1998-2008: William Poole

Economic growth: Is the Fed irrelevant? (pdf 205k)
Presented to the St. Louis Regional Commerce and Growth Association, Leadership Circle.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): July 15, 1998

A policymaker confronts uncertainty (pdf 293k)
Presented to the St. Louis Gateway Chapter of the National Association for Business Economics, St. Louis.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): September 16, 1998

Is inflation too low? (pdf 458k)
Remarks prepared for 16th Annual Monetary Conference, Cato Institute, Washington, D.C.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): October 22, 1998

Whither the U.S. credit markets? (pdf 834k)
Remarks before a meeting of the Construction Financial Managers Association, co-sponsored by the Associated Builders and Contractors and the Builders Exchange, Louisville, Kentucky.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): October 26, 1998

That mysterious FOMC (pdf 232k)
Remarks before a meeting of the Economic Club of Memphis, Tennessee.
Dates(s): December 3, 1998

The structure of our changing banking industry: Let the market decide (pdf 280k)
Remarks before the Missouri Bankers Association, Acapulco, Mexico.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): January 12, 1999

The U.S. credit markets: Is the trauma over? (pdf 1M)
Remarks before the St. Louis Society of Financial Analysts, St. Louis.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): January 21, 1999

What is the Fed doing in the education business? (pdf 304k)
Remarks before the Academy of Economics and Finance, Little Rock.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): February 12, 1999

Monetary policy rules? (pdf 508k)
The Jeffrey and Kathryn Cole Honors College Lecture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): March 16, 1999

A St. Louis Fed perspective on long-term economic growth (pdf 362k)
Remarks before the National Association of Manufacturers, Board of Directors Meeting, Tucson, Arizona.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): April 16, 1999

The Federal Reserve as a democratic institution (pdf 409k)
The Hutchinson Lecture, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): April 28, 1999

Inflation hawk = Employment dove (pdf 267k)
Remarks before the Center for the Study of American Business, Washington University in St. Louis.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): July 29, 1999

Synching, not sinking, the markets (pdf 294k)
Meeting of the Philadelphia Council for Business Economics, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): August 6, 1999

Are real interest rates too high? (pdf 244k)
Money marketeers of New York University, New York City.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): September 21, 1999

Productivity puzzles (pdf 399k)
University of Tennessee. Martin, Tennessee.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): October 26, 1999

Prosperity: Just how good has it been for the labor market? (pdf 243k)
Missouri State Treasurer, Missouri Municipal League, GFOA of Missouri, Missouri School Board Association, Missouri County Treasurers Association, Jefferson City, Missouri.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): October 26, 1999

Communicating the stance of monetary policy (pdf 333k)
University of Missouri, Columbia.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): November 4, 1999

The international connection: The Asian crisis and U.S. economic activity (pdf 253k)
Noonday Club Meeting, St. Louis.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): December 2, 1999

The impact of monetary policy on agriculture (pdf 403k)
ASU Convocation Center, Jonesboro, Arkansas.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): February 16, 2000

Great monetary myths (pdf 370k)
St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): February 24, 2000

Perspectives on productivity (pdf 314k)
Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, Illinois.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): April 7, 2000

The critical role of economic education in the conduct of monetary policy (pdf 314k)
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): April 25, 2000

Monetary aggregates and monetary policy in the 21st century (pdf 382k)
Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Massachusetts.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): October 11, 2000

Confidence and central banking (pdf 1M)
Fain lecture in celebration of George Borts' 50th year as Professor of Economics at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): October 14, 2000

Expectations (pdf 568k)
22nd Henry Thornton Lecture, City University Business School, London, England.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): November 28, 2000

How well do the markets understand Fed policy? (pdf 750k)
Center for Financial Studies, Frankfurt, Germany.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): November 30, 2000

Monetary policy in uncertain times (pdf 253k)
Missouri Bankers Association Senior Bank Management Conference, Acapulco, Mexico.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): January 15, 2001

Coping with monetary policy risks (pdf 342k)
Risk Management Association, Memphis.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): January 18, 2001

Economic forecasts and monetary policy (pdf 313k)
Arkansas Business and Economic Society and The Central Arkansas Chapter of the Risk Management Association, Little Rock.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): February 15, 2001

The euro - engine for prosperity (pdf 124k)
European Banking & Financial Forum 2001, Czech National Bank Congress Center, Prague.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): March 27, 2001

Does the United States have a current account deficit disorder? (pdf 1.2M)
Business and Community Leaders Luncheon, The Lannom Center, Dyersburg, Tennessee.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): April 10, 2001

Getting markets in synch with monetary policy (pdf 344k)
First Annual Missouri Economics Conference, University of Missouri-Columbia.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): May 4, 2001

What role for asset prices in U.S. monetary policy? (pdf 350k)
Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): September 5, 2001

