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Jobs for Which
You Can Qualify
If You’re Not a
High School Graduate
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics




Jobs for Which You Can Qualify If
You’re Not a High School Graduate

Are you worried about your chances of finding a
job because you d on ’t have a high school diplom a?
While it’s true that graduation from high school has
become almost standard in recent years, there still
are many jobs for which practical experience and
ability are more im portant than formal education.
And if you’re w illin g to get some additional train­
ing—through an apprenticeship program, for exam­
ple—you can learn a skill that can provide high
earnings and good job opportunities.
This pamphlet contains a list of occupations—se­
lected from the 1978-79 O ccupational O utlook Hand­
book of the Bureau of Labor Statistics—fo r which a
high school diplom a is not required. It highlights the
job qualifications and employm ent outlook for each.
You should recognize, however, that employers in
many areas strongly prefer to hire graduates for
some of these occupations, and that a diplom a may
be required for advancement or entry into a training
program.
These summaries cannot provide all the inform a­
tion you need, however. Information on special tal­
ents, aptitudes, or interests a job may require has
been omitted. Also, the outlook inform ation reflects
conditions expected over the 1976-85 period for the
Nation as a whole and may not represent job oppor­
tunities in any one year or specific area.
If you want more inform ation about an occupa­
tion, look in the O ccupational Outlook Handbook. It
describes the nature of the work, places of em ploy­
ment, job qualifications and advancement pros­
pects, employm ent outlook, and earnings and w ork­
ing conditions for hundreds of occupations. It also
lists other helpful sources of career inform ation.
The Handbook is available in offices of school
guidance counselors and employment counselors
and in school and public libraries. Or it may be pur­
chased for $8 by check or money order from the
nearest regional office of the Bureau of Labor Sta­
tistics. A list of office and their addresses appears at
the back of this pamphlet.
Reprints from the Handbook also are available,
each containing inform ation about several related
occupations. At the end of this pamphlet is a list of



reprints along with an order form. Each reprint
costs $.50; the entire set of 42 may be purchased for
$ 8.
This pamphlet is one in a series of five prepared
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Each pamphlet
discusses job opportunities for a group of occupa­
tions for which a particular educational or training
background is applicable. The other titles in the se­
ries are: Jobs fo r Which You Can Train Through
A pprenticeship; Jobs for Which You Can Qualify If
You 're a High School Graduate; Jobs for Which You
Probably Will Need Some College or Specialized
Training; and Jobs for Which You Probably Will
Need a College Education.

UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LIBRARIES

Industrial Production and Related
Occupations

Other Industrial Production and Related
Occupations
Assemblers. Training varies according to the level

Foundry Occupations
Molders. Com pletion of a 4-year apprenticeship is
the recommended way to learn skilled hand m old­
ing. Workers who have this training also are pre­
ferred for some kinds of machine m olding. Informal
on-the-job training takes longer and is less reliable
than apprenticeship. An eighth grade education
usually is the m inim um requirem ent fo r apprentice­
ship; however, many employers prefer high school
graduates. Less skilled hand m olding jobs can be
learned on the job in 2 to 6 months.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
about as fast as the average for all occupations. Al­
though a large demand for metal castings is likely,
laborsaving innovations will moderate em ploym ent
growth.
Coremakers. Completion of a 4-year apprenticeship
is the recommended way to learn the trade. A ppli­
cants for apprenticeships must have at least an
eighth grade education; however, most employers
prefer high school graduates and may require ap­
prentices to have graduated. Inexperienced workers
may learn less skilled coremaking on the job.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
about as fast as the average for all occupations. Al­
though foundry production is expected to increase
greatly, the grow ing use of machine corem aking
may lim it the need for additional workers.

M achining Occupations
Machine tool operators. These workers are classi­
fied as either semiskilled or skilled operators. Most
are trained on the job. Just a few months of experi­
ence are required for most semiskilled operators to
learn their trade, but 1 to 2 years often are required
for skilled operators. Some operators receive train­
ing in vocational schools and apprenticeship pro­
grams. A high school diplom a is not required, but
courses in mathematics and blueprint reading are
helpful. Employers look for workers who have physi­
cal stamina and mechanical aptitude, or experience
with machinery.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
about as fast as the average for all occupations as
employm ent in the m etalworking industries ex­
pands. Although advances in machine tools may
lim it the need fo r workers in some jobs, o pportuni­
ties generally should be plentiful.



of skill required. Most inexperienced persons can be
trained on the job in a few days or weeks, but, for
some types of com plicated assembly work, training
lasts much longer. Employers look for workers who
can do routine work at a fast pace. Although a high
school diplom a usually is not required, vocational
school courses, such as machine shop, may be
helpful, especially for the more highly skilled jobs.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase fast­
er than the average for all occupations due to grow­
ing demand for consumer products and industrial
machinery and equipment. However, fluctuations in
the economy and changes in national defense
spending often affect job opportunities.

Automobile painters. Most of these workers start as
helpers and acquire their skills w orking for 3 to 4
years with experienced painters. A small number
learn through a 3-year apprenticeship. A high school
diplom a usually is not required. Good color sense
and the ability to do detailed work are helpful per­
sonal characteristics.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
about as fast as the average fo r all occupations. The
need for these workers is expected to grow as the
number of vehicles damaged in traffic accidents
grows. Job opportunities are best in heavily populat­
ed areas.

Blacksmiths. Many blacksm iths are trained by work­
ing as helpers in blacksmith shops or industrial
firm s that employ blacksmiths. Some enter through
3- or 4-year apprenticeship programs. Vocational
school or high school courses in metalworking and
blueprint reading are helpful. A high school diploma
is not required. Blacksm iths who shoe horses are
called farriers. Most farriers learn their craft by as­
sisting experienced workers. Others take a 3- or 4week course in horseshoeing before gaining experi­
ence on their own or as a farrie r’s assistant. These
courses are taught in several colleges, as well as at
private horseshoeing schools. Most of these are
located in the Midwest. At least 3 to 5 years of spe­
cial training or experience are needed to learn to
shoe racehorses. Farriers who wish to work at race­
tracks must pass a licensing examination during
which they dem onstrate their knowledge of correc­
tive shoeing techniques and proper choice of shoes
fo r various track conditions.
Outlook. Employment is expected to decline as
welders and machines replace blacksmiths in large
shops. Employment of farriers will increase slightly
due to the grow ing popularity of horseracing and
recreational horseback riding.

Boilermaking occupations. Included in this group
are layout workers, fitters, and boilermakers. Most
layout workers and fitters are hired as helpers and
learn the craft by w orking with experienced em ploy­
ees for at least 2 years. Many boilermakers also
learn their trade on the job, although most training
authorities recommend a 4-year apprenticeship. For
all three occupations, employers prefer high school
or vocational school graduates who have had cours­
es in shop, mathematics, blueprint reading, welding,
and machine m etalworking. Due to the strenuous
nature of the jobs, most firm s require applicants to
pass a physical exam ination.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
much faster than the average for all occupations
due to construction of many new electric powerplants and expansion of chemical, petroleum, steel,
and shipbuilding industries. Jobs are sensitive to
economic changes.




Boiler tenders. Most of these workers acquire their
skills by working as helpers or oilers in boiler
rooms. High school graduation usually is not re­
quired; however, courses in mathematics, motor
mechanics, chemistry, and blueprint reading may be
helpful. Stamina and endurance are necessary be­
cause boiler tenders are exposed to noise, heat,
fumes, and smoke on the job. Some large cities and
a few States require boiler tenders to be licensed.
Applicants for a license must pass a written test.
Outlook. Employment is expected to decline as
more boilers are equipped with autom atic controls.
However, some openings w ill arise from replace­
ment needs.
Forge shop occupations. Most workers learn these
trades on the job. Generally, they start as helpers or
heaters on hammer or press crews and learn by
w atching and assisting experienced workers. W ork­
ers advance to more skilled occupations as they
gain experience and as openings occur. Some forge
shops offer 4-year apprenticeship programs for
skilled jobs, such as die sinker and heat treater
High school graduation generally is not required but
may be preferred for the more skilled occupations.
Workers need stamina and endurance to work in the
heat and noise of a forge shop, and strength to lift
and move heavy forgings and dies.
Outlook Although forge shop production should
expand considerably, em ploym ent growth is expect­
ed to be slower than average as improved forging
techniques and equipm ent allow greater output per
worker Most job openings will arise from replace­
ment needs.
Furniture upholsterers. The most common way to
learn this trade is to work as a helper in an uphol­
stery shop for about 3 years. Vocational or high
school courses in upholstery provide a good back­
ground, but experience still is necessary to refine
one's skills A few people acquire their skills
through 3- to 4-year apprenticeship programs. A
high school diplom a is not required.
Outlook. Little change in em ploym ent is expected
as people buy new, inexpensive furniture instead of
reupholstering the old. Most job openings will be
limited to replacement needs.
Inspectors (manufacturing). Inspectors generally
learn their skills on the job. Depending on the skill
required for the particular job, training may last
from a few hours to several months. Requirements
for the job vary. Some employers hire applicants
who do not have a high school diplom a but who
have experience w orking as an assembler and are
able to follow instructions and concentrate on de­
tails Good eyesight—with or without glasses—
usually is necessary.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow faster

than the average for all occupations as the amount
of industrial machinery and equipm ent increases
and as m anufactured goods become more complex.
Some industries that employ inspectors are sensitive
to business conditions.

