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Industry Wage Survey:
Candy and Other
Confectionery Products
August 1975
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
1977
Bulletin 1939
Industry Wage Survey:
Candy and Other
Confectionery Products
August 1975
U.S. Department of Labor
Ray Marshall, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Julius Shiskin, Commissioner
1977
Bulletin 1939
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Preface
This bulletin summarizes the results of a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of wages and supple
mentary benefits in the candy and other confectionery products manufacturing industry in August
1975. A similar survey was conducted in August 1970.
Separate releases were issued earlier for Chicago, 111; Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif.; New York,
N.Y.; Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J.; and San Francisco-Oakland, Calif. Copies of these releases are avail
able from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212, or any of its regional offices.
This study was conducted in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The analysis
in this bulletin was prepared by Mark Sieling of the Division of Occupational Wage Structures. Field
work for the survey was directed by the Associate Regional Commissioners for Labor Statistics.
Other reports available from the Bureau’s program of industry wage studies, as well as the
addresses of the Bureau’s regional offices, are listed at the end of this bulletin.
Material in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced without the per
mission of the Federal Government. Please credit the Bureau of Labor Statistics and cite the name
and number of the publication.
iii
Contents
Page
Summary.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Industry characteristics................................................................................................................................................................... 1
E m ploym ent........................................................................................................................................................................ 1
Principal p ro d u c t................................................................................................................................................................ 2
Establishment size................................................................................................................................................................ 2
Union contract coverage...................................................................................................................................................... 2
Method of wage paym ent................................................................................................................................................... 2
Average hourly earnings................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Occupational earnings................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions................................................................................................... 5
Scheduled weekly hours and shift practices..................................................................................................................... 5
Paid holidays...........................................................................................................................................................................5
Paid vacations........................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Health, insurance, and retirement plans............................................................................................................................ 5
Other selected benefits........................................................................................................................................................ 6
Text tables:
1. Distribution of employment in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing,
by principal product, August 1975 ............................................................................................................................. 2
2. Pay differential^ between men and women,1960-75 .............................................................................................3
3. Occupational pay relatives and pay changes in candy and other confectionery products
manufacturing, August 1970 and August 1975 ........................................................................................................ 4
Reference tables:
1. Average hourly earnings: By selected characteristics ..........................................................................................
7
2. Earnings distribution: All production w o rk e rs...................................................................................................
g
Occupational averages—
3. All establishments...................................................................................................................................................... 9
4. By size of establishment.............................................................................................................................................. 11
5. By labor-management contract coverage andsize of establishm ent..........................................................................12
6. By method of wage payment .................................................................................................................................... 14
Occupational earnings7. Chicago, 111......................................................................................................................................................................16
8. Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif..................................................................................................................................... 17
9. New York, N.Y.............................................................................................................................................................. 18
10. Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J...................................................................................................................................................... 19
11. San Francisco-Oakland, Calif........................................................................................................................................20
Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions—
12. Method of wage paym ent............................................................................................................................................ 21
13. Scheduled weekly h o u rs...............................................................................................................................................21
14. Shift differential provisions ....................................................................................................................................... 22
15. Shift differential practices .................................
23
16. Paid h o lidays................................................................................................................................................................ 24
17. Paid vacations ..............................................................................................................................................................25
18. Health, insurance, and retirement plans..................................................................................................................... 27
19. Other selected benefits ...............................................................................................................................................28
v
Contents—Continued
Page
Appendixes:
A.
Occupational pay matrix.............................................................................................................................................. 29
B.
Scope and method of survey.......................................................................................................................................31
C.
Occupational descriptions............................................................................................................................................ 34
VI
Candy and Other Confectionery Products, August 1975
Establishments covered by the 1975 survey employed
40,286 production workers4— 16-percent decline from the
a
August 1970 survey level. Employment cutbacks of at least
15 percent occurred in 11 of the 20 occupations studied
separately. Especially sharp drops of 57 and 45 percent
for helpers assisting enrobing- and mogul-machine operators,
respectively, 37 percent for bulk packers, and 30 percent
for wrapping-machine operators were indicative of produc
tion cutbacks related to higher candy prices and lower
candy consumption levels in 1975. Since the August 1975
survey, however, employment in the industry has im
proved— monthly production job totals for the period
the
January-June 1976 were about 9 to 18 percent higher than
the corresponding months a year earlier.
Summary
Straight-time earnings of production and related workers
in the candy and other confectionery products manufactur
ing industry averaged $3.60 an hour in August 1975. Fourfifths of the 40,286 production workers in the study1 had
hourly earnings between $2.10 and $4.50 with the middle
half earning from $2.84 to $4.19 an hour. About half of
the production work force were women; their pay average
of $3.25 was 19 percent below that for men.
Regionally, averages ranged from $2.94 in the Southeast
to $4.01 in the Pacific region.2 Workers in the Great Lakes
and Middle Atlantic regions—
about three-fifths of the in
dustry’s work force—
averaged $3.90 and $3.77 an hour,
respectively.
In August 1975, the Great Lakes States accounted for
slightly over one-third of all candy workers and the
Middle Atlantic States for one-fourth. The New England,
Southeast, and Pacific regions each accounted for less
than one-tenth.
Among the occupations studied separately, average
hourly earnings ranged from $2.74 for hand dippers to $5.77
for maintenance machinists. Fancy hand packers, the largest
group, averaged $3.08. Occupational earnings varied by size
of establishment, labor-management contract coverage,
and method of wage payment, among other wage-deter
mining variables.
On a national level, about seven-eighths of the workers
were employed in metropolitan areas as opposed to non
metropolitan areas. Among the regions, the porportion
of workers in metropolitan areas ranged from two-thirds
in the Southeast to nearly all in the New England
and Middle Atlantic regions. The five metropolitan areas
studied separately in this survey employed 14,174 workers,
slightly more than a third of the survey total. About 8,600
workers were employed in the Chicago area, with ap
proximately 900 to 1,900 in each of the remaining
areas (tables 7-11).
Paid holidays, usually 8 to 11 annually, and paid vaca
tions were provided to nearly all workers in the survey.
Typical vacation provisions ranged from 1 week of vacation
pay after 1 year of service to at least 4 weeks after 20 years.
Life, hospitalization, surgical, and basic medical insurance
plans each covered over 90 percent of the workers; pension
plans were available to about seven-tenths.
Industry characteristics
Women, who made up 54 percent of the production
work force, constituted a majority of the workers reported
as hand dippers, enrobing-machine helpers, filling-machine
E m p lo y m e n t. The industry’s employment level is affected
greatly by heavy seasonal demands which occur at Hallo
ween, Christmas, and Easter. Employment typically drops
to its lowest point in July, rises sharply in August, and
reaches its peak in October or November. During the period
August 1970-75, production employment in the peak sea
son generally has exceeded the lowest level by about 10 to
25 percent.3
4
The estimate o f the number o f production workers is only
a general guide to the size and composition of the labor force in
cluded in the survey. It differs from the number in the Bureau’s
monthly series (42,100 in August 1975) because of the exclusion
of establishments employing fewer than 20 workers and the plan
ning necessary to assemble lists of establishments considerably in
advance o f data collection. Thus, omitted are new establishments
and establishments originally classified in the candy and other
confectionery products industry but found to be in other industries
at the time of the survey. Also omitted are establishments manu
facturing candy and other confectionery products, but classified in
correctly in other industries at the time the lists were compiled.
1See appendix B for scope and method of survey.
2For definition of regions, see table B-l in appendix B.
3 See Employment and Earnings, United States, 1909- 75, Bulletin
1312-10 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1976).
1
operators, candy inspectors, hand packers, and wrappingmachine operators. Men predominated in such occupations
as candy maker, enrobing-machine operator, janitor, laborer,
machinist, and mechanic. The proportion of women em
ployed in the industry ranged from three-fifths in the
Pacific region to slightly under one-half in the Middle
Atlantic region. Women were a majority in three of the
selected metropolitan areas—
Los Angeles-Long Beach, New
York, and San Francisco-Oakland.
of the establishments covered employed from 100 to 249
workers and three-fifths employed from 20 to 99 workers.
Each of these two size-groups accounted for approximately
one-fifth of the work force.
Union c o n tra c t coverage. Establishments with labor-man
agement contracts covering a majority of their production
workers accounted for slightly over half the industry’s
work force in 1975. The proportion of workers covered
by collective bargaining agreements was nine-tenths in the
Pacific region, about two-thirds in the Middle Atlantic
and Great Lakes regions, two-fifths in New England, and
under one-tenth in the Southeast.
The extent of unionization varied by size of establish
ment. About two-thirds of the workers in establishments
employing 100 workers or more were in plants operating
under collective bargaining agreements; in establishments
of 20-99 workers, the proportion was about one-third.
The American Bakery and Confectionery Workers’
International Union (AFL-CIO) was the principal union
of the industry in all regions but the Great Lakes; there,
the Teamsters (Ind.) contracts covered slightly more
workers (28 percent compared to 23 percent).
P rincipal p ro d u c t. Nationally, establishments whose prin
cipal products were either boxed chocolates or other pack
aged goods employed half of all production workers.
Plants chiefly producing candy bars employed about onefifth. Plants chiefly producing 5- and 10-cent specialities,
bulk goods, or nuts each accounted for 7 to 9 percent of
the work force. There was^ however, considerable inter
regional variation in the distribution of workers employed
by enterprises in the various product categories, as shown in
text table 1.
Domestic shipments of candy and other confectionery
products decreased 15 percent during the period 1970-75,
from a record 3,938 million pounds in 1970 to 3,357 million
in 1975.5 Price increases of basic input commodities in
1974, especially cane and beet sugar, and a corresponding
increase in the average per-pound value of candy and
confectionery products, from 48 cents in 1970 to 84 cents
in 1975, probably had an important influence on reduced
shipments. As retail candy prices advanced, per capita
consumption dropped to 16.3 pounds in 1975— lowest
its
level in nearly 20 years.
M e th o d o f w age p a y m e n t. Approximately nine-tenths of
all production workers were paid time rates (table 12).
Such rates were usually determined according to formal
plans providing either single rates or a range of rates for
specific jobs.
Incentive pay systems, covering 11 percent of all produc
tion workers nationwide, applied to 15 percent of the
workers in the Great Lakes region; to about 10 percent in
the New England, Middle Atlantic, and Southeast regions;
and to virtually none of the workers in the Pacific region.
Within the selected areas, incentive-paid workers made up
approximately one-third of the production workers in
Philadelphia; one-fifth in Chicago; and under 5 percent in
New York, Los Angeles-Long Beach and San FranciscoOakland.
At the national level, few occupations employed a
significant proportion of incentive-paid workers. Only
E sta b lish m en t size. Slightly less than one-fifth of the 349
establishments covered by this survey employed 250
workers or more, but these accounted for about threefifths of the total production work force. About one-fifth
5See Confectionery Manufacturers’ Sales and Distribution 1975
(U.S. Department of Commerce, Domestic and International Busi
ness Administration, June 1976.)
Text table 1.
Distribution of employment in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing, by principal product,
August 1975
United
States
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Southeast
Great
Lakes
Pacific
All p ro d u cts ...................................................
100
100
100
100
100
100
Candy b ars.........................................................................
5 - and 10-cent specialities............................................
Boxed chocolates............................................................
Other packaged goods......................................................
Bulk goods.........................................................................
Salted n u ts .........................................................................
All o t h e r ............................................................................
18
9
24
27
9
7
6
8
12
53
8
10
2
7
18
12
21
30
13
1
5
20
7
29
23
2
12
7
30
6
9
37
6
4
8
Principal product
2
6
—
18
12
28
28
8
Differences in average pay levels for men and women
may result from several factors, including variations in the
distribution of men and women among establishments and
jobs with disparate pay levels. Differences in average earn
ings for men and women in the same occupation and area
may reflect minor differences in duties. Job descriptions
are more generalized in wage surveys than in individual
establishments because allowance must be made for pos
sible differences among establishments in specific duties
performed. To the extent that individual pay rates are
adjusted for length of service, longer average service can re
sult in higher average pay for one sex than for the other
when both are employed within the same rate range.
three—
hand dippers (57 percent), fancy hand packers (27
percent), and mogul operators’ helpers (26 percent)—
even
exceeded 20 percent.
Average hourly earnings
Straight-time earnings of production and related workers
averaged $3.60 an hour in August 19756— 43 percent
up
since a similar survey was conducted in August 1970 (table
1). The average annual rate of increase during this period
was 7.4 percent, compared with 6.3 percent recorded dur
ing the 1965-70 period and 3.8 percent during the 196065 period.7
Average wage levels ranged from $4.01 an hour in the
Pacific region to $2.94 in the Southeast in 1975. In the
Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions, which employed
about three-fifths of the workers, earnings averaged $3.90
and $3.77 respectively. Among the 5 areas for which
separate data were developed, hourly earnings averaged the
most in San Francisco-Oakland ($4.57) and the least in
New York ($3.27).
Nationally, men averaged $4.00 an hour compared with
$3.25 for women (a difference of 19 percent). The average
hourly wage advantage for men ranged from 54 cents in
the Southeast region to 85 cents in the Great Lakes region
in 1975.
Since 1960, relative pay differences between the sexes
have narrowed nationwide and in most regions, even though
the cents-per-hour spreads have widened, as shown in text
table 2.
On the average, production workers in establishments
employing 250 workers or more held a 17-percent hourly
wage advantage over those in establishments of 100-249
($3.89 to $3.32); and a 31-percent advantage over those in
establishments of 20-99 ($3.89 to $2.97). Regionally,
the wage rate advantages of workers in the largest establish
ment size-group over workers in the other two respectively,
were, 14 and 14 percent in the Southeast; 30 and 40 per
cent in the Great Lakes; and 25 and 58 percent in the
Middle Atlantic. In the Pacific region, workers in establish
ments of 100-249 workers averaged 7 percent more than
those in establishments of 250 or more ($4.34 to $4.04);
and had a 15-percent advantage over those in establish
ments of 20-99 ($4.34 to $3.79).
Establishments having labor-management contracts cover
ing a majority of the production workers paid an average of
$3.80 an hour, 45 cents, or 13 percent, more than establish
ments without majority coverage. In the Middle Atlantic
region, however, nonunion workers averaged more than
their union counterparts, $4.29 an hour compared with
$3.51 an hour. This relationship may result to some extent
from the higher proportion of nonunion workers in the
largest, and highest paying, establishments— percent
70
compared to 43 percent. In the Great Lakes region, where
the union pay differential favoring union workers was
15 percent, four-fifths of the workers in union plants were
part of a large-scale operation, i.e., those employing 250
workers or more. Only about half of the workers in non
union plants were employed in such large establishments.
6The straight-time average hourly earnings in this bulletin
differ in concept from the gross average hourly earnings published
in the Bureau’s monthly hours and earnings series ($3.94 in August
1975). Unlike the latter, the estimates presented here exclude
premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts. Average earnings were calculated by summing indi
vidual hourly earnings and dividing by the number of individuals in
the monthly series, the sum of the employee-hour totals reported by
establishments in the industry was divided into the reported payroll
totals.
7See Industry Wage Survey: Candy and other Confectionery
Products, September 1965, Bulletin 1520, (Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, 1966) and Industry Wage Survey: Candy and other Confection
ery Products, August 1970, BLS Bulletin 1732, (1972).
Text table 2.
Pay differentials between men and women, 1960-75
Wage advantage for men
Region
1970
1965
1960
1975
Cents
per hour
Percent
Cents
per hour
Percent
Cents
per hour
Percent
Cents
per hour
Percent
United States. . . .
42
30
42
25
58
26
75
23
New England.............................
Middle A t la n t ic ......................
Southeast...................................
Great L a k e s .............................
Pacific.........................................
47
39
18
49
42
36
27
15
32
25
45
44
12
51
44
28
26
8
30
21
54
63
28
59
72
25
28
15
25
27
63
65
54
85
73
20
19
20
24
20
3
The above discussion has illustrated some of the inter
relationships of such wage-determining factors as com
munity size, establishment size, and union contract cover
age. However, this survey did not determine the independ
ent influence on earnings of any one characteristic.
Individual earnings were widely dispersed and ranged
from under $2.10 to over $6.80 an hour in August 1975
(table 2). The middle half of these workers had hourly
earnings from $2.84 to $4.19, in comparison with $2.04
to $2.84 in August 1970. The relative dispersion of earn
ings (computed by dividing the range between the first
and third quartile in the earnings array by the median)
was 39 percent in 1975— increase over the 33 percent
an
recorded in 1970.
for enrobing-machine operators’ helpers; $3.59 for in
spectors; $3.05 for bulk hand packers; $3.69 for candy bar
hand packers; and $3.51 for wrapping—
machine operators.
Among jobs usually filled by men, class A candy makers
(those possessing the full range of candy mixing and cook
ing skills) averaged $4.25 an hour; class B candy makers
(who make candy according to formula or under the
direction of others) averaged $3.92; enrobing-machine
operators (men only) averaged $4.25; and material handling
laborers averaged $3.72.
The occupational wage structure of workers making
candy and other confectionery products was basically the
same in August 1975 as that reported in the Bureau of
Labor Statistics’ 1970 survey. The mean change in pay
differences among the 20 occupational classifications
studied in both years was only 1 percentage point—
well
below the average spread required for a statistically signifi
cant change. (See appendix A.) As further evidence of
stability, 9 of the 10 classifications fell into the middle
range of occupational pay levels for both years (text
table 3).
Occupational earnings
Occupations for which earnings data are presented in
table 3 accounted for nearly three-fifths of the produc
tion workers in the 1975 survey. The occupations were
selected to represent the skill levels and types of operations
found in the industry. National averages for these jobs
ranged from $2.74 an hour for hand dippers (nearly all
women) to $5.77 an hour for machinists (nearly all men).
Fancy hand packers, mostly women and the largest occupa
tional group studied separately, averaged $3.08 an hour.
Average hourly earnings of women in other numerically
important jobs staffed predominantly by them were $3.44
Wage relationships within individual regions did not
always follow the national pattern in 1975. Class B candy
makers, for example, averaged 33 cents an hour more,
nationally, than did candy makers’ helpers ($3.92 com
pared to $3.59). In the Great Lakes region, however, candy
makers’ helpers had a slightly higher average than class B
candy makers ($4.20 compared to $4.18). This relationship
Text table 3.
Occupational pay relatives and pay changes in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing,
August 1970 and August 1975
Pay relative
(Dippers' rate = 100)
Occupation
Average hourly earnings
1970
4
Dollar
amount,
1975
Percent
change,
1970-75
207
192
166
163
148
144
132
140
128
126
132
130
122
127
123
116
127
108
106
100
Machinists, m aintenance......................................................................
Mechanics, m ain ten ance......................................................................
Maintenance workers, general u t i l i t y ...............................................
Candy makers, Class A .........................................................................
Mogul operators.....................................................................................
Enrobing-machine operators...............................................................
Filling-machine operators.....................................................................
Candy makers. Class B .........................................................................
Mogul operators' h elpers......................................................................
Packers, hand, candy b a r s ..................................................................
Laborers, material h a n d lin g ...............................................................
Janitors.....................................................................................................
I nspectors, c a n d y ..................................................................................
Candy makers' h e lp e rs .........................................................................
Wrapping machine-operators...............................................................
Enrobing-machine operators' helpers...............................................
W a tc h m e n ...............................................................................................
Packers, hand, f a n c y ............................................................................
Packers, hand, b u l k ...............................................................................
