1 Total Worker's total annual wage and salary income in 19711 2 and family status Less Number Percent of workers All nonsupervisory workers: Less than $1,000 ......................... $1,000 and under $2,000 ............. $2,000 and under $4,000 ............. $4,000 and under $7,000 ............. $7,000 and over ......................... Total .................................. Average annual wage and salary income2 .............................. than 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-99 100 20 percent percent percent percent percent 5.4 6.9 23.3 37.7 11.2 0.5 3.0 5.3 10.4 65.1 3.9 1.2 4.6 6.0 2.8 2.7 12.9 24.4 25.7 18.4 Yes No percent 1,773 3,037 21,676 17,811 998 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 75.5 34.2 1.2 - 12.0 41.8 41.2 20.3 2.4 45,295 100.0 5.8 31.0 26.9 8.3 4.9 23.2 7.7 92.3 $1,059 $3,344 $4,047 $4,992 $4,173 $3,998 $3,890 $3,715 82.7 $3,728 Male head of family: $4,000 and under $7,000 ............. - 9.9 12.8 5.9 8.0 22.8 90.1 87.2 94.1 92.0 77.2 3,348 100.0 - 1.9 26.1 26.2 12.4 33.5 17.3 Total .................................. Average annual wage and salary income2 ............................... 4,958 100.0 - 3.9 23.1 30.7 10.2 32.2 18.5 81.5 $5,585 - $3,779 $4,892 $6,693 $5,735 $5,196 $5,078 $5,701 Female head of family: $2,000 and under $4,000 ............. $4,000 and under $7,000 ............. 4,812 3,467 100.0 100.0 - 1.9 - - 7.5 10.0 5.0 9.3 12.9 5.2 72.7 75.5 16.3 13.0 83.7 87.0 Total .................................. Average annual wage and salary income2 ............................... 8,765 100.0 $3,754 Wife of head of family: Less than $1,000 ......................... $1,000 and under $2,000 ............. $2,000 and under $4,000 ............. $4,000 and under $7,000 ............. 1,649 2,509 15,285 10,721 100.0 100.0 30,222 100.0 7.8 43.0 33.6 4.8 2.7 8.0 3.6 96.4 - $985 $3,339 $3,972 $3,941 $3,774 $3,734 $3,054 $3,454 Total .................................. Average annual wage and salary income2 .............................. 100.0 100.0 $3,439 .3 1.4 8.5 7.4 9.3 73.1 16.5 83.5 $1,114 $2,504 $3,746 $3,875 $3,569 $3,802 $3,711 $3,763 75.9 39.1 .9 12.2 48.6 53.3 32.0 5.8 6.7 29.1 50.6 - 4.2 .8 2.0 4.0 1.8 4.1 9.7 7.6 10.1 7.2 2.3 3.4 89.9 92.8 97.7 96.6 - 'A group of related persons living together in one household *nd pooling their incomes for major items of expense. Total income of the family spending unit includes such income (other than wages and salary) as income from self-employment, Social Security, and Welfare payments, pensions, and interest. Family spending units and family status as of March 1972. Table 7. .7 5.0 5.9 2 lncome from all employers in 1971 before any deductions for income taxes, Social Security tax, insurance, or any other purposes. NOTE: Dashes indicate either no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Weekly hours worked (Percent of nonsupervisory employees in work clothing manufacturing by hours worked during a specified one-week period, metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. United States and South, March 1972 South2 United States1 Weekly hours worked Total Metropolitan areas Nonmetro politan areas Total Metropolitan areas Nonmetro politan areas All w o rk e rs.................................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 Under 15 hours .......................................... 15 and under 35 h o u r s .................................. 35 and under 40 h o u r s.................................. 40 h o u rs.................................................... Over 40 including 44 hours ............................ Over 44 hou rs.............................................. 1 24 19 32 13 11 2 24 18 33 14 1 24 20 31 13 9 11 2 24 19 32 13 10 2 22 17 39 16 5 2 24 19 31 13 11 Number of workers ............................. Average weekly hou rs............................ 66,708 40 12,638 41 54,070 39 50,446 6,931 39 43,515 39 1 Includes data for regions other than the South. 2 For definition of South, see table 1, footnote 3. NOTE: . 39 Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. (Percent of nonsupervisory employees in work clothing manufacturing by method of wage payment, by race and occupation, United States and South, March 1972) Production workers Method of wage payment1 Total Craft, technical, and kindred occupations Operatives and kindred occupations Total Laborers, custodial, service workers, and other unskilled occupations Training occupations Clerical occupations United States2 All w ork ers......................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Time ............................................ W h ite .................................... Negro and other races ............... Incentive ............................... ........ W h ite .................................... Negro and other w o rk e rs............ 20 20 25 80 80 75 17 16 24 83 84 70 70 65 30 30 35 9 8 15 91 92 85 83 82 88 17 18 12 26 24 96 96 4 4 76 38 74 76 62 - South3 All w o rk e rs......................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Time ............................................ W h ite .................................... Negro and other races ............... Incentive ....................................... W h ite .................................... Negro and other r a c e s ............... 18 18 22 82 82 78 16 15 22 84 85 78 69 69 65 31 31 35 8 8 12 92 92 88 86 84 91 14 16 9 23 19 38 77 81 62 93 93 'See Appendix B for definition of method of wage payment plans. 