Millwrights. Generally, these workers start as help­
ers and rotate from job to job for 6 to 8 years to
acquire the necessary skills. M illw rights also are
trained through 4-year apprenticeship program s that
com bine on-the-job training with classroom instruc­
tion. Good physical condition is required. High
school courses in science, mathematics, mechanical
drawing, and machine shop are useful.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
about as fast as the average fo r all occupations.
Jobs w ill be created with the construction of new
plants, im provem ents in existing plants, and installa­
tion and m aintenance of increasingly complex
machinery.
Motion picture projectionists. Most motion picture
theaters in urban areas are unionized, and projec­
tionists in these theaters must meet union member­
ship requirements. Some union locals accept only
persons who have experience running theater
projectors. Other locals conduct apprenticeship
programs for inexperienced persons. In these pro­
grams, apprentices work with a variety of projection
equipm ent under the supervision of experienced
projectionists. They also may take courses in basic
electronics and mechanics. In a non-union theater, a
trainee may start as an usher or helper and learn the
trade by w orking with an experienced projectionist.
A high school diplom a is preferred by employers
and may be required by union locals. Experience ac­
quired while serving in the Armed Forces is helpful.
Local governments may require projectionists to be
licensed.
Outlook. Little change in employm ent is expected.
Limited grow th in the number of theaters and the
use of laborsaving equipm ent w ill restrict openings,
thus creating keen com petition for jobs.
Photographic laboratory occupations. Most photo­
graphic laboratory workers learn their skills through
on-the-job training. High school graduates generally
are preferred by employers. Some trainees become
specialists in a particular laboratory procedure;
training tim e fo r one of these semiskilled occupa­
tions ranges from a few weeks to several months.
Other trainees become all-round technicians, learn­
ing their trade in about 3 years. College courses in
photographic technology are useful preparation for
technicians who wish to become supervisors or
managers.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow faster
than the average for all occupations due to increas­
ing
use of photography in business and government



and the grow ing popularity of amateur photography.

Power truck operators. Newly hired operators are
trained on the job. Most workers can learn how to
operate a power truck in just a few days, but it may
take several weeks to learn the physical layout and
operation of a plant and the most efficient way of
handling the materials to be moved. Some power
truck manufacturers conduct short training courses
for operators employed by their customers. A high
school diplom a is not required.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
about as fast as the average for all occupations.
Growth will occur as more firm s use power trucks in
place of hand labor. Job opportunities will depend on
the demand fo r m anufactured goods.
Production painters. New workers usually learn by
watching and helping experienced painters. Begin­
ners often start out assigned to loading and unload­
ing the conveyor lines that carry the items to be
painted. Training may vary from a few days to sever­
al months. A high school diplom a is not required.
Good physical condition is necessary because paint­
ers must stand, stoop, and bend in their work, and
are exposed to fumes.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow about
as fast as the average for all occupations. Although
m anufacturing output is rising rapidly, increased
use of autom atic painting processes and other la­
borsaving innovations w ill moderate demand for
painters.
Stationary engineers. Many start as helpers or craft
workers in other trades and acquire their skills infor­
mally during many years on the job. Technical or
other training in vocational schools or home study
can supplem ent this experience. A good back­
ground also can be obtained in the Navy or Mer­
chant Marine. Most training authorities, however,
recommend com pletion of a 4-year apprenticeship.
Employers prefer to hire high school graduates and
high school or vocational school courses in mathe­
matics, machine shop, mechanical drawing, chemis­
try, and physics are an asset. Many States and larg­
er cities require stationary engineers to be licensed.
Generally a stationary engineer may qualify for 1 of
6 classes of licenses—each specifying the steam
pressure or horsepower of the equipm ent the engi­
neer may operate. A high school diplom a may be
required for higher class licenses. Generally, appicants must be at least 18, meet the experience re­
quirements fo r the class of license, and pass a w rit­
ten examination.
Outlook. Despite the increased use of large boil­
ers and auxiliary equipment, employment is expect­
ed to change little because of the trend to more
powerful and more centralized equipment. Many

openings w ill arise annually due to replacement
needs.
Welders. There are several levels of skill w ithin this
occupation and the training time varies accordingly.
Some less skilled jobs can be learned in a few
months on the job, but generally it takes several
years of training and experience to become a skilled
welder. For entry to skilled jobs, many employers
prefer to hire applicants who have high school or
vocational school training in welding. Before being
assigned to work where the strength of the weld is a
highly critical factor, welders may be required to
pass a qualifying exam ination given by an employer
or government agency.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow faster
than the average fo r all occupations due to expan­
sion of m etalworking industries and greater use of
welding. There w ill be very good opportunities ex­
cept during econom ic downturns.

Office Occupations
Clerical Occupations
Cashiers. Many cashiers are trained on the job and
usually learn their skills w hile w orking under the su­
pervision of an experienced cashier. In large firms,
training often includes classroom instruction in the
use of electronic or com puterized cash registers and
other phases of the job. Cashier training also is availa­
ble in many public school vocational programs. The
cashier’s job affords an opportunity to learn an em­
ployer’s business and may serve as a steppingstone to
a more responsible clerical position or to a supervisory
or managerial job.
Outlook. Plentiful job opportunities are expected as
employment grows faster than the average for all occu­
pations and replacement needs remain high. However,
widespread adoption of autom atic checkout systems
could slow future growth.
File clerks. Newly hired workers usually are given sev­
eral weeks or months of on-the-job training to learn the
em ployer’s filin g system and procedures. High school
graduates usually are preferred for beginning jobs.
Most employers seek applicants who can type and
have some knowledge of office practices. These and
other office skills can be learned in high schools, voca­
tional schools, private business schools, and commu­
nity and junior colleges. In addition, many States and
localities sponsor programs w hich furnish training in
basic clerical skills, particularly to prepare underem­
ployed and low-skilled workers fo r entry level jobs.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow about as
fast as the average fo r all occupations as business
expansion creates a need fo r more and better record­



keeping. Jobseekers w ith typing and other secretarial
skills should have the best opportunities.
Postal clerks. These workers are trained on the job.
Applicants must be at least 18 except fo r high school
graduates, who must be at least 16. Applicants must
pass an exam ination that tests clerical accuracy and
the ability to read, do sim ple arithm etic, and memorize
mail sorting systems. Applicants also must pass a
physical exam ination and may have to show that they
can handle mail sacks w eighing up to 70 pounds.
Outlook. Employment is expected to decline due to
falling mail volume and increasing automation of mail
processing. However, many openings w ill result from
replacement needs.
Shipping and receiving clerks. High school graduates
are preferred for beginning jobs in shipping and re­
ceiving departments. English, typing, business arith­
metic, and other high school or vocational school busi­
ness subjects are helpful. Newly hired workers are
trained on the job and often begin by filin g , checking
addresses, attaching labels, and verifying the contents
of shipments. After gaining experience, clerks may be
assigned more responsible tasks, such as dealing with
damaged merchandise.
Outlook. Employment is expected to rise about as

fast as the average for all occupations. The need for
these w orkers w ill grow as business expansion results
in a greater volume of goods to be distributed.

Stock clerks. There are no specific educational re­
quirem ents for beginning stock clerks, although em­
ployers prefer to hire high school graduates. The abili­
ty to read and write well and a knowledge of arithm etic
are necessary; knowing how to type and file is useful.
Newly hired workers learn their skills on the job and
usually begin by counting and m arking stock. Basic
duties usually are learned in a few weeks. Stock clerks
who handle jewelry, liquor, or drugs must be bonded
(which requires good character references).
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase about
as fast as the average for all occupations. Use of com­
puters for inventory control may lim it growth some­
what. Some com petition for jobs is likely.