The role of monetary policy in the current macroeconomic environment (pdf 188k)
National Association for Business Economics 43rd Annual Meeting, New York City, New York.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): September 10, 2001

Our economic prospects: One economist's perspective (pdf 231k)
Risk Management Association, Evansville, Indiana.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): September 20, 2001

The role of government in U.S. capital markets (pdf 342k)
The Institute of Governmental Affairs, University of California at Davis.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): October 18, 2001

Market responses to economic stress (pdf 216k)
Little Rock Downtown Rotary Club, Little Rock Arkansas.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): November 20, 2001

Financial system robustness (pdf 209k)
Financial Executives International, St. Louis.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): November 27, 2001

Central bank transparency: Why and how? (pdf 187k)
The Philadelphia Fed Policy Forum, Philadelphia.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): November 30, 2001

What is happening in the U.S. economy? (pdf 256k)
AAIM Management Association, St. Louis.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): January 11, 2002

Flation (pdf 350k)
International Mass Retail Association (IMRA), Scottsdale, Arizona.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): January 21, 2002

Eulogy for Darryl R. Francis, 1912-2002 (pdf 116k)
Delivered in Fort Smith, Arkansas.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): February 2, 2002

The role of anecdotal information in Fed policymaking (pdf 312k)
Century Club Breakfast, Olin School of Business, Washington University in St. Louis.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): February 13, 2002

The role of finance in the investment bust of 2001 (pdf 413k)
Annual Southwestern Finance Association Meeting, St. Louis.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): March 8, 2002

Dynamics of the recession and the recovery (pdf 347k)
Lambuth University, Jackson, Tennessee
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): April 4, 2002

Inflation, recession, and the recovery (pdf 277k)
Midwest Economic Education Conference, St. Louis.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): April 11, 2002

As easy as PIE: productivity, innovation, and education (pdf 300k)
Annual technology transfer showcase for the University of Missouri system.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): April 25, 2002

Fed policy to the bond yield (pdf 271k)
Midwest Region of the National Association of State Treasurers, Missouri History Museum, St. Louis.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): July 12, 2002

Financial stability (pdf 414k)
The Council of State Governments Southern Legislative Conference Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): August 4, 2002

Taking stock: The state of the business recovery (pdf 348k)
Midwestern States Association of Tax Administrators Conference, St. Louis, Missouri.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): August 26, 2002

The Fed's role in community development (pdf 199k)
Talk given at Rays of Hope: A New Day for America's Distressed Urban Areas Conference, East St. Louis, Illinois.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): October 22, 2002, October 23, 2002

From professor to policy maker: Emerging from the shadow (pdf 328k)
Washington University's Olin School of Business, St. Louis, Missouri.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): November 15, 2002

Growth prospects for the U.S. economy (pdf 288k)
Address before the AAIM Management Association, St. Louis.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): December 2, 2002

Institutions for stable prices: How to design an optimal central bank law. (pdf 310k)
First conference of the Monetary Stability Foundation at the Regional Office of Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt, Germany.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): December 5, 2002

Whither investment? (pdf 201k)
Missouri Valley Economics Association, St. Louis, Missouri.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): February 28, 2003

Whither investment? (pdf 201k)
Missouri Valley Economics Association, St. Louis, Missouri.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): February 28, 2003

Booms, recessions, and the economically disadvantaged (pdf 310k)
School of Business & Management, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): March 5, 2003

Housing in the economy (pdf 451k)
Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight Symposium, Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center, Washington, D.C.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): March 10, 2003

The labor market and economic growth (pdf 274k)
Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville Third Annual Rutman Lecture, Edwardsville, Illinois.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): April 10, 2003

Shocks and more shocks (pdf 150k)
Thirteenth Annual Hyman P. Minsky Conference on the State of the U.S. and World Economies Session on Monetary Policy and the U.S. and World Economies. The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, New York City.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): April 15, 2003

The Fed's role in maintaining financial stability (pdf 272k)
University of Central Arkansas in Conway, Arkansas.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): April 24, 2003

The labor market and economic growth (pdf 307k)
Washington Legislative Update Conference, International Foundation of Employee Benefit Plans, Washington, D.C.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): May 19, 2003

Fed transparency: How, not whether (pdf 455k)
Luncheon address before the Global Interdependence Center, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): August 21, 2003

Prospects and risks in the bond market (pdf 268k)
Dinner address before the St. Louis Financial Analysts Society.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): September 4, 2003

The role for self-regulation and voluntary compliance incentives in the design of pension systems (pdf 585k)
Address before the OECD Conference on Pension Reform in Russia: From Legislation to Implementation, Moscow.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): September 25, 2003

Economic growth and the real rate of interest (pdf 311k)
Address before Bryant College, Providence, Rhode Island.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): October 14, 2003