Dippers, h a n d .........................................................................................
1975
211
194
169
155
149
145
144
143
140
136
136
132
132
131
128
124
121
112
109
100
$5.77
5.31
4.62
4.25
4.08
3.97
3.95
3.92
3.84
3.74
3.72
3.62
3.61
3.59
3.52
3.41
3.31
3.08
3.00
2.74
42
40
41
32
40
40
51
42
52
50
43
41
50
44
45
49
32
45
44
39
resulted from a greater proportion of the helpers being em
ployed in higher paying establishments than class B candy
makers. When comparisons were limited to establishments
employing both groups, class B candy makers earned more
than helpers in virtually all cases.
The highest occupational averages were usually found
in the Great Lakes or Pacific regions; the lowest in the
Southeast. Wage advantages for workers in the Great
Lakes over those in the Southeast ranged from 56 percent
for janitors to 14 percent for maintenance mechanics.
For the Pacific over the Southeast, the spread was highest
for laborers (58 percent) and lowest for mechanics (18 per
cent). Interregional variations for three occupations are
illustrated in the following tabulation, which presents re
gional averages as a percent of those in the Southeast.
Region
Class A
candy makers
Great Lakes..............
Pacific........................
Middle Atlantic
..
New England. . .
.
Southeast.................
152
146
130
121
100
Hand
packers, fancy
146
142
130
125
100
Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions
Data also were obtained for production workers on cer
tain establishment practices, such as work schedules and
shift practices, and on selected supplementary wage bene
fits, including paid holidays, paid vacations, and health,
insurance and retirement plans.
Scheduled weekly hours and shift practices
Work schedules of 40 hours a week were in effect in
establishments employing 95 percent of the production
work force (table 13). Slightly less than seven-eighths of the
workers were in establishments having formal provisions for
late shifts (table 14). At the time of the survey, however,
only about one-fifth of the workers were actually employed
on second shifts and less than 5 percent on third shifts
(table 15). Late shift workers usually received extra pay
above day-shift rates, the most common premium being
10 cents an hour for second-shift work and 26 cents on
third shifts.
Wrappingmachine
operators
136
147
131
124
100
P aid h o lid a ys. Nearly all establishments granted paid holi
Occupational averages were generally higher in estab
lishments employing 250 workers or more than in smaller
establishments, nationally, and in the regions where such
comparisons could be made (table 4). Occupational aver
ages by establishment size and labor-management contract
status are presented in table 5.
Incentive-paid workers typically averaged more than
time-rated workers in the same occupations (table 6). For
example, incentive-paid wrapping-machine operators aver
aged 9 cents more than their time-rate counterparts in the
Middle Atlantic region and 42 cents more in the Great
Lakes, and on a national level they had an advantage of 46
cents.
Earnings of the highest paid workers within a given oc
cupation and area frequently exceeded those of the lowest
paid by at least $3 an hour (tables 7-11). Consequently,
some workers in jobs with relatively low averages (as com
pared to the overall average in the industry) earned more
than some workers in jobs with much higher averages. The
extent of such overlap is illustrated by the following tabula
tion, which shows the number of class A candy makers
(average $5.25) and candy bar hand packers (average $4.10)
in Chicago by specific earnings intervals:
Class A
candy makers
$2.80
$3.20
$3.60
$4.00
$4.40
$4.80
$5.20
$5.60
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
under $3.20 . . . .
under $3.60 . . . .
under $4.00 . . . ,
under $4.40 . . . .
under $4.80 . . . .
under $5.20 . . .
under $5.60 . . .
over.........................
P aid vacation s. Paid vacations, after qualifying periods of
service, were provided by establishments employing vir
tually all the workers (table 17). The most common pro
visions nationwide were 1 week’s vacation pay after 1 year
of service, 2 weeks after 3 years, 3 weeks after 10 years,
and 4 weeks after 20 years. Slightly over half of the workers
in the New England and Great Lakes regions were eligible
for 5 weeks after 25 years.
H ea lth , insurance , an d re tire m e n t plans. Life, hospitaliza
tion, surgical, and medical insurance plans, at least partially
paid for by employers, were available in establishments
employing nine-tenths or more of the production workers
(table 18). Accidental death and dismemberment insurance,
and sickness and accident insurance and/or sick leave each
applied to about four-fifths of the workers. Retirement
pension plans, in addition to Federal social security benefits,
were available in establishments employing seven-tenths of
the workers.
There was little regional variation in the incidence of
life, hospitalization, surgical, and medical plans—
each
applying to at least 85 percent of the workers in every
region shown separately. But, for other benefits some dif
ferences in worker coverage were found among regions.
Hand packers,
candy bars
3
4
2
22
21
17
64
81
days annually to their employees (table 16). Regionally,
the number of holidays most commonly provided ranged
from 12.5 days in New England to 5 days in the South
east. Workers in the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes re
gions usually received 10 or 11 days, while those in the
Pacific region typically received 9 days.
1
108
17
46
49
53
—
-
5
In the Middle Atlantic region, for example, only about twofifths were covered by major medical plans compared to
over nine-tenths in the others.
separately (table 19). Establishments reporting provisions
for technological severance pay employed two-fifths of
the workers in the Middle Atlantic States. Such payments
to workers, separated from employment through no fault
of their own, were rarely found in other regions. Cost-ofliving adjustments applied to about one-tenth of the indus
try’s work force, nationwide, to one-fifth of those in the
Middle Atlantic and one-fourth in the Pacific regions.
O th er se lec ted b en efits. Pay provisions for funeral leave and
jury duty pay were reported in establishments employing
a majority of the work force in each of the regions studied
6
Table 1. Average hourly earnings: By selected characteristics
(Num ber and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of production workers in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments, by selected characteristics, United
States and selected regions, August 1975)
United States2
New England
Middle A tlantic
Southeast
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Num ber
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
ALL WOBKERS.............................................................
BEN...........................................................................
HOREN.....................................................................
4 0 ,2 8 6
1 8 ,5 5 8
2 1 ,7 2 8
$ 3 .6 0
4 .0 0
3 .2 5
2 ,9 0 9
1 ,3 0 5
1 ,6 0 4
$ 3 .3 9
3 .7 3
3 . 10
9 ,2 5 6
4 ,6 8 6
4 ,5 7 0
$ 3 .7 7
4 .0 9
3 .4 4
3 ,0 3 3
1 ,3 3 0
1 ,7 0 3
$ 2 .9 4
3 .2 4
2 .7 0
S IZ E OF COMMUNITY:
METROPOLITAN AREAS:................................
NONMETROPOLITAN AREAS...........................
3 5 ,5 8 2
4 ,7 0 4
3 .6 5
3 .1 9
2 ,6 4 0
3 .3 6
9 ,2 5 6
3 .7 7
1 ,9 6 8
1 ,0 6 5
S IZ E OF ESTABLISHMENT:
2 0 - 9 9 NORKERS................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 HORKERS...........................................
2 5 0 RORKBRS CR MORE................................
7 ,5 9 3
8 ,3 1 8
2 4 ,3 7 5
2 .9 7
3 .3 2
3 .8 9
Item
LABOR-MANAGBMENT CONTRACTS:
ESTABLISHMENTS WITH—
MAJORITY OF HORKERS COVERED...........
NONE OR MINORITY OF HORKERS
COVERED...........................................................
2 1 ,9 3 8
3 .3 5
404
2 .5 8
-
2 ,3 2 1
3 .4 9
1 ,7 8 6
2 ,6 8 5
4 ,7 8 5
6 ,1 8 8
3 .3 2
3 ,0 6 8
4 .2 9
-
2 .7 4
3 .4 6
4 .3 3
Num ber
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
1 4 ,2 9 4
6 ,9 8 2
7 ,3 1 2
$ 3 .9 0
4 .3 3
3 .4 8
3 ,3 2 9
1 ,3 6 4
1 ,9 6 5
$ 4 .0 1
4 .4 4
3 .7 1
3 .1 6
2 .5 2
1 2 ,1 7 1
2 , 123
3 .9 7
3 .4 9
2 ,6 2 9
4 . 12
431
621
1 ,9 8 1
2 .7 0
2 .6 9
3 .0 7
2 ,1 9 3
2 ,5 7 7
9 ,5 2 4
3 .0 5
3 .2 8
4 .2 6
1 , 2C9
7C8
1 ,4 1 2
8 ,8 6 9
4 .1 3
3 ,0 3 3
4 .1 0
2 ,8 4 0
2 .9 7
5 ,4 2 5
3 .5 1
2 96
3 .0 6
1 Excludes premium pay for Overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
3 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. O ffice o f Management and Budget through Feb. 8, 1974.
N O T E : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria.
Pacific
Average
hourly
earnings
3 .5 1
1 ,6 3 7
-
3 .8 0
1 8 ,3 4 8
-
Great Lakes
Num ber
of
workers
-
-
3 .7 9
4 .3 4
4 .0 4
Table 2. Earnings distribution: All production workers
(Percent distribution of production workers in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments, by average straight-time hourly earnings, United States
and selected regions, August 1975)
United States2
Average hourly earnings'
Total
NUMBER OF HORKERS......................................
AVERAGE HOURLY EARRING S....................
Men
4 0 ,2 8 6
$ 3 .6 0
1 8 ,5 5 8
$ 4 .0 0
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Southeast
2 1 ,7 2 8
$ 3 .2 5
2 ,9 0 9
$ 3 .3 9
9 ,2 5 6
$ 3 .7 7
Women
Great
Lakes
Pacific
3 ,0 3 3
$ 2 .9 4
1 4 ,2 9 4
$ 3 .9 0
3 ,3 2 9
$ 4 .0 1
TOTAL............
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
UNDER
$ 2 .1 0
$ 2 .2 0
$ 2 .3 0
$ 2 .4 0
$ 2 . 1 0 ____
AND UNDER
AND UNDER
AND UNDER
AND UNDER
$ 2 . 2 0 ...........................
$ 2 . 3 0 ...........................
$ 2 . 4 0 ...........................
$ 2 . 5 0 ...........................
0 .1
4 .0
3 .5
3 .8
3 .2
0 .1
1 .3
2 .0
2 .2
1 .4
0. 1
6 .3
4 .7
5 .2
4 .7
7 .6
2 .0
1 .2
1 .4
2 .4
2 .5
1 .6
2 .0
_
7 .9
4 .9
1 4 .3
8 .5
_
3 .3
2. 1
1 .0
1 .7
_
0 .4
.4
1 .5
1 .9
$ 2 .5 0
$ 2 .6 0
$ 2 .7 0
$ 2 .8 0
$ 2 .9 0
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
$ 2 . 6 0 ...........................
$ 2 . 7 0 ...........................
$ 2 . 8 0 ...........................
$ 2 . 9 0 ...........................
$ 3 . 0 0 ...........................
3 .4
2 .8
3 .4
2. 1
3 .6
2 .7
1 .5
2. 5
1 .4
2 .3
3 .9
3 .9
4 .2
2 .8
4 .6
2 .2
1 .7
.9
.5
5 .6
3 .2
2 .5
4 .1
1 .7
3 .1
5 .6
6 .5
3 .7
6 .7
5 .7
1 .4
2 .1
2 .1
1 .9
3 .8
.7
.6
.7
1 .4
.2
$ 3 .0 0
$ 3 . 10
$ 3 .2 0
$ 3 .3 0
$ 3 .4 0
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
$ 3 . 1 0 ...........................
$ 3 . 2 0 ...........................
$ 3 . 3 0 ...........................
$ 3 . 4 0 ...........................
$ 3 . 5 0 ...........................
3 .3
5 .9
3 .7
4 .0
3 .8
3 .7
4 .6
2. 5
2 .7
3. 1
2 .9
7 .0
4 .7
5 .1
4 .4
1 1 .9
6 .6
6 .8
8 .0
9 .6
3 .0
9 .6
4 .9
1 .6
2 .9
3 .2
2. 1
3 .2
4 .3
3 .2
1 .7
4 .9
3 .2
1 .7
4 .1
1 .4
.5
3 .5
1 4 .7
.8
$ 3 .5 0
$ 3 .6 0
$ 3 .7 0
$ 3 .8 0
$ 3 .9 0
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
$ 3 . 6 0 ...........................
$ 3 . 7 0 ...........................
$ 3 . 8 0 ...........................
$ 3 . 9 0 ...........................
$ 4 . 0 0 ...........................
3 .4
3 .4
5 .0
3 .4
3 .0
4. 1
4 .5
3 .9
4 .8
3 .3
2 .8
2 .5
6 .0
2 .2
2 .8
3 .3
3 .4
2 .6
3 .0
2 .0
3 .0
3 .4
5 .4
3 .2
3 .6
4 .3
3 .0
2 .0
1 .2
1 .2
4 .2
4 .3
7 .1
3 .7
2 .9
1 .7
3 .8
1 .9
8 .1
7 .7
$ 4 .0 0
$ 4 .1 0
$ 4 .2 0
$ 4 .3 0
$ 4 .4 0
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
$ 4 . 1 0 ...........................
$ 4 . 2 0 ...........................
$ 4 . 3 0 ...........................
$ 4 . 4 0 ...........................
$ 4 . 5 0 ...........................
3 .8
2 .7
3. 1
1 .7
3 .1
4. 1
2 .4
4 .1
2 .7
2 .9
3 .5
3 .0
2 .2
.9
3 .3
2 .3
2 .3
1 .8
1 .4
2 .0
4 .5
1 .2
2 .5
1 .4
6 .9
.7
.7
1 .5
.7
.3
3 .3
5 .6
4 .1
2 .3
3 .1
1 1 .7
2 .3
8 .0
3 .2
2 .0
$ 4 . 5 0 AND UNDER $ 4 . 6 0 ...........................
$ 4 . 6 0 AND UNDER $ 4 . 7 0 ...........................
$ 4 . 7 0 AND UNDER $ 4 . 8 0 ...........................
$ 4 . 8 0 AND UNDER $ 4 . 9 0 ...........................
$ 4 . 9 0 AND UNDER $ 5 . 0 0 ...........................
1 .5
1 .3
1 .5
1 .5
.9
2 .3
2 .2
2 .6
2 .2
1 .0
.8
.5
.6
.8
.8
1 .7
1 .2
.7
1 .5
1 .2
2 .3
1 .1
2 .4
1 .2
.2
.8
.6
. 1
.5
1 .0
1 .3
1 .6
2. 1
1 .9
1 .7
3 .1
1 .3
1 .4
3 .5
.8
$ 5 .0 0
$ 5 .1 0
$ 5 .2 0
$ 5 .3 0
$ 5 .4 0
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
$ 5 . 1 0 ...........................
$ 5 . 2 0 . . ......................
$ 5 . 3 0 ...........................
$ 5 . 4 0 ...........................
$ 5 . 5 0 ...........................
1 .5
1 .2
.7
1 .2
1 .0
1 .9
1 .4
1. 4
2 .2
2 .0
1 .1
1 .0
.1
.3
.1
.8
.6
.5
.4
.2
1 .8
.1
.8
2 .9
.5
. 1
.2
.1
.3
.2
2 .4
3 .1
1 .2
.9
2 .2
1 .3
.4
.5
1. 1
.8
$ 5 .5 0
$ 5 .6 0
$ 5 .7 0
$ 5 .8 0
$ 5 .9 0
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
$ 5 . 6 0 ...........................
$ 5 . 7 0 ...........................
$ 5 . 8 0 ...........................
$ 5 . 9 0 ...........................
$ 6 . 0 0 ...........................
.3
.5
.3
.2
.4
.6
1. 1
.6
. 5
.9
(*)
<*>
.1
.3
.3
.3
.1
. 1
.3
.2
<*>
1 .0
.2
.3
.2
.5
1 .0
.4
.2
.5
.6
.5
.1
.2
.2
$ 6 .0 0
$ 6 .2 0
$ 6 .4 0
$ 6 .6 0
$ 6 .8 0
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
O V ER..
$ 6 . 2 0 ...........................
$ 6 . 4 0 ...........................
$ 6 . 6 0 ...........................
$ 6 . 8 0 ...........................
.9
.8
.2
.3
.6
2 .0
1 .6
.5
.7
1 .2
_
_
(*)
-
(* )
(*)
1 .3
1 .3
.2
.6
1 .6
. 1
.1
(*)
.9
.7
.6
.5
.5
3 .2
1 .8
.1
.1
.2
(*)
(♦)
-
(*)
1Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
(*) Indicates less than 0.05 percent.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
~
Table 3. Occupational averages: All establishments
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1of workers in selected occupations in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments,
United States and selected regions, August 1975)
United States2
Occupation and sex
CANDY COTTERS.........................................................
HEN.............................................................................
WOMEN.......................................................................
CANDY M A K E R S ,
CLASS A t . . . . . . ...................
CANDY M A K E R S ,
CLASS B t ....................................
CANDY M A K E R S '
HELPERS......................................
MEN.............................................................................
WOMEN.......................................................................
CANDY-ROLLING MACHINE O P E R A T O R S ....
MEN.............................................................................
WOMEN.......................................................................
D IPPE R S, HAND5 .......................................................
.
ENROBING-MACHINE OPERATORS......................
MEN.............................................................................
WOMEN.......................................................................
ENROBING-MACHINE OPERATORS'
HELPERS.......................................................................
MEN.............................................................................
WOMEN.......................................................................
FILLING-M ACHINE OPERATORS.........................
MEN............................................................................
WOMEN.......................................................................
INSPECTO RS, CANDY...............................................
MEN............................................................................
WOMEN.......................................................................
JAN ITORS.......................................................................
MEN.............................................................................
WOMEN.......................................................................
LABORERS, MATERIAL HANDLING!.................
M ACHINISTS, MAINTENANCE!...........................
MAINTENANCE WORKERS,
GENERAL U T IL IT Y * ...............................................
MECHANICS, MAINTENANCE!..............................
MOGUL OPERATORS!.................................................
MOGOL OPERATORS' HELPER S!.........................
PACKERS, HAND, BULK.........................................
WOMEN.......................................................................
PACKERS, HAND, CANDY BARS.........................
HEN.............................................................................
WOMEN.......................................................................
PACKERS, HAND, FANCY!....................................
WATCHMEN.......................................................................
MEN.............................................................................
WRAPPING-MACHINE OPERATORS......................
MEN.............................................................................
WOMEN.......................................................................
See footnotes at end o f table.