Banking Occupations
Bank tellers. These workers learn their skills on the
job. Generally, banks prefer to hire high school
graduates who have some experience in office work.
Prior experience is im portant because employers
look for applicants who have the maturity and tact
to deal with customers. High school courses in typ­
ing, mathematics, and office machine operation are
useful. Because tellers handle large amounts of
money, applicants must be bonded and therefore
must have good character references.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow faster
than the average for all occupations. High replace­
ment needs and expansion of bank services should
create good opportunities for jobs.

Service Occupations
Cleaning and Related Occupations
Building custodians. Most building custodians are
trained on the job. A high school diplom a is not
required, as a rule, but workers should know simple
arithm etic and should read well enough to follow
written instructions. High school shop courses are
helpful because m inor plum bing or carpentry may
be part of the job. Training in custodial skills is
available through government training programs
and labor unions.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
about as fast as the average for all occupations. The
need for these workers w ill grow as the rising num­
ber of office buildings, hospitals, and apartment
houses creates an increasing demand for mainte­
nance services. Good opportunities are likely for
full-tim e, part-time, and evening work.



Hotel housekeepers and assistants. Employers pre­
fer to hire applicants who are high school gradu­
ates. Experience or training in hotel housekeeping
also is helpful in getting a job. Courses in house­
keeping are offered by several colleges and universi­
ties that have programs in hotel administration, and
also by junior colleges, vocational schools, and
home study (correspondence) schools. Persons who
have degrees in institutional housekeeping manage­
ment or who have taken courses in this area may
have the best opportunities to advance to executive
housekeeper.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow more
slowly than the average fo r all occupations. Oppor­
tunities w ill be best in newly built hotels and motels.
Pest controllers. Most begin as helpers to experi­
enced pest controllers and can do routine pest con­
trol work after 2 or 3 months of on-the-job training.
About 30 States require pest controllers to be li­
censed. In most cases, the license is only for regis­
tration, but a few States require applicants to pass a
written exam ination. The U.S. Environmental Protec­
tion Agency requires pest controllers to be certified.
The requirem ents for certification vary from State to
State. Employers generally prefer to hire high
school graduates who are licensed to drive.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow faster
than the average for all occupations as efforts increase
to control our continually growing pest population.

Food Service Occupations
Bartenders. Most bartenders learn their trade on the
job. A high school diplom a is not required. Experi­
ence as a bartender’s helper, dining room attendant,
waiter, or waitress is good training. Generally, bar­
tenders must be at least 21 years old; some employ­
ers prefer persons who are 25 or older. Some States
require bartenders to have health certificates assur­
ing that they are free from contagious diseases. In
some instances, bartenders must be bonded.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
about as fast as the average fo r all occupations.
More bartenders will be needed as new restaurants,
hotels, and bars open. Most favorable opportunities
w ill be in States that have recently liberalized their
drinking laws.
Cooks and chefs. Most cooks acquire their skills on
the job as kitchen helpers, although cooks increas­
ingly have high school or post-high school training
in food preparation. A few cooks and chefs are
trained as apprentices under trade union contracts
or employee training programs conducted by large
hotels and restaurants. A high school diplom a is not
required for most beginning jobs; however, employ­
ers usually prefer high school graduates and appli­

cants fo r apprenticeships must be graduates. A few
private schools specialize in 2- to 3-year training
courses for cooks and chefs. The Armed Forces also
are a good source of training and experience in
food service. Persons who wish to become chefs
may find courses in business adm inistration helpful
since chefs often are responsible for directing the
operation of the ir kitchens, including purchasing
supplies, planning menus, and supervising kitchen
staff. Most States require cooks and chefs to have
health certificates showing that they are free of con­
tagious diseases.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase fast­
er than the average for all occupations as popula­
tion grows and as people eat out more often. Most
starting jobs w ill be in small restaurants, school caf­
eterias, and other eating places where food prepara­
tion is simple.

Dining room attendants and dishwashers. These
occupations can be learned on the job w ith very lit­
tle formal training. A high school diplom a is not
required, but States laws often require dining room
attendants and dishwashers to obtain health certifi­
cates showing that they are free of contagious dis­
eases.
Outlook. Job openings are expected to be plenti­
ful due to high turnover and substantial employm ent
growth. Students w ill have many opportunities for
part-time jobs.
Food counter workers. Most counter workers learn
their skills on the job. For counter jobs that require
totaling bills and making change, employers prefer
persons who are good in arithm etic and have at­
tended high school. A diplom a generally is not nec­
essary. Managers of fast-food restaurants often hire
high school students as part-tim e counter workers.
State laws often require counter workers to obtain
health certificates showing that they are free of con­
tagious diseases.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow faster
than the average for all occupations as people eat
out more often. Job openings w ill be plentiful.

Meatcutters. Although many learn the ir skills infor­
mally on the job, most meatcutters com plete a 2- to
3-year apprenticeship program. At the end of the
training, apprentices are given a m eatcutting test
which their employers observe. Employers prefer
high school graduates. Courses in business arith­
metic are helpful in weighing and pricing meat and
in making change. Some States require meatcutters
to have health certificates showing that they are free
of contagious diseases.
Outlook. Employment is expected to decline as
the practice of cutting and wrapping meat at one
location for several stores lim its growth.



Waiters and waitresses. Although most waiters and
waitresses learn their skills on the job, some attend
the special training courses that are offered by pub­
lic and private vocational schools and restaurant
associations. Employers generally prefer applicants
who have had at least 2 or 3 years of high school,
and are good in arithm etic. Expensive restaurants
that take pride in the quality of service they provide
often hire only experienced waiters and waitresses.
Restaurants specializing in food of a foreign country
may prefer applicants who speak that co untry’s lan­
guage. State laws often require waiters and w ait­
resses to obtain health certificates showing that
they are free of contagious diseases.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
about as fast as the average for all occupations. The
need fo r these workers w ill grow as people eat out
more often. Job openings should be plentiful.

Personal Service Occupations
Barbers. Most States require barbers to be licensed.
To obtain a license applicants must have graduated
from a State-approved barber school, have com plet­
ed the eighth grade, pass a physical exam ination,
and be at least 16 years old (in some States 18).
Nearly all States require a beginner to take an exam­
ination for an apprentice license, and then, after 1
or 2 years of work, take a second exam ination for a
license as registered barber. Many public and pri­
vate schools and a few vocational schools offer bar­
ber training which usually lasts 9 to 12 months.
Because most States do not recognize out-of-State
training, apprenticeship work, or licenses, persons
who wish to become barbers should review the laws
of the State in which they wish to work before enter­
ing barber school.
Outlook. Employment is expected to change little;
most openings will result from replacement needs.
O pportunities w ill be better for hair stylists than for
conventional barbers.
Bellhops and bell captains. Bellhops are trained on
the job. Many hotels prom ote elevator operators to
these jobs. Although a high school diplom a is not
required, it improves chances for prom otion to bell
captain or to fro nt office clerk. O pportunities for
advancement to bell captain are lim ited, however.
Outlook. Little change in em ploym ent is expected
as the increasing popularity of economy motels lim ­
its growth. O pportunities will be best in motels,
small hotels, and resort areas open only part of the
year.
Cosmetologists. All States require cosm etologists to
be licensed. Most States require applicants for a li­
cense to pass a physical exam ination, be at least 16
years old, and have completed the 10th grade. Sue-

cessful com pletion of a State-approved cosm etology
course is appropriate preparation for taking a State
licensing exam ination. In some States com pletion of
an apprenticeship program can substitute fo r gradu­
ation from cosm etology school but few cosm etolo­
gists learn their skills this way. Both public and p ri­
vate vocational schools offer training in cosm etolo­
gy. A daytime course usually takes 9 m onths to 1
year; an evening course takes longer. An appren­
ticeship generaly lasts 1 or 2 years.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
about as fast as the average for all occupations. The
need fo r these workers will grow as the demand for
beauty shop services rises. Good opportunities will
be available for both newcomers and experienced
cosm etologists, including those seeking part-time
work.