A perspective on U.S. international capital flows (pdf 385k)
Address before the Tucson Chapter of the Association for Investment Management Research (AIMR), Tucson, Arizona.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): November 14, 2003

A perspective on U.S. international trade (pdf 427k)
Address before the Louisville Society of Financial Analysts, Louisville, Kentucky.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): November 19, 2003

A monetary policymaker's perspective (pdf 142k)
Address and panel discussion before the Cato Institute Book Forum Celebrating the 40th anniversary of the publication "A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960" by Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz (Princeton University Press, 1963). Cato Institute, Washington, D.C.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): November 21, 2003

State of the U.S. Economy (pdf 279k)
Address before AAIM Management Association, St. Louis, Missouri.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): February 24, 2004

Best guesses and surprises (pdf 422k)
Address before the Charlotte Economics Club, Charlotte, North Carolina.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): February 25, 2004

Trade, wages, and employment (pdf 389k)
Address before the LeMoyne-Owen College, Memphis, Tennessee.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): March 25, 2004

Allowing entrepreneurship (pdf 272k)
Address before the Evansville Rotary Club, Evansville, Indiana.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): March 30, 2004

Inflation signals and inflation noise (pdf 370k)
Address before the University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Peabody Hotel, Little Rock, Arkansas.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): April 6, 2004

Panel on government sponsored enterprises (pdf 241k)
Remarks before the 40th Annual Conference on Bank Structure and Competition, Chicago.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): May 6, 2004

Free trade: Why are economists and noneconomists so far apart? (pdf 383k)
Globalization and Outsourcing Conference, Reuters America, Inc.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): June 15, 2004

Panel discussion on challenges for U.S. businesses (pdf 149k)
'Growing Global' program with the World Trade Center in St. Louis, MO
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): September 10, 2004

World population trends and challenges (pdf 313k)
Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Missouri.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): October 4, 2004

FOMC transparency (pdf 440k)
Ozark chapter of the Society of Financial Services Professionals, Springfield, Missouri.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): October 6, 2004

Safeguarding good policy practice (pdf 193k)
Reflections on Monetary Policy: 25 years after October 1979. A conference held at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): October 8, 2004

Social security reform and demographic reality (pdf 342k)
Delta State University, Cleveland, Mississippi.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): October 19, 2004

Maintaining financial stability: A central banker's perspective (pdf 358k)
Czech Economic Association Conference
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): November 27, 2004

GSE risks (pdf 606k)
The St. Louis Society of Financial Analysts, St. Louis, Missouri.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): January 13, 2005

The outlook: Mississippi and the nation (pdf 371k)
Northeast Mississippi Economic Forecast Conference.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): January 20, 2005

Demographic challenges to the state pension systems around the world (pdf 367k)
Culver-Stockton College, Canton, Missouri.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): February 24, 2005

A perspective on the graying population and current account deficit (pdf 462k)
Global Economic Outlook (GEO) Conference, West Palm Beach, Florida.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): March 8, 2005

How should the Fed communicate? (pdf 252k)
"The Future of the Federal Reserve" Center for Economic Policy Studies (CEPS), Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): April 2, 2005

Improving productivity in higher education (pdf 424k)
Webster University, St. Louis, MO
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): April 7, 2005

Staying out of the way of entrepreneurs (pdf 230k)
Conference on Striking the Right Notes on Entrepreneurship, Memphis, Tennessee.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): April 19, 2005

The economic outlook (pdf 330k)
AAIM Management Association, St. Louis, MO
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): May 11, 2005

Understanding the term structure of interest rates (pdf 357k)
Money Marketeers, New York.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): June 14, 2005

Remarks: Panel on "After Greenspan: Whither Fed Policy?" (pdf 155k)
Western Economic Association International Conference (WEAI), San Francisco.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): July 6, 2005

How predictable is Fed policy? (pdf 489k)
University of Washington, Seattle.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): October 4, 2005

The Fed's monetary policy rule (pdf 526k)
Cato Institute, Washington. D.C.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): October 14, 2005

How dangerous is the U.S. current account deficit? (pdf 384k)
Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): November 9, 2005

Inflation tracking (pdf 355k)
Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): November 17, 2005

Communicating the Fed's policy stance (pdf 327k)
H/M Treasury, GES Conference, London, U.K.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): November 30, 2005

Inflation targeting (pdf 521k)
Junior Achievement of Arkansas Inc., Little Rock, Arkansas.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): February 16, 2006

Fed communications (pdf 396k)
St. Louis Forum, St. Louis, Missouri
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): February 24, 2006

Recent developments in housing markets: A national and local perspective (pdf 1.3M)
St. Louis, Missouri
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): March 8, 2006

The role of Federal Reserve Banks in the Federal Reserve System (pdf 282k)
Annual Global Student Investment Forum: Redefining Investment Strategy Education (RISE), University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): March 30, 2006