2 Includes data for regions other than the South. - 7 7 3 For definition of South see table 1, footnote 3. NO TE: Dashes indicate either no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. Appendix A. Regression Analysis Conventional methods of analyzing wage variations using cross tabulations (simple regression) of data typically stop short of measuring the independent influence on wage levels of such factors as sex of the worker, size of establishment, location, and union contract status. The independent effect of unionization on earnings, for example, may be obscured somewhat by earnings differentials associated with larger establish ments and location in metropolitan areas—two character istics generally found more often with union establish ments. One method for isolating the independent effect on wages of various establishment and worker character istics is multiple regression. By this method, the estimated wage differential for a given variable is determined independent of the influence of other survey variables. The variables included in table A-l are defined in appendix B—Scope and Method of Survey. In the regression analysis, one category of each of the variables in the equation is not shown explicitly, but its influence is embodied in the constant term. In table A-l, therefore, the constant term ($2.00) is an estimate of straight-time average hourly earnings of what could be considered a typical worker in the work clothing manufacturing industry: A white female operative, paid on an incentive-wage system; age 20 to 44 with 1 to 5 years of service with the firm and 8 to 11 years of education. She would be the wife of the head of the family, working in a nonunion, establishment employing 250-499 workers in a nonmetropolitan area of the South. The coefficients of the explicit variables, shown in table A-l as dollars and cents, represent the differen tials associated with categories of the characteristics which differ from the basic set embodied in the constant. To determine the effects of the coefficients on average wage levels, substitute the values of the new variables for those suppressed in the constant term. For example, if the employee is a man, the estimated average hourly earnings are higher by 22 cents, or $2.22 if other things are held constant. Further, if this male employee is in a union establishment located in a metropolitan area, an additional 46 cents is added to the constant term—22 cents because the worker is a man, 19 cents because he is in a union firm, and 5 cents because the firm is located in a metropolitan area. Thus included, the average hourly earnings would be raised to $2.46. Wage differences found by simple cross-tabulation can be labled gross differentials, and those isolated by regression techniques, net differentials. As illustrated in table A-2, net differentials are generally smaller than gross differentials. The smaller size of net wage differen tials is to be expected, because of the aforementioned tendency for characteristics associated with higher wages, such as unionization and metropolitan location to be found in combination. Regression techniques, thus, permit a more precise measurement of the impact of individual factors on the relative wage structure of an industry. It should be emphasized that the regression analysis is not sufficiently complete to say with certainty that we have measured the truly independent impact on wage levels of particular employee and establishment charac teristics. As table A-l shows, the regression analysis left unexplained about 75 percent ©f the variation in average earnings levels. (See coefficient of determination, R2.) This means that other factors, beyond the scope of the survey, undoubtedly influenced the estimates. However, by holding constant those characteristics within the survey scope, a definite improvement in the estimates for specified characteristics was obtained. Table A-1. Regression analysis of average hourly earnings for all nonsupervisory workers, work clothing manu facturing, United States, March 1972 Variable $ 2.00 C o n s ta n t ..................................... Union establishment (.05) .19 ( . 02 ) .................... Establishment size: Under 250 e m p lo y e e s.......... .01 ( . 02 ) .01 (.03) .05 (.03) 500 employees or m o r e ........ Metropolitan a r e a ......................... Occupational group: Craft workers Variable i workers Age group: Under 20 years -.1 8 (-.05) -.1 0 (-.03) Over 44 years Years of school completed: Less than 8 years . . 12 years or more .. -.1 1 (-.03) .04 ( . 02 ) .01 Single e m p lo y e e ............ (.03) .20 (.05) -.1 5 (-.05) -.21 (-.08) .21 (.06) -.0 8 (-.04) .................... Laborers, etc........................ T ra in e e s............................. C le rical.............................. Time-rated wage s y s t e m ................ Length of service with establishment: Less than 1 y e a r ................ -.1 4 (-.03) .14 (.03) 5-10 y e a r s ......................... Over 10 years All All nonsupervisory workers Position in family spending unit: Head ................................. Other than head or wife of head Male-head (in te rac tio n )........ Non-South Statistical information: Coefficient of deter mination ( R 2) .......... Standard error of estimate Mean earnings (Y) ........ Number of workers (N) . . -.0 2 (-.03) -.1 0 (-.04) .29 (.08) .16 (.03) .25 $.44 $2.14 1971 .12 .................. M a le ......................................... Negro or other r a c e .................... | (.03) .22 (.07) -.0 8 (-.04) NOTE: N u m b e rs in paren th eses are stan d ard errors. S in c e the regression co e fficie n ts are based o n a sam p le , th e y m a y d iffe r fro m the figu re s th a t w o u ld have been o b ta in e d fr o m a co m p le te census o f the in d u stry. C h an c e s are a b o u t 2 o u t o f 3 th a t an estim ate fro m the sa m p le w o u ld d iffe r fr o m th o se in a to ta l census-derived value b y less th an the stan d ard error, and a b o u t 19 o u t of 20 th a t th e d iffe re n c e w o u ld be less th a n tw ic e the sta n d a rd error. Y is the m ean o f the e a rn in gs (d e p e nd e n t) variable w e igh te d b y n o n su p e rv iso ry w o rk e rs. N is the n u m b e r o f w o rk e rs in th e sa m p le , w h ic h , w h e n a p p ro p ria te ly w e igh te d, represents the 6 6 ,7 0 8 n o n su p e rv iso ry w o rk e rs e stim ate d to b e in the in d u stry at the tim e o f the survey. Table A-2. Earnings differentials by selected establishment and employee characteristics, work clothing manu facturing, United States, March 1972 Characteristics All nonsupervisory workers Union to nonunion: Gross diffe re n tia l................................. Net