Other Service Occupations
Private household workers. Most jobs require no
formal education. Instead, the ability to cook, sew,
wash and iron, clean house, and care fo r children is
im portant. Many of the necessary skills are learned
in the home; more advanced skills can be learned in
home econom ics courses in high schools, vocation­
al schools, and through government and private
training programs.
Outlook. Despite an expected decline in em ploy­
ment, replacement needs will create many job open­
ings. Job opportunities for dom estic workers will be
plentiful.
Guards. Employers prefer high school graduates;
applicants who have not completed high school may
be tested for their ability to read, write, and follow
written and oral instructions. Police experience
gained in the Armed Forces or in State or local po­
lice departments is helpful. Most newly hired guards
receive on-the-job training combined with formal
instruction that covers areas such as the use of fire­
arms, first aid, emergency procedures, and security
problems.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow faster
than the average for all occupations due to in­
creased concern over crime and vandalism. Best
opportunities w ill be in guard and security agencies
and in night-shift jobs.
Mail carriers. These workers are trained on the job.
Applicants must be at least 18 except for high
school graduates, who must be at least 16. They
also must pass an exam ination that tests clerical
accuracy and the ability to read, do simple arithm et­
ic, and memorize mail sorting systems. If the job
involves driving, an applicant must have a driver’s
license and pass a road test. Applicants also must
pass a physical exam ination and may be asked to



show that they can handle mail sacks weighing up
to 70 pounds.
Outlook. Little change in employm ent is expected
due to anticipated cutbacks in the frequency of mail
deliveries. Some openings will result from replace­
ment needs, prim arily in m etropolitan areas.

Sales O ccupations
Gasoline service station attendants. These workers
are trained on the job. A high school diplom a usual­
ly is not required and students often are hired for
these jobs. Attendants who wish to become station
managers need a diplom a, however, as it is required
for participation in the service station management
programs conducted by oil companies. Applicants
for attendant jobs should have a driver’s license, a
general understanding of how an autom obile works,
and some sales ability.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
more slowly than the average for all occupations as
trends toward cars with better gas mileage and selfservice gas stations lim it growth. Nevertheless, re­
placement needs will create many job openings.

Models. The most im portant asset for a model is a
distinctive and attractive physical appearance. In
addition, models usually must meet strict height and
weight lim itations. There are no educational require­
ments for models; however, courses in drama, danc­
ing, art, and fashion design are useful because they
can develop poise and a sense of style. Many sales
jobs in departm ent stores provide useful experience
in selecting and coordinating fashions, experim ent­
ing with makeup and, occasionally, modeling.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow faster
than the average fo r all occupations due to rising
advertising expenditures and greater sales of clo th ­
ing and accessories. Nevertheless, because this
occupation is so small and the glam our of m odeling
attracts many persons, com petition for openings
should be keen.
Retail trade sales workers. Most sales workers
learn their skills on the job. In large stores, training
programs usually begin with several days of class­
room instruction, w hich are follow ed by on-the-job
training under the supervision of an experienced
worker. In small stores, an experienced w orker or, in
some cases, the proprietor trains new sales workers.
Employers prefer to hire high school graduates, and
courses in commercial arithm etic and m erchandis­
ing provide a good background. Thousands of high
schools also offer distributive education programs
that allow students to work part time at local stores
while taking courses in merchandising, accounting,
and other aspects of retailing. Some of these pro­
grams are intended for adults as well, and offer
training for persons beginning their careers or seek­
ing advancement.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow more
slowly than the average for all occupations; howev­
er, high turnover should create excellent o pp o rtun i­
ties for full-tim e, part-time, and temporary workers.

Route drivers. Although some large companies have
classes in sales techniques, most route drivers are
trained on the job. Employers generally prefer appli­
cants who are high school graduates and have good
driving records. Most States require route drivers to
have a chauffeur s license.
Outlook. Employment is expected to change little,
but several thousand openings will result annually
from replacement needs. Applicants with sales expe­
rience and good driving records seeking wholesale
routes will have the best opportunities.

Construction Occupations
Bricklayers, stonemasons, and marblesetters. Most
bricklayers learn their trade on the job, usually in 3
to 5 years. But some bricklayers and most stonema­
sons and marblesetters learn their skills through a



3-year

apprenticeship program that combines onthe-job training with classroom instruction. A high
school diplom a or its equivalent is usually preferred
by employers fo r entry into apprenticeship pro­
grams. Courses in blueprint reading and shop prov­
ide a useful background.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow about
as fast as the average fo r all occupations. More of
these workers w ill be needed as new homes, facto­
ries, offices, and other structures are built. Job
openings should be plentiful except during econom ­
ic downturns.

Carpenters. The recommended way to learn this
trade is to com plete a 4-year apprenticeship. Most
workers learn on the job, however, often by begin­
ning as a helper to experienced carpenters and
gradually acquiring skills. It takes much longer to
become a skilled carpenter in this way than it does
through an apprenticeship. Some knowledge of the
trade also may be obtained through vocational
school courses in carpentry, shop, mechanical
drawing, and mathematics. Employers generally pre­
fer to hire applicants who are high school graduates
but a diplom a is not required.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow about
as fast as the average fo r all occupations. More car­
penters w ill be needed to build new structures and
alter and maintain old ones. Job opportunities w ill
be plentiful except during econom ic downturns.
Cement masons and terrazzo workers. Most learn
their trade inform ally on the job in 2 to 3 years. Oth­
ers com plete a 2- or 3-year apprenticeship. Employ­
ers prefer to hire high school graduates; courses in
mathematics and mechanical drawing provide a use­
ful background.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow much
faster than the average for all occupations due to
increasing construction activity and greater use of
concrete as a building material. Job opportunities
should be favorable.

Construction laborers. Most laborers are trained on
the job as this work does not require specific skills.
Generally, applicants must be at least 18 years old
and in good physical condition. An experienced
construction laborer can advance to carpenter,
bricklayer, cement mason, or other craft occupation.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow about
as fast as the average for all occupations. More la­
borers will be needed as construction activities in­
crease. Job openings should be plentiful except
during econom ic downturns.
Drywall installers and finishers. These workers
usually start as helpers and learn their skills on the
job in 2 to 3 years. Some employers, in cooperation

w ith unions, offer classroom instruction in subjects
such as tool use and care and safety to supplement
on-the-job training. High school graduates are pre­
ferred, but applicants who have less education fre­
quently are hired.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow much
faster than the average for all occupations as drywall is used increasingly in place of plaster. Most
job openings w ill be in m etropolitan areas.

Insulation workers. The m ajority learn th e ir trade on
the job. Others learn through a 4-year “ improversh ip ” program that is sim ilar to an apprenticeship. A
few insulation workers pick up their skills while
w orking in another trade or in a m anufacturing
plant where applying insulation is part of their job.
Employers prefer high school graduates who are
licensed to drive. High school or vocational school
courses in blueprint reading and shop mathematics
are helpful.

Floor covering installers. Most of these workers
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
learn their skills on the job, usually beginning as much faster than the average for all occupations as
helpers to experienced workers. Others qualify energy-saving insulation is installed in homes and
through 2- to 4-year apprenticeship programs. In­ businesses. Best opportunities will be in m etropoli­
dividuals also may learn the basic skills as part of tan areas.
an apprenticeship in carpentry, tilesetting, bricklay­
ing, or stone and m arblesetting. Employers prefer to Ironworkers (structural, ornamental, and reinforc­
hire high school or vocational school graduates, ing ironworkers; riggers; and machine movers).
and courses in general mathem atics and shop may Most learn their skills on the job; however, com ple­
be helpful. A pplicants fo r apprenticeships generally tion of a 3-year apprenticeship program is recom­
must have a high school diplom a.
mended. Employers generally prefer high school
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase graduates. Courses in blueprint reading, drafting,
about as fast as the average for all occupations. The and m athem atics are helpful. The job requires a gili­
need fo r these workers w ill grow with expanding ty, a good sense of balance, and above average
construction activity and the widespread use of resi­ strength.
lient flo o r coverings and carpeting. O pportunities
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
will be best fo r persons who are able to install car­ much faster than the average for all occupations
peting and resilient flooring.
due to grow ing use of structural steel. Job oppor­



tunities are most abundant during the early spring.

Lathers. Although many lathers acquire their skills
inform ally on the job, com pletion of an apprentice­
ship is recommended. Depending on the local union
operating the program, apprenticeships last 2, 3, or
4 years; some include classroom instruction in relat­
ed subjects. Employers generally prefer high school
graduates, and a diplom a is required fo r an appren­
ticeship. Courses in business m athematics and shop
are useful.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow about
as fast as the average for all occupations. More lath­
ers will be needed to construct some of the more
expensive new buildings and to renovate older
buildings.