New England
Number
of
workers
Mean3
162
97
65
89 8
1, 422
1 ,4 5 2
1 ,1 8 8
26 4
149
97
52
731
463
374
89
$ 3 .6 7
4 .0 0
3 .1 7
4 .2 5
3 .9 2
3 .5 9
3 .6 4
3 .3 4
3 .6 8
3 .5 5
3 .9 1
2 .7 4
3 .9 7
4 .2 5
2 .7 8
$ 3 .4 8
3 .8 8
2 .3 5
4 .3 0
3 .9 5
3 .4 9
3 .6 0
3 .3 0
3 .9 3
3 .4 5
3 .9 3
2 . 60
4 . 05
4 . 15
2 .7 0
674
78
596
1 ,2 4 4
231
1 ,0 1 3
718
37
681
1 ,6 4 7
1 ,4 2 8
219
2 ,0 0 3
261
3 .4 1
3 .2 2
3 .4 4
3 .9 5
5 .1 9
3 .6 6
3 .6 1
4 .0 3
3 .5 9
3 .6 2
3 .6 6
3 .3 8
3 .7 2
5 .7 7
3 .4 0
3 .0 0
3 .4 0
3 .8 9
5 .4 9
3 .7 7
3 .5 9
3 .8 4
3. 59
3 . 65
3 .6 5
3 . 31
3 .6 6
5 .8 5
2 .9 0 2 .7 2 2 .9 0 3 .2 1 4 .3 6 3 .0 0 3 .1 7 3 .7 7 3 . 153 .0 2 3 .0 2 2 .8 3 3 .0 2 5 .0 8 -
539
915
172
249
1 ,8 2 2
1 ,5 6 6
1 ,3 3 9
88
1 ,2 5 1
3 ,4 3 1
107
100
3 , 150
203
2 ,9 4 7
4 .6 2
5 .3 1
4 .0 8
3 .8 4
3 .0 0
3 .0 5
3 .7 4
4 .4 6
3 .6 9
3 .0 8
3 .3 1
3 .2 7
3 .5 2
3 .7 2
3 .5 1
4 .5 0
5 .3 5
4 . 00
3 .8 5
2 .8 5
2 .9 1
3 .5 7
4 .7 1
3 .5 5
2 .9 0
3 .2 5
3 .1 7
3 .5 9
3 .8 0
3 .5 9
4 .0 1 4 .7 0 3 .5 7 3 .4 0 2 .3 5 2 .4 8 3 .1 5 3 .5 5 3 .1 5 2 .4 0 2 .6 2 2 .5 8 2 .9 1 3 .0 9 2 .9 0 -
Hourly earnings1
Median3
Middle range3
$ 2 .6 5 - $ 4 .9 4
3 .0 0 4 .9 4
2 .3 4 4 .9 4
3 .3 5 5 .0 0
3 .2 3 4 .4 2
2 .8 2 4 . 14
2 .8 2 4 .2 5
2 .8 0 3 .9 3
3 .2 2 4 .2 1
3 .0 8 4 .2 8
3 .9 3 4 .2 1
2 .2 5 3 . 10
3 .1 5 4 .8 0
3 .6 8 4 .8 3
2 .2 5 3 . 20
Number
of
workers
Middle Atlantic
Hourly earnings1
Mean3
Median3
Middle range3
101
46
177
89
30
25
-
$ 3 .9 7
3 .3 6
3 .2 8
3 . 42
3 .8 5
4 .2 0
-
$ 4 .0 0
3 .4 4
3 .3 0
3 . 50
4 .1 8
4 .3 0
-
$ 3 .4 2 - $ 4 .3 0
2 .7 5 3 .8 0
3 .0 0 3 .5 0
3 . 103 .7 0
3 .5 3 4 .3 0
3 .9 6 4 .3 0
-
3 . 93
3 .5 0
3 .9 7
4 .4 0
6 .0 6
4 .4 0
4 . 19
4 . 25
4 . 19
4 .0 4
4 .0 4
3 .8 9
4 .2 7
6 .2 6
21
21
116
110
187
18
3 .2 3
3 .2 3
3 .1 0
3 . 10
3 .2 4
5 .3 1
3 .3 0
3 .3 0
3 .0 2
3 .0 2
3 .0 2
5 .3 5
3. 103 .1 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 0 3 .0 2 5 .1 8 -
5 . 15
5 .8 5
4 .3 7
4 .3 0
3 .5 1
3 . 55
4 .3 2
5 .3 5
4 . 10
3 .7 0
3 .7 6
3 .7 6
4 . 19
4 . 18
4 .1 9
22
58
24
31
31
332
32 1
319
4 .3 1
4 .7 9
3 .8 6
2 .7 4
2 .7 4
3 . 13
3 . 39
3 .3 9
4 .5 0
4 .8 5
4 .0 0
2 . 50
2 . 50
3 .3 5
3 .3 0
3 .3 0
3 .6 4 4 .6 8 3 .6 5 2 .2 0 2 .2 0 -
3 .0 7 3 .0 2 3 .0 2 -
Number
of
workers
Southeast
Hourly earnings1
Mean3
Median3
Middle range3
92
50 8
231
225
_
31
31
27
168
126
42
$ 4 .2 8
4 .0 3
3 .3 9
3 .4 2
4 .4 2
4 .4 2
2 .3 1
3 .7 0
4 .0 8
2 .5 5
$ 4 .4 0
3 .9 5
3 .5 4
3 .6 1
4 .4 3
4 .4 3
2 .2 5
4 .0 5
4 .0 5
2 .2 5
3 .3 0
3 .3 0
3 .1 6
3 .1 6
3 .6 1
5 .3 5
127
125
77
13
64
362
327
35
348
50
3 .8 0
3 .8 2
4 .0 0
4 .2 6
3 .9 5
3 .8 1
3 .7 9
4 .0 2
3 .5 4
6 .2 1
4 .0 5
4 .0 5
3 .8 8
3 .9 5
3 .6 1
3 .5 2
4 .0 5
3 .6 1
5 .4 9
3 .7 1 3 .8 3 3 .5 5 3 .5 5 3. 23 3 .0 7 3 .8 6 3 .0 3 5 .2 1 -
4 .2 8
4 .2 8
4 .0 6
4 .0 7
4 .0 5
3 .9 1
4 .2 7
3 .7 8
7 .5 5
4 .5 8
4 .9 5
4 .0 0
3 .3 5
3 .3 5
3 .4 0
4 . 14
4 .1 6
158
243
34
4 .8 9
5 .7 8
3 .9 8
2 .6 5
2 .6 5
3 .2 6
3 .7 4
3 .7 0
3 .5 8
3 .1 6
3 .6 3
4 .8 6
5 .3 9
3 .9 6
2 .6 0
2 .6 0
4 .5 3 5 .2 1 3 .6 8 2 .2 5 2. 2 5 2 .7 0 2 .7 5 2 -7 4 2 .9 6 2 .9 2 2 .9 6 -
5 .3 3
7 .2 4
4 .2 3
3 .0 0
3 .0 0
3 .7 6
4 . 52
4 .5 2
4 .0 8
3 .3 3
4 . 13
-
42 9
42 4
768
21
20
751
70
681
-
3 .5 5
4 . 13
4 . 13
3 .5 0
3 .0 9
3 .8 9
$ 3 . 6 8 - $ 4 .7 2
4 .4 3
3 .1 9 3 . 85
2 .9 9 3 .0 0 3 .8 5
4 .2 8 4 .6 3
4 .2 8 4 .6 3
2 .1 0 2 .5 0
2 .8 6 4 .5 1
4 .8 3
3. 682 .2 5 2 .8 9
Number
of
workers
_
81
120
65
62
Hejurly earnin gs1
Mean3
Middle range3
_
$ 3 . 0 0 - $ 3 . 56
3 . 28
2 .5 0 2 .3 0 3 .3 5
2 .3 5 3 .3 5
_
_
_
_
_
3 .0 5 3 .7 0
_
-
_
_
_
26
-
_
_
_
3 .3 1
_
_
$ 3 . 20
3 .0 4
3 . 09
3 . 12
_
_
_
_
3 .4 1
_
10
21
18
49
2 .4 8
2 .6 7
2 .5 4
3 .0 0
_
2 .6 0
2 .6 0
2 .6 0
2 .2 0 2. 202 .4 5 -
2 .6 0
2 . 60
2 . 95
45
64
50
14
124
14
2 .8 7
2 .5 7
2 .5 6
2 . 58
3 .1 6
4 .4 2
2 .6 0
2 .4 7
2 .4 6
3 . 15
-
2 .4 4 2 .3 4 2. 212 .9 0 -
2 .8 2
2 .8 3
2 .8 2
3 .5 7
-
47
29
14
28
63
3 .8 0
4 .6 5
3 .5 0
2 .8 2
2 .3 9
3 .9 0
4 .3 4
_
2 .9 3
2 .4 2
62
2 .3 9
_
411
9
9
224
_
2 .5 0
2 .6 6
2 .6 6
2 .7 4
2 .4 2
_
_
2 .4 5
3 .5 2 4 .2 0 2 .3 3 2 .1 0 _
2 .1 0 _
_
2 .3 5 -
4 .2 5
5 .2 5
3 .1 7
2 .5 4
_
2 .5 5
_
_
2 .7 0
_
224
2 .7 4
-
_
$ 3 .2 8
3 .0 5
2 .8 6
2 .9 0
Median3
-
_
2 .6 5
2 .6 5
_
2 .4 0 2 .4 0 -
_
3 . 16
_
3 .1 6
Table 3. Occupational averages: All establishments—Continued
(Num ber and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of workers in selected occupations in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishment,
*
United States and selected regions, August 1975)
Great Lakes
Occupation and sex
CANDY COTTERS.........................................................
MEN...........................................................................
CANDY M A K E R S ,
CLASS A t...................................
CANDY M A K E R S ,
CLASS B l ................ .. ...............
CANDY M A K E R S '
H E L P E R S ................. ..............
HEN...........................................................................
WOMEN......................................................................
CANDY-ROLLING MACHINE O P E R A T O R S ....
MEN...........................................................................
D IPPE R S, HANDt......................................................
ENROBING-MACHINE OPERATORS......................
MEN................................. .........................................
WOMEN......................................................................
ENROBING-MACHINE OPERATORS*
HELPERS......................................................................
MEN............................ ..............................................
WOMEN......................................................................
FILLING-M ACHINE OPERATORS........................
WOMEN......................................................................
INSPECTO RS, CANDY..............................................
MEN............................................................................
WOMEN......................................................................
JA N ITO RS......................................................................
HEN...........................................................................
WOMEN......................................................................
LABORERS, MATERIAL RANCHNG...................
M ACHINISTS, MAINTENANCE!...........................
MAINTENANCE WORKERS,
GENERAL O T IL IT Y l..............................................
MECHANICS, MAINTENANCE4 .............................
.
MOGOL OPERATORS4 . . ...........................................
.
MOGUL OPERATORS* H ELPER S.........................
PACKERS, HAND, BULK........................................
HEN............................................................................
W O M EN .................................................................
PACKERS, HAND, CANEY BARS.........................
WOMEN......................................................................
PACKERS, HAND, FANCY!...................................
WATCHMEN......................................................................
HEN...........................................................................
WRAPPING-MACHINE OPERATORS......................
HEN...........................................................................
WOMEN......................................................................
Number
of
workers
Pacific
Hourly earnings*
Mean3
Median3
Middle range3
103
82
313
465
593
54 0
53
78
34
56
151
127
24
$ 4 .2 8
4 . 13
4 .9 8
4 .1 8
4 .2 0
4 .2 5
3 .7 2
3 .7 3
3 .3 6
3 .3 4
4 .4 6
4 .7 3
3 .0 7
$ 4 .9 4
3 .8 8
5 .1 0
4 .1 6
4 .2 1
4 .2 8
3 .5 0
3 .9 3
3 .3 8
3 .5 2
4 .4 6
4 .7 2
3 .0 0
$ 3 .6 2 - $ 4 .9 4
5 .1 3
3 .4 0 4 .3 9 5 .6 2
4 .5 0
3 .6 1 5 .1 6
3 .5 0 5 .1 6
3 .6 0 4 .3 4
3 .1 0 3 .5 7 3 .9 3
3 .5 7
3 .1 1 3 .5 9
2 .7 5 5 .4 9
3 .5 7 4 .1 0 5 .4 9
2 .7 0 3 .3 5
181
21
160
375
246
407
20
387
701
628
73
912
125
3 .6 9
3 .9 1
3 .6 6
3 .8 2
3 . 19
3 .8 5
3 .8 1
3 .8 6
4 .0 0
4 .0 3
3 .7 7
3 .9 9
5 .8 6
3 .4 0
3 .4 8
3 .4 0
3 .7 4
2 .8 4
3 .5 9
3 .7 7
3 .5 9
3 .8 3
3 .8 3
3 .8 3
4 .0 4
6 .0 0
2 .9 1 3 .4 8 2 .9 1 2 .8 4 2 .8 4 3 .4 3 3 .7 7 3 .4 3 3 .6 5 3 .6 5 3 .6 7 3 .4 1 5 .3 0 -
141
407
83
124
799
742
522
5 22
708
48
42
1 ,3 8 1
104
1 ,2 7 7
4 .9 0
5 .2 8
4 .4 5
4 .2 4
3 .4 9
3 .4 8
3 .8 2
3 .8 2
3 .6 6
3 .5 0
3 .4 5
3 .7 3
4 .0 6
3 .7 0
4 .5 0
5 .5 0
4 .3 6
4 .1 4
3 .5 5
3 . 51
3 .6 7
3 .6 7
3 .4 5
3 .7 5
3 .7 5
3 .8 9
4 .1 8
3 .8 6
4 .3 4 4 .8 0 3 .8 9 3 .6 2 3 .1 5 3. 153 .4 3 3 .4 3 2 .7 0 2 .8 0 2 .8 0 3 .2 9 3 .9 2 3 .2 9 -
NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria.
Hourly earnings1
Mean3
_
Median3
_
Middle range3
_
_
81
108
91
35
48
41
7
$ 4 .7 9
4 .2 5
3 .7 3
3 .4 5
4 .3 1
4 .4 6
3 .4 3
$ 4 .7 9
4 .2 8
3 .9 3
3 .3 2
4 .3 0
4 .3 0
-
4 .8 3
5 .2 4
4 .8 3
4 .3 7
3 .7 7
4 .2 5
3 .8 8
4 .2 5
4 .5 0
4 .7 6
3 .9 5
4 .5 0
6 .4 5
35
35
91
85
88
-
4 .2 7
4 .2 7
3 .9 7
3 .9 7
4 .9 8
-
4 .2 7
4 .2 7
4 .1 0
4 .1 0
5 .3 3
-
4 .2 7 4 .2 7 3 .6 3 3 .6 3 4 .0 0 -
4 .3 1
4 .3 1
4 .4 1
4 .4 1
6 .0 1
-
4 .9 5
5 .9 6
5 .5 8
5 .0 7
3 .7 8
3 .7 8
4 .1 5
4 .1 5
5 .0 4
3 .7 7
3 .7 7
4 .1 9
4 .2 5
4 .1 9
61
47
138
17
121
61
138
111
13
98
5 .2 0
5 .4 9
3 .0 0
3 .0 7
2 .9 9
4 .0 0
3 .5 6
4 .0 4
4 .3 7
4 .0 0
5 .2 8
5 .6 2
2 .4 8
2 .5 5
2 .4 8
3 .7 3
3 .9 3
4 .0 0
4 .0 0
4 .9 1 5 .3 5 2 .4 1 2 .5 5 2 .4 0 3 .7 3 3. 304 .0 0 4 .0 0 -
5 .6 7
5 .6 8
3 .7 7
3 .2 9
3 .8 0
4 .6 2
3 .9 3
4 .2 7
4 .2 7
I Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
I I ncludes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
3See appendix B for method used in computing means, medians, and middle ranges of earnings. Medians
and m iddle ranges are not provided for entries of fewer than 15 workers.
4 A ll or virtually all workers are men.
s A ll or virtually all workers are women.
Number
of
workers
$ 4 .7 6 - $ 4 .8 2
4 .1 4 4 .5 8
3 .9 3
3 .3 2 3 .0 2 3 .8 0
4 .1 5 4 .8 2
4. 154 .6 4
-
Table 4. Occupational averages: By size of establishment
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of workers in selected occupations in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments, by size o f establishment United
States and selected regions, August 1975)
Great Lakes1
4
3
2
Middle Atlantic
United States
Establishments w ith —
Occupation and sex
217
383
380
293
87
15
15
123
109
45
64
Num
ber
of
work
ers
38
30
197
431
422
335
53
33
77
63
-
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
$ 3 .0 9
3 .2 9
3 .8 6
3 .5 3
3 .1 9
3 .2 1
3 .3 3
2 .9 4
3 .6 3
3 .7 7
-
Num
ber
of
work
ers
109
55
48 4
6C8
650
560
90
81
49
601
277
266
11
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
1 3 .9 6
3 .3 3
4 .2 8
4 .4 7
4 .2 0
4 .2 6
3 .8 7
3 .9 6
4 .0 2
2 .8 0
4 .4 1
4 .4 5
3 .4 3
67
12
55
156
11
145
135
121
14
242
19
2 .9 1
3 .2 6
2 .8 3
2 .7 0
3 .2 7
2 .6 6
2 .9 4
2 .9 4
2 .9 3
3 .1 5
5 .4 3
122
26
96
179
28
151
76
12
64
285
267
18
456
50
2 .6 6
2 .7 3
2 .6 4
3 .3 2
3 .7 9
3 .2 4
3 .3 2
3 .7 6
3 .2 4
3 .3 0
3 .3 1
3 . 27
3 .2 9
5 .7 1
485
40
4 45
909
192
717
536
25
511
1 ,2 2 7
1 ,0 4 0
187
1 ,3 0 5
192
128
77
10
11
7 22
655
152
147
589
481
25
456
4 .3 2
4 .9 8
3 .9 5
2 .6 6
2 .7 4
2 .6 6
3 .1 2
3 .0 6
2 .6 2
2 .9 3
3 .4 6
2 .9 0
165
176
64
100
47 9
293
131
130
734
27
27
717
84
633
4 .5 8
5 .0 4
3 .8 5
3 .4 2
2 .8 2
3 . 11
3 .0 8
3 .0 9
2 .7 9
2 .6 3
2 .6 3
3 .0 8
3 .1 7
3 .0 7
246
662
98
138
621
618
1 ,0 5 6
974
2 ,1 0 8
76
69
1 ,9 5 2
94
1 ,8 5 8
1Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown-separately.
3All or virtually all workers are men.
4 All or virtually all workers are women.
NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria.
250 vworkers
or imore
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
$ 2 .9 8
4 .5 4
3 .4 7
2 .9 8
2 .9 7
3 .0 0
3 .3 6
3 .3 6
2 .4 7
3 .0 9
3 .7 5
2 .6 2
Num
ber
of
work
ers
CANDY CUTTERS.........................................................
NEN............................................................................
WOMEN.......................................................................
CANDY MAKERS,
CLASS A3 .............. ....................
.
CANDY MAKERS,
CLASS B l . . . . . ......................
CANDY MAKERS'
H E L P E R S . . . . . ................... ..
MEN............................................................................
WOMEN.......................................................................
CANDY-ROLLING MACHINE O P E R A T O R S ....
MEN............................................................................
D IPPE R S, HAND.........................................................
ENROBING-HACHINE OPERATORS......................
MEN............................................................................
WOMEN.......................................................................
ENROBING-MACHINE OPERATORS•
HELPERS......................................................................
MEN............................................................................
WOMEN......................................................................
FILLING-MACHINE OPERATORS.........................
HEN............................................................................
WOMEN.......................................................................
INSPECTORS, CANDY..............................................
MEN............................................................................
WOMEN.......................................................................
JANITORS.......................................................................
MEN............................................................................
WOMEN.......................................................................
LABORERS, MATERIAL HANDLING3 ................
.
M ACHINISTS, MAINTENANCE3 ...........................
MAINTENANCE WORKERS,
GENERAL U T IL IT Y ................................................
MECHANICS, MAINTENANCE...............................
MOGUL OPERATORS....................................................
MOGUL OPERATORS' HELPERS^.........................
PACKERS, HAND, BULK.........................................
WOMEN.......................................................................
PACKERS, HAND, CANDY BARS........................
WOMEN.......................................................................
PACKERS, HAND, FANCY!...................................
WATCHMEN.......................................................................
MEN............................................................................
WRAPPING-MACHINE OPERATORS......................