Inversion (pdf 327k)
Global Interdependence Center Central Bank Series, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): May 18, 2006

The role of anecdotal information in monetary policy (pdf 216k)
The Bank of Korea International Conference on Monetary Policy in an Environment of Low Inflation, Seoul, Korea.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): June 16, 2006

Chinese growth: A source of U.S. export opportunities (pdf 532k)
Fiscal Affairs & Government Operations Committee, The Council of State Governments' Southern Legislative Conference, Louisville, Kentucky.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): July 31, 2006

Understanding the Fed (pdf 517k)
Speech given during the Dyer County Chamber of Commerce Annual Membership Luncheon in Dyersburg, Tennessee.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): August 31, 2006

The monetary policy model (pdf 215k)
National Association of Business Economics Annual Meeting, Boston, Massachusetts.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): September 11, 2006

Data dependence (pdf 380k)
Middle Tennessee State University, Annual Economic Outlook Conference, Murfreesboro, Tennessee.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): September 29, 2006

Data, data, and yet more data (pdf 252k)
The Association for University Business and Economic Research Annual Meeting, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): October 16, 2006

Data, data, and yet more data (pdf 252k)
The Association for University Business and Economic Research Annual Meeting, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): October 16, 2006

U.S. labor input in coming years (pdf 371k)
Chartered Financial Analysts Society of Philadelphia, Wilmington, Delaware.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): November 14, 2006

Responding to financial crises: What role for the Fed? (pdf 226k)
Panel discussion at the Cato Institute, 24th Annual Monetary Conference, Washington D.C.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): November 16, 2006

The GSEs: Where do we stand? (pdf 430k)
Chartered Financial Analysts of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): January 17, 2007

State of the U.S. economy (pdf 371k)
AAIM Management Association, St. Louis.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): February 9, 2007

U.S. Saving (pdf 573k)
CFA Society of Nebraska
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): February 15, 2007

Energy prices and the U.S. business cycle (pdf 232k)
Global Interdependence Center Abroad in Chile Conference, American Chamber of Commerce in Chile Breakfast, Santiago, Chile.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): March 2, 2007

Inflation , financial stability, and economic growth (pdf 355k)
Global Interdependence Center (GIC) Abroad in Chile Conference, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago, Chile.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): March 5, 2007

Understanding inflation (pdf 621k)
New York Chapter of the National Association for Business Economics, New York.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): April 2, 2007

Changing world demographics and trade imbalances (pdf 432k)
The American European Community Association, Brussels, Belgium.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): April 16, 2007

Reputation and the non-prime mortgage market (pdf 546k)
St. Louis Association of Real Estate Professionals, St. Louis.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): July 20, 2007

Energy and the U.S. Macro Economy (pdf 495k)
Wilmington Club, Wilmington, Delaware.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): July 24, 2007

Milton and money stock control (pdf 229k)
Milton Friedman luncheon, University of Missouri- Columbia, Columbia, Missouri .
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): July 31, 2007

U.S. export opportunities (pdf 972k)
Arkansas Minority Business Development Roundtable, Little Rock, Arkansas.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): August 17, 2007

Protecting exports (pdf 266k)
Session on Regional Economic Trends, Southern Governors' Association Meeting, Biloxi, Mississippi.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): August 25, 2007

Jobs and trade (pdf 336k)
Delivered at the European Economics & Financial Centre Conference, London
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): September 6, 2007

Thinking like a central banker (pdf 316k)
Market News International, New York.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): September 28, 2007

Real estate in the U.S. economy (pdf 2.3M)
Speech before the Industrial Asset Management Council Convention, St. Louis
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): October 9, 2007

Market healing (pdf 1M)
Speech delivered at Marquette University, Milwaukee, Minnesota
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): November 7, 2007

Market healing (pdf 1M)
Speech delivered at Marquette University, Milwaukee, Minnesota
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): November 7, 2007

Market bailouts and the "Fed put" (pdf 576k)
Given before the Cato Institute, Washington, D.C.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): November 30, 2007

Dollars and sense (pdf 249k)
Speech given before the Financial Planning Association of Missouri and Southern Illinois, St. Louis.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): January 9, 2008

Reflections (pdf 297k)
Speech given before the St. Louis Gateway Chapter of the National Association for Business Economics, St. Louis.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): February 11, 2008

Inflation dynamics (pdf 390k)
Speech delivered at Truman State University, Kirksville, Missouri
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): February 20, 2008

Panel discussion on balancing financial stability, price stability, and macroeconomic stability: How important is moral hazard? (pdf 242k)
U.S. Monetary Policy Forum, New York
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): February 29, 2008

Financial innovation: Engine of growth or source of instability? (pdf 312k)
Speech delivered at the University of Illinois-Springfield, Springfield, Illinois.
Author(s): Poole, William
Dates(s): March 6, 2008