Operating engineers (construction machinery oper­
ators). Com pletion of a 3-year apprenticeship pro­

learn the trade on the job, however, by w orking as
plasterers’ helpers or laborers. Employers generally
prefer to hire high school graduates. Courses in
mathematics, mechanical drawing, and shop are
useful.
Outlook. Little change in em ploym ent is expected
as drywall materials continue to be used instead of
plaster. Some openings w ill result from replacement
needs.

Roofers. The m ajority of roofers begin as helpers
and learn their skills on the job. C om pletion of a 3year apprenticeship is recommended, however.
Employers prefer high school graduates and cours­
es in mechanical drawing and basic mathematics
are helpful.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow faster
than the average for all occupations due to increas­
ing construction activity and the need to repair
roofs on older buildings. Demand fo r dam pproofing
and w aterproofing also w ill add to the need for
roofers. Jobs w ill be easiest to find in the warmweather months.

gram including related classroom instruction is rec­
ommended. Learning to operate a variety of ma­
chines through apprenticeship or, in some instances,
private training schools usually results in better job
opportunities. Some operating engineers learn their
skills on the job, starting as helpers or oilers and then Tilesetters. The best way to learn this trade is
progressing from operating light equipm ent to highly through a 3-year apprenticeship program, but many
com plex construction machinery. A few individuals workers acquire their skills on the job, w orking as
learn their skills while serving in the Armed Forces. helpers. When hiring apprentices or helpers, em­
Most employers prefer high school graduates; a di­ ployers usually prefer high school or vocational
ploma may be required for entry into apprenticeship school graduates who have had courses in mathe­
programs. Courses in autom obile mechanics are help­ matics, mechanical drawing, and shop. Good physi­
cal condition, manual dexterity, and a good sense of
ful.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow faster co lo r harmony also are im portant.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
than the average fo r all occupations as construction
of more factories, mass transit systems, office build­ about as fast as the average for all occupations. The
ings, and other structures increases demand for need for tilesetters w ill grow due to the trend to ­
operating engineers. Job opportunities should be ward having two or more tiled bathroom s in houses
and apartments.
plentiful.

Painters and paperhangers. Although com pletion
of a 3-year apprenticeship is recommended, appren­
ticeship opportunities are very lim ited. Informal onthe-job training is available through local contrac­
tors, however. A high school education is preferred
but not essential. Manual dexterity and good color
sense are im portant assets. Painters and paperhang­
ers should be free of allergies to paint and chemi­
cals used on the job.
Outlook. Employment of painters is expected to
grow about as fast as the average fo r all occupa­
tions. More painters w ill be needed to paint new.
structures and repaint old ones. The grow ing popu­
larity of wallpaper and vinyl w allcovering will in­
crease the demand for paperhangers. Employment
of these workers is expected to grow much faster
than the average for all occupations.

Plasterers. A 3- to 4-year apprenticeship is the rec­
ommended way to learn the trade. Many plasterers



Occupations in Transportation Activities
Merchant Marine Occupations
Merchant marine officers. Candidates must either
have acquired at least 3 years of sea experience in
the Coast Guard or Navy, or have graduated from
the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, from one of five
State merchant marine academies, or from a trade
union training program. Candidates also must pass
a Coast Guard exam ination to obtain a license.
Usually, applicants who have sea experience but are
not graduates of academies must obtain training to
pass the exam ination. A high school diplom a is not
required.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow more
slowly than the average for all occupations as the
size of the Nation’s fleet remains fairly constant.

O pportunities w ill be best for graduates of maritime
union training programs.

Merchant marine sailors. Most sailors learn on the
job, although previous sea experience in the Coast
Guard or Navy is helpful. Graduation from high
school is not required. Applicants must obtain a
d o c to r’s certificate stating that they are in excellent
health, a letter from an employer stating that they
w ill be hired if a job becomes available, and special
identification papers,
merchant m ariner’s docu­
m ents,” from the Coast Guard. Several training pro­
grams exist to help experienced sailors upgrade
their skills, but only the school operated by the Sea­
farer’s International Union of North America trains
inexperienced sailors.
Outlook. Employment is expected to decline as
smaller crews are needed to operate new ships.
Keen com petition is likely fo r those openings cre­
ated by replacement needs.

Railroad Occupations
Shop trades. Com pleting a 3- to 4-year apprenticeship
program is the most common way to enter shop trades,
although some helpers and laborers are upgraded to
these jobs. A high school diplom a is preferred but not
required. Shop training in high school or vocational
school is an advantage. A utom obile repair and mach­
ining courses are useful for machinists. Courses in
electricity and physics w ill help applicants who want
jobs as electrical workers.
Outlook. Employment is expected to decline as shop
efficiency increases and as railroad cars are more easi­
ly maintained. Openings are likely to be lim ited to re­
placement needs.

Signal department workers. These workers

are
trained on the job, beginning as helpers to experi­
enced workers. After 60 to 90 days of training, they
may advance to assistants; after 2 to 4 years’ addi­
tional training and experience, they may be prom ot­
ed to signal installers or maintainers. Railroads pre­
fer applicants who are high school or vocational
school graduates and have had courses in blueprint
reading, electricity, or electronics.
Outlook. Employment is expected to change little
as new signal systems require less maintenance.
Some openings w ill arise due to replacement needs.

orders and billings, and as m obile agents service
smaller stations.

Telegraphers, telephoners, and tower operators.
These jobs usually are filled from the ranks of cle ri­
cal workers according to seniority provisions. Upon
prom otion, workers receive on-the-job training that
covers operating rules, train orders, and station
operations. Before the prom otion is final, workers
must pass exam inations on train operating rules and
show that they can use all the equipment. A high
school diplom a generally is preferred and may be
required by some railroads.
Outlook. Employment is expected to decline due
to wider use of mechanized yard operations, central­
ized traffic control, and autom atic signaling. A lim it­
ed number of openings w ill result from replacement
needs.

Track workers. Most workers are trained on the job
in about 2 years. A high school diplom a is not re­
quired but applicants should be able to read and
write. The ability to perform heavy work is essential.
Outlook. Employment is expected to change little
as railroads use laborsaving machines and install
improved track control systems that require less
track. Most openings w ill be due to replacement
needs.

Driving Occupations
Intercity busdrivers. These workers are trained on
the job. Most companies conduct 2- to 8-week train­
ing programs for new employees that include driv­
ing and classroom instruction. M inim um qualifica­
tions established by the U.S. Department of Trans­
portation require intercity busdrivers to be at least
21 , pass a physical exam ination, and pass a written
test on motor vehicle regulations. Most States re­
quire a chauffeur's license. Bus companies generally
have even higher requirements. Most prefer appli­
cants who are at least 25 years old; some prefer
those who have truck or bus driving experience. A
high school diplom a is preferred but not required.
High school driver training is useful.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow about
as fast as the average for all occupations. More
busdrivers will be needed to keep pace with the
expected moderate increase in bus travel. Keen
com petition is likely for these job openings.

Station agents. These workers rise from the ranks
of other railroad occupations. Experienced telegra­
phers, telephoners, tow er operators, and clerks may
advance to jobs as agents in small stations and may
be promoted to larger stations as they gain seniori­
ty-

Outlook. Employment is expected to decline as
centrally located



stations

handle more custom er

Local transit busdrivers. New drivers receive several
weeks of classroom and driving instruction in which
they learn company rules, safety regulations, how to
keep records, and how to deal with passengers.
Applicants must be at least 21, have a chauffeur’s
license, and have good eyesight — with or w ithout
glasses. Most employers require applicants to pass

a physical exam ination and a written test. A good
driving record is essential. A high school diplom a is
not required but is preferred by many employers.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow about
as fast as the average for all occupations. More
busdrivers w ill be needed as many cities improve
their local bus service.

Local truckdrivers. New drivers usually are trained
on the job. Many drivers begin by working as freight
handlers on the trucking com pany’s loading dock.
In most States, applicants must have a chauffeur’s
license. Employers prefer to hire individuals who
have good driving records. The amount of driving
experience required often depends on the size of
truck to be driven and value of the cargo. A high
school diplom a is not required.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase fast­
er than the average for all occupations due to the
rise in the am ount of freight to be distributed. Op­
portunities w ill be best for applicants with good
driving records.
Long-distance truckdrivers. Minimum qualifications
set by the U.S. Department of Transportation require
drivers to be at least 21 , pass a physical examina­
tion, and pass a w ritten test on motor carrier safety
regulations. Most States require drivers to have a
chauffeur s license. Individual trucking companies
may have even higher standards. Many companies
specify height and weight requirements for drivers
and some hire only applicants who have several
years' experience driving trucks Driver training
courses in high school or in a private driving school
are good preparation, but they do not assure a job.
Most truckdrivers start as freight handler at a tru ck­
ing com pany's loading dock, advance to local truckdriver, and then to long-distance driver.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow more
slowly than the average for all occupations. Stiff
com petition is likely for available jobs in this highpaying occupation.