differential ................................... $0.26 .19 Metropolitan to nonmetropolitan: Gross diffe re n tia l................................. Net differential ................................... .04 .05 Males to females: Gross diffe re n tia l................................. Net differential ................................... .38 .22 NOTE: Characteristics Whites to Negro and other: Gross d iffe re n tia l............................... Net differential ............................... A ll nonsupervisory workers $0.13 .08 Craft workers to operatives: Gross differential Net differential G ro ss d iffe re n tia ls w ere derived fr o m sim p le c ro ss-ta b u la tio n s; net d iffe re n tia ls fr o m m u ltip le regression a n a lysis. .49 .20 Appendix B. Scope and Method of Survey and Definition of Terms Scope of survey This survey of employee earnings and socioeconomic characteristics in work clothing manufacturing was conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics at the request of the Labor Department’s Employment Stan dards Administration. The study was primarily designed to test and refine data collection techniques for use in possible future studies of employee job and demographic characteristics, and was, in this sense, a pilot survey. The survey covered all establishments primarily en gaged in manufacturing men’s, youths’, and boys’ work shirts, pants, and other work clothing and washable service apparel (industry 2328, as defined in the 1967 Standard Industrial Classification Manual, prepared by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget). Separate auxiliary units, such as central offices, were excluded. Sample design and method of estimation The survey was conducted on a sample basis. The establishments studied were selected from those classi fied in industry 2328 at the time of reference of the data used in compiling the universe lists. To obtain appropri ate accuracy at minimum cost, a greater proportion of large than of small establishments was studied. In combining the data, however, all establishments were given their appropriate weight. All estimates, therefore, relate to all establishments in the industry. The number of establishments studied by the Bureau of Labor Statistics as well as the number of establish ments and employees estimated to have been within scope of the survey during the payroll period studied are shown in table B-l. Method of collection Data were obtained by personal visits of BLS field staff under the direction of the Bureau’s Regional Offices. Data relating to such survey items as an employee’s job category, straight-time hourly rate of pay, and annual wage and salary income from the establishment were available, for the most part, from establishment records. Information concerning such items as race, age, educational attainment, position and wage earner status in the family were obtained by interviewing individual workers, almost always at the plant site, but in some instances, by visits or telephone Table B-1. Estimated number of establishments and employees within scope of survey and number of establish ments studied, work clothing manufacturing, March 1972 Number of establishments1 Workers within scope of survey Nonsupervisory workers Production workers Location Within scope of survey Studied .. 365 102 71,485 South3 ........... 233 73 53,839 United States T otal2 Operatives and kindred occupations 66,708 63,891 3,255 55,467 4,071 1,098 2,817 50,446 48,856 2,372 43,075 2,653 756 1,590 Total T ota I 1 In c lu d e s all e sta b lish m e n ts in the in d u s tr y , regardless of e m p lo y m e n t size. 2 In c lu d e s execu tive, a d m in istra tiv e , p ro fe ssio n a l, and o th er w o rk e rs e x c lu d e d fr o m th e n o n su p e rv is o ry w o rk e r categories s h o w n se p arately. Laborers, custodial, service T raining workers, occupations and other unskilled occupations Craftsmen, technical, and kind red occupations Clerical occupations 3 C o n s ists o f A la b a m a , A rk a n sa s , D e law are , D is tric t o f C o lu m b ia , F lo rid a , G e o rg ia , K e n t u c k y , L o u isia n a , M a r y la n d , M ississip p i, N o rth C a r o lin a , O k la h o m a , S o u t h C a ro lin a , T e n n e s see, T e x as, V ir g in ia , an d W est V ir g in ia . calls to employee residences. To conserve time and money in obtaining the detailed demographic information through employee interviews, data were obtained for a sample of the nonsupervisory employees in each assigned establishment. The sampling ratios, listed below, were based on the establishment’s total employment. Executive, administrative, profes sional, supervisory personnel and outside sales workers, however, were eliminated from the listing prior to sampling. Establishment's total employment Under 50 50-74 75-99 100-174 175-249 250-374 375-499 500-749 750-999 1,000 and over Sampling ratio 1 of 1 of 1 of 1 of 1 of 1 of 1 of 1 of 1 of 1 of 2 workers 3 workers 4 workers 6 workers 10 workers 14 workers 20 workers 27 workers 37 workers 50 workers Employment The estimates of the number of workers within scope of the study are intended as a general guide to the size and composition of the labor force included in the survey, rather than a precise measure of employment. The advance planning necessary to make a wage survey requires the use of lists of establishments assembled considerably in advance of the payroll period studied. Thus, establishments new to the industry are omitted, as are establishments originally classified in the work clothing industry, but found to be in other industries at the time of the survey. Largely due to these reasons, the employment estimates in this survey differ from those published in the Bureau of Labor Statistics monthly series. Definition of terms South. Consists of Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Dis trict of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisi ana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. Non-South. Consists of all other States except Alaska and Hawaii, which were not included in the survey. Metropolitan Areas. Refers to Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget through January 1968. Establishment. An establishment, for purposes of this study, is defined as a single physical location where industrial operations are performed. An establishment is not necessarily identical with a company, which may consist of one establishment or more. Nonsupervisory employees. The term “nonsupervisory employees,” as used in this report, includes working supervisors and all nonsupervisory production and office employees. (Working supervisors are those spending 20 percent or more of their time performing functions similar to those under their supervision.) Excluded from the nonsupervisory category were executive, administra tive, professional, supervisory personnel, and outside salesworkers. All nonsupervisory employees were further classified into one of five occupational categories: 1. Craft, technical, and kindred occupations. Includes craft, technical, and manual occu p ations that require a thorough and com prehensive know ledge o f processes involved in the w ork, considerable independent judgm ent, frequently a high degree of manual d exterity, and in som e instances, extensive responsibility for valuable product and equipm ent. O ccupations in this category usually require an apprenticeship or equivalent training and exp eri ence, w ith training periods usually o f 6 m on th s’ duration or m ore. T ypical occu p ations include skilled m aintenance trades, cutters, and markers. Excludes learners, trainees, and apprentices. 2. Operatives and kindred occupations. Includes manual occupations characterized b y a com bina tion o f the follow ing: Exercise o f manual ability lim ited to a fairly well defined work routine: major reliance on vigilance and alertness, rather than on w orker’s judgm ent or d exterity Judgm ent lim ited b y either narrow task situations or by having others make im portant decisions. Profi ciency in these occupations norm ally requires periods o f on-the-job training usually more than a few w eeks in duration, but rarely exceeding 3 m onths. The duration o f training periods may vary by o ccu p ation and for individuals w ithin the same occu p ation . T ypical occu p ation s include sewing m achine operators, pressers, and underpressers, assemblers, garment folders, and garment repairers. Learners and trainees were exclu d ed . 3. Laborers, custodial, service workers, and other unskilled occupations. Includes occu p ations that m ay be learned w ithin short periods o f tim e and require little or no independent judgm ent. T y p i cally these occu p ation s do not require previous experience in the field o f work and may be learned w ithin a few w eeks. The occu p ation s vary from those involving a m inim um of physical exertion to th ose requiring heavy physical w ork, w ith little exp ectation o f further advancem ent. T ypical jobs include material handling and other laborers, janitors and cleaners, work distributors, bundlers, and food service workers. 4 . Training occupation s. Includes occupations in volved in preparing apprentices, learners, and other trainees for higher level occupations. veterans’ payments, unemployment and worker’s comp ensation, interest, dividends, rents, annuities, royalties, alimony and child support, or cash gifts from friends or relatives. 5. Clerical occu pation s. Includes non supervisory occupations involved in clerical and related func tions o f the establishm ent, such as payroll, ac counting, finance, and personnel. B oth o ffic e and plant clerical occu p ation s were included. Family spending unit. For purposes of this survey, the term “ family spending unit” is defined as a group of related persons living together in one household and pooling their incomes for major items of expense. They may be related by blood, marriage, or adoption. The classifications above include all regularly employed workers, even though their regular hours of work may have been less than others performing the same type of work. Position in the family spending unit. For purposes of this survey, the head of the family is that person recognized as head by other family members. Such persons are usually the chief earners, but may not always be. Separate identification was provided for family members, other than the head or wife of head who make substantial contributions to family income (considered part of the family spending unit); and for members making little or no contribution, e.g., a nondependent son or daughter who contributes only enough to cover the reasonable cost of room and board (not considered part of the family spending unit). Unrelated individuals refers to single persons not living with a family, including persons who were never married, as well as those widowed, divorced, or separated. “ Separated” does not include couples living apart because the spouse is in the Armed Forces, works in another city, or for similar reasons. Earnings. The earnings information relates to straighttime hourly earnings, excluding extra payments for work on late shifts, premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends and holidays, as well as the value of room, board or other perquisites provided in addition to cash wages. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems and cost-ofliving bonuses, were included as part of the workers’ regular pay; but nonproduction bonus payments, such as Christmas or yearend bonuses, were excluded. Average (mean) hourly rates or earnings of employees were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earnings) by the number of employees receiving the rate, totaling, and dividing by the number of individuals. The hourly earnings of salaried employees were obtained by dividing their straight-time salary by the normal hours corresponding to the salary. Annual wage and salary income. Includes all wages and salaries, commissions, tips, cash bonuses, etc., before deductions for income taxes, Social Security, health or life insurance, retirement, bonds, union dues, or any other deductions. Income other than wages and salaries. Includes income such as earnings from self-employment (net income from farms, businesses, or professional practices), Social Secu rity and welfare payments, railroad retirement, pensions, Wage earner status in family spending unit. The “primary” wage earner is defined as the one who contributes more to family income than any other member of the family. Weekly hours o f work. Data relate to the number of hours actually worked during a week of the payroll period studied, but include hours for sick leave, vaca tions, holidays, etc., paid for but not worked. Collective bargaining agreements. Establishments were classified as to whether (1) A majority of their nonsupervisory workers were covered by labor-management con tracts, and (2) none or a minority of such workers were covered by labor-management contracts. Industry Wage Studies The most recent reports for industries included in the Bureau’s program of industry wage surveys since January 1960 are listed below. Copies are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Print ing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402, or from any of its regional sales offices, and from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212, or from any of its regional offices shown on the inside back cover. Prices of Government publications are subject to change without notice. I. Occupational Wage Studies Manufacturing Price Basic Iron and Steel, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1602 .................................................................................................... Candy and Other Confectionery Products, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1732 ................................................................. Cigar Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1796 ................................................................................ .................... Cigarette Manufacturing, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1748 ............................................................................................ 1 $0.75 .65 .60 Fabricated Structural Steel, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1695 . . . . Fertilizer Manufacturing, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1763 ................ Flour and Other Grain Mill Products, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1803 Fluid Milk Industry, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1464 ........................ Footwear, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1792 ........................................ Hosiery, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1743 ............................................ Industrial Chemicals, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1768 .................................................................................................... Iron and Steel Foundries, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1626 ............................................................................................ Leather Tanning and Finishing, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1618 ................................................................................ Machinery Manufacturing, 1970-71. BLS Bulletin 1754 ................................................................................ Meat Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1677 ............................................................................................................. Men’s and Boys’ Separate Trousers, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1752 . ..................................................................... Men’s and Boys’ Shirts (Except Work Shirts) and Nightwear, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1794 ................................ Men’s and Boys’ Suits and Coats, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1716 ............................................................................ Miscellaneous Plastics Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1690 ................................................................................ Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1679 ............................................................................................ .90 1 .95 1 1.50 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.00 1.25 Nonferrous Foundries, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1726 ................................................................................................ Paints and Varnishes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1739 ................................................................................................ Paperboard Containers and Boxes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1 7 1 9 ............................................................................ Petroleum Refining, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1 7 4 1 .................................................................................................... Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1713 ..................................................................... Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1608 ............................................................................. Southern Sawmills and Planing Mills, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1694 ........................................................................ Structural Clay Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1697 ............................................................................................ Synthetic Fibers, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1740 ........................................................................................................ Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1757 ..................................................................................... Textiles, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1 8 0 1 ......................................................................................................................... .90 1.00 1.80 .85 .85 1 .90 1.05 .70 1.15 1.55 I. Occupational Wage Studies—Continued Manufacturing- Continued Price West Coast Sawmilling, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1704 ................................................................................................. Women’s and Misses’ Coats and Suits, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1728 ......................................................................... Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1783 ..................................................................................... Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1793 ..................................................... $0.75 .65 1 .90 Nonmanufacturing Auto Dealer Repair Shops, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1689 ........................................ Banking, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1703 ........................................................................ Bituminous Coal Mining, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1583 ............................................. Communications, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1828 ........................................................ Contract Cleaning Services, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1778 ........................................ Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Production, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1797 . . . Educational Institutions: Nonteaching Employees, 1968—69. BLS Bulletin 1671 Electric and Gas Utilities, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1 6 1 4 ............................................ .85 1.05 1.25 .55 .85 .55 .85 1.15 Hospitals, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1829 ..................................................................................................................... 1.30 Laundry and Cleaning Services, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1645 ................................................................................. 1 Life Insurance, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1791 ............................................................................................................. .85 Metal Mining, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1820 ............................................................................................................................ 70 Motion Picture Theaters, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1542 ............................................................................................. 1 Nursing Homes and Related Facilities, 1967—68. BLS Bulletin 1638 ............................................................. 1.20 Scheduled Airlines, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1734 ..................................................................................................... .75 Wages and Tips in Restaurants and Hotels, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1 7 1 2 ................................................................ .95 II. Other Industry Wage Studies Employee Earnings and Hours in Nonmetropolitan Area of the South and North Central Regions, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1552 ......................................................................................................................... Employee Earnings and Hours in Eight Metropolitan Areas of the South, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1533 . . . Employee Earnings and Hours in Retail Trade, June 1966Retail Trade (Overall Summary). BLS Bulletin 1584 ................................................................................. Building Materials, Hardware, and Farm Equipment Dealers. BLS Bulletin 1584-1 ............................ General Merchandise Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-2 ..................................................................................... Food Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-3 ............................................................................................................. Automotive Dealers and Gasoline Service Stations, BLS Bulletin 1584-4 ............................................ Apparel and Accessory Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-5 ................................................................................ Furniture, Home Furnishings, and Household Appliance Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-6 ........................ Miscellaneous Retail Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-7 .................................................................................... 1 .85 1 1 1 1 1 1.05 1 Bulletin out of stock; copies are generally available for reference purposes at leading public, college, or university libraries, or in the Bureau’s regional offices. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS REGIONAL OFFICES Region I 1603 JFK Federal Building Government Center Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: 223-6762 (Area Code 617) Region V Region II Suite 3400 1515 Broadway New York, N.Y. 10036 Phone: 971-5405 (Area Code 212) Region VI 1100 Commerce St., Rm. 6B7 Dallas, Tex. 75202 Phone: 749-3516 (Area Code 214) Region III P.O. Box 13309 Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Phone: 597-1154 (Area Code 215) Region* VII and VIII * Federal Office Building 911 Walnut St., 15th Floor Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: 374-2481 (Area Code 816) Region IV Suite 540 1371 Peachtree St., NE. Atlanta, Ga. 30309 Phone: 526-5418 (Area Code 404) Regions IX and X ** 450 Golden Gate Ave. Box 36017 San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: 556-4678 (Area Code 415) 9th Floor, 230 South Dearborn St. C h ic a g o , III. 6 0 6 0 4 Phone: 353-1880 (Area Code 312) Regions VII and VIII are serviced by Kansas City Regions IX and X are serviced by San Francisco
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