HEN.............................................................................
WOMEN.......................................................................
100--249
wor kers
20--99
wo kers
20--99
wor kers
100--249
wor kers
250 v/orkers
or imore
Aver
Num
ber
age
of
hourly
work
earn
ers
ings
49 $ 4 .3 3
4 .3 7
81
4 .3 7
80
-
Num
ber
of
work
ers
32
123
61
61
27
55
-
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
$ 4 .3 5
3 .0 4
2 .8 3
2 .8 3
2 .3 1
2 .7 4
-
Num
ber
of
work
ers
11
211
32
20
-
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
$ 3 .8 1
3 .7 2
3 .6 4
3 .9 7
-
3 .6 7
3 .5 3
3 .6 9
4 .2 8
5 .5 1
3 .9 6
3 .8 6
4 . 16
3 .8 4
3 .7 7
3 .8 4
3 .4 2
3 .9 8
5 .8 2
29
29
62
-
2 .8 0
2 .8 0
2 .6 9
-
106
95
136
128
122
14
3 .3 5
3 .3 9
3 .3 6
3 .3 5
3 .4 8
6 .2 7
120
120
-*
66
62
197
170
27
164
35
4 .8 0
5 .4 2
4 .2 4
4 .2 4
3 .4 2
3 .4 2
3 .9 2
3 .8 7
3 .3 0
3 .6 0
3 .5 7
3 .8 2
4 .2 8
3*80
50
319
314
4 .3 7
2 .5 0
2 .5 0
51
70
305
256
52
204
4 .8 8
5 .1 4
3 .3 8
3 .1 1
3 .1 8
3 .0 9
57
170
-
-
162
85
-
67
-
2 .4 7
2 .8 1
-
2 .7 4
-
14
13
410
-
410
100—
249
workers
2 0 -9 9
workers
Num
ber
of
work
ers
56
79
109
86
23
23
20
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
$ 5 .3 6
3 .8 5
3 .1 4
3 .1 6
3 .0 3
3 .1 7
3 .0 1
3 .8 9
3 .8 9
4 .0 5
3 .9 7
4 .2 7
4 .2 9
4 .1 8
3 .9 2
6 .2 0
21
21
88
-
3 .1 3
3 .1 3
3 .5 7
-
5 .3 6
6 .0 7
-
20
132
-
4 .9 7
3 .0 4
■
*
*
-
-
4 .2 0
4 .1 8
4 .0 4
-
4 .0 4
~
-
“
Num
ber
of
work
ers
79
126
98
98
34
25
25
-
250 workers
or more
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
$ 4 .1 0
3 .6 0
3 .3 6
3 .3 6
3 .6 2
3 .7 0
3 .7 0
-
Num
ber
of
work
ers
-
26
17
28
24
52
51
—
226
-
3 .8 6
4 .3 0
3 .3 6
3 .2 4
3 .1 8
3 .1 9
3 .0 4
-
168
16
15 2
285
175
360
16
344
628
556
72
598
88
3 .7 8
4 .2 2
3 .7 3
4 .0 1
31
72
36
17
183
174
-*
173
24
149
4 .4 4
5 .0 8
3 .9 9
2 .7 7
3 . 18
3 . 18
2 .9 0
2 .8 6
2 . 90
82
3 15
45
165
439
436
459
4 59
444
38
32
1 ,0 0 1
77
924
5 . 13
5 .3 5
4 .8 5
4 . 50
3 .7 3
3 .7 3
3 .9 2
3*92
4 . 25
3 .7 0
3 .6 8
4 .0 1
4 . 46
3 .9 8
2 60
386
356
40
103
99
-*
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
$ 4 .5 7
4 .7 2
4 .7 6
3 .6 7
4 .9 4
5 .0 0
“
-
3 .2 7
3 .9 4
3 .7 5
3 .9 5
4 .1 0
4 . 14
3 .7 8
4 .4 2
5 .9 0
Table 5. Occupational averages: By labor-management contract coverage and size of
establishment
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings* of workers in selected occupations in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments, by labor manage
ment contract status, United States and selected regions, August 1975)
United States2
|
Middle A tlan tic
|
Great Lakes
Establishments w ith —
Occupation and size of establishment
Majority covered
Number
of
workers
CANDY COTTERS.........................................................
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS...................................................
25 0 WORKERS OR MORE...................................
CANDY M A K E R S ,
CLASS A......................................
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS....................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS..............................................
2 5 0 WORKERS OR MORE...................................
CANDY M A K E R S ,
CLASS B . . . . . ........................
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS....................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS..............................................
2 5 0 WORKERS CR NOBE...................................
CANDY M A K E R S ’
HELPERS......................................
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS....................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS..............................................
2 5 0 WORKERS CR MORE..................................
CANDY-ROLLING MACHINE O P E R A T O R S ....
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS...................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS..............................................
2 5 0 WORKERS CR MORE...................................
D IPPE R S, HAND.........................................................
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS...................................................
2 5 0 WORKERS OR MORE...................................
ENROBING-MACHINE OPERATORS......................
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS....................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS..............................................
2 5 0 WORKERS OR MORE...................................
ENROBING-NACHINE OPERATORS'
HELPERS.......................................................................
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS....................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS..............................................
2 5 0 WORKERS CR HCRE...................................
FILLING-M ACHINE OPERATORS.........................
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS....................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS..............................................
2 5 0 WORKERS CR MORE...................................
INSPECTORS, CANDY..............................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS..............................................
2 5 0 WORKERS OR MORE...................................
JAN ITORS......................................................................
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS....................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS..............................................
2 5 0 WORKERS OR MORE...................................
LABORERS, MATERIAL HANDLING...................
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS...................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS..............................................
2 5 0 WORKERS OR MORE................................................
MACHINISTS, MAINTENANCE.........................................
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS......................................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS...............................................................
2 5 0 WORKERS OR MORE................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
Average
hourly
earnings
None or minority
covered
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
49
25
492
79
94
319
835
149
32 7
35 9
826
93
271
462
102
47
55
73
65
255
25
65
165
$ 3 .4 6
3 .6 5
4 .3 9
4 .3 4
3 .9 6
4 .5 4
3 .9 8
3 .5 6
3 .6 2
4 .4 8
3 .8 4
3 .3 3
3 .2 5
4 .2 9
3 .6 5
3 .3 4
3 .9 1
3 .6 6
3 .7 3
4. 10
4 .1 8
3 .7 2
4 .2 4
113
15
40 6
138
103
165
587
234
104
24 9
626
287
188
47
15
658
119
53 6
20 8
84
12
112
$ 3 .7 6
2 .9 8
4 .0 8
4 .6 6
3 .7 7
3 .7 8
3 .8 3
3 .4 1
3 .2 7
4 .4 6
3 .2 5
2 .8 6
3 .9 9
3 .7 3
3 .3 6
2 .6 4
2 .4 1
2 .6 9
3 .8 1
2 .7 6
3 .1 0
4 .6 7
405
27
358
42 8
117
227
48 2
49
420
1 ,0 6 0
54
241
76 5
1 ,2 3 0
123
220
887
132
3 .6 5
3 .2 3
3 .6 7
3 .9 0
3 .4 3
4 .6 6
3 .8 0
3 .5 0
3 .8 7
3 .7 3
3 .4 2
3 .4 2
3 .8 4
3 .9 6
3 .3 9
3 .7 3
4 .0 9
5 .7 9
26 9
47
95
12 7
816
72
62
682
236
27
116
587
81
44
46 2
773
119
236
418
129
16
29
84
3 .0 6
2 .5 0
2 .4 9
3 .6 9
3 .9 7
2 .9 2
3 . 12
4 .1 6
3 .2 3
3 .0 0
3 .8 C
3 .4 4
2 .6 2
2 .6 5
3 .6 6
3 .3 4
2 .8 9
2 .8 8
3 .7 2
5 .7 5
5 .4 6
5 .4 5
5 .9 1
-
21
108
-
6 .0 7
5 .7 5
Majority covered
Number
of
workers
_
58
15
10
33
422
207
190
30
-
88
32
72
70
202
-
106
45
37
234
14
89
293
50
110
-
26
-
14
11
None or minority
covered
Average Number
hourly
of
earnings workers
$ 3 .9 5
3 .5 7
3 .8 5
4 .1 5
4 .0 5
3 .7 3
3 .4 8
2 .9 7
3 .9 2
3 .6 4
3 .5 6
3 .5 8
2 .9 7
3 .3 5
-
3 .6 9
3 .7 1
3 .3 8
2 .7 8
3 .4 6
3 .4 8
2 .7 3
3 .5 4
-
5 .7 8
-
6 .2 7
5 .1 2
_
34
86
41
27
27
80
50
-
Average
hourly
earnings
_
$ 4 .8 4
3 .9 3
2 .9 5
2 .3 1
2 .3 1
3 .4 6
2 .6 3
-
_
_
-
-
-
-
32
31
128
15
-
108
55
31
-
4 .4 4
4 .4 6
4 .6 0
2 .8 1
4 .9 4
3 .9 1
4 .8 2
Majority covered
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
None or minority
covered
Number Average
of
hourly
workers earnings
43
226
47
240
74
147
4 24
88
76
91
21
66
$ 3 .4 7
5 .0 0
4 .1 8
4 .0 4
3 .7 9
4 .2 0
4 .3 7
3 .4 2
3 .7 3
4 .3 6
3 .7 7
4 .6 3
_
£7
49
225
60
52
169
£1
10
33
60
19
-
106
-
3 .9 7
4 .0 3
4 .6 7
4 .7 0
3 .9 0
3 .3 6
3 .9 7
4 .0 4
2 .9 0
3 .1 6
4 .1 5
4 .2 9
3 .7 3
3 .6 0
4 .4 5
5 .8 5
-
-
101
179
168
347
14
321
536
14
43
479
632
55
71
506
73
-
-
-
-
-
“
69
-
-
5 .8 6
-
196
60
14
39
165
280
-
52
-
$ 4 .9 3
5 .4 8
4 .3 4
3 .8 9
3 .3 3
3 .7 9
3 .2 6
2 .8 0
3 .0 3
4 .6 2
3 .2 2
-
_
3 .0 5
3 .5 8
3 .3 5
3 .6 7
3 .8 8
3 .3 2
-
5 .8 9
-
Table 5. Occupational averages: By labor-management contract coverage and size of
establishment—Continued
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments, by labor manage
ment contract status, United States and selected regions, August-1975)
United States2
Middle A tlantic
Great Lakes
Establishments w ith —
Occupation and size of establishment
M ajority covered
None or minority
covered
Number
of
workers
MAINTENANCE WORKERS,
GENERAL U T ILITY ................................................
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS...................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS.............................................
2 5 0 WORKERS CR MORE...................................
MECHANICS, MAINTENANCE................................
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS...................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS.............................................
2 5 0 WORKERS CR MORE...................................
MOGUL OPERATORS..................................................
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS...................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS.............................................
2 5 0 WORKERS CR MCRE...................................
MOGUL OPERATORS* HELPERS...........................
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS...................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS.............................................
2 5 0 WORKERS CR MORE...................................
PACKERS, HAND, BULK........................................
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS...................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS.............................................
2 5 0 WORKERS CR MORE...................................
PACKERS, HAND, CANDY BARS........................
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS..................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS.............................................
2 5 0 WORKERS OR MORB...................................
PACKERS, HAND, FANCY.....................................
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS..................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS.............................................
2 5 0 WORKERS CR MORE..................................
WATCHMEN.....................................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS.............................................
2 5 0 WORKERS OR MORE...................................
WRAPPING-MACHINE OPERATORS......................
2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS..................................................
1 0 0 - 2 4 9 WORKERS.............................................
2 5 0 WORKERS OR MORE...................................
Average
hourly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
313
41
100
172
550
50
134
366
124
7
43
74
208
123
1 ,3 8 3
413
455
5 15
75 5
109
58 9
1 ,5 2 6
117
32 9
1 ,0 8 0
65
13
52
1 ,4 1 8
129
462
827
$ 4 .8 9
4 .6 7
4 .9 1
4 .9 3
5 .2 2
5 .0 6
5 .1 2
5 .2 8
4 .1 8
3 .9 1
3 .9 3
4 .3 6
4 .0 1
4 .3 3
3 .1 5
3 .0 7
2 .8 3
3 .4 9
3 .6 6
3 . 16
3 .7 6
3 .6 4
3 .0 4
3 .4 3
3 .7 7
3 .4 0
2 .8 1
3 .5 5
3 .4 9
3 .1 1
3 .3 1
3 .6 6
226
87
65
74
365
27
42
296
48
24
41
9
17
439
309
106
584
95
467
1 ,9 0 5
472
405
1 ,0 2 8
42
14
24
1 ,7 3 2
3 52
255
1 ,1 2 5
$ 4 .2 4
4 .1 6
4 .0 6
4 .4 9
5 .4 6
4 .8 4
4 .7 9
5 .6 1
3 .8 2
3 .9 0
2 .9 8
2 .6 3
2 .6 9
2 .5 2
2 .3 1
3 .0 9
3 .8 6
2 .8 3
4 .1 2
2 .6 2
2 .5 2
2 .2 8
2 .8 1
3 .1 7
2 .4 7
3 .7 2
3 .5 4
2 .8 7
2 .6 8
3 .9 5
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
N O T E : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria.
Majority covered
Number
of
workers
121
26
51
122
54
33
300
190
68 5
79
305
9
-
493
73
202
218
Average
hourly
earnings
$ 4 .9 6
4 .4 5
4 .8 8
5 .1 8
5 .2 6
3 .9 6
2 .7 6
2 .5 9
3 .4 0
2 .8 1
3 .3 8
3 -5 5
-
3 .3 3
2 .7 4
3 . 15
3 .6 9
None or m inority
covered
Average
hourly
of
workers earnings
Number
37
24
121
116
129
129
_
83
83
258
192
$ 4 .6 9
4 . 29
6 .3 9
6 .4 4
2 .3 8
2 .3 8
2 .1 5
2 .1 5
-
4 .0 7
4 .4 3
Majority covered
Number
of
workers
77
62
318
52
248
64
45
116
105
6 75
164
400
498
-
4 59
458
4 44
41
5 64
66
4 73
Average
hourly
earnings
$ 5 .1 4
5 .3 1
5 .3 2
5 .0 9
5 .4 0
4 .6 3
4 .8 5
4 .3 3
_
4 .5 0
3 .6 2
3 .2 3
3 .7 3
3 .8 6
3 .9 2
4 .2 1
4 .2 5
3 .4 4
-
3 .7 2
3 .2 3
3 .8 4
None or minority
covered
Number Average
hourly
of
workers earnings
64
16
89
$ 4 .6 0
4 .4 5
5 .1 5
20
67
_
124
250
817
1C7
~
5 .0 6
5 .1 7
_
_
_
_
2 .8 2
_
_
_
_
2 .6 6
_
-
3 .7 4
2 .6 9
Table 6. Occupational averages: By method of wage payment
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments, by labor manage
ment contract status. United States and selected regions, August 1975)
Occupation and sex
CANDY CUTTERS.........................................................
HEN............................................................................
WONEN.......................................................................
CANDY M A K E R S ,
CLASS A3 ...................................
.
CANDY M A K E R S ,
CLASS B3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
CANDY M A K E R S '
HELPERS.....................................
HEN............................................................................
NOHEN................. ....................................................
CANDY-ROLLING MACHINE OPERATORS.. . .
HEN............................................................................
NOHEN......................................................................
DIPPERS# HAND4 ......................................................
.
ENROBING-HACHINE OPERATORS......................
HEN............................................................................
NOHEN......................................................................
ENROBING-HACHINE OPERATORS'
HELPERS......................................................................
HEN............................................................................
HOHEN......................................................................
FILLING-M ACHINE CPEEATCBS........................
HEN............................................................................
HOHEN......................................................................
INSPECTORS, CANDY..............................................
MEN............................................................................
HOHEN.......................................................................
JA N ITO RS......................................................................
HEN............................................................................
NOHEN......................................... ............................
LABORERS, MATERIAL HANDLING3 ......................
.
M ACHINISTS, MAINTENANCE3 ...........................
MAINTENANCE HORKEBS,
GENERAL U T IL IT Y ^ ................. ...
...................
MECHANICS, MAINTENANCE3 ........................................
.
MOGUL OPERATORS3 ..................................................................
.
MOGUL OPERATORS' HELPERS^ .................................
PACKERS, HAND, BULK?................... ...............................
NOMEN...............................................................................................
PACKERS, HAND, CANDY BARS.................................
HEN............................................................................
NOHEN...............................................................................................
PACKERS, HAND, FANCYt................................................
WATCHMEN...............................................................................................
HEN.......................................................................................................
WRAPPING-MACHINE OPERATORS..............................
HEN.......................................................................................................
NOHEN.......................................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
Num
ber
of
work
ers
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
166
Middle Atlantic
New England
United States
Timeworkers
Incentive
workers
Num
ber
of
work
ers
418
31
31
-
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
*r
$ 2 .6 9
5 .3 6
5 .3 6
-
95
65
7 46
1 ,2 9 1
1 ,2 6 9
1 ,0 1 5
254
149
97
52
3 13
432
34 3
89
4 .0 0
3 .1 7
4 .0 2
3 .7 6
3 .4 2
3 .4 4
3 .3 3
3 .6 8
3 .5 5
3 .9 1
2 .8 1
3 .8 7
4 .1 5
2 .7 8
594
72
522
1 ,1 4 9
136
1 ,0 1 3
65 3
37
616
1 ,6 4 7
1 ,4 2 8
219
2 ,0 0 2
261
3 .2 6
3 .0 3
3 .2 9
3 .8 3
5 .0 7
3 .6 6
3 .5 2
4 .0 3
3 .4 9
3 .6 2
3 .6 6
3 .3 8
3 .7 2
5 .7 7
-
-
-
-
-
-
5 39
915
146
185
1 ,6 3 0
1 ,3 7 4
1 ,1 4 5
88
1 ,0 5 7
2 ,4 9 0
107
100
2 ,7 1 3
184
2 ,5 2 9
4 .6 2
5 .3 1
3 .8 4
3 .4 5
2 .9 3
2 .9 7
3 .6 4
4 .4 6
3 .5 7
2 .8 6
3 .3 1
3 .2 7
3 .4 6
3 .5 5
3 .4 5
-
-
-
-
1-
-
192
192
-
3 .5 9
3 .5 9
-
-
-
-
-
-
941
-
437
-
418
3 .6 5
-
3 .9 2
-
3 .8 5
Timeworkers
Num
ber
of
work
ers
101
46
177
89
30
25
-
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
$ 3 .9 7
3 .3 6
3 .2 8
3 .4 2
3 .8 5
4 .2 0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
21
21
116
11 0
187
18
3 .2 3
3 .2 3
3 .1 0
3 .1 0
3 .2 4
5 .3 1
22
58
24
4 .3 1
4 .7 9
3 .8 6
-
31
31
-
332
-
193
-
191
Incentive
workers
Num
Aver
ber
age
of
hourly
work
earn
ers
ings
-
-
2 .7 4
2 .7 4
-
3 .1 3
-
2 .9 2
-
2 .9 1
-
~
-
Timeworkers
Num
ber
of
work
ers
83
421
220
214
31
31
27
160
118
42
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
$ 4 .2 1
3 .6 4
3 .3 7
3 .4 0
4 .4 2
4 .4 2
2 .3 1
3 .6 4
4 .0 3
2 .5 5
116
114
57
13
44
3 62
3 27
35
3 48
50
3 .8 0
3 .8 1
3 .9 8
4 .2 6
3 .9 0
3 .8 1
3 .7 9
4 .0 2
3 .5 4
6 .2 1
158
243
31
4 .8 9
5 .7 8
3 .9 3
-
417
4 12
-
5 62
21
20
622
70
5 52
-
2 .6 2
2 .6 2
-
3 .0 0
3 .7 4
3 .7 0
3 .5 7
3 .1 6
3 .6 2
Incentive
workers
Num
ber
of
work
ers
-
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
129
129
-
$ 3 .6 6
3 .6 6
Table 6. Occupational averages: By method of wage payment —Continued
(Num ber and average straight-time hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments, by labor manage
m ent contract status, United States and selected regions, August 1975)
Southeast
Occupation and sex
CANDY CUTTERS........................................................