Taxicab drivers. In most cities taxi drivers must
have a chauffeur s license and pass a written test on
taxicab and traffic regulations to obtain a special
license issued by the local police or safety depart­
ment, or Public U tilities Commission. Some com pa­
nies teach drivers taxicab regulations and the loca­
tion of streets. A large num ber of companies hire
only applicants who are at least 21 and some re­
quire drivers to be 25 or older.
Outlook. Although employm ent is expected to
change little, high turnover should create numerous
job opportunities.

Mechanics and Repairers
Telephone Craft Occupations
Central office craft occupations. Trainee jobs gen­
erally are filled by employees already with the com ­
pany, such as telephone operators or line installers.
O ccasionally,workers are hired from outside. A high
school diplom a is not required but a basic know l­
edge of e le ctricity or electronics is helpful. Tele­
phone training in the Armed Forces is good prepar­
ation.
New craft workers recieve both classroom instruc­
tion and on-the-job training. Some vocational
schools, particularly those in rural areas served by
small independent telephone companies, also offer
training. A few people learn these crafts through
apprenticeship programs designed by State em ploy­
ment agencies in conjunction with local telephone
companies. Because electrical wires usually are col­
or coded, applicants must not be color blind.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
about as fast as the average for all occupations.
More of these workers will be needed as new tele­
phone systems are installed and existing ones m ain­
tained. Most job openings will be in m etropolitan
areas.
Central office equipment installers. These workers

Parking attendants. These workers are trained on

learn their skills on the job. New employees attend
the job. Some employers offer training, ranging from classes the first few weeks to learn basic installation
a few hours to a week, that includes a review of and then begin on-the-job training. It usually takes
proper driving techniques and an outline of compa­ several years to become a skilled installer, and tra in ­
ny policy on record keeping procedures and dam­ ing continues throughout an installer’s career to
age claims. A pplicants must have a driver’s license improve skills and teach new techniques. A high
and be able to drive all types of cars. The ability to school diplom a generally is preferred, and courses
keep records of claim tickets, compute parking in blueprint reading and electronic theory are help­
charges, and make change also is important. Gener­ ful. Because electrical wires are color coded, appli­
ally, employers prefer high school graduates.
cants must not be color blind.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow more
Outlook. Employment is expected to decline as
slowly than the average for all occupations as the most new central office equipm ent is m anufactured
trend to self-parking systems continues. The high in components that come partially assembled.
turnover rate, however, will create many job oppor­
tunities, especially in large commercial parking fa cil­ Line installers and cable splicers. These workers
ities in urban areas.
usually are trained on the job. Classrooms are



equipped with actual telephone apparatus, including
poles and other fixtures to simulate w orking condi­
tions. After several weeks, trainees generally are as­
signed to a crew for on-the-job training under a line
supervisor. Some small independent telephone
companies, particularly in rural areas, rely on local
vocational and technical schools for classroom
training. A few 4-year apprenticeships also are avail­
able in which State em ploym ent agencies provide
classroom training. Training in installing telephone
systems while in the Armed Forces is helpful. A high
school diplom a is not required. Because the job is
strenuous, applicants usually are given physical
examinations.
Outlook. Little change in em ploym ent is expected
as technological improvements lim it growth. Job
openings may be found more easily in small cities.



Telephone and PBX installers and repairers. These
workers are trained on the job. Telephone compa­
nies provide several weeks of classroom instruction
supplemented by on-the-job training. Many small
independent telephone companies, particularly in ru­
ral areas, rely on local vocational and technical
schools to train workers. A few 4-year apprentice­
ships also are available in w hich State employm ent
agencies provide classroom training. Because tele­
phone wires are color coded, applicants must not
be color blind. Physical exam inations are sometimes
required, and applicants may have to pass a test to
determine their aptitude fo r the job. Often trainees
are chosen from current telephone company em­
ployees. A high school diplom a is preferred but not
required.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase

about as fast as the average for all occupations.
More of these workers w ill be needed as the de­
mand for telephones and PBX and Centrex systems
grows.

Other Mechanics and Repairers
Automobile body repairers. Generally 3 to 4 years
of on-the-job training are necessary to learn all
phases of autom obile body repair. Most repairers
learn inform ally on the job, but com pletion of a 3- or
4-year apprenticeship that combines on-the-job
training with classroom instruction in safety proce­
dures, shop mathematics, and business is recom­
mended. High school graduation, although not re­
quired, is considered an asset. High school or voca­
tional school courses in autom obile body repair or
autom obile mechanics are helpful.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
about as fast as the average for all occupations.
More repairers w ill be needed as the number of ve­
hicles in use grows.
Automobile mechanics. Most automobile mechan­
ics learn their trade through 3 to 4 years of on-thejob experience, but additional time may be needed
to learn a d ifficu lt specialty such as automatic trans­
mission repair. Training authorities usually recom­
mend com pletion of a 3- or 4-year apprenticeship
program. A utom obile mechanic training received
while in the Armed Forces is good preparation. High
school or vocational school courses in science,
mathematics, autom obile repair, and machine shop
also are useful. A high school diplom a is preferred but
not required.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
about as fast as the average for all occupations.
More m echanics w ill be needed as the number of
vehicles in use grows. Job opportunities will be
plentiful.

Boat-engine mechanics. Most mechanics learn on
the job. Generally 2 to 3 years of experience are
required to become skilled in repairing both out­
board and inboard motors. A high school diplom a is
preferred by employers but is not required. High
school or vocational school courses in small engine
repair, auto mechanics, and machine shop are help­
ful.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow about
as fast as the average fo r all occupations. Job op­
portunities will be particularly favorable for mechan­
ics who have a know ledge of electricity and elec­
tronics.
Bowling-pin-machine

mechanics. These workers
usually start as assistant mechanics or pinchasers
and learn their skills on the job. Bowling alleys



sometimes send their mechanics to training semi­
nars conducted by companies that manufacture pinsetters. It usually takes 1 to 2 years of experience to
learn the job thoroughly. Employers prefer to hire
high school graduates. High school courses in elec­
tronics, blueprint reading, machine repair, or basic
mechanics are helpful.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
more slowly than the average for all occupations
due to lim ited growth in the num ber of bow ling fa­
cilities.

Diesel mechanics. Most workers learn their skills
inform ally on the job or through a 3- to 4- year ap­
prenticeship program. Trade and technical school
courses in diesel engine maintenance and experi­
ence repairing vehicles in the Armed Forces or as a
hobby are useful preparation. Employers prefer high
school graduates. Courses in blueprint reading, au­
tom obile repair, and machine shop are helpful, as
are science and mathematics. Good physical condi­
tion is im portant because mechanics often have to
lift heavy engine parts.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow faster
than the average fo r all occupations as use of diesel
engines expands.
Farm equipment mechanics. Most begin as helpers
and learn their skills on the job. Employers generally
prefer high school graduates who have a farm back­
ground. Usually, at least 3 years of on-the-job expe­
rience are necessary before a person is able to han­
dle all types of repairs. Some mechanics complete a
3- to 4-year apprenticeship program, while others
learn through a vocational program. High school
courses in autom obile repair, machine shop, sci­
ence, and mathematics are helpful.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
about as fast as the average for all occupations.
Additional mechanics will be needed as more tech­
nically advanced farm equipm ent requires greater
maintenance. Best opportunities will be for persons
fam iliar with farm machinery.
Industrial machinery repairers. Most begin as help­
ers and rotate from job to job for several years. Oth­
ers learn their trade through 4-year apprenticeship
programs. A high school diplom a is not required,
but high school or vocational school courses in
mathematics and machine shop may be helpful.
Good physical condition and agility are necessary
because repairers sometimes have to lift heavy
equipm ent or clim b to reach large machines.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
much faster than the average for all occupations as
more repairers w ill be needed to maintain the in­
creasing amount of machinery used in m anufactur­
ing, coal mining, oil exploration, and other indus­
tries.

Locksmiths. Most learn their trade on the job. It
usually takes 4 years to become skilled in most
types of jobs. One- or two-year training programs
are available in a few public and private vocational
schools. Additional training is necessary to learn to
service and install electronic security systems. A
high school diplom a is preferred by employers but
is not required. Some cities require locksm iths to be
licensed. Generally, an applicant is fingerprinted
and charged a fee but no exam ination is given.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow faster
than the average for all occupations as the public
becomes more security conscious. O pportunities
will be favorable for persons able to install and serv­
ice electronic security systems.

are courses in autom obile mechanics, science, and
mathematics.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow much
faster than the average for all occupations due to
the rising number of m otorcycles. O pportunities will
be best in larger dealerships.
Shoe repairers. These workers generally start as
helpers and are trained on the job in shoe repair
shops. It usually takes about 2 years to learn all
aspects of the job. Some repairers learn the trade in
vocational school but additional training under an
experienced shoe repairer generally is helpful. A
high school diplom a is not required. Business
courses are useful because many shoe repairers
own their own shops. Some high schools and ju n ior
colleges offer courses in shoe repair.
Outlook. Despite little change in employment, job
prospects should be very good because few people
are attracted to this occupation. O pportunities will
be especially good for experienced repairers who
wish to open their own shop.

Motorcycle mechanics. Most motorcycle mechanics
learn their trade on the job. Generally, 2 to 3 years
of on-the-job training are necessary to become
skilled in all aspects of m otorcycle repair. A high
school diplom a is not required but is preferred by
many employers. Many employers will hire trainees
who have mechanical aptitude or who exhibit a
genuine interest in motorcycles and in learning the Television and radio service technicians. Employ­
work. Courses in small engine repair are helpful, as ers usually hire persons who have had formal train­




ing in electronics while in high school, vocational Business courses may be useful to individuals who
school, technical school, or in the Armed Forces. wish to open their own watch repair shop.
Generally, 2 to 4 years of on-the-job training are
Outlook. Although employm ent is expected to
necessary to become skilled in most types of repair grow more slowly than the average for all occupa­
work. Persons who do not have formal training but tions, trained workers should find jobs readily avail­
have an aptitude for the work or have worked with able. O pportunities should be good fo r persons
radio and television sets as a hobby may be hired as trained in repairing electronic watches.
helpers. A high school diplom a is preferred but not
required.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow faster Health Occupations
than the average for all occupations as the number
of home entertainm ent products increases. Greater Medical Technologist, Technician, and
use of electronic products such as closed-circuit
Assistant Occupations
television, two-way radios, calculators, and home
appliances also w ill lead to job openings.
Respiratory therapy workers. There are three levels
of workers—therapists, technicians, and assistants.
Truck mechanics and bus mechanics. Most learn Assistants are trained on the job and learn their
their skills on the job in 3 to 4 years, but com pletion skills in about 6 weeks. A high school diplom a is not
of a 4-year apprenticeship program is recommend­ required but may be preferred by some employers.
ed. A high school diplom a is preferred by employers Formal training beyond high school is required for
and strongly recommended for applicants for ap­ technicians and therapists. Programs are offered in
prenticeships. High school or vocational school colleges and universities, ju n ior colleges, and hospi­
courses in autom obile repair and mathematics prov­ tals. Generally, training programs for technicians last
ide good preparation. For some jobs that require 12 months while programs for therapists last 18 to
driving, m echanics must have a chauffeur’s license. 24 months.
Some employers also may require mechanics who
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow much
drive to meet the qualifications of age, eyesight, and faster than the average for all occupations due to
physical condition established by the U.S. Depart­ new applications of respiratory therapy in treating dis­
ment of Transportation.
eases. Job opportunities should be good.
Outlook. Employment of truck mechanics is ex­
pected to grow about as fast as the average fo r all
Nursing Occupations
occupations. More m echanics w ill be needed due to
the increasing use of trucks for transporting freight. Licensed practical nurses. All States require appli­
Em ploym ent of bus mechanics is expected to in­ cants for licenses as practical nurses to complete a
crease more slowly than average.
State-approved course in practical nursing and to
pass an exam ination. Educational requirem ents for
Vending machine mechanics. Most mechanics enrollm ent in these courses vary by State and range
learn th e ir trade w hile w orking as general shop from com pletion of eighth or ninth grade to high
helpers or vending machine route drivers. Usually, 1 school graduation. Generally, the course lasts 1 year
to 2 years of on-the-job training, sometimes includ­ and is given in ju n ior colleges, local hospitals,
ing attendance at m anufacturer-sponsored training health agencies, and vocational schools.
sessions, are required to become a skilled mechan­
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow much
ic. A high school diplom a is not required, but high faster than the average for all occupations as popu­
school or vocational school courses in electricity, lation grows and health insurance plans expand.
refrigeration, and vending machine repair are help­ Job prospects are very good.
ful. A com m ercial drive r’s license and a good driv­
ing record are necessary.
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants. Although
Outlook. Although some growth will result from some employers prefer high school graduates, a di­
the greater num ber of vending machines, employ­ ploma is not required. Training usually is acquired
ment is expected to increase more slowly than the on the job, often in com bination with classroom in­
average fo r all occupations.
struction covering areas such as the correct proce­
dures for changing bed linens, taking temperatures,
Watch repairers. Most learn their trade through 18- and giving back rubs. Training in these areas also is
to 24-month courses offered by watch repair offered in public and private vocational schools.
schools. Others learn inform ally on the job in about
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow faster
3 years or through a 3- to 4-year apprenticeship. A than the average for all occupations due to in­
high school diplom a is preferred. A few States re­ creased demand fo r medical care. Most job open­
quire watch repairers to be licensed; applicants ings w ill be in nursing homes, convalescent homes,
must pass a w ritten test and a bench examination. and other long-term care facilities.



Therapy and Rehabilitation Occupations
Physical therapist assistants and aides. Physical
therapist aides train on the job. The length and content
of these training programs depend on the d ifficulty of
the duties aides are expected to perform and the needs
of the patients. Employers generally prefer high school
graduates w ho have experience w orking as hospital
nursing aides. High school courses in health, biology,
psychology, and physical education are useful for both
aides and assistants. (Physical therapist assistants
must have completed 2 years of training beyond high
school.)
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow faster
than the average fo r all occupations due to expanding
physical therapy services. Job opportunities fo r gradu­
ates of approved programs should be excellent.

Art, Design, and CommunicationsRelated Occupations
Performing Artists
Dancers. Serious training at a dance school or
through private lessons should begin by age 12 ,
especially for ballet dancers. Training and practice
continue throughout a dancer’s career. Many col­
leges and universities offer dance instruction, but a
college education is not required for em ploym ent as
a professional dancer.
Outlook. Although em ploym ent is expected to
grow about as fast as the average for all occupa­
tions, applicants are likely to face keen com petition
for openings. Teaching offers the best opportunities.
Musicians. Studying an instrum ent, either through

Social Service Occupations
Homemaker-home health aides. Homemaker-home
health aides need to be able to read and w rite but
high school graduation generally is not required.
High school home econom ics courses, such as meal
planning and fam ily living, are helpful, particularly
for young persons who have little experience in
homemaking. Some employers hire only experi­
enced nursing aides fo r jobs as homemaker-home
health aides, and require at least a year’s experience
as a nursing aide in a hospital or nursing home.
Outlook. Employment is expected to increase
much faster than the average for all occupations
due to grow ing public awareness of the availability
of home care services and probable changes in
Federal legislation. Job opportunities should be
plentiful.
Social service aides. Social service aides are
trained on the job. These workers have a wide range
of educational backgrounds, from elementary
school to college. An aide’s level of responsibility
usually is related to education. For example, per­
sons who have a grade school education may enter
the field in clerical positions, while those who have
a college degree may assume some duties normally
performed by social workers. In hiring, employers
consider an applicant’s desire to help people and
his or her ability to com m unicate with com m unity
agencies and clients. An individual’s potential for
advancement and need for work also may be con­
sidered.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow faster
than the average for all occupations as social w el­
fare programs expand and as aides perform tasks
form erly handled by professional personnel. Many
opportunities will exist for part-time work.



school or private lessons, should begin at an early
age. More advanced training can be acquired
through further study under an accom plished m usi­
cian, in a college or university which has a strong
music program, or in a music conservatory.
Outlook. Employment is expected to grow as fast
as the average for all occupations. However, job
com petition will be keen except for the most highly
skilled performers.