HEN...........................................................................
CANDY MAKERS,
CLASS k l ...................................
CANDY MAKERS,
CLASS B i ...................................
CANDY MAKERS'
H E L P E R S . . . . . . . . . .............
HEN...........................................................................
NOHEN.....................................................................
CANDY-ROLLING HACHINI OPERATORS... .
HEN...........................................................................
D IPPE R S, HAND4 .....................................................
.
ENROBING-HACHINE OPERATORS......................
HEN...........................................................................
NOHEN.....................................................................
ENROBING-HACHINE OPERATORS'
HELPERS.....................................................................
HEN...........................................................................
NOHEN.....................................................................
FILLING-HACHINE OPERATORS........................
HEN...........................................................................
NOHEN.....................................................................
INSPECTORS, CANDY.............................................
HEN..........................................................................
NOHEN.....................................................................
JANITORS.....................................................................
HEN...........................................................................
NOHEN.....................................................................
LABORERS, HATERIAL HANDLING1 ................
3
2
.
4
M ACHINISTS, HAINTENANCE.............................
HAINTENANCE NORKERS,
GENERAL U T ILITY ................................................
HECHANICS, HAINTENANCE3 .............................
.
HOGUL OPERATORS3 ................................................
.
HOGUL OPERATORS' HELPERS3 ........................
.
PACKERS, HAND, BULK........................................
HEN...........................................................................
NOHEN.....................................................................
PACKERS, HAND, CANDY BARS........................
NOHEN.....................................................................
PACKERS, HAND, FANCY4 ...................................
.
NATCHHEN.....................................................................
HEN...........................................................................
HRAPPING-HACHINE OPERATORS......................
HEN...........................................................................
HOHEN.....................................................................
120
43
40
26
-
2.66
2 ,6 9
3 .3 1
-
-
2 .4 8
2 .6 7
2 .5 4
3 .0 0
2 .8 7
2 .5 7
2 .5 6
2 .5 8
3 .1 6
4 .4 2
-
- ■
-
3 .8 0
4 .6 5
3 .5 0
2 .8 2
2 .2 4
2 .2 3
-
-
-
-
-
~
“
10
-
21
18
45
41
64
50
14
124
14
47
29
14
28
42
41
267
9
9
2 04
204
Num
ber
of
work
ers
-
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
-
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
$ 3 .2 8
3 .0 5
Num
ber
of
work
ers
81
-
2 .4 3
2.66
2.66
2 .7 3
2 .7 3
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
3 A ll or virtually all workers are men.
4 A ll or virtually all workers are women.
NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria.
Pacific
Great Lakes
Incentive
workers
Timeworkers
Timeworkers
Num
ber
of
work
ers
101
80
186
42 5
443
400
43
78
34
49
128
104
24
127
15
112
28 2
36
246
366
20
346
701
628
73
911
125
141
407
60
67
66 3
60 6
357
357
379
48
42
1,221
85
1 ,1 3 6
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
$ 4 .2 8
4 .1 2
4 .5 9
4 .1 2
3 .9 1
3 .9 3
3 .7 4
3 .7 3
3 .3 6
3 .2 2
4 .2 7
4 .5 5
3 .0 7
3 .1 8
3 .2 7
3 .1 6
3 .3 0
4 .1 0
3 .1 9
3 .7 4
3 ,8 1
3 .7 3
4 .0 0
4 .0 3
3 .7 7
3 .9 9
5 .8 6
4 .9 0
5 .2 8
4 .0 3
3 .5 7
3 .4 1
3 .3 8
3 .4 9
3 .4 9
2 .7 6
3 .5 0
3 .4 5
3 .6 8
3 .7 8
3 .6 7
Incentive
workers
Num
ber
of
work
ers
40
-
136
136
-
160
141
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
$ 4 .8 4
3 .9 0
3 .9 0
-
4 .1 0
3 . 94
Timewprkers
Incentive
workers
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
-
Num
ber
of
work
ers
81
108
91
35
48
41
7
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
$ 4 .7 9
4 .2 5
3 .7 3
3 .4 5
4 .3 1
4 .4 6
3 .4 3
35
35
91
85
-
4 .2 7
4 .2 7
3 .9 7
3 .9 7
4.9-8
-
-
-
5 .2 0
5 .4 9
3 .0 0
3 .0 7
2 .9 9
4 .0 0
3 .5 6
4 .0 4
4 .3 7
4 .0 C
-
-
88
-
61
47
138
17
121
61
138
111
13
98
Num
ber
of
work
ers
-
-
-
-
-
Table 7. Occupational earnings: Chicago, III.1
(N um ber and average straight-tim e hourly earnings1 of workers in selected occupations in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments,
2
August 1975)
Num
ber
of
work
ers
Aver
age
hourly
earn
ings
ALL PRODUCTION WORKERS............................ 8 , 6 1 8
HEN....................................................................... 4 , 7 1 4
WOMEN.................................................................. 3 , 9 0 4
$ 4 .1 7
4 . 45
3 . 84
Occupation and sex
$ 2.00 $ 2.20 $2.40 $2.60 $2.80
and
under
$ 2.20 $2.40 $2.60 $2.80 $3.00
1
1
119
103
16
_
-
_
-
-
11
11
11
11
7
-
-
-
-
-
2
1
1
-
-
-
2 25
72
153
324
151
173
Number of workers receiving average straight-time hourly earnings of—
$3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 $5.40 $5.60 $5.80 $6.00 $ 6.20 $6.40 $6.80
$7.20 $7.60
and
$3.20 $3.40 $3.60
308
143
165
649
253
396
15
15
_
3
3
3
13
13
25 8
161
97
$3.80 $4.00 $4.20
706
89
61 7
821
371
450
425
23 3
192
_
_
1
1
15
15
-
96 3
312
651
$4.40 $4.60 $4.80
691
466
225
371
289
82
323
24 1
82
16
16
26
5
5
$5.00 $ 5.20 $5.40 $5.60 $5.80 $ 6.00 $6.20 $6.40 $6.80 $7.20
468
239
229
692
3 56
336
280
253
27
374
362
12
171
171
-
98
98
-
102
102
$7.60
over
95
95
-
102
102
9
9
-
30
30
-
13
13
-
_
6
6
_
_
_
_
_
_
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS
CANDY MAKERS,
CLASS A ! ..............................
TIM E...............................................................
CANDY MAKERS,
CLASS b 1 . . . . . . . . . . . .
TIM E...............................................................
HEN.......................................................................
J fll?_______________________________
u n MENt ______________________________
CANDY-ROLLING MACHINE OPERATORS3 .
.
ENROBING-MACHINE OPERATORS!..............
TIM E...............................................................
ENROBING-MACHINE OPERATORS'
HELPERS..................................................................
MFN
T?TJ T
—
MAPHTMP nPFPATnBC
MEN:
'p jflH _______________________________
UnMJ?N ________________________________
TNSPE^TOP^
NPY5 T —
—
...........
.7 AjjypriR *3
?
- - _ _ _ _ ______
P
I
____
____
WOMEN i
_________
LABORERS, MATERIAL HANDLINGl t . . . .
MAINTENANCE WORKERS,
GENERAL U T I L I T Y ! ! .......................................
MECHANICS, MAINTENANCE!!......................
0PERATn E S 4
i it - _____
MOGUL OPERATORS'
D ir rP D c
nm n
PACKERS
HAND
WATCHMEN:
tygty
73
214
93
288
7 59
5 78
382
484
348
44
34
64
89
67
124
10
230
137
19
118
315
274
504
455
49
443
4 .3 7
4 . 71
5 . 25
4 .8 4
4 .4 3
4 .3 7
4 . 79
3 .9 9
4 .3 3
3 . 99
3 . 85
3 .9 1
3 .7 7
4 .9 4
4 .7 4
4 .0 3
4 . 37
4 . 30
3 .5 6
4 . 08
3 . 48
3 .9 8
3 .8 4
4 . 06
4 . 09
3 .86
4 .0 1
c. 1z
O. 17
23
254
54
32
5 .0 7
5 .6 6
4 . 65
4 .0 1
27
180
95
274
3 .0 9
3 .5 1
3 .0 5
4 l 10
1
-
-
HELPERS:
n m i r f ________
_____
CANTY B»R 5iI________
____ ,______________
29
3 . 48
WRAPPTNG-MACHTNF CPERATORS- - . ____
NRN_______________________ ___________
82 3
70
51
$ 3 .9 9
4 .0 0
3 .4 9
T T M R . ____________ . . . . . . . ____ _______
1
1
31
-
7
33
7
7
33
33
33
3
8
8
3
17
17
9
g
8
8
4
4
16
16
79
12
29
23
23
9
6
6
12
10
9
2
30
-
-
-
67
-
9
9
14
14
49
49
9
2
12
12
12
12
10
g
1
21
10
32
5
38
-
1
-
-
-
-
7
6
6
3
3
3
12
12
2
24
24
3
9
3
1
1
2
4
g
64
£
5
7
1
6
9
3
3
2.
3
3
16
16
1
2
1
1
2
82
30
8 100
-
1
8
8
3
3
9
5
5
16
2
2
52
45
11c
-
14
1
7
47
47
37
37
10
10
11
_
_
-
7c
23
16
16
9
55
65
_
3
1
13
70
70
1
5
3
_
_
_
4
3
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
14
14
95
28
95
28
103
35
103
JO
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
1
11
•)
3
6
6
1
_
l
_
-
_
_
_
_
-
8
8
-
-
22
21
_
16
-
_
11
11
-
-
-
1
6
6
-
-
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
3
45
_
1
4
_
1
-
-
_
_
_
_
3
3
17
16
9
7
9
22
22
71
71
_
_
33
_
_
_
_
-
_
-
_
-
4
3
3
8
2
2
15
2
65
52
13
96
4
2
3
3
_
1
79
-
2
12
12
-
9
51
2.
14 0
14 0
10
29
6
-
«
4
2
10
2
2
-
1
52
_
4
_
4
_
_
_
6
20
20
-
-
12
5
56
7Z
z7
38
32
1
10
2
_
28
22
3
82
2
2
51 1
24
24
1
-
37
j /
18
18
^4
35
1
73
*• D
13
25
12
54
53
53
53
13
29
-
74
55
19
47
7
2
5
2
7
14
14
59
56
2
2
3
16
16
15 5
155
4
4
8
8
-
49
10
10
-
16
1
3
3
122
115
7
12
12
1T h e Chicago Standard M etropolitan Statistical Area consists of Cook, DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, and Will Counties.
2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and fo r work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
3 A ll or virtually all workers are timeworkers.
4 A ll or virtually all workers are men.
5 A ll or virtually all workers are women.
3
21
21
3
3
14
14
13
-
1
•j
2
1
1
12
12
12
1
4
4
5
5
18
2
2
14
11
11
11
3
25
25
27
24
24
24
6
6
6
2
4
4
-
20
20
12
12
1
1
3
3
_
5
5
3_i
_
-
29
18
1J
6
10
-
-
56
14
16
Table 8. Occupational earnings: Los Angeles—Long Beach, Calif.1
(Number end average straight-time hourly earnings12of workers in selected occupations in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments, August 1976)
4
3
NumOccupation and sex
in
DnnnnrTTON num vjjau* • • • • • • • • •
ALL rn u y U v i l v n flO SKERS.<...................
WOMEN
of
work
ers
Average
hourly
earn
ings
952
44 2
510
$ 3 . 44
3 .8 7
3 .0 6
75
9
466
_
Number of workers receiving average straight-time hourly earnings of—
$2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80. $3.90 $4.00 $ 4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 $5.40 $5.60
Under
and
and
$2.40' under
$2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 $5.40 $5.60 over
62
3
59
24
6
18
19
7
12
_
23
11
12
_
47
6
41
8
6
2
_
_
39
22
17
18
4
14
107
42
65
99
17
82
_
_
1
_
-
4
_
1
6
1
23
9
14
38
33
5
111
44
67
35
28
7
33
24
9
7
7
_
_
6
_
42
30
12
41
41
12
8
4
6
6
22
20
2
20
20
12
12
18
16
2
11
11
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS
CANDY MAKERS ,
CLASS
#••• • • • • •
CANDY MAKERS,
CLASS Bl .
CANDY MAKERS'
HELPERS
LABORERS, MATERIAL HANDLING^------MAINTENANCE WORKERS,
GENERAL U
T I L I T Y
^ •
MECHANICS, MAINTENANCE5 ......................
.
7
6
PACKERS, HAND, BULK............- ..................
n a PlfPOC
rALMSnOf
HAND
DAn^i
PA NCY! « ■•••■ • • ••••••• «
«
* » n\#x • • • • •
16
4 .5 6
33
29
3 .0 4
3 .5 6
14
9
4 . 99
4 l 81
90
36
2 . 60
3 . 03
_
2
-
-
6
2
-
-
8
_
2
3
1
-
2
2
_
1
-
-
_
_
_
-
-
-
8
4
-
2
-
3
13
*26
6
45
4
t
2
I
_
1
1
1
1
-
I
5
_
I
_
-
2
2
15
I
2
2
1
2
2
-
g
6
6
-
-
2
5
_
2
1
3
1The Los Angeles-Long Beach Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Los Angeles County.
2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
3All or virtually all workers were timeworkers.
4 Workers were distributed as follows: 12 at $2.10 to $2.20; 12 at $2.20 to $2.30; and 42 at $2.30 to $2.40.
5All or virtually all workers were men.
6Workers were distributed as follows: 8 at $2.20 to $2.30 and 18 at $2.30 to $2.40.
7All or virtually all workers were women.
-
_
1
3
1
_
2
7
1
3
Table 9. Occupational earnings: New York, N.Y.1
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings2 of workers in selected occupations in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments,
August 1975)
Num
ber
of
O c c u p a tio n a n d sex
Average
hourly
w o rk
ers
A
T.T PFO pnrTTnN wo r k e r s ?
M R U ________ ___________. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HO t y R N _______________ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SELECTEE
e a rn
_ 1 ,5 3 1
714
817
$ 3 .2 7
3 .5 9
2 .9 9
CLA SS
I/
B• . . . . . . . . . . .
J A N I T O R ^ _______________ - _______________ _
LABORERS,
M A T E R IA L H A N D L IN G !. . . .
M A IN T E N A N C E W O R K E R S ,
r r w p D at
httt t « \ 4
t
64
39
64
58
88
7
30
nx p i t do c
u a iffn
38
2
36
22
14
8
19
8
11
62
31
31
93
29
64
_
_
95
18
77
258
33
2 25
95
52
43
124
53
71
1
2
1
2
7
16
122
95
27
47
38
9
34
25
g
g
1
50
24
26
55
14
41
124
42
82
3
8
2
1
68
nnt V
63
D u r ft I C c
u m U
r « jjji n l c •
c A C v ujDvo g a n t i n 9 wa jmti v c f i fsl o s • • • • • •
WR A P P I N G “ M A C p T N R O P E R A T O R ? ; . . . . . _
h o m r n ____ __________. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
256
215
a
Je c i
3 . 81
2.86
3 .2 6
3 . 23
3 . 12
4 • 30
5 . 24
2 . 64
2 . 64
3 .1 8
3.’ 26
3 .3 1
_
_
4
6
2
2
_
_
_
-
-
2
2
7
6
6
1
5
1
-
1
1
11
8
8
14
2
2
12
11
15
4
3
4
4
16
3
11
2
1
1
3
3
3
55
46
9
19
AO
Oa
11
CO
JO
II
8
1C
IJ
6
7
]^
1 1
Z
OK
0 D
ZK
_
iii
_
_
2
2
i
1
10
g
I
_
..
11
11
2
2
g
g
2
13
11
27
26
35
9
9
13
8
1
27
23
1
12
1
37
33
22
31
29
19
12
2
47
18
overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
were timeworkers.
were men.
were women.
2
1
1
g
12
7
1
2
7
1
1
1The N ew Y o rk Standard M etropolitan Statistical Area consists of Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, Richmond, Rockland, and Westchester Counties; N .Y .; and Bergen County,
2 Excludes premium pay for
3 A ll or virtually all workers
4 All or virtually all workers
5 A ll or virtually all workers
1
30
1
4
N.J.
63
40
23
O C C U P A T IO N S
4
CANDY M AKERS ,
in g s
Number of workers receiving average straight-time hourly earnings o f $ 2.10 $ Z 20 &>.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 l $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 $5.40 $5.60 $6.00
and
an d
under
$ 2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20
$3.30 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80. $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 $5.40 $5.60 > 6.00 over
$
2
2
1 ft
1o
18
0m 1
41
2 1
“
i
-
i
2
1
Q
y
9
2
4
11
-
7
7
1
-
-
-
-
6
i
15
“
3
1
2
0
4
,
Table 10. Occupational earnings: Philadelphia, Pa.—N.J.1
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings2 o f workers in selected occupations in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments,
August 1975)
Occupation and sex
ALL PRODUCTION WORKERS-.......................
MEN.....................................................................
WOMEN.- ..........................................................
Num
ber
of
work
ers
Average
hourly
earn
ings
1 ,8 6 5
978
887
$ 3 .5 8
3 .7 8
3 .3 6
36
27
55
49
33
77
62
62
4 .4 7
4 .3 2
3 .4 1
3 . 19
3 . 57
3 .3 3
3 . 17
3 . 46
45
71
59
2 .7 5
24
3 . 13
-
Number of workers receiving average straight-time hourly earnings of—
$2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 £3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 I S I kT $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 $5.40
ll Cl
4 .3 /
$2.10
and
$2.20
24
24
and
$2.40 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60
_
_
108
48
60
48
23
25
125
36
89
$3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 $5.40
$2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20
21
13
8
62
34
28
16
12
4
112
34
78
75
36
39
47
7
40
67
27
40
65
21
44
65
61
4
42
31
4
ll
3
g
g
_
_
24
24
16
7
4
4
4
11
56
28
28
11 3
81
32
234
96
138
217
82
135
121
110
11
54
47
67
43
24
30
20
10
1
11
8
1
_
I
~
5
_
17
_
_
_
_
_
_
*
6
2
2
1
2
-
-
1
over
7
26
18
g
26
26
8
"
_
1
2
_
_
_
2
2
1
16
-
-
-
44
44
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS
PAMU1 lvA T Kb ,
TW M V 7T C
lHI\.r, D
C T ICC
*
PAKinV M
AVPDC
C T ACC
*
U^ ^
CANDY M A K E R S '
HELPERS^4 .........................
.
ENROBING-MACHINE OPERATORS*............
JANITORS4 ............................................................
.
MEN.....................................................................
LABORERS. MATERIAL HANDLING*!___
MAINTENANCE WORKERS,
CPHPSIT nTTTTiPV 34
MnciiT n o p p i T n u c 3
PACKERS, HAND, BULK*................................
8
\
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
4
4
4
4
4
5
_
_
4
4
_
_
*
12
_
2
15
15
_
6
-
4
12
_
_
3
3
2
2
4
PACKERS, HAND, FANCY:
WRAPPING-MACHINE OPERATORS................
1The Philadelphia Standard
93
114
-
-
2
4
-
57
1
1
6
4
2
2
2
3
3
3
_
_
-
_
1
4
2
_
21
6
15
15
5
6
1
2
5
5
2
1
14
3
Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, and Philadelphia Counties, Pa.; and Burlington, Camden, and
Gloucester Counties, N.J.
2Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
3All or virtually all workers were men.
4All or virtually all workers were timeworkers.
s All or virtually all workers were women.
-
2
_
1
1
_
_
3
■
a
O
2
8
6
c
2
2
1
3
_
8
8
9
*
J
C
2
10
D
•j
6
1
17
1
8
9
**
_
_
_
-
-
9
_
I
-
1
..
1
1
5
1
_
-
Table 11. Occupational earnings: San Francisco—Oakland, Calif.1
(Number and average straight-time hourly earnings2 of workers in selected occupations in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments,
August 1975)
Number of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings of—
Occupation and sex
ALL PRODUCTION WORKERS.
HEN............................................
WOMEN......................................
ber
of
w o rk
ers
age
hourly
earn
ings
1 ,2 0 8
510
698
$ 4 . 57
5 . 11
4 .1 7
58
61
36
25
14
29
27
4 .7 9
4 . 49
4 .3 5
4 .7 0
4 .4 6
4 .3 7
4 .3 6
19
29
5 . 87
5 .6 3
$3.90
and
under
$4.00
$4.00
$4.10
$4.20
$4.30
$4.40
$4.50
$4.60
$4.70
$4.80
$4.90
$ 5.00
$5.10 " $ 5 ^ 0 w
$4.10
$4.20
$4.30
$4.40
$4.50
$ 4.60
$4.70
$ 4.80
$ 4.90
$5.00
$5 .1 0
$5.20
$5.30
$5.40
248
27
221
146
9
137
15
11
4
237
57
180
22
12
10
45
38
7
87
62
25
33
3
30
43
39
4
67
27
40
2
2
20
18
2
3
3
2
2
31
-
-
-
-
27
27
-
-
-
—
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
8
2
2
-
3
22
9
13
~
~
~
Under
$ 3.90
31
-
$ 5 .5 0
$ 5 .6 0
$ 5 .7 0
$ 5 .8 0
$ 5 .9 0
$ 6 .0 0
$ 6 .1 0
$ 6 .2 0
$6 .3 0
$6 .4 0
$ 5 .5 0
$ 5 .6 0
$ 5 .7 0
$ 5 .8 0
$ 5 .9 0
$ 6 .0 0
$ 6 .1 0
$ 6 .2 0
$6 .3 0
$6 .4 0
over
8
8
8
8
1
1
13
13
-
1
1
5
5
84
84
17
17
57
50
7
3
3
W 4 0
and
'
10
10
SELECTEE OCCDPATIONS
CLASS A t . .................
CLASS E..............
HEN.............................................................
WOMEN.......................................................
ENROBING-HACHINE O PE R A T O R S...
JAN ITORS.......................................................
HEN.............................................................
MAINTENANCE WORKERS,
GENERAL UTILITY .4 ..............................
MECHANICS, MAINTENANCE:...............1
4
3
2
CANDY M A K E R S ,
CANDY M A K E R S ,
*
*
-
5
5
~
-
17
17
-
3
29
-
-
21
12
-
-
-
-
—
-
-
-
—
-
-
_
-
_
_
_
-
-
12
5
-
-
1
-
-
-
—
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
_
_
4
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
"
"
3
~
_
6
2
~
8
4
_
_
4
2
~
3
1The San Francisco-Oakland Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area includes Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, San Francisco, and San Mateo Counties.
2Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
3All or virtually all workers were timeworkers.
4All or virtually all workers were men.
2
2
11
1
1
_
1
Table 12.
Method of wage payment
(Percent of production workers in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments by method of wage payment,1 United States, selected regions, and areas, August 1975)
Regions
Method of
wage payment
United
States1
2
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Southeast
Areas
Great
Lakes
Pacific
Chicago
Los
AngelesLong Beach
New York
Philadelphia
San
FranciscoOakland
All workers.....................................................................
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Time-rated workers..............................................................
Formal plans...................................................................
Single rate...................................................................
Range of rates............................................................
Individual rates...............................................................
89
78
33
45
11
92
71
44
27
20
91
83
50
33
8
92
72
11
61
21
85
75
27
48
10
99
94
70
24
5
79
68
16
52
11
100
84
96
95
49
47
(*)
67
67
46
21
-
100
100
100
_
-
Incentive workers................................................................
Individual piecework......................................................
Group piecework..............................................................
Individual bonus............................................................
Group bonus ....................................................................
11
4
1
1
5
8
3
4
1
-
9
1
1
3
3
8
8
15
2
1
1
11
1
_
1
21
3
_
4
2
-
-
-
-
1
17
-
-
2
-
33
_
_
16
17
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
84
16
_
1 For definition of method of wage payment, see appendix B.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
3 Less than 0.5 percent.
NOTE:
Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
Table 13.
Scheduled weekly hours
(Percent of production workers in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments by scheduled weekly hours,1 United States, selected regions, and areas, August 1975)
Areas
Regions
Weekly hours
All workers.....................................................................
Under 40 hours...................................................................
4 days
5 days
40 hours
4 days
5 days
Over 40 hours
5 days
5-1/2 days.......................................................................
6 days ..............................................................................
United
States2
100
2
(3)
2
95
3
92
3
1
(3)
2
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Southeast
Great
Lakes
Pacific
Chicago
Los
AngelesLong Beach
New York
Philadelphia
San
FranciscoOakland
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
2
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
2
98
1
97
-
95
7
88
5
5
-
3
3
88
2
86
9
2
1
6
_
-
_
-
—
100
100
-
100
100
-
100
100
-
■
“
"
_
100
2
98
-
—
—
1 Data relate to the predominant schedule for full time day-shift workers in each establishment.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
3 Less than 0.5 percent.
NOTE:
Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
-
—
—
—
100
1
99
-
88
88
12
2
11
100
3
97
-
Table 14.
Shift differential provisions
(Percent of production workers in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments by shift differential provisions,1 United States, selected regions, and areas, August 1975)
Areas
Regions
Shift differential
United
States2
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Southeast
Great
Lakes
Pacific
Chicago
86
75
64
3
3
2
3
6
1
22
4
1
3
8
(■)
»
4
3
(*)
1
11
2
1
8
(*)
82
72
72
_
37
27
8
-
89
84
80
10
8
6
11
8
24
4
8
4
4
-
91
40
40
5
11
15
9
-
87
85
65
1
5
22
3
8
10
13
3
2
20
2
18
-
86
86
77
26
4
11
23
5
5
9
7
2
92
92
59
1
18
13
1
21
4
33
4
29
-
61
61
50
<*)
2
2
11
1
5
2
11
4
4
1
4
3
10
1
2
6
1
1
43
43
43
18
-
76
76
72
2
6
8
23
20
79
79
47
-
-
72
72
52
3
3
15
6
10
13
2
16
13
3
4
57
57
49
4
-
-
40
40
31
8
11
12
9
9
~
-
-
Los
AngelesLong Beach
New York
Philadelphia
90
90
78
45
6
26
12
12
-
79
69
69
48
5
17
-
84
84
72
45
26
9
48
48
48
8
40
-
San
FranciscoOakland
Second shift
Workers in establishments with
second-shift provisions.....................................................
With shift differential.....................................................
Uniform cents per hour
5 cents ....................
6 cents ....................
7 cents ....................
7.5 cents..................................................................
8 cents.....................................................................
9 cents .....................................................................
10 cents ...................................................................
12 cents...................................................................
13 cents ...................................................................
Over 13 and under 15 cents..............................
15 cents...................................................................
17 cents...................................................................
18 cents ...................................................................
Over 20 and under 25 cents..............................
25 cents...................................................................
30 cents...................................................................
Uniform percentage.....................................................
4 percent ..................................................................
6 percent ..................................................................
10 percent...............................................................
15 percent...............................................................
69
69
44
23
13
25
25
-
91
91
86
30
28
14
14
5
5
Third or other late shift
Workers in establishments with thirdor other late shift provisions.......................................
With shift differential....
Uniform cents per hour
5 cents....................
7 cents ....................
8 cents....................................................................
10 cents
12 cents
13 cents
14 cents
15 cents..................................................................
20 cents..............................
Over 20 and under 25 cents
25 cents...............................
26 cents ..............................
Over 26 cents
Uniform percentage
5 percent.....
8 percent .....
10 percent....
15 percent...............................................................
Other formal paid differential.................................
17
-
8
-
-
4
-
8
3
1
2
1
1 Refers to policies of establishments currently operating late shifts or having provisions covering late shifts.
* Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
* Less than 0.05 percent.
NOTE:
Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
33
7
5
7
7
-
9
49
49
24
15
-
-
9
17
21
26
21
5
6
25
25
25
25
-
-
-
-
u
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
25
-
9
3
Table 15.
Shift differential practices
(Percent of production workers in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments employed on late shifts by amount of pay differential, United States, selected regions, and areas, August 1975)
Regions
Shift differential
United
States1
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Southeast
Areas
Great
Lakes
Pacific
Chicago
Los
AngelesLong Beach
New York
Philadelphia
San
FranciscoOakland
Second shift
Workers employed on second shift..................................
Receiving differential.....................................................
Uniform cents per hour............................................
5 cents....................................................................
6 cents....................................................................
7 cents....................................................................
7.5 cents.................................................................
8 cents...................
9 cents....................
10 cents.................
12 cents .................
13 cents .................
Over 13 and under 15 cents..............................
15 cents .................
17 cents.................
18 cents .................
Over 20 and under 25 cents..............................
25 cents.................
30 cents.................
Uniform percentage....................................................
4 percent.................................................................
6 percent.................................................................
10 percent..............................................................
15 percent...............................................................
20
17
14
1
(2)
(2)
(2)
1
(2)
5
1
_
1
2
(2)
1
1
(2)
(2)
3
1
(2)
2
(2)
14
12
12
_
_
6
3
_
3
4
4
4
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1
(2)
(2)
1
1
1
15
14
13
3
(2)
_
-
1
5
2
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
24
8
8
1
2
_
_
5
-
25
25
20
(2)
_
7
1
4
3
4
1
1
5
1
4
-
1
2
(2)
(2)
(2)
30
30
21
7
6
(2)
6
2
8
1
7
-
3
3
3
7
7
6
1
1
1
9
9
7
6
6
6
_
-
2
1
1
1
1
_
_
_
-
12
12
10
_
_
_
_
_
~
-
1
_
10
—
_
_
2
2
-
22
20
20
15
_
_
2
_
_
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
-
9
9
8
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
5
1
1
1
Third or other late shift
Workers employed on third
or other late s h ift...........................................................
Receiving differential....................................................
Uniform cents per hour............................................
5 cents....................................................................
7 cents
8 cents
10 cents
12 cents
13 cents ..................................................................
14 cents
15 cents
20 cents
Over 20 and under 25 cents..............................
25 cents..................................................................
26 cents .....
Over 26 cents
Uniform percentage
5 percent ....
8 percent.................................................................
10 percent...............................................................
15 percent...............................................................
Other formal paid differential.................................
-
(2)
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
5
-
_
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
2
(2)
-
1
1
(2)
(2)
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
_
_
-
-
-
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
_
_
(2)
-
-
-
"
Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
1
-
—
-
-
(2)
2
-
2
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
_
_
~
(2)
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
2
2
_
-
1
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
(2)
-
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
1
1
1
-
1 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
2 Less than 0.05 percent.
NOTE:
5
5
5
(2)
(2)
3
2
Table 16. Paid holidays
(Percent of production workers in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments with formal provisions for paid holidays, United States, selected regions, and areas, August 1975)
Areas
Regions
Number of
paid holidays
United
States'
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Southeast
Great
Lakes
Pacific
Chicago
Los
AngelesLong Beach
New York
Philadelphia
San
Francisco—
Oakland
All workers......................................................................
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Workers in establishments
providing paid holidays....................................................
3 days ..............................................................................
5 days
6 days
6 days plus 1 or 2 half days....................................
7 days
7 days plus 1 or 2 half days....................................
8 days ..............................................................................
8 days plus 1 or 2 half days....................................
9 days ..............................................................................
9 days plus 1 half day................................................
9 days plus 2 half days..............................................
10 days ............................................................................
11 days ............................................................................
12 days ............................................................................
12 days plus 1 half day..............................................
13 days ............................................................................
98
(1
2)
6
7
1
9
2
11
2
13
1
4
24
14
2
2
(2)
100
4
10
1
15
26
17
27
-
99
1
1
1
3
1
13
4
1
10
27
32
3
1
100
35
13
29
12
11
-
97
11
3
2
2
11
6
7
(2)
2
40
14
-
97
1
23
2
4
33
2
12
20
_
-
100
4
5
4
4
6
3
(2)
3
53
19
-
89
5
3
9
15
39
_
_
18
_
-
100
_
_
_
_
_
_
16
72
3
9
100
6
4
6
_
5
_
21
7
_ ■
10
40
_
_
-
100
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
34
5
32
28
_
_
_
-
1 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
2 Less than 0.5 percent.
NOTE:
Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
Table 17.
Paid vacations
(Percent of production workers in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, United States, selected regions, and
areas, August 1975)
Areas
Regions
Vacation policy
All workers.....................................................................
United
States'
Pacific
Chicago
Los
AngelesLong Beach
Philadelphia
San
FrancisooOakland
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
77
23
100
90
10
100
96
4
100
86
14
100
100
-
100
74
26
100
57
43
100
100
-
_
88
_
11
4
71
_
25
_
80
_
19
_
71
_
29
_
75
_
25
_
100
_
_
_
100
_
_
_
89
_
7
_
86
_
14
29
4
64
44
10
45
75
25
51
_
49
32
1
67
43
_
57
78
5
17
10
_
90
45
_
51
8
4
86
2
11
4
82
_
4
85
10
32
9
59
_
4
_
96
_
4
1
95
_
2
_
98
_
11
5
84
_
_
_
100
_
12
_
83
_
4
(*)
74
2
19
89
8
4
52
10
33
23
5
55
17
_
_
87
_
13
3
_
43
_
54
_
_
91
_
9
11
_
48
_
41
_
_
22
_
78
17
_
37
_
47
3
21
1
69
2
4
-r22
76
3
4
100
23
33
2
31
11
_
9
1
88
_
2
3
2
_
90
_
5
_
4
2
94
_
_
11
5
_
75
_
9
_
_
_
100
_
_
12
3
_
_
84
_
_
_
3
8
1
52
2
33
10
-
3
1
31
10
53
23
10
2
54
11
_
2
2
57
_
39
11
5
66
_
_
_
_
9
-
-
73
15
_
_
34
51
18
91
54
49
3
8
(*>
20
57
11
10
11
76
-
3
3
8
61
25
23
10
33
23
11
3
1
9
67
19
12
2
2
6
82
8
11
5
_
31
53
_
_
7
1
14
71
7
6
51
43
_
12
75
_
3
-
3
23
-
3
-
11
-
12
New
England
-Middle
Atlantic
Southeast
100
100
100
100
100
87
12
98
79
18
100
76
24
«*)
80
3
15
_
77
4
17
43
5
51
Great
Lakes
New York
Method of payment
Workers in establishments
providing paid vacations.................................................
Length-of-time payment.................................................
Percentage payment.......................................................
Amount of vacation pay2
After 1 year of service:
Under 1 week..................................................................
1 week..............................................................................
Over 1 and under 2 weeks.........................................
2 weeks ...........................................................................
After 2 years of service:
1 week.............................................................................
Over 1 and under 2 weeks.........................................
2 weeks...........................................................................
_
_
100
After 3 years of service:
1 week.............................................................................
Over 1 and under 2 weeks.........................................
2 weeks ...........................................................................
Over 2 and under 3 weeks.........................................
After 5 years of service.*
1 week.............................................................................
Over 1 and under 2 weeks.........................................
2 weeks...........................
Over 2 and under 3 weeks
3 weeks...........................
After 10 years of service:
1 week.............................................................................
2 weeks...........................................................................
Over 2 and under 3 weeks.........................................
3 weeks...........................
Over 3 and under 4 weeks
4 weeks...........................
-
74
10
8
After 15 years of service:
1 week.............................................................................
2 weeks ...........................
Over 2 and under 3 weeks
3 weeks...........................
Over 3 and under 4 weeks
4 weeks...........................................................................
After 20 years of service:
1 week.............................................................................
2 weeks...........................................................................
Over 2 and under 3 weeks.........................................
3 weeks...........................................................................
4 weeks...........................................................................
5 weeks ...........................................................................
3
3
7
1
55
_
37
-
-
47
_
48
-
_
_
_
_
12
_
_
_
100
_
_
_
_
_
95
5
_
_
_
100
After 25 years of service:
lw e e lt.............................................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
-
Table 17.
Paid vacations—Continued
(Percent of production workers in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, United States, selected regions, and
areas, August 1975)
Areas
Regions
Vacation policy
United
States'
Los
AngelesLong Beach
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Southeast
Great
Lakes
Pacific
Chicago
10
3
_
8
34
10
30
11
10
33
23
_
11
_
7
1
14
16
4
58
-
1
9
63
2
2
6
12
6
72
-
-
-
3
3
_
8
34
28
24
23
10
_
33
23
New York
Philadelphia
San
FranciscoOakland
Amount of vacation pay2— Continued
ro
05
After 25 years of service:
2 weeks ............................................................................
Over 2 and under 3 weeks..........................................
3 weeks ............................................................................
4 weeks ............................................................................
Over 4 and under 5 weeks..........................................
5 weeks
.......................................................................
6 weeks
.......................................................................
After 30 years of service:4
1 week
.........................................................................
2 weeks ...........................................................................
Over 2 and under 3 weeks..........................................
3 weeks
4 weeks
5 weeks
6 weeks
8
(••»
)
17
30
4
35
3
3
8
{»)
17
30
35
6
1
33
_
53
_
10
_
1
33
53
11
7
1
14
16
62
-
24
3
1
9
63
24
.
2
2
6
12
78
5
-
31
53
-
11
5
31
53
-
-
-
6
51
32
10
12
35
40
-
100
-
.
12
-
-
-
-
6
51
6
37
12
35
40
-
100
' Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
A
^
A ... .
2
Vacation payments, such as percent of annual earnings, were converted to an equivalent time basis. Periods of service were chosen arbitranly and do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for
progression. For example, changes indicated at 10 years may include changes that occurred between 5 and 10 years.
Less than 0.5 percent.
4 Vacation provisions were virtually the same after longer periods of service.
NOTE:
Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
Table 18.
Health, insurance, and retirement plans
(Percent of production workers in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments with specified health, insurance, and retirement plans,1 United States, selected regions, and areas, August 1975)
Areas
Regions
Type of plan
All workers.....................................................................
United
States2
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Southeast
Great
Lakes
Pacific
Chicago
Los
AngelesLong Beach
New York
Philadelphia
San
FranciscoOakland
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
92
64
90
27
94
92
98
61
93
57
85
84
98
58
61
55
100
100
88
88
90
90
82
56
90
27
72
70
78
41
88
57
75
75
98
58
30
30
86
86
41
41
90
90
84
74
50
80
80
17
87
81
81
77
66
33
89
87
53
87
17
17
94
94
56
53
-
-
100
91
91
60
60
60
100
10
10
6
19
21
22
47
28
35
19
-
86
7
34
28
100
64
100
64
98
62
96
62
64
64
58
-
12
16
16
93
58
95
55
95
55
95
55
72
72
70
1
4
30
11
11
95
93
95
93
95
93
95
93
65
65
65
5
19
27
27
100
60
100
60
100
60
100
60
74
74
74
40
9
9
88
88
88
88
88
88
12
12
88
88
88
14
30
30
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
86
86
86
Workers in establishments providing:
Life insurance.................................................................
Noncontributory plans................................................
Accidental death and
dismemberment insurance..........................................
Noncontributory plans................................................
Sickness and accident insurance
or sick leave or both3 .................................................
Sickness and accident insurance............................
Noncontributory plans...........................................
Sick leave (full pay,
no waiting period)...................................................
Sick leave (partial pay
or waiting period)....................................................
Long-term disability insurance.....................................
Noncontributory plans................................................
Hospitalization insurance...............................................
Noncontributory plans............................................ ..
Surgical insurance
Noncontributory plans
Medical insurance
Noncontributory plans
Major medical insurance..............................................
Noncontributory plans
Retirement plans4 ..........
Pensions.......................
Noncontributory plans
Severance pay ............................................................
No plans..........................................................................
20
11
14
14
96
65
97
63
96
62
77
46
70
70
69
1
3
-
97
25
97
15
97
15
96
18
80
80
80
3
9
10
10
97
94
97
94
93
91
37
31
89
89
89
1
3
18
3
-
-
-
-
84
75
84
75
84
75
84
75
70
70
70
-
-
-
16
100
100
100
100
100
100
34
8
100
100
100
9
-
-
-
12
-
1 Includes those plans for which the employer pays at least part of the cost and excludes legally required plans such as workers’ compensation and social security; however, plans required by State temporary
disability laws are included if the employer contributes more than is legally required or the employees receive benefits in excess of legal requirements. “Noncontributory plans" include only those plans financed
entirely by the employer
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
3 Unduplicated total of workers receiving sickness and accident insurance and sick leave shown separately.
4 Unduplicated total of workers covered by pension plans and severance pay shown separately.
NOTE:
Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
Table 19.
Other selected benefits
(Percent of production workers in candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments providing funeral leave pay, jury duty pay, technological severance pay, and cost-of-living adjustments,1 United
States, selected regions, and areas, August 1975)
Areas
Regions
Type of benefit
ro
oo
1K iioH
n
unuea
States2
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Southeast
Great
Lakes
Pacific
Chicago
Los
AngelesLong Beach
80
77
6
8
8
80
66
43
20
20
61
61
87
82
71
54
97
91
47
22
-
-
-
-
-
26
26
-
35
35
New York
Philadelphia
San
FranciscoOakland
Workers in establishments
with provisions for:
Funeral leave........................................................................
Jury duty leave....................................................................
Technological severance pay.............................................
Cost-of-living adjustments.................................................
Based on BLS Consumer Price Index.........................
Based on other measure...............................................
75
74
14
9
8
2
1 For definition of items, see appendix B.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
NOTE:
Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
-
13
13
3
3
-
—
~
—
100
100
84
-
-
83
51
40
~
61
61
-
44
44
-
Appendix A. Occupational Pay Matrix
The average (mean) difference in 1970 and 1975 pay
spreads was computed for the 190 occupational relation
ships. The difference—
approximately minus 1 percentage
point— was used to determine the standard deviation of the
distribution of pay spreads. The resulting standard devia
tion—
about 6— the upper and lower limit around the
set
mean for isolating individual pay relationships that changed
by at least one standard error.
Conventional methods for gauging the relative degree of
stability, or of change, in an industry’s occupational wage
structure usually select one occupation as the basis for com
parison with all others studied, as in text table 3. To obtain
a more complete picture of pay relationships, a matrix of
wage differentials for each possible occupational pairing
was developed for this study. It includes 20 of the 22 job
classiciations in 1975 that were also covered by the 1970
candy survey. The matrix is shown in table A -l.
Occupations were arranged along the matrix axes in
order of highest to lowest pay levels as of August 1975.
Percent differences were then computed for the 190 pay
relationships each in 1970 and 1975. For example, reading
across the mogul operators’ row, their earnings were ex
ceeded by 41 percent for machinists, 30 percent for me
chanics, 13 percent for general utility workers, and 4 per
cent for class A candy makers in 1975; but compared to the
other 15 jobs shown, the mogul-operator earnings advan
tage ranged from 3 to 49 percent, reading down column 5.
To determine pay relationships for any of the 20 jobs,
read across each line until a dash appears, then down the
same numbered column, e.g., row 8, column 8 for candy
makers, class B.
Based on the aforementioned procedure, significant
occupational wage shifts were especially apparent for four
occupations. Differences between wage rates of class A
candy makers and watchmen and those of higher paying
occupations increased while differences with most lower
paying occupations decreased, implying that these two oc
cupations experienced a decline within the overall occupa
tional wage structure. Filling-machine operators and mogul
operators’ helpers, on the other hand, exhibited the reverse
pattern—
decreasing differences with higher paying occupa
tions and increasing differences with most lower paying
groups—
implying an improvement in wage position for
these two occupations.
29
Table A-1.
Occupational pay relationship matrix in candy and other confectionery products, August 1975 and August
1970 (in parentheses)
M a c h in is ts ,
m a in
ten an c e
te n a n c e
(1 )
O c c u p a tio n
M e c h a n ic s ,
m a in
M a in te
(2 )
nan ce m e n ,
Candym a k e rs ,
general
Class A
u t il i t y
(3 )
M ogul
o p e ra to rs
(4 )
E n ro b in g -
F illin g -
Candy-
M ogul
m a c h in e
m a c h in e
m a k e rs ,
o p e ra to rs '
o p e ra to rs
o p e ra to rs
Class B
h elp ers
(6 )
(7 )
(8 )
P ackers,
(9 )
(5 )
hand,
candy
bars
(1 0 )
_
1)
M a c h in is ts , m a i n t e n a n c e .......................
( 2)
M e c h a n ic s , m a i n t e n a n c e .......................
( 3)
M a in te n a n c e w o rk e rs , general
25
( 24)
15
(1 6 )
( 4)
C a n d y m a k e rs , Class A
...........................
36
( 26)
25
(1 7 )
9
( 2)
( 5)
M o g u l o p e ra to r s ...........................................
41
( 40)
30
(3 0 )
13
(1 2 )
4
(1 1 )
( 6)
E n ro b in g -m a c h in e o p e ra to r s .................
45
( 44)
34
(3 4 )
16
(1 6 )
7
(1 4 )
3
( 3)
( 7)
F illin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ....................
46
( 56)
34
(4 5 )
17
(2 5 )
8
(2 3 )
3
(1 1 )
1
( 8)
( 8)
C a n d y m a k e rs , Class B
...........................
47
( 47)
35
(3 7 )
18
(1 8 )
8
(1 6 )
4
( 5)
1
( 3)
1
(-5 )
( 9)
M o g u l o p e ra to rs ' h e l p e r s .......................
50
( 61)
38
(4 9 )
20
(2 9 )
11
(2 7 )
6
(1 5 )
3
(1 2 )
3
( 3)
2
( 9)
(1 0 )
P ackers, h a n d , c a n d y b a r s ....................
54
( 63)
42
(5 2 )
24
(3 1 )
14
(2 9 )
9
(1 7 )
6
(1 4 )
6
( 5)
5
(1 1 )
3
( 2)
(1 1 )
L a b o re rs , m a te ria l h a n d l i n g .................
55
( 56)
43
(4 5 )
24
(2 5 )
14
(2 3 )
10
(1 1 )
7
( 8)
6
( 0)
5
( 6)
3
( -3 )
1
(-5 )
(1 2 )
J a n i t o r s ............................................................
59
( 59)
47
(4 8 )
28
(2 8 )
17
(2 6 )
13
(1 4 )
10
(1 1 )
9
( 2)
8
( 8)
6
(-1 )
3
( -3)
(
u t i l i t y ........................................................
9
(
-
8)
-
-
-
(1 3 )
In s p e c to rs , c a n d y ........................................
60
( 69)
47
(5 7 )
28
(3 6 )
18
(3 4 )
13
(2 1 )
10
(1 7 )
9
( 8)
9
(1 5 )
6
( 5)
4
( 3)
(1 4 )
C a n d y m a k e rs ' h e l p e r s ...........................
61
( 63)
48
(5 1 )
29
(3 1 )
18
(2 9 )
14
(1 6 )
11
(1 3 )
10
( 4)
9
(1 0 )
7
(
1)
4
( 1 )
(1 5 )
W r a p p in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s .............
64
( 68)
51
(5 6 )
31
(3 5 )
21
(3 3 )
16
(2 0 )
13
(1 7 )
12
( 8)
11
(1 4 )
9
( 5)
6
( 3)
(1 6 )
E n ro b in g -m a c h in e o p e ra to rs '
h e lp e r s .........................................................
69
( 78)
56
(6 5 )
35
(4 3 )
25
(4 1 )
20
(2 7 )
16
(2 4 )
16
(1 4 )
15
(2 1 )
13
(1 0 )
10
( 9)
(1 7 )
W a t c h m e n .....................................................
74
( 62)
60
(5 1 )
40
(3 0 )
28
(2 8 )
23
(1 6 )
20
(1 3 )
19
( 4)
18
(1 0 )
16
(
1)
13
(-1 )
(1 8 )
Packers, h a n d , f a n c y .................................
87
( 91)
72
(7 7 )
50
(5 4 )
38
(5 1 )
32
(3 7 )
29
(3 3 )
28
(2 3 )
27
(3 0 )
25
(1 9 )
21
(1 7 )
(1 9 )
Packers, h a n d , b u l k .................................
92
( 95)
77
(8 1 )
54
(5 6 )
42
(5 4 )
36
(3 9 )
32
(3 5 )
32
(2 5 )
31
(3 2 )
28
(2 1 )
25
(1 9 )
(2 0 )
D ip p e rs , h a n d ...............................................
111
(1 0 7 )
94
(9 2 )
69
(6 6 )
55
(6 3 )
49
(4 8 )
45
(4 4 )
44
(3 2 )
43
(4 0 )
40
(2 8 )
36
(2 6 )
Candy-
L a b o re rs ,
m a te ria l
J a n ito rs
h a n d lin g
(1 2 )
(1 1 )
1)
C a n d y m a k e rs , Class A
( 5)
(1 5 )
Packers,
h elp ers
(
16)
P ackers,
hand,
hand,
fa n c y
W a tc h m e n
b u lk
(1 8 )
(1 9 )
(1 7 )
M a in te n a n c e w o rk e rs , general
( 4)
(1 4 )
(1 3 )
m a c h in e
o p e ra to rs '
M e c h a n ic s , m a i n t e n a n c e .......................
( 3)
o p e ra to rs
E n ro b in g -
M a c h in is ts , m a i n t e n a n c e .......................
( 2)
m a c h in e
helpers
candy
W ra p p in g -
m a k e rs '
In s p e c to rs ,
M o g u l o p e ra to r s ...........................................
(
u t i l i t y .........................................................
...........................
( 6)
E n ro b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s .................
( 7)
F illin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ....................
( 8)
C a n d y m a k e rs , Class B
( 9)
M o g u l o p e ra to r s ' h e l p e r s .......................
(1 0 )
Packers h a n d c a n d y b a r s ....................
...........................
(1 1 )
L a b o re rs , m a te ria l h a n d l i n g .................
(1 2 )
J a n i t o r s ............................................................
3
( 2)
(1 3 )
In s p e c to rs , c a n d y ........................................
3
( 8)
1
( 6)
(1 4 )
C a n d y m a k e rs ' h e l p e r s ...........................
4
( 4)
1
( 2)
1
(-4 )
(1 5 )
W ra p p in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s .............
6
( 8)
3
( 6)
3
(
(1 6 )
E n ro b in g -m a c h in e o p e ra to rs '
h e lp e r s .........................................................
9
(1 4 )
6
(1 2 )
6
( 5)
5
( 9)
3
( 6)
(1 7 )
W a t c h m e n .....................................................
12
( 4)
9
( 2)
9
( -4)
8
6
( *4)
3
( -9)
(1 8 )
Packers, h a n d , f a n c y .................................
21
(2 3 )
18
(2 0 )
17
(1 3 )
17
( 1 )
(1 7 )
14
(1 4 )
11
( 8)
7
(1 9 )
P ackers, h a n d , b u l k .................................
24
(2 5 )
21
(2 2 )
20
(1 5 )
20
(2 0 )
17
(1 6 )
14
(1 0 )
10
(2 0 )
3
(2 2 )
31 ip (2e rs , h a 8 d ...............................................
D p 7)
2 n (2 3 )
2 4 (1 6 )
21
3 67 )
(2
(3 1 2
2)
(2 0 )
1
-
1)
2
Less than 0.5 percent.
30
( 3)
-
_
(1 8 )
( 2)
( 83 2
)
(3 0 ) ( 63 2
9
)
D ip p e rs ,
han d
(2 0 )
Appendix B. Scope and Method of Survey
composition of the industry’s labor force, rather than as
precise measures of employment.
Scope of survey
The survey included establishments engaged primarily
in manufacturing candy and other confectionery products
(SIC 2071 as defined in the 1967 edition o f the S ta n d a rd
In dustrial C lassification M an ual , prepared by the U.S.
Office of Management and Budget). Establishments pri
marily engaged in manufacturing solid chocolate bars (SIC
2072), manufacturing chewing gum (SIC 2073), making
confectionery primarily for direct sale on the premises, and
shelling and roasting nuts (which are classified in trade
industries) were excluded. Also excluded were separate
auxiliary units, such as central offices.
Establishments studied were selected from those em
ploying 20 workers or more at the time of reference of the
data used in compiling the universe lists. Table B-l shows
the number of establishments and workers estimated to
be within the scope of the survey, as well as the number
actually studied by the Bureau.
Production workers
The terms “production workers” and “production and
related workers,” used interchangeably in this bulletin,
include working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers
engaged in nonoffice activities. Administrative, executive,
professional, technical personnel, office clericals and forceaccount construction employees, who are used as a separate
work force on the firm’s own properties, are excluded.
Occupations selected for study
Occupational classification was based on a uniform set
of job descriptions designed to take account of interestab
lishment and interarea variations in duties within the same
job. (See appendix C for these descriptions.) The criteria
for selection of the occupations were: the number of
workers in the occupation; the usefulness of the data in
collective bargaining; and appropriate representation of the
entire job scale in the industry. Working supervisors, appren
tices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, parttime, temporary, and probationary workers were not re
ported in the data for selected occupations but were in
cluded in the data for all production workers.
Method of study
Data were obtained by personal visits of the Bureau’s
field staff to a representative sample of establishments
within the scope o f the survey. To obtain appropriate ac
curacy at a minimum cost, a greater proportion of large
than of small establishments was studied. In combining
the data, however, all establishments were given an appro
priate weight. All estimates are presented, therefore, as
relating to all establishments in the industry, excluding only
those below the minimum size at the time of reference of
the universe data.
Wage data
Information on wages relates to straight-time hourly
earnings, excluding premium pay for overtime and for
work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive
payments, such as those resulting from piecework or pro
duction bonus systems, and cost-of-living bonuses were in
cluded as part of the workers’ regular pay. Nonproduction
bonus payments, such as Christmas or yearend bonuses,
were excluded.
A verage (m ea n ) h o u rly rates o r earnings for each occupa
tion or category of workers, such as production workers,
were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earnings)
by the number of workers receiving the rate, totaling, and
dividing by the number of individuals. The hourly earnings
of salaried workers were obtained by dividing straight-time
salary by normal rather than actual hours.
Establishment definition
An establishment is defined for this study as a single
physical location where manufacturing operations are
performed. An establishment is not necessarily identical
with a company, which may consist of one establishment
or more.
Employment
Estimates of the number of workers within the scope
of the study are intended as a general guide to the size and
31
Table B-1. Estimated number of establishments and employees within scope of survey
and number studied, candy and other confectionery products industry, August 1975
Number of
establishments3
Region1 and area2
Workers in establishments
Within scope of study
Within
scope of
study
Actually
studied
Actually
studied
Total4
United States5 ...............................................................................................
New England.................................................................................................
Middle Atlantic ...
New York, N.Y.
Philadelphia ....
Southeast ............
Great Lakes........
Chicago, I I I ....
Pacific.................
Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif................................................................
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif...................................................................
349
21
94
19
22
19
101
40
45
19
16
157
14
38
12
12
15
40
20
24
10
9
Production
workers
50,002
3,590
11,420
1,852
2,197
3,931
18,042
10,847
4,249
1,170
1,570
40,281
2,909
9,256
1,531
1,865
3,033
14,294
8,618
3,324
947
1,208
37,025
2,969
7,956
1,659
1,885
3,691
14,059
9,436
2,950
816
1,304
1 The regions used in this study include New Eqgbnd-Cocmecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
3 Includes only those establishments with 20 workers or more at the time of reference of
New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont Middle AtbntiG-New Jersey, New York, and the universe data.
4 lnlcudes executive, professional, office, and other workers in addition to the production
Pennsylvania; Southeast-tobama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina,
and Tennessee: Great ZateHKnois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; and workers category shown separately.
5 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Alaska and Hawaii were
Padfkh-Cai^orm, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington.
not included in the study.
2 See individual area tables 7-11 for definitions of selected areas.
The m edian designates position; that is, one-half of the
employees surveyed received more than this rate and onehalf received less. The m id d le range is defined by two rates
of pay such that one-fourth of the employees earned less
than the lower of these rates and one-fourth earned more
than the higher rate.
Method of wage payment
Tabulations by method of wage payment relate to the
number of workers paid under the various time and incen
tive wage systems. Formal rate structures for time-rated
workers provide single rates or a range of rates for individual
job categories. In the absence of a formal rate structure,
pay rates are determined primarily by the qualifications of
the individual worker. A single rate structure is one in
which the same rate is paid to all experienced workers in
the same job classification. (Learners, apprentices, or proba
tionary workers may be paid according to rate schedules
which start below the single rate and permit the workers to
achieve the full job rate over a period of time.) An experi
enced worker occasionally may be paid above or below the
single rate for special reasons, but such payments are excep
tions. Range-of-rate plans are those in which the minimum,
maximum, or both of these rates paid experienced workers
for the same job are specified. Specific rates of individual
workers within the range may be determined by merit,
length o f service, or a combination of these. Incentive
workers are classified under piecework or bonus plans.
Piecework is work for which a predetermined rate is paid
for each unit of output. Production bonuses are for produc
tion in excess of a quota or for completion of a task in less
than standard time.
Size of community
Tabulations by size of community pertain to metro
politan and nonmetropolitan areas. The term “metropolitan
area,” as used in this bulletin, refers to the Standard Metro
politan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Office of
Management and Budget through February 8, 1974.
Except in New England, a Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area is defined as a county or group of contig
uous counties which contains at least one city of 50,000
inhabitants or more. Counties- contiguous to the one con
taining such a city are included in a Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area if, according to certain criteria, they are es
sentially metropolitan in character and are socially and eco
nomically integrated with the central city. In New England,
where the city and town are administratively more im
portant than the county, they are the units used in defining
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas.
Labor-management agreements
Scheduled weekly hours
Separate wage data are presented, where possible, for
establishments that had (1) a majority of the production
workers covered by labor-management contracts, and (2)
none or a minority of the production workers covered by
labor-management contracts.
Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work
schedule for full-time production workers employed on
the day shift.
32
Jersey, where temporary disability insurance laws require
employer contributions,1 plans are included only if the em
ployer (1) contributes more than is legally required, or (2)
provides the employees with benefits which exceed the
requirements of the law.
Tabulations of paid sick leave plans are limited to formal
plans which provide full pay or a proportion of the worker’s
pay during absence from work because of illness; informal
arrangements have been omitted. Separate tabulations are
provided for (1) plans which provide full pay and no wait
ing period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay or a
waiting period.
Medical insurance refers to plans providing for complete
or partial payment of doctors’ fees. Such plans may be
underwritten by a commercial insurance company or a
nonprofit organization, or they may be a form of selfinsurance.
Major medical insurance, sometimes referred to as ex
tended medical or catastrophe insurance, includes plans
designed to cover employees for sickness or injury involving
an expense which exceeds the normal coverage of hospital
ization, medical, and surgical plans.
Tabulations of retirement pensions are limited to plans
which provide regular payments for the remainder of the
retiree’s life. Data are presented separately for retirement
severance pay (one payment or several over a specified
period of time). Establishments providing both retirement
severance payments and retirement pensions to employees
were considered as having both retirement severance plans,
and retirement pensions; however, establishments having
optional plans providing employees a choice of either re
tirement severance payments or pensions were considered
as having only retirement pension benefits.
Shift provisions and practices
Shift provisions relate to the policies of establishments
either currently operating late shifts or having formal provi
sions covering late-shift work. Practices relate to workers
employed on late shifts at the time of the survey.
Supplementary benefits
Supplementary benefits in an establishment were con
sidered applicable to all production workers if they applied
to one-half or more of such workers in the establishment.
Similarly, if fewer than half of the workers were covered,
the benefit was considered nonexistent in the establishment.
Because of length-of-service and other eligibility require
ments, the proportion of workers actually receiving the
benefits may be smaller than the estimate.
P aid h olidays. Paid holiday provisions relate to full-day
and half-day holidays provided annually.
P aid vacations. The summaries of vacation plans are limited
to formal arrangements and exclude informal plans where
by time off with pay is granted at the discretion of the em
ployer or supervisor. Payments not on a time basis were con
verted; for example, a payment of 2 percent of annual earn
ings was considered the equivalent of 1 week’s pay. The
periods of service for which data are presented represent
the most common practices, but they do not necessarily
reflect individual establishment provisions for progression.
For example, changes in proportions indicated at 10 years
of service may include changes which occurred between 5
and 10 years.
P aid fu n era l an d ju r y -d u ty leave. Data for paid funeral
and jury-duty leave relate to formal plans which provide
at least partial payment for time lost as a result of attending
funerals of specified family members or serving as a juror.
H ealth , insurance , and re tire m e n t plan s. Data are presented
for health, insurance, and retirement plans for which the
employer pays all or a part of the cost, excluding pro
grams required by law such as workers’ compensation and
social security. Among plans included are those under
written by a commercial insurance company and those
paid directly by the employer from his current operating
funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose.
Death benefits are included as a form of life insurance.
Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type of
insurance under which predetermined cash payments are
made directly to the insured on a weekly or monthly basis
during illness or accident disability. Information is pre
sented for all such plans to which the employer contributes
at least a part of the cost. However, in New York and New
T echnological severance p a y . Data relate to formal plans
providing for payments to employees permanently sepa
rated from the company because of a technological change
or plant closing.
C ost-of-living p a y a d ju stm e n ts. Data relate to formal plans
whereby wage rates are adjusted periodically in keeping
with changes in the Consumer Price Index or some other
measure.
^ h e temporary disability insurance laws in California and
Rhode Island do not require employer contributions.
33
Appendix C. Occupational Descriptions
The primary purpose o f preparing job descriptions for the Bureau’s wage surveys is to assist
its field staff in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a
variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment
and from area to area. This permits the grouping of occupational wage rates representing
comparable job content. Because of this emphasis on interestablishment and interarea com
parability of occupational content, the Bureau’s job descriptions may differ significantly from
those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying
these job descriptions, the Bureau’s field staff is instructed to exclude working supervisors,
apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and proba
tionary workers.
in making one type of candy such as hard, cream, caramel,
or nougat.
Candy cutter
(Cutter, machine; slicing-machine feeder; strippermachine operator; caramel cutter, machine; mintmachine operator; nougat cutter, machine)
Class A —
Makes one or more types of candy. Work in
volves m o s t o f th e fo llo w in g : Knowledge of various
Tends a machine that cuts candy (such as caramel,
nougat or fudge) into pieces or strips of specified size. Work
involves: Using knife to cut slabs of candy into sections;
selecting cutting disks, already mounted on shafts, accord
ing to specified width of cut, and installing cutting disks in
machine; placing candy on conveyor that carries it under
rotating disks for cutting into strips; repositioning cut
strips on conveyor or feeding strips against knife so that
slicing occurs at right angle to first cut, forming square or
oblong pieces of candy suitable for shipment or further
processing. May weigh random samples to insure uniformity
of product and dust candy with flour or starch to prevent
sticking. May also tend machine equipped with two cutting
heads and device that changes feed angle so that candy is
automatically sliced into strips and cut into pieces of speci
fied size and shape.
ingredients, formulas, methods, and equipment used
in producing candy; the exercise of judgment, initia
tive, and ingenuity in creating new candy items or
in meeting production difficulties; working with a
minimum of supervision; and directing the activites
of candy makers of lesser skill and/or helpers.
Class B —
Makes candy according to formulas, or under
the direction of others, usually preparing one type of
candy or performing only some of the operations
required in candy making. May be assisted by, and
assign work to, one or more helpers.
Candy maker's helper
Candy maker
Assists the candy maker by performing such tasks as:
Obtaining, measuring, or weighing sugar, glucose, and other
ingredients according to formulas or instructions; lifting or
conveying ingredients to cooking kettles; cutting or chop
ping fruits or nuts; mixing cream-candy batches; washing
cooking equipment and utensils; and cleaning working areas.
May, in addition, perform various candy forming and cut
ting operations.
(Batch maker; boiler; confectioner; cook, candy;
cooker, batch; fondant maker; hard-candy maker;
jelly- or gum-candy maker; taffy-candy maker)
Measures, weighs, mixes and/or cooks ingredients in
making candies or in preparing bases for making candies.
May, in addition, operate heating, pulling, molding, and
other types of candy-making machines, or may specialize
34
Candy-rolling machine operator
of candies from discharge conveyor and sliding them onto
candy trays; and stacking trays of candy on handtrucks.
This classification does n o t include off-bearers who also
pack candy boxes or other containers.
(Cut-roll machine operator; roller operator)
Tends a machine that rolls slabs of candy to specified
thickness prior to cutting. Work involves: Turning handwheel to adjust clearance of rollers to accomodate thick
ness of slab without binding; starting machine and feeding
slabs of candy between rollers; reversing rollers to return
candy for removal; readjusting rollers and continuing opera
tion until candy is rolled to specified thickness.
Filling-machine operator
Controls the operation of a filling machine which auto
matically fills containers such as cartons, boxes, bottles,
cans, or jars with a specified weight or amount of the com
modity being packaged. May, in some plants, feed con
tainers to the machine and remove filled containers from
the machine where these operations are not assigned to
other workers.
This classification includes workers who tend machines
that perform other operations such as closing, sealing, cap
ping, or wrapping, in a d d itio n to fillin g containers.
Dipper, hand
(Bonbon dipper; candy dipper, hand; caramel dipper;
chocolate dipper, hand; coater, hand; cream dipper;
dipper, fork; icing dipper; stripper)
Dips candy centers, fruits, or nuts into fondant, choco
late, or other icing material and finishes the surface by hand.
Work involves . Regulating temperature of small dipping vat
with valve or switch; dropping candy center, fruit, or nut
into vat of icing and removing it with fingers or fork; and
smoothing the surface and making an identifying mark on
the top. May, in addition, prepare icing in small quantities
in dipping vat or place nut or other garnishing on top of
candy.
Examines boxes or other containers of candy to see that
candy is properly formed, polished, wrapped, and packed;
and stamps or indicates date of inspection on box or con
tainer, or returns candy to packer with explanation for
rejection. May, in addition, weigh candy, or pack boxes
or containers of candy in cartons.
Enrobing-machine operator
Janitor
Inspector, candy
(Sweeper; charworker)
(Coating-machine operator; coater, machine, dipper,
machine; dipping-machine operator; enrober)
Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory work
ing areas and washrooms, or premises of an office, apart
ment house, or commercial or other establishment. Duties
involve a co m b in a tio n o f th e fo llo w in g : Sweeping, mopping
or scrubbing, and polishing floors; removing chips, trash,
and other refuse; dusting equipment, furniture, or fixtures;
polishing metal fixtures or trimmings; providing supplies
and minor maintenance services; and cleaning lavatories,
showers, and restrooms. Workers who specialize in window
washing are excluded.
Controls the operation of one or more machines that
automatically coat (dip) candy centers with chocolate or
other icing material. Work involves: Regulating supply and
temperature of chocolate or other icing material, and mak
ing minor mechanical adjustments to keep machines opera
ting efficiently. May be assisted by several helpers.
Enrobing-machine operator's helper
(Candy liner; coating-machine feeder; corder; decora
tor; dipping-machine feeder; off-bearer; dippingmachine operator’s helper; enrober’s helper;separator;
slider; straightener; streaker; stringer; stroker; tray
filler)
Laborer, material handling
(Loader and unloader; handler and stacker; shelver;
trucker; stockman or stock helper; warehouse worker
or warehouse helper)
A worker employed in a warehouse, manufacturing plant,
store, or other establishment whose duties involve o n e o r
m o re o f th e fo llo w in g : Loading and unloading various ma
terials and merchandise on or from freight cars, trucks, or
other transporting devices; unpacking, shelving, or placing
materials or merchandise in proper storage location; and
transporting materials or merchandise by handtruck, car,
or wheelbarrow. L on gsh ore w orkers w h o lo a d a n d u nload
ships , are exclu ded.
Assists the enrobing-machine operator by performing
one or more hand operations involved in the candy making
process. Typical of such operations are: Placing and arrang
ing candy centers on the feed conveyor of the coating
machine; dumping centers into a mechanical feed hopper
which discharges them on the feed conveyor; finishing the
top of coated candies by applying coating material with
fingers; separating coated candies with a wire tool to pre
vent them from sticking together; lifting wax paper plaques
35
Machinist, maintenance
Mogul operator
Produces replacement parts and new parts in making
repairs of metal parts of mechanical equipment operated
in an establishment. Work involves m o s t o f th e f o llo w in g :
Interpreting written instructions and specifications; plan
ning and laying out of work; using a variety of machinist’s
handtools and precision measuring instruments; setting
up and operating standard machine tools; shaping of metal
parts to close tolerances; making standard shop computa
tions relating dimensions of work, tooling, feeds, and
speeds of machining; knowledge of the working properties
of the common metals; selecting standard materials, parts,
and equipment required for work; and fitting and assem
bling parts into mechanical equipment. In general, the
machinist’s work normally requires a rounded training in
machine-shop practice usually acquired through a formal
apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience.
Molds soft candy centers, such as gums and jellies, by
operating a mogul machine. Work involves the following:
Inserting mold die in machine and fastening it in place with
wedges or by tightening thumb screws; starting machine
and turning valve to supply steam to jacket of candy
hopper; adjusting setscrews to regulate flow of candy from
depositors; oiling machine and observing its proper opera
tion; and directing one or more helpers.
Mogul operator's helper
Assists the mogul-machine operator by feeding, catching,
stacking, and trucking candy. Typical of the specific duties
performed by the helper are: Lifting trays of freshly
molded candy from conveyor or machine and stacking
them on handtrucks to be pushed to hardening room; plac
ing trays of hardened candy in starch molds on automatic
feed rack of mogul machine; placing empty trays under
conveyor of machine to catch candy after it has been
separated from starch; spreading candy on trays; and push
ing loaded handtrucks to and from hardening room.
Maintenance worker, general utility
Keeps the machines, mechanical equipment and/or struc
ture of an establishment (usually a small plant where
specialization in maintenance work is impractical) in repair.
Duties involve the performance of operations and the use
of tools and equipment of several trades, rather than spe
cialization in one trade or one type of maintenance work
only. Work involves a co m b in a tio n o f th e fo llo w in g : Plan
ning and laying out of work relating to repair of buildings,
machines, mechanical and/or electrical equipment; repairing
electrical and/or mechanical equipment; installing, alining
and balancing new equipment; and repairing buildings,
floors, and stairs as well as making and repairing bins, cribs,
and partitions.
Packer, hand
Packs candy or other confectionery products by hand
in various size or shaped boxes, cartons, jars, or other
containers.
P acker , h and , b u lk —
Pours, scoops, or funnels loose
candy into boxes, cartons, jars, pails, bags, or other
containers.
P acker , h an d , ca n d y bars—Fills cartons with a speci
fied number of wrapped candy bars of the same kind,
shape, and size.
Mechanic, maintenance
Repairs machinery or mechanical equipment of an estab
lishment. Work involves m o s t 'o f th e fo llo w in g : Examining
machines and mechanical equipment to diagnose source of
trouble; dismantling or partly dismantling machines and
performing repairs that mainly involve the use of handtools
in scraping and fitting parts; replacing broken or defective
parts with items obtained from stock; ordering the produc
tion of a replacement part by a machine shop or sending
of the machine to a machine shop for major repairs; prepar
ing written specifications for major repairs or for the pro
duction of parts ordered from machine shop; reassembling
machines; and making all necessary adjustments for opera
tion. In general, the work of a maintenance mechanic requiries rounded training and experience usually acquired
through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training
and experience. Excluded from this classification are
workers whose primary duties involve setting up or ad
justing machines.
P acker , h an d , f a n c y —Places pieces of wrapped or un
wrapped candy in boxes by hand, following a pre
scribed packing arrangement, packs a complete box
or places a few pieces of more than one type of
candy in each box; may also wrap individual pieces
of candy in paper, or place candy in paper cups, and
count or weigh candy.
Watchman
Makes rounds of premises periodically in protecting
property against fire, theft, and illegal entry.
Wrapping-machine operator
Packages rolls, bars, slabs, or individual pieces of candy
in advertising or designating wrapper by feeding to a candy
36
items as they come from the machine and may also pack by
putting specified number of items in boxes or other con
tainers. (Both feeders and catchers are to be included re
gardless of whether they alternate between the two types of
work.)
wrapping machine. Work involves m o s t o f th e fo llo w in g :
Feeding candy items onto a conveyor belt and guiding to
slots of machine which automatically wraps them; starts
and stops machine and may thread paper through the rolls
of the machine as necessary ; catching and removing wrapped
37
Industry Wage Studies
The most recent providing occupational wage data for
industries included in the Bureau’s program of industry
wage surveys since 1960 are listed below. Copies are for
sale from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern
ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or from
any of its regional sales offices, and from the regional
offices of the Bureau of Labor Statistics shown on the
inside back cover. Copies that are out of stock are avail
able for reference purposes at leading public, college,
or university libraries, or at the Bureau’s Washington
or regional offices.
M anufacturin g
M a n u fa ctu rin g -C o n tin u e d
Basic Iron and Steel, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1839
Candy and Other Confectionery Products, 1975. BLS
Bulletin 1939
Cigar Manufacturing, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1796
Cigarette Manufacturing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1944
Fabricated Structural Steel, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1935
Fertilizer Manufacturing, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1763
Flour and Other Grain Mill Products, 1972. BLS Bulletin
1803
Fluid Milk Industry, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1871
Footwear, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1946
Hosiery, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1863
Industrial Chemicals, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1768
Iron and Steel Foundries, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1894
Leather Tanning and Finishing, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1835
Machinery Manufacturing, 1974-75. BLS Bulletin 1929
Meat Products, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1896
Men’s and Boys’ Separate Trousers, 1974, BLS Bulletin
1906
Men’s and Boys’ Shirts (Except Work Shirts) and Night
wear, 1974. BLS Bulletin L901
Men’s and Boys’ Suits and Coats, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1843
Miscellaneous Plastics Products, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1914
Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1973-74. BLS Bulletin 1912
Nonferrous Foundries, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1726
Paints and Varnishes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1739
Paperboard Containers and Boxes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1719
Petroleum Refining, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1741
Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, 1975. BLS Bulletin
1923
Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1844
Southern Sawmills and Planing Mills, 1969. BLS Bulletin
1694
Structural Clay Products, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1942
Synthetic Fibers, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1740
Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1757
Textiles, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1945
Wages and Demographic Characteristics in Work Clothing
Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1858
West Coast Sawmilling, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1704
Women’s and Misses’ Coats and Suits, 1970. BLS Bulletin
1728
Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1908
Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered, 1974.
BLS Bulletin 1930
N o n m an u factu rin g
Appliance Repair Shops, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1936
Auto Dealer Repair Shops, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1876
Banking, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1862
Bituminous Coal Mining, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1583
Communications, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1909
Contract Cleaning Services, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1916
Contract Construction, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1911
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Production, 1972. BLS
Bulletin 1797
Department Stores, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1869
Educational Institutions: Nonteaching Employees, 196869. BLS Bulletin 1671
Electric and Gas Utilities, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1834
Hospitals, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1829
Hotel and Motels, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1883
Laundry and Cleaning Services, 1968. BLS Bulletin 16451
Life Insurance, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1791
Metal Mining, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1820
Motion Picture Theaters, 1966. BLS Bulletin 15421
Nursing Homes and Related Facilities, 1973. BLS Bulletin
1855
Scheduled Airlines, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1734
Wages and Tips in Restaurants and Hotels, 1970. BLS
Bulletin 1712
1 Bulletin out of stock.
☆
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1977 0 - 2 4 1 - 0 1 6
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
REGIONAL OFFICES
Region i
Region V
1603 JFK Federal Building
Government Center
Boston, Mass. 02203
Phone: (617)223-6761
9th Floor
Federal O ffice Building
230 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, III. 60604
Phone: (312) 353-1880
Region II
Region VI
Suite 3400
1515 Broadway
New York, N.Y. 10036
Phone: (212) 399-5405
Second Floor
555 G riffin Square Building
Dallas, Tex. 75202
Phone: (214) 749-3516
Region III
Regions VI! and VIII*
3535 Market Street
P.O. Box 13309
Philadelphia, Pa. 19101
Phone: (215)596-1154
911 Walnut Street
Kansas City, Mo. 64106
Phone: (816)374-2481
Regions IX and X **
Region IV
1371 Peachtree Street, NE.
Atlanta, Ga. 30309
Phone: (404)881-4418
450 Golden Gate Avenue
Box 36017
San Francisco, Calif. 94102
Phone: (415) 556-4678
Regions VII and VIII are serviced by Kansas City
Regions IX and X are serviced by San Francisco
U. S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Washington, D.C. 20212
Postage and Fees Paid
U.S. Department of Labor
Third Class Mail
Official Business
Penalty for private use, $300
Lab-441
@FedFRASER