Singers. As a rule, intensive voice training should
not begin until after the individual has matured
physically. Voice training can be obtained through
private lessons or in a music conservatory or depart­
ment of music in a college or university. A back­
ground in music theory and history is helpful for
persons interested in singing professionally, al­
though formal voice training is not essential for a
successful career in popular music.

Outlook. Although em ploym ent growth is expect­
ed to be about as fast as the average for all occupa­
tions, com petition fo r long-term jobs is likely to be
keen. There will be some opportunities for part-time
and short-term jobs in opera and concert stage
productions, and in movies, the theater, nightclubs,
and television commercials.

Design Occupations
Floral designers. Although there are no m inim um
educational requirements, most employers prefer high
school graduates. Training usually takes place on the
job. However, an increasing num ber of these workers
receive training by attending adult educational pro­
grams, junior colleges, or com m ercial floral design
schools. Manual dexterity and a good sense of color,
balance, and proportion are primary qualifications.
High school courses in business arithm etic, book­
keeping, selling techniques, and other business sub­
jects are helpful.

Outlook. Expected increases in sales of flowers
and floral arrangem ents will cause employment to
grow faster than the average for all occupations.
Employment is sensitive to changes in the economy.

Ordering Occupational Outlook Handbook
Reprints

1955-20
1955-21
1955-22
1955-23
1955-24
1955-25
1955-26
1955-27
1955-28

There are 42 reprints from the Occupational Out­
look Handbook, 1978-79 Edition, available for order.
Each reprint contains a group of related occupation­
al and industrial statements. For example, reprint
1955-16, Air and Water Transportation Occupations,
includes statements on air traffic controllers, air­
plane mechanics, airplane pilots, the civil aviation
industry, flig h t attendants, the merchant marine in­
dustry, merchant marine officers, merchant marine
sailors, and reservation, ticket, and passenger
agents. A list of all reprints follows. A flyer which
cross-references all of the Occupational Outlook
Handbook occupations and industries to the re­
prints in w hich they appear may be obtained by us­
ing the reprint order form on the back page of this
leaflet.

Occupational Outlook Reprints, 1978-79
Edition

1955-29

1955-30
1955-31
1955-32
1955-33
1955-34
1955-35
1955-36
1955-37
1955-38

1955-39

Bulletin
No.
1955-1
1955-2
1955-3
1955-4
1955-5
1955-6
1955-7
1955-8
1955-9
1955-10
1955-11
1955-12
1955-13
1955-14
1955-15
1955-16
1955-17
1955-18
1955-19

Title
T om orrow ’s Jobs
Metal W orking Occupations
Prionting and Publishing Occupations
Factory Production Occupations
Clerical O ccupations
Office Machine and Computer Occupa­
tions
Banking and Insurance Occupations
Business Occupations
Service O ccupations
Food M erchandising Occupations
Protective and Related Service Occupa­
tions
Education and Relation Occupations
Sales Occupations
C onstruction Occupations—Structural
C onstruction Occupations— Finishing
Air and Water Transportation Occupa­
tions
Railroad O ccupations
Driving O ccupations
Environm ental Scientists and Conservation O ccupations




1955-40

1955-41

1955-42

Engineering and Related Occupations
Physical and Life Scientists
Mathematics and Related Occupations
Public Utilities Occupations
M otor Vehicle and Machinery Repairers
Machine Repairers and Operators
Small Business Occupations
Health Practitioners
Health O ccupations
Dental auxiliaries, nursing, therapy
and rehabilitation, health services
adm inistration
Health O ccupations
Medical technologists,
technicians,
and assistants; dispensing opticians;
ophthalm ic
laboratory
technicians;
medical record personnel
Lawyers, City Managers, and Social Sci­
ence O ccupations
Counseling and Related Occupations
Social Service Occupations
Perform ing Arts and Entertainm ent Re­
lated O ccupations
Design O ccupations
Com m unications-Related Occupations
A griculture and Logging and Lumber
Mill Products Industries
Energy Producing Industries
Petroleum Refining, Industrial Chemical
Drug, and Paper and Allied Products
Industries
Aluminum, Iron and Steel, and Foundry
Industries
Aircraft, Missile, and Spacecraft; Office
Machine and Computer; and Motor
Vehicle and Equipment M anufacturing
Industries
Apparel, Baking, Laundry and Dry
Cleaning and Textile Mill Products
Industries
Government Occupations

The following is an alphabetical listing of the occupa­
tions included in this leaflet. Occupations are crossreferenced to the Handbook reprint in which they ap­
pear.

4

Assemblers
Autom obile body repairers
Autom obile mechanics
Autom obile painters

24
24
24

Bank tellers
Barbers

7
26

10
9

Bartenders
Bellhops and bell captains
Blacksmiths
Boat-engine mechanics
Boilerm aking occupations
Boiler tenders
Bowling-pin-m achine mechanics
Bricklayers, stonemasons, and
marblesetters
Building custodians
Carpenters
Cashiers
Cement masons and terrazzo workers
Central office craft occupations
Central office equipm ent installers
Construction laborers
Cooks and chefs
Coremakers
Cosmetologists

2
24
4
4
25
14
9

2

14
10
14
23
23
23
10
or 39
26

Dancers
Diesel mechanics
Dining room attendants and dishwashers
Drywall installers and finishers

33
24
10
15

Farm equipm ent mechanics
File clerks
Floor covering installers
Floral designers
Food counter workers
Forge shop occupations
Furniture upholsters

24
5
15
34

Gasoline service station attendants
Guards

24
11

Homemaker-home health aides
Hotel housekeepers and assistants

32
9

Industrial machinery repairers
Inspectors (m anufacturing)
Insulation workers

4
4
15

Licensed practical nurses
Line installers and cable splicers
Local transit busdrivers
Local truckdrivers
Locksm iths
Long-distance truckdrivers

28
23
18
18
26
18

Machine tool operators
Mail carriers
Meatcutters
Merchant marine officers




10

2
26

Merchant marine sailors
M illw rights
Models
Molders
Motion picture projectionists
Motorcycle mechanics
Musicians

16
4
33
2 or 39
25
24
33

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants

28

Operating engineers

14

Painters and paperhangers
Parking attendants
Pest controllers
Photographic laboratory occupations
Physical therapist assistants and aides
Plasterers
Postal clerks
Power truck operators
Private household workers
Production painters

15
18
9
3
28
15
5
4
9
4

Respiratory therapy workers
Retail trade sales workers
Roofers
Route drivers

29
15
14
13 or 18

Shipping and receiving clerks
Shoe repairers
Shop trades
Signal department workers
Singers
Social service aides
Station agents
Stationary engineers
Stock clerks

5
26
17
17
33
32
17
4
5

Taxicab drivers
Telegraphers, telephoners, and
tower operators
Telephone and PBX installers and
repairers
Television and radio service technicians
Tilesetters
Track workers
Truck mechanics and bus m echanics

18

23
26
15
17
24

Vending machine mechanics

25

Waiters and waitresses
Watch repairers
Welders

10
26
2

17

2
5
10

16

P le a s e u s e the order form below or a separate sheet of paper to order reprints. You may order these re­
prints from the follow ing BLS regional offices.

Bureau of Labor Statistics Regional Offices
Boston

Chicago

1603 Federal Bldg., Governm ent Center
Boston, Mass. 02203

9th Floor, Federal Office Bldg.
230 South Dearborn St., Chicago, III. 60604

New York

Dallas

Suite 3400
1515 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10036

2nd Floor, 555 Griffin Square Bldg.
Dallas, Tex. 75202

Philadelphia

Kansas City

P.O. Box 13309
Philadelphia, Pa. 19101

911 W alnut St.
Kansas City, Mo. 64106

Atlanta

San Francisco

1371 Peachtree St. N.E.
Atlanta, Ga. 30309

450 Golden Gate Ave., Box 36017
San Francisco, Calif. 94102

Please send the follow ing reprint(s) from the Occupational Outlook Hand­

ORDER FORM

book, 1978-79 Edition.
Make checks payable to the Superintendent of Documents.
(NOTE: There is a minimum charge of $1 for each mail order. A discount
of 25 percent w ill be allowed on purchases of 100 or more copies of a sin­
gle reprint when mailed to a single address.)

Reprint No.

Quantity

Name
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Street Address
City

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(1 Please send a flyer which cross-references all Occupational Outlook
Handbook occupations and industries to the reprint in which they appear.
Total x 50 cents --- $

Please s e n d _________ set(s) of all 42 reprints x $8 Total amount $



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274-743

U. S. D epartm ent of